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+
+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 75935 ***
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: Title page]
+
+
+
+
+
+  GOLDEN TREASURY
+  _of_
+  FAMOUS BOOKS
+
+
+  A GUIDE TO GOOD READING FOR BOYS
+  AND GIRLS, AND FOR THE ENJOYMENT
+  OF THOSE WHO LOVE BOOKS
+
+
+  By
+  MARJORY WILLISON
+
+
+
+  TORONTO: THE MACMILLAN COMPANY OF
+  CANADA LIMITED, AT ST. MARTIN'S HOUSE
+  1929
+
+
+
+
+  Copyright, Canada, 1929
+  By
+  THE MACMILLAN COMPANY OF CANADA LIMITED
+
+
+  PRINTED IN CANADA
+
+  T. H. BEST PRINTING CO., LIMITED
+  TORONTO, ONT.
+
+
+
+
+{v}
+
+FOREWORD
+
+One day, a little more than a hundred years ago, a boy was walking
+along a crowded street in London.  It is likely that Dick Whittington
+had walked on the very same street about the time when he heard Bow
+Bells ring.  But this boy was not thinking about the bells of London.
+He had been reading a story in a book, and he was thinking of the
+people in the story, especially of a man called Leander who swam
+across the straits named the Hellespont.
+
+The story of Hero and Leander is told in a poem.  These two people
+were in love with one another.  But Hero, who was very beautiful, was
+a priestess of Aphrodite, and she was not supposed to fall in love or
+marry.  Leander lived at Abydos, which is on one side of the straits
+of the Hellespont.  Hero lived in a high tower at Sestos, which is on
+the other side of the straits.  The shores are rocky and dangerous,
+beautiful to look at, but hazardous for sailors and ships.  Tides and
+winds make it difficult to sail through the straits, and very
+difficult at times to swim across from shore to shore.  Leander used
+to swim from Abydos to Sestos after nightfall to see Hero, who had
+become his wife; and Hero, on her high tower, held a lighted lamp
+that shone like a star to guide Leander so that he would not be
+dashed on the rocks.
+
+{vi}
+
+The name of the boy who had been reading the story was Samuel Taylor
+Coleridge.  He was a country boy, the son of a clergyman, and he was
+at a boarding school in London.  The school was for boys whose
+parents had not much money or who had no parents living.
+
+On a school holiday, after breakfast, at which there was not a great
+deal to eat, the boys who were boarders were sent out into London and
+were not expected to come back until nightfall.  Sometimes, they had
+nothing to eat all day long until supper-time.  Coleridge was one of
+the boys who had to spend his holidays in this fashion.
+
+On one holiday, Coleridge, as he walked along the crowded street,
+began to imagine how it would feel if he were swimming the Hellespont
+with Leander.  You know how often we think when we are reading an
+interesting book that we are living with the people in the story.
+Being greatly absorbed in his thoughts, Coleridge began to move his
+arms as if he were swimming.  If he had been in a field by himself,
+or on an empty street, no one would have minded.  But Coleridge was
+on a crowded street, and by and by one of his arms struck a man who
+was passing, and his hand caught in the man's pocket.  The man
+thought that Coleridge, who was only a boy, was trying to steal from
+him.  However, he asked Coleridge a good many questions, and
+discovered that the boy had been reading in a book the story of Hero
+and Leander, and had been imagining that he was swimming across the
+Hellespont.
+
+When the man found that Coleridge loved reading, but could not get
+the books he wanted easily, {vii} he took the boy to a library, which
+was not a free library but one where people had to pay a fee, and the
+man arranged for Coleridge to be allowed to read there.
+
+
+Many stories are told of the different ways in which boys and girls
+have found famous books which they have read with enjoyment, and
+never forgotten.  Another boy called Samuel--Samuel Johnson--had been
+looking for apples that he knew were hidden somewhere.  He climbed
+upon a step-ladder to look behind the rows of books in his father's
+book shop, and while he was looking for the apples he found
+Plutarch's _Lives_.  Very likely the boy Samuel Johnson began reading
+the book, and forgot about the apples.  Another boy once was told to
+watch a fire, which was burning rubbish in a field, so that it would
+not spread and burn the fences.  He watched the fire for a while, but
+he had a book in his pocket and presently he forgot to watch, and so
+the fence was burned.  Likely he was punished at the time, but years
+after his friends used to tell the story, for the boy had become an
+eminent man.  How many of us have climbed into trees to read books in
+a leafy solitude!  Louisa May Alcott was one of the girls, later
+known for her charming stories, who had a special tree into which she
+used to climb, so that no one should interrupt her while she was
+reading.
+
+
+This book which you are reading now is meant to help you to find
+books that you will enjoy.  You may begin at the first chapter;
+perhaps this is the best way.  Or you may look at the list of
+chapters, {viii} and try the one which seems to you most interesting.
+But when you have read that chapter, come back to the beginning and
+start over again.
+
+Fairy tales and stories of marvels you will find described in Part
+III, also stories of heroes, and such stories as _Alice in
+Wonderland_, Kipling's stories, and Malory's _Morte d'Arthur_, a
+great book telling of knights and their adventures.
+
+The books in Part I are wonderfully interesting.  In this Part you
+will find examples of some of the ways in which we may enjoy books of
+famous authors, for instance, the work of novelists like Dickens and
+Scott, and the plays of a great dramatist like Shakespeare.  First,
+we may read some of their stories or plays; then we may learn of the
+lives of these authors, especially about that part of their lives
+when they were young which is always interesting; and finally, we can
+read of the world as it was when these writers lived in it and of the
+effect their work has had on this world of ours.
+
+Part II is about romance and adventure.  In Part IV you will find
+ballads and stories in rhyme or verse.  Part V tells of some of the
+greatest writers and their work.  Part VI is meant to help boys and
+girls to be good citizens, and to undertake all kinds of
+responsibilities when they are men and women.  In one of the chapters
+of Part VI there is a list of books, many of which are biographies of
+noted men and women, but there are also books about such subjects as
+flying, inventions, science, hobbies, birds, flowers, gardens and
+mountain climbing.  The last chapter in Part VI tells of some books
+of travel and discovery.
+
+{ix}
+
+The books in Part VII are specially enjoyable, because they are
+intimate books; and you will find great poetry spoken of in Part VIII.
+
+We do not all like the same books; and this is likely the best way,
+for some books which may seem dull to us, other people find
+interesting.  What is important is for each of us to discover the
+books we enjoy most.
+
+So if we do not happen to like _Gulliver's Travels_ by Jonathan
+Swift, there is no great harm done, although Dean Swift was a notable
+writer.  And if some of you do not care for Robert Louis Stevenson's
+_Child's Garden of Verse_ now, the chances are that by the time you
+are over sixty, you will think it a charming book, and you may even
+repeat the verses aloud to your grand-children.
+
+We never know when we may discover, hidden in the midst of dullness
+perhaps, some gem of a story or poem; and this is one of the reasons
+why most of us love reading, and will take a good deal of trouble to
+find the books we enjoy.
+
+Before you read this book, perhaps you had better ask yourselves the
+question, what kind of books each one of you cares for most?  And
+then, after that, ask yourselves another question, what kinds of
+books do you think you would like to enjoy?  The last question is
+worth considering with not a little care; for when we think about it,
+we really set out on a journey into the world of books.
+
+
+
+
+{xi}
+
+ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
+
+Grateful acknowledgment is made to the following authors, literary
+agents and publishers, for permission to quote in this volume certain
+excerpts as follows:
+
+To Mr. Walter de la Mare and Messrs. James B. Pinker & Sons, for an
+extract from "The Listeners"; to Mrs. James Elroy Flecker and Messrs.
+A. P. Watt & Son, for an extract from the late Mr. James Elroy
+Flecker's _Hassan_, and to Messrs. Macmillan & Co., Ltd., for a
+quotation from _The Iliad of Homer_ (edited by Lang, Leaf and Myers)
+and for a short passage from the late Mr. Thomas Hardy's _The
+Dynasts_.
+
+
+
+
+{xiii}
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+PART I
+
+DICKENS, SCOTT, SHAKESPEARE, THE BIBLE
+
+CHAPTER
+
+I  SOME OF DICKENS' NOVELS AND CHARACTERS
+
+II  CHARLES DICKENS: BOY AND MAN
+
+III  WHAT DICKENS DID FOR HUMANITY
+
+IV  THE WAVERLEY NOVELS
+
+V  SCOTT'S OWN STORY
+
+VI  THE TEMPEST AND OTHER OF SHAKESPEARE'S PLAYS
+
+VII  SHAKESPEARE: THE GREAT WORLD ITSELF
+
+VIII  STORIES FROM THE BIBLE
+
+IX  LIVING WATERS
+
+
+
+PART II
+
+ROMANCE AND ADVENTURE
+
+X  DUMAS.  HUGO.  STEVENSON
+
+XI  ROBINSON CRUSOE.  LORNA DOONE. HEREWARD.  WESTWARD HO!  ROUND THE
+WORLD IN EIGHTY DAYS.  TWENTY THOUSAND LEAGUES UNDER THE SEA.
+MIDSHIPMAN EASY.  PETER SIMPLE.  TWO YEARS BEFORE THE MAST.  THE
+GOLDEN DOG
+
+{xiv}
+
+XII  LAVENGRO.  THE LAST OF THE MOHICANS.  TOM SAWYER.  HUCKLEBERRY
+FINN.  KIM.  SARD HARKER.  THE LIVING FOREST
+
+
+
+PART III
+
+SONGS OF HEROES, MYTHS, FAIRY TALES AND MARVELS
+
+XIII  THE ILIAD AND THE ODYSSEY.  GREEK HEROES.  TANGLEWOOD TALES.
+THE WONDER BOOK
+
+XIV  ÆSOP'S FABLES.  GRIMM'S FAIRY TALES.  HANS ANDERSEN'S FAIRY
+TALES.  THE ARABIAN NIGHTS.  MALORY'S MORTE D'ARTHUR
+
+XV  ALICE IN WONDERLAND.  THROUGH THE LOOKING-GLASS.  THE GOLDEN AGE.
+THE WIND IN THE WILLOWS.  FOUR BOOKS BY A. A. MILNE.  RIP VAN WINKLE
+
+XVI  THE JUNGLE BOOKS.  JUST SO STORIES.  PUCK OF POOK'S HILL.
+REWARDS AND FAIRIES.  THE BLUE BIRD.  PETER PAN.  KILMENY
+
+
+
+PART IV
+
+BALLADS, LAYS, AND STORIES IN VERSE
+
+XVII  PERCY'S RELIQUES.  CHEVY CHASE AND THE BATTLE OF OTTERBOURNE.
+SIR PATRICK SPENS.  THE NORTHERN MUSE
+
+{xv}
+
+XVIII  THE LADY OF THE LAKE.  MARMION.  JOHN GILPIN.  EDINBURGH AFTER
+FLODDEN.  HORATIUS.  THE ARMADA
+
+XIX  HIAWATHA.  FRENCH CHANSONS IN QUEBEC.  A CHRISTMAS SONG
+
+
+
+PART V
+
+SOME GREAT IMAGINATIVE WRITERS
+
+XX  DANTE.  CERVANTES.  SPENSER
+
+XXI  JOHN BUNYAN AND THE PILGRIM'S PROGRESS
+
+XXII  THACKERAY.  MEREDITH.  HARDY
+
+XXIII  JANE AUSTEN.  GEORGE ELIOT.  THE BRONTES
+
+
+
+PART VI
+
+HISTORY, POLITICS, BIOGRAPHY, TRAVEL
+
+XXIV  WHAT IS HISTORY?
+
+XXV  THE MEANING OF POLITICS
+
+XXVI  HISTORIES
+
+XXVII  BOSWELL'S LIFE OF JOHNSON
+
+XXVIII  READING FOR WHAT YOU WANT To BE
+
+XXIX  TRAVEL AND DISCOVERY
+
+
+
+PART VII
+
+ESSAYS, CRITICISM, LETTERS, DIARIES
+
+XXX  CHARLES LAMB AND HAZLITT: ESSAYISTS AND CRITICS
+
+XXXI  LETTERS AND LETTER WRITERS.  PEPYS AND OTHER DIARISTS
+
+
+
+{xvi}
+
+PART VIII
+
+POETRY
+
+XXXII  POETRY AND BEAUTY
+
+XXXIII  POETRY AND TIME
+
+XXXIV  READING FOR YOUR OWN COUNTRY.  ENGLISH LITERATURE AND ITS
+BRANCHES
+
+
+AFTERWORD
+
+INDEX
+
+
+
+
+{1}
+
+PART I
+
+DICKENS, SCOTT, SHAKESPEARE, THE BIBLE
+
+
+
+{3}
+
+CHAPTER I
+
+SOME OF DICKENS' NOVELS AND CHARACTERS
+
+It is an odd reflection how silent a book may seem when it is waiting
+on a shelf to be read.  But once its covers are opened, and our eyes
+follow the lines of print for page after page, voices speak, people
+that we had not known before become familiar to us or old friends
+give us greeting; thoughts, knowledge, events, pass from the silent
+pages into our minds.  Some books possess this property of rich and
+glowing life in a high degree.  No books surely have it more
+abundantly than the novels of Charles Dickens.
+
+Here are scores of friends for us, playmates, companions.  If anyone
+has a fit of loneliness, or should anyone be looking for change and
+variety, let him open one of Dickens' novels.  Which one will he
+choose first?  A boy or girl is well advised who takes, shall we say,
+_David Copperfield_ or _Pickwick Papers_.  One or the other will make
+an excellent beginning.  Having read one, or both, it is unlikely
+that the reader will refrain from adding five, six, seven, eight, or
+even twelve more novels by Dickens to the list of books he is happy
+to remember having read.
+
+What are the names of Dickens' other better known novels?  _Nicholas
+Nickleby_, _Oliver Twist_, _The Old Curiosity Shop_, _Barnaby Rudge_,
+_Martin {4} Chuzzlewit_, _Dombey and Son_, _Bleak House_, _Little
+Dorrit_, _A Tale of Two Cities_, _Great Expectations_, _Our Mutual
+Friend_.  But still we must add the Christmas books, for no one, old
+or young, should lose the benefit of having read _A Christmas Carol_.
+And there is also the unfinished novel _Edwin Drood_, probably more
+talked of still than any other story of a mystery, new or old.  It is
+nearly sixty years since Dickens left the story incomplete, but how
+gladly many people still would discover the secret ending that the
+great novelist had planned in his mind.
+
+Once read, Dickens' novels cling to the memory.  The characters he
+made inhabit this world of ours as substantially, it seems, as people
+do who have been born not from imagination merely.  As lately as the
+spring of 1928 a London hotel, the Adelphi, changed owners.  In a
+brief history of the place a list of persons was given who had
+visited it, ending with the remark that Mr. Pickwick had had his
+first dinner there after being released from prison.  The other
+people mentioned were what we describe as historical characters.  Mr.
+Pickwick, although thousands of people know him so well that if they
+met him on the street they could not possibly fail to recognize him,
+is the miraculous product of Dickens' imagination.  If you have not
+read _Pickwick Papers_, in a few hours you too may know Mr. Pickwick,
+and he will be for you also a lifetime friend.
+
+When we read these stories for the first time, we must be prepared to
+become acquainted with Dickens' characters much in the same way as we
+meet strangers in everyday life.  His people are {5} odd, exuberant,
+amusing, extravagant; they are too strange to be true, we may say to
+ourselves.  But as we read on, we come to know them so well that the
+oddness and queerness seem to wear off.  We look into their hearts
+and forget to be surprised by their extraordinary looks and
+characteristics.  Sam Weller is odd, but he is the most delightful,
+amusing young man on his own, once boots at the White Hart Inn.  Like
+Mr. Pickwick, Sam lives in _Pickwick Papers_.  No one could imagine a
+better Sam Weller than Dickens' creation, for the simple reason that
+to make a better Sam Weller is impossible.
+
+It is a great, a glorious adventure to sit out of doors in summer, or
+in a warm, quiet room in winter, and read one of Dickens' novels.
+What happenings, what delightful, absorbing people, what a stir of
+life, what laughter, gaiety, bravery, what wonderful meetings with
+high and low fortune!
+
+The world of Dickens' novels is a world of coaching days, of old
+English roads and inns, of feasts and conviviality; a sporting world,
+often hard and cruel, in which existed bad old customs against which
+Dickens fought with all his might; a boisterous world of strange
+adventures, great friendships, and measureless laughter.  These books
+are crowded with people, diverting and friendly, grotesque and
+menacing, or grotesque outside but with golden hearts hidden behind
+the queer exteriors, loving people, heartless people, beautiful
+people, brave, true friends, friends of everybody.
+
+We have already spoken of Mr. Pickwick and {6} Sam Weller, his man or
+valet.  Mr. Pickwick's benevolence, his goodness of heart, innocence
+and simplicity make us love him more and more as the story unfolds.
+Sam's wit and audacity, his extraordinary good humour and high
+spirits, his devotion to Mr. Pickwick, his independence and
+self-reliance, make Sam so real that he seems never far away.  He is
+always only round the corner of our minds and will appear jauntily as
+soon as we think of him.  In the one book, _Pickwick Papers_, there
+are a dozen other characters only less wonderful than these two.
+Would anyone prove at once how diverting and delightful such a book
+can be, let him read of Christmas at Dingley Dell in chapter 28, or
+the Adventure at the Great White Horse Inn, chapter 22, or the trial
+of Bardell against Pickwick, chapter 34, or for natural feeling
+simply expressed the lines in which Tony Weller, Sam's father, tells
+of Mrs. Weller's death in chapter 52, or the downfall of Mr.
+Stiggins, in the same chapter, or, in the last chapter of all, of
+Sam's devotion to Mr. Pickwick.
+
+Striking characters of a like description are to be found in all
+Dickens' novels.  _David Copperfield_ is probably the richest of all,
+in this respect, although one can easily imagine a dispute amongst
+the warm admirers of Dickens as to which novel is pre-eminent in the
+possession of immortal characters.  Those who love _David
+Copperfield_ best can scarcely discuss the book with detachment; it
+belongs, as it were, to such a reader's own special family life.  The
+novel holds a wonderful company of people: David himself, Peggotty,
+her brother and nephew, Little Em'ly, {7} Mrs. Gummidge, Miss Betsey
+Trotwood, Steerforth, Traddles, the magnificent Wilkins Micawber and
+Mrs. Micawber, Uriah Heep, Miss Mowcher, Mr. Spenlow, Dora, and many,
+many others.  _David Copperfield_ was Dickens' own favourite among
+his books.
+
+In _Nicholas Nickleby_ is the infamous school, Dotheboys Hall, and
+Wackford Squeers, the schoolmaster.  Dickens' crusades for reform
+will be considered in another chapter.  But Mrs. Nickleby is one of
+the most memorable of Dickens' foolish characters.  Surely no other
+writer has achieved so many delineations of the silly person,
+masterpieces touched with an unerring hand.  Yet, and this point is
+perhaps the crown of Dickens' genius, these foolish characters of his
+often reveal, before the novels to which they belong are ended, some
+nobility of character, some goodness of heart, some greatness in
+conduct or of nature which makes us bow before them as belonging to
+the highest ranks of human nature.  Toots in _Dombey and Son_ is a
+very foolish person, but Toots saying goodbye to Florence Dombey
+shows a chivalry comparable with that of Sir Philip Sidney.
+
+Dick Swiveller and the Marchioness belong to _The Old Curiosity
+Shop_.  Barnaby Rudge and his raven Grip are easily found.  Mr.
+Pecksniff, Sairey Gamp and Betsey Prig, terrible examples of
+hypocrisy and heartlessness, are from _Martin Chuzslewit_.  But the
+same book has loveable Tom Pinch and indomitable Mark Tapley, the
+champion of courage and good cheer in adversity.  Tiny Tim and Bob
+Cratchit live forever in _A Christmas {8} Carol_.  Paul and Florence,
+Captain Cuttle, Susan Nipper, Mr. Toots, Cousin Feenix, belong to the
+crowded pages of _Dombey and Son_.  _Bleak House_ is a wonderful
+story; if one chooses Caddy Jellyby from its pages it is not because
+a dozen other characters are not as interesting.  In _Great
+Expectations_ the boyhood of Pip is marvellously portrayed.  Anyone
+who has read _Our Mutual Friend_ can never forget Mr. and Mrs.
+Boffin, or Lizzie Hexam, or the R. Wilfer family, or Silas Wegg, or
+Mr. Venus, or the dolls' dressmaker, Jenny Wren, or Johnny the
+orphan, and Mrs. Betty Higden and Sloppy.
+
+It is a point not to be overlooked that Dickens takes his characters
+from any occupation, but preferably, it would seem, from the
+humblest.  Goodness of heart, wit, humour, gaiety, stout-heartedness,
+are proved by him to exist in the most depressing circumstances.  His
+heroes and heroines do not wear crowns or jewels.  They are not
+specially learned, and they are rarely wealthy or beautiful, but they
+are good company, light-hearted, and kind-hearted.  Love,
+faithfulness, self-sacrifice, purity, sincerity, courage and
+cheerfulness shine out from his pages so brightly and so engagingly
+that we cannot but long to join the company of those who travel the
+same road.
+
+
+
+
+{9}
+
+CHAPTER II
+
+CHARLES DICKENS--BOY AND MAN
+
+The best way to understand Charles Dickens is to learn to know him
+first when he was a boy.  Odd though it may sound, we can actually
+become acquainted with the boy Charles Dickens.  David Copperfield,
+at least in the beginning of his story, is a close delineation of the
+writer's own boyhood.  David's feelings, and many of the happenings
+of his youth, are the feelings and the happenings which made Charles
+Dickens the boy and the man that he was.
+
+While this is true, it is true at the same time that we should use
+caution lest we read into a story more than the author intends us to
+find either about himself or of other people.  Human beings are so
+wonderfully and strangely made that no mortal, no matter how hard he
+tries, can ever draw a perfectly true or a perfectly just picture of
+anyone.  Some quality always escapes analysis, and each person living
+now, or who ever has lived, remains himself only.  Dickens drew a
+wonderful picture of himself in David Copperfield.  This is one
+reason why we love David and understand him so well.  Yet David
+Copperfield is not exactly Charles Dickens.  We can scarcely believe
+for one thing that David ever could have written as well about
+Charles as Charles has written about David.
+
+{10}
+
+When Dickens was a boy of ten he was sent to work in a blacking
+warehouse by his father who was at that time in a debtors' prison.
+People, when Dickens was a boy, were sometimes left in prison for a
+long time if they could not pay their debts.  Years afterwards,
+Dickens wrote of the secret agony of his soul while he worked at
+covering blacking bottles and of how he longed for companions, boys
+of his own age.  Indeed, so unhappy were his recollections that when
+he was grown-up he mentioned these years to one person only, John
+Forster, the friend who wrote his biography; to remember this part of
+his life always gave him great pain.
+
+Charles Dickens was born at Portsmouth, Hampshire, England, February
+7th, 1812.  Life in the Dickens family was not settled or stable.
+They moved frequently, and were always more or less uncertain as to
+the future.  The father, as has been said, at one time was in a
+debtors' prison, and the family, including Charles, became familiar
+with the strange life of The Marshalsea which is described with
+exactitude in more than one of Dickens' novels, but especially in
+_Little Dorrit_.  At other times, and even in the Marshalsea, life
+for the Dickens family was interesting, even exciting.  Charles was
+unhappy because of the work to which he was put, and because he saw
+clearly, although he was only a little fellow, that he was losing the
+chance of obtaining an education.  He was, however, an
+extraordinarily observant lad and read with passionate absorption all
+the books that he could find.  Pictures of the strange people he met
+and of the queer things they {11} did remained with him throughout
+his life, and from this material gathered in his youth he fashioned
+his great novels.
+
+He had dreams of what he would be and of what he would do.  The
+family lived for a number of years in Chatham, his father being a
+clerk in the navy pay-office at the dockyard, and he used to see,
+when he was walking with his father in the neighbouring country, a
+house called Gadshill Place.  He planned then that some day he would
+own that house.  It was in 1856 that he became the owner of Gadshill
+when he was forty-four years old, a considerable achievement for the
+boy of ten who had washed and re-covered blacking bottles.  But many
+greater achievements than this were brought about by the genius of
+Charles Dickens.
+
+All his life these youthful days were lived over again in his stories
+and in his own memory.  To a not inconsiderable extent they influence
+us, too, because of the novels which Dickens wrote.  The roads of
+Kent, where he went walking when they lived in Chatham, are the great
+roads of his novels.  The characters he wrote about were created from
+traits and habits which he had observed in people known by the boy
+Charles Dickens.  The unjust laws and cruel customs against which he
+fought so powerful a battle were those whose victims had excited his
+pity long before he had grown up.
+
+When the family fortunes were brighter, Charles Dickens went to
+school again for a couple of years.  But from the time he was
+fifteen, he earned his own living.  He began as a clerk or {12}
+office boy.  Later, he studied shorthand, and entered the reporters'
+gallery of the House of Commons when he was nineteen.  He began to
+write articles and sketches soon afterwards.  His first book,
+_Sketches by Boz_, was published when he was twenty-four.  In the
+same year, he married Catherine Hogarth, the eldest daughter of
+George Hogarth, a fellow writer on _The Morning Chronicle_, who had
+been kind to him.
+
+From this year, 1836, until his death in 1870, he wrote a series of
+novels and stories with extraordinary speed and diligence.  He
+travelled much, but never ceased writing.  He gave many public
+readings from his own works.  He visited the United States and Canada
+in 1842, and in 1867-68 gave readings in the eastern cities of the
+United States.  Wherever he went he was received with acclaim, and he
+was at all times an object of public attention.  His gifts were
+great, but no one who follows the story of his life can help being
+struck by his extraordinary capacity for hard work.  All his life he
+laboured more assiduously than any ordinary person can work; and when
+he stopped writing, with one of his novels unfinished, he was, as far
+as we can tell, still in the enjoyment of almost undiminished powers
+as a writer.
+
+Dickens had been a sickly boy, often ill and suffering.  As soon as
+he could be put to stand on a chair, so young was he, he had given
+childish recitations and sung childish songs for the entertainment of
+his father's and mother's friends.  He was, in effect, as a child
+somewhat spoiled by too much attention.  Throughout his mature life
+he {13} lived at white heat; ordinary quiet days had no attraction
+for him.  He was inclined to think that people treated him unjustly.
+In truth, one is reluctantly compelled to admit that Dickens was
+over-sensitive and somewhat quarrelsome.  These are, perhaps, the
+only faults, certainly the main faults, in his character.  It can be
+said with justice, however, that he was continually under strain and
+pressure from overwork; he was, as well, excitable by temperament.
+
+One of the best brief descriptions of Dickens' appearance is by Leigh
+Hunt.  "What a face is his to meet in a drawing room!  It has the
+life and soul in it of fifty human beings."  He lived with an
+intensity which it is scarcely possible for less intense people to
+understand.  He gave his wonderful vitality without stint to the
+writing of his books.  When he finished _David Copperfield_ his life
+had been so absorbed in its characters that he wrote "I seem to be
+sending some part of myself into the Shadowy World."  Thackeray said
+of _A Christmas Carol_, "It seems to me a national benefit..."
+Dickens was generous in his praise of the work of other writers, and
+deeply grateful for any kindness shown himself, no matter how slight
+the benefit was.  He quarrelled, one may say, with America as well as
+with some of his friends and contemporaries, but years afterwards he
+wrote in a postscript to a later edition of _Martin Chuzzlewit_ a
+warm tribute to the magnanimity of the country.  His married life was
+not altogether happy.  But in Forster's _Life_, there is a story that
+his daughters Mary and Kate having taken pains to teach him the steps
+of the polka so {14} that he might dance it at their brother's
+birthday party, Dickens, waking in the middle of the night before the
+party, was afraid that he had forgotten the proper steps, and
+immediately got up out of bed to practise them.
+
+Two of his characters, Wilkins Micawber and Mr. Dorritt, are drawn,
+to some extent at least, from the character of his father; Mrs.
+Nickleby is said to be a portrait of his mother.  It can at least be
+conceded that Mr. Micawber and Mrs. Nickleby are among the greatest
+characters ever created by Dickens.  Apparently he had no unkind
+intention; still, one would rather that he had denied himself the use
+of this material.  He was attached to his father and mother and took
+pleasure in providing for their older years.  He bought them a house
+a mile from the town of Exeter and looked after the furnishing of the
+house himself.
+
+His feeling for his children was deeply rooted in his heart.  It
+expressed itself in numberless ways, never more plainly than in a
+letter to his youngest son written on the eve of the boy's leaving to
+join his brother in Australia.  (Forster's _Life of Charles Dickens_,
+Book xi, Part iii).
+
+Dickens' popularity can hardly be over-estimated.  There is a story
+that while _Dombey and Son_ was being published in monthly parts, a
+man who kept a snuff shop in London and had as well a number of
+lodgers, read aloud the month's instalment on the first Monday of
+every month at a tea.  Only those who paid for the tea shared in it,
+but all the lodgers could listen to the story.  The incident affords
+a striking picture of the power Dickens had over all kinds of people.
+Recent reminiscences {15} by one of Dickens' sons tell of how when he
+was walking once with his father along the broad walk at the Zoo in
+London, they met a little girl running ahead of her father and
+mother; when she saw who it was she ran back crying, "Oh, mummy!
+mummy! it is Charles Dickens."  Dickens was greatly pleased.
+
+He made for everyone who lived with him a life of constant gaiety and
+variety.  Well-known and celebrated people shared this entertainment.
+His heart was passionately attached to the cause of the poor and
+oppressed.  He had unfailing belief in human nature, and was hopeful
+of everyone and everything.  A well-known statesman who lived in
+Queen Victoria's youth once said at a private dinner at which Dickens
+was present, "Nothing is ever so good as it is thought."  Dickens at
+once answered him, "And nothing so bad."  We remember that few
+opportunities came to him.  His great career was the result of his
+own exertions.  There was no one at all to help him when he was
+young.  We think with pride and admiration of his great achievements,
+and we love him for his affectionate nature and goodness of heart.
+No one can read Dickens' novels without learning what his character
+was, ardent, generous and loving.  He was a great novelist and a
+great benefactor.
+
+
+
+
+{16}
+
+CHAPTER III
+
+WHAT DICKENS DID FOR HUMANITY
+
+Dickens from his childhood seems to have had a strong desire to leave
+the world a better place for other people than he had found it for
+himself.  We can trace this feeling in his youth and through his
+manhood.  It runs in his novels like a great tide of impulse and
+energy.  "These things should not happen" he seems to cry to the
+world.  "Come, let us unite against injustice and heartlessness in
+public and private dealing, against public and private wrong of every
+description.  Let us banish bad customs from the earth, so that it
+may be a fairer, brighter, happier place."
+
+One of his novels_ A Tale of Two Cities_ is a story of the French
+Revolution.  The story shows that, in common with the rest of the
+world then living, Dickens' outlook on life had been powerfully
+affected by the French Revolution, as our world to-day has been
+vastly changed by the Great War.  The watch words of the French
+Revolution were Liberty, Fraternity, Equality.  They rang like bells
+to waken all men's hearts against injustice; their echoes are ringing
+still.  During the Revolution which began in 1789, a little more than
+twenty years before Dickens was born, and in the years following the
+Revolution, there were terrible excesses of cruelty, murder and
+bloodshed {17} by the revolutionists.  But the spirit of revolt
+against wrong was in men's minds everywhere.  In every country change
+and revolution were impending, either violent change and revolution
+with bloodshed, or silent change and a peaceful revolution.  In Great
+Britain, it appears reasonably certain that the works of Dickens had
+much to do with preventing a violent revolution.  Well-to-do people
+read these books, and their minds became more kindly to their
+fellowmen.  They were eager to help the poor and oppressed.  The poor
+and unfortunate read Dickens' stories and were filled with the spirit
+of brotherhood to everyone, to the rich as well as to those who were
+poor as they themselves were poor.  Dickens showed, not that the poor
+were unhappy, but that they were unjustly and harshly treated.  The
+living spirit of happiness and of Christmas is found in the house of
+the Cratchits.  The Cratchits are poor, but they are wonderfully
+happy.  People in many other countries as well as England rushed to
+the help of the poor because of the happiness of the Cratchit family.
+Tiny Tim and his crutch touched the heart of the world, and the heart
+of the world was made the better for it.  We still are made better by
+the story of the Cratchits.  Above all, Dickens' novels overflow, not
+only with tenderness and indignation against wrong and cruelty, but
+with abounding good temper and inexhaustible mirth.  It has been said
+that danger of a violent revolution in Great Britain was swept away
+by the gales of good-tempered and hearty laughter which seized upon
+thousands of people who were reading these great stories.  It was a
+{18} splendid achievement for any novelist, or for any man or woman.
+To help to bring about a peaceful revolution, instead of one in which
+blood is shed, is a claim that can be made on behalf of few people in
+the history of the world.
+
+Dickens is generally given credit for having secured for the world a
+number of much needed reforms.  There is no doubt that Dickens had a
+great deal to do with promoting these reforms.  But it is the glory
+of the age in which he lived that many people were working to make
+wrong conditions right.  What Dickens succeeded in doing, possibly in
+a greater degree than anyone else at that time, was to produce in a
+great multitude of people the spirit which is willing, more than
+willing, very desirous, to make wrong right.
+
+An English poet who was born about a half century before Dickens,
+(Dickens' dates are 1812-1870; William Blake's dates are 1757-1827)
+wrote lines which embody wonderfully this passion for helping other
+people who need help.  It is a passion which happily belongs to our
+own age.  Who can tell how many people now living carry about in
+their hearts the resolution expressed in one of Blake's verses?
+
+  I will not cease from mental fight,
+    Nor shall my sword sleep in my hand,
+  Till we have built Jerusalem
+    In England's green and pleasant land.
+
+Jerusalem, of course, means heaven.  The Lord's Prayer says, Thy will
+be done on earth as it is in heaven.
+
+You had better learn by heart this verse written {19} by William
+Blake, for you will often want to remember it, and to help to build
+Jerusalem in your own country, wherever that country is.
+
+Charles Dickens has other claims to greatness, but surely none so
+compelling as the fact that the spirit of his novels is the aspiring,
+tender, loving spirit of humanity.
+
+It is interesting to know the names of the special reforms for which
+Dickens worked.  These were to change the customs of the law courts
+so that there should be less delay and greater simplicity in securing
+redress for hardship, and to improve the character of the men
+appointed to the bench; to change the Poor Laws, and especially to
+improve their administration; to change and improve greatly the
+schools which existed at that time; and to bring about a reformation
+in the administration of prisons.  Finally, he wished to have the
+nation provide common means of decency and health in the dwellings of
+the poor, so that fever and consumption should not forever be let
+loose on God's creatures.  These are almost Dickens' own words.  All
+these conditions have been so vastly improved that we who are living
+to-day can hardly realize how much we have for which to be thankful.
+But there are still in the world wrongs to right and conditions to
+improve.
+
+Dickens was a great novelist, but he was not a perfect novelist.  It
+is easy to find defects in the books that he wrote, defects of style,
+faults in the plans of his novels and in the delineation of his
+characters.  But in spite of these defects, his novels are great
+novels.  It is possible that Dickens' characters are more true to
+life than we have {20} thought they were.  He may be one of the
+greatest delineators of English character in the history of
+literature.  Can you not imagine Sam Weller, and Mark Tapley, yes,
+and Tom Pinch, and Ham Peggotty, Tupman, Winkle and Snodgrass,
+fighting in the trenches in France and Flanders, with bravery, jokes
+and indomitable perseverance, while Boffin, Mr. Pickwick, Miss Betsey
+Trotwood and Susan Nipper are busy with work at home?  One of the
+best ways, and certainly one of the most delightful ways, to study
+the character and the genius of the people of England is to read the
+novels of Charles Dickens.
+
+
+
+
+{21}
+
+CHAPTER IV
+
+THE WAVERLEY NOVELS
+
+You have heard at times a strain of music far away.  A band, perhaps,
+is playing the air of some martial song that you know well.  The
+music comes nearer, nearer.  You can almost imagine that you see the
+players marching down the street.  And here they are.  As stirring,
+as romantic, as beautiful as the distant music, are the spirit,
+scenes, and happenings of The Waverley Novels by Sir Walter Scott.
+
+Scott did not begin by writing novels; his first writing was
+poetical; he wrote stories in verse.  If you do not already know
+these poetical stories, you probably will some day soon, because they
+are charming and delightful, and so easy to read that one almost
+feels one must have read them before in a dream.  The novels are,
+perhaps, a little more difficult to follow, but not after we once get
+fairly started.  They are wonderful books to read.  Some of them are
+world novels.  This means that in many countries, and in many
+different languages, people may be found reading the Waverley Novels.
+This statement is true of Dickens' novels also.  When we learn to
+know Dickens' work and Scott's work intimately, we will perceive that
+there is a difference.
+
+Let us begin with _Rob Roy_, one of the Waverley Novels which is a
+great favourite with boys {22} and girls.  Francis Osbaldistone is
+sent by his father to visit his uncle, Sir Hildebrand, at the family
+seat, Osbaldistone Hall, in the north of England.  Frank does not
+want to go into business and become his father's successor.  The
+visit to Osbaldistone Hall is by way of punishment.  His father means
+to choose one of Frank's six cousins to inherit his place in the
+business.  Frank goes north, meets all the six cousins, his uncle,
+Sir Hildebrand, Andrew Fairservice, a serving man, who is as notable
+a character after his own way of life as Sam Weller; and above all he
+meets a cousin of his cousins, Die Vernon, beautiful, spirited,
+altogether charming and lovable Die.
+
+Owing to a business matter, Frank has to go further north from
+Osbaldistone Hall into Scotland.  In the city of Glasgow, he is
+directed to Bailie Nicol Jarvie.  He is given a mysterious warning in
+Glasgow Cathedral, and goes up to the Highlands with Bailie Nicol
+Jarvie, seeking to recover a debt.  Now we are fully set in the midst
+of the scenes of Sir Walter Scott's enchantment.  The wild, romantic,
+beautiful scenery of Scotland, painted by a master's hand; the
+Highlanders themselves, proud, devoted, chivalrous, faithful; the
+cause of the royal Stuarts whose adherents loved them and sacrificed
+for them without stint; the glamour of old Scots songs; romantic
+stories of love and conflict, all these delights you will find in
+_Rob Roy_ and in other of the Waverley Novels.  The mysterious Mr.
+Campbell of the highroad and the drove of cattle, turns out to be Rob
+Roy MacGregor himself.  His wife, Helen, who is as fierce as she is
+heroic, is the central figure of one of the {23} most dramatic
+actions of the story.  Escape, danger, flight, battle, the allurement
+of a lost cause, striking characters for whom one forms a romantic
+attachment, are all gathered within the pages of this novel.
+
+_Kenilworth_ and _Ivanhoe_ will prove themselves as fascinating as
+_Rob Roy_.  _Kenilworth_ is written of the time of Queen Elizabeth
+and tells the story of the beautiful, unfortunate Amy Robsart, the
+wife of the Earl of Leicester, Queen Elizabeth's favourite.  Amy, who
+had made a secret, runaway match, is sought by Tressilian on behalf
+of her father.  She lives in hiding at Cumnor Hall, waited on by
+Janet Foster and her father, Anthony Foster.  Seeking redress for
+Amy, we go with Tressilian to find Leicester at the great castle of
+Kenilworth to which Elizabeth makes one of her royal progresses.  On
+the way we meet Wayland Smith, and Flibbertigibbet, and we learn what
+black magic means.
+
+At Kenilworth are stirring scenes.  We encounter Raleigh, Spenser, an
+astrologer, and scores of brightly coloured, romantic figures.  We
+are present at a pageant, and see Elizabeth conferring knighthood on
+some of Leicester's men.  All the while, Amy Robsart is to be
+vindicated, later Amy is to be saved.  But, partly through
+misunderstanding, yet also by cowardice, cruelty and falsehood, Amy
+is betrayed.  _Kenilworth_ is notable for its scenes from English
+history, but the story of Amy Robsart, after we read it for the first
+time, leaves something in our memories that in all likelihood had not
+been there before, something gentle, full of pity, and precious.
+
+{24}
+
+_Ivanhoe_ is more robust and exciting.  Read the opening scene
+between Gurth, the swineherd, and Wamba, the jester.  This is Merrie
+England of long ago, when Saxons and Normans were still hostile and
+separate, although living together in the heart of England.  John had
+usurped the throne from King Richard, his brother, who had been
+fighting on Crusade in the Holy Land.  Here in the greenwood we meet
+Friar Tuck, and various knights.  We visit Rotherwood, and listen to
+Cedric, the Saxon master of Gurth and Wamba.  We see the beautiful
+Rowena.  We meet the Jew, Isaac of York and his lovely daughter
+Rebecca.  There are great combats for knights to prove their
+knighthood at Ashby-de-la-Zouche.  There is the thrilling siege of
+the castle, Torquilstone.  We discover who the Black Knight is, and,
+best of all, we encounter, in many disguises and lastly as himself,
+Robin Hood.  Read the account of the archery contest in chapter
+thirteen.  Every word is thrilling.  If we could go back through the
+centuries, we, too, would visit Merrie England, walk in the greenwood
+and taste the venison pasty in Friar Tuck's cell, watch while
+Locksley shot his arrows, and with Rebecca on the ramparts, follow
+the course of the great siege of Torquilstone.  But, thanks to the
+genius of Sir Walter, we can see these happenings in imagination
+without leaving the twentieth century, although the novel Ivanhoe was
+published more than a hundred years ago.
+
+Scott wrote more than twenty novels, and other books as well.  The
+chief of the Waverley Novels, beside the three already named, are
+_Waverley_, {25} _Guy Mannering_, _The Antiquary_, _Old Mortality_,
+_The Bride of Lammermoor_, _The Heart of Mid-Lothian_, _The Fortunes
+of Nigel_, _Redgauntlet_, _Anne of Geierstein_, _Woodstock_, and _The
+Fair Maid of Perth_.
+
+Thrilling and romantically beautiful as _Rob Roy_, _Kenilworth_ and
+_Ivanhoe_ are, and exciting as it is to read them, Scott has achieved
+even greater scenes in some of the novels appearing in the list
+above.  Rob Roy, Die Vernon, Locksley, Rebecca of York, are splendid
+and memorable characters, but they are not as wonderful as Edie
+Ochiltree in _The Antiquary_, or as Jeanie Deans in _The Heart of
+Mid-Lothian_.  We delight in Rob Roy and Locksley and we love Die
+Vernon dearly, and yet somehow we know that Edie Ochiltree and Jeanie
+Deans are greater.  We respect them profoundly, and think more of
+human nature because of what they say and do.  We wonder why this
+should be so.  Puzzling out the way we feel about Edie Ochiltree and
+Jeanie Deans, we come to a conclusion somewhat like the following.
+In the case of the first dearly loved characters, Scott was writing
+about people he had never met or known.  He was in reality describing
+the beautiful dreams we have of romantic people who do not actually
+belong to everyday life.  But Edie Ochiltree is such a man as Scott
+himself must have known.  He is alive and so vivid in his not too
+highly coloured perfection, that one can imagine him strolling along
+a country road in Scotland.  Edie is a wandering beggar and wears a
+blue gown.  The neighbours give him food and shelter, and in return
+he does for them various little services.  But Edie {26} at the same
+time is a remarkable man.  When greatness comes in ordinary people,
+they are greater than it is possible to make a romantic character.
+We cannot tell why this is so; but so it is.
+
+Turn to chapter seven in _The Antiquary_ and read what Edie says in
+answer to Sir Arthur Wardour's offer of a reward if he will save his
+daughter and himself from drowning.  Such a character as Edie shows
+himself to be is an example of Sir Walter's genius at its highest.
+You will find other remarkable scenes in which Edie speaks in chapter
+twenty.  But from his final appearance in chapter forty-four we must
+quote a few lines.  There is a rumour that the country is to be
+invaded, and someone says to Edie that he has not much to fight for.
+Read carefully what follows for it is written in one of the dialects
+of Scotland, as is the case with a good part of what Sir Walter has
+written.
+
+"_Me_ no muckle to fight for, sir?--isna there the country to fight
+for, and the burnsides that I gang daundering beside, and the hearths
+of the gudewives that gie me my bit bread, and the bits o' weans that
+come toddling to play wi' me when I come about a landward town?--"
+
+Here love of country and love of people,--little children and men and
+women--are joined, and Edie's words express the highest feelings for
+home and country that we have.  There is something in every boy and
+every girl that thrills to this reply of Edie Ochiltree, who had no
+money and no land, but who was rich in his spirit nevertheless.  It
+is for such reasons as this that we {27} judge Edie's character to be
+one of Scott's greatest achievements.
+
+Some day you may read in _The Heart of Mid-Lothian_ of how Jeanie
+Deans walked many weary miles to London to plead with Queen Caroline
+for the life of her sister.  You will learn to admire and reverence
+Jeanie when at the last she says to the Queen that "when the hour of
+trouble comes to the mind or to the body ... then it isna what we hae
+dune for oursells, but what we hae dune for others, that we think on
+maist pleasantly."  Jeanie's is a sad story, and yet it turns out
+happily.  Scott's genius for story telling, as well as for the
+delineation of character, was singularly rich and ample.
+
+To the contents of these novels, Scott added occasionally a short
+story, and often beautiful songs.  In _Redgauntlet_, chapter eleven,
+you will find Wandering Willie's Tale, one of the greatest short
+stories that ever has been written.  The Ballad of the Red Harlaw is
+in _The Antiquary_, the same novel in which Edie Ochiltree appears.
+One of the most beautiful songs in Scottish literature, which is rich
+in exquisite songs, is "Proud Maisie"; this song is to be found in
+_The Heart of Mid-Lothian_, chapter thirty-nine.  Those of you who
+are fond of learning poetry by heart will find time well spent in
+learning "Proud Maisie".  Only when genius is most richly endowed can
+it be so generous in its giving as Scott is in his novels with his
+songs.
+
+
+
+
+{28}
+
+CHAPTER V
+
+SCOTT'S OWN STORY
+
+Walter Scott was born August 15th, 1771, in a house belonging to his
+father at the head of the College Wynd in Edinburgh, Scotland.  The
+family was well-to-do and happily situated.  But when he was eighteen
+months old, the little lad had a serious illness which left him a
+cripple.  Every effort was made to cure his lameness.  He was sent to
+live with his grand-parents on the farm at Sandy Knowe, but while he
+gained strength, he was slow in learning to walk and his left leg
+remained shrunken.  He grew up tall and strong, unusually good
+looking and attractive.  When he was a man he thought nothing of
+walking thirty miles in a day.  Apparently, his lameness had no
+influence upon his character, except that it helped to make him
+considerate.  His biographer says that he was always tender to those
+who had any bodily misfortune.
+
+Edinburgh is a beautiful city.  Those who belong to it love their
+romantic town with devotion.  But it was fortunate for Walter Scott,
+and for us also, that he spent some of his early years on a farm.
+What he saw and learned at that time influenced all his future life.
+A story is told that when he was three years old, and unable to help
+himself, because he was so lame, he was left alone {29} in the open
+air at some distance from the farmhouse, as his aunt often wisely
+left him.  A thunder storm came up and when they hastened to the
+little fellow they found him lying on his back, clapping his hands at
+each flash of lightning, and crying out, "Bonny! bonny!"  There was
+never anything lacking in Walter Scott's happy courage, or in his
+tranquil enjoyment of the beauties he saw in nature or read about in
+books.
+
+His aunt used to read aloud to him.  Like some other boys one has
+known, he played out by himself the battles described as he imagined
+they might have been fought.  He was fascinated by old tales, old
+ballads and by history.  From his early manhood he had a passion for
+all kinds of antiquarian research.  When he was a lad he was sent to
+Edinburgh High School, a famous school, and here after school hours
+and during recess he became known to the other boys as a wonderful
+adept at relating stories.  His audiences were closely attentive and
+delighted.  He says of himself in a short fragment of autobiography
+that he was not a dunce, "but an incorrigibly idle imp".  Perhaps his
+chief pursuit was reading.  Some of the books he read were Ossian,
+which is compact of Highland myth and story, Spenser, an exquisite
+English poet, many novelists and other Poets, and the great
+collection of ballads known as Percy's _Reliques of Ancient Poetry_.
+These are all manly books, and stir the reader's blood and
+imagination, as Sir Philip Sidney said, like the sound of a trumpet.
+
+After Edinburgh High School and Edinburgh University, where boys went
+at that time when {30} they were very young, Scott became a lawyer.
+The study of Scots law was to him an unending source of interest.
+But when he was a young lawyer without much to do, he was in the
+habit of telling romances to other young lawyers like himself who
+were waiting for clients.  As the boys at school used to be
+fascinated, so the young lawyers later came under the same spell.
+
+We have by this time the origins of Scott's great work, a natural and
+unconquerable genius for writing and romance, love for romantic
+Edinburgh and all Scotland, the farm at Sandy Knowe, ballads, tales
+and history, Scots law, old customs, the characters and the people
+whom he knew and loved.
+
+He began by translating songs from other languages, then by editing
+and publishing old ballads and songs belonging to his own country,
+what is called minstrelsy, the songs of wandering poets.  His first
+book, _Minstrelsy of the Border_, was published very early in the
+nineteenth century.  He married, in 1797, Miss Charpentier, the
+daughter of a refugee from the French Revolution.  They lived in a
+cottage at Lasswade, six miles from Edinburgh.  Later, their home was
+at Ashestiel, also in the country, an old house on the south bank of
+the Tweed.  His own first writing, a poetical story, _The Lay of the
+Last Minstrel_, was published in 1805.  He held during his life
+various law offices under the Crown, beginning as Sheriff Depute,
+then Sheriff, and later a Clerk of the Court of Session.  Although he
+wrote many books he made a point of keeping other employment, so
+writing might be, as he said, not a bad crutch, but {31} a good
+staff.  But by 1805, it was plain that literature was to be his main
+occupation.
+
+Scott had a singularly affectionate nature, which in itself is almost
+sufficient to make a happy life.  With his first fee as a lawyer, he
+bought a silver taper stand for his mother's desk.  Lockhart writes
+of him, "No man cared less about popular admiration and applause; but
+for the least chill on the affection of any near and dear to him he
+had the sensitiveness of a maiden."  We find as we learn to know
+people that powers of affection and love for those who belong to them
+are marks of the finest natures.
+
+Scott was considerate of the feelings of everyone, and he was greatly
+loved.  He made much money by his writings, first by his romantic
+verse which took the world by storm, and later by the long series of
+great novels, which were published at first anonymously, and only
+acknowledged by Scott as his own with reluctance years after he began
+publishing them.  With his love for beautiful scenery, for Scotland,
+and for everything belonging to dignified and delightful ways of
+living, it was natural that Scott, from the result of his labours,
+should buy an estate and build on it a castle called Abbotsford.
+Here he lived with his family, dealing bountifully and kindly with
+many dependents and followers.  He had tender care for all his
+neighbours, gentle and simple, as the old phrase runs.  Scott valued
+what he had because it gave him the power to be good to other people.
+"Sir Walter speaks to every man as if they were blood relations" was
+the description given of his manner by one of the men who worked {32}
+on his estate to an inquirer.  Tom Purdie, a personal attendant, had
+been a salmon poacher, and was one of Scott's great friends.
+
+It is difficult to give a sufficiently convincing picture of his
+happy, beneficient, affectionate life, spent in beautiful
+surroundings, in friendliness and family joys, and yet at the same
+time do justice to Scott's incessant toil.  He worked unstintedly,
+and he loved his work.  He was so popular and famous, it seemed all
+he had to do was to sit down and write a novel and the world would
+ring with its fame.  But Scott was at work generally before six
+o'clock in the morning.  He was a man of remarkable industry as well
+as of unusual gifts.  Yet, those who knew him, noticed first and
+valued most his kindness and simplicity.
+
+There are two books in which we can find details of the character and
+the life of Scott.  These are _The Life of Sir Walter Scott_, written
+by his son-in-law, J. G. Lockhart, and Scott's _Journal_, written by
+himself, and meant only for his own reading.
+
+He was a man of great reasonableness and common sense.  Lord
+Cockburn, a distinguished lawyer, who was a friend, said that in his
+opinion Walter Scott's sense was a still more wonderful thing than
+his genius.  He did not care to talk much about his writing, but
+rather of what he had done or seen.  There was so little made of
+Scott's writing in his home, either by himself or anyone else, that
+his children did not know much about it.  Someone asked Sophia, his
+eldest daughter, how she liked one of his books.  Her answer was that
+she had not read it.  Walter, the eldest boy, came {33} home from
+school one day, plainly showing signs of having been in a fight, and
+said that the other boys had called him a "lassie".  One of the boys
+had said something about _The Lady of the Lake_, and he was unaware
+that there was a book of that name written by his father.  These
+incidents are related to show how simple and natural were Scott's
+ideas of himself and his work.  He was a rapid, even at times a
+careless, writer, but he was incontestably a great writer.  He was,
+however, greater as a man.
+
+No one can read his life without being charmed by Scott's love for
+his dogs.  Cats, too, were favourites in the family circle.  All the
+domestic creatures were as fond of Scott as he was of them.  You will
+find in Lockhart's _Life_, chapter nine, a description by Washington
+Irving, the American author, of a visit to Abbotsford, and of Scott
+and his dogs.  It is, perhaps, as vivid a picture as has ever been
+drawn of Scott.
+
+During the last years of his life, Scott undertook the payment of a
+heavy debt.  He had been partner in a publishing enterprise which was
+conducted with far too little reasonable caution in entering upon
+undertakings and expenditure.  Although Scott was not an active
+partner, and unfortunately had not informed himself about the firm's
+transactions, he was liable for the full amount of the debt.  He
+refused to become a bankrupt and set himself the enormous task of
+paying every creditor in full.  This last labour of his life is a
+heroic story.  Friends, some of them unknown friends, offered him
+money.  His sense of honour was so high that he would allow no
+mitigation {34} of his task.  He laboured single-handed and paid back
+large sums to his creditors.  The final payments were arranged only
+after his death.  He had cut down his way of living at Abbotsford.
+He allowed himself little rest and no luxury.  Any boy who reads this
+story will learn from it something of the nature of business and of
+what is wise and right in business dealings.  He will learn to love
+too, as we all may, Sir Walter's radiant sense of the beauty of
+honour.
+
+We discover at last the true reason why the characters in Scott's
+novels are great.  It is because he is himself great and noble, with
+such a nobility that in all likelihood the world will keep him always
+as one of its heroes.  His last words to his son-in-law, Lockhart,
+"My dear, be a good man", come into the minds of many people every
+now and then as they live their daily lives and bring them help and
+encouragement.  We read Scott's novels because they tell thrilling
+and romantic stories; and we read them again for their nobility,
+high-mindedness, dignity and beauty.
+
+
+
+
+{35}
+
+CHAPTER VI
+
+THE TEMPEST AND OTHER OF SHAKESPEARE'S PLAYS
+
+Shakespeare, as you know, wrote plays.  Here is the story of one of
+these plays: Prospero, an old man, and his daughter, Miranda, a very
+beautiful girl, lived alone on an island in the sea far from any
+known land.  Their only dwelling was a cell made in a rock; probably
+the cell was really a cave in the rock.  Now Prospero was a duke in
+exile, the Duke of Milan in Italy, and Miranda was a princess, his
+only child.
+
+Prospero was a very clever man and a great student.  He had had in
+Milan a younger brother, Antonio, to whom he trusted all his affairs
+so that he might give his time wholly to study.  Prospero's special
+study was magic.  Shakespeare wrote this play very early in the
+seventeenth century: _The Tempest_, therefore, is more than three
+hundred years old.
+
+Antonio conspired against his brother Prospero, and in this
+conspiracy he was aided by the King of Naples.  Prospero and Miranda,
+then a baby, were kidnapped, carried on board a ship and later cast
+adrift in a small boat.  Finally, the sea carried them to this
+island.  A kind nobleman, Gonzalo, had concealed on the little boat,
+water, food, clothing and some books, which were Prospero's books of
+magic.
+
+{36}
+
+Prospero and Miranda lived for years on the island.  During this time
+her father took care of Miranda and educated her.  Now the island was
+an enchanted island which had been placed under a spell by a witch
+called Sycorax, who had died shortly before Prospero and Miranda came
+to the island, leaving a son who was a misshapen dwarf called
+Caliban.  Prospero found this dwarf, and tried to teach him how to
+speak and how to do useful work, but Caliban was not able to learn
+much.  Perhaps he was not very willing to learn.
+
+The witch Sycorax, before she died, had imprisoned in trees on the
+island many good spirits, because they would not obey her commands;
+since they were gentle spirits and Sycorax had tried to get them to
+do cruel and wicked deeds.  Prospero found these good spirits and
+released them from their prisons.  The chief of these spirits was
+Ariel.  You will love Ariel very much when you read about him in the
+play.
+
+Now we have the island, Prospero and Miranda, Ariel and a host of
+other gentle spirits, and Caliban, whose only idea of God was that
+there was something more powerful than he was himself.  But Caliban
+thought his god must be cruel, hard and unkind as well as strong,
+since he did not know any better.  This idea he had of a god he
+called Setebos.
+
+Prospero was able to work magic.  Three hundred years ago some people
+believed in magic.  Prospero, since he was a good man, never wanted
+to work anything but good with his magic; and he used Ariel and the
+other gentle spirits whom he had released from prison to carry out
+his {37} commands.  _The Tempest_, you will understand by this time,
+is a good deal like what we call a fairy tale.  But fairy tales are
+lovely things.
+
+The King of Naples, his son Ferdinand, Antonio, who had usurped his
+brother's place as Duke of Milan, and a number of noblemen, including
+kind Gonzalo, when the play begins had been on a voyage on a ship.
+Prospero by his magic raised a great storm, and commanded Ariel to
+bring the ship to the island where it was to be shipwrecked, but
+everyone on board was to be brought to shore safe and unharmed.
+
+Prospero's plan was that Ferdinand, who was an admirable young
+prince, and his dear and beautiful daughter Miranda, should fall in
+love with one another.  Further, he planned by this shipwreck that
+Antonio should be punished and he himself restored to the Dukedom of
+Milan.  In the play, we see and hear all these things happening.
+Prospero's plans are carried out exactly as he directed.  Ferdinand
+and Miranda find each other so beautiful and attractive that at first
+sight they fall in love.  Antonio is confronted with his wrong doing.
+Gonzalo finds reward and praise.  Prospero is again Duke of Milan,
+buries his books and magic garment and gives up magic forever.  The
+king of Naples repents his misdoing, and is only too happy for his
+son Ferdinand to marry Miranda.  And most joyous of all these
+happenings, the gentle Ariel and his companions, having served
+Prospero well, regain full liberty, and fly away to wander free in
+islands where beautiful trees and flowers grow, there to live happy
+all the long day.
+
+{38}
+
+We cannot help wondering how Shakespeare came to write this play
+about a far away, unknown, enchanted island.  It is almost certain
+that people have been able to make a very good guess at the origin of
+the story.  _The Tempest_ was written in 1610 or 1611.  In 1609, a
+British fleet, commanded by Sir George Somers, which had sailed for
+the new plantation of Jamestown in Virginia, met a great storm in the
+West Indies.  The Admiral's ship, the _Sea-Venture_, was driven on
+the coast of one of the unknown Bermuda Isles.  The sailors had to
+stay there for ten months.  Finally, they escaped in two boats which
+they made out of cedar logs, and in these boats they managed to reach
+Virginia.  When these sailors returned to London in 1610, there was
+great excitement; one person would report to another their marvellous
+stories.  The island had been over-run with wild pigs, and the
+sailors said they had heard odd noises.  Therefore, they concluded
+that the island was enchanted.  Shakespeare, who was writing his
+wonderful plays at the time, is likely to have heard these stories;
+and he made use of the sailors' tales of enchantment in a strange,
+beautiful, fairy-like play.
+
+Shakespeare's plays are printed, so that we can read them in books.
+They are also, of course, acted in theatres.  Some of you may have
+seen one of Shakespeare's plays, or more than one, acted on a stage.
+As you grow older, you will have opportunities, let us hope, to see
+great actors in Shakespeare's plays.  For, since the plays are so
+great themselves, they can only be acted properly by great actors.
+You can always read these {39} plays in books, however; and some of
+Shakespeare's plays seem almost better when they are read than when
+they are acted.  The reason for this is that we can imagine scenes
+more vividly sometimes than we can see them when other people try to
+show them to us.
+
+One of the best ways to read Shakespeare is to take a scene from one
+of his plays, such as the Casket scene in _The Merchant of Venice_,
+assign the characters to different people, boys and girls, or men and
+women, and then read the scene aloud, each character speaking in his
+turn.  You will enjoy the reading better if someone first tells the
+complete story of the play.
+
+The whole world highly regards, and very many people dearly love,
+Shakespeare's plays.  There are many of them.  Some of the plays to
+choose first for reading are, _The Merchant of Venice_, _Julius
+Caesar_, scenes from _A Midsummer Night's Dream_, from _As You Like
+It_, _Romeo and Juliet_ and _Twelfth Night_.  How delightful you will
+find the fairy scenes in _A Midsummer Night's Dream_, and the scenes
+in the forest from _As You Like It_.
+
+_Julius Caesar_ is a political play.  Politics, as you know, is one
+of the great pursuits of men; and more recently, political questions
+are becoming of importance to women.  Politics is not a way to earn
+one's living, like farming, or being a doctor, or an engineer; but it
+offers one of the chief avenues by which one may serve one's country.
+_Julius Caesar_, besides being a very interesting story, is a
+splendidly wise and clear picture of how men and women are influenced
+by political questions and actions.
+
+{40}
+
+Shakespeare wrote and put into his plays numbers of very beautiful
+songs.  They are so beautiful and natural that to read them is almost
+like listening to the song of a bird.  In _The Tempest_ you will find
+Ariel's songs, "Come unto these yellow sands", "Full fathom five thy
+father lies", and "Where the bee sucks, there suck I".  There are
+songs in _A Midsummer Night's Dream_.  Amiens in _As You Like It_,
+sings "Under the greenwood tree", and "Blow, blow, thou winter wind".
+"It was a lover and his lass" comes near the end of the play.
+_Twelfth Night_, too, is rich in songs, "O mistress mine, where are
+you roaming?", "Come away, come away, death"; the play ends with the
+inimitable, "When that I was and a little tiny boy".
+
+Shakespeare is as great in the poetry of his plays as he is in their
+dramatic action.  He had the power so to suit his thoughts with words
+that our minds are filled and enriched with life and beauty.  Read
+Prospero's great speech which you will find in _The Tempest_, act iv,
+scene i.
+
+                          These our actors,
+  As I foretold you, were all spirits, and
+  Are melted into air, into thin air:
+  And, like the baseless fabric of this vision,
+  The cloud capp'd towers, the gorgeous palaces,
+  The solemn temples, the great globe itself,
+  Yea, all which it inherit, shall dissolve
+  And, like this insubstantial pageant faded,
+  Leave not a rack behind.  We are such stuff
+  As dreams are made on, and our little life
+  Is rounded with a sleep.
+
+
+
+
+{41}
+
+CHAPTER VII
+
+SHAKESPEARE--THE GREAT WORLD ITSELF
+
+Shakespeare lived at a time when people, as a rule, did not write and
+print the details of famous men's lives while they were living or
+soon after their deaths.  We know much of the daily lives of such
+people as Scott and Dickens, and many others like Queen Victoria,
+Napoleon, Lincoln, Disraeli, Gladstone.  But we know comparatively
+little about Shakespeare, partly because many people during his
+lifetime thought of him only as a play actor and writer of plays, and
+partly because there were at that time few books and there was little
+reading.  Incidents of history and in the lives of men and women were
+told by older people to their children.  These stories were
+remembered and repeated and served instead of printed books.  Such
+traditional knowledge is sometimes inaccurate, but it is generally
+interesting, and frequently true.
+
+We know that Shakespeare was born April 22nd or 23rd, 1564, in
+Stratford-on-Avon, Warwickshire, England.  He was baptised on April
+26th of that year; his baptism is on record.  He died on his
+birthday, April 23rd, 1616, fifty-two years later.
+
+His father was John Shakespeare, who sold farm produce in Stratford,
+and his mother was {42} Mary Arden, who came of what are called
+gentlefolk.  He was married in 1582 to Anne Hathaway.  They had three
+children, Susanna, Hamnet and Judith.  Susanna later married John
+Hall, a doctor of medicine; and Judith married Thomas Quiney, a
+vintner, in the same year that her father died.  But Hamnet died in
+1596; his death was a heavy grief to Shakespeare.
+
+Shakespeare went to London probably in 1586.  The story told by
+tradition is that he had been poaching on a neighbouring estate
+belonging to a Sir Thomas Lucy.  In any case, he left Stratford and
+journeyed to London, a small London, very different from the great
+city of to-day; nevertheless, it must have been an interesting place.
+Shakespeare acted, and wrote plays.  By 1593, he had achieved a noted
+success.  Four years later, 1597, he bought New Place, the finest
+house in Stratford.  At first, he paid a visit there only once a
+year.  Then he left London, and spent his later years in Stratford at
+New Place.  His custom was to write two of his plays each year.
+
+We know something of Shakespeare's character from what his
+contemporaries said of him.  We know what interested him most, and
+probably what he cared about most, from his plays.  He was most
+frequently called by other people the gentle Shakespeare.  For a man
+of great genius who was busy making wonderful plays, and who could
+have met few people, if any, who were his intellectual equals, to be
+called gentle by everyone who knew him is a great tribute to the
+lovableness of his disposition and the sweetness of his temper.  It
+shows that he must have been {43} courteous, patient and considerate.
+We know from his writings that he was a well-balanced man.  He was
+genial, and he had a great zest for life.
+
+He seems to have been fond of many different kinds of characters.
+Men of action, that is, men who do things, and men of thought, whose
+philosophy and understanding take hold of the facts of life and look
+deep into their meaning, were equally understood and loved by
+Shakespeare.  How do we know this?  We know because he created such
+thinkers as Hamlet, and his King Richard II, and Macbeth, and such
+men of action as are in his great historical plays and especially
+Othello.  But we cannot help thinking that Shakespeare loved men of
+action better and was more devoted to them than he was to those who
+were thinkers chiefly.  A critic named Hazlitt wrote of Shakespeare,
+"His talent consisted in sympathy with human nature in all its
+shapes, degrees, depressions and elevations."  Sympathy of this kind
+is not only a great gift, but it is also a very rare one.  His
+universal sympathy is one reason why we admire Shakespeare so much.
+
+There are other facts about Shakespeare's life that we learn from his
+plays.  His youth was brilliant, full of happy exuberance and
+exaltation, confident and swift.  At this time, he wrote such plays
+as _Romeo and Juliet_, 1592, the great historical plays, 1592-1594,
+and again in 1597-1598, _A Midsummer Night's Dream_, 1594-5, _As You
+Like It_, 1599, _Twelfth Night_, 1600, _Julius Caesar_, 1600.  You do
+not need to remember these dates, but notice how rapidly one great
+play follows another.
+
+Shakespeare's full maturity, following youth, {44} begins about 1599.
+Later than 1600, he wrote such plays as _Hamlet_, 1602, _Othello_,
+1604, _Macbeth_, 1606, _King Lear_, 1607, _Anthony and Cleopatra_,
+1608.  These are generally regarded as his greatest plays.
+
+In the last years of his life we can think of him as living at New
+Place in Stratford, with peace, happiness and tranquility.  His young
+daughter Judith must have been his special, much-loved companion.  We
+imagine that possibly Miranda in _The Tempest_ is like Judith;
+Shakespeare may have been thinking of himself a little when he wrote
+some of Prospero's speeches.  To this period belong three calm, wise
+and beautiful plays which were the last that he wrote, _Cymbeline_,
+1610, _The Winter's Tale_, 1611, and _The Tempest_, 1611.
+
+Where did Shakespeare obtain his marvelous knowledge of life and
+people?  The answer evidently is, from life itself and from people
+themselves.  He studied people and understood them.  His own heart
+and nature taught him wonderful knowledge.  From older people, he
+heard stories of the Wars of the Roses.  These stories undoubtedly
+gave him his knowledge of warfare, soldiers, battles and politics.
+He read such books as Holinshed's _Chronicles_, North's translation
+of Plutarch's _Lives_ and translations of the choicest Italian novels
+of the time.  He probably had read Chaucer.  He was familiar with all
+the writings, plays, poems, and pamphlets of his contemporaries.  The
+time when Shakespeare lived was one of the greatest ages in the
+history of the world.  He himself makes any age in which he lived a
+{45} great age; but there were living at that time many other great
+writers, although not as great as Shakespeare.  He therefore must
+have read much.  He almost certainly was one of the people who, as we
+say, can take the whole heart out of a book at a single reading.
+
+It would be foolish to say that it is easy to read all Shakespeare's
+plays.  Comparatively few people, old or young, can understand them
+altogether.  But to read those plays that one can understand is a
+very great adventure.  We find in them, even if we do not comprehend
+everything, so much that is worth while, great life, beauty,
+sweetness, courtesy, benignity, generosity and honour.
+
+There were customs in Shakespeare's day, points of view, judgments
+and prejudices, which the world has outgrown.  We have much to learn
+still, but the world to-day is a better place than it was in the
+sixteenth century.  We find some things in Shakespeare's plays that
+grate on us harshly, such as the feeling towards Shylock, the Jew, in
+_The Merchant of Venice_.
+
+Shakespeare's greatest gift to us is that he makes us feel and know
+how wonderful life is.  He puts before us in his plays the whole
+world, and we can look at it and see how beautiful it is.  He shows
+us men and women, and although he wrote long ago people who read his
+plays to-day find his men and women so interesting that we think
+ourselves very fortunate if we can see a great actor play Hamlet or a
+great actress show us the way in which charming Rosalind may have
+walked and spoken in the forest of Arden.  No {46} other writer has
+ever been able to create such women characters as Shakespeare.
+
+The best and soundest knowledge of Shakespeare comes slowly.  It is
+good to read such speeches in his plays as Brutus' speech in _Julius
+Caesar_, Act iv, scene iii, beginning at the words, "There is a tide
+in the affairs of men".  When we have learned that speech, we may
+turn to other words, such as these in _King Henry V_:
+
+  There is some soul of goodness in things evil,
+  Would men observingly distil it out.
+
+
+Remember King Henry's saying; it contains truth which is serviceable
+to us all.
+
+Such words as these, and hundreds of other lines, are what make
+Shakespeare, Shakespeare, someone wonderful and lovable who belongs
+to you and to everyone else.
+
+Here is another of his songs, a sad one this time, but very
+beautiful, from _Cymbeline_.
+
+  Fear no more the heat o' the sun,
+    Nor the furious winter's rages;
+  Thou thy worldly task hast done,
+    Home art gone and ta'en thy wages:
+  Golden lads and girls all must,
+    As chimney-sweepers, come to dust.
+
+  Fear no more the frown o' the great;
+    Thou are past the tyrant's stroke;
+  Care no more to clothe and eat;
+    To thee the reed is as the oak;
+  The sceptre, learning, physic, must
+    All follow this and come to dust.
+
+{47}
+
+  Fear no more the lightning-flash,
+    Nor the all-dreaded thunder-stone;
+  Fear not slander, censure rash;
+    Thou hast finish'd joy and moan:
+  All lovers young, all lovers must
+    Consign to thee and come to dust.
+
+
+
+
+{48}
+
+CHAPTER VIII
+
+STORIES FROM THE BIBLE
+
+Suppose someone who had never heard of the Bible wanted to know what
+it was, how could we explain, or describe, its nature and character,
+most clearly and truly?  The meaning of the word Bible is simply the
+book: the greatest and most important book in the world.
+
+In the first place, the Bible is made up of a number of other books;
+there are thirty-nine of these books in the Old Testament, and
+twenty-seven in the New Testament; that is, there are sixty-six books
+in the Bible altogether.
+
+These parts, or books, are of many different kinds.  They contain
+traditions, histories, genealogies, biographies, songs of victory or
+love, hymns, psalms, wise sayings, censures and encouragements by the
+prophets of God, dramas, stories, and essays.  In the New Testament,
+we find the gospel story of Christ; annals, which are a simple form
+of history; and letters from one person to another or from one person
+to a church.
+
+Many years ago, some writers used to call the Bible the Divine
+Library, _Bibliotheca Divina_; at that time, writing generally was in
+the Latin language.
+
+The first book in the Bible, Genesis, as you know begins by telling
+about the creation of the world.  The story of the development of
+mankind {49} spiritually,---this means in learning to know about
+God--is pictured for us in all the books of the Bible.  Man's
+knowledge of God grows, from the creation, slowly but steadily,
+higher and deeper and wider; and we read about this growth in the
+Bible.  Slowly the people of the world lose some of their ignorance
+of God, and as they learn of God they begin to give up, or as the
+Bible says, they forsake, their evil practices.  For instance, the
+practice of keeping slaves was once followed in all parts of the
+known world.  Then, presently, men began to see that they could not
+keep other men as slaves, because a better knowledge of God taught
+them that all men are brothers.  But, even yet, in some parts of the
+world there are slaves waiting to be freed.  Mankind's progress
+towards God and what is good, told about in the Bible, is still going
+on.
+
+The revelation of God reaches its consummation in Christ.  Now, the
+Old Testament, from the beginning to the end, is the story of the
+world being prepared for the coming of Christ; the New Testament
+tells the story of His coming.  We learn from Christ what God truly
+is.
+
+The Bible tells us of Christ.  This is perhaps the clearest and
+simplest answer to the question as to what the Bible is.  The Bible,
+because it tells us of Christ, is intended for every one.  It is
+printed in many different languages, and read all over the world.
+
+There are many stories in the Bible, both in the Old and New
+Testaments, which we can find and read for ourselves, interesting and
+beautiful stories.  Probably you have read most of them {50} already,
+or have heard them read aloud.  But, as you know, we like to hear or
+read a true story many times, and these are true stories.  A list of
+a number of these stories from the Bible is printed at the end of
+this chapter, with the names of the different books in which we find
+them, and chapters and verses for each story.
+
+Many of the stories, perhaps most of them, are about boys and girls.
+But the first on the list is the story of how the world was made.
+Notice how splendidly the man who wrote the story makes clear that it
+was God who made the world.  Notice too, in the story of the Little
+Maid, II Kings chap. v, 1-19, what fine people Naaman, the Syrian,
+and his wife, must have been; the happy relations between them and
+the people who worked for them are very evident in the story, and
+indeed are used to help in Naaman's cure.
+
+The list ends with the history of Paul's voyage and shipwreck, a
+wonderful, true story of the sea.
+
+
+  FROM THE OLD TESTAMENT
+
+  The Creation of the World           Genesis, chap. i, 1-31;
+                                        chap. ii, 1-3
+
+  Noah and the Flood                  Genesis, chap. vi, 9-22;
+                                        chap vii, 1-24; chap viii,
+                                        1-22
+
+  Jacob's Dream                       Genesis, chap. xxviii, 10-22
+
+  Joseph and his Brethren             Genesis, chap. xxxvii, 5-28
+
+  Pharaoh's Dream                     Genesis, chap. xli, 1-57
+
+  Joseph's Brethren come to           Genesis, chap. xiii, 1-38
+    buy Corn
+
+  Joseph Entertains His               Genesis, chap. xliii, 1-34
+    Brethren
+
+{51}
+
+  Joseph makes Himself                Genesis, chap. xliv, 1-13,
+    Known to His Brethren               18-34; chap. xlv, 1-15
+
+  Jacob comes to His Son              Genesis, chap. xlv, 25-28;
+    Joseph                              chap. xlvi, 1-7, 28-30;
+                                        chap. xlvii, 1-10
+
+  The Birth and Upbringing            Exodus, chap. i, 7-14;
+    of Moses                            chap. ii, 1-10
+
+  God Speaks to the Child             I Samuel, chap. ii, 18, 19;
+    Samuel                            chap. iii, 1-21
+
+  Samuel Anoints David to             I Samuel, chap. xvi, 1-23
+    be King
+
+  David Slays Goliath                 I Samuel, chap. xvii, 1-49
+
+  David and Jonathan                  I Samuel, chap. xviii, 1-4;
+                                        chap. xx, 1-23, 35-42
+
+  The Widow's Cruise                  I Kings, chap. xvii, 1-24
+
+  The Translation of Elijah           II Kings, chap. ii, 1-12
+
+  The Child of the Shunammite         II Kings, chap. iv, 8-37
+
+  The Little Maid                     II Kings, chap. v, 1-19
+
+  The Angel Guards                    II Kings, chap. vi, 8-17
+
+
+
+  THE NEW TESTAMENT
+
+  The Birth of Christ                 Luke, chap. ii, 4-19
+
+  The Star of Bethlehem               Matthew, chap. ii, 1-12
+
+  Christ when he was                  Luke, chap. ii, 40-52
+    Twelve Years Old
+
+  The Sower                           Matthew, chap. xiii, 3-9,
+                                        18-23
+
+  The Mustard Seed                    Matthew, chap. xiii, 31, 32
+
+  The Hidden Treasure and             Matthew, chap. xiii, 44-46
+    the Pearl of Great Price
+
+  The Unforgiving Servant             Matthew, chap. xviii, 23-35
+
+  The Labourers in the Vineyard       Matthew, chap. xx, 1-16
+
+  The Two Sons                        Matthew, chap. xxi, 28-32
+
+{52}
+
+  The Wicked Husbandmen               Matthew, chap. xxi, 33-46
+
+  The Marriage of the King's Son      Matthew, chap. xxii, 1-14
+
+  The Good Samaritan                  Luke, chap. x, 25-37
+
+  The Foolish Rich Man                Luke, chap. xii, 13-21
+
+  Humility                            Luke, chap. xiv, 7-11
+
+  The Great Supper                    Luke, chap. xiv, 12-24
+
+  The Lost Sheep and the              Luke, chap. xv, 1-10
+    Lost Piece of Silver
+
+  The Prodigal Son                    Luke, chap. xv, 11-32
+
+  The Pharisee and the Publican       Luke, chap. xviii, 9-14
+
+  The Entombment and the              Luke, chap. xxiii, 50-56
+    Resurrection                      John, chap. xx, 1-29
+
+  The Evening Walk to Emmaus          Luke, chap. xxiv, 12-32
+
+  Paul's Voyage and Shipwreck         Acts, chap. xxvii, 1-44
+
+
+
+
+{53}
+
+CHAPTER IX
+
+LIVING WATERS
+
+About ten million copies of the Bible are circulated in a year; this
+means so many copies either are bought, or given to people without
+payment, yearly.  The reason for such a great and constant demand for
+the Bible by all kinds of people is because they find in it something
+they need.  What they find is spiritual life, life for the soul.
+
+It is interesting to know something about the authorized English
+translation of the Bible.  The books of the Bible, as you know, were
+not first written in English.  Those who wrote the books of the
+Bible, except possibly in one or two instances, were Jews.  Copies of
+the books of the Bible, before the fifteenth century, had to be
+written by hand.  Following the invention of printing in the first
+part of the fifteenth century, the Bible was one of the first books
+to be printed.  But still, there were few books and there was little
+reading.  Books of any kind were expensive and many people did not
+know how to read.
+
+In the sixteenth century, there were in existence several
+translations or versions of some of the books of the Bible; and there
+was a great desire on the part of English people to be able to read
+the whole Bible in English so that everyone might {54} understand it.
+Comparatively few people could read Latin, and the translations in
+English were of some of the books only.
+
+The authorized English translation of the Bible was first published
+in 1611.  It was the work of some forty-seven scholars who had taken
+all the different versions then in use and had translated and
+compiled the various readings into one book.  You will recognize that
+1611 is a date belonging to the time when English literature was in
+one of its most glorious periods.  The authorized English translation
+of the Bible is written in very perfect English.  It is what we call
+a masterpiece.  The beautiful diction of the authorized version helps
+us to remember the stories of the Bible, and the great passages in
+which we find our highest spiritual life.
+
+A list of some of the wonderful passages in the Bible, especially
+such passages as were written to tell of the life of Christ and to
+record His sayings, is given at the end of this chapter.  You will
+find the Ten Commandments, which many of you know by heart, in
+Exodus, chap. xix, 1-24, chap. xx, 1-2.  Solomon's great prayer at
+the dedication of the Temple is in I Kings, chap. viii, 22-58.  The
+Book of Psalms is read by countless numbers of people all through
+their lives.  Some of the Psalms you will specially want to read are
+i, xv, xix, xxiii, xxiv, xxvii, xlvi, lxvii, c, ciii, cvii, cxxi,
+cxxvi, cxxvii, cxxxiv, cxlv, cxlviii, and cl.  Many great passages
+are to be found in the books of the Prophets, and in Job.  Read
+Isaiah, chapters xxxv, xl and lv which belong to the greatest
+writings in the world.
+
+{55}
+
+But the most important parts of the Bible for us to read, the easiest
+to read, the most simple and beautiful, are these which tell of the
+life of Christ.
+
+
+  PASSAGES TELLING OF THE LIFE OF CHRIST FROM THE
+  NEW TESTAMENT
+
+  The Sermon on the Mount             Matthew, chaps. v, vi and vii
+
+  Rest for the Weary                  Matthew, chap. xi 25-30
+
+  The Greatest in the Kingdom         Matthew, chap. xviii, 1-14
+    of Heaven
+
+  The Young Man of Great              Matthew, chap. xix, 16-22
+    Possessions
+
+  The Two Great Commandments          Matthew, chap. xxii, 35-40
+
+  The Judgment Day                    Matthew, chap. xxv, 31-46
+
+  The Widow's Two Mites               Mark, chap. xii, 41-44
+
+  Jesus Calls Zachaeus                Luke, chap. xix, 1-10
+
+  The Water of Life                   John, chap. iv, 5-26
+
+  The Bread of Life                   John, chap. vi, 26-35
+
+  The Good Shepherd                   John, chap. x, 1-16
+
+  The Raising of Lazarus              John, chap. xi, 1-46
+
+  Christ Blesses the Children         Mark, chap. x, 13-16
+
+  Christ's Bequest of Peace           John, chap. xiv, 1-27
+
+  Christ's Intercessory Prayer        John, chap. xviii, 1-26
+
+  Christ's Commission to His          Matthew, chap. xxviii, 16-20
+    Followers
+
+  Who Shall Separate Us               Romans, chap. viii, 18-39
+
+  The Two Crowns                      I Corinthians, chap. ix, 24-27
+
+  Charity                             I Corinthians, chap. xiii, 1-13
+
+  Resurrection of the Dead            I Corinthians, chap. xv, 1-58
+
+{56}
+
+  The Fruit of the Spirit             Galatians, chap. v, 16-24
+
+  Heavenly Armour                     Ephesians, chap. vi, 10-8
+
+  The Crown of Righteousness          II Timothy, chap. iv, 6-8
+
+  The Children of Light               I Thessalonians, chap. v, 1-10
+
+  The Cloud of Witnesses              Hebrews, chap. xi, 1-40;
+                                        chap. xii, 1-2
+
+  Pure Religion                       James, chap. i, 1-27
+
+  Behold I stand at the Door          Revelations, chap. iii, 14-22
+    and Knock
+
+  The Saints in Glory                 Revelations, chap. vii, 9-17
+
+  John's Vision of the New            Revelations, chap. xxi, 1-27;
+    Jerusalem                           chap. xxii, 1-21
+
+
+
+
+{57}
+
+PART II
+
+ROMANCE AND ADVENTURE
+
+
+
+{59}
+
+CHAPTER X
+
+DUMAS--HUGO--STEVENSON
+
+A story can scarcely open better than by showing us a young man
+setting out to find his fortune.  One of the most eminent of romantic
+writers, Alexandre Dumas, begins _The Three Musketeers_ after this
+fashion.  We have a choice of reading the story either in French or
+English.  Dumas, a Frenchman, wrote _Les Trois Mousquetaires_ in
+French, and, therefore, naturally, this thrilling story is more
+wonderful in French even than it is in English.  But an English
+translation, one can promise every boy and girl, is very well worth
+reading.
+
+On an April morning of the year 1626, in the market town of Meung, in
+the country of France, a young man, eighteen years of age, came to
+the door of an inn.  He was riding an orange-coloured pony, none too
+good a specimen of a steed.  His name was d'Artagnan.  He came from
+Gascony, and in a story it is always taken for granted that Gascons
+are very proud and hot-tempered.  He was poor and somewhat shabby in
+appearance.  A man at one of the windows of the inn appeared to be
+laughing at him and at the queer colour of his pony; indeed the man
+had called the pony a buttercup.  D'Artagnan, who was wearing a
+sword, at once challenged the man, Rochefort, to fight with him.
+There was a fight which was rather a scuffle than a combat.  Still
+d'Artagnan {60} acquitted himself with credit, although later he was
+beaten into insensibility by Rochefort's servants.  He lost, however,
+the precious letter his father had given him to M. de Treville,
+Captain of the King's Musketeers.  Nevertheless, that same day he
+rode to the St. Antoine Gate of Paris, sold his horse, and on the day
+following presented himself in the antechamber of M. de Treville.
+
+There he meets the three famous musketeers, Athos, Aramis and
+Porthos.  Louis XIII is King of France, Anne of Austria is Queen, and
+Cardinal Richelieu is as powerful a leader as either of them.  So
+begins the thrilling series of romances in which d'Artagnan appears,
+the whole series being the masterpiece of Alexandre Dumas.
+
+_The Three Musketeers_ is the first story about d'Artagnan.  The
+second is called _Twenty Years After_; the third, _Vicomte de
+Bragelonne_.  In the second story, Louis XIII has died and Anne of
+Austria is regent.  Her chief minister is Mazarin.  We see in his
+youth the young king who is to be the famous Louis XIV.  But the
+really important characters are d'Artagnan, Athos, Aramis and
+Porthos; the Vicomte de Bragelonne, who is dearly loved by these four
+heroes, is Athos' son.
+
+French history is shown by Dumas to have a curious relation to
+English history.  But the connection is more or less imaginary.  When
+we read these stories, it is possible that we may obtain some idea of
+French history, even of English history.  We see brilliant scenes of
+colour, romance and intrigue.  We read of triumphs, catastrophes and
+great occasions.  But what really {61} matters are d'Artagnan's
+splendid wit and audacity, the silent dignity of Athos, the subtlety
+of Aramis, and the marvellous strength of Porthos.
+
+These four form a heroic comradeship.  They help, support, rescue and
+defend each other.  Danger follows danger.  Intrigue leads to
+intrigue.  D'Artagnan never fails in strategy, nor Athos in nobility.
+When any one of the four is sorely pressed, the others are certain to
+appear before the danger becomes overwhelming.  There are many famous
+episodes in these stories, the recovery by d'Artagnan and his man
+Planchet of the Queen's diamond studs, the release from prison of the
+Duc de Beaufort by means of a colossal pie in which are concealed
+ropes and daggers, the kidnapping of General Monk by d'Artagnan and
+his followers disguised as fishermen, the epic of the death of
+Porthos, who is one of the strongest heroes to be found in any
+romance.
+
+When we read such stories as these written by Dumas we are made to
+feel light-hearted.  He is gay and witty, while under wit and gayety
+he hides a tender heart.  The man who wrote the stories is himself
+frank, kind and generous, and we discover the same frankness,
+kindness and generosity in the pages of his romances.  His writing is
+characterized by speed, directness and clearness.  It has been said,
+and no doubt truly, that sometimes a person suffering from
+homesickness has been so invigorated mentally by reading one of
+Dumas' stories that the fit of homesickness has been cured.
+
+Dumas was something of a giant physically, {62} like Porthos.
+Indeed, it is thought that he may have made Porthos a partial
+portrait of himself and of his father, who also was a large man and
+very powerful.  Dumas' grandfather, a Frenchman, had left France for
+St. Domingo and there had married a native of the island, a coloured
+woman.  Dumas inherited the physical characteristics of his father
+who was like his St. Domingan mother.  The vivacity and gaiety we
+find in the works of Dumas may have come in part at least from his
+grandmother.  His mother was left a widow early and she and her
+children lived in great poverty.  Dumas' immense vitality and high
+spirits conquered many obstacles.  We enjoy reading about d'Artagnan,
+Athos, Aramis and Porthos all the more for knowing that the writer
+who invented them and wrote of them so gayly, was a brave man.
+
+Romance carries us easily from one country to another.  Yet a second
+noted writer of romance, in some ways more gifted than Dumas, is also
+a Frenchman, Victor Hugo, generally considered greater as a poet than
+as a writer of prose.  Two of his books, _Notre Dame de Paris_, and
+_Les Misérables_, belong to the famous books of the world and may be
+read in the French original, preferably of course, or in an English
+translation.
+
+Hugo's romances, as well as the romantic stories of Dumas, were
+inspired to a certain extent by the novels of Sir Walter Scott.  But
+in Scott we find ourselves in the sunlight of a reasonable and happy
+world.  The atmosphere of Hugo's stories one might compare to that of
+stormy days, illuminated by flashes of lightning.  The romance of
+{63} _Notre Dame de Paris_ is dominated by a vision of the cathedral
+in Paris which seems in the story far greater and larger than it is
+actually.  Some day you may see the cathedral for yourselves, but
+before doing so, read Hugo's story.  It imparts to the famous
+cathedral an air of wonder and mystery which proves to us Hugo's
+remarkable powers as a writer.  Round Notre Dame he gathers as
+strange a multitude of people as can be found in any story, the
+beautiful gypsy dancer Esmeralda, her goat Djali, the terrible dwarf
+Quasimodo, the swarm of beggars, with their beggar king, Claude
+Frollo, Captain Phoebus, Pierre Gringoire, and the unhappy recluse
+Gudule.
+
+An even more remarkable romance by Victor Hugo is named _Les
+Misérables_.  The book is more than a story.  Hugo brings in so many
+affairs outside the story itself that when we have finished the book
+we feel as if we had read part of the history of the world.  You
+remember the strong impulse to heal and relieve the distresses of
+humanity which we found in the novels of Charles Dickens.  The same
+powerful motive is seen in action in these romances by Victor Hugo.
+Perhaps there are few books in which we can find explained so clearly
+the problems, distresses and poverty of the older and more crowded
+countries of the continent of Europe as they existed at the time of
+the story.  Hugo means to awaken our pity and he does so.  Jean
+Valjean, the escaped convict of _Les Misérables_, is condemned by
+harsh and wicked laws, yet he becomes the soul of tenderness and
+goodness.  For his sake, and for the sake of the good Bishop Myriel
+who first {64} showed Jean Valjean what love and forgiveness mean, we
+should read some part at least of _Les Misérables_; or we may be able
+to find someone who has read Hugo's immensely long novel and is
+willing to tell us the story of Jean Valjean.
+
+It is difficult to imagine a sharper contrast to the writings of
+Victor Hugo than the gay, youthful, carefree stories which Robert
+Louis Stevenson wrote for young people.  Yet Stevenson admired Hugo
+greatly, and was as well one of the most loyal adherents of Dumas.
+Stevenson wrote _Treasure Island_ to help his step-son, Lloyd
+Osbourne, then a boy of twelve years old, through rather a dull and
+lonely holiday spent near Braemar in the north of Scotland.
+Stevenson's father, an old man with a boy's heart, used to listen to
+the story when it was read aloud in the afternoons as soon as each
+chapter was written, one chapter a day.  It was Thomas Stevenson, the
+father, who wrote out the list of the contents of Billy Bones' sea
+chest.
+
+Robert Louis Stevenson loved adventure, and this is one of the
+reasons why _Treasure Island_ is such a delightful story.  First, he
+and Lloyd Osbourne drew the map that you will find at the beginning
+of _Treasure Island_.  Then the story begins, told by Jim Hawkins,
+whose mother kept an inn, the Admiral Benbow.  To the inn comes Billy
+Bones, bringing his sea chest.  Later one old sailor after another
+arrives, the most terrifying of all being the blind man Pew, who felt
+his way tapping with a stick.  Soon it appears there is hidden
+treasure to be found.  Jim Hawkins, Dr. Livesay and Squire Trelawney
+sail away on the {65} _Hispaniola_, but many of the crew on board,
+led by John Silver, mean to take the treasure for themselves.
+
+_Treasure Island_ is one of the best stories of adventure ever
+written for young people.  What happens on board the _Hispaniola_ and
+at the island is waiting hidden in the pages of the story for you to
+read.
+
+Robert Louis Stevenson was born in the city of Edinburgh, which was
+also Sir Walter Scott's native city.  He was a brave, very lovable
+person.  All his life, he was more or less of an invalid.  But he did
+not allow ill-health to make much difference to his way of living.
+He kept on working, and as you know, his work was writing.  There is
+nothing about his books which would make any one think he was an
+invalid.  Finally, he and his wife went to live at Samoa in the South
+Seas, where the climate suited him, and he was able to lead a more
+active life than had been possible for some time.  He was engaged in
+writing what is judged to be his best work, a novel called _Weir of
+Hermiston_, when he died.  Of the many books that Stevenson wrote,
+two others besides _Treasure Island_ are especially interesting to
+boys and girls, _Kidnapped_, and its continuation _Catriona_.
+Together, the two stories make one volume, called _David Balfour_
+after the hero.
+
+Swiftly moving, gay, gallant, easy to read, sweet and sound at heart
+as the kernel of a nut, Robert Louis Stevenson's romantic adventurous
+stories belong more completely than most books of fiction to the
+world of youth.  He wrote _A Child's Garden of Verse_, _Underwoods_,
+and _Ballads_, as {66} well as other novels, _Prince Otto_, _Dr.
+Jekyll and Mr. Hyde_, and _The Master of Ballantrae_.  Stevenson's
+essays are much thought of; and he was an individual and delightful
+letter-writer.
+
+
+
+
+{67}
+
+CHAPTER XI
+
+ROBINSON CRUSOE--LORNA DOONE--HEREWARD--WESTWARD HO!--ROUND THE WORLD
+IN EIGHTY DAYS--TWENTY THOUSAND LEAGUES UNDER THE SEA--MIDSHIPMAN
+EASY--PETER SIMPLE--TWO YEARS BEFORE THE MAST--THE GOLDEN DOG
+
+Let us stop for a little while to consider why we enjoy ourselves so
+much when we read stories of romance and adventure.  Indeed, books of
+this character are fascinating to almost everyone.
+
+You have read of the magic carpet which belongs to the world of fairy
+tales.  One had only to stand on the carpet and wish one's self in
+any part of the world, to travel where one wanted to be in a flash.
+Many of us would like to travel to strange countries, learn foreign
+customs, see uncommon sights and listen to marvels of which we have
+not known before.  Stories of romance and adventure enable us to
+visit, as it were, all parts of the known world; we can even imagine
+ourselves in unknown worlds by means of their assistance.  So, in a
+real sense it is true that the magic of a good book of adventure is
+like that of the carpet in the story; it can carry us anywhere.
+
+But perhaps the most enjoyable quality we find in such books is the
+power they have to give us a sense of holiday.  We turn to the first
+page of {68} whatever book of adventure we may happen to choose, and
+then in a moment we are away with the hero, travelling swiftly by sea
+or land, wandering on foot, fighting battles, in peril from robbers,
+helping the distressed, finding treasure, climbing mountains, or lost
+in the desert.  We are exactly the kind of people we want to be and
+we have a share in all kinds of wonderful happenings.
+
+The adventures in these books may not always seem probable, or, as
+people say, true to life.  But this makes very little difference
+fortunately in romantic and adventurous stories which have a splendid
+truth of their own.  The truth belonging to these stories is that the
+bravery, strength, resourcefulness, generosity, honour and chivalry
+of which we read are among the finest qualities in the world; these
+qualities, with patience and persistence added, can actually
+sometimes achieve the seemingly impossible happenings related to us.
+
+A moment ago, we spoke of being lost in the desert.  You very
+probably know that a book called _Robinson Crusoe_ is the most famous
+story ever written about being cast away on an uninhabited island.
+Indeed, ever since Daniel Defoe wrote the story everyone who likes
+speculating what he would do if this or that happened, has tried to
+imagine what it would be like to live alone by oneself.  We can make
+a game of writing down what we think we really could not do without
+under such circumstances.  But Daniel Defoe, basing his story partly
+on the actual experiences of a man called Alexander Selkirk, has
+played this game better than anyone else is ever likely to play it.
+_Robinson Crusoe_ is a wonderful story, so vivid, {69} convincing and
+reasonable, that it might be the actual journal of a man, a very
+practical and clever man cast wholly on his own resources, with the
+never failing bounties of nature on which he may draw.
+
+Robinson Crusoe had been many years on the island before he found one
+day, marked on the sand, the print of a naked foot.  Imagine how he
+must have looked at it!  Of course he knew that it had been made by a
+savage, and so it was.  Eventually, he is visited by these savages.
+He rescues one of them; and because Friday was the day of the week on
+which the man was rescued, Robinson Crusoe called him Friday.  He was
+a gentle, kind, good fellow who served Robinson Crusoe faithfully all
+the rest of his life.  It was thirty-five years before Robinson
+Crusoe was able to return to England; eventually a ship came to the
+island.  There is a second part of the story which relates further
+adventures.  One of the best parts of the narrative is its peaceful
+ending which tells us that at last the hero found happiness and
+contentment after all his wanderings.
+
+It is interesting to know some of the facts concerning the people who
+have written the books we are reading.  Daniel Defoe wrote this great
+story of adventure when he was fifty-eight or fifty-nine years old.
+He had had a stirring and difficult life, had taken part in
+Monmouth's rebellion, had been in prison, and had been put in the
+pillory, which was an old form of punishment now properly abolished.
+He was a journalist and novelist, and wrote a great deal, especially
+in the form of pamphlets.  His story, _Robinson Crusoe_, was first
+{70} published as long ago as 1719.  Its popularity has never failed
+since then.
+
+Now let us suppose that we are looking at a shelf which holds ten
+books, counting _Robinson Crusoe_ as the first; all the ten are
+exceptionally good stories of adventure.  What are the other nine
+books about and who wrote them?
+
+Following _Robinson Crusoe_ comes a tale of robbers, called _Lorna
+Doone_, which is a story of a boy named Jan, or John, Ridd, and of a
+famous outlaw family, the Doones, who lived in a beautiful, wild glen
+of Exmoor, part of the romantic English county of Devon.  Richard
+Doddridge Blackmore, the author, knew Exmoor and Devon well.  He had
+been a schoolmaster and had studied law before he became a novelist.
+The date of the story belongs to the time of James II.  Blackmore
+draws a wonderful picture of the English country at that time,
+remote, strong, romantic and stout-hearted.  _Lorna Doone_ is one of
+the most lovable romances ever written.
+
+Jan's father was killed by the Doones when Jan was a lad.  He had to
+leave school and come home to take care of his mother and sister, and
+learn how to be the master of a farm.  Blackmore was skilled in all
+country knowledge, and he writes truly and attractively of farm life.
+When Jan was a small boy he saw Lorna, an orphan and a lovely child,
+who was of the same kindred as the Doones but not like them in heart
+or disposition.  Jan Ridd grows up a giant.  He is a great fighter,
+and brave, clean and generous, a hero of the people.  We love to read
+of Dunkery Beacon, of the great snow storm, of Jan's long contest
+with the {71} wicked Doones, of Tom Faggis, the highwayman, and his
+mare Winnie, of Jan's mother and sister, of the lovely Lorna who is
+brought by Jan at last home to the farm, and finally of Jan's great
+fight with Carver Doone.
+
+Next are two fine historical romances by Charles Kingsley, who was
+rector of Eversley in Hampshire, England, for many years.  Kingsley,
+a vigorous, wholehearted man whose writing is of the same character,
+was the author of a number of well-known books.  He was specially
+interested in history and was professor of modern history at
+Cambridge in his later years.  _Hereward the Wake_ is a story of the
+Old English.  Wake means watchful.  What happy, thrilling hours boys
+and girls and other people have spent with Hereward.  No one who
+reads this story can forget it.  _Westward Ho!_ is a story of the
+sea.  The name of its hero is Amyas Leigh.  He sails away with
+adventuring ships to the Western world, but returns to command a ship
+in the Armada.
+
+Jules Verne was a Frenchman who wrote stories of scientific
+imagination.  His _Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea_ was written
+long before the days of submarines, but in it you will find an
+exciting account of what it is like to live in the depths of the sea.
+Jules Verne's stories have helped to inspire many inventors; this in
+itself is a proud achievement.  We may think that _Round the World in
+Eighty Days_ is slow travelling compared with the speed of to-day.
+But when we read the story, we will find ourselves living in an
+atmosphere of haste, despatch and adventure in travel which no writer
+has yet been able to {72} surpass.  Many a lad afterwards famous has
+spent long hours with Jules Verne.
+
+The famous Captain Marryat has taught us more, probably, about the
+sea, the navy and fighting ships than any other writer of stories of
+adventure.  Frederick Marryat was born in England of Huguenot
+ancestry in the year 1792.  He belonged to a family of fifteen
+children and seems always to have been of a stirring, restless
+disposition.  More than once, he ran away from home or school to go
+to sea, giving as an excuse that he had to wear his elder brother's
+old clothes.  He was not a particularly attentive student, although a
+story is told that he was once discovered standing on his head, in
+order, he explained, to see if he could learn one of his lessons
+better in that position.  He had tried, so he said, for three hours
+to learn the lesson in the more usual attitude.  This of course was
+one of young Frederick Marryat's little jokes.  He entered the King's
+Navy in 1806 as a midshipman when he was fourteen years old.  It was
+his good fortune to be under a very fine type of Captain, Lord
+Cochrane, the Earl of Dundonald, an able, fearless and upright
+person.  In many of Marryat's stories, we find that his captains are
+like the Earl of Dundonald.  Marryat's promotion in the Navy was
+rapid.  These were the years of the great Napoleonic Wars.  He had
+reached the rank of Commander by the end of the war in 1815 when he
+was only twenty-three, having seen much smart service.  Later, he was
+given the responsible task of mounting guard over Napoleon.
+
+Two of Marryat's best known and most interesting {73} stories are
+_Midshipman Easy_ and _Peter Simple_.  These give interesting,
+authentic, and exciting accounts of life at sea from the point of
+view first of a midshipman, and then of a young officer in command.
+Farce, fun, reality and strange adventure are so blended that we can
+almost imagine we hear the splash of waves, smell the salt tang of
+the sea, and experience the nerve-racking excitement of going into
+action.  There is occasionally a quality of coarseness in Marryat's
+stories, but they are honest, straightforward and brave.  We learn
+from them with unmistakable clearness that the world is not a place
+where people are pampered and made much of, but a scene of discipline
+and hard work, as well as of fun and adventure.
+
+_Two Years Before the Mast_, by Richard Henry Dana, is a narrative of
+the American merchant service, as well known in its way as Captain
+Marryat's stories of the Navy.  Young Dana was at Harvard University
+when, on account of his eyesight, he became unable to study.  He had
+had a wish to be a sailor previously, but his father had not
+approved.  Young Dana felt now that a long voyage would re-establish
+his health.  He shipped as a sailor before the mast, and sailed from
+the port of Boston in the year 1834 on the brig _Pilgrim_.  He
+returned two years later in the _Alert_, having kept a full and
+careful log of his voyages.  Re-entering Harvard University he found
+time during his studies to prepare the manuscript of his book which
+was published in New York, 1840.  The year following, an English
+edition appeared, and was bought up by the naval authorities for {74}
+distribution on the Queen's ships.  _Before the Mast_ is a plain,
+simple narrative of the daily life of a sailor on a merchant ship.
+It tells of many hardships, some of which have been remedied since
+the publication of the book.  It has been called "A voice from the
+forecastle".  Dana's accounts of rounding Cape Horn are wonderfully
+vivid, and all the descriptions of California in its early days are
+enthralling.  _Before the Mast_ is a remarkably interesting and
+realistic narrative; it is, however, a book of travel rather than a
+story of adventure.  The incidents are plainly in no case imaginary.
+
+A book about Canada of a wholly different character is a well-known
+historical romance, _The Golden Dog_, written by William Kirby.  This
+is a tale of early days in the beautiful, romantic city of Quebec
+when some of the colour and glory of the French court was reproduced
+on western soil.  _The Golden Dog_ has not a little romantic charm.
+Many readers have been puzzled and attracted by the rhyme which in
+all likelihood first gave Kirby the idea for his story.
+
+  I am a dog that gnaws his bone,
+  I couch and gnaw it all alone--
+  A time will come, which is not yet,
+  When I'll bite him by whom I'm bit.
+
+
+The lines have been translated from the French.  Here are the words
+of the original.
+
+  Je suis un chien qui ronge l'os,
+  En le rongeant je prends mon repos.
+  Un temps viendra qui n'est pas venu
+  Que je mordrai qui m' aura mordu.
+
+{75}
+
+A rude carving of the dog and his bone, with the lines cut above and
+underneath, is to be seen still on a building in Quebec City.
+
+
+
+
+{76}
+
+CHAPTER XII
+
+LAVENGRO--THE LAST OF THE MOHICANS--TOM SAWYER--HUCKLEBERRY
+FINN--KIM--SARD HARKER--THE LIVING FOREST
+
+We occasionally meet an odd person, someone out of the common, who is
+not like other people.  Books can be odd too, not like other books,
+but strikingly individual, and interesting for the very reason that
+they are odd.  _Lavengro_, written by a man with out-of-the-way
+knowledge of many things, whose name was George Borrow, is a book of
+this description.
+
+Possibly not everyone who tries to read _Lavengro_ will care for it
+very much.  As people say, it is not a book that belongs to
+everybody.  Yet _Lavengro_ is a great book, or at least a remarkable
+one, and numbers of people find much enjoyment in it.  What those who
+read _Lavengro_ value in it most is a sense which it possesses of
+life under the open sky.  In _Lavengro_ we have as our companions the
+winds and the stars.  Its characters have no fixed place of abode,
+but are always ready to travel on the high road which winds away into
+the distance inviting us to follow it.  There is something in almost
+all of us which answers to the call of the open sky and the winding
+road.  Even if we have no intention of living that kind of life, a
+gypsy's life, we like to read about it.
+
+{77}
+
+_Lavengro_ is a book about the gypsies.  The word Lavengro is romany,
+or gypsy, and it means word-master.  George Borrow had the gift of
+learning languages easily and knew many different languages.  The
+gypsies therefore called him _Lavengro_.
+
+There is a famous passage in the book, which you will find at the
+very end of chapter twenty-five, that gathers up the charm of the
+narrative, or story, in a few words.  Here it is:
+
+"Life is sweet, brother."
+
+"Do you think so?"
+
+"Think so!--There's night and day, brother, both sweet things; sun,
+moon, and stars, brother, all sweet things; there's likewise a wind
+on the heath.  Life is very sweet, brother; who would wish to die?"
+
+"I would wish to die--"
+
+"You talk like a gorgio--which is the same as talking like a
+fool--were you a Romany Chal you would talk wiser.  Wish to die,
+indeed!--A Romany Chal would wish to live for ever!"
+
+"In sickness, Jasper?"
+
+"There's the sun and the stars, brother."
+
+"In blindness, Jasper?"
+
+"There's the wind on the heath, brother; if I could only feel that, I
+would gladly live forever.  Dosta, we'll now go to the tents and put
+on the gloves; and I'll try to make you feel what a sweet thing it is
+to be alive, brother!"
+
+Jasper Petulengro, the chief of the Smith tribe of gypsies, and
+Lavengro, who are the two men speaking, were skilled boxers and liked
+to box with each other.
+
+{78}
+
+Notice how sharply we can distinguish the difference between the
+points of view of the two men.  Lavengro, or Borrow, wants in the
+future something better and more perfect than he has in his present
+life, but Jasper loves everything as it is, and wants to live the
+same kind of life always.  There is truth in both points of view.  We
+all long for perfection.  But, certainly, Jasper is right when he
+sees and feels the deep, intense beauty and ecstasy which live in
+nature and which we feel in the wind on the heath, the sky, the
+stars, the sun and the moon.
+
+This brief quotation will give you an idea of Borrow's story at its
+best.  Even if you have read no more than the ending of chapter
+twenty-five, you will know something of _Lavengro_, which is a book
+of adventure, and yet has a very distinct character of its own.
+
+_The Last of the Mohicans_, by James Fenimore Cooper, is judged to be
+one of the most successful and enjoyable stories ever written about
+North American Indians.  You know how we can form in our minds a
+picture of the great skill of the Indian as a hunter.  We can imagine
+an Indian hunter stealing through the woods, treading so lightly and
+carefully that he makes no noise, bending his head to listen, able to
+hear sounds that to the rest of us are inaudible, his quick eyes
+noting tiny signs of broken twigs or crushed grass which are to us
+invisible.  This picture, which, if we could look into other people's
+minds, we would find hidden away in the thoughts of almost everyone,
+the world owes largely to the author of _The Last of the Mohicans_.
+
+{79}
+
+Cooper was born in the State of New Jersey in 1789, but, while he was
+still an infant, he was taken to the State of New York.  His father
+had bought a large tract of land there, and in the wild forest and on
+the shores of Otsego Lake, young James Cooper learned to watch and
+know the Indians.  He was sent to college, but was not very
+successful as a student, and before long shipped as a sailor before
+the mast.  For a number of years, he had many experiences on the
+Great Lakes and at sea.  Finally, he gave up being a sailor, and
+lived near Cooperstown.  _The Last of the Mohicans_ is one of a
+series of five stories known as the Leatherstocking Tales.  Cooper
+wrote many stories, but this series is the most interesting.
+Leatherstocking himself is the white man who has gained Indian skill
+and cunning as a hunter.  He is known by many names, Leatherstocking,
+Natty Bumppo, Hawk-eye, and La Longue Carabine.  Part of the
+enjoyment we have in reading Cooper's stories arises from the
+circumstance that these stirring and exciting days of which he writes
+have already almost completely vanished and his books contain a
+record which is of value historically.  Read the following
+description of the scout Leatherstocking.
+
+"His person, though muscular, was rather attenuated than full; but
+every nerve and muscle appeared strong and indurated by unremitting
+exposure and toil.  He wore a hunting-shirt of forest-green, fringed
+with faded yellow, and a summer cap of skins, which had been shorn of
+their fur.  He also bore a knife in a girdle of wampum, like that
+which confined the scanty {80} garments of the Indian, but no
+tomahawk.  His moccasins were ornamented after the gay fashion of the
+natives, while the only part of his under dress which appeared below
+the hunting-frock, was a pair of buckskin leggings, that laced at the
+sides, and were gartered above the knees with the sinews of a deer.
+A pouch and horn completed his personal accoutrements, though a rifle
+of a great length, which the theory of the more ingenious whites had
+taught them was the most dangerous of all fire-arms, leaned against a
+neighbouring sapling."
+
+There is something honest, strong and dependable about Hawk-eye,
+besides his bravery and skill, which makes us like and respect him
+greatly.  But the most heroic and romantic figure in the book is
+young Uncas, who is the last of the Mohicans.  This story of danger,
+attack, slaughter and peril, centering round Hawk-eye, Uncas, his
+father Chingachgook, and two beautiful English girls attempting to
+escape through the woods with a young English officer, Heyward, is
+almost the perfection of a story of adventure in its own class.  As
+an example of how thrilling the story can be, read the account of the
+shooting contest in chapter twenty-nine.
+
+Several generations of boys and girls have already enjoyed _Tom
+Sawyer_ and _Huckleberry Finn_.  Perhaps no other writer has ever
+succeeded as well as Mark Twain in putting a real boy between the
+covers of a book in a story.  Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn are not
+fanciful portraits.  They are exactly such boys as anyone to-day can
+watch playing in a vacant lot, or down {81} by a river on a raft, or
+up in a hay-mow, or playing at being robbers in an old deserted shed
+or house, or reading books, or telling stories, or teasing but loving
+mothers and aunties, and learning about grown-up men and life in
+general.  _Tom Sawyer_ is the first of Mark Twain's famous books
+about boys, and _Huckleberry Finn_ is a continuation of the same
+story.
+
+Tom lived with his Aunt Polly in the village of St. Petersburg on the
+Mississippi.  He was the leading spirit among the boys of the place,
+largely because he had an active imagination and could devise many
+exciting games which often led to real adventures.  Huckleberry Finn
+was a boy without a home; he had a father who was a source of danger
+rather than a loving protector.  In _Huckleberry Finn_, there is the
+splendid story of Jim who was a slave and ran away with Huckleberry.
+As we read of their adventures, while they floated down the
+Mississippi on a raft, we learn to know and love Jim for his
+devotion, loyalty and child-like nature.  Huck, too, plays as fine a
+part as many a hero who may appear more romantic than this runaway
+boy.  But you must read _Huckleberry Finn_ yourself, and find out
+what happened.  The great Mississippi river, mysterious, picturesque,
+flowing always past their village into the unknown south, exercised a
+powerful fascination on the minds of the boys.  Many of their
+adventures had to do with the river, and some of the happenings were
+terrifying as well as exciting.  But Tom and Huck actually did find
+hidden treasure and each boy's share was put in the bank, so that the
+boys had a small yearly income at the end of the {82} first story.
+These two books, when we read them, give us a curious, lasting
+feeling of real life and actual happenings, probably in part because
+Mark Twain, whose everyday name was Samuel Clemens, must have been
+writing about his own boyhood.  When he was a boy, nothing would
+satisfy him but learning to be a pilot on a Mississippi steamboat; he
+was on the river for four years.
+
+There are many other romantic and adventurous stories for us to read.
+Make sure that the author knows and understands what he is writing
+about, otherwise it is seldom worth while to spend much time in
+reading his book.  Stories of romance and adventure ought always to
+be brave and fearless, kind and generous, pure and light-hearted.
+They ought to make us feel that it is worth while to go on an
+adventure.  When these things are true of a book, we can spend many
+happy hours with its hero, no matter where he rides, or sails, or
+flies.
+
+There are three books, the work of authors who belong to our own
+time, that we should not miss reading.  First comes Rudyard Kipling's
+glorious story of a boy in India called _Kim_; then the poet
+Masefield's story of _Sard Harker_ and of the sea and South America;
+and, last of the three, a fine story of the woods and rivers of the
+far north, called _The Living Forest_, written by a Canadian artist,
+Arthur Heming.
+
+
+
+
+{83}
+
+PART III
+
+SONGS OF HEROES, MYTHS, FAIRY TALES AND MARVELS
+
+
+
+{85}
+
+CHAPTER XIII
+
+  THE ILIAD AND THE ODYSSEY--GREEK
+  HEROES--TANGLEWOOD TALES--THE WONDER BOOK
+
+Once upon a time, nearly three thousand years ago, a poet in a song
+which he sang of heroes described the making of a suit of armour.
+
+The poet's name was Homer.  His poem is called _The Iliad_.  Some day
+possibly you will read for yourselves _The Iliad_ in the original
+Greek, for Homer was a Greek.  There are many good translations, both
+in poetry and prose.  The beautiful translation known as _The Iliad
+of Homer_, done into English prose by Andrew Lang, Walter Leaf and
+Ernest Myers, is one of the best translations for our present purpose.
+
+In Homer's day people believed in the existence of many gods, some
+more important and others of less consequence.  These gods, both men
+and women, imagined by the Greeks, were like human beings, only more
+powerful and more beautiful.  But they were not any better than
+ordinary men and women.  Indeed, the gods of the Greeks were often
+bad-tempered, jealous, cruel, and faithless.  The Greeks imagined
+that their gods had favourites among men and women.  When a battle
+was raging, the gods were supposed to help one side or the other; and
+in _The Iliad_ you may read how Aphrodite helped her favourite,
+Paris, how {86} Poseidon was on the side of the Achaians, and Apollo
+aided Hector.  The most powerful and important gods, of whom the
+greatest was Zeus, lived on Mount Olympus.  But the Greeks believed
+that the sea, rivers, streams, springs, hillsides, and trees, were
+the dwelling-places of various deities or gods.
+
+_The Iliad_ is an epic of the Trojan War which was fought between the
+Greeks and the Trojans.  The famous hero Achilles, who had quarrelled
+with King Agamemnon, would not go to fight himself, but he lent his
+armour to his noble friend Patroklos, who drove the Trojans from the
+ships, but was himself slain by Hector, son of King Priam of Troy.
+Achilles was then without armour, and Thetis, a goddess, said by the
+Greeks to be the mother of Achilles, went on his behalf to a very
+clever god, named Hephaistos, who was lame, but had wonderful skill
+in making armour.  Hephaistos, if he had lived now, would likely have
+been a great engineer.
+
+In the eighteenth book of _The Iliad_, we can read a description of
+Hephaistos, of some of the marvels he had made and of his meeting
+with Thetis.
+
+Hephaistos "from the anvil rose limping, a huge bulk, but under him
+his slender legs moved nimbly.  The bellows he set away from the
+fire, and gathered all his gear wherewith he worked into a silver
+chest; and with a sponge he wiped his face and hands and sturdy neck
+and shaggy breast, and did on his doublet, and took a stout staff and
+went forth limping; but there were handmaidens of gold that moved to
+help their {87} lord, the semblances of living maids.  In them is
+understanding at their hearts, in them are voice and strength, and
+they have skill of the immortal gods.  These moved beneath their
+lord, and he gat him haltingly near to where Thetis was, and set him
+on a bright seat, and clasped her hand in his and spake and called
+her by her name."
+
+It is delightful to understand while we read that the Greeks three
+thousand years ago were already imagining the marvels which could be
+accomplished by mankind.  Many of these marvels actually have been
+achieved since then, only not exactly in the shape that the Greeks
+imagined.
+
+Hephaistos made, for Thetis to give to Achilles, a shield and a
+corslet and a helmet and greaves.  He made them strong and beautiful.
+On the shield he fashioned wondrous pictures of life among the
+Greeks, marriage feasts, dancing, law courts, a city besieged, armies
+fighting, herds of cattle, harvesting, feasting, a vineyard, and
+youths and maidens gathering grapes.  If you turn to this eighteenth
+book of Homer's _Iliad_, you may spend a very happy hour reading of
+Hephaistos and the armour.
+
+These songs made by Homer are one of the glories of mankind.  In
+everything he sang, there is the special genius of the ancient
+Greeks, a power to create beauty, so perfect in all its proportions
+that it gives people when they read his songs a feeling of strength
+and steadiness as well as joy.  Yet, it is true at the same time,
+that parts of _The Iliad_ and _The Odyssey_ show us a world which was
+savage and barbarous.
+
+In _The Odyssey_, Homer tells of the wanderings {88} of Odysseus,
+King of Ithaca, on his way back from the Trojan war to his own island
+on the west coast of Greece.  His adventures are as wonderful as any
+that have ever been related in song or story.  The description of his
+home-coming, to his wife Penelope and his son Telemachus, is one of
+the stories rightly called universal, for such stories belong to
+everyone.  A charming part of _The Odyssey_ contains the story of
+Odysseus in his wanderings coming to Scheria where King Alcinous
+reigns.  Nausicaa, the King's daughter, with her maidens, had gone
+out in the early morning to wash the clothes of her father, mother
+and brethren, and after their labour, the princess and her companions
+were playing a game of ball when their cries of excitement woke the
+weary Odysseus from his slumbers.  You will find this adventure of
+Odysseus in the sixth book of _The Odyssey_, of which there is a
+prose translation by S. H. Butcher and Andrew Lang.
+
+There are many other stories of the early Greeks.  Some of them have
+been re-told in three books, written for young people.  In _The
+Heroes_ by Charles Kingsley you may read of Perseus, the Argonauts
+and Theseus.  _Tanglewood Tales_ and _The Wonder Book_ were written
+by Nathaniel Hawthorne for his children.  One of the best of the
+stories in _The Wonder Book_ is called The Miraculous Pitcher, a tale
+of two old people, Philemon and his wife Baucis, and of what happened
+to them.  These stories are not exactly fairy-tales, because people
+believed in that far away time that the gods visited them and played
+pranks like boys and girls.
+
+{89}
+
+These three books, _The Heroes_, _Tanglewood Tales_ and _The Wonder
+Book_ are easy to read and interesting.  Yet, after a while, although
+perhaps not for some years, you likely will find that you would
+rather turn to a translation of _The Iliad_ or _The Odyssey_, so that
+you may read for yourself Homer's songs telling of the world long ago
+in its youth, and of these great heroes.
+
+
+
+
+{90}
+
+CHAPTER XIV
+
+ÆSOP'S FABLES--GRIMM's FAIRY TALES--HANS ANDERSEN'S FAIRY TALES--THE
+ARABIAN NIGHTS--MALORY'S MORTE D'ARTHUR
+
+We know a little of the glorious gift of song that the early Greeks
+themselves enjoyed and left to coming generations of mankind.  But
+other countries, these countries where men and women earliest taught
+themselves by hard work, as we say, to be civilized, have also given
+the world treasures of wit, wisdom and enjoyment.
+
+One of the earliest forms used by men, when they wanted to tell of
+some experience they had had, was the fable.  A fable is a very
+brief, simple story, generally a little story about animals.  Very
+early in the history of mankind, men noticed animals, watched them,
+saw that the animals often acted somewhat in the same way as men did
+themselves, and were delighted and amused by their cunning and
+cleverness.  It was natural that people should begin by telling
+stories about animals.
+
+Here are two fables, one of an animal trying to get the better of
+another animal, and the second of two animals helping one another.
+These fables are said to have been made by Æsop.
+
+A wolf seeing a goat feeding on the brow of a high precipice where he
+could not come at her, besought her to come down lower, for fear she
+{91} should miss her footing at that dizzy height; "And moreover,"
+said he, "the grass is far sweeter and more abundant here below."
+But the goat replied, "Excuse me; it is not for my dinner that you
+invite me, but for your own."
+
+The second fable tells of an ant falling into a fountain of water
+where he was drinking because he was thirsty and of the ant being
+nearly drowned.  A dove dropped a leaf into the water on which the
+ant climbed and so escaped.  A man just then had almost caught the
+dove in a net, but the ant bit him on the heel, the man started,
+dropped his net and the dove flew away.  The fable ends by saying
+that one good turn deserves another.
+
+Fables as a rule were first told, it is believed, not by famous
+people or great writers, but more often by ordinary people who were
+not rich or learned.  Perhaps they wanted to say something about the
+politics of the country where they lived, or about some ruler who was
+a tyrant.  They did not wish to get into trouble, so they put what
+they wanted to say into a little story.
+
+Tradition tells us that Æsop, the most famous maker of fables, was a
+slave, very misshapen in body, and that he stammered when he spoke.
+There is a collection of Æsop's and other Fables in Everyman's
+Library.  Read some of these little stories and remember how men, who
+were not as free or as safe as we are to-day, made these fables which
+are full of laughter, good temper, and keen wit, and which are very
+wise.  We can learn a great deal from fables, and we can enjoy them
+at the same time.
+
+{92}
+
+Fairy tales are probably almost as old as fables.  We all know how
+delightful fairy tales can be.  Who would do without Jack the Giant
+Killer, or Cinderella, or Silver Locks, or Blue Beard, or
+Puss-in-Boots?  You can add many more to the list.  Some fairy tales
+are very old, but others are modern.  People sometimes say that fairy
+tales are not true.  In a sense, perhaps, they are right; that is, we
+do not expect to see Jack cutting down and conquering a giant in a
+day.  Yet the men who have perfected telegraph, telephone and radio
+have overcome in a real way the giant distance, and other men and
+women are conquering daily, little by little, the great giant disease.
+
+The everyday world we live in is as wonderful as a fairy tale,
+perhaps more wonderful.  Whenever we find in a fairy tale, or in any
+other way, a sense of the wonder of the world, and of life, this is a
+very great gain, because then we know that we are really seeing
+clearly, and understanding what we see.  Most of all, perhaps, fairy
+tales are meant to show us how beautiful the world is.
+
+There are many good collections of fairy tales.  The long series of
+which Andrew Lang was editor contains an excellent selection.
+Grimm's _Fairy Tales_ are among the most famous in the world.  Jacob
+and William Grimm were two brothers, both of whom were learned
+professors.  Early in the nineteenth century, they published a book
+of fairy tales which they had gathered by listening to stories told
+in the nurseries and by the firesides of their own country, Germany.
+One {93} of the prettiest of these stories is Snow-Drop and the Seven
+Dwarfs.
+
+Hans Andersen is, perhaps, the best loved of all the writers of fairy
+stories.  He was born in Odense in Denmark in 1805, and was a very
+poor boy.  But he made a toy theatre for his amusement, and no doubt
+began to make his stories at the same time.  He wrote other books,
+but his _Fairy Tales_ are by far his best work.  Hans Andersen was a
+genius.  His stories have such power to touch our hearts that we want
+to be kind and true and modest, following the example of his heroes
+and heroines.  The world, especially the world of homes, would be a
+poorer place if Hans Andersen had never written The Wild Swans, The
+Red Shoes, The Steadfast Tin Soldier, The Little Match Girl, and
+especially The Ugly Duckling.
+
+Many of the most wonderful tales of magic come out of the East.  The
+people of Arabia and Egypt are gifted narrators of stories.  We owe
+them our vast enjoyment of the stories in _The Arabian Nights_.
+These stories are very old indeed; many of them must have come in the
+first place from Persia and India.  Egypt supplies much of what we
+call local colour.  The stories were gathered together from different
+sources, probably between 1450 and 1500; England then was engaged in
+the long struggle know as the Wars of the Roses.  It was not until
+1704 that Europeans first could read _The Arabian Nights_.  At that
+time a French professor, Antoine Galland, published a French
+translation of a book of Arabic stories.  It is odd to think that
+children {94} of the English-speaking world did not know of Ali Baba,
+or Sindbad, or Aladdin, until the time of the reign of Queen Anne.
+Now we all can listen to the beautiful Schehera-zade telling her
+thousand and one tales to her husband, the great sultan Schah-riar,
+so that she would not be executed before the last of the stories was
+finished.  Schah-riar was a tyrant, and a very spoiled person.  But
+Schehera-zade was clever and resourceful, and in the end saved
+herself.  These strange stories of giants, genii, caliphs, and lovely
+princesses are among the most famous in the world.
+
+We come now to a different kind of book, _Morte d'Arthur_, stories of
+King Arthur of Britain and his Knights of the Bound Table.  These
+stories Scott used to read when he was a boy, and so did many another
+lad of genius who, when he was older, never forgot the chivalry and
+the glory of Malory's great book.  It may seem a curious book,
+perhaps, to many of you when you first look at it, for it is written
+in an older English than the words we use; and the customs and the
+people may appear strange and hard to understand.  Sir Thomas Malory,
+who collected the stories and translated most of them from French
+into English, is supposed to have been a Lancastrian knight who was
+thrown into prison in the Wars of the Roses and kept there long
+years.  He spent that weary time copying out by hand, for then there
+were no printing presses, the book we know as _Morte d'Arthur_.
+Malory finished his work in 1470.  Not long after his death, the
+manuscript was brought to Caxton, who was the first great printer in
+England, and Caxton printed the book in 1485.
+
+{95}
+
+These are stories of heroes, in some far away sense like _The Iliad_
+and _The Odyssey_, but they are written in a wonderful prose, not
+like Homer's even more wonderful poetry.  There is, however, a great
+change in the lives of heroes between the days of Homer and the days
+of Malory.  Let us take one of Malory's stories, and try to see what
+the change is.
+
+The seventh book of _Morte d'Arthur_ tells the story of Beaumains,
+who was Gareth of Orkney in disguise, and of how he won his
+knighthood.  Like many other young men of that time, Gareth wanted to
+be one of King Arthur's Knights.  Gareth was well-born and wealthy,
+but he wished to win honour and glory--what Malory calls worship--by
+worthy deeds, so he came in disguise to Arthur's Court.
+
+He asked three petitions, and the King granted them.  The first was
+that he might be given food and drink and lodging for a year.  At the
+end of that time, he would ask for his other two petitions.  Sir Kay,
+who was the steward, thought only a poor-spirited fellow would ask
+for meat and drink, so he gave him lodging and food with the boys in
+the kitchen, and called him Beaumains, fair hands, or as people
+sometimes say now lily fingers.  Beaumains waited the year, then a
+damsel came asking for a knight to rescue her lady who was besieged
+in a castle, but she would not tell her name.  King Arthur said he
+would not let any of his knights go unless she told the name.  Then
+Beaumains made his other petitions.  The first was that he might be
+commissioned to go with the damsel and rescue the lady, {96} and the
+second that he might joust with the great knight, Sir Launcelot of
+the Lake, and win knighthood from him.  King Arthur gave his consent.
+Beaumains jousted with Sir Launcelot and won his knighthood.  But the
+damsel was very angry, and said she had been given only a kitchen
+page.  Beaumains went with her in spite of her angry abuse, fought
+with many knights and overcame them, and finally rescued the Lady
+Lionesse who was the damsel's sister.  The damsel's name was Linet.
+Thus Sir Gareth won great honour and worship.
+
+What really is this honour--the worship of which Malory writes?
+Knighthood was won by being brave, and by doing mighty deeds.  But
+the true spirit of knighthood--the very essence of it, as we say--is
+shown by one test; the deeds must be unselfish.  The knight was a
+rescuer; he was a righter of other people's wrongs.  When King Arthur
+lived, people had begun to learn that the most heroic life is the
+self-sacrificing life.  When Linet was abusing Beaumains, and telling
+him that he would never accomplish the great adventure on which his
+hopes were set, the only answer he made to her was, "I shall assay."
+This means, "I shall try."  It was a noble answer.  There is still
+only one way of winning true honour by unselfish deeds.  First, one
+must have the desire, then those who desire must also try.  As
+Beaumains said, "I shall assay."
+
+
+
+
+{97}
+
+CHAPTER XV
+
+ALICE IN WONDERLAND--THROUGH THE LOOKING-GLASS--THE GOLDEN AGE--WIND
+IN THE WILLOWS--FOUR BOOKS BY A. A. MILNE--RIP VAN WINKLE
+
+The story begins with a chapter called Down the Rabbit-Hole.  Alice
+was feeling sleepy, you remember, when suddenly she saw a white
+rabbit with pink eyes running by close beside her.  She thought
+nothing of that.  She was not surprised even when she heard the
+rabbit saying to itself, "Oh dear!  Oh dear!  I shall be too late!"
+But when the rabbit took a watch out of its waist-coat pocket, looked
+at it and then hurried on, Alice started to her feet, ran across the
+field, and was just in time to see the Rabbit pop down a large
+rabbit-hole under the hedge.
+
+The name of the story, as most of you know, is _Alice in Wonderland_.
+All over the English-speaking world, children, and older people as
+well, seem to know Alice.
+
+When you hear someone talking about the Mad Hatter at the tea party,
+or a blue caterpillar smoking a hookah, or the Duchess losing her
+temper, or the cat vanishing but the smile remaining, and you ask
+what it means, you will be told, if you have not guessed already,
+that all these odd phrases belong to _Alice in Wonderland_.
+
+Alice followed the White Rabbit down the hole, falling down a very
+long way without hurting {98} herself a bit.  Then she found herself
+in a hall where there was a three-legged table with a tiny gold key
+on it, and she discovered a little door that she opened with the tiny
+gold key, but she was too big to go through the door, although she
+could see that it led into the loveliest garden.  Then, as you may
+remember, she found a bottle with "Drink me" printed on it, and when
+she saw that it was not marked poison, she tasted it, and since it
+had a very good taste, she drank it all, and after that she was only
+ten inches high.  Then she had forgotten the key, and now she was too
+small to reach to the top of the table, but under the table she saw a
+glass box and in the box a cake with "Eat me" marked on it
+beautifully in currants.  And so, finally, with the help of the cake,
+and then with the help of a fan, of which you must read for
+yourselves, Alice found her way into the garden; and after that she
+had the most curious adventures.
+
+Perhaps no one can explain the exact reason why we enjoy _Alice in
+Wonderland_ so much.  The story is so precisely what we should like
+it to be, that we take it as it is, and hurry on through its pages in
+a sort of breathless happiness, wanting to know only what comes next.
+There is nothing puzzling or difficult in the story, no hidden
+meanings, nothing to make one sad or discontented, only laughter and
+curious, amusing incidents.  It is a perfect story about the strange
+adventures of a little girl, and most people find delight in it.
+There is a sequel to the story of Alice, called _Through the
+Looking-Glass_.
+
+{99}
+
+Lewis Carroll is the name you will find printed on the title pages of
+these stories, but this is a pen name.  The author's real name was
+Dodgson.  He did not like people to know that he wrote children's
+books.  Lewis Carroll seems to have been a quiet, shy man, a
+mathematician who wrote difficult books for students, but he was
+wonderfully fond of children and understood how to write stories that
+they would like.
+
+Most of the books spoken of in this chapter ought to be read aloud.
+They are generally called children's stories, but without exception
+they are also books that are loved and keenly enjoyed by older
+people.  You will not need to think of giving them up when you grow
+older.  They really belong to all ages.  If you take the trouble to
+learn how to read aloud well, perhaps you may be the first to read
+_Alice in Wonderland_ to some small person, younger than you are.  It
+is great pleasure to introduce anyone to a really delightful book.
+
+_The Golden Age_ and _The Wind in the Willows_ are two stories
+written for boys and girls by Kenneth Grahame.  The first story is
+about Harold, Charlotte, Edward, Selina, and the boy who tells the
+story.  They lived with their uncles and aunts in a small town or
+village.  The children, perhaps, were rather lonely, but they made
+games and adventures for themselves, and it is pleasant to read about
+them.  They had pets like many other children, and they made games
+from the books they were reading, like _The Arabian Nights_, and the
+_Story of Ulysses_, and _King Arthur and his Round Table_.  _The
+Golden Age_ is an English story.  It is one of the books {100} that
+will tell you accurately and delightfully of the lives of boys and
+girls who live in the country in England, in the same way that _Tom
+Sawyer_ and _Huckleberry Finn_ tell us about boys in the United
+States.  But, of course, we know that all boys in the States do not
+live as Tom and Huckleberry did.  Girls and boys in England live in
+different ways also.  It depends a good deal on the part of the
+country the author is writing about and on the circumstances of the
+families to which the boys and girls belong.  Miss L. M. Montgomery's
+stories of Prince Edward Island in the same way tell a good deal
+about the lives of boys and girls in Canada.
+
+_The Wind in the Willows_ is a wise, delightful and amusing story
+about animals,--a mole, a rabbit, a water rat, a badger, an otter, a
+toad, hedgehogs, field mice, stoats and weasels.  We hear a good deal
+about birds too, especially swallows.  Toad, Badger, Mole and Water
+Rat were great friends, and we are as much interested in their doings
+as if they were friends of ours as well.
+
+Books have many curious and strange characteristics.  Some books, as
+we have learned, live for thousands of years.  Homer's songs and the
+books of the Bible were kept at first, not in print, but in various
+other ways.  But, now-a-days, hundreds of books are printed every
+year which in a little while are forgotten and no one reads them
+again.  It is deeply interesting to ponder over what makes a book
+live.  We think we can recognize sometimes which of the new books
+will continue to be read, and which, although they may be pleasant
+enough to read once, are not likely to {101} be known for more than a
+few years.  The truth is that no one can foretell accurately how long
+a book will last, or which books will last longest.  For instance, it
+is not likely that when Lewis Carrol wrote _Alice in Wonderland_ he
+had any idea that the story would make him famous when his other
+books were forgotten.  Only one thing can test this lasting quality
+in a book; that one thing is time.  So you can think of time, if you
+like, as a great umpire deciding which books will keep on living, and
+which will be forgotten.
+
+There are four little books that have been written in the last few
+years which may last a long while, although, of course, no one can be
+sure about this until time decides.  These four little books are
+_When We were Very Young_, _Winnie the Pooh_, _Now We Are Six_, and
+_The House at Pooh Corner_, two books in poetry and two in prose, by
+A. A. Milne.  They tell about Christopher Robin and his toys.  These
+are very delightful books to read aloud to little people.  But they
+belong also to people of all ages.
+
+An American writer, called Washington Irving, who was born as long
+ago as 1783, in New York, once wrote a story called _Rip Van Winkle_,
+which is not exactly a fairy story, or a story of magic; and yet it
+has a great deal of magic in it.  The tale is about a man who was
+what is called a ne'er-do-well.  He liked to hunt and shoot, but not
+to work.  One day, he went off into the mountains with his dog Wolf.
+He heard sounds like thunder, and he met an odd, square-built old
+fellow who asked him by signs to help him carry a keg up the
+mountain.  Then they came on a group of {102} men, all dressed in a
+by-gone fashion, who were playing bowls.  None of these men spoke to
+Rip Van Winkle, who helped himself several times from the keg, and by
+and by fell asleep.  When he awoke, he found his way back to the
+mountain village where his home was, and discovered that he had been
+asleep twenty years.  _Rip Van Winkle_ is one of the very few tales
+of magic which has been written of any part of the North American
+continent.  Most of the stories of this character of which we have
+been speaking belong to older countries.
+
+
+
+
+{103}
+
+CHAPTER XVI
+
+  THE JUNGLE BOOKS--JUST SO STORIES--PUCK OF
+  POOK'S HILL--REWARDS AND FAIRIES--THE
+  BLUE BIRD--PETER PAN--KILMENY
+
+_The Jungle Book_ by Rudyard Kipling was first published as a book in
+1894.  Some of the stories had appeared in the magazine _St.
+Nicholas_ before that date.  _The Second Jungle Book_ was published
+in 1895.  Kipling was born in Bombay, India, in 1865.  It gives one a
+wonderful, very delightful thrill to take up a book by a new writer,
+whose name one has never heard before, and after reading a little
+while, to find oneself convinced that this unknown author has
+unmistakable genius.  Some day you will likely have the pleasure of
+discovering for yourselves a writer of, perhaps, the first rank.  The
+grand-fathers and grand-mothers or perhaps the fathers and mothers of
+boys and girls to-day experienced this thrill when they read for the
+first time one of Kipling's short stories of India.
+
+Rudyard Kipling had been writing nearly ten years, and was a
+well-known author, before he published _The Jungle Books_, which are
+his first books for young people.  Like some other books for boys and
+girls, older people are fascinated by them also.  Kipling's father,
+John Lockwood Kipling, was an Englishman in the Indian Civil Service.
+His mother was the daughter of a {104} Wesleyan minister, whose sons
+and daughters all have showed distinguished ability.  Kipling lived
+in India when he was a child.  While he was still a small boy, he was
+sent home to school in England.  But from his child's recollections
+of India have come pictures of Indian life, and an understanding and
+interpretation of the people of that widely-spreading, mysterious
+country with its swarming population, its plains, mountains, and deep
+jungles where lions, tigers and many other animals live, which are
+unparalleled elsewhere in English literature.
+
+Carried safely and swiftly by the magic of Kipling's stories, we may
+all visit the Indian jungle, hear Shere Khan, the tiger, roar, stand
+with the Lone Wolf on the Council Rock, learn to know Bagheera, the
+Black Panther, Baloo, the bear, Hathi, the elephant and many more of
+the jungle people, as well as Father Wolf, Mother Wolf, and the Pack.
+The Man cub, the boy Mowgli, is the pattern and epitome of what every
+boy likes to be, brave, resourceful, loyal, quick to see and hold
+advantage, staunch in friendship, fond of play, longing to do great
+deeds, and now and then showing that he is capable.  The stories of
+Mowgli are collected in _The Jungle Book_.  In _The Second Jungle
+Book_ are such stories as Rikki-tikki-tavi, the Mongoose; the White
+Seal; Toomai of the Elephants; and Her Majesty's Servants, which is a
+tale of the animals of a military camp.  None of us to-day can
+imagine how any writer could possibly create finer stories of animals
+than Kipling has written in _The Jungle Books_.
+
+{105}
+
+It is not easy to try to tell how charming and wise are the _Just So
+Stories_, told in Kipling's book for little people known by that
+name.  Much of the tenderness that fathers and mothers feel for the
+very youngest, and that you feel for your small brothers and sisters,
+if you have brothers and sisters younger than you are, shines in
+these stories.  Here, too, you will find laughter, very sweet and
+merry, and much wise understanding, not only of animals and children,
+but of the great world and its history.  Some of the more noted of
+the tales in _Just So Stories_ are: How the Camel Got His Hump; How
+the Rhinoceros Got His Skin; The Elephant's Child; The Sing-Song of
+Old Man Kangaroo; The Beginning of the Armadillos; and The Cat that
+Walked by Himself.  There are six more stories that perhaps are as
+wonderful as those which have been named.  _Just So Stories_ was
+published in 1902.
+
+Kipling has written as well two books of stories which reveal to
+young people in a remarkable way the course and glory of English
+history.  These books could have been written only for one reason, to
+help and delight Kipling's own children.  The books are called _Puck
+of Pook's Hill_ and _Rewards and Fairies_.  Una and Dan are the names
+of the children who have the adventures told of in these books, and
+who see far, far back into the past of England.  With Pict, Roman,
+Dane, Saxon, Norman, soldiers, peasants, Jews, priests, Crusaders,
+squires, dames, knights, down to the time of the great sea captains
+and Sir Francis Drake, this famous writer unfolds the pageant of
+English history in an incomparable way for {106} boys and girls
+belonging to the twentieth century.  _Puck of Pook's Hill_ appeared
+first in 1906; and _Rewards and Fairies_ in 1909.
+
+Not many years ago Maurice Maeterlinck, a Belgian poet, wrote for
+every one, old and young, a fairy play called _The Blue Bird_.  You
+may sometimes see the play acted in a theatre, or you may read the
+scenes and acts of the play in a book.  First of all, in the book,
+come the names of all the characters, and then a description of the
+costumes in which they are dressed.  Tyltyl and Mytyl, a brother and
+sister, for the sake of a neighbour's child, go away from home into
+strange, marvellous places, looking for the blue bird, Happiness.
+Tyltyl wears scarlet knickerbockers, pale-blue jacket, white
+stockings, tan shoes, which is the way Hop o' My Thumb is dressed.
+Mytyl is dressed like Little Red Riding-hood.  _The Blue Bird_ is a
+fairy story, a wonderful story, and true, as we say, spiritually.
+The brother and sister, when they are at home, live in a
+wood-cutter's cottage.  On their travels, they visit the Land of
+Memory, the Palace of Night, a great forest, the Palace of Happiness,
+a graveyard, and the Kingdom of the Future.  Tylo, the dog, and
+Tylette, the cat, are two of the most important characters; and in
+the play, you will meet people called Bread, Sugar, Fire, Water,
+Milk, and many more familiar to you in everyday life, but not in the
+same shape.  _The Blue Bird_ is a wonderful fairy play.  When you
+read it, you will discover whether or not Tyltyl and Mytyl find the
+bluebird, Happiness.
+
+{107}
+
+Everyone is likely to have heard of Peter Pan, the boy who would not
+grow up.  You may have seen the play, _Peter Pan_, acted on a stage,
+or you may have read the story in a book.  Barrie, who wrote the
+play, was born in a village in Scotland, called Kirriemuir, in the
+year 1860.  He is a novelist as well as a playwright.  His full name
+is James Matthew Barrie, and because his novels and plays are so
+pleasing, and whimsical, very many people have a special feeling of
+love and kindness for Barrie.
+
+_Peter Pan_ is a delightful play; and the story _Peter Pan_ is almost
+as enjoyable.  The three Darling children, Wendy, John and Michael,
+are taught by Peter Pan how to fly, and they fly away with him to the
+Never-Never Land.  Here are the lost boys, Slightly, Tootles, Nibs
+and Curly, and the crocodile, Captain Hook and his pirates, mermaids,
+redskins, and Tinker Bell, the fairy who is devoted to Peter Pan.  In
+the end, the Darling children return to their father and mother.
+Peter Pan chooses to stay in the Never-Never Land; but once a year,
+at the time of spring cleaning, Wendy goes back to keep house for him
+for a little while.
+
+So we learn that fairy stories, very wonderful fairy stories, are
+still being written to-day as they were long years ago when the world
+was younger.  Beauty, fantasy, and magic belong to us all.  The love
+of these things calls us, as it were, with a very sweet voice, and
+when we hear that call--often from a book--we recognize it as the
+spirit of the fairy story.  Sometimes the spirit of a fairy tale is
+caught perfectly and beautifully in {108} a poem.  You will find such
+a poem in the collection known as _The Oxford Book of English Verse_.
+The name of the poem is "Kilmeny", and the name of the man who wrote
+it is James Hogg, or, as he is often called, The Ettrick Shepherd.
+He was a friend of Sir Walter Scott.  "Kilmeny" has the same magic
+that Barrie's plays show so remarkably.
+
+  Late, late in gloamin' when all was still,
+  When the fringe was red on the westlin hill,
+  The wood was sere, the moon i' the wane,
+  The reek o' the cot hung over the plain,
+  Like a little wee cloud in the world its lane;
+  When the ingle low'd wi' an eiry leme,
+  Late, late in the gloamin' Kilmeny came hame!
+
+
+You may not know what some of these words mean.  Gloaming is
+twilight; westlin is western; reek is smoke; its lane means all by
+itself; ingle is the open fire-place; low'd is flamed; eiry leme is
+eery gleam.
+
+
+
+
+{109}
+
+PART IV
+
+BALLADS, LAYS AND STORIES IN VERSE
+
+
+
+{111}
+
+CHAPTER XVII
+
+PERCY'S RELIQUES--CHEVY CHASE AND THE BATTLE OF OTTERBOURNE--SIR
+PATRICK SPENS--THE NORTHERN MUSE
+
+A ballad is a simple tale told in simple verse.  These tales in verse
+may be very old, or they may have been composed only a few years ago.
+But, generally speaking, the old ballads are best.  The world seems
+to have lost the art of telling stories in verse as simply and
+naturally as people could many hundreds of years ago.
+
+The old ballads are like old fairy tales; no one knows when they were
+first told or sung.  It seems likely that they were made, not by
+great people or distinguished scholars, but by simple, ordinary
+people, to be sung or told to other simple, ordinary people.  You
+will remember that fables in the same way were likely told first by
+one neighbour to another.  Ballads and fairy tales and fables, long
+before books or newspapers were printed, were ways in which everyday
+people handed down from fathers and mothers to sons and daughters,
+chronicles and history, learning and good advice, wise sayings, and
+notable happenings.
+
+After a long time, very many years, people who enjoyed these ballads,
+as soon as they knew how to write, began to write them down.
+Apparently, {112} no one thought much about the songs for a while.
+Then scholars who were fond of ancient songs looked for and treasured
+the old ballads.  One of the first and most famous collectors of
+ballads was Bishop Percy who published his _Reliques of Ancient
+English Poetry_ in 1765.  Sir Walter Scott's _Minstrelsy of the
+Scottish Border_ was published in 1802.  Bishop Percy reproduced, as
+part of his collection, an old manuscript of ballads which he had
+rescued from being used by a maid to light a fire.
+
+Ballads belong to many countries, and oddly enough, the same stories
+are sometimes sung in different words in many of these countries.  In
+English poetry, a number of the finest ballads come from the borders
+between England and Scotland before these two countries were joined.
+"Chevy Chase" and "The Battle of Otterbourne" were sung of raids and
+wars between the English and the Scots.  Other countries famous for
+their ballads are Greece, France, Provence, Portugal, Denmark and
+Italy.
+
+The ballads called "Chevy Chase" and "The Battle of Otterbourne"
+perhaps have become confused one with the other.  Part of "Chevy
+Chase" seems to have found its way into "The Battle of Otterbourne".
+There are many different versions of these ballads.  The versions
+written by English balladists tell how the English defeated the
+Scots; on the other hand, the Scots versions say that the Scots were
+victors.
+
+Here is part of "The Battle of Otterbourne", taken from Scott's
+_Minstrelsy_.
+
+{113}
+
+  It fell upon the Lammas tide,
+    When the muir-men win their hay,
+  The doughty Douglas bound him to ride
+    Into England, to drive a prey.
+
+  And he marched up to Newcastle,
+    And rode it round about;
+  "O wha's the lord of this castle,
+    Or wha's the lady o't?"
+
+  But up spoke proud Lord Percy then,
+    And O but he spake hie!
+  "I am the Lord of this castle,
+    My wife's the lady gay."
+
+
+Lord Percy and the Douglas agreed to fight with their men at
+Otterbourne in three days.  Percy wounded the Douglas to his death
+and the Douglas sent for his nephew Sir Hugh Montgomery.
+
+  "My wound is deep; I fain would sleep;
+    Take thou the vanguard of the three,
+  And hide me by the braken bush,
+    That grows on yonder lily lea.
+
+  "O bury me by the braken bush,
+    Beneath the blooming brier,
+  Let never living mortal ken
+    That a kindly Scot lies here."
+
+
+Later in the battle, Sir Hugh Montgomery and Lord Percy fought, and
+Sir Hugh was the victor.  He said to Lord Percy to yield, who
+answered to whom must he yield!
+
+  "Thou shalt not yield to lord or loun,
+    Nor yet shalt thou yield to me;
+  But yield thee to the braken bush,
+    That grows upon yon lily lea!"
+
+{114}
+
+  "I will not yield to a braken bush,
+    Nor yet will I yield to a brier;
+  But I would yield to Earl Douglas,
+    Or Sir Hugh Montgomery, if he were here."
+
+  As soon as he knew it was Montgomery,
+    He struck his sword's point in the ground;
+  The Montgomery was a courteous knight,
+    And quickly took him by the hand.
+
+  This deed was done at Otterbourne
+    About the breaking of the day;
+  Earl Douglas was buried at the braken bush,
+    And the Percy led captive away.
+
+
+Little is known from history of the story told in "Sir Patrick
+Spens".  It was first published by Bishop Percy in his _Reliques_.
+Princess Margaret of Scotland was married to Prince Eric of Norway in
+1281.  The ballad of "Sir Patrick Spens" may possibly have some
+reference to this historical event, but no one can say so with
+certainty.  We learn from the ballad that Sir Patrick Spens was a
+splendid seaman, and that the Scots king gave him a commission to
+sail to Norway and bring home the king's daughter.  But it was late
+in the year.  The waters would be stormy; and Sir Patrick knew that
+he and his men would be in peril of their lives.  They sailed to
+Norway, which is called Noroway in the ballad, and had been there a
+week only when the lords of Noroway began to complain that the Scots
+were costly guests.  Sir Patrick answered that they had brought white
+money and good red gold, more than enough to pay for all they cost,
+but that he would sail immediately.  His sailors told him that they
+had seen signs of a storm.
+
+{115}
+
+  "I saw the new moon late yestreen,
+    Wi' the auld moon in her arm;
+  And if we gang to sea, master,
+    I fear we'll come to harm."
+
+  They hadna mailed a league, a league,
+    A league but barely three,
+  When the lift grew dark, and the wind blew loud,
+    And gurly grew the sea.
+
+  The ankers brak, and the topmasts lap,
+    It was sic a deadly storm,
+  And the waves came o'er the broken ship,
+    Till a' her sides were torn.
+
+
+Sir Patrick must have been steering the ship himself, for he asked
+for a volunteer to take the helm while he went up to the tall
+topmast, to see if he could spy land.  A sailor took the helm, but
+Sir Patrick had only gone a step when a bolt flew out of the good
+ship and the salt water came in.  They tried to stop the leak but
+failed, and Sir Patrick and his men were lost.
+
+  O lang, lang may the ladies sit,
+    Wi' their fans into their hand,
+  Before they see Sir Patrick Spens
+    Come sailing to the strand.
+
+  And lang, lang may the maidens sit,
+    Wi' their goud kames in their hair,
+  A' waiting for their ain dear loves,
+    For them they'll see nae mair.
+
+  Half owre, half owre to Aberdour,
+    'Tis fifty fathoms deep
+  And there lies gude Sir Patrick Spens
+    Wi' the Scots lords at his feet.
+
+
+{116}
+
+"Sir Patrick Spens" is a wonderful old ballad.  Most of the words,
+old as they are, you will understand.  In the second verse quoted,
+lift means sky; a gurly sea is a stormy sea.  Goud kames in the verse
+before the last means gold combs.
+
+Mr. John Buchan a few years ago made a collection of Scottish poetry
+called _The Northern Muse_.  In it, you may read a number of famous
+ballads.  There are also many delightful old songs which tell of the
+lives of ordinary folk, or people, in their everyday work.  Turn
+specially to number sixty-six, which is the famous, beautiful old
+song of a woman, a good wife, who is getting ready for the homecoming
+of her husband; it is called "There's nae Luck about the House".
+Number sixty-eight is a song of fishing people.  These are not
+exactly ballads, but they are written, as we say, almost in the same
+mood as a ballad.  An amusing song about a clever small boy is number
+one hundred and eighty; it is a ballad, and is called "The False
+Knight Upon the Road".  In days long ago people believed in witches
+and wizards.
+
+The false knight is supposed to be a wizard.  If the small boy had
+not been quick enough to give him an answer to every question, the
+wizard, people thought then, might carry him away.  Now listen to the
+small boy.
+
+  "O whare are ye gaun?"
+    Quo' the fause knicht upon the road:
+  "I'm gaun to the scule,"
+    Quo' the wee boy, and still he stude.
+
+  "What is that upon your back?"
+    Quo' the fause knicht upon the road:
+{117}
+  "Atweel it is my bukes,"
+    Quo' the wee boy, and still he stude.
+
+
+And so on to the end of the story.  Scule, of course, is school, and
+bukes are books.  Stude is stood.
+
+
+
+
+{118}
+
+CHAPTER XVIII
+
+THE LADY OF THE LAKE--MARMION--JOHN GILPIN--EDINBURGH AFTER
+FLODDEN--HORATIUS--THE ARMADA
+
+In times of war, as you know, people sometimes have to go into
+hiding.  Long ago, a nobleman, Earl Douglas, who lived during the
+reign of King James V of Scotland, had offended the King, or rather
+some words he was falsely reported to have uttered had been told the
+King, and he was in danger of imprisonment.  Earl Douglas took refuge
+in the Highlands of Scotland with his kinsman, Sir Roderick Dhu, the
+head or chief of the clan Alpine, who was unwilling to acknowledge
+that he owed allegiance to anyone.  Ellen Douglas, a very beautiful
+young woman, shared her father's exile.  As it happened, King James
+went on a hunting expedition as a knight, not a king, in the same
+part of his kingdom.  There he met Ellen, who had never seen the King
+and did not know who he was.  The King called himself James
+Fitz-James.  Roderick Dhu, who is in love with Ellen, plans a rising
+of his clan.  Fitz-James is brave.  He is in peril, but he wishes to
+extricate himself without calling on his soldiers.  The story is told
+by Sir Walter Scott in a poem called _The Lady of the Lake_.  You
+will find this romance in verse easy to read and very interesting.
+
+{119}
+
+The scene is laid in the West Highlands of Perthshire.  Much of what
+happens takes place in the neighbourhood of a beautiful lake, Loch
+Katrine.  Scott, you will remember, is a master in the description of
+romantic scenery.  After a short introduction, the story begins with
+an account of stag-hunting.  James Fitz-James and a few of his men
+are the hunters.
+
+  The stag at eve had drunk his fill,
+  Where danced the moon on Monan's rill,
+  And deep his midnight lair had made
+  In lone Glenartney's hazel shade;
+  But, when the sun his beacon red
+  Had kindled on Benvoirlich's head,
+  The deep-mouthed bloodhound's heavy bay
+  Resounded up the rocky way,
+  And faint, from farther distance borne,
+  Were heard the clanging hoof and horn.
+
+The tale is made to unroll itself like a picture before our eyes.
+The scenes are wonderfully picturesque, and the story is exciting.
+What happens to Ellen, Roderick Dhu, young Malcolm Graeme who also is
+in love with Ellen and whom she loves, and to Fitz-James, you must
+discover for yourself by reading _The Lady of the Lake_.
+
+But before leaving the poem, let us quote part of the stanza which
+tells how in answer to Fitz-James's wish, Roderick Dhu gives the
+signal which calls his men from hiding in the glen where he and
+Fitz-James are to take leave of each other.
+
+  "Have then thy wish!"--he whistled shrill,
+  And he was answered from the hill;
+  Wild as the scream of the curlew,
+  From crag to crag the signal flew.
+{120}
+  Instant, through copse and heath, arose
+  Bonnets, and spears, and bended bows;
+  On right, on left, above, below,
+  Sprung up at once the lurking foe;
+  From shingles gray their lances start,
+  The bracken-bush sends forth the dart,
+  The rushes and the willow-wand
+  Are bristling into axe and brand,
+  And every tuft of broom gives life
+  To plaided warrior armed for strife.
+  That whistle garrisoned the glen
+  At once with full five hundred men.
+  . . . . . . . . . . .
+  Watching their leader's beck and will,
+  All silent there they stood and still;
+  . . . . . . . . . . .
+  The mountaineer cast glance of pride
+  Along Benledi's living side,
+  Then fixed his eye and sable brow
+  Full on Fitz-James--"How say'st thou now?
+  These are Clan-Alpine's warriors true;
+  And, Saxon,--I am Roderick Dhu!"
+
+
+_Marmion_ is one of the most romantic and moving of Scott's
+narratives.  Lord Marmion is a fictitious character.  Scott wished to
+tell the story of Flodden Field, a battle fought between the English
+and the Scotch in 1513 in which the English were victorious.  It was
+a most disastrous battle for the Scots, who lost their King and the
+flower of their nobility.  Lord Marmion, who was an Englishman, and
+many among the English, were also slain.  The poem opens with a vivid
+description of life in England and Scotland in the Middle Ages.  We
+visit a feudal castle in England, Norham Castle, where Sir Hugh Heron
+welcomes Lord Marmion.  A Palmer returning {121} from the Holy Land
+has also come to Norham Castle.
+
+  His sable cowl o'erhung his face;
+  In his black mantle was he clad,
+  With Peter's keys, in cloth of red,
+    On his broad shoulders wrought,
+  The scallop shell, his cap did deck;
+  The crucifix around his neck
+    Was from Loretto brought;
+  His sandals were with travel tore;
+  Staff, budget, bottle, scrip, he wore;
+  The faded palm branch in his hand
+  Showed pilgrim from the Holy Land.
+
+
+We visit as well, by the magic of Scott's verses, a convent, a
+monastery and an inn, and learn many things of the way in which
+people lived in the Middle Ages.  It is in _Marmion_ that we find one
+of Sir Walter Scott's famous songs, "Lochinvar", which is introduced
+in the fifth canto.  But the most memorable part of _Marmion_ is the
+description of the battle of Flodden with which the poem concludes.
+The sixth canto tells the story of the battle.  Turn to the
+thirty-fourth stanza of that canto, and you may read how the Scots
+tried to save their king.  These lines are judged to be among the
+noblest that Sir Walter Scott ever wrote.  Other tales in verse by
+Scott are _The Lay of the Last Minstrel_, _Rokeby_, and _The Lord of
+the Isles_.
+
+Four stories by other writers of verse, which you will like, and in
+which you will find humour or heroic valour, are told somewhat in the
+fashion of ballads or lays; we listen to them with special {122}
+enjoyment when they are spoken by a skilled reciter.
+
+The first of these is "The Diverting History of John Gilpin", showing
+how he went farther than he intended, and came safe home again.  It
+was written by the English poet Cowper who, although he was often sad
+himself, in this story has left as wholesome and carefree humour as
+anyone may wish to discover in a story.  John Gilpin was a London
+citizen of long ago.  His wife said that, although they had been
+married twenty years, they had never had a holiday.  She proposed
+that they should take her sister, and her sister's child, and their
+own three children, and drive to an inn at Edmonton not far away.
+But, since the carriage would be crowded, John Gilpin was to come on
+horseback.  John was delayed, first by one thing, then another, but
+finally got started.  Then his horse wanted to trot, and John was not
+a good rider.  Besides that, he had two stone bottles of wine, one
+tied to each side of his leathern belt.  The horse ran away with
+John.  He lost his wig.  The stone bottles were broken.  The horse
+raced past the inn at Edmonton where his wife and children were
+waiting, and galloped on to its owner's house at Ware which was ten
+miles further.  The friend who had lent Gilpin the horse asked what
+it was all about.  John, who was a plucky, good-humoured fellow, and
+loved a joke, answered him.
+
+  I came because your horse would come,
+    And, if I well forebode,
+  My hat and wig will soon be here,
+    They are upon the road.
+
+
+{123}
+
+His friend started him back to Edmonton, but even yet John had
+adventures.  There was to be no family dinner at Edmonton that day.
+Yet John Gilpin at last got safe home as you may read in Cowper's
+story.
+
+"Edinburgh After Flodden", by a writer called Aytoun, is the story of
+how the people of Edinburgh first heard the news of the great defeat.
+Most people, certainly most boys and girls, must thrill as they read
+the opening stanza.
+
+  News of battle!--news of battle!
+    Hark! 'tis ringing down the street:
+  And the archways and the pavement
+    Bear the clang of hurrying feet.
+  News of battle! who hath brought it?
+    News of triumph?  Who should bring
+  Tidings from our noble army,
+    Greetings from our gallant King?
+
+
+These lines are part only of the first stanza.  They are taken from
+the book known as Aytoun's _Lays of the Scottish Cavaliers_.
+
+Lord Macaulay, who was a distinguished historian, wrote a famous
+_History of England_.  He wrote also a number of lays, or stories in
+verse.  Some of the best-known are about the deeds of the Romans,
+that remarkable people who gave the world much that is great in law
+and government.  You likely will have heard of the story of Horatius,
+who, with two others, held the bridge over the Tiber, and saved Rome
+when Lars Porsena came with an army to take the city.  It is a famous
+story.  Read it, in Macaulay's _Lays of Ancient Rome_.  The last poem
+in this same {124} book of lays is called "The Armada".  It also
+tells a thrilling tale.  What a pity it would be if any mischievous
+sprite were to take away and hide the books in which are the stories
+written of in this chapter!
+
+
+
+
+{125}
+
+CHAPTER XIX
+
+HIAWATHA--FRENCH CHANSONS IN QUEBEC--A CHRISTMAS SONG
+
+Henry Wadsworth Longfellow was born in Portland, which is in the
+state of Maine, in the year 1807.  His father and mother both
+belonged to families that had been settled in the States for a number
+of generations.  He was of a scholarly disposition, and studied and
+travelled to fit himself for writing and teaching.  He became Smith
+Professor of Modern Languages at Harvard when he was twenty-seven
+years old.  From that time, he was closely associated with the town
+of Cambridge, near Boston, in Massachusetts.  Harvard University is
+situated in Cambridge.  You may still visit the house where
+Longfellow lived.  In a pleasant small park near the house, there is
+a statue of the poet.  He was fond of children, and loved to have
+them near him.
+
+_The Song of Hiawatha_ was written specially for the delight of young
+people.  It is a story in verse, telling of a leader among North
+American Indians, one of themselves, who was to rescue and help his
+people, aiding them to clear their fishing grounds, to find food, and
+to live more comfortably and peaceably than in the past.
+
+Hiawatha and his people in Longfellow's story are supposed to live on
+the south shore of Lake {126} Superior, the largest of the Great
+Lakes.  The scene of the story is between the Pictured Rocks and the
+Grand Sable.
+
+The poem begins by telling of a sweet singer among the Indians.  The
+singer first sings of the Master of Life; this is a translation of
+the name which to the Indians means God, Gitche Manito, the Great
+Spirit.  After that, he sings of the four winds, North-wind,
+South-wind, East-wind, West-wind.  Then we come to Hiawatha's
+childhood.  He lived with his grandmother, old Nokomis.  His mother
+was Wenonah, but she died when Hiawatha was born.
+
+  By the shining Big-Sea-Water,
+  Stood the wigwam of Nokomis,
+  Daughter of the Moon, Nokomis.
+  Dark behind it rose the forest,
+  Rose the black and gloomy pine-trees,
+  Rose the firs with cones upon them;
+  Bright before it beat the water,
+  Beat the clear and sunny water,
+  Beat the shining Big-Sea-Water.
+
+
+Here Hiawatha was brought up.  He saw the fire-flies, and heard the
+owls, and he learned to know the name and language of all birds and
+beasts.  When he was old enough, Iagoo, who was a friend of Nokomis,
+made him a bow and arrows, and told him to bring home a roebuck so
+that they all might have food.  After this, Hiawatha meets his
+father, Mudjekeewis, the West-wind, who had gone away and left his
+mother.  Indian stories, like Greek stories, tell of the immortals
+coming down to earth.  Hiawatha had a great struggle or contest with
+Mudjekeewis, who had {127} deserted Wenonah, and Hiawatha, now a
+young man, was such a mighty warrior that Mudjekeewis could scarcely
+withstand him.  At last he said to Hiawatha,
+
+  "Hold, my son, my Hiawatha!
+  'Tis impossible to kill me,
+  For you cannot kill the immortal.
+  I have put you to this trial,
+  But to know and prove your courage;
+  Now receive the prize of valour!
+    "Go back to your home and people,
+  Live among them, toil among them,
+  Cleanse the earth from all that harms it,
+  Clear the fishing-grounds and rivers,
+  Slay all monsters and magicians,
+  All the giants, the Wendigoes,
+  All the serpents, the Kenabeeks,
+  As I slew the Mishe-Mokwa,
+  Slew the Great Bear of the mountains."
+
+
+On his way home, Hiawatha was buying arrow-heads from the
+arrow-maker, and there he met and fell in love with Minnehaha.  Later
+in the story, you will read of Hiawatha's wooing and of the
+wedding-feast.  But before his wedding, Hiawatha completes his first
+great service for his people.  He discovers the secret of a food,
+Indian corn or maize, a new gift to the Indian nations which was to
+be their food for ever.
+
+One of the most attractive of the Hiawatha stories tells how he built
+his canoe.
+
+  "Give me of your bark, O Birch-Tree!
+  Of your yellow bark, O Birch-Tree!
+  Growing by the rushing river,
+    Tall and stately in the valley!
+  I a light canoe will build me,
+{128}
+  Build a swift Cheemaun for sailing,
+  That shall float upon the river,
+  Like a yellow leaf in Autumn,
+  Like a yellow water-lily!"
+
+
+After this, we read in the story of how Hiawatha slew Pearl-Feather,
+the greatest of magicians, of many other deeds of Hiawatha, and of
+his joys and sorrows.  Finally, the white man comes.  Then Hiawatha
+is ready for his departure; and his people greatly lament his going.
+
+    Thus departed Hiawatha,
+  Hiawatha the Beloved,
+  In the glory of the sunset,
+  In the purple mists of evening,
+  To the regions of the home-wind,
+  Of the Northwest wind Keewaydin,
+  To the Islands of the Blessed,
+  To the kingdom of Ponemah
+  To the land of the Hereafter!
+
+
+_Hiawatha_, and other stories in verse, travel round the world in
+books, and boys and girls read them in every country.  But old
+ballads, the simple songs sung among the peoples of different
+countries, so old that no one knows how old they are, which we read
+about in Chapter seventeen, have their own ways of travelling.  Some
+of these ballads crossed the sea when the first settlers came, and in
+parts of the North American continent to-day, the old words and the
+old airs are sung by descendants of the people who first brought them
+across the ocean.  Two of the places where these ballads are still
+sung are in North Carolina, and in Nova Scotia where sailors and
+lumberjacks sing many shanties or songs.
+
+{129}
+
+The most beautiful old songs, however, on this continent are the
+French chansons of Quebec which were brought over from France when
+the French first came to Canada.  Now French settlement in Canada
+ceased early in the eighteenth century, so these songs must at least
+be as old as the seventeenth century.  They are probably considerably
+more than three hundred years old.  Various collections of the
+_chansons_ have been published.  Many of them are happy and romantic
+songs.  One of the most beautiful is a Christmas song.
+
+Here is the story of the song told very briefly.  Then you will find
+the song printed in its own French words.  If you do not know French
+well, still you should try to make out the meaning of the words.  No
+translation can give the meaning, or the perfume, as we sometimes
+say, of the beautiful old song exactly.
+
+The singer meets a shepherd-maid and asks where she has been.  She
+answers that when she was out walking she had come by the stable, and
+had seen a miracle.  What did you see? asks the singer.  She had seen
+a baby lying cradled on the straw.  Was he beautiful!  As beautiful
+as the sun.  Had she seen nothing more?  Mary, his mother, who nursed
+her child, and Joseph, his father, trembling with the cold.  Nothing
+more?  The ox and the ass were near the stall, warming with their
+breath the place where the baby lay.  Nothing more?  Three little
+angels coming down from heaven singing the praises of the Father
+Eternal.
+
+{130}
+
+  D'ou viens-tu, bergère,
+  D'ou viens-tu?
+  'Je viens de l'étable
+    De m'y promener;
+  J' ai vu un miracle
+  Ce soir arrivé.
+
+  Qu' as-tu vu, bergère,
+  Qu' as-tu vu?
+  'J'ai vu dans la crèche
+  Un petit enfant
+  Sur la paille frâiche
+  Mis bien tendrement.'
+
+  Est-il beau, bergère,
+  Est-il beau?
+  This beau que la lune,
+  Aussi le soleil;
+  Jamais dans le monde
+  On vit son pareil.'
+
+  Rien de plus, bergère,
+  Rien de plus?
+  'Saint' Marie, sa mere,
+  Qui lui fait boir' du lait,
+  Saint Joseph, son père,
+  Qui tremble de froid.'
+
+  Rien de plus, bergère,
+  Rien de plus?
+  'Ya le bœuf et l'âne
+  Qui sont par devant,
+  Avec leur haleine
+  Réchauffant l'enfant.'
+
+  Rien de plus, bergère,
+  Rien de plus?
+  'Ya trois petits anges
+  Descendus du ciel
+  Chantant les louanges
+  Du Père éternal.'
+
+
+
+
+{131}
+
+PART V
+
+SOME GREAT IMAGINATIVE WRITERS
+
+
+
+{133}
+
+CHAPTER XX
+
+DANTE--CERVANTES--SPENSER
+
+Dante, an Italian poet, was born in Florence, in 1265, a long time
+ago, and lived in what we call the Middle Ages.  Italy then was
+divided into factions who fought with each other most of the time,
+and people had very uneasy, uncomfortable lives.  Once, when Dante
+was a boy, he saw a girl whose name was Beatrice Portinari.  We do
+not know how often he saw her; possibly even, they scarcely spoke to
+one another.  But he never forgot Beatrice.  He studied at more than
+one university, and had also much to do with fighting.  While she was
+still very young, Beatrice died.  She remained always to Dante the
+loveliest and most lovable person he had ever seen.  Dante, however,
+married and had sons and daughters.
+
+When he was little more than thirty years old, Dante was exiled from
+Florence, and never returned to his home, but led the life of a
+wanderer.  He had written other poems; in his exile he wrote a very
+great poem called _The Divine Comedy_, or, in Italian, _Divina
+Commedia_.  The idea of the poem is to give a picture in a vision of
+the life that comes after this life; and in this way to tell us what
+is truly important in our present life.
+
+Dante divided his poem into three parts.  He called the first part
+Inferno, the second part {134} Purgatorio, and the third part
+Paradiso, following the conceptions and beliefs of his own time.  The
+scenery he describes is in reality Italian scenery.  In the poem, or
+vision, he has two guides, the Latin poet Virgil, whose _Æneid_ is
+one of the great poems of the world; and Beatrice, who shows him the
+glories of Paradise.  Dante thinks of Beatrice now as an angel in
+heaven, who has grown strong and more lovely, and who teaches and
+helps him in many ways.
+
+Some day, perhaps, you will visit Italy, and if you have not read the
+_Divine Comedy_ before that time, you likely will read the poem then
+for it gives a true, wonderful picture of the mountainous country of
+Italy.  One of the best translations of Dante's great poem is by the
+Rev. H. F. Cary.  It is called _The Vision of Dante_.  Here is how
+Beatrice, his guide, first appeared to Dante when he met her in his
+vision in the Purgatorio:
+
+    I have beheld, ere now, at break of day,
+  The eastern clime all roseate, and the sky
+  Oppos'd, one deep and beautiful serene,
+  And the sun's face so shaded, and with mists
+  Attempered at his rising, that the eye
+  Long while endur'd the sight: thus in a cloud
+  Of flowers, that from those hands angelic rose,
+  And down, within and outside of the car
+  Fell showering, in white veil with olive wreath'd,
+  A virgin in my view appear'd, beneath
+  Green mantle, rob'd in hue of living flame:
+  And o'er my spirit, that in former days
+  Within her presence had abode so long,
+  No shudd'ring terror crept.  Mine eyes no more
+  Had knowledge of her; yet there mov'd from her
+  A hidden virtue, at whose touch awak'd,
+  The power of ancient love was strong within me.
+
+
+{135}
+
+It is possible, perhaps even it is certain, that the first time you
+read these lines you will not care for them very much.  After a
+while, when you have read them several times, you likely will begin
+to feel that the words express purity, elevation, and an ethereal
+beauty which belong only to our highest thoughts and feelings.  These
+are qualities which are characteristic of Dante's writings.
+
+There is one other quotation from the _Divine Comedy_ that you may
+like to read before we leave Dante's poem.  Paradiso, the third part,
+naturally is the most beautiful.  Dante imagines in his vision the
+blessed spirits in Paradise, singing praises in a great choir.  This
+choir he sees arrayed in many circles, one circle surrounding another
+circle, like the leaves of a rose.  The lines quoted are from the
+beginning of the thirty-first canto:
+
+  In fashion, as a snow-white rose, lay then
+  Before my view the saintly multitude,
+  Which in his own blood Christ espous'd.  Meanwhile
+  That other host, that soar aloft to gaze
+  And celebrate his glory, whom they love,
+  Hover'd around; and, like a troop of bees,
+  Amid the vernal sweets alighting now,
+  Now, clustering, where their fragrant labour glows,
+  Flew downward to the mighty flow'r, or rose
+  From the redundant petals, streaming back
+  Unto the steadfast dwelling of their joy.
+  Faces had they of flame, and wings of gold;
+  The rest was whiter than the driven snow.
+  And as they flitted down into the flower,
+  From range to range, fanning their plumy loins,
+  Whisper'd the peace and ardour, which they won
+  From that soft winnowing.  Shadow none, the vast
+{136}
+  Interposition of such numerous flight
+  Cast, from above, upon the flower, or view
+  Obstructed aught.  For, through the universe,
+  Wherever merited, celestial light
+  Glides freely, and no obstacle prevents.
+
+
+No, these lines are not easy to read or to understand.  But there is
+a fascination in reading them, nevertheless.  We are able to lay hold
+of an idea, a picture, a scene, very bright and beautiful, full of
+light and glory.  When you read the lines again, perhaps in a few
+months, you will find that the picture is clearer, and that the lines
+will not seem so hard to understand.  Most of us like to remember,
+whether we have read the _Divine Comedy_ or not, that Dante was an
+Italian poet who lived a long time ago, that he had seen and loved
+Beatrice in his youth, and that later in his life Dante made a great
+poem in which he tells of Beatrice, and of life on the other side of
+death.
+
+Some of you, no doubt, have played, when you felt like it, at being
+knights errant.  You have imagined that you were dressed in armour,
+and that you were mounted on splendid steeds.  Then, of course, as
+knights errant, you had to carry out successfully some hard task or
+accomplish some brave deed.  Once upon a time, almost exactly in the
+same years during which Shakespeare was living in England, a Spanish
+writer called Cervantes wrote a book, _The Delightful History of the
+Most Ingenious Knight Don Quixote of the Mancha_, which tells how a
+man of fifty resolved that he would be a knight errant.
+
+By this time, at the beginning of the seventeenth century, it had
+gone out of fashion to wear armour {137} every day; and Don Quixote
+had a good deal of trouble to find what he wanted.  But he owned part
+of a helmet, and he made out of pasteboard and strips of iron a
+contrivance to take the place of the part that was missing.  He had a
+target, or shield, and a lance.  Then he must have a steed.  He had a
+horse that was little more than skin and bone.  He thought this horse
+would do, and he called it Rozinante.  He wanted a lady to love and
+serve.  There was a young woman who lived in a village not far away
+whom he did not know very well, but he had to have someone to call
+the lady of his thoughts, so he decided she would do, and he called
+her Dulcinea, since he thought that would sound as if she were a
+princess or great lady.  Then after a while, he chose as his squire a
+labourer who had no horse, but he had an ass, and his name was Sancho
+Panza.  Don Quixote promised Sancho that on their adventures, if he
+captured an island, he would make Sancho the governor of it; and so
+they set out on their journeys.
+
+Don Quixote was a very odd man.  He often mistook ordinary things for
+wonderful marvels.  He and Sancho had not gone far when they saw
+thirty or forty windmills in a field.  Don Quixote said, Behold, here
+are thirty or forty monstrous giants.  Sancho answered, no, that they
+were windmills.  But Don Quixote set his lance in rest and charged
+one of the giants or windmills.  He struck the windmill.  Its arms
+flew round, and gave Don Quixote and Rozinante a very bad fall.
+
+Another day he said to Sancho that he saw a knight coming to meet
+them, riding a dapple-grey {138} horse, and wearing a helmet of gold
+on his head.  Sancho thought that he saw a man riding a grey ass with
+something on his head that shone in the sunlight.  The man proved to
+be the village barber, carrying his barber's basin on his head, and
+riding a grey ass as Sancho had said.  But Don Quixote was certain
+that he was a knight, and the basin really a magic helmet.  So Don
+Quixote and Rozinante charged at the barber, but he jumped off his
+ass and ran away.
+
+Many other adventures of this kind befell Don Quixote and Sancho.  If
+they came to an inn, Don Quixote thought it was a castle.  Any men
+they met on the road were knights, or robbers, or under enchantment,
+and Don Quixote wanted either to fight them or to rescue them.  In
+the beginning of the story, Sancho thought his master was only a very
+silly person.  But as time went by, Sancho saw that he was kind,
+good, unselfish and brave, although he made so many mistakes, and
+Sancho came to love his master dearly.
+
+Finally, near the end of the story, Don Quixote thought he saw a lady
+in distress and meant to rescue her.  But the lady was only an image
+that some men were carrying from one place to another.  They laughed
+at Don Quixote and then they beat him until he was almost dead.
+Sancho was distracted with grief and made a great lamentation over
+his master, praising him for all his virtues.  Here is part of what
+Sancho said of Don Quixote:
+
+"O humbler of the proud, and stately to the humbled, undertaker of
+perils, endurer of affronts, enamoured without cause, imitator of
+good men, {139} whip of the evil, enemy of the wicked, and, in
+conclusion, knight-errant than which no greater thing may be said!"
+
+After this, Don Quixote was so bruised and sick that he and Sancho
+had to go home.  And so ended Don Quixote's adventures.
+
+Cervantes' novel was a success as soon as it was published.  All the
+world laughed at Don Quixote, but all the world loved him too.  He
+has never been forgotten, or Sancho either.  A very great many people
+carry about with them in their minds a picture of a tall, lean man,
+in rusty armour, riding a very thin horse, and carrying a lance.  A
+short, fat man on an ass rides behind him.  These are Don Quixote and
+Sancho.  Now we know something of what it means when people say this
+man or that man has been "tilting at windmills".
+
+An English poet, Edmund Spenser, who lived in Queen Elizabeth's time,
+wrote a famous poem called _The Faery Queen_ which tells the story of
+the Red Cross Knight.  After a long period of wars and religious
+troubles, Spenser was the first noted English poet, since the time of
+Chaucer, to write exquisite verse.  He was the forerunner of a
+greater poet who, as you know, was Shakespeare.  We will learn some
+facts concerning Chaucer's history in another chapter.
+
+People love to read Spenser's _Faery Queen_.  The first line of the
+poem seems to tell how melodious and sweet the whole poem is to be.
+
+"A gentle knight was pricking on the plaine."  Spenser was the first
+to show the music, grace, and inexhaustible riches of the English
+tongue.
+
+{140}
+
+The Red Cross Knight had been given a hard task.  He was to kill a
+fierce dragon.  In the first book of _The Faery Queen_, Canto XI, you
+will find a description of this dragon.  The Red Cross Knight was
+sworn to defend Una, a beautiful maiden, but he was deceived by
+enchantments, and Una was left to wander alone in woods and on
+wastes.  Here is Spenser's beautiful description of Una:--
+
+                              Her angels face,
+  As the great eye of heaven, shyned bright,
+  And made a sunshine in the shadie place;
+
+
+When Una was wandering alone in a wood, a lion sprang at her out of a
+thicket.  But when the lion saw her, he kissed her feet and licked
+her hands, and after that he was her defender.
+
+The story ends happily.  The dreadful dragon is slain by the Red
+Cross Knight who finds Una again.  But what we love most in _The
+Faery Queen_ is not so much the story, as the sweet and lovely music
+of Spenser's wonderful lines, such lines as you will find in Canto IX
+of the first book, and also in Canto VIII of the second book.  The
+second stanza of Canto VIII, second book, tells of the angels
+visiting the earth to care for us.
+
+  How oft do they their silver bowers leave
+  To come to succour us, that succour want,
+  How oft do they with golden pineons cleave
+  The flitting skyes, like flying pursuivant,
+  Against foule feendes to aide us militant:
+  They for us fight, they watch and dewly ward,
+  And their bright squadrons round about us plant;
+  And all for love, and nothing for reward:
+  O, why should heavenly God to men have such regard?
+
+
+{141}
+
+You will notice that the spelling of some of the words in the poem is
+not the same as we use.  They are the same words only spelled
+differently.  For Spenser lived nearly four hundred years ago.
+
+
+Would you like to have the names and dates of some of those who are
+counted among the greatest writers of the world?  Then you may trace
+for yourselves how the inspiration of genius is found from age to age
+in different countries.
+
+Homer wrote about nine hundred years before the birth of Christ.
+Virgil, the Latin poet,--you remember that both Kipling and Macaulay
+have told us something of the Romans, the great law-givers and
+road-builders whose language was the Latin language,--lived and wrote
+from 70 B.C. to 19 B.C.  The following names and dates, you will
+easily understand.
+
+  Dante, 1265-1321.
+
+  Cervantes, 1547-1616.
+
+  Shakespeare, 1564-1616.
+
+  Goethe, 1749-1832.
+
+Johann Wolfgang Goethe was a German writer whose most famous works
+are _Faust_ and _Wilhelm Meister_.  He lived at almost the same time
+as Scott.  Several of the writers in the Bible belong to the same
+rank as those named in this brief list.
+
+
+
+
+{142}
+
+CHAPTER XXI
+
+JOHN BUNYAN AND THE PILGRIM's PROGRESS
+
+The story begins in this way.
+
+"As I walked through the wilderness of this world, I lighted on a
+certain place where was a den, and laid me down in that place to
+sleep; and as I slept, I dreamed a dream.  I dreamed, and, behold, I
+saw a man clothed in rags standing in a certain place, with his face
+from his own house, a book in his hand, and a great burden upon his
+back."
+
+We wonder why the man had a burden on his back, and we wish we could
+help him to get rid of it.
+
+A man called Evangelist met the man with a burden on his back.
+Evangelist pointed out to the man a wicket-gate, and asked him if he
+could see a shining light.  When the man answered that he did,
+Evangelist told him to go straight to the gate and knock at it.  Then
+he would be told what he was to do.  Now the man's name was Christian.
+
+On the way to the gate, he fell into a muddy bog which was called the
+Slough of Despond.  Then a man called Help came and pulled him out.
+After that, Mr. Worldly-Wiseman told him not to go to the gate, but
+to a village where Mr. Legality lived.  Christian turned aside from
+his way, and presently came to some rocks which hung over so far he
+was afraid they would fall on him, and fire {143} came out of the
+rocks and he was very much afraid.  But Evangelist found him again
+and set him on the right way.  Then Christian came to the gate and
+knocked.
+
+A man answered his knock and showed him how to go to the house of the
+Interpreter.  There he saw many wonderful things which you must read
+about in _The Pilgrim's Progress_.  Not long after Christian left the
+house of the Interpreter, he came to a place where there was a Cross
+and there his burden fell off.
+
+After that he came to the Hill Difficulty, which was so steep that
+sometimes he had to clamber up on his hands and knees.  He got up the
+hill; then he remembered that he had been told he would meet two
+lions.  He went on his way feeling very despondent, but presently he
+looked up and saw a stately palace called Beautiful, so he hastened
+to get to it.
+
+He came first to a lodge, and there was a porter in the lodge who
+helped him past the lions.  After all, the lions were chained, but it
+was a narrow place and they might have caught Christian if the porter
+had not helped him.
+
+Christian had a very happy holiday in the House Beautiful, and there
+he made many friends.  Before he left to continue his journey, they
+showed him on a clear day the Delectable Mountains from which one can
+see the gate of the Celestial City.  The Celestial City was to be the
+end of Christian's pilgrimage.  After that he met another pilgrim
+called Faithful, and he was not alone any more.
+
+{144}
+
+After a little while, Christian and Faithful came to the Valley of
+Humiliation, and met in it a terrible monster called Apollyon.  He
+had scales like a fish, wings like a dragon, feet like a bear, and a
+mouth like the mouth of a lion.  Christian fought Apollyon.  Apollyon
+wounded Christian, and knocked his sword out of his hand.  But
+Christian caught his sword again and gave Apollyon a great wound.
+"And, with that, Apollyon spread forth his dragon's wings, and sped
+him away, so that Christian saw him no more."
+
+Then Faithful and Christian came to a town called Vanity, where the
+people had a fair called Vanity Fair.  In this town with the great
+fair, Faithful and Christian were arrested, because of their
+religion.  They were tried by a judge and jury, and Faithful was put
+to death.  Christian was put back into prison, but he escaped.  And
+after that he had another companion on his pilgrimage who was called
+Hopeful.
+
+They came to a river and a beautiful meadow.  But they lost their way
+and when they were asleep, Giant Despair of Doubting-castle found
+them and put them into a dungeon.  Hopeful encouraged Christian, but
+they had a very sad time in the dungeon, until Christian suddenly
+remembered that he had a key which he had been told would open any
+lock in Doubting-castle.  And so they escaped.
+
+Now they came to the Delectable Mountains, and there they met
+shepherds who entertained them.  From there they went on, and began
+to feel that they were drawing near the end of their {145} journey.
+They passed through the Enchanted Ground with some difficulty, and
+came to the country of Beulah whose air is very sweet and pleasant,
+and there they met some of the inhabitants of the Celestial City.
+
+They could see the City, which was glorious.  But before they could
+get to it, they had to cross a river.  Hopeful helped Christian.
+"Christian therefore presently found ground to stand upon, and so it
+followed that the rest of the river was but shallow, thus they got
+over."  After that, they had no more difficulty.  But shining ones
+came to meet them, and trumpeters who welcomed them with shouting and
+sound of trumpet.
+
+"This done, they compassed them round on every side, some went
+before, some behind, and some on the right hand, some on the left,
+(as it were to guard them through the upper regions), continually
+sounding as they went, with melodious noise, in notes on high; so
+that the very sight was to them that could behold it as if heaven
+itself were come down to meet them.  Thus, therefore, they walked on
+together; and, as they walked, ever and anon these trumpeters, even
+with joyful sound, would, by mixing their music with looks and
+gestures, still signify to Christian and his brother how welcome they
+were into their company, and with what gladness they came to meet
+them.  And now were these two men, as it were, in heaven, before they
+came at it, being swallowed up with the sight of angels, and with
+hearing their melodious notes.  Here also they had the City itself in
+view; and they thought they heard all the bells therein to ring, to
+welcome {146} them thereto.  But, above all, the warm and joyful
+thoughts that they had about their own dwelling there, with such
+company, and that for ever and ever; oh! by what tongue, or pen, can
+their glorious joy be expressed!  Thus they came up to the gate."
+
+A second part of The Pilgrim's Progress tells how Christiana,
+Christian's wife, and their children, and Mercy, a friend, went on
+the same pilgrimage, with Mr. Great-heart to take care of them.  Mr.
+Great-heart is one of the most splendid heroes in any book.
+
+John Bunyan, who wrote _The Pilgrim's Progress_, was the son of a
+tinker.  He was himself a tinker.  He was a soldier in Cromwell's
+army, and then he was a preacher.  Only certain people were allowed
+to preach at that time, and they arrested Bunyan.  He was in prison a
+number of years.  They were willing to let him out, but he would not
+promise not to preach.  Brave John Bunyan!  He had a brave wife too,
+who did all she could to help him.
+
+He was sentenced to prison twice, the second time only for a few
+months when he was kept in the gaol in Bedford town in England.
+Bunyan wrote _The Pilgrim's Progress_ in a room in Bedford gaol which
+is built on the bridge that crosses the river Ouse, and while he
+wrote he could hear the noise of the river flowing by.  Perhaps this
+is one reason why he writes so beautifully of rivers in the story.
+
+
+
+
+{147}
+
+CHAPTER XXII
+
+THACKERAY--MEREDITH--HARDY
+
+You remember David Copperfield, Peggoty, Mr. Pickwick, Sam Weller,
+and scores of others, all of whom we found living so intensely and
+abundantly in Dickens' novels.
+
+Many other novelists, as well as Charles Dickens, have made
+interesting, delightful characters for us to know and love.  In this
+chapter and the chapter following, we will learn something of a group
+of writers, men and women, in whose novels we find wonderful
+knowledge of human nature, not as wonderful as Shakespeare's
+knowledge perhaps, but showing the same deep insight as Scott and
+Dickens.
+
+The writers spoken of are not very widely separated in time.  Two of
+them lived and wrote as recently as from the middle of the nineteenth
+century down to the present.  George Meredith died in 1909, and
+Thomas Hardy in 1928.  The whole group represents a very brilliant
+period in English literature.
+
+William Makepeace Thackeray was born in Calcutta in India.  Like the
+children of other Anglo-Indian civil servants, he was sent home to
+England when he was a very little boy, leaving his mother behind him
+in India.  Thackeray had a deeply affectionate nature.  All his life
+he was devoted to his own people.  No one can rightly {148}
+understand his novels who does not remember that Thackeray was
+tender-hearted.  We can read a letter that the little boy William
+Makepeace wrote to his mother when he was seven years old.  His
+mother kept it carefully.  Some years ago when his daughter, Mrs.
+Ritchie, herself a novelist, was writing memories of her famous
+father, she printed the little letter in her Introduction to _The
+Newcomes_.
+
+There is nothing in the letter to show that the boy was to be a great
+writer, but as long as he lived he wrote these loving letters to his
+mother.  When he was a man with children of his own, his home was his
+mother's home whenever she liked to come to stay with him.  It was
+his stepfather's home also, for his mother had married again.  He
+told his own children that when he was a boy at school, he sometimes
+used to pray that he would dream of his mother in the night, for he
+was lonely and not very happy.
+
+_Vanity Fair_ is the name of one of Thackeray's great novels.  You
+know where Thackeray found the name,--in _The Pilgrim's Progress_.
+His novel is intended as a picture of people who are interesting and
+very real, but many of whom are selfish, false and hard-hearted.
+Thackeray painted the world as he had experienced it, and he tried to
+show what a difference there is between love and hate, selfishness
+and unselfishness.  _Vanity Fair_ has a famous opening chapter.
+Becky Sharp, and Amelia Sedley, two girls, are leaving a boarding
+school.  Becky is clever, amusing and poor.  Amelia is gentle, a
+little dull perhaps, and her people are rich.  The school-mistresses
+make {149} a great fuss over Amelia, but are disagreeable to Becky.
+So Becky throws the dictionary, which is Miss Pinkerton's parting
+gift, out of the window of the coach as they are driving away.
+_Vanity Fair_ is a famous novel.  When you read it, as you will some
+day, you will learn the story of Becky and Amelia, of George Osborne
+whom Amelia marries, of Jos. Sedley, Amelia's brother, of Rawdon
+Crawley, the man Becky married, and of splendid, faithful Major
+Dobbin.  There are chapters which tell of how George Osborne goes to
+fight at the battle of Waterloo, and again of when the battle is
+over, that we can never forget.  Thackeray's style is so golden and
+perfect that to read anything he has written is like listening to
+strains of pure music.
+
+Other novels by Thackeray which rank with _Vanity Fair_ are _Esmond_
+and _The Virginians_, _Pendennis_ and _The Newcomes_.  One of the
+most famous characters in _Esmond_ is the exquisitely beautiful
+Beatrix Esmond who turned away from love for ambition.  Colonel
+Newcome in _The Newcomes_ is one of the people who have been chosen
+by the world to represent nobility of character, a man high-minded,
+distinguished, brave, honest, pure and humble of heart.
+
+There are scenes of great tenderness and nobility in Thackeray's
+novels.  Two, which may be mentioned, are in Esmond--Lady Castlewood
+welcoming Henry Esmond home, Book II, chapter six, and again Lady
+Castlewood vindicating Esmond, Book III, chapter four.  Find _Esmond_
+and read these chapters or ask someone to read them to you.  When
+Thackeray tells in _Vanity {150} Fair_ how George Osborne lies with
+his face to the sky after Waterloo, every reader's heart is stilled
+and touched.  But many people think that the most famous instance of
+Thackeray's genius is in the end of _The Newcomes_ when Colonel
+Newcome, impoverished, living in Grey Friars Hospital, thinks that he
+is a boy at school again, and answers the calling of the roll after
+the fashion in his old school at Charterhouse.
+
+Several biographies have been written of Thackeray, but you will find
+the most interesting details of the life of this great writer in the
+biographical notes written by his daughter, Mrs. Ritchie, for what is
+called the Biographical Edition of Thackeray's works.
+
+Meredith, unlike Thackeray, writes in a style which is difficult to
+read; but he is brilliant, sparkling, and wonderfully clever.  We
+need to bring to his novels all the intelligence and powers of
+application which we possess.  But when difficulties are overcome,
+there is great delight in reading Meredith.  He is never dull.  There
+is always meaning, like precious gold, to find in his novels, and in
+his poems too, for Meredith was a poet.  Meredith shows us that our
+minds, characters and wills have a conquering quality; we are not at
+the mercy of impulses, instincts and intuitions.  Not since
+Shakespeare wrote, has any genius drawn such portraits of women as
+appear in Meredith's novels.  Three of his most brilliant and
+fascinating women characters are Diana in _Diana of the Crossways_,
+Clara Middleton and Laetitia Dale in _The Egoist_.  There is also in
+_The Egoist_ a splendidly drawn portrait {151} of a boy, Crossjay
+Patterne.  This boy and the beautiful, high-minded Clara Middleton
+are friends and playmates; it is quite possible for a boy or a girl
+to have a grown-up friend, who is at the same time a playmate.
+
+_Diana of the Crossways_ and _The Egoist_ are perhaps the most
+readable among the many novels Meredith has written.  Sir Willoughby
+Patterne in _The Egoist_ is a study of a man whose interests are
+centered in himself.  Diana is charming, brilliant, impulsive, and of
+a noble nature.  She is a very attractive heroine.
+
+Thomas Hardy was born in 1840, in a tiny village called Higher
+Bockhampton, in the parish of Stinsford, Dorset, England.  It is a
+country of woods and heaths, lonely and silent.  Old customs and
+manners were maintained in this place in the heart of England, long
+after they had disappeared in more populous centres.  Hardy's novels
+tell us of the quaint customs, and of the interesting and picturesque
+characters that he knew in his youth.  Three of his early novels,
+_Under the Greenwood Tree_, _The Return of the Native_, and _The
+Trumpet-Major_ seem to hold under a magic spell, for our enjoyment,
+old England and the people of old England, not at a time as long ago
+as when the fairies were supposed to live, but near the beginning of
+the nineteenth century, when people were looking for Napoleon
+Bonaparte to invade England from France across the Channel.
+
+Hardy himself, his father and his grandfather were all fond of music,
+and we read much of people singing and dancing in Hardy's early
+novels, {152} of the members of the church choir, of glee and carol
+singers.  Thomas Hardy, when he was a lad, used to play the fiddle at
+dances in the farm houses nearby where he lived.  His mother did not
+allow him to take any money for his playing, but once he broke the
+rule and with the few shillings he had been given bought a copy of
+the _Boys' Own Book_.  This book was kept in Hardy's library all his
+life.  He played at weddings too.  No doubt, the boy learned much of
+his neighbours in this way of which afterwards his genius made use in
+his novels.
+
+Some of the most charming scenes that Hardy ever wrote you will find
+in the first five chapters of _Under the Greenwood Tree_.  Read these
+chapters, and you will see the English landscape long ago on a
+Christmas Eve.  You will breathe the pure, chill air, and sing
+Christmas carols with the other carollers.  The story begins: "To
+dwellers in a wood almost every species of tree has its voice as well
+as its feature."
+
+To the end of his life, Hardy was fascinated by the story of
+Napoleon.  In the country where he lived, there lived also older men
+who had fought against Napoleon, and many who remembered the dread
+with which people looked for his invasion of England.  One of Hardy's
+early novels, _The Trumpet-Major_, is a fine tale of country folk, of
+soldiers and sailors who fought against Napoleon, and of the
+press-gang that carried away men to serve in the Navy.  But, proudest
+recollection of all for the novelist, the Hardy who held the great
+Nelson in his arms when he lay dying victorious in the cockpit of his
+ship, _The Victory_, after {153} Trafalgar, belonged to the same
+family as his own.  You remember, Nelson whispered, "Kiss me, Hardy."
+
+Little wonder that Thomas Hardy, who also was a poet besides being a
+novelist, wrote what is perhaps his greatest work in a poetical drama
+called _The Dynasts_, a drama of the Napoleonic wars.
+
+This poetical drama is a great vision of war, of suffering, brave,
+stout-hearted, jesting men, and of mighty spirits who from some vast
+height view the battling world, and wonder what the future of mankind
+may be.  Such lines as the following stay in our memories and
+convince us that Thomas Hardy was not only a great novelist, but a
+great poet.
+
+  The systemed suns the skies enscroll
+  Obey Thee in their rhythmic roll,
+  Ride radiantly at Thy command,
+  Are darkened by Thy Masterhand!
+
+  And these pale panting multitudes
+  Seen surging here, their moils, their moods,
+  All shall "fulfil their joy" in Thee,
+  In Thee abide eternally!
+
+  Exultant adoration give
+  The Alone, through Whom all living live.
+  The Alone, in Whom all dying die,
+  Whose means the End shall justify!
+
+
+
+
+{154}
+
+CHAPTER XXIII
+
+JANE AUSTEN--GEORGE ELIOT--THE BRONTES
+
+Jane Austen is very much like herself, and like no one else.  Most of
+us find people of this description interesting.  It is true, that the
+more we know of Miss Austen, the more interesting we find her.
+
+The characters in her novels are so real that no one has ever been
+able to find any fault with the way in which she created them.
+
+Is it possible for us to discover how it was that she made her
+characters so real?  Mr. Woodhouse is one of the people in Miss
+Austen's novel called _Emma_.  Emma is Mr. Woodhouse's daughter.  He
+is rather an invalid; at least, he thinks he is an invalid.  Emma is
+a kind, good-hearted, managing young lady, who takes good care of her
+father, and who, since Mr. Woodhouse does not want to be troubled
+about anything, has all the responsibility of a large household.
+This arrangement suits Emma perfectly.
+
+Emma often arranges a little tea party to amuse her father.  He likes
+company, and quiet, sociable conversation.  He wants his guests to
+eat, but he is afraid that what they eat will not be good for them.
+On one occasion, Emma had provided minced chicken and scalloped
+oysters, for their guests.  Her father would take only a {155} little
+thin gruel.  Poor Mr. Woodhouse urges the ladies to partake of his
+hospitality in this fashion.
+
+"Mrs. Bates, let me propose your venturing on one of these eggs.  An
+egg boiled very soft is not unwholesome.  Serle understands boiling
+an egg better than anybody.  I would not recommend an egg boiled by
+anybody else,--but you need not be afraid, they are very small, you
+see--one of our small eggs will not hurt you.  Miss Bates, let Emma
+help you to a little bit of tart,--a very little bit.  Ours are all
+apple tarts.  You need not be afraid of unwholesome preserves here.
+I do not advise the custard.  Mrs. Goddard, what say you to half a
+glass of wine,--a small half-glass, put into a tumbler of water?  I
+do not think it could disagree with you."
+
+But Emma took care that their guests had plenty to eat.
+
+Mr. Woodhouse also was very particular about his horses.  He kept
+horses and a coachman, but he seldom thought that the horses ought to
+be taken out.
+
+With delicate, true touches such as these, and in easy conversation,
+Miss Austen builds up her characters.  By the time we have finished
+the story, we know Mr. Woodhouse intimately, and Emma, and Mrs. and
+Miss Bates, Mr. Knightley, and many others.  Is it not true that you
+know a good deal about Mr. Woodhouse only from hearing him speak of
+what food his guests should eat?
+
+Mr. Bennet in _Pride and Prejudice_ is a father of a different
+character.  He has five daughters, but he is fondest of Elizabeth, or
+Eliza as she is {156} often called.  Mrs. Bennet, his wife, is
+unfortunately rather a silly person.  Miss Austen is able to explain
+Mrs. Bennet's character just by letting her talk, and Mrs. Bennet
+talks a great deal.
+
+Mrs. Bennet says to her husband, for instance, that he has no
+compassion on her poor nerves.  Mr. Bennet answers: "You mistake me,
+my dear.  I have a high respect for your nerves.  They are my old
+friends.  I have heard you mention them with consideration these
+twenty years at least."
+
+One would say that Mr. Bennet was, perhaps, not very considerate
+himself, a little inclined to be satirical with his foolish wife.
+But here is part of a conversation of his with Eliza, when she has
+told him at the end of the second book that she was going to be
+married, which shows Mr. Bennet in a better light.
+
+"Well, my dear," said he, when she ceased speaking, "I have no more
+to say.  If this be the case, he deserves you.  I could not have
+parted with you, my Lizzy, to any one less worthy."
+
+How easy and simple it all seems, and yet to write naturally and
+simply, with such entire truth to nature, is one of the most
+difficult arts for any novelist.
+
+Miss Austen wrote six novels altogether, _Pride and Prejudice_,
+_Sense and Sensibility_, _Emma_, _Persuasion_, _Mansfield Park_, and
+_Northanger Abbey_.  She lived and wrote a little more than a hundred
+years ago, but her books are read and admired to-day perhaps more
+than at any previous time.  There is something very charming and
+interesting in Miss Austen's reticence, truthfulness, strength of
+character, crystal purity and delightful {157} humour.  Her field is
+narrow, she is not eloquent or sublime, but her work in its own way
+is perfect.
+
+When Miss Austen wrote, it was not the fashion for ladies to write,
+and she often used to hide her manuscript beneath a bit of sewing, or
+place it hastily in a drawer when a door near where she wrote creaked
+on its hinges.  We know from some letters written by her family that
+there was such a creaking door.
+
+Mr. Kipling has written a poem in praise of Jane Austen which you
+will find in his book called _Debits and Credits_.  He pictures Miss
+Austen being met at heaven's gate by some of the great novelists:
+Good Sir Walter, you know who that is; Henry, this is a great English
+novelist whose name was Henry Fielding; Tobias, another English
+novelist, Tobias Smollett; Miguel of Spain, this is Cervantes.  From
+this short poem you can judge how highly other writers rank Jane
+Austen.
+
+Tom and Maggie Tulliver are brother and sister.  They appear in
+George Eliot's novel _The Mill on the Floss_.  Tom and Maggie serve,
+perhaps, as the best known instance in fiction of a study of the
+relations between brother and sister.  Certainly, we often think of
+Tom and Maggie, and always we think of them as boy and girl, brother
+and sister.
+
+Tom is very much of a boy.  He is an important person in the family,
+and he is to succeed his father at Dorlcote Mill, which is on the
+river Floss.
+
+{158}
+
+Is not this a beautiful description of Dorlcote Mill?  George Eliot
+must have been writing of a mill that she knew and loved:
+
+"And this is Dorlcote Mill.  I must stand a minute or two here on the
+bridge and look at it, though the clouds are threatening, and it is
+far on in the afternoon.  Even in this leafless time of departing
+February it is pleasant to look at,--perhaps the chill damp season
+adds a charm to the trimly kept comfortable dwelling-house, as old as
+the elms and chestnuts that shelter it from the northern blast.  The
+stream is brimful now, and lies high in this little withy plantation,
+and half drowns the grassy fringe of the croft in front of the house.
+As I look at the full stream, the vivid grass, the delicate
+bright-green powder softening the outline of the great trunks and
+branches that gleam from under the bare purple boughs, I am in love
+with moistness, and envy the white ducks that are dipping their heads
+far into the water here among the withes, unmindful of the awkward
+appearance they make in the drier world above."
+
+Maggie Tulliver is a wonderful study of a girl, later of a young
+woman.  No one surely can help loving Maggie, who adored Tom with all
+her heart, who was often in disgrace with her mother, as for
+instance, when she cut off her hair, who spent a great part of her
+time reading books, and who was her father's favourite.  Tom was
+rather hard on Maggie.  When they grew up there was a sad time when
+Tom refused to have anything to do with her.  Yet Maggie always loved
+Tom best.  At the end of the story, there is a flood.  {159} The
+river rises so high that everyone's life is in danger.  And Maggie
+comes alone by herself in a boat to rescue Tom.
+
+It is probable, indeed it is certain, that George Eliot was writing
+of her own girlhood, and of her feelings for her brother, when she
+created with the power of genius Maggie Tulliver.  Such depth of
+understanding, tenderness, and poignancy of feeling, are only
+possible when one knows people very, very well.  George Eliot knew
+Maggie Tulliver perfectly.
+
+George Eliot, of course, is only a pen name.  The author's real name
+was Mary Ann Evans.  She lived in the country, like the Tullivers,
+and her many novels abound with striking characters among country
+people.  One of the most successful of them is Mrs. Poyser in the
+novel _Adam Bede_.  Mrs. Poyser is famous for her clever sayings,
+full of pithy truth and wit.  It was she who said of some one for
+whom she did not care, that it was a pity he could not be hatched
+over again and hatched different.  Sayings of this kind generally are
+spoken by clever people who are not educated, as most of us
+understand education, but who have learned a great deal about life
+and human nature.  This power of inventing wise, amusing sayings is
+called mother wit.
+
+George Eliot was a learned woman, and spent her later life in London.
+But her country books are probably her best.  She wrote a little
+later than Jane Austen, and some time before Hardy.  Another of her
+stories that you are likely to enjoy is _Silas Marner_.  Others,
+besides _The Mill on {160} the Floss_, and _Adam Bede_, are _Romola_,
+_Felix Holt_, _Middlemarch_, and _Daniel Deronda_.
+
+We come now to the story of two of the most romantic figures in
+English literature.  Early in the nineteenth century, a clergyman who
+was of Irish descent and whose name was Patrick Brontë, had a family
+of children most of whom were remarkably gifted.  Those whom we know
+best are Charlotte, Emily, Anne, and a brother Branwell, who was born
+after Charlotte and before Emily.  Branwell might have been an
+artist, but his life was not successful or happy.  Anne wrote
+pleasing stories, but Charlotte and Emily Brontë are sisters whom we
+associate with an atmosphere of strange romance and rich endowment.
+
+Most of their lives was spent in Yorkshire, amidst wild and romantic
+scenery.  They were poor and had few possessions.  Charlotte was a
+governess.  She studied in Brussels in Belgium, and her younger
+sister Emily was with her.  Charlotte was influenced by French
+literature, Emily by all that was strange and mysterious in German
+literature.  Charlotte's best known book is _Jane Eyre_.  Emily's
+masterpiece is _Wuthering Heights_.  Wuthering Heights means a high
+place where great winds blow most of the time.
+
+_Jane Eyre_ is a romantic, extravagant story of a girl who was a
+governess, and of the strange people she met.  The story is not even
+always well-written; yet it is exciting and thrilling.  Few novels
+had such depth of feeling, passion and elevated thought.  No one can
+read Charlotte Brontë's novels without tingling with a {161} feeling
+that here one has met an extraordinary personality.
+
+Emily Brontë was more highly gifted even than her sister Charlotte.
+Everything that is true of _Jane Eyre_ is more true of _Wuthering
+Heights_.  It is a stranger, and more romantic story.  At times, one
+would even say that there is something hard and cruel in _Wuthering
+Heights_.  But there is also natural genius.  Emily wrote a few
+remarkable poems which are more highly esteemed now than they were
+when she died.  One does not say that these two sisters were
+possessed of the highest creative power.  But Charlotte and Emily
+Brontë are among the most interesting and unforgettable of English
+novelists.  Barrie said not long ago of Emily Brontë that she was our
+greatest woman, meaning that he believed her to be the greatest among
+English-speaking women writers.  This sense of greatness you will
+experience for yourselves in the words which end _Wuthering Heights_.
+The story is tragic; but the ending is happy and tranquil, although
+at first it may seem sad.
+
+"I lingered round them, under that benign sky: watched the moths
+fluttering among the heath and harebells, listened to the soft wind
+breathing through the grass, and wondered how anyone could ever
+imagine unquiet slumbers for the sleepers in that quiet earth."
+
+
+
+
+{163}
+
+PART VI
+
+HISTORY, POLITICS, BIOGRAPHY, TRAVEL
+
+
+
+{165}
+
+CHAPTER XXIV
+
+WHAT IS HISTORY!
+
+Most of us like true stories.  Often, when we listen to a story which
+seems interesting and surprising, perhaps even delightful, we say
+when the story is ended, "But, is it true?"  If the answer is no, or
+even that the story is not all true, we are disappointed.
+
+This feeling of wishing to know the truth about people and events,
+about what the world is really like and what it used to be like,
+belongs to human nature.  It is born in our hearts when we are born.
+From the beginning of the world, people have cared for true stories.
+
+As you know, knowledge of remarkable events and people at first was
+repeated by one generation to another by word of mouth.  But
+tradition, although interesting, is often inaccurate.  It does not
+tell the whole, exact true story.  So people were willing to spend a
+great deal of time, and to work very hard, to find out the truth
+about past events and about people who lived in the past.
+
+In this way was born the art and science of history.  History is a
+science, because writing true history requires careful, painstaking,
+unwearied research.  Writing history is also an art, since to make
+events and human beings of long ago, or even of yesterday and to-day,
+live in a book in such a way that we can understand {166} them, and
+read of them with interest and enjoyment, requires imagination and
+all other gifts which are needed to write true histories, or true
+stories.
+
+Herodotus, a Greek, who lived four hundred and eighty-four years
+before the birth of Christ, is called the father of history.  He is a
+model, or pattern, still for historians.  He was not only the first
+great historian, he is one of the greatest among writers of history.
+When he wrote history first, he used to recite what he had composed
+to his friends.  At one of these recitals of history by Herodotus, a
+boy was present with his father.  The boy's name was Thucydides.  He
+was so charmed and excited by what Herodotus said that he burst into
+tears, as we do sometimes when we are greatly moved by a beautiful
+thing.  Thucydides afterwards, when he grew up, became a great
+historian.
+
+In another chapter, we shall try to learn of some interesting modern
+histories, and some famous modern historians,--modern, that is, as
+compared with Herodotus and Thucydides.  But many of the books that
+we have read for other reasons have told us a good deal about people
+who lived long ago, and of their customs.
+
+You remember the ballads of "Chevy Chase" and "The Battle of
+Otterbourne", which tell how the English and Scots fought with one
+another.  These ballads are not accurate history, but they are
+undoubtedly historical.  They take us, with a strange, thrilling
+feeling that we can almost see what must have happened, as far back
+as 1388.
+
+{167}
+
+At the time when Queen Philippa of Hainault was the wife of King
+Edward III of England, a young Hainaulter, a fellow countryman of
+hers, came from France to visit her and brought with him a copy of a
+book of chronicles, written by himself about recent wars in France.
+His name was Sir John Froissart.  He was eager to write true
+histories of his own time, medieval histories as we call them.  You
+will find Sir John Froissart's _Chronicles_ a delightful book to
+read.  Many of the stories which Froissart first wrote are in the
+histories we read to-day.  Queen Philippa was greatly pleased with
+the visit of her young fellow-countryman and with his book.
+Froissart stayed in England for some time, and while he was there
+found out everything he could about the Battle of Otterbourne.  The
+story is told in one of his chronicles.
+
+Here are two short extracts from the chronicle of the Battle of
+Otterbourne.  Froissart wrote in old French.  His chronicles were
+translated into English by Lord Berners in the time of King Henry
+VIII.  In these extracts the old English spelling has been modernized.
+
+"At the beginning the Englishmen were so strong that they reculed
+back their enemies: then the Earl Douglas, who was of great heart and
+high of enterprise, seeing his men recule back, then to recover the
+place and to shew knightly valour, he took his axe in both his hands,
+and entered so into the press that he made himself way in such wise
+that none durst approach near him, and he was so well armed that he
+bare well off such strokes as he received.  Thus he went ever {168}
+forward like a hardy Hector, willing alone to conquer the field and
+to discomfit his enemies: but at last he was encountered with three
+spears all at once, so that he was borne perforce to the earth and
+after that he could not be again relieved.  Some of his knights and
+squires followed him, but not all, for it was night, and no light but
+by the shining of the moon..."
+
+"This battle was fierce and cruel till it came to the end of the
+discomfiture; but when the Scots saw the Englishmen recule and yield
+themselves, then the Scots were courteous and set them to their
+ransom, and every man said to his prisoner: Sirs, go and unarm you
+and take your ease: I am your master': and so made their prisoners as
+good cheer as though they had been brethren, without doing to them
+any damage."
+
+You will notice that part of the battle must have been fought at
+night, for the moon was shining.  It is likely that Froissart was
+told this story by some man who had been at the battle and remembered
+well that there was no light but the light of the moon.  The direct
+account of an eyewitness is one of the most convincing forms of true
+history.  If you will turn to the Acts of the Apostles, you can read
+in the twenty-fifth and twenty-sixth chapters another account by an
+eyewitness, telling how Paul, after he had been kept in prison two
+years, was sent for by a new governor Festus, and of the speech he
+made to Festus, and to King Agrippa and Queen Bernice.  As you know,
+some books of the Bible are histories.  This splendid account of an
+old trial is a fine example of historical writing.
+
+{169}
+
+Old books, old manuscripts, inscriptions, records of all kinds, old
+and new, even buried cities, form part of the material which
+historians study.  A historian may find that the same event is
+related in one manuscript after one fashion, and in another
+manuscript in quite a different way.  So it is that historians always
+want to find corroboration, if possible, for facts which they wish to
+use in their histories.  Thus we see that the work of a historian is
+difficult.  But anyone who writes a history which is true, and well
+authenticated, and interesting to read, has served mankind well.  He
+has increased our knowledge and understanding, and in this way has
+made those who read his history more useful and capable men and women.
+
+Let us take one or two of the easiest and most attractive books that
+a historian might wish to consult, and see if we can find in them any
+facts, or pictures, which might be useful in writing a true history.
+
+Long ago, in the latter part of the fourteenth century, there lived
+an English poet whose name was Geoffrey Chaucer.  He wrote a poem
+called _The Canterbury Tales_ which tells of a number of people who
+were going as pilgrims to a shrine in the great Cathedral at
+Canterbury.  They met in the Tabard Inn in Southwark at London.
+Chaucer describes these people one by one so accurately that we can
+learn how people looked, and what they wore, these many hundred years
+ago.  He tells, too, of the landlord or host who kept the Inn.  His
+name was Harry Bayly.  It seems from other records in the Public
+Record {170} Office in London that the landlord of the Tabard Inn at
+the time actually was a Harry Bayly.  Chaucer, as well as being a
+poet, had a post in the Custom House.  There is a record of Harry
+Bayly paying money into the Customs.  It seems certain that Chaucer's
+descriptions of the Canterbury pilgrims are true and accurate
+pictures of people who lived in his time.
+
+Who were these people?
+
+"A knyght ther was, and that a worthy man,"--Later Chaucer says of
+him that:
+
+"He was a verray parfit gentil knyght."  His son was there, a young
+squire, and among the other pilgrims were a yeoman, a nun, a
+prioress, a monk, a friar, a merchant, a clerk, a sergeant at law, a
+franklin, a haberdasher, a carpenter, a cook, a shipman or sailor, a
+doctor, a goodwife, a ploughman, a reeve, a pardoner, and several
+others.
+
+The squire "was as fressh as in the monthe of May."  The prioress was
+very good-looking.
+
+  Hire nose tretys, hir eyen greye as glas,
+  Hir mouth ful smal and ther-to softe and reed,
+  But sikely she hadde a fair forheed.
+
+These words are easily changed into our modern spelling.  The last
+line, for instance is
+
+  "But certainly she had a fair forehead."
+
+Chaucer describes exactly the way in which each one was dressed.
+Then each of the pilgrims tells a story, and in these stories we find
+more information of how people looked and how they lived in the
+fourteenth century.  Chaucer's poetry, {171} although somewhat
+difficult to read on account of the old words, is fresh and beautiful
+still.
+
+Shakespeare's plays, especially his historical plays, throw a
+wonderful light on the battles, life and customs of England at the
+time of Agincourt, in the Wars of the Roses, and his own lifetime.
+Besides the beauty and greatness of his plays, Shakespeare added
+always to whatever he wrote his wonderful true knowledge of human
+nature.  Turn to Act iii, Scene ii of _King Henry V_, and you will
+read what a boy, serving some of the soldiers, says in all the tumult
+and excitement of the battle.
+
+"Would I were in an alehouse in London!  I would give all my fame for
+a pot of ale and safety."
+
+One of the most important subjects of which many historians write is
+politics.  Charles Dickens, as you know, was a humorist.  In his
+stories, he describes social conditions which existed in the early
+part of the nineteenth century and which later have been somewhat
+improved.  Dickens, possibly, exaggerated a little, and made his
+accounts somewhat of a burlesque of what actually existed.  Yet when
+we want to read a true and very amusing account of an election, which
+might be of use to political historians when they write of the
+earlier part of the nineteenth century, we will find it in chapter
+thirteen of _Pickwick Papers_.
+
+The town of Eatanswill is the scene of the election.  Mr. Pickwick,
+Mr. Tupman, Mr. Snodgrass, Mr. Winkle, and Sam Weller are in
+Eatanswill, and take a lively part in the proceedings.  {172}
+Dickens, as you know, helped to laugh away many abuses.  Elections
+are not carried on in the same way to-day.  But the political
+candidates and newspapers of Eatanswill, what they said, did, and
+printed, make an amusing story which has at the same time not a
+little historical truth.
+
+
+Now we know a very little of how historians try to find out the truth
+about what has happened in the past, so that they may write true
+histories.  Very long ago, people used to believe that each art had
+its own muse, a beautiful being like a goddess, who helped and guided
+followers of her art.  They called the muse of history Clio.  So if
+it pleases us to do so, we can think of the beautiful spirit, or
+muse, of history teaching, entertaining and helping us all.
+
+
+
+
+{173}
+
+CHAPTER XXV
+
+THE MEANING OF POLITICS
+
+We may learn from games a good deal of the nature of politics.
+
+We know that the better the game is organized, the better it will be
+played.  In many games, there are two sides, two captains, and an
+equal number of players on each side.  Captains have duties, players
+have duties.  Captains should be able to think quickly, understand
+quickly, make quick decisions, and not make mistakes any oftener than
+they can help.  They should understand other boys.  Or if the game is
+played by girls, the girl who is captain should understand other
+girls.  Players ought to be willing to obey the captain's word.  Some
+day, the player may be the captain; perhaps he has been a captain
+already.  The whole team, players and captain, should be loyal.  A
+game cannot be altogether successful unless it is played with good
+feeling, generosity, keenness, sportsmanship and honour on both
+sides.  Each side should be on good terms with the other side and
+behave with courtesy.  These things are true in games.  They are true
+also in politics, although, possibly, not quite in the same way.
+
+As soon as people began to live together in communities, some of the
+people wanted the community properly organized and governed.  They
+{174} thought everything belonging to the place in which they lived
+should be carried on in the best, most comfortable way, with justice
+for everybody.  But, unfortunately, there have always been some
+people who want the best only for themselves, and are not willing to
+be just to other people.  In our own natures, many of us find a
+conflict between desiring to be just to others, and yet wishing a
+great deal for ourselves.
+
+We can imagine what a long, long story, or history there is in
+politics.
+
+Politics have to do with the government of communities, towns and
+cities and nations, and finally all nations, since all nations are
+beginning to be willing to agree among themselves.
+
+For a very long time, perhaps always, people have dreamed of perfect
+organization and perfect government.
+
+One of the most famous books ever written on the subject of this
+hoped-for perfect government is the work of the Greek philosopher
+Plato who had been taught by Socrates.  The book is called _The
+Republic of Plato_ and it contains the teaching of Socrates.
+
+You may read in the last sentences of the ninth book of _The Republic
+of Plato_, a description of the perfect city.  Socrates had been
+explaining to his pupils that the man of understanding will take part
+in everything which will make him a better man, and will shun what
+may make him less good.  So he will take part in politics.  _The
+Republic_ is written in the form of question and answer.  Finally
+Socrates says that the pattern of the perfect city is perhaps laid up
+in heaven, but that, {175} as far as he can, the man of understanding
+will follow its practices.
+
+
+It would scarcely be possible to make a complete list of famous men
+who have been statesmen or politicians, because the list would be so
+long.  But in this chapter we can choose a few names of men who have
+been political leaders in Great Britain, Canada, and the British
+Empire.
+
+A political leader generally is a speaker or orator.  Nothing,
+possibly, is more thrilling than to listen to a great speech.  Read
+carefully the few political sentences which follow here, and see if
+you do not experience a thrill, a sense that here is something that
+belongs to you.
+
+The first sentences quoted were spoken by William Pitt, Earl of
+Chatham, in the House of Lords, 1770.  Pitt, before he became a
+member of the British House of Commons, had been a soldier.
+
+"I am now suspected of coming forward, in the decline of life, in the
+anxious pursuit of wealth and power, which it is impossible for me to
+enjoy.  Be it so; there is one ambition at least which I ever will
+acknowledge, which I will not renounce but with my life--it is the
+ambition of delivering to my posterity those rights of freedom which
+I have received from my ancestors.  I am not now pleading the cause
+of an individual, but of every freeholder in England."
+
+Edmund Burke, an Irishman, was a great orator.  He laid down and
+taught principles of government which have a great deal to do with
+the way in which government in the British {176} Empire is organized
+to-day.  Here is one sentence which he spoke in the British House of
+Commons in 1780.
+
+"The service of the public is a thing which cannot be put to auction,
+and struck down to those who will agree to execute it the cheapest."
+
+Richard Cobden was an economist.  He was the son of a farmer, and was
+himself a manufacturer.  His speeches are for the most part plain and
+simple, and deal generally with the change in Great Britain from
+protection to free trade.  The following sentences were spoken in the
+British House of Commons in 1845.  The second half of the last
+sentence contains teaching which is memorable.
+
+"This is a new era.  It is the age of improvement, it is the age of
+social advancement, not the age for war or for feudal sports.  You
+live in a mercantile age, when the whole wealth of the world is
+poured into your lap.  You cannot have the advantages of commercial
+rents and feudal privileges; but you may be what you always have
+been, if you will identify yourselves with the spirit of the age."
+
+D'Arcy McGee, a Canadian statesman, was born and educated in Ireland.
+He spoke and laboured for the confederation of the Provinces which
+was consummated in the Dominion of Canada in 1867.  The sentences
+that follow belong to a speech given before the Legislative Assembly
+of Upper and Lower Canada in 1865:
+
+"The principle of Federation is a generous one.  It is a principle
+that gives men local duties to discharge, and invests them at the
+same time {177} with general supervision, that excites a healthy
+sense of responsibility and comprehension."
+
+When we read over these sentences, we may obtain a sense of the
+meaning of government, and of the greatness of politics.  Notice that
+the men who speak are in earnest.  Their sentences are practical and
+simple.  Great politics and great statesmen, almost invariably, are
+characterized by earnestness and sincerity; and great political
+sayings, as a rule, are practical.  Countless numbers of men have
+devoted themselves to political government, not for their own gain,
+but for the service of their country, and eventually of the world.
+There are those who go into politics for their own gain solely, but
+we do not call them patriots.  The study of such sentences as are
+quoted in this chapter will help us to understand something of the
+government and history of Canada, Great Britain and the Empire.  Boys
+and girls and young people should be interested in government, for
+every country needs the help of the younger generations in its
+political affairs.
+
+
+The greatest political sentence ever spoken is,--"Love your enemies."
+
+
+Some day you should plan to visit a great library and ask to be shown
+facsimiles of a few of the famous Acts by which liberties have been
+won and our government has been assured.  One of the greatest Acts in
+the history of the English-speaking world is the Great Charter
+obtained in King John's time, 1215, and signed by him and many of the
+barons.  Be sure to see a facsimile of this, if you can, and read
+especially clause 40.
+
+{178}
+
+"To no one will we sell, to no one will we refuse, or delay right or
+justice."
+
+The Confederation Act of the Dominion of Canada, or the British North
+America Act, as it is properly called, is dated 1867.  Its plainness,
+simplicity and scrupulous fairness make it worthy of admiration.
+
+In Charlottetown, the capital of the Province of Prince Edward
+Island, set in the assembly hall of the Parliament Buildings, is a
+tablet to mark the place where the Fathers of Confederation met and
+deliberated.  These are the words which you may read on the tablet,
+as well as the names of the men who resolved that there should be a
+Dominion of Canada:
+
+  In the Hearts and Minds of the
+  Delegates who Assembled
+  In this Room, Sept. 1st, 1864
+  Was born the Dominion of Canada.
+  ------
+  Providence being Their Guide
+  They Builded Better than they Knew.
+
+
+
+
+{179}
+
+CHAPTER XXVI
+
+HISTORIES
+
+It will take us a little while even to imagine how many important
+books there are in which famous historians have written of history
+and politics.
+
+Why should so many books need to be written about history?
+
+Because in this way we are able to trace the long, fascinating story
+of how mankind--men and women, your fathers and mothers, their
+fathers and mothers, and so on back for a thousand generations--has
+been gradually gaining in knowledge and growing, we trust, if even
+only a very little, more kind and more just.
+
+But let us forget all this for a few minutes.  It is a good time to
+look about our treasure house, and see, or reckon up, as it were,
+what we have found in it.
+
+If we had to write a fairy tale about books, we could easily imagine
+that all the famous books in the world were kept in a great, very
+beautiful palace, and that books of different kinds were arranged in
+halls, galleries and great rooms which had been assigned to them.
+
+There might very well be a special, beautiful, walled garden,
+belonging to the palace, for fairy tales, myths, fables and such
+books.
+
+What a wonderful, great room, or rather series {180} of great rooms,
+must be kept for stories and novels!
+
+And exquisite galleries, with vaulted roofs, and open courts, where
+fountains play,--the water falling with a pleasant sound into marble
+basins,--and with beautiful statues in the courts, we will choose for
+songs, ballads, and great poetry.
+
+Famous books of history, political speeches, lives of great men,
+books of travel and discovery, may be arranged in a stately hall,
+with alcoves, stained glass windows, and marble busts of some of the
+great men that we read about.
+
+Shall we imagine that we will pay a visit to a few of the alcoves in
+the great hall of history, and take down from the shelves, here one
+book, and here another, reading their names, and learning the names
+of those who wrote the books?
+
+We do not learn very much about a book simply by taking it down from
+a shelf, and turning over a few of the pages; but we do learn
+something.  Many of you will read a certain number of these books
+some day.  All of us may know something about them.  At least we all
+can remember that famous histories, as well as other books, have
+helped to make this delightful, thrilling, difficult, very important
+world in which we live.
+
+Now what books shall we take down from the shelves?
+
+Suppose we begin with a book written by someone you know,--Sir Walter
+Raleigh.
+
+When Sir Walter Raleigh came back from one of his sea expeditions, on
+which, after the fashion of the times in which he lived, he had been
+more or less of a buccaneer, he was put into prison in {181} the
+Tower of London on account of a political quarrel in which he was
+involved.  Time spent in prison seems very long, especially for a man
+like Raleigh.  So he began to write a _History of the World_.  He
+never finished it, but he got as far on as B.C. 130.  You can handle
+to-day one of the great books in which Raleigh's _History of the
+World_ is printed; but very few people ever read it.
+
+But at the end of what Raleigh wrote of the _History of the World_,
+he penned a noble sentence which people have never forgotten.  Here
+it is:
+
+"O eloquent, just, and mightie Death! whom none could advise, thou
+hast perswaded; what none hath dared, thou hast done; and whom all
+the world hath flattered, thou only hast cast out of the world and
+despised.  Thou hast drawne together all the farre stretched
+greatnesse, all the pride, crueltie, and ambition of man, and covered
+it all over with these two narrow words, _Hic jacet_!"
+
+We know that there is, or perhaps we should say that there used to
+be, a sharp division between ancient and modern history.  One of the
+first writers to connect modern with ancient history was an
+Englishman whose name was Edward Gibbon.  He wrote a book called _The
+History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire_.  Do any of you
+happen to remember that in Dickens' novel, _Our Mutual Friend_, Mr.
+Boffin paid Silas Wegg to read aloud to him so that he might become a
+little better educated?  Mr. Boffin had chosen Gibbon's _Decline and
+Fall of the Roman Empire_ for Silas Wegg to read to him.  It is a
+{182} remarkable book, and it made a great impression on the
+scholarship of the world.  Gibbon himself was a clever, but somewhat
+odd man.  He chose to live and write a good part of his time, not in
+his own country, but in Switzerland.  Gibbon is an international
+author.  Not only the people of his own country, but those of other
+countries as well, read his great work.  He lived in the eighteenth
+century, and he belonged to Dr. Johnson's club.  We are going to hear
+something of Dr. Samuel Johnson in another chapter.  Certainly, we
+should take down Gibbon's history from the shelves, and look at it.
+Some of you probably will read it later with interest and pleasure.
+
+Lord Macaulay, who wrote _The Lays of Ancient Rome_, was an able
+historian.  He lived from 1800 to 1859.  Gibbon had died six years
+before Macaulay was born.  Macaulay was a graduate of Cambridge, a
+lawyer and a writer.  He was a member of Parliament, and lived for
+several years in India, where he gave splendid governmental service.
+His _History of England_ is a famous book.  When it was first
+published it was read with as much eagerness as if it had been a
+thrilling novel.  It still charms a multitude of readers.  Take down
+the first volume of his _History of England_ from the shelf, and read
+in the first chapter two paragraphs that speak of Cromwell and of the
+gallant bearing of Charles the First at his execution.  Perhaps you
+may remember reading a story by Dumas which tells of the same event.
+Anyone who cares for history will find delight in Macaulay's famous
+book.
+
+Here is Napier's _History of the War in the {183} Peninsula_, in
+which you may read of the campaigns of Wellington.  If you will look
+at his preface you will find noble praise of Wellington's army.  Here
+are John Richard Green's _Short History of the English People_, and
+Miss Agnes Strickland's _Queens of England_.  Here are histories by
+Carlyle, and by Lecky, who was an Irishman, and many others, and here
+is John Lothrop Motley's _Rise of the Dutch Republic_.  Motley was an
+American, who, like many other historians, chose a favourite hero of
+whom to write.  His hero was William the Silent.  The last sentence
+of Motley's history reads: "As long as he lived he was the
+guiding-star of a whole brave nation, and when he died the little
+children cried in the streets."
+
+One of the first writers who made plain to the world the entrancing
+history of New France, which, as you know, is an earlier name for
+Canada, was the historian Francis Parkman.  Parkman was born in
+Boston near the end of the eighteenth century.  He devoted himself to
+historical research, and wrote a long series of books, many of the
+names of which are familiar to you.
+
+Some of the titles of these volumes written by Parkman are _Pioneers
+of France in the New World_, _The Jesuits in North America_, _The
+Discovery of the Great West_, _The Old Régime in Canada_, _Frontenac
+and New France Under Louis XIV_, and _The Conspiracy of Pontiac_.
+
+Parkman begins _The Conspiracy of Pontiac_, which he completed in
+1851, with the paragraph quoted below.  It is interesting to note the
+great changes which have come about on this continent {184} since
+Parkman wrote this history, nearly eighty years ago.
+
+"The Indian is a true child of the forest and the desert.  The wastes
+and solitudes of nature are his congenial home.  His haughty mind is
+imbued with the spirit of the wilderness, and the light of
+civilization falls on him with a blighting power.  His unruly pride
+and untamed freedom are in harmony with the lonely mountains,
+cataracts and rivers among which he dwells; and primitive America,
+with her savage scenery and savage men, opens to the imagination a
+boundless world, unmatched in wild sublimity."
+
+Biography sometimes is closely related to history.  When the life of
+a famous public man is written in such a way as to tell the story of
+how his actions have changed the history of his country, biography
+and history seem practically identical.  The story of Queen Elizabeth
+is, one may say, the story, or history, of England during her reign.
+The same statement is partly true of the biography of Queen Victoria.
+It is true also of the life of any great public man in any country.
+Books of biography are widely read in this twentieth century.  Most
+of the people you know read biographies.
+
+If we find the alcove in which are kept the newest books in the hall
+of history, we will discover on the shelves such volumes as Sir
+Sidney Lee's _Life of King Edward VII_, Mr. Lytton Strachey's _Queen
+Victoria_, his _Elisabeth and Essex_, and Mr. Philip Guedalla's _Life
+of Palmerston_.  These are all clearly written, easy to read,
+condensed rather than long drawn out, based on sound historical {185}
+research and so fascinating that thousands of people begin to read
+them as soon as they are published.
+
+Here is a little book of history called _Gallipoli_, which was
+published in 1916.  It was written by a poet, John Masefield, and it
+tells the story of the Australians when they fought on the Gallipoli
+Peninsula in the Great War.  There are many notable histories of
+different campaigns in the War, but none surely will last longer than
+this small, noble book.
+
+Now we know the names of a few histories by historians of
+English-speaking countries.  There are many other histories written
+by Italians, Frenchmen, Germans, and others.
+
+
+Before we leave books of history, shall we look at a history of
+English literature, so that we may mark down for ourselves the names
+of the periods, or times, when some of the great writers lived?
+
+There was an Anglo-Saxon period before William the Conqueror came to
+England.  Poets and writers lived then, but only learned scholars
+read now the works they composed.  You are likely to read at some
+time of Beowulf, who is supposed to have written about 520, and of
+Cædmon, who is said to have been a servant at the monastery of Whitby
+under the Abbess Hilda.
+
+The first great English poet, who was the master of a period of
+English poetry, was Chaucer.  His work brings us to the fourteenth
+century.  He had a number of less famous contemporaries.
+
+Many of the old ballads were made probably in the fourteenth and
+fifteenth centuries.
+
+{186} Sir Thomas Malory wrote his book _Morte d'Arthur_ in the
+fifteenth century.
+
+The first book was printed in England by Caxton in 1477.
+
+The Elizabethan Age, as you know, is one of the most famous periods
+in English literature.  It is generally divided into an earlier and a
+later period.  Spenser belonged to the earlier time; and Shakespeare
+marked the later period, along with other notable writers.  The
+Elizabethan age is reckoned to have lasted longer than Elizabeth's
+reign, because writers still wrote in the same fashion and spirit.
+The authorized translation of the Bible into English was written at
+this time.
+
+In the time of the Commonwealth and later, when England was largely
+puritan, the great poet Milton lived, and John Bunyan, who wrote _The
+Pilgrim's Progress_.
+
+Dryden, a poet, belongs to the second part of the seventeenth
+century.  Pope, another poet, lived most of his life in the
+eighteenth century.  A number of novelists, Defoe, who wrote
+_Robinson Crusoe_, of an earlier date than the others, and
+Richardson, Fielding, Sterne, Smollett, all great novelists, come in
+the late seventeenth and earlier eighteenth centuries.
+
+A group of distinguished men, some of whom we will learn a little
+about in the next chapter, lived in the eighteenth century.  Their
+names are Johnson; Goldsmith; Burke, the statesman; Gibbon, the
+historian; Garrick, an actor; and Reynolds, the painter.  Swift,
+Addison, Steele, and other essayists, wrote earlier in the same
+century.
+
+{187}
+
+You do not need to remember specially the various ages in which
+writers lived.  But we understand now that people often speak of
+periods in English literature; it is interesting to fit into their
+proper places great writers whose names we know.
+
+Scott and Jane Austen belong to the end of the eighteenth and the
+beginning of the nineteenth century.
+
+Dickens, Thackeray, and many others, lived and wrote in the
+nineteenth century, and are great Victorians.  Hardy is partly
+Victorian and partly Georgian.  Kipling and Barrie belong to the late
+nineteenth and early twentieth century.  We live now in the first
+half of the twentieth century.
+
+
+
+
+{188}
+
+CHAPTER XXVII
+
+BOSWELL'S LIFE OF JOHNSON
+
+A man called James Boswell, who lived in the eighteenth century,
+chose as his hero a celebrated personage whose name was Samuel
+Johnson.  Boswell was willing, indeed eager and determined, to go
+about with Johnson from place to place, to listen to what he said,
+and then to make notes of Johnson's conversation.  Boswell was a
+devoted friend, and Johnson was worthy of his friendship, for he was
+a truly great man.  Boswell spared no pains to learn everything that
+he could of Johnson's youth, of his family and friends, of his work
+and character.  In this way, James Boswell prepared himself to write
+the life of Dr. Johnson.
+
+Boswell's _Life of Johnson_ is certainly one of the greatest
+biographies ever written.  Many people think that it is the greatest
+of all biographies, because it tells us with truth, fidelity and
+fullness what manner of man Dr. Johnson was.
+
+There are many odd things about Boswell's _Life of Johnson_.  One of
+the oddest is that Johnson did not like Scotland, or the people of
+Scotland, but Boswell was a Scot.  Johnson, who was outspoken in an
+extraordinary degree, and somewhat rough, rather what we call a bear
+of a man, was often rude to Boswell, who, perhaps, was not a {189}
+little tiresome.  But Boswell never minded what happened, or what was
+said, as long as he could be in Johnson's company.
+
+Samuel Johnson's parents were very poor.  He was not even a strong
+boy, and was often ill.  One of the reasons why we admire Johnson is
+that he contended bravely with poverty and ill-health all his life.
+He never put money first, or perhaps he might have been rich, in
+which case, possibly, we might never have heard of him.  He does not
+seem to have thought it any particular hardship to suffer from
+ill-health.  He does not talk, or write, of being ill.  What he did
+put first in his life was scholarship, work, friendship,
+companionship, and living in accordance with high principles.
+
+How do we know all this, and how can we be certain that it is true?
+We know because we find Johnson's character in Boswell's _Life_.  No
+one can read this _Life of Johnson_ by Boswell without being certain
+that Boswell took great pains to write what was true, and that he
+succeeded.
+
+Johnson's father was a bookseller in a small way in the English city
+of Lichfield, where there is a beautiful cathedral, which some day
+you may see.  Both Johnson's father and mother did everything they
+could for their son.  It soon was evident at home and at school that
+the boy had an unusually fine intelligence.  He went to Oxford as a
+sizar.  This means that he had not enough money to live on, so he
+worked in the college to pay his way.  There were few opportunities
+then for students to earn money.  Samuel Johnson had a fine, sturdy
+self-respect.  He was poor, but he was not ashamed of being poor.
+When someone, who knew {190} that his clothes were shabby, put a pair
+of boots outside his door, Johnson threw the boots out of the window.
+He was not the kind of man to take help.  There is something comical
+about this story.  We cannot help laughing, yet we like, and respect,
+the shabby student who was independent.  Johnson was not
+good-looking, and he had odd tricks of manner, but his mind and
+character impressed everyone.
+
+One day, when he was a famous man, he performed what he considered an
+act of penance in memory of his father.  His father, whose business
+was going very badly, had wanted him to stand beside a bookstall in
+Uttoxeter, near Lichfield, and sell any books that he could.  Johnson
+was not willing to do this.  Afterwards, he must have regretted his
+refusal keenly.  Many years later, when he visited Lichfield with
+friends, they missed him one day from breakfast till night.
+Presently he drove up in a post chaise; and when they inquired
+urgently what he had been doing, he told them the story of how he had
+been unwilling to help his father.  To show his sorrow, he had gone
+to Uttoxeter and had stood, bareheaded, beside the bookstall from
+which his father used to sell books, for an hour at the busiest time
+of day.  Perhaps some people might think it was an odd thing for him
+to do.  But only a great and humble spirit can inspire anyone to
+carry out such an action.
+
+After he left Oxford, he was a tutor.  But since his appearance and
+manner were both odd, he had difficulty in finding and keeping
+situations.  All the while he wanted to be a writer, and we may be
+sure that he practised writing.  He married, when {191} he was a
+comparatively young man, a widow much older than he was.  He was
+deeply attached to his wife.  After her death, years later, he never
+ceased to mourn for her, and he treasured every memory of their life
+together.
+
+Long before this happened, however, Johnson had gone to London, and
+had become what is called a hack writer.  He earned very little by
+his writing.  These were early days in journalism, when newspaper
+writers suffered hardship, probably because the occupation was not
+yet fully established, and work was ill-paid.  Much has been written
+of this period among men of letters in London, and of the straits to
+which they were driven to keep alive.  It was out of such conditions
+as these that Johnson made himself famous, until every word he wrote,
+or spoke, carried weight, and he himself had greater authority among
+writers, and with his contemporaries, than, possibly, any other man
+of letters has ever had.
+
+You will find in an interesting novel, called _Midwinter_, written by
+John Buchan, a delightful account of Johnson when he was a tutor and
+later, before he had become famous.
+
+Johnson wrote a great deal, but his Dictionary is often called his
+most famous work.  It took him years to complete the Dictionary, and
+the task required all his scholarship, together with much toil,
+carried on in poverty and privation.  When the Dictionary was
+finished, Johnson was a famous man.  It is likely that he enjoyed
+making his Dictionary.  The work suited his temperament.  One can
+imagine how he would choose the words, as if he were a judge or
+umpire, as indeed he was, {192} deciding that certain words were to
+be included, and refusing others.  Some of his definitions are
+amusing.  Dictionaries now are much more elaborate.  The science of
+words has grown greatly since Johnson's day.  But he was a pioneer in
+the making of a dictionary, and we greatly honour pioneers.
+
+Then there was Dr. Johnson's club, which met at an eating house on a
+famous street in London named the Strand.  Great numbers of people
+visit the Cheshire Cheese every year because it is generally believed
+that Dr. Johnson and his friends used to dine there, and there
+carried on discussions, some of which no doubt Boswell duly reported
+in his biography.
+
+It is a wonderful achievement to have kept for the world so perfectly
+the looks, words, and characters of Dr. Johnson and his associates,
+many of whom were famous men.  But Dr. Johnson was the leader.  He it
+was who kept the club together; for, although he was arbitrary, odd,
+and sometimes brusque and rude, he was astonishingly companionable,
+affectionate, sincere and very able.  His conversation was weighty,
+full of pith and meaning.  It was a highly esteemed privilege to
+belong to Dr. Johnson's club.
+
+The names of some of his associates are Garrick, the great actor, who
+came to London from Lichfield with Johnson; Goldsmith, who was a
+poet, and who wrote plays, as well as one wise and beautiful novel
+called _The Vicar of Wakefield_; Reynolds, the great painter, and
+others not as well known, and Boswell.
+
+If you will find a copy of Boswell's _Life of {193}
+Johnson_--remember, it is a large book, in four volumes--and turn to
+the index at the end, you will discover under the heading Johnson,
+His Character and Manners, numbers indicating the pages where are
+printed some stories that you will enjoy reading.  On pages 162 and
+163 of the fourth volume, we read of his love for children, and his
+affection for Hodge, his cat, for whom he used to buy oysters.
+Almost every page contains good reading, as, for instance, beginning
+at page 300, in the same volume, we may read of his conversation with
+a young man whom he thought presumptuous, followed immediately by an
+account of the plan of some of his friends to send him to Italy since
+he was ill, and of how greatly touched Johnson was by their kindness.
+Boswell's _Life of Johnson_ is one of the books which the world has
+enjoyed reading ever since it was written.
+
+And now we come to something about this biography that may seem
+curious.  If Boswell had tried to describe Dr. Johnson as being
+handsome, and polite, instead of unprepossessing and sometimes rude,
+he likely would have made him seem not nearly as great a man as
+Johnson really is.  The biography would not have been a true picture
+of Dr. Johnson.  A true picture makes a far deeper impression than a
+picture which is not true; and this is one of the very most important
+things we can learn about a book.
+
+
+
+
+{194}
+
+CHAPTER XXVIII
+
+READING FOR WHAT YOU WANT TO BE
+
+Biography is not only interesting reading, it helps us to understand
+other people.  In this chapter we may discover that there are few
+better ways of finding out what kind of work we want to undertake
+than by reading biography.
+
+First of all, let us think of a very few famous biographies, such
+books as Plutarch's _Lives_, Boswell's _Johnson_, Lockhart's _Scott_,
+Forster's _Dickens_, Morley's _Life of Gladstone_, Churchill's _Lord
+Randolph Churchill_, Page's _Life and Letters_, Sir Sidney Lee's
+_Shakespeare_.
+
+Numberless people have read and used Plutarch's _Lives of Illustrious
+Men_.  We know that Shakespeare did.  If you will turn to the last
+life in Plutarch's book, the life of Brutus, you will find that
+Shakespeare must have used this biography of Brutus when he wrote the
+play _Julius Cæsar_.
+
+Now we may think of biography as a magic key that will help you to
+unlock the door behind which you may find what work you are going to
+do.  Let us ask ourselves what occupations these famous men followed
+whose lives appear in the list given above.
+
+Johnson was a journalist, and an author, and he made a dictionary.
+Scott was a lawyer, an officer of the Crown, and a novelist; one
+might {195} almost add that he was something of a farmer.  You
+remember how he loved the land he owned at Abbotsford, and used to
+ride over it and talk with his men about their work.  Dickens was a
+reporter, a novelist, and, towards the end of his life, he gave
+public readings from his works.  Gladstone was a statesman; he had
+great skill in finance; and on account of his associations at home,
+he had somewhat of the training of a business man.  He also was
+interested in the land.  You may read in his biography how he used to
+employ himself cutting down trees, that needed to be felled, on his
+estate.  Lord Randolph Churchill was a statesman.  Page was an
+editor, and a diplomatist.  Shakespeare was an actor, the manager of
+a theatre, and a dramatist.  Already you know how to find in
+biography some knowledge of a good many different occupations.
+
+A great many of you will be farmers.  The well-being and health of
+the world depend directly on farming; and the life of a farmer and of
+a farmer's family may be happy, independent and wonderfully useful
+and interesting.  To learn about the life of a farmer, one must read
+other books as well as biography.  Three of the novels that we have
+enjoyed reading contain vivid, true pictures of the life of people
+who live on a farm.  The first of these novels is Scott's _Guy
+Mannering_.  You remember the farm called Charlies-hope, and Dandie
+Dinmont and his wife and children.  Scott dearly loved and thoroughly
+understood country life, and there is no more charming picture in a
+book of the natural, happy life of the farmer and his wife and
+children than in this {196} novel by Scott.  The second novel is
+George Eliot's _Adam Bede_.  Mr. and Mrs. Poyser had much skill in
+their occupation.  It is interesting to discover how well Mrs. Poyser
+understands farming, especially dairy farming.  _Lorna Doone_ is
+another novel about farm people.  A Scottish poet, Robert Burns, was
+the son of a tenant farmer, and was himself a ploughman and a farmer.
+He has written much that is exquisite about country life.  Ask
+someone to read aloud to you "The Cotter's Saturday Night", a
+wonderful picture of family affection and good living.  You may find
+some of the words hard to understand.  But whoever it is that reads
+the poem aloud to you will likely find the difficult words explained
+in a glossary.  These are all English and Scottish writers.  Hamlin
+Garland has written a good deal about the life of an American farmer,
+moving to new settlements, in his book called _A Son of the Middle
+Border_.  In Will Carleton's verse and James Whitcombe Riley's verse
+we find songs and stories of farm life.  Peter McArthur's books, _In
+Pastures Green_, _The Red Cow and Her Friends_, and _Around Home_,
+contain true, intimate, delightful pictures of farming in the older
+provinces of Canada.
+
+And so we see how interesting reading about occupations may be.  In
+the list that follows most of the books are biographies, lives of
+sailors, soldiers, architects, teachers, clergymen, business men,
+bankers, lawyers, actors, doctors, painters, craftsmen, journalists,
+nurses, musicians, explorers, scientists, workmen.  There are other
+books, as well, about animals, and plants, nature and country walks,
+flying, mountain climbing, inventions, {197} hobbies, and science,
+about some of the many wonderful pursuits in which you are interested
+already, or in which you will be interested soon.
+
+If you look in the list for the name of some particular book and do
+not find it, whether it is the name of a biography belonging to some
+occupation, or of a book telling about some recreation of which you
+want to learn, you may go to a library and ask for help in finding
+the book.  Or if you cannot go to the library, write to the librarian
+and ask him to tell you.
+
+Some day you may make a list of your own favourite books.  No one
+person needs to read all the books named here, but boys and girls may
+choose from the list a few of the books they want to read.  In the
+case of birds, flowers, and the study of nature, each neighbourhood
+or district of country needs to be classified according to its
+latitude and longitude.  Birds, flowers and plants vary according to
+climate; look for their descriptions in books belonging to your own
+district of country.
+
+  Life of Nelson                       Robert Southey
+  Sir John Franklin                    A. H. Markham
+  Life and Voyages of                  Washington Irving
+    Christopher Columbus
+  My Mystery Ships                     Gordon Campbell
+  There Go the Ships                   Archibald MacMechan
+  The Life of Marlborough              Viscount Wolseley
+  James Wolfe, Man and Soldier         W. T. Waugh
+  Life of Gordon                       Sir Wm. Francis Butler
+                                         (English Men of Action)
+
+{198}
+
+  Life of Lord Kitchener               Sir George Arthur
+  Personal Memoirs                     U. S. Grant
+  Lee the American                     Gamaliel Bradford
+  Life of St. Francis                  St. Bonaventura (Everymans)
+  Life of Dean Stanley                 R. E. Prothero
+  Life of Alexander White,             G. F. Barber
+    D.D., of Free St.
+    George's Edinburgh
+  Phillips Brooks, 1835-1893           A. V. G. Allen
+  Margaret Ogilvy, by her son          J. M. Barrie
+  Bonnet and Shawl                     Philip Guedalla
+  The Life of Florence Nightingale     Sir E. T. Cook
+  Sister Dora                          M. Lonsdale
+  Life of Sophia Jex-Blake             Margaret Todd, M.D.
+  Mary Slessor of Calabar              W. P. Livingstone
+  In the House of My Pilgrimage        Lilian Faithfull, J.P.
+  The Heart of Ellen Terry             Ellen Terry
+  Louisa May Alcott, her               Ednah D. Cheney
+    life, letters and journals
+  The Life of Alice Freeman Palmer     G. H. Palmer
+  Life and Correspondence              A. P. Stanley
+    of Thomas Arnold
+  Life of Charles W. Eliot             E. H. Cotton
+  Life and Correspondence              Ernest Hartley Coleridge
+    of Lord Coleridge
+  Richard Burdon Haldane,
+    An Autobiography
+  Reminiscences of Sir                 Ed. by Richard Harris
+    Henry Hawkins
+  Life of Joseph H. Choate             E. S. Martin
+
+{199}
+
+  A Memoir of Sir James                Prof. J. Duns, D.D.
+    Young Simpson
+  Lord Lister                          Sir Rickman J. Godlee
+  Life of Sir William Osler            H. W. Cushing
+  The Beloved Physician, Sir           R. McNair Wilson
+    James MacKenzie
+  Pierre Curie                         Marie Curie
+  Life and Letters of Charles          Francis Darwin
+    Robert Darwin
+  The Voyage of the Beagle             Charles Darwin (Everymans)
+  Life and Letters of Thomas           Leonard Huxley
+    Henry Huxley
+  The Life of Louis Pasteur            René Vallery-Radot
+  Autobiography                        Benjamin Franklin (Everymans)
+  From Immigrant to Inventor           Michael I. Pupin
+  Alexander Graham Bell                Catherine MacKenzie
+  Delane of The Times                  E. T. Cook
+  Life and Letters of E. L. Godkin     R. Ogden
+  Abraham Lincoln                      Lord Charnwood
+  Our Inheritance                      Stanley Baldwin
+  Memoirs of Sir John Alexander        Sir Joseph Pope
+    Macdonald
+  Sir Wilfrid Laurier and              J. S. Willison
+    the Liberal Party
+  Self-Help                            Samuel Smiles
+  The Rise of the House of             Count Corti
+    Rothschild
+  From Workhouse to Westminster,       George Haw
+    The Life of Will Crooks.
+  Sir Christopher Wren                 Sir Lawrence Weaver
+
+{200}
+
+  Life of Michelangelo                 J. A. Symonds
+    Buonarroti
+  Valasquez                            R. A. M. Stevenson
+  Life of Sir Edward Burne-Jones       Lady Burne-Jones
+  Life of William Morris               J. W. Mackail
+  William de Morgan and his Wife       A. M. D. W. Stirling
+  Life of Purcell                      W. H. Cummings
+  Beethoven                            Romaine Holland
+  Life of Felix Mendelssohn            W. A. Lampadius
+    Bartholdy
+  Life of Sir Henry Irving             Austin Brereton
+  Empty Chairs                         Squire Bancroft
+  The Compleat Angler                  Isaak Walton (Everymans)
+  Natural History of Selborne          Gilbert White (Everymans)
+  Walden                               H. D. Thoreau (Everymans)
+  Afoot in England                     W. H. Hudson
+  Rambles of a Canadian                S. T. Wood
+    Naturalist
+  The Outline of Science               J. Arthur Thomson
+  Scenery of Scotland                  Sir Archibald Geikie
+  Elementary Geology                   A. P. Coleman
+  Introduction to Geology              W. B. Scott
+  Stories of Starland                  Mary Procter
+  Astronomy for Amateurs               C. Flammarion
+  Conquest of the Air                  C. L. M. Brown
+  14,000 Miles Through the Air         Sir Ross MacPherson Smith
+  Winged Warfare                       Col. W. A. Bishop, V.C.
+  The Ascent of Mount Everest          Sir Francis Younghusband
+
+{201}
+
+  The Canadian Rockies                 A. P. Coleman
+  Handbook of Birds of                 Frank M. Chapman
+    Eastern North America
+  Field Book of American               F. Schuyler Mathews
+    Wild Flowers
+  Garden Cities of Tomorrow            E. Howard
+  A Book About Roses                   Dean Hole
+  The Little Garden                    Mrs. Francis King
+  The Canadian Garden                  Mrs. Annie L. Jack
+  The Boys' Own Book of                Morley Adams
+    Pets and Hobbies
+  Models to Make                       A. Duncan Stubbs
+  Model Airplanes                      Elmer Adam
+  Health, Strength and Happiness       C. W. Saleeby
+
+
+
+
+{202}
+
+CHAPTER XXIX
+
+TRAVEL AND DISCOVERY
+
+Marco Polo, a famous traveller, was born in the City of Venice in
+1254, eleven years before the birth of Dante.  Dante belonged to
+Florence: so Marco Polo and Dante both were Italians.  Marco Polo's
+father and uncle were trading merchants.  They travelled by ship and
+overland to sell their goods, and they were probably among the first
+Europeans to visit the kingdom of China, even yet a mysterious,
+strange part of the world to us.  When Marco was seventeen years old,
+his father and uncle took him with them on one of their expeditions.
+He was away from Italy twenty-six years.  In that time, he saw many
+marvels, became a favourite of the great emperor Kublai Khan, and had
+more astonishing adventures, almost, than we can imagine.  He came
+back safely to Italy, but was thrown into prison in Genoa; you
+remember that these cities of what is now Italy were often at war
+with one another.  When Marco Polo was in prison, he told some of his
+adventures to a fellow-prisoner, and this man induced Marco Polo to
+write a book.  Polo dictated what he wished to say, and Rustician
+wrote it down.
+
+Marco Polo's book, _The Travels of Marco Polo_, has had a
+considerable effect on the history of the world.  Columbus used to
+read it, and often quoted {203} what Marco Polo said.  It is likely,
+almost certain, that Polo's example and success helped to inspire
+Columbus to make his great voyage to the Western hemisphere.
+
+We can judge how interesting and delightful Marco Polo's book is from
+a brief extract which contains the description of a hill that the
+Emperor Kublai Khan had had made and planted with trees:
+
+"Moreover, on the north side of the Palace, about a bow-shot off,
+there is a hill which has been made by art from the earth dug out of
+the lake; it is a good hundred paces in height and a mile in compass.
+This hill is entirely covered with trees that never lose their
+leaves, but remain ever green.  And I assure you that wherever a
+beautiful tree may exist, and the Emperor gets news of it, he sends
+for it and has it transported bodily with all its roots and the earth
+attached to them, and planted on that hill of his.  No matter how big
+the tree may be, he gets it carried by his elephants; and in this way
+he has got together the most beautiful collection of trees in all the
+world.  And he has also caused the whole hill to be covered with the
+ore of azure, which is very green.  And thus not only are the trees
+all green, but the hill itself is all green likewise; and there is
+nothing to be seen on it that is not green."
+
+Cook's _Voyages_ is another famous book of exploration.  James Cook
+was born in 1728 and was the son of a farm labourer.  As a boy, he
+was apprenticed first to a shopkeeper, then to a shipowner.  He
+entered the King's service in 1755.  The accounts of his voyages, or
+explorations, to {204} the North and West, South and East, in the
+days when comparatively little was known of the seas in which he
+sailed, are as interesting and exciting as a story.  His first
+expedition South was to observe the transit of Venus, when he was in
+command of the _Endeavour_.  On this expedition he visited New
+Zealand and Australia.  His next voyage, when he also visited the
+Pacific, was with the _Resolution_ and the _Adventure_.  On his
+second expedition he discovered the Sandwich Islands.  He sailed for
+nearly four thousand miles along the western coast of North America,
+searching for a north-west passage, on his third expedition.  His
+ships were the _Resolution_ and the _Discovery_.  The _Discovery_ is
+perhaps the best known ship in which Cook sailed.  The purpose of all
+his expeditions was largely scientific.  On his last voyage, Cook
+lost his life.  It has been said that his best memorial is the map of
+the Pacific.
+
+Captain Cook wrote in a very simple, natural style.  Here is a
+description of some of the people he saw, on the way to the place
+which he named Poverty Bay.  We can almost imagine that we might have
+been on the ship with Captain Cook, or venturing ashore, not at all
+certain what the unknown inhabitants of unknown islands might not do
+to us.  The paragraph is taken from the account of his first
+expedition:
+
+"In the evening, the weather having become fair and moderate, the
+boats were again ordered out, and I landed, accompanied by Mr. Banks
+and Dr. Solander.  We were received with great expressions of
+friendship by the natives, who behaved with a scrupulous attention
+not to give {205} offence.  In particular, they took care not to
+appear in great bodies: one family, or the inhabitants of two or
+three houses only, were generally placed together, to the number of
+fifteen or twenty, consisting of men, women, and children.  These
+little companies sat upon the ground, not advancing towards us, but
+inviting us to them, by a kind of beckon, moving one hand towards the
+breast.  We made them several little presents; and in our walk round
+the bay found two small streams of fresh water.  This convenience,
+and the friendly behaviour of the people, determined me to stay at
+least a day, that I might fill some of my empty casks, and give Mr.
+Banks an opportunity of examining the natural produce of the country."
+
+Captain Cook and his people were often in danger from the anger of
+the strange tribes they met, but we can have only admiration for the
+gentle behaviour of the people whose home Cook visited on this
+occasion, as described in his account of the expedition.  There are
+many dramatic scenes in Cook's _Voyages_.  Captain Cook was not only
+brave, he had extraordinary perseverance.
+
+Many of us find stories of travels, discoveries and explorations
+among the most interesting books in the world.  We travel, too, with
+the great explorers, by means of these books, and have a share in
+their dangers, escapes, and discoveries.  Explorers are always
+courageous, and often men of noble character.  A few women have been
+noted explorers, but only a few, partly because travelling alone and
+in danger, is more difficult for a woman than for a man.  Miss Mary
+Kingsley is {206} one of these notable exceptions.  Here are the
+names of a few books of travel and discovery, old and new: _How I
+Found Livingstone in Central Africa_, by Henry M. Stanley; Sir
+Richard Burton's _Pilgrimage to Mecca_; _Travels in West Africa_, by
+Mary H. Kingsley; the _Journals_ of Captain R. F. Scott, the explorer
+who reached the South Pole to find that the Danes, led by Amundsen,
+had been a few days before him, the account is often called _Scott's
+Last Expedition_, a very noble book; and a fascinating volume by T.
+E. Lawrence, _Revolt in the Desert_.  The discoverer of the
+Mississippi was La Salle.  We may read of him in Parkman.  Two books
+of early travels in Canada are Sir Alexander Mackenzie's _Voyages
+from Montreal Through the Continent of North America_, and Alexander
+Henry's _Travels and Adventures in Canada and the Indian Territories_.
+
+
+
+
+{207}
+
+PART VII
+
+ESSAYS, CRITICISMS, LETTERS, DIARIES
+
+
+
+{209}
+
+CHAPTER XXX
+
+CHARLES LAMB AND HAZLITT: ESSAYISTS AND CRITICS
+
+Charles Lamb is a friend of yours whom you may not know yet; but,
+when you meet him, you will soon find yourself thinking of Charles
+Lamb as a friend.  He is one of the rare persons who attract and
+deserve everybody's love.  Charles Lamb lived all his life in London,
+where he was born; he went to a famous school, often called the
+Bluecoat School, because the boys were dressed after that fashion.
+His first home was in the Temple.  "I was born and passed the first
+seven years of my life in the Temple.  Its church, its halls, its
+gardens, its fountain, its river, I had almost said--for in those
+young years what was this king of rivers to me but a stream that
+watered our pleasant places?--these are my oldest recollections."
+
+When he grew up he entered the service of the East India Company and
+worked there as a clerk all his working life.  The offices belonging
+to the East India Company were known as the South Sea House.  People
+think of this building with interest and affection, because Charles
+Lamb worked in it.  Besides being a clerk, he wrote in his leisure
+time a series of papers, or essays, which deal with many different
+subjects in a whimsical, gentle, beautiful style.  The manner {210}
+of writing which Lamb used expressed his nature and abilities
+perfectly.  His work is full of sweet laughter, great penetration,
+unselfishness, and nobility.  No wonder we love Charles Lamb.  The
+essays are known as _The Essays of Elia_.  Lamb is supposed to have
+taken Elia as a pen name from the name of a fellow-clerk in the South
+Sea House.
+
+Only one sister and one brother out of a rather large family grew up
+to maturity with Charles Lamb.  This sister, whose name was Mary,
+suffered often from a serious illness, and her brother Charles
+devoted himself to her care.  Mary Lamb also was gifted and lovable.
+Neither of them married.  Charles and Mary Lamb wrote together a book
+for young people, called _Tales from Shakespeare_.
+
+The history of the attachment between this brother and sister is one
+of the most beautiful stories we know of family affection.  Charles
+was a gay, happy person, chivalrous and tender-hearted.  He loved
+jokes, but there were sad happenings in his life which he met with
+great courage.  He stammered a little, but he was excellent company,
+and gathered about him many friends, themselves men of genius, such
+men as Coleridge and Wordsworth, both great poets; Hazlitt, who was a
+writer and critic; Crabb Robinson, Procter and Talfourd, whose tastes
+were the same as his own.  Charles Lamb lived from 1775 to 1834.  A
+great deal has been written about him; two especially delightful
+biographies of Lamb are those written by Canon Ainger and by Mr. E.
+V. Lucas.  {211} One or other of these you should read when you have
+time.
+
+But, first of all, there are his essays.  You will soon discover that
+you have favourites among these essays.  It is likely that you will
+find much to your liking "Christ's Hospital Five-and-Thirty Years
+Ago"---this is written about his old school--"Mrs. Battle's Opinions
+on Whist", "Mackery End, in Hertfordshire", "The Old Benchers of The
+Inner Temple", "Blakesmoor in H--shire", but above all "A
+Dissertation Upon Roast Pig", and "Dream Children".  You will enjoy
+almost any of Lamb's essays read aloud by someone who reads well.
+But begin by reading "A Dissertation Upon Roast Pig" yourself, if you
+cannot find someone who will read it to you.  In this essay Charles
+Lamb is, of course, writing humorously, such amusing, whimsical
+humour.  It tells how a small Chinese boy, Bo-bo, discovered by
+accident that roasted meat tastes a great deal better than meat which
+has not been cooked at all.
+
+Essays, or papers, are short articles which deal with one subject
+only.  They often, but not always, by reason of their style, tell us
+a great deal about the nature of the man or woman who has written the
+essay.  No one can read Lamb's essays without learning that the
+writer was lovable, tender-hearted and upright.
+
+Another famous essayist is Francis Bacon, a very able man who lived
+as long ago as the reign of Queen Elizabeth.  His essays are famous;
+they are not as much concerned with the study of human nature as the
+essays of Charles Lamb, but are compact with learning, observation
+and {212} thought.  One of his best known and most likable essays is
+"On Gardens".
+
+Other famous essayists are: Addison, whose Sir Roger de Coverley you
+may know already; Steele; Swift; a great Frenchman, Montaigne, who
+lived in the sixteenth century and whose essays people generally read
+with pleasure when they are middle-aged or older; and Robert Louis
+Stevenson, who wrote _Treasure Island_.  Many of his essays are
+especially beautiful; read "The Lantern-Bearers" when you have an
+opportunity.
+
+Essays, and books, often contain what is called criticism.  Criticism
+is an explanation, an appreciation, sometimes an analysis, of what
+has been written in poetry, verse, fiction, history, biography, and
+other published work; criticism deals as well with art and music.
+
+But we can understand better what criticism is if we read one or two
+extracts which have been written by critics.  Two of Lamb's friends,
+Coleridge and Hazlitt, were famous critics.  Lamb himself was one of
+the most discerning among English critics.  He did not always care
+for work which was really great, but when he did care for a great
+piece of work, no one had more perfect understanding than Charles
+Lamb.
+
+What follows is part of a paragraph written by Coleridge, a poet, of
+Shakespeare and Milton.  We feel an enthusiasm in what Coleridge has
+written which makes our own hearts glow.  This feeling of elevation
+and happiness, given to us through reading, is one of the tests of
+great work.
+
+
+"What then shall we say? even this; that {213} Shakespeare, no mere
+child of nature; no _automaton_ of genius; no passive vehicle of
+inspiration, possessed by the spirit, not possessing it; first
+studied patiently, meditated deeply, understood minutely, till
+knowledge, become habitual and intuitive, wedded itself to his
+habitual feelings, and at length gave birth to that stupendous power,
+by which he stands alone, with no equal or second in his own class;
+to that power which seated him on one of the two glory-smitten
+summits of the poetic mountain, with Milton as his compeer, not
+rival.  While the former darts himself forth, and passes into all the
+forms of human character and passion...; the other attracts all forms
+and things to himself, into the unity of his own ideal.  All things
+and modes of action shape themselves anew in the being of Milton;
+while Shakespeare becomes all things, yet for ever remaining
+himself."  Some of this we can understand.  Shakespeare and Milton
+both had great genius.  But Shakespeare understood all kinds of human
+beings and showed them as they really were.  Milton changed what he
+wrote about to be like himself.  What Shakespeare did, of course, is
+the greater work of the two.
+
+It is pleasant to read what the critic William Hazlitt wrote in
+praise of the essays of his friend Charles Lamb, not for friendship's
+sake merely, but because he loved and valued the essays.  Notice,
+while Hazlitt seems to write easily and simply, he succeeds in
+explaining to us at the same time the charm and lasting quality of
+Charles Lamb as a writer.  It is a fine, brief example of one kind of
+criticism and of the work of a critic.
+
+{214}
+
+"With what a gusto Mr. Lamb describes the inns and courts of law, the
+Temple and Gray's Inn, as if he had been a student there for the last
+two hundred years, and had been as well acquainted with the person of
+Sir Francis Bacon as he is with his portrait or writings! ... He
+(Lamb) haunts Watling-street like a gentle spirit; ... and
+Christ's-Hospital still breathes the balmy breath of infancy in his
+description of it!  Whittington and his Cat are a fine hallucination
+for Mr. Lamb's historic Muse, and we believe he never heartily
+forgave a certain writer who took the subject of Guy Faux out of his
+hands.  The streets of London are his fairy-land, teeming with
+wonder, with life and interest to his retrospective glance, as it did
+to the eager eye of childhood; he has contrived to weave its tritest
+traditions into a bright and endless romance!"  The quotation from
+Coleridge is taken from his _Biographia Literaria_, and Hazlitt's
+writing from his book called _The Spirit of the Age and Lectures on
+English poets_.
+
+Other famous or eminent critics whose writings you may read some day
+are: Matthew Arnold, a poet as well as critic, whose father was the
+Dr. Arnold of Engby School that you have read about in _Tom Brown's
+School Days_; a Frenchman, Sainte-Beuve, one of the clearest, and
+most delightful of critical writers; another Frenchman, H. A. Taine;
+and a Dane, Georg Brandes, a learned writer, who was one of the first
+to show how close the connection is between one literature and
+another, especially in European literatures.
+
+
+
+
+{215}
+
+CHAPTER XXXI
+
+LETTERS AND LETTER WRITERS: PEPYS AND OTHER DIARISTS
+
+Cowper, the poet, who wrote _John Gilpin_, is a delightful letter
+writer.  He had a number of pets living with him, and these little
+friends of his, goldfinches, pigeons, a cat and a kitten, often make
+their appearance in Cowper's letters to his correspondents.  Part of
+one of his letters contains a description of the kitten.
+
+"I have a kitten, the drollest of all creatures that ever wore a
+cat's skin.  Her gambols are not to be described, and would be
+incredible, if they could.  In point of size she is likely to be a
+kitten always, being extremely small of her age, but time, I suppose,
+that spoils everything, will make her also a cat.  You will see her,
+I hope, before that melancholy period shall arrive, for no wisdom
+that she may gain by experience and reflection hereafter will
+compensate the loss of her present hilarity.  She is dressed in a
+tortoise-shell suit, and I know that you will delight in her."
+
+Sometimes Cowper used to write his letters in rhyme.  The paragraph
+that follows will make anyone who reads it feel like dancing:
+
+"I have heard before of a room with a floor laid upon springs, and
+such like things, with so {216} much art in every part, that when you
+went in you were forced to begin a minuet pace, with an air and a
+grace, swimming about, now in and now out, with a deal of state, in a
+figure of eight, without pipe, or string, or anything such thing; and
+now I have writ, in a rhyming fit, what will make you dance, and as
+you advance, will keep you still, though against your will, dancing
+away, alert and gay, till you come to an end of what I have penn'd,
+which that you may do, ere Madam and you are quite worn out with
+jigging about I take my leave, and here you receive a bow profound,
+down to the ground, from your humble me--W.C."
+
+It is surprising to learn how many books contain interesting letters,
+letters which are gay, amusing, witty, touching, affectionate, wise,
+and very skilfully written.  Some of the most famous letter writers
+you will know already from their books.  Others are famous wholly on
+account of their letters.  One of the latter is Madam de Sévigné, a
+charming, gifted Frenchwoman who lived in France as long ago as the
+seventeenth century.  When her daughter married and left home, Madame
+de Sévigné, who was a devoted mother, used to write gay, fascinating
+letters to the child she loved.  She told of the happenings at court,
+or intrigues and politics, and of everyday, domestic affairs.  In
+this way, it has come about that although in her lifetime Madame de
+Sévigné's letters were comparatively little known, all the years
+since then her reputation for wit, wisdom and charm has been growing,
+until to-day the Marquise de Sévigné is regarded as one of the most
+brilliant and perfect letter writers, possibly the {217} most skilful
+and delightful letter writer that the world knows.
+
+The following is part of one of her letters, translated from the
+French, which tells of the despair of a cook who could not get
+sufficient of what he considered proper food to serve to the King and
+his following, who were the guests of his master.
+
+"I meant to tell you that the King arrived at Chantilly last evening.
+He hunted the stag by moonlight, the lanterns were very brilliant;
+and altogether the evening, the supper, the play,--all went off
+marvellously well.....
+
+"The King arrived on Thursday evening, the promenade, the
+collation,--served on a lawn carpeted with jonquils--all was perfect.
+At supper there were a few tables where the roast was wanting, on
+account of some guests whose arrival had not been expected.  This
+mortified Vatel, who said several times, 'My honour is gone: I can
+never survive this shame.'  He also said to Gourville, 'My head
+swims.  I have not slept for twelve nights.  Help me give the
+orders.'  Gourville encouraged him as well as he could....  Gourville
+told M. le Prince, who went immediately to Vatel's room, and said to
+him, 'Vatel, everything is going on well.  Nothing could be finer
+than the King's supper.'  He replied, 'My lord, your goodness
+overwhelms me.  I know that the roast was missing at two tables.'
+'Not at all,' said M. le Prince.  'Don't disturb yourself: everything
+is going on well.'  Midnight came; the fireworks, which cost sixteen
+thousand francs, did not succeed, on account of the fog.  At four
+o'clock in {218} the morning, Vatel, going through the chateau, found
+every one asleep.  He met a young steward, who had brought only two
+hampers of fish: he asked, 'Is that all?'--'Yes, Sir.'  The lad did
+not know that Vatel had sent to all the seaports.  Vatel waited some
+time; the other purveyors did not arrive: his brain reeled; he
+believed no more fish could be had: and finding Gourville, he said,
+'My dear sir, I shall never survive this disgrace....'"
+
+The names of a number of English letter writers, whose letters most
+people find delightful, are: Jonathan Swift, Lady Mary
+Wortley-Montagu, Thomas Gray, Horace Walpole, Sir Walter Scott,
+Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Charles Lamb, John Keats, Jane Welsh
+Carlyle, Edward Fitzgerald, Frances Anne Kemble, William Makepeace
+Thackeray, Charles Dickens, the Brownings, and Robert Louis Stevenson.
+
+We feel about journals and diaries in much the same way as we do
+about letters.  Such writings admit us to the intimate companionship
+of those whose words we read.  Journals and diaries, indeed, are more
+intimate than letters.  There are a number of remarkable English
+diarists:--John Evelyn, Fanny Burney, Charles Greville, Benjamin
+Haydon, Lord Shaftesbury and Thomas Moore, but the most famous of all
+is Samuel Pepys.  Pepys was an official at the Admiralty.  He was
+born in 1632 and died in 1703.  During his lifetime, he was a much
+respected man, a good official, interested to a certain extent in
+art, music and writing.  But he scarcely would be remembered to-day
+if he had not kept a diary in which {219} he wrote every day for a
+number of years.  He wrote his diary in shorthand, a kind of cipher,
+and what he wrote filled six volumes.  These books are now kept in
+Magdalene College, Oxford, in the Pepysian Library.  They lay
+unnoticed at Magdalene for more than a hundred years.  Then part of
+the diary was deciphered, written out in longhand, and published in
+1825.  The complete edition of Pepys, by H. B  Wheatley, was not
+published until 1899.  And so the world has come to know Samuel Pepys
+from his diaries as well as it is possible to know anyone.
+
+When Pepys sat down to write in his diary at night he told all the
+little things he did, what he thought and how he felt.  It does not
+seem likely that he expected what he had written ever to be read by
+anyone, but wrote only for the pleasure of going over the day's
+events.  We come so close to Samuel Pepys when we read his diary that
+he seems almost to be living in the pages that we touch with our
+fingers.
+
+Pepys was fond of fine foods and wine, and enjoyed giving dinners and
+entertaining.  But sometimes the entry in the diary contains no more
+than an account of an expedition like the following: ... "took coach,
+it being about seven at night, and passed and saw the people walking
+with their wives and children to take the ayre, and we set out for
+home, the sun by and by going down, and we in the cool of the evening
+all the way with much pleasure home, talking and pleasing ourselves
+with the pleasure of this day's work....  Anon it grew dark, and as
+it grew dark we had the pleasure to see several glow-worms which was
+{220} mighty pretty."  This was on the way home from Epsom Downs,
+Sunday, July 14, 1667.
+
+One of the most lovable diaries is Sir Walter Scott's _Journal_.  He
+wrote it, like Pepys, for his own pleasure.  In the Journal we may
+enjoy the companionship of Sir Walter, who is so simple, unaffected
+and good that old and young will find themselves all equally welcome.
+
+There is one book that should be kept nearby for reference, so that
+we may use it when we need help with words.  This book, as you have
+guessed, is a dictionary.  The use of a dictionary which you will
+think of first, is for correct spelling.  To find out how to spell a
+word correctly is a good use to which to put a dictionary.  But it is
+by no means the only help that a dictionary can give us.  Perhaps you
+are fond of words, which may be beautiful, amusing, curious,
+interesting, startling, exquisitely appropriate, and by means of
+which we are able to express the finest shades of meaning.  If you do
+care for words, then in a little spare time, let us turn to a
+dictionary; any page of a dictionary will do.  Read what is printed
+on the page concerning four or five English words.
+
+Notice carefully the different meanings for the same word.  Above
+all, read with attention the quotations which illustrate how these
+words may be used.  Standard and classic writers are the most helpful
+teachers when we wish to learn how to use words.  The English tongue
+is a noble language; it is one of our greatest possessions.  To use
+it correctly, skilfully, and with grace, is something that we can
+learn.  Other books which will {221} help us, besides a well-chosen
+dictionary of the English language, are dictionaries of synonyms, and
+such a book as Mr. H. W. Fowler's _Dictionary of Modern English
+Usage_, a recent publication by a scholar whose work is not only
+learned, but delightfully interesting and helpful because of its keen
+wit and enthusiasm.
+
+
+
+
+{223}
+
+PART VIII
+
+POETRY
+
+
+
+{225}
+
+CHAPTER XXXII
+
+POETRY AND BEAUTY
+
+Let us gather in this chapter a few of the most beautiful lines in
+poetry.
+
+The youngest of the great English poets is John Keats.  When he was
+little more than a boy, early in the nineteenth century, he wrote
+poetry.  One of his poems is called "Ode to a Nightingale".  Keats
+had been listening to the voice of the bird, which sings at night a
+song considered more beautiful than that of any other bird, and he
+began to imagine how often the nightingale had sung to people who
+lived long ago, and how often in far away, beautiful lands.  As he
+thought, he could see these other lands, where people lived in faery
+palaces, with open windows looking on the sea.  Keats' words, which
+we can read to-day, keep the song of the bird, and the picture of the
+countries where it sang, in perfect beauty.
+
+  Thou wast not born for death, immortal Bird!
+      No hungry generations tread thee down;
+  The voice I hear this passing night was heard
+      In ancient days by emperor and clown:
+  Perhaps the self-same song that found a path
+      Through the sad heart of Ruth, when, sick for home,
+          She stood in tears amid the alien corn;
+      The same that oft-times hath
+  Charm'd magic casements, opening on the foam
+      Of perilous seas, in faery lands forlorn.
+
+
+{226}
+
+Wordsworth, whose poetry at times may seem dull and uninspired, again
+and again has the power to write lines which have a beauty that is
+inexplicable.
+
+      The rainbow comes and goes,
+      And lovely is the rose;
+      The moon doth with delight
+  Look round her when the heavens are bare;
+          . . . . .
+  Our birth is but a sleep and a forgetting:
+  The Soul that rises with us, our life's Star,
+      Hath had elsewhere its setting,
+        And cometh from afar;
+          . . . . .
+        Hence, in a season of calm weather
+          Though inland far we be,
+  Our souls have sight of that immortal sea
+          Which brought us hither,
+        Can in a moment travel thither,
+  And see the children sport upon the shore,
+  And hear the mighty waters rolling evermore.
+
+
+These lines are taken from Wordsworth's "Ode on Intimations of
+Immortality".  In another poem he describes a great mountain, Mont
+Blanc, which is snow-capped, so high that the sun when it rises
+shines on the mountain's summit long before the sun's rays reach the
+country below.  One line of seven words tells us how at night the
+mountain peak seems to be in the company of the moving stars:--
+
+"Visited all night by troops of stars."
+
+Shakespeare has many of these magic lines, but one which seems to
+have come from nowhere, and for which Shakespeare offers no
+explanation is:
+
+"Child Rowland to the dark tower came."
+
+{227}
+
+We ask ourselves who Child Rowland was, and where was the dark tower.
+Then, perhaps, we begin to weave a story about Child Rowland and the
+tower, for poetry often stirs in us something which makes us think
+and feel more intensely, and awakens in us the desire to create
+beauty ourselves.
+
+It was Thomas Nash, a poet living at the same time as Shakespeare,
+who wrote in his poem "In Time of Pestilence", lines which many other
+poets agree are among the most enthralling and beautiful ever
+written,--
+
+  Brightness falls from the air;
+  Queens have died young and fair;
+  Dust hath closed Helen's eye;
+
+
+George Meredith, the novelist, who also was a poet, in his "Love in
+the Valley" has magical lines.
+
+  Lovely are the curves of the white owl sweeping
+  Wavy in the dusk lit by one large star.
+
+
+Robert Louis Stevenson told the Irish poet, Mr. Yeats, that when he
+first read "Love in the Valley" he went about the country where he
+was shouting the lines for joy in them.
+
+And so we finally understand that this power of creating strange
+beauty which stirs and thrills us all may come to any poet, sometimes
+to great poets, sometimes to poets not so great.  Shakespeare and
+Nash had it, Keats and Wordsworth, Meredith who belongs almost to our
+own times, and a young poet of a later time even than {228} Meredith,
+James Elroy Flecker, in whose play _Hassan_, are many beautiful
+songs.  The last song is "The Golden Road to Samarkand".
+
+  We are the Pilgrims, master; we shall go
+    Always a little further: it may be
+  Beyond that last blue mountain barred with snow
+    Across that angry or that glimmering sea,
+
+  White on a throne or guarded in a cave
+    There lives a prophet who can understand
+  Why men are born: but surely we are brave,
+    Who take the Golden Road to Samarkand.
+    . . . . . . . .
+  We take the Golden Road to Samarkand.
+
+
+Coleridge, the Samuel Taylor Coleridge who was Charles Lamb's friend,
+wrote a story, a ballad, following the fashion of the old ballads,
+which he called "The Ancient Mariner".  You probably know this poem
+already.  But if you do not, find time to read it; or, possibly,
+someone may read parts of it to you.  "The Ancient Mariner" is a
+story of the sea, of wanderings, of shipwreck, of strange sights, of
+learning that we must love every thing, not only men and women, but
+birds and beasts, and then of the glad returning to the place which
+was the sailor's home:
+
+  And now there came both mist and snow,
+  And it grew wondrous cold:
+  And ice, mast-high, came floating by,
+  As green as emerald.
+      . . . . . . . .
+  The Sun's rim dips; the stars rush out:
+  At one stride comes the dark;
+  With far-heard whisper, o'er the sea,
+  Off shot the spectre-bark.
+
+{229}
+
+  The moving Moon went up the sky,
+  And nowhere did abide;
+  Softly she was going up,
+  And a star or two beside--
+  . . . . . . . .
+  O dream of joy! is this indeed
+  The lighthouse top I see?
+  Is this the hill? is this the kirk?
+  Is this mine own countree?
+
+
+No matter how familiar such lines may become, we should never forget
+to realize their beauty.
+
+Ben Jonson, who lived in the seventeenth century, wrote, with other
+poems, a lyric, wise as well as beautiful, in which we may find
+life-long companionship.
+
+      It is not growing like a tree
+      In bulk, doth make man better be;
+  Or standing long an oak, three hundred year,
+  To fall a log at last, dry, bald, and sere:
+            A lily of a day
+            Is fairer far in May,
+      Although it fall and die that night;
+      It was the plant and flower of light.
+  In small proportions we just beauties see;
+  And in short measures, life may perfect be.
+
+
+No one can change these lines and express the same idea as perfectly
+as Jonson has given it to us.  For great poetry has some magic power
+by which it conveys to us truth and beauty which we are not able to
+discover for ourselves.
+
+
+
+
+{230}
+
+CHAPTER XXXIII
+
+POETRY AND TIME
+
+It is good to know the names of the great English poets and the order
+of time in which they come; we may write out such a list for
+ourselves if we hope to enjoy poetry.  Many of you will find no
+difficulty in learning by heart the names of the poets, or in
+remembering the centuries to which they belong.  The question mark
+after the first date in the case of Chaucer and Spenser means that
+there is no exact record of the year in which either of these poets
+was born.
+
+  Chaucer        1340 ? -- 1400
+  Spenser,       1552 ? -- 1599
+  Shakespeare,   1564   -- 1616
+  Milton,        1608   -- 1674
+  Dryden,        1631   -- 1700
+  Pope,          1688   -- 1744
+  Wordsworth,    1770   -- 1850
+  Coleridge,     1772   -- 1834
+  Byron,         1788   -- 1824
+  Shelley,       1792   -- 1822
+  Keats,         1795   -- 1821
+  Tennyson,      1809   -- 1892
+  Browning,      1812   -- 1889
+
+
+We do not enjoy the work of all these poets equally; in any case,
+boys and girls, men and {231} women, have individual preferences.
+Some people find greater enjoyment in the work of Byron than in the
+work, let us suppose, of Tennyson.  Others greatly prefer Tennyson to
+Browning; and again these may not care for Byron.  But many people
+find delight in reading Browning's poetry.  Still, we should remember
+that all these writers are great poets, and that each has had power
+over his own generation and other generations as well.
+
+Chaucer, as you know, is difficult to read because he lived so many
+hundreds of years ago, and the English language has changed
+considerably since the time when he wrote poetry.  The same may be
+said of Spenser, although in a less degree.  Dryden and Pope helped
+to perfect the style of English poetry, and this, possibly, is their
+outstanding claim to greatness.
+
+It may help us to know and enjoy poetry if we choose one or two of
+the poems written by these great poets.
+
+You may have found the work of Chaucer already, but it is the
+Prologue to the _Canterbury Tales_ which most people, who read
+Chaucer at all, know best.  A little study will help us to read some
+of Chaucer's lines.  We know also of Spenser's _Faery Queen_, of Una
+and the Red Cross Knight.  Shakespeare lives as the master of English
+literature.  We have some knowledge of his plays, but we have not yet
+spoken of his sonnets.
+
+A sonnet is a poem of fourteen lines, usually divided into an
+octave--eight lines--and a sestet--six lines.  There are three
+varieties of the {232} sonnet form in English poetry.  That used by
+Shakespeare has three four-line stanzas, the first line in each
+stanza rhyming with the third, and the second line with the fourth;
+these stanzas are followed by a rhyming couplet.  Those of you who
+are specially interested in verse forms will find under the heading
+"technical terms", an interesting note on the sonnet in Mr. H. W.
+Fowler's _Dictionary of Modern English Usage_.  Some of the most
+beautiful short poems in the world have taken the form of the sonnet.
+Read Shakespeare's sonnet beginning with the lines,--
+
+  That time of year thou may'st in me behold
+  When yellow leaves, or none, or few, do hang
+  Upon those boughs which shake against the cold,
+  Bare ruin'd choirs where late the sweet birds sang.
+
+
+See with what beauty Shakespeare clothes the bare branches of winter
+trees.  Many times in our lives, we will think with joy of
+Shakespeare's words when we look at the leafless boughs of trees and
+remember how the birds in summer sang in the leafy bowers like
+choristers in a choir.  Shakespeare used nine words only to give us
+this joy.
+
+Milton, who was a great poet, also wrote sonnets.  The best known of
+his sonnets was written on his own blindness.  It begins with the
+line,
+
+  When I consider how my light is spent.
+
+But the most loved poem by Milton is the "Hymn on the Morning of
+Christ's Nativity".  The beginning of the first stanza is as follows:
+
+{233}
+
+  It was the Winter wilde,
+    While the Heav'n-born-childe
+  All meanly wrapt in the rude manger lies;
+  Nature in aw to him,
+  Had doff't her gawdy trim,
+    With her great Master so to sympathize:
+
+
+Of Dryden, read part of "Alexander's Feast"; and from Pope's work
+choose the gay, amusing poem called "The Rape of the Lock".
+Wordsworth's sonnets are specially beautiful; we should read "Upon
+Westminster Bridge", and one other called "The World".  His longer
+poem, "Ode on Intimations of Immortality from Recollections of Early
+Childhood", will express for you how beautiful the world is in your
+eyes, perhaps more perfectly than the work of any other of the great
+poets.
+
+Coleridge's poem, "Do You Ask What the Birds Say?" we should read;
+Byron's "She Walks in Beauty"; Shelley's "Ode to the West Wind", or
+his poem "To a Skylark"; Keats' "Eve of St. Agnes"; Tennyson's "Morte
+d'Arthur"; and Browning's "Saul".
+
+Listen to the music of the first lines belonging to the poems named
+in the last paragraph, if you still are not quite certain that there
+is delight in reading poetry.
+
+Coleridge's poem begins:--
+
+  Do you ask what the birds say?  The Sparrow, the Dove,
+  The Linnet, and Thrush, say "I love and I love!"
+  In the winter they're silent--the wind is so strong;
+  What it says, I don't know, but it sings a loud song.
+
+
+{234}
+
+The first four lines of Bryon's poem, "She Walks in Beauty," are:--
+
+  She walks in beauty, like the night
+    Of cloudless climes and starry skies;
+  And all that's best of dark and bright
+  Meet in her aspect and her eyes:--
+
+
+The first stanza of Shelley's "To a Skylark" is:--
+
+    Hail to thee, blithe spirit!
+      Bird thou never wert--
+    That from heaven or near it
+      Pourest thy full heart
+  In profuse strains of unpremeditated art.
+
+
+Even this one verse by Shelley gives us the feeling of rising high
+towards heaven with the bird and hearing his song.
+
+The beginning of Keats' poem, "The Eve of St. Agnes", is one of the
+most beautiful and alluring openings in all poetry:--
+
+  St. Agnes' Eve--Ah, bitter chill it was!
+  The owl, for all his feathers, was a-cold;--
+
+
+Tennyson's "Morte d'Arthur" is a story of Arthur and the Round Table,
+and the great sword Excalibur.  Its opening lines read:--
+
+  So all day long the noise of battle roll'd
+  Among the mountains by the winter sea;--
+
+
+Browning's poems, "How They Brought the Good News from Ghent to Aix",
+"The Pied Piper of Hamelin", and "Hervé Riel", you are likely to know
+already.  "Saul" is a more difficult poem, but in it Browning shows
+his great power as a poet.  {235} His love poetry, in such poems as
+"The Last Ride Together", and "One Word More", is considered
+Browning's finest work.  "Saul" is a story taken from the Bible.
+David plays on his harp to Saul, who is ill.  He tries to find help
+for Saul in his despondency.  David finally tells Saul that God must
+be a man as well as God, so that He may help us all.
+
+  He who did most, shall bear most; the strongest shall
+      stand the most weak.
+  'Tis the weakness in strength, that I cry for! my flesh
+      that I seek
+  In the Godhead!  I seek and I find it.  O Saul, it shall be
+  A Face like my face that receives thee; a man like to me,
+  Thou shalt love and be loved by, forever: a Hand like
+      this hand
+  Shall throw open the gates of new life to thee!  See the
+      Christ stand!
+
+
+Do you remember how we discovered earlier in this book that time
+decides what is great in writing?  This is true of the work of poets.
+We can see for ourselves how widely great poets differ in their work.
+Some write sweet, simple, clear and lovely songs; others write poetry
+which is difficult to read and understand.  The simple, clear and
+lovely songs may last longer than the difficult poems.  But if the
+difficult poetry contains great meaning, it may last too.  A poet
+sometimes is great for the people of his own generation, but the ages
+that follow may not care for his work.  Yet it may be that after a
+hundred years or so, people will love the poet's work again.
+
+Is great poetry being written now!  It is difficult for anyone to
+answer this question with {236} certainty.  Some very lovely poetry
+has been written in this twentieth century, in the same way that
+beautiful verse has been written in the English language for hundreds
+of years.
+
+Examples of this beautiful verse from Chaucer's time to the end of
+the nineteenth century, we may find in such books as Palgrave's
+_Golden Treasury of English Verse_; and _The Oxford Book of English
+Verse_, 1250-1900, edited by Mr. Quiller-Couch.  Several anthologies,
+called _Books of Georgian Poetry_, and others beside, contain poetry
+written in the twentieth century.
+
+There are many poets of whose work we have not spoken.  Some of their
+names you know already; some you will learn by and by.  These poets
+may have lived long ago, or no longer ago than last century, or they
+may be living to-day.  Three outstanding names belonging to the
+Victorian Age are those of Matthew Arnold, Dante Gabriel Rossetti,
+and Charles Algernon Swinburne.  We should remember the names also of
+a group of women who have written poetry: Mrs. Browning, Christina
+Rossetti, Emily Brontë, and Emily Dickinson, who is an American poet.
+
+Some modern poets are: Rudyard Kipling, Robert Bridges, W. B. Yeats,
+Rupert Brooke, James Elroy Flecker, Laurence Binyon, William Watson,
+George Russell, W. H. Davies, Walter de la Mare, Alice Meynell,
+Katherine Tynan, W. W. Gibson, John Masefield, James Stephens,
+Lascelles Abercrombie, Siegfried Sassoon, Ralph Hodgson, Edmund
+Blunden, and a sister and two brothers, three poets in one family,
+Edith, Osbert and Sacheverell Sitwell.
+
+{237}
+
+For an ending we may quote a verse from a poem written by a modern
+poet, Mr. Walter de la Mare.  The name of the poem is "The Listeners":
+
+  'Is there anybody there!' said the Traveller
+    Knocking on the moonlit door;
+  And his horse in the silence champed the grasses
+    Of the forest's ferny floor;
+  And a bird flew up out of the turret,
+    Above the Traveller's head:
+  And he smote upon the door a second time;
+    'Is there anybody there?' he said.
+
+
+
+
+{239}
+
+YOUR COUNTRY AND BOOKS
+
+
+
+{241}
+
+CHAPTER XXXIV
+
+READING FOR YOUR OWN COUNTRY
+
+------
+
+ENGLISH LITERATURE AND ITS BRANCHES
+
+Most of us, no matter where we may happen to live, are not far away
+from a newspaper office.  We may walk down a village street and stop
+at the door of a building where a newspaper is published, or we may
+drive in from the farm, and see a printing press through the open
+door of the same office.  Perhaps it is an old-fashioned printing
+establishment where type is still set by hand; good printing often is
+taken from hand-set type.  Or some of you may pass, day by day, a
+newspaper building in a town or city where the latest machinery is
+constantly at work on edition after edition of a daily newspaper.
+
+We know without being told that newspapers form one of the great
+channels of communication in the modern world.  To learn how to read
+a newspaper in the best way is something we can do for our own good,
+for the place in which we live, for the country round about, our own
+country and nation, and so on in ever-widening circles.
+
+Newspapers possess a special fascination for almost everyone.  We
+like to look in through the windows of a newspaper building and see
+the {242} machinery moving rapidly.  It is exciting to watch the
+great sheets being folded and coming off the presses.  Perhaps you
+know a young man or woman who is a reporter; possibly some day you
+will be a reporter yourself.  It is worth spending time trying to
+understand all that a newspaper means.
+
+If we know anything about the way in which news is gathered, written,
+and printed, we know that sometimes news will be inaccurate, because
+newspaper work is done with speed.  The work of a daily newspaper is
+to provide its readers with the day's news, and this must be
+accomplished quickly, or it will be to-morrow before we know where we
+are.  It is the pride of a newspaper to publish correct news, as far
+as that is possible.  But when we read a newspaper we must make
+allowance for the fact that some of the news is an estimate of what
+happened, rather than a statement of the absolutely true details of
+what has happened.  Yet it is astonishing, considering all the
+circumstances, how few mistakes there are in newspapers.
+
+We read newspapers to be well informed; to know how to relate
+ourselves to the life about us; and to find out what has happened
+that particularly concerns us in many different ways, as, for
+instance, in sports and games, schools and education, business and
+employment, about our neighbours and companions, politics and public
+affairs, even the hobbies in which we are interested, flower shows,
+cattle shows, sales of stamps, puzzles, jokes, wireless news,
+discoveries, inventions, explorations.  By reading a good newspaper
+in {243} the right way we keep in touch with current history.
+
+There are other periodical publications, besides daily newspapers,
+weeklies and many monthly magazines, each of which has its own use
+and purpose.  Some of these publications we may need to read,
+according to what our interests are.  These you can choose for
+yourselves, as you grow older.
+
+What is known as literature, writing of permanent value and beauty,
+not technical or scientific, but of general interest, as a rule finds
+its way into books.  The time has come now when we can consider for a
+moment how many different literatures there are in the world.
+
+Some writers belonging to literatures of countries other than our
+own, by this time you can name for yourselves.  You know that there
+was a great Greek literature, a Latin literature, and Hebrew
+literature.  The first name that comes into your minds belonging to
+Greek literature is Homer.  Virgil was one of the great writers of
+Latin literature.  The Bible is Hebrew literature.  Dante's work is
+found in Italian literature; Cervantes' in Spanish literature;
+Goethe's in German literature; Dumas' work and Victor Hugo's and the
+work of a number of other writers belong to French literature.  There
+are famous Russian novelists.  Hans Andersen was a Dane.  Maeterlinck
+is a Belgian.  _The Arabian Nights_, in origins at least, takes us to
+countries as far away as China, India, Persia, and Egypt.  All these
+literatures come into our lives and into the lives of other people,
+and so we understand how famous books help to bind the world together.
+
+{244}
+
+English literature is one of the great literatures of the world.  If
+it pleases us to do so, we can count that it begins in the times of
+the Anglo-Saxons.  Even if we take Chaucer as the first great name in
+English literature, this means that for six hundred years, famous,
+glorious books in poetry, story, drama, history, and other styles of
+composition, have been produced at intervals, but in an unbroken
+succession, in the literature which we can call our own.
+
+English literature, as you know, includes the work of English,
+Scottish and Irish writers.  If we think of English literature as a
+tree, one of its branches, which comes from the same root, is
+American literature.  Other branches of this tree are the literatures
+of Canada, Australia, South Africa, and the work of writers in India
+who publish their books in the English language, known as
+Anglo-Indian literature.  As you know, all these literatures, with
+the exception of American literature, belong to the nations of the
+British Empire.  Kipling was thinking of the nations of the Empire
+when he called one of his books _The Five Nations_.
+
+Some day you may find out for yourselves how many names you can
+remember of writers belonging to English literature, then any you
+know belonging to the branch literatures of Canada, Australia, South
+Africa and Anglo-India, and to American literature.
+
+There are few lists in the world as splendid as the long roll of
+great writers in English literature.  It is worth while learning the
+most famous names by heart.  Numbers of these writers you know
+already.  Many people find the greatest {245} enjoyment they have
+from books in English literature.
+
+The names of some of the most distinguished American writers are
+Emerson, Thoreau, Mark Twain, Hawthorne, Herman Melville, Walt
+Whitman, Edgar Allan Poe, Fenimore Cooper, Longfellow, Parkman,
+Motley, and Washington Irving; many critics would add the name of
+Emily Dickinson.  There are a number of interesting books in which
+you can read of American literature.  A librarian will help you to
+choose one of them.
+
+Names belonging to Australian and New Zealand literature are Henry
+Kingsley, Adam Lindsay Gordon, Kendall, Domett, Rolf Boldrewood,
+Lawson, Stephens, Louis Becke, Browne, Collins, Farjeon, Ada
+Cambridge, and Mrs. Campbell Praed.  Katherine Mansfield was born in
+New Zealand and the lady sometimes known as "Elizabeth", Countess
+Russell, in Australia.  You may find in a library articles on the
+writers of Australia and New Zealand.  Someone might read aloud to
+you from an anthology of Australian verse.
+
+South Africa has not had long to establish a literature.  One
+well-known South African name is that of Olive Schreiner.  Others are
+Pringle, Bell, Mrs. Millin, and a young poet, Roy Campbell.  A
+collection of English South African poetry is called _The Treasury of
+South African Poetry and Verse_.
+
+Many Canadians have written poetry and verse in which are true
+descriptions of nature and the spirit of nature in Canada.  Some
+Canadian poets' names you will have learned already: Roberts, {246}
+Carman, Lampman, Campbell, Scott, Isabella Valancy Crawford, Marjorie
+Pickthall, W. H. Drummond, whose habitant poems abound in humour and
+the delineation of character, two poets who served in the War, John
+McCrae and Bernard Trotter, Wilson MacDonald, and E. J. Pratt, a
+native of Newfoundland, the oldest dominion in the Empire.  Other
+names you will find mentioned in several good anthologies.
+Haliburton was a humorist.  The most widely read Canadian humorist of
+the present day is Mr. Stephen Leacock.  Joseph Howe was a writer, an
+orator and statesman.  The Golden Dog, by William Kirby, is a famous
+Canadian novel.  Other novel writers are Miss Lily Dougall, Mrs.
+Cotes, Miss Mazo de la Roche, Sir Gilbert Parker, "Ralph Connor",
+Norman Duncan, Miss L. M. Montgomery.  A number of writers of
+Canadian fiction are doing work to-day which may become eminent.
+There are writers in French Canada, both of prose and poetry.
+Canadian historians, English and French, have accomplished good work.
+The two series, _Makers of Canada_ and _Chronicles of Canada_,
+contain histories which are well worth reading.
+
+Here is a list of readings from Canadian literature, chapters from a
+few novels, poems from books of poetry, short stories, two fairy
+tales, two speeches by Canadian statesmen, a short history.  These
+may guide you to books which you may enjoy.  In addition, we should
+read William Kirby's novel, _The Golden Dog_.  It is interesting to
+remember that Miss Pauline Johnson, whose {247} poetical gift was
+undoubted, was a Canadian Mohawk Indian.
+
+"How Rabbit Deceived Fox" and "Sparrow's Search for the Rain", from
+_Canadian Fairy Tales_, by Cyrus Macmillan.
+
+_Beautiful Joe_, by Marshall Saunders.
+
+"In the Big Haycart" and "Calling the Cows", from _Chez Nous_, by
+Adjutor Rivard, translated by W. H. Blake.
+
+"The Freedom of the Black-Faced Ram" from _The Watchers of the
+Trails_, by C. G. D. Roberts.
+
+"Privilege of the Limits" from _Old Man Savarin Stories_, by E. W.
+Thomson.
+
+"The Scarlet Hunter", from _Pierre and His People_; and _When Valmond
+Came to Pontiac_, by Sir Gilbert Parker.
+
+Chapter One, from _The Imperialist_, by Mrs. Cotes.
+
+"Aunt Thankful and Her Room", from _Wise Saws and Modern Instances_,
+Vol. II, Chap. 4, by Thomas Chandler Haliburton.
+
+"The Marine Excursion of the Knights of Pythias", from _Sunshine
+Sketches of a Little Town_, by Stephen Leacock.
+
+"O Love Builds on the Azure Sea", from _Malcolm's Katie_, by Isabella
+Valancy Crawford.
+
+"Where the Cattle Come to Drink" and "The Potato Harvest", from
+_Songs of the Common Day_, by C. G. D. Roberts.
+
+"The Frogs" and "Why Do You Call the Poet Lonely?" from _The Poems of
+Archibald Lampman_.
+
+"How One Winter Came in the Lake Region" and "How Spring Came", from
+_Lake Lyrics_, by W. W. Campbell.
+
+"The Ships of St. John" and "The Grave Tree", from _Poems_, by Bliss
+Carman.
+
+"Heart of Gold" and "Madame Tarte", from _Later Poems and New
+Villanelles_, by S. Frances Harrison.
+
+{248}
+
+"Elizabeth Speaks", and "A Legend of Christ's Nativity", from
+_Lundy's Lane and Other Poems_, by Duncan Campbell Scott.
+
+"The Habitant", "Little Bateese", "De Bell of Saint Michel", and
+"Little Lac Grenier", from _The Poetical Works_ of W. H. Drummond.
+
+"The Song My Paddle Sings", from _Flint and Feather_, by E. Pauline
+Johnson.
+
+"Bega", "The Immortal", "The Shepherd Boy", from _The Complete Poems
+of Marjorie L. C. Pickthall_.
+
+"A Song of Better Understanding", from _The Song of The Prairie
+Land_, by Wilson MacDonald.
+
+"The Shark", from _Newfoundland Verse_, by E. J. Pratt.
+
+Speech in Hants, 1844, from _The Speeches and Public Letters of
+Joseph Howe_, Chap. X. ed. by J. A. Chisholm.
+
+"Political Liberalism", Quebec City, 1877, and "Death of Sir John
+Macdonald", House of Commons, 1891, _Speeches_ by Sir Wilfrid Laurier.
+
+_A Canadian Manor and Its Seigneurs_, by George M. Wrong.
+
+
+
+
+{249}
+
+AFTERWORD
+
+The name of this chapter, Afterword, seems as if it were an ending.
+But some endings in reality are beginnings.  We all know the look of
+a catalogue of seeds, with its brilliantly coloured flowers.  This
+book, which belongs to you, in one sense is like a seedsman's
+catalogue.  The true delight of gardening is in choosing the seeds,
+digging, fertilizing and smoothing the garden till it is ready for
+sowing and planting.  Then we look forward to the first green leaves,
+flowers, and fruits.  There is an infinite deal to learn about
+gardens, and the seedsman's catalogue is only the beginning.  This
+book is the beginning of the voyage of discovery in the world of your
+own books.
+
+
+Because we have spoken in the preceding chapters almost wholly of
+writers and books, we should take care not to place too much emphasis
+on writing as an occupation.  The world owes much to the writers of
+great books,--happiness, inspiration, enjoyment, wisdom which we may
+take from them if we will, learning, and at all times, unending
+entertainment.
+
+But how many other people there are in the world to whom we owe love
+and gratitude: soldiers, sailors, explorers, inventors, statesmen,
+law-givers, physicians, discoverers, scientists, preachers, teachers,
+evangelists, missionaries, {250} fathers, mothers, all the men and
+women who make our streets, build our houses, bake our bread, bring
+us food, make our clothes, sell us what we need, look after the
+finances of the world, manage our railways and run the trains, fly in
+airships, and of great importance in their occupation, men and women
+who grow food as farmers.  Still, we dearly love good books and great
+writers.
+
+
+No one should read all the time, for people are more important than
+books.  Yet it would be a pity for any boy or girl not to read at
+all.  Francis Bacon, the essayist, of whom we learned a very little
+in the chapter on essays and essayists, says in one of his writings:
+"Reading maketh a full man, conference a ready man, and writing an
+exact man."
+
+Bacon means by the first part of this saying that a man who does not
+read at all is sometimes empty-minded, while a man who reads well has
+many thoughts in his mind, good, sweet and profitable.  If Bacon were
+in the world to-day, and noticed, as he would be certain to notice,
+for Bacon was a most observant man, how much time some people spend
+in reading, he might have added a sentence saying that continual
+reading may keep people from thinking.  Rightly used, books are an
+aid in teaching us how to think.
+
+
+There are many books which have not been mentioned in these pages,
+some of them famous, many of them delightful, important or amusing.
+Some of these books you will find for yourselves {251} as time goes
+on; some you may know already.  Perhaps you may have wondered why
+nothing has been said of this or that book.  But it is true that
+there is always an individual choice in books, as in other things.
+You will find--and love--your own books, the books which belong to
+you.  To discover one's own books for one's self is a great adventure.
+
+
+Some of you may be specially interested in French literature; and,
+presently, you will read the works of the great French dramatist
+Molière, one of whose characters is the famous Monsieur Jourdain, who
+had spoken prose all his life without knowing it.  Balzac and
+Flaubert are two other names among a multitude of French writers.
+The literatures of other countries offer us reading which many people
+enjoy greatly.
+
+
+Numbers of fine books are continually being produced by writers in
+English.  English novels especially make good reading.  Among writers
+of a comparatively recent date who have not been mentioned are John
+Ruskin, Walter Pater, Henry James, an American, Anthony Trollope,
+William Morris, George Du Maurier, William de Morgan, and many
+others.  Certainly, if you can find time, read the witty,
+entertaining Irish stories of two ladies, E. OE. Somerville and
+Martin Ross, especially their first book, _Some Experiences of an
+Irish R. M._
+
+
+Then there are modern writers, writers of your own day.  Remember
+that a library is an {252} excellent place in which to obtain advice
+and help in reading, especially in choosing modern books.  There are
+many modern novelists, critics, and dramatists, as well as poets,
+whose work is well known.  Some names are: Bernard Shaw, H. G. Wells,
+Arnold Bennett, Quiller-Couch, Max Beerbohm, John Galsworthy, Anthony
+Hope, W. W. Jacobs, Booth Tarkington, Willa Cather, Norman Douglas,
+H. M. Tomlinson, Clemence Dane, Virginia Woolf, George Moore, Hugh
+Walpole, May Sinclair, Mary Webb, E. M. Delafield,, James Stephens,
+Henry Williamson and J. C. Squire, as well as others whose names you
+will add to the list when you read their books.  Such writers as
+Katherine Mansfield and W. H. Hudson have left work which belongs to
+the present day, and may last for generations.
+
+
+Great books are sometimes difficult to read, but when we conquer a
+great book we have discovered a new country, and enjoy the reward of
+the discoverer.  It is a matter of choice whether we learn how to
+read great books that are difficult; but to read well is always a
+good choice.
+
+
+We should never forget, however, that one of the principles of good
+reading is to read books in which we find pleasure.  We will grow
+most successfully in this way along the lines of our own natural
+tastes and inclinations.  So if we prefer history, let us read
+history; and biography, if this reading gives us most pleasure.  In
+the same way, following each his or her own special preference, we
+may choose mechanics, invention, exploration, {253} travel, science,
+architecture, art, music, poetry, essays, criticism, or books which
+will help us in the study of human nature.  Books on the betterment
+of the world and on social conditions, books about homes and home
+life, are important.
+
+Some people obtain most benefit from reading a very few books
+carefully, while others read many books.  There are people, often of
+great value to the world, who are not as much interested in books as
+they are in action.  They prefer travelling to reading of travels;
+and would choose to build a bridge, or climb a mountain, rather than
+read history or poetry.  The French have a proverb which says,
+_Chacun à son gôut_, which means each to his own taste; and this is
+true in books as it is in other things.
+
+Do you remember the list of books in Chapter twenty-eight, on Reading
+for What You Want To Be, many of them biographies?  Some day, when
+you have an opportunity, ask permission to look over the books in the
+working library of some man or woman who is following the occupation
+with attracts you most.  We can learn a great deal from the attentive
+study of such a library.  Presently, you may begin to collect your
+own library.  The best way to do this is slowly, with taste,
+discrimination and care.  There is great enjoyment in buying, one by
+one, the books you care for most; and so, almost before you know what
+is happening, you will have a library of your own.  Which book would
+you choose first to buy for your own library?  Sometimes, in looking
+through the library of a friend, we may find the very first book
+bought by the owner of the library when he was a {254} boy, or when
+the owner was a girl, as the case may be.
+
+One of the pleasures of reading is to read according to times and
+seasons: To read books of out-of-doors on winter evenings, as well as
+books of adventure; to read poetry in summer, when we can spend much
+time under the sky.  But those who love poetry, read it all through
+the year.  We may read essays and biography when we are lonely and
+long for companionship.  Novels are constantly enjoyable; a good
+novel tells us much about human nature.
+
+One of the most beautiful seasons for reading is at Christmas time.
+Year by year, we may read the story of the shepherds in Saint Luke,
+ballads of Christmas, _A Christmas Carol_ by Charles Dickens, and
+Milton's great "Hymn on the Morning of Christ's Nativity".  Reading
+of this character deepens our happiness.
+
+By such means as these we come to recognize good reading, and can
+test all books by the great books we have read.
+
+
+
+
+{255}
+
+INDEX
+
+NDX
+
+Abbess Hilda, 185
+
+Abercrombie, Lascelles, 236
+
+Achilles, 86-7
+
+_Adam Bede_, 159, 196
+
+Addison, Joseph, 186, 212
+
+_Aeneid_, The, 134
+
+Aesop, 90-1
+
+Agamemnon, King, 86
+
+Agrippa, King, 168
+
+Ainger, Canon, 210
+
+Aladdin, 94
+
+Alcinous, 88
+
+"Alexander's Feast", 233
+
+Ali Baba, 94
+
+_Alice in Wonderland_, 97-9, 101
+
+Amiens, 40
+
+"Ancient Mariner, The", 228-9
+
+Andersen, Hans, 93, 243
+
+Anne of Austria, 60
+
+_Anne of Geierstein_, 25
+
+_Antony and Cleopatra_, 44
+
+_Antiquary, The_, 25-6
+
+Antonio, 35
+
+Aphrodite, 85
+
+Apollo, 86
+
+Apollyon, 144
+
+_Arabian Nights, The_, 93, 243
+
+Aramis, 60-1
+
+Arden, Mary, 42
+
+Argonauts, The, 88
+
+Ariel, 36-7
+
+Arnold, Matthew, 214, 246
+
+_Around Home_, 196
+
+Arthur, King, 94-6
+
+_As You Like It_, 43
+
+Athos, 60-1
+
+Aunt Polly, 81
+
+Austen, Jane, 154-7, 187
+
+Aytoun, W.  E., 123
+
+
+
+Bacon, Francis, 211, 250
+
+Bagheera, 104
+
+Ballad of the Red Harlaw, 27
+
+Ballads, 65
+
+Baloo, 104
+
+Balzac, Honoré, 251
+
+_Barnaby Rudge_, 3, 7
+
+Barrie, James Matthew, 107, 187
+
+Bates, Mrs. and Miss, 155
+
+"Battle of Otterbourne, The", 112-4, 166
+
+Baucis, 88
+
+Bayly, Harry, 169
+
+Beatrice, 133-5
+
+Beaufort, Duc de, 61
+
+Beaumains, 95
+
+Becke, Louis, 245
+
+Beerbohm, Max, 252
+
+Bell, 245
+
+Bennet, Mr., 155-6
+
+Bennett, Arnold, 252
+
+Beowulf, 185
+
+Berners, Lord, 167
+
+Bernice, Queen, 168
+
+Bible, The, 48-56, 243
+
+Bible, Authorized Version, 54
+
+Binyon, Laurence, 236
+
+_Biographia Literaria_, 214
+
+Black Knight, The, 24
+
+Blackmore, Richard Doddridge, 70
+
+Black Panther, The, 104
+
+Blake, William, 18, 19
+
+_Bleak House_, 4, 8
+
+Blue Beard, 92
+
+_Blue Bird, The_, 106
+
+Blunden, Edmund, 236
+
+Boffin, Mr., 8, 20, 181
+
+Boldrewood, Rolf, 245
+
+Bones, Billy, 64
+
+_Books of Georgian Poetry_, 236
+
+Borrow, George, 76-8
+
+Boswell, James, 188-93
+
+Bragelonne, Vicomte de, 60
+
+Brandes, Georg, 214
+
+_Bride of Lammermoor, The_, 25
+
+Bridges, Robert, 236
+
+British North America Act, 178
+
+Brontë, Anne, 160
+
+Brontë, Branwell, 160
+
+Brontë, Charlotte, 160-1
+
+Brontë, Emily, 160-1, 236
+
+Brontë, Patrick, 160
+
+Brooke, Rupert, 236
+
+Browne, 245
+
+Browning, Robert, 218, 230, 233-5
+
+Browning, Mrs., 218, 236
+
+Brutus, 46
+
+Buchan, John, 116, 191
+
+Bunyan, John, 142-6, 186
+
+Burke, Edmund, 175, 186
+
+Burney, Fanny, 218
+
+Burns, Robert, 196
+
+Burton, Sir Richard, 206
+
+Butcher, S.  H., 88
+
+Byron, Lord, 230, 233-4
+
+
+
+Caedmon, 185
+
+Caliban, 36
+
+Cambridge, Ada, 245
+
+Campbell, Roy, 245
+
+_Canterbury Tales, The_, 169-71, 231
+
+Carleton, Will, 196
+
+Carlyle, Jane Welsh, 218
+
+Carlyle, Thomas, 183
+
+Carman, Bliss, 246
+
+Caroline, Queen, 27
+
+Carroll, Lewis, 99, 101
+
+Cary, Rev. H. F., 134
+
+Castlewood, Lady, 149
+
+Cather, Willa, 252
+
+_Catriona_, 65
+
+Caxton, 94, 186
+
+Cedric, 24
+
+Cervantes, 136-9, 141, 157, 243
+
+Charles I, 182
+
+Charpentier, Miss, 30
+
+Chaucer, Geoffrey, 44, 169-71, 185, 230-1
+
+"Chevy Chase", 112, 166
+
+Child Rowland, 226-7
+
+_Child's Garden of Verse, A_, 65
+
+Chingachgook, 80
+
+_Christmas Carol, A_, 4, 7, 13, 254
+
+Christian, 142-6
+
+Christiana, 146
+
+Christopher Robin, 101
+
+_Chronicles_, (Froissart), 167-8
+
+_Chronicles of Canada_, 246
+
+Churchill, Lord Randolph, 195
+
+Cinderella, 92
+
+Clemens, Samuel, 82
+
+Clio, 172
+
+Cobden, Richard, 176
+
+Cochrane, Lord, 72
+
+Cockburn, Lord, 32
+
+Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, 210, 212-3, 218, 228-9, 230, 233
+
+Collins, 245
+
+Columbus, Christopher, 202
+
+Confederation Act, 178
+
+Connor, Ralph, 246
+
+_Conspiracy of Pontiac, The_, 183
+
+Cook, James, 203-5
+
+Cooper, James Fenimore, 78-80, 245
+
+Cotes, Mrs., 246
+
+"Cotter's Saturday Night, The", 196
+
+Coverley, Sir Roger de, 212
+
+Cowper, William, 122, 215-6
+
+Cratchit, Bob, 7
+
+Cratchits, The, 17
+
+Crawford, Isabella Valancy, 246
+
+Crawley, Rawdon, 149
+
+Curly, 107
+
+Cuttle, Captain, 8
+
+_Cymbeline_, 44, 46
+
+
+
+Dale, Laetitia, 150
+
+Dan, 105
+
+Dana, Richard Henry, 73
+
+Dandie Dinmont, 195
+
+Dane, Clemence, 252
+
+_Daniel Deronda_, 160
+
+Dante, 133-6, 141, 202, 243
+
+Darling, John, 107
+
+Darling, Michael, 107
+
+Darling, Wendy, 107
+
+d'Artagnan, 59-61
+
+_David Balfour_, 65
+
+_David Copperfield_, 3, 6, 7, 9, 13
+
+Davies, W. H., 236
+
+Deans, Jeanie, 25, 27
+
+_Debits and Credits_, 157
+
+Defoe, Daniel, 68-70, 186
+
+Delafield, E. M., 252
+
+de la Mare, Walter, 236-7
+
+de la Roche, Mazo, 246
+
+de Morgan, William, 251
+
+Dhu, Sir Roderick, 118-9
+
+_Diana of the Crossways_, 150-1
+
+Dickens, Charles, 3-20, 171-2, 187, 195, 218, 254
+
+Dickinson, Emily, 236, 245
+
+_Dictionary of Modern English Usage_, 221, 232
+
+_Discovery of the Great West_, 183
+
+_Divine Comedy, The_, 133-6
+
+Djali, 63
+
+Dobbin, Major, 149
+
+Dodgson, Charles Lutwidge, 99
+
+_Dombey and Son_, 4, 7, 8, 14
+
+Dombey, Florence, 7-8
+
+Dombey, Paul, 8
+
+Domett, 245
+
+Don Quixote, 136-9
+
+Doone, Carver, 71
+
+Dorritt, Mr., 14
+
+Dougall, Lily, 246
+
+Douglas, Ellen, 118-9
+
+Douglas, Earl of, 113, 118, 167
+
+Douglas, Norman, 252
+
+"Do You Ask What the Birds Say?", 233
+
+Dulcinea, 137
+
+Dumas, Alexandre, 59-62, 243
+
+Du Maurier, George, 251
+
+Duncan, Norman, 246
+
+Dundonald, Earl of, 72
+
+Drake, Sir Francis, 105
+
+_Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde_, 66
+
+Drummond, W. H., 246
+
+Dryden, John, 186, 230-1, 233
+
+_Dynasts, The_, 153
+
+
+
+"Edinburgh After Flodden", 123
+
+Edward III, 167
+
+_Edwin Drood_, 4
+
+_Egoist, The_, 150-1
+
+Eliot, George, 196, 157-60
+
+Elizabeth, Queen, 23, 184
+
+"Elizabeth", 245
+
+_Elizabeth and Essex_, 184
+
+Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 245
+
+_Emma_, 154-6
+
+Esmeralda, 63
+
+_Esmond_, 149
+
+Esmond, Beatrix, 149
+
+_Essays of Elia, The_, 210
+
+Evangelist, 142
+
+Evans, Mary Ann, 159
+
+Evelyn, John, 218
+
+"Eve of St. Agnes, The", 233-4
+
+
+
+_Faery Queen, The_, 139-41, 231
+
+Faggis, Tom, 71
+
+_Fair Maid of Perth, The_, 25
+
+Fairservice, Andrew, 22
+
+Faithful, 143-4
+
+Farjeon, 245
+
+_Faust_, 141
+
+Feenix, Cousin, 8
+
+_Felix Holt_, 160
+
+Festus, 168
+
+Fielding, Henry, 157, 186
+
+Fitzgerald, Edward, 218
+
+Fitz-James, James, 118-9
+
+_Five Nations, The_, 244
+
+Flaubert, Gustave, 251
+
+Flecker, James Elroy, 228, 236
+
+Flibbertigibbet, 23
+
+Forster, John, 10, 194
+
+_Fortunes of Nigel, The_, 25
+
+Foster, Anthony, 23
+
+Foster, Janet, 23
+
+Fowler, H. W., 232, 221
+
+Friday, 69
+
+Froissart, Sir John, 167-8
+
+Frollo, Claude, 63
+
+_Frontenac and New France Under Louis XIV_, 183
+
+
+
+Galland, Antoine, 93
+
+_Gallipoli_, 185
+
+Galsworthy, John, 252
+
+Gamp, Sairey, 7
+
+Gareth of Orkney, 95
+
+Garland, Hamlin, 196
+
+Garrick, David, 186, 192
+
+Genesis, 48
+
+Giant Despair, 144
+
+Gibbon, Edward, 181, 186
+
+Gibson, W. W., 236
+
+Gilpin, John, 122-3
+
+Gitche Manito, 126
+
+Gladstone, William Ewart, 195
+
+Goethe, 141, 243
+
+_Golden Age, The_, 99-100
+
+_Golden Dog, The_, 74, 246
+
+"Golden Road to Samarkand, The", 228
+
+_Golden Treasury of English Verse_, 236
+
+Goldsmith, Oliver, 186, 192
+
+Gonzalo, 35-7
+
+Gordon, Adam Lindsay, 245
+
+Graeme, Malcolm, 119
+
+Grahame, Kenneth, 99-100
+
+Gray, Thomas, 218
+
+Great Charter, The, 177
+
+_Great Expectations_, 8, 4
+
+Great-heart, Mr., 146
+
+Green, John Richard, 183
+
+Greville, Charles, 218
+
+Grimm, Jacob and William, 92
+
+Gringoire, Pierre, 63
+
+Gudule, 63
+
+Guedalla, Philip, 184
+
+Gummidge, Mrs., 7
+
+Gurth, 24
+
+_Guy Mannering_, 195
+
+
+
+Hall, John, 42
+
+_Hamlet_, 43-5
+
+Hardy, Thomas, 147, 151-3, 187
+
+_Hassan_, 228
+
+Hathaway, Anne, 42
+
+Hathi, 104
+
+Hawk-eye, 80
+
+Hawkins, Jim, 64
+
+Hawthorne, Nathaniel, 88, 245
+
+Haydon, Benjamin, 218
+
+Hazlitt, William, 43, 210, 212-4
+
+_Heart of Mid-Lothian, The_, 25, 27
+
+Hector, 86
+
+Heep, Uriah, 7
+
+Help, 142
+
+Heming, Arthur, 82
+
+Henry VIII, 167
+
+Henry, Alexander, 206
+
+Hephaistos, 86-7
+
+_Hereward the Wake_, 71
+
+Herodotus, 166
+
+_Heroes, The_, 88-9
+
+Heron, Sir Hugh, 120
+
+"Hervé Riel", 234
+
+Hexam, Lizzie, 8
+
+_Hiawatha, The Song of_, 125-8
+
+Higden, Mrs. Betty, 8
+
+_History of England_, (Macaulay), 123, 182
+
+_History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire_, (Gibbon), 181
+
+_History of the War in the Peninsula_, (Napier), 183
+
+_History of the World_, (Raleigh), 181
+
+Hodgson, Ralph, 236
+
+Hogarth, Catherine, 12
+
+Hogarth, George, 12
+
+Hogg, James, 108
+
+Holinshed's Chronicles, 44
+
+Homer, 85-8, 141, 243
+
+Hook, Captain, 107
+
+Hope, Anthony, 252
+
+Hopeful, 144
+
+_House at Pooh Corner, The_, 101
+
+_How I found Livingstone in Central Africa_, 206
+
+"How They Brought the Good News from Ghent to Aix," 234
+
+Howe, Joseph, 246
+
+_Huckleberry Finn_, 80-2, 100
+
+Hudson, W. H., 252
+
+Hugo, Victor, 62-4, 243
+
+"Hymn on the Morning of Christ's Nativity", (Milton), 232, 254
+
+
+
+Iagoo, 126
+
+_Iliad, The_, 85-7, 89
+
+_In Pastures Green_, 196
+
+"In Time of Pestilence", 227
+
+Irving, Washington, 33, 101, 245
+
+Isaac of York, 24
+
+_Ivanhoe_, 23-5
+
+
+
+Jack the Giant Killer, 92
+
+Jacobs, W. W., 252
+
+James, Henry, 251
+
+James II, 70
+
+James V of Scotland, 118
+
+_Jane Eyre_, 160-1
+
+Jarvie, Bailie Nicol, 22
+
+Jellyby, Caddy, 8
+
+_Jesuits in North America, The_, 183
+
+Jim, 81
+
+John, King of England, 24, 177
+
+Johnson, Pauline, 246
+
+Johnson, Samuel, 182, 186, 188-93
+
+Jonson, Ben, 229
+
+Jourdain, Monsieur, 251
+
+_Julius Caesar_, 39, 43, 46, 194
+
+_Jungle Book, The_, 103-4
+
+_Just So Stories_, 105
+
+
+
+Kay, Sir, 95
+
+Keats, John, 218, 225, 230, 233-4
+
+Kemble, Frances Anne, 218
+
+Kendall, 245
+
+_Kenilworth_, 23-25
+
+_Kidnapped_, 65
+
+"Kilmeny", 108
+
+_Kim_, 82
+
+_King Henry V_, 171
+
+_King Lear_, 44
+
+_King Richard II_, 43
+
+Kingsley, Charles, 71, 88
+
+Kingsley, Henry, 245
+
+Kingsley, Mary, 205-6
+
+Kipling, John Lockwood, 103
+
+Kipling, Rudyard, 82, 103-6, 157, 187, 236, 244
+
+Kirby, William, 74, 246
+
+Knightley, Mr. 155
+
+Knights of the Round Table, 94-6
+
+Kublai Khan, 202-3
+
+
+
+Lady Lionesse, 96
+
+_Lady of the Lake, The_, 33, 118
+
+Lamb, Charles, 209-11, 213-4, 218
+
+Lamb, Mary, 210
+
+Lampman, Archibald, 246
+
+Lang, Andrew, 85, 88, 92
+
+La Salle, 206
+
+_Last of the Mohicans, The_, 78
+
+"Last Ride Together, The", 235
+
+Launcelot, Sir, 96
+
+_Lavengro_, 76-8
+
+Lawrence, T. E., 206
+
+Lawson, 245
+
+_Lay of the Last Minstrel, The_, 30, 121
+
+_Lays of Ancient Rome_, 123
+
+_Lays of the Scottish Cavaliers_, 123
+
+Leacock, Stephen, 246
+
+Leaf, Walter, 85
+
+Leatherstocking Tales, 79
+
+Lecky, W. E. H., 183
+
+Lee, Sir Sidney, 184, 194
+
+Legality, 142
+
+Leicester, Earl of, 23
+
+Leigh, Amyas, 71
+
+_Les Misérables_, 62-3
+
+_Life and Letters_, (Page), 194
+
+_Life of Dickens_, 194
+
+_Life of Gladstone_, 194
+
+_Life of Johnson_, 188-93
+
+_Life of King Edward VII_, 184
+
+_Life of Palmerston_, 184
+
+_Life of Sir Walter Scott_, 32, 194
+
+Linet, 96
+
+"Listeners, The", 237
+
+_Little Dorrit_, 4, 10
+
+Little Em'ly, 6
+
+Little Match Girl, The, 93
+
+Livesay, Dr., 64
+
+_Living Forest, The_, 82
+
+"Lochinvar", 121
+
+Lockhart, J. G., 32, 34, 194
+
+Locksley, 24
+
+Lone Wolf, 104
+
+Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth, 125, 245
+
+_Lord of the Isles, The_, 121
+
+_Lord Randolph Churchill_, 194
+
+_Lorna Doone_, 70, 196
+
+Louis XIII, 60
+
+Louis XIV, 60
+
+"Love in the Valley", 227
+
+Lucas, E. V., 210
+
+Lucy, Sir Thomas, 42
+
+Luke, Saint, 254
+
+
+
+Macaulay, Lord, 123, 182
+
+_Macbeth_, 43, 44
+
+MacDonald, Wilson, 246
+
+MacGregor, Helen, 22
+
+MacGregor, Rob Roy, 22
+
+Mackenzie, Sir Alexander, 206
+
+Mad Hatter, 97
+
+Maeterlinck, Maurice, 106, 243
+
+_Makers of Canada, The_, 246
+
+Malory, Sir Thomas, 94-6, 186
+
+Mansfield, Katherine, 245, 252
+
+_Mansfield Park_, 156
+
+Marco Polo, 202-3
+
+_Marmion_, 120-1
+
+Marryat, Frederick, 72-3
+
+_Martin Chuzzlewit_, 4, 7, 13
+
+Masefield, John, 82, 185, 236
+
+_Master of Ballantrae, The_, 66
+
+Mazarin, 60
+
+McArthur, Peter, 196
+
+McCrae, John, 246
+
+McGee, D'Arcy, 176
+
+Melville, Herman, 245
+
+_Merchant of Venice_, 39, 45
+
+Mercy, 146
+
+Meredith, George, 147, 150-1, 227
+
+Meynell, Alice, 236
+
+Micawber, Wilkins, 7, 14
+
+_Middlemarch_, 160
+
+Middleton, Clara, 150
+
+_Midshipman Easy_, 73
+
+_Midsummer Night's Dream, A_, 39, 40, 43
+
+_Midwinter_, 191
+
+_Mill on the Floss, The_, 157-9
+
+Millin, Sarah Gertrude, 245
+
+Milne, A.  A., 101
+
+Milton, John, 186, 212-3, 230, 232-3, 254
+
+Minnehaha, 127
+
+_Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border_, 30, 112
+
+Miranda, 35-7
+
+Molière, 251
+
+Monk, General, 61
+
+Montaigne, M. E., 212
+
+Montgomery, Sir Hugh, 113
+
+Montgomery, L. M., 100, 246
+
+Moore, George, 252
+
+Moore, Thomas, 218
+
+Morley, John, 194
+
+Morris, William, 251
+
+_Morte d'Arthur_, 94-6, 186, 233-4
+
+Motley, John Lothrop, 183, 245
+
+Mowcher, Miss, 7
+
+Mowgli, 104
+
+Mudjekeewis, 126-7
+
+Myers, Ernest, 85
+
+Myriel, Bishop, 63
+
+Mytyl, 106
+
+
+
+Naaman, 50
+
+Napier, 182
+
+Nash, Thomas, 227
+
+Nausicaa, 88
+
+Newcome, Colonel, 149-50
+
+New Testament, 48-9
+
+_Newcomes, The_, 148-50
+
+Nibs, 107
+
+_Nicholas Nickleby_, 3, 7
+
+Nickleby, Mrs., 14
+
+Nipper, Susan, 8, 20
+
+Nokomis, 126
+
+North, 44
+
+_Northanger Abbey_, 156
+
+_Northern Muse, The_, 116
+
+_Notre Dame de Paris_, 62-3
+
+_Now We Are Six_, 101
+
+
+
+Ochiltree, Edie, 25-7
+
+"Ode on Intimations of Immortality", 226, 233
+
+"Ode to a Nightingale", 225
+
+"Ode to the West Wind", 233
+
+Odysseus, 88
+
+_Odyssey, The_, 87-9
+
+_Old Curiosity Shop_, 3, 7
+
+_Old Mortality_, 25
+
+_Old Régime in Canada, The_, 183
+
+Old Testament, 48-9
+
+_Oliver Twist_, 3
+
+"One Word More", 235
+
+Osbaldistone, Francis, 22
+
+Osbaldistone, Sir Hildebrand, 22
+
+Osborne, George, 149
+
+Osbourne, Lloyd, 64
+
+Ossian, 29
+
+_Othello_, 43-4
+
+Our Mutual Friend, 4, 8, 181
+
+_Oxford Book of English Verse_, 108, 236
+
+
+
+Page, Walter H., 194-5
+
+Palgrave, Francis, 236
+
+Paris, 85
+
+Parker, Sir Gilbert, 246
+
+Parkman, Francis, 183, 206, 245
+
+Patroklos, 86
+
+_Pioneers of France in the New World_, 183
+
+Pater, Walter, 251
+
+Patterne, Crossjay, 151
+
+Patterne, Sir Willoughby, 151
+
+Paul, Saint, 50, 168
+
+Pearl-Feather, 128
+
+Pecksniff, Mr., 7
+
+Peggotty, Ham, 6, 20
+
+_Pendennis_, 149
+
+Penelope, 88
+
+Pepys, Samuel, 218-20
+
+Percy, Bishop, 112, 114
+
+_Percy's Reliques of Ancient Poetry_, 29
+
+Percy, Lord, 113
+
+_Persuasion_, 156
+
+Perseus, 88
+
+Peter Pan, 107
+
+_Peter Simple_, 73
+
+_Petulengro, Jasper_, 77
+
+Pew, 64
+
+Philemon, 88
+
+Philippa, Queen of Hainault, 167
+
+Phoebus, Capt., 63
+
+Pickthall, Marjorie L. C., 246
+
+Pickwick, Mr., 4, 6, 20, 171
+
+_Pickwick Papers_, 3, 6, 171-2
+
+"_Pied Piper of Hamelin, The_", 234
+
+_Pilgrimage to Mecca_, 206
+
+_Pilgrim's Progress, The_, 143-6
+
+Pinch, Tom, 7, 20
+
+Pinkerton, Miss, 149
+
+Pip, 8
+
+Pitt, William, 175
+
+Planchet, 61
+
+Plato, 174
+
+_Plutarch's Lives_, 44, 194
+
+Poe, Edgar Allan, 245
+
+Pope, Alexander, 186, 230-1, 233
+
+Porthos, 60-1
+
+Poseidon, 86
+
+Poyser, Mrs., 159, 196
+
+Praed, Mrs. Campbell, 245
+
+Pratt, E. J., 246
+
+Priam, 86
+
+_Pride and Prejudice_, 155-6
+
+Prig, Betsey, 7
+
+Prince Otto, 66
+
+Pringle, 245
+
+Procter, 210
+
+Prospero, 35-7, 40, 44
+
+"Proud Maisie", 27
+
+Psalms, 54
+
+_Puck of Pook's Hill_, 105-6
+
+Purdie, Tom, 32
+
+Puss-in-Boots, 92
+
+
+
+Quasimodo, 63
+
+_Queens of England_, (Strickland), 183
+
+Quiller-Couch, Sir A., 236, 252
+
+Quiney, Thomas, 42
+
+
+
+Raleigh, Sir Walter, 23, 180-1
+
+"Rape of the Lock, The", 233
+
+Rebecca, 24
+
+_Red Cow and Her Friends, The_, 196
+
+Red Cross Knight, 139-40, 231
+
+Red Shoes, The, 93
+
+_Redgauntlet_, 25, 27
+
+_Reliques of Ancient English Poetry_, 112
+
+_Republic of Plato, The_, 174
+
+_Return of the Native, The_, 151
+
+_Revolt in the Desert_, 206
+
+_Rewards and Fairies_, 105-6
+
+Reynolds, Sir Joshua, 186, 192
+
+Richard, King of England, 24
+
+Richardson, Samuel, 186
+
+Richelieu, Cardinal, 60
+
+Ridd, Jan, 70
+
+Rikki-tiki-tavi, 104
+
+Riley, James Whitcombe, 196
+
+_Rip Van Winkle_, 101-2
+
+_Rise of the Dutch Republic_, 183
+
+Ritchie, Mrs., 148, 150
+
+_Rob Roy_, 21-3, 25
+
+Roberts, Charles G. D., 245
+
+Robin Hood, 24
+
+_Robinson Crusoe_, 68
+
+Robsart, Amy, 23
+
+Robinson, Crabb, 210
+
+Rochefort, 59
+
+_Rokeby_, 121
+
+_Romeo and Juliet_, 39, 43
+
+_Romola_, 159
+
+Rosalind, 45
+
+Ross, Martin, 251
+
+Rossetti, Christina, 236
+
+Rossetti, D. G., 236
+
+_Round the World in Eighty Days_, 71
+
+Rowena, 24
+
+Rozinante, 137
+
+Ruskin, John, 251
+
+Russell, Countess, 245
+
+Russell, George, 236
+
+Rustician, 202
+
+
+
+Sainte-Beuve, 214
+
+Sancho Panza, 137-9
+
+_Sard Harker_, 82
+
+Sassoon, Siegfried, 236
+
+"Saul", 233-5
+
+Schah-riar, 94
+
+Schehera-zade, 94
+
+Schreiner, Olive, 245
+
+Scott, Duncan Campbell, 246
+
+Scott, Captain R. F., 206
+
+_Scott's Last Expedition_, 206
+
+Scott, Sophia, 32
+
+Scott, Sir Walter, 21-34, 62, 112, 118-21, 187, 194, 218, 220
+
+Scott's _Journal_, 220
+
+_Second Jungle Book, The_, 103-4
+
+Sedley, Amelia, 148-9
+
+Sedley, Jos., 149
+
+Selkirk, Alexander, 68
+
+_Sense and Sensibility_, 156
+
+Setebos, 36
+
+Sévigné, Madam de, 216-8
+
+Shaftesbury, Lord, 218
+
+Shakespeare, Hamnet, 42
+
+Shakespeare, John, 41
+
+Shakespeare, Judith, 42-44
+
+Shakespeare, Susanna, 42
+
+Shakespeare, William, 35-47, 171, 186, 194, 195, 212-3, 226, 231-2,
+230
+
+_Shakespeare_ (Lee), 194
+
+Sharp, Becky, 148-9
+
+Shaw, Bernard, 252
+
+Shere Khan, 104
+
+"She Walks in Beauty", 233-4
+
+Shelley, 233-4, 230
+
+_Short History of the English People_ (Green), 183
+
+Shylock, 45
+
+Sidney, Sir Philip, 29
+
+_Silas Marner_, 159
+
+Silver, John, 65
+
+Silver Locks, 92
+
+Sinclair, May, 252
+
+Sindbad, 94
+
+"Sir Patrick Spens", 114-6
+
+Sitwell, Edith, 236
+
+Sitwell, Osbert, 236
+
+Sitwell, Sacheverell, 236
+
+_Sketches by Boz_, 12
+
+Slightly, 107
+
+Sloppy, 8
+
+Smith, Wayland, 23
+
+Smollett, Tobias, 157, 186
+
+Snodgrass, Mr., 20, 171
+
+Snow-Drop and the Seven Dwarfs, 93
+
+Socrates, 174
+
+_Some Experiences of an Irish R.M._, 251
+
+Somers, Sir George, 38
+
+Somerville, E. OE, 251
+
+_Son of the Middle Border, A_, 196
+
+Spenlow, Dora, 7
+
+Spenlow, Mr., 7
+
+Spens, Sir Patrick, 114
+
+Spenser, Edmund, 23, 29, 139-41, 186, 230, 231
+
+_Spirit of the Age, The_, 214
+
+Squeers, Wackford, 7
+
+Squire, J. C., 252
+
+Stanley, Henry M., 206
+
+Steadfast Tin Soldier, The, 93
+
+Steele, Sir Richard, 186, 212
+
+Steerforth, 7
+
+Stephens, James, 236, 245, 252
+
+Sterne, Laurence, 186
+
+Stevenson, R. L., 64-6, 212, 218, 227
+
+Stevenson, Thomas, 64
+
+Strachey, Lytton, 184
+
+Strickland, Agnes, 183
+
+Swift, Dean, 186, 212, 218
+
+Swinburne, Charles Algernon, 236
+
+Swiveller, Dick, 7
+
+Sycorax, 36
+
+
+
+Taine, H. A., 214
+
+_Tale of Two Cities, A_, 4, 16
+
+_Tales from Shakespeare_, 210
+
+Talfourd, 210
+
+_Tanglewood Tales_, 88-9
+
+Tapley, Mark, 7, 20
+
+Tarkington, Booth, 252
+
+Telemachus, 88
+
+_Tempest, The_, 35-8, 40, 44
+
+Tennyson, Alfred, 230, 233-4
+
+Thackeray, William Makepeace, 147-50, 187, 218
+
+Theseus, 88
+
+Thetis, 86-7
+
+Thoreau, 245
+
+_Three Musketeers, The_, 59-61
+
+_Through the Looking-Glass_, 98
+
+Thucydides, 166
+
+Tinker Bell, 107
+
+Tiny Tim, 7, 17
+
+_Tom Brown's School Days_, 214
+
+_Tom Sawyer_, 80-2, 100
+
+"To a Skylark", 233-4
+
+Tomlinson, H. M., 252
+
+Toomai of the Elephants, 104
+
+Tootles, 107
+
+Toots, 7, 8
+
+Traddles, 7
+
+_Travels and Adventures in Canada and the Indian Territories_, 206
+
+_Travels in West Africa_, 206
+
+_Travels of Marco Polo, The_, 202-3
+
+_Treasure Island_, 64-5
+
+_Treasury of South African Poetry and Verse, The_, 245
+
+Trelawney, Squire, 64
+
+Tressilian, 23
+
+Treville, M.  de, 60
+
+Trollope, Anthony, 251
+
+Trotter, Bernard, 246
+
+Trotwood, Miss Betsey, 7, 20
+
+_Trumpet-Major, The_, 151-2
+
+Tuck, Friar, 24
+
+Tulliver, Tom and Maggie, 157-9
+
+Tupman, Mr., 20, 171
+
+Twain, Mark, 80-2, 245
+
+_Twelfth Night_, 39-40, 43
+
+_Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea_, 71
+
+_Twenty Years After_, 60
+
+_Two Years Before the Mast_, 73-4
+
+Tylette, 106
+
+Tylo, 106
+
+Tyltyl, 106
+
+Tynan, Katherine, 236
+
+
+
+Ugly Duckling, The, 93
+
+Una, 105, 140, 231
+
+Uncas, 80
+
+_Under the Greenwood Tree_, 151-2
+
+_Underwoods_, 65
+
+"Upon Westminster Bridge", 233
+
+
+
+Valjean, Jean, 63-4
+
+_Vanity Fair_, 148-9
+
+Venus, Mr., 8
+
+Verne, Jules, 71
+
+Vernon, Die, 22
+
+_Vicar of Wakefield, The_, 192
+
+Victoria, Queen, 184
+
+Virgil, 134, 141, 243
+
+_Virginians, The_, 149
+
+_Voyages_, (Cook), 203-5
+
+_Voyages from Montreal Through the Continent of North America_, 206
+
+
+
+Walpole, Horace, 218
+
+Walpole, Hugh, 252
+
+Wamba, 24
+
+Wandering Willie's Tale, 27
+
+Wardour, Sir Arthur, 26
+
+Watson, William, 236
+
+_Waverley_, 24
+
+Waverley Novels, 21-7
+
+Webb, Mary, 252
+
+Wegg, Silas, 8, 181
+
+_Weir of Hermiston_, 65
+
+Weller, Sam, 5, 6, 20, 171
+
+Weller, Tony, 6
+
+Wellington, Duke of, 183
+
+Wells, H. G., 252
+
+Wenonah, 120
+
+_Westward Ho!_, 71
+
+_When We Were Very Young_, 101
+
+White Rabbit, The, 97-8
+
+Whitman, Walt, 245
+
+Wild Swans, The, 93
+
+Wilfer family, 8
+
+_Wilhelm Meister_, 141
+
+Williamson, Henry, 252
+
+William the Silent, 183
+
+Wind in the Willows, The, 99-100
+
+Winkle, 20, 171
+
+_Winnie the Pooh_, 101
+
+_Winter's Tale, The_, 44
+
+Wolf, Father and Mother, 104
+
+_Wonder Book, The_, 88-9
+
+Woodhouse, Mr., 154
+
+Woodstock, 25
+
+Woolf, Virginia, 252
+
+Worldly-Wiseman, 142
+
+Wordsworth, William, 210, 226, 230, 233
+
+"World, The", 233
+
+Wortley-Montagu, Lady Mary, 218
+
+Wren, Jenny, 8
+
+_Wuthering Heights_, 160-1
+
+
+
+Yeats, W. B., 227, 236
+
+
+
+Zeus, 86
+
+ENDX
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 75935 ***
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+<title>
+The Project Gutenberg eBook of Golden Treasury of Famous Books, 
+by Marjory Willison
+</title>
+
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+</head>
+
+<body>
+<div style='text-align:center'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 75935 ***</div>
+
+<p><a id="chap00"></a></p>
+
+<p><br><br></p>
+
+<p class="capcenter">
+<a id="img-title"></a>
+<br>
+<img class="imgcenter" src="images/img-title.jpg" alt="Title page">
+</p>
+
+<h1>
+<br><br>
+  GOLDEN TREASURY<br>
+  <i>of</i><br>
+  FAMOUS BOOKS<br>
+</h1>
+
+<p><br></p>
+
+<p class="t3">
+  A GUIDE TO GOOD READING FOR BOYS<br>
+  AND GIRLS, AND FOR THE ENJOYMENT<br>
+  OF THOSE WHO LOVE BOOKS<br>
+</p>
+
+<p><br></p>
+
+<p class="t3">
+  By<br>
+  MARJORY WILLISON<br>
+</p>
+
+<p><br><br></p>
+
+<p class="t3">
+  TORONTO: THE MACMILLAN COMPANY OF<br>
+  CANADA LIMITED, AT ST. MARTIN'S HOUSE<br>
+  1929<br>
+</p>
+
+<p><br><br><br></p>
+
+<p class="t4">
+  Copyright, Canada, 1929<br>
+  By<br>
+  THE MACMILLAN COMPANY OF CANADA LIMITED<br>
+</p>
+
+<p><br></p>
+
+<p class="t4">
+  PRINTED IN CANADA<br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="t4">
+  T. H. BEST PRINTING CO., LIMITED<br>
+  TORONTO, ONT.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p><br><br><br></p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="Pv"></a>v}</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="t3b">
+FOREWORD
+</p>
+
+<p>
+One day, a little more than a hundred years
+ago, a boy was walking along a crowded
+street in London.  It is likely that Dick
+Whittington had walked on the very same street
+about the time when he heard Bow Bells ring.
+But this boy was not thinking about the bells of
+London.  He had been reading a story in a book,
+and he was thinking of the people in the story,
+especially of a man called Leander who swam
+across the straits named the Hellespont.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The story of Hero and Leander is told in a
+poem.  These two people were in love with one
+another.  But Hero, who was very beautiful, was
+a priestess of Aphrodite, and she was not supposed
+to fall in love or marry.  Leander lived at
+Abydos, which is on one side of the straits of the
+Hellespont.  Hero lived in a high tower at Sestos,
+which is on the other side of the straits.  The
+shores are rocky and dangerous, beautiful to look
+at, but hazardous for sailors and ships.  Tides and
+winds make it difficult to sail through the straits,
+and very difficult at times to swim across from
+shore to shore.  Leander used to swim from
+Abydos to Sestos after nightfall to see Hero, who
+had become his wife; and Hero, on her high tower,
+held a lighted lamp that shone like a star to guide
+Leander so that he would not be dashed on the
+rocks.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="Pvi"></a>vi}</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The name of the boy who had been reading the
+story was Samuel Taylor Coleridge.  He was a
+country boy, the son of a clergyman, and he was
+at a boarding school in London.  The school was
+for boys whose parents had not much money or
+who had no parents living.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+On a school holiday, after breakfast, at which
+there was not a great deal to eat, the boys who
+were boarders were sent out into London and
+were not expected to come back until nightfall.
+Sometimes, they had nothing to eat all day long
+until supper-time.  Coleridge was one of the boys
+who had to spend his holidays in this fashion.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+On one holiday, Coleridge, as he walked along
+the crowded street, began to imagine how it would
+feel if he were swimming the Hellespont with
+Leander.  You know how often we think when we
+are reading an interesting book that we are living
+with the people in the story.  Being greatly
+absorbed in his thoughts, Coleridge began to move
+his arms as if he were swimming.  If he had been
+in a field by himself, or on an empty street, no one
+would have minded.  But Coleridge was on a
+crowded street, and by and by one of his arms
+struck a man who was passing, and his hand
+caught in the man's pocket.  The man thought
+that Coleridge, who was only a boy, was trying
+to steal from him.  However, he asked Coleridge a
+good many questions, and discovered that the boy
+had been reading in a book the story of Hero and
+Leander, and had been imagining that he was
+swimming across the Hellespont.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+When the man found that Coleridge loved reading,
+but could not get the books he wanted easily,
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="Pvii"></a>vii}</span>
+he took the boy to a library, which was not a free
+library but one where people had to pay a fee, and
+the man arranged for Coleridge to be allowed to
+read there.
+</p>
+
+<p><br></p>
+
+<p>
+Many stories are told of the different ways in
+which boys and girls have found famous books
+which they have read with enjoyment, and never
+forgotten.  Another boy called Samuel&mdash;Samuel
+Johnson&mdash;had been looking for apples that he
+knew were hidden somewhere.  He climbed upon a
+step-ladder to look behind the rows of books in his
+father's book shop, and while he was looking for
+the apples he found Plutarch's <i>Lives</i>.  Very likely
+the boy Samuel Johnson began reading the book,
+and forgot about the apples.  Another boy once
+was told to watch a fire, which was burning rubbish
+in a field, so that it would not spread and burn
+the fences.  He watched the fire for a while, but
+he had a book in his pocket and presently he
+forgot to watch, and so the fence was burned.  Likely
+he was punished at the time, but years after his
+friends used to tell the story, for the boy had
+become an eminent man.  How many of us have
+climbed into trees to read books in a leafy
+solitude!  Louisa May Alcott was one of the girls,
+later known for her charming stories, who had a
+special tree into which she used to climb, so that no
+one should interrupt her while she was reading.
+</p>
+
+<p><br></p>
+
+<p>
+This book which you are reading now is meant
+to help you to find books that you will enjoy.  You
+may begin at the first chapter; perhaps this is the
+best way.  Or you may look at the list of chapters,
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="Pviii"></a>viii}</span>
+and try the one which seems to you most
+interesting.  But when you have read that chapter,
+come back to the beginning and start over again.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Fairy tales and stories of marvels you will find
+described in Part III, also stories of heroes, and
+such stories as <i>Alice in Wonderland</i>, Kipling's
+stories, and Malory's <i>Morte d'Arthur</i>, a great
+book telling of knights and their adventures.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The books in Part I are wonderfully interesting.
+In this Part you will find examples of some
+of the ways in which we may enjoy books of
+famous authors, for instance, the work of novelists
+like Dickens and Scott, and the plays of a great
+dramatist like Shakespeare.  First, we may read
+some of their stories or plays; then we may learn
+of the lives of these authors, especially about that
+part of their lives when they were young which
+is always interesting; and finally, we can read of
+the world as it was when these writers lived in
+it and of the effect their work has had on this
+world of ours.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Part II is about romance and adventure.  In
+Part IV you will find ballads and stories in rhyme
+or verse.  Part V tells of some of the greatest
+writers and their work.  Part VI is meant to
+help boys and girls to be good citizens, and to
+undertake all kinds of responsibilities when they are
+men and women.  In one of the chapters of Part
+VI there is a list of books, many of which are
+biographies of noted men and women, but there are
+also books about such subjects as flying, inventions,
+science, hobbies, birds, flowers, gardens and
+mountain climbing.  The last chapter in Part VI
+tells of some books of travel and discovery.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="Pix"></a>ix}</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The books in Part VII are specially enjoyable,
+because they are intimate books; and you will find
+great poetry spoken of in Part VIII.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+We do not all like the same books; and this is
+likely the best way, for some books which may
+seem dull to us, other people find interesting.
+What is important is for each of us to discover
+the books we enjoy most.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+So if we do not happen to like <i>Gulliver's
+Travels</i> by Jonathan Swift, there is no great harm
+done, although Dean Swift was a notable writer.
+And if some of you do not care for Robert Louis
+Stevenson's <i>Child's Garden of Verse</i> now, the
+chances are that by the time you are over sixty,
+you will think it a charming book, and you may
+even repeat the verses aloud to your grand-children.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+We never know when we may discover, hidden
+in the midst of dullness perhaps, some gem of a
+story or poem; and this is one of the reasons
+why most of us love reading, and will take a good
+deal of trouble to find the books we enjoy.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Before you read this book, perhaps you had
+better ask yourselves the question, what kind of
+books each one of you cares for most?  And then,
+after that, ask yourselves another question, what
+kinds of books do you think you would like to
+enjoy?  The last question is worth considering with
+not a little care; for when we think about it, we
+really set out on a journey into the world of books.
+</p>
+
+<p><br><br><br></p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="Pxi"></a>xi}</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="t3b">
+ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Grateful acknowledgment is made to the following
+authors, literary agents and publishers,
+for permission to quote in this volume certain
+excerpts as follows:
+</p>
+
+<p>
+To Mr. Walter de la Mare and Messrs. James
+B. Pinker &amp; Sons, for an extract from "The
+Listeners"; to Mrs. James Elroy Flecker and
+Messrs. A. P. Watt &amp; Son, for an extract from
+the late Mr. James Elroy Flecker's <i>Hassan</i>,
+and to Messrs. Macmillan &amp; Co., Ltd., for
+a quotation from <i>The Iliad of Homer</i> (edited by
+Lang, Leaf and Myers) and for a short passage
+from the late Mr. Thomas Hardy's <i>The Dynasts</i>.
+</p>
+
+<p><br><br><br></p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="Pxiii"></a>xiii}</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="t3b">
+CONTENTS
+</p>
+
+<p><br></p>
+
+<p class="t3">
+PART I
+</p>
+
+<p class="t3">
+DICKENS, SCOTT, SHAKESPEARE, THE BIBLE
+</p>
+
+<p class="noindent">
+CHAPTER
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents">
+I&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#chap0101">SOME OF DICKENS' NOVELS AND CHARACTERS</a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents">
+II&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#chap0102">CHARLES DICKENS: BOY AND MAN</a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents">
+III&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#chap0103">WHAT DICKENS DID FOR HUMANITY</a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents">
+IV&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#chap0104">THE WAVERLEY NOVELS</a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents">
+V&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#chap0105">SCOTT'S OWN STORY</a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents">
+VI&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#chap0106">THE TEMPEST AND OTHER OF SHAKESPEARE'S PLAYS</a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents">
+VII&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#chap0107">SHAKESPEARE: THE GREAT WORLD ITSELF</a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents">
+VIII&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#chap0108">STORIES FROM THE BIBLE</a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents">
+IX&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#chap0109">LIVING WATERS</a>
+</p>
+
+<p><br><br></p>
+
+<p class="t3">
+PART II
+</p>
+
+<p class="t3">
+ROMANCE AND ADVENTURE
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents">
+X&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#chap0210">DUMAS.  HUGO.  STEVENSON</a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents">
+XI&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#chap0211">ROBINSON CRUSOE.  LORNA DOONE. HEREWARD.  WESTWARD HO!  ROUND
+THE WORLD IN EIGHTY DAYS.  TWENTY THOUSAND LEAGUES UNDER
+THE SEA.  MIDSHIPMAN EASY.  PETER SIMPLE.  TWO YEARS BEFORE THE
+MAST.  THE GOLDEN DOG</a>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="Pxiv"></a>xiv}</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents">
+XII&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#chap0212">LAVENGRO.  THE LAST OF THE MOHICANS.  TOM SAWYER.  HUCKLEBERRY
+FINN.  KIM.  SARD HARKER.  THE
+LIVING FOREST</a>
+</p>
+
+<p><br><br></p>
+
+<p class="t3">
+PART III
+</p>
+
+<p class="t3">
+SONGS OF HEROES, MYTHS, FAIRY TALES AND MARVELS
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents">
+XIII&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#chap0313">THE ILIAD AND THE ODYSSEY.  GREEK
+HEROES.  TANGLEWOOD TALES.  THE WONDER BOOK</a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents">
+XIV&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#chap0314">ÆSOP'S FABLES.  GRIMM'S FAIRY TALES.
+HANS ANDERSEN'S FAIRY TALES.  THE
+ARABIAN NIGHTS.  MALORY'S MORTE D'ARTHUR</a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents">
+XV&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#chap0315">ALICE IN WONDERLAND.  THROUGH THE
+LOOKING-GLASS.  THE GOLDEN AGE.
+THE WIND IN THE WILLOWS.  FOUR
+BOOKS BY A. A. MILNE.  RIP VAN WINKLE</a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents">
+XVI&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#chap0316">THE JUNGLE BOOKS.  JUST SO STORIES.
+PUCK OF POOK'S HILL.  REWARDS AND
+FAIRIES.  THE BLUE BIRD.  PETER PAN.  KILMENY</a>
+</p>
+
+<p><br><br></p>
+
+<p class="t3">
+PART IV
+</p>
+
+<p class="t3">
+BALLADS, LAYS, AND STORIES IN VERSE
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents">
+XVII&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#chap0417">PERCY'S RELIQUES.  CHEVY CHASE AND
+THE BATTLE OF OTTERBOURNE.  SIR
+PATRICK SPENS.  THE NORTHERN MUSE</a>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="Pxv"></a>xv}</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents">
+XVIII&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#chap0418">THE LADY OF THE LAKE.  MARMION.
+JOHN GILPIN.  EDINBURGH AFTER
+FLODDEN.  HORATIUS.  THE ARMADA</a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents">
+XIX&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#chap0419">HIAWATHA.  FRENCH CHANSONS IN
+QUEBEC.  A CHRISTMAS SONG</a>
+</p>
+
+<p><br><br></p>
+
+<p class="t3">
+PART V
+</p>
+
+<p class="t3">
+SOME GREAT IMAGINATIVE WRITERS
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents">
+XX&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#chap0520">DANTE.  CERVANTES.  SPENSER</a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents">
+XXI&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#chap0521">JOHN BUNYAN AND THE PILGRIM'S PROGRESS</a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents">
+XXII&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#chap0522">THACKERAY.  MEREDITH.  HARDY</a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents">
+XXIII&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#chap0523">JANE AUSTEN.  GEORGE ELIOT.  THE BRONTES</a>
+</p>
+
+<p><br><br></p>
+
+<p class="t3">
+PART VI
+</p>
+
+<p class="t3">
+HISTORY, POLITICS, BIOGRAPHY, TRAVEL
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents">
+XXIV&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#chap0624">WHAT IS HISTORY?</a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents">
+XXV&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#chap0625">THE MEANING OF POLITICS</a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents">
+XXVI&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#chap0625">HISTORIES</a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents">
+XXVII&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#chap0627">BOSWELL'S LIFE OF JOHNSON</a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents">
+XXVIII&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#chap0628">READING FOR WHAT YOU WANT TO BE</a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents">
+XXIX&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#chap0629">TRAVEL AND DISCOVERY</a>
+</p>
+
+<p><br><br></p>
+
+<p class="t3">
+PART VII
+</p>
+
+<p class="t3">
+ESSAYS, CRITICISM, LETTERS, DIARIES
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents">
+XXX&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#chap0730">CHARLES LAMB AND HAZLITT: ESSAYISTS AND CRITICS</a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents">
+XXXI&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#chap0731">LETTERS AND LETTER WRITERS.  PEPYS
+AND OTHER DIARISTS</a>
+</p>
+
+<p><br><br></p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="Pxvi"></a>xvi}</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="t3">
+PART VIII
+</p>
+
+<p class="t3">
+POETRY
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents">
+XXXII&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#chap0832">POETRY AND BEAUTY</a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents">
+XXXIII&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#chap0833">POETRY AND TIME</a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="contents">
+XXXIV&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#chap0834">READING FOR YOUR OWN COUNTRY.
+ENGLISH LITERATURE AND ITS BRANCHES</a>
+</p>
+
+<p><br></p>
+
+<p class="noindent">
+<a href="#chap09">AFTERWORD</a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="noindent">
+<a href="#chap10">INDEX</a>
+</p>
+
+<p><br><br><br></p>
+
+<p><a id="chap0101"></a></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum">{<a id="P1"></a>1}</span></p>
+
+<h3>
+PART I
+<br><br>
+DICKENS, SCOTT, SHAKESPEARE, THE BIBLE
+</h3>
+
+<p><br><br></p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P3"></a>3}</span>
+</p>
+
+<h3>
+CHAPTER I
+<br><br>
+SOME OF DICKENS' NOVELS AND CHARACTERS
+</h3>
+
+<p>
+It is an odd reflection how silent a book may
+seem when it is waiting on a shelf to be read.
+But once its covers are opened, and our eyes
+follow the lines of print for page after page,
+voices speak, people that we had not known
+before become familiar to us or old friends give us
+greeting; thoughts, knowledge, events, pass from
+the silent pages into our minds.  Some books
+possess this property of rich and glowing life in a
+high degree.  No books surely have it more
+abundantly than the novels of Charles Dickens.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Here are scores of friends for us, playmates,
+companions.  If anyone has a fit of loneliness, or
+should anyone be looking for change and variety,
+let him open one of Dickens' novels.  Which one
+will he choose first?  A boy or girl is well
+advised who takes, shall we say, <i>David Copperfield</i>
+or <i>Pickwick Papers</i>.  One or the other will make
+an excellent beginning.  Having read one, or
+both, it is unlikely that the reader will refrain
+from adding five, six, seven, eight, or even twelve
+more novels by Dickens to the list of books he is
+happy to remember having read.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+What are the names of Dickens' other better
+known novels?  <i>Nicholas Nickleby</i>, <i>Oliver Twist</i>,
+<i>The Old Curiosity Shop</i>, <i>Barnaby Rudge</i>, <i>Martin
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P4"></a>4}</span>
+Chuzzlewit</i>, <i>Dombey and Son</i>, <i>Bleak House</i>, <i>Little
+Dorrit</i>, <i>A Tale of Two Cities</i>, <i>Great Expectations</i>,
+<i>Our Mutual Friend</i>.  But still we must add
+the Christmas books, for no one, old or young,
+should lose the benefit of having read <i>A
+Christmas Carol</i>.  And there is also the unfinished
+novel <i>Edwin Drood</i>, probably more talked of still
+than any other story of a mystery, new or old.  It
+is nearly sixty years since Dickens left the story
+incomplete, but how gladly many people still
+would discover the secret ending that the great
+novelist had planned in his mind.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Once read, Dickens' novels cling to the memory.
+The characters he made inhabit this world
+of ours as substantially, it seems, as people do
+who have been born not from imagination merely.
+As lately as the spring of 1928 a London hotel,
+the Adelphi, changed owners.  In a brief history
+of the place a list of persons was given who had
+visited it, ending with the remark that Mr. Pickwick
+had had his first dinner there after being
+released from prison.  The other people mentioned
+were what we describe as historical characters.
+Mr. Pickwick, although thousands of people know
+him so well that if they met him on the street they
+could not possibly fail to recognize him, is the
+miraculous product of Dickens' imagination.  If
+you have not read <i>Pickwick Papers</i>, in a few hours
+you too may know Mr. Pickwick, and he will be
+for you also a lifetime friend.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+When we read these stories for the first time,
+we must be prepared to become acquainted with
+Dickens' characters much in the same way as we
+meet strangers in everyday life.  His people are
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P5"></a>5}</span>
+odd, exuberant, amusing, extravagant; they are
+too strange to be true, we may say to ourselves.
+But as we read on, we come to know them so well
+that the oddness and queerness seem to wear off.
+We look into their hearts and forget to be
+surprised by their extraordinary looks and
+characteristics.  Sam Weller is odd, but he is the most
+delightful, amusing young man on his own, once
+boots at the White Hart Inn.  Like Mr. Pickwick,
+Sam lives in <i>Pickwick Papers</i>.  No one could
+imagine a better Sam Weller than Dickens'
+creation, for the simple reason that to make a better
+Sam Weller is impossible.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+It is a great, a glorious adventure to sit out of
+doors in summer, or in a warm, quiet room in
+winter, and read one of Dickens' novels.  What
+happenings, what delightful, absorbing people,
+what a stir of life, what laughter, gaiety, bravery,
+what wonderful meetings with high and low
+fortune!
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The world of Dickens' novels is a world of
+coaching days, of old English roads and inns, of
+feasts and conviviality; a sporting world, often
+hard and cruel, in which existed bad old customs
+against which Dickens fought with all his might;
+a boisterous world of strange adventures, great
+friendships, and measureless laughter.  These
+books are crowded with people, diverting and
+friendly, grotesque and menacing, or grotesque
+outside but with golden hearts hidden behind the
+queer exteriors, loving people, heartless people,
+beautiful people, brave, true friends, friends of
+everybody.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+We have already spoken of Mr. Pickwick and
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P6"></a>6}</span>
+Sam Weller, his man or valet.  Mr. Pickwick's
+benevolence, his goodness of heart, innocence and
+simplicity make us love him more and more as the
+story unfolds.  Sam's wit and audacity, his
+extraordinary good humour and high spirits, his
+devotion to Mr. Pickwick, his independence and
+self-reliance, make Sam so real that he seems never
+far away.  He is always only round the corner of
+our minds and will appear jauntily as soon as we
+think of him.  In the one book, <i>Pickwick Papers</i>,
+there are a dozen other characters only less
+wonderful than these two.  Would anyone prove at
+once how diverting and delightful such a book can
+be, let him read of Christmas at Dingley Dell in
+chapter 28, or the Adventure at the Great White
+Horse Inn, chapter 22, or the trial of Bardell
+against Pickwick, chapter 34, or for natural
+feeling simply expressed the lines in which Tony
+Weller, Sam's father, tells of Mrs. Weller's death
+in chapter 52, or the downfall of Mr. Stiggins, in
+the same chapter, or, in the last chapter of all, of
+Sam's devotion to Mr. Pickwick.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Striking characters of a like description are to
+be found in all Dickens' novels.  <i>David Copperfield</i>
+is probably the richest of all, in this respect,
+although one can easily imagine a dispute
+amongst the warm admirers of Dickens as to
+which novel is pre-eminent in the possession of
+immortal characters.  Those who love <i>David
+Copperfield</i> best can scarcely discuss the book
+with detachment; it belongs, as it were, to such a
+reader's own special family life.  The novel holds
+a wonderful company of people: David himself,
+Peggotty, her brother and nephew, Little Em'ly,
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P7"></a>7}</span>
+Mrs. Gummidge, Miss Betsey Trotwood, Steerforth,
+Traddles, the magnificent Wilkins Micawber
+and Mrs. Micawber, Uriah Heep, Miss
+Mowcher, Mr. Spenlow, Dora, and many, many
+others.  <i>David Copperfield</i> was Dickens' own
+favourite among his books.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In <i>Nicholas Nickleby</i> is the infamous school,
+Dotheboys Hall, and Wackford Squeers, the
+schoolmaster.  Dickens' crusades for reform will
+be considered in another chapter.  But Mrs. Nickleby
+is one of the most memorable of Dickens'
+foolish characters.  Surely no other writer has
+achieved so many delineations of the silly person,
+masterpieces touched with an unerring hand.  Yet,
+and this point is perhaps the crown of Dickens'
+genius, these foolish characters of his often
+reveal, before the novels to which they belong are
+ended, some nobility of character, some goodness
+of heart, some greatness in conduct or of nature
+which makes us bow before them as belonging to
+the highest ranks of human nature.  Toots in
+<i>Dombey and Son</i> is a very foolish person, but
+Toots saying goodbye to Florence Dombey shows
+a chivalry comparable with that of Sir Philip
+Sidney.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Dick Swiveller and the Marchioness belong to
+<i>The Old Curiosity Shop</i>.  Barnaby Rudge and his
+raven Grip are easily found.  Mr. Pecksniff,
+Sairey Gamp and Betsey Prig, terrible examples
+of hypocrisy and heartlessness, are from <i>Martin
+Chuzslewit</i>.  But the same book has loveable Tom
+Pinch and indomitable Mark Tapley, the champion
+of courage and good cheer in adversity.  Tiny
+Tim and Bob Cratchit live forever in <i>A Christmas
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P8"></a>8}</span>
+Carol</i>.  Paul and Florence, Captain Cuttle,
+Susan Nipper, Mr. Toots, Cousin Feenix, belong
+to the crowded pages of <i>Dombey and Son</i>.  <i>Bleak
+House</i> is a wonderful story; if one chooses Caddy
+Jellyby from its pages it is not because a dozen
+other characters are not as interesting.  In <i>Great
+Expectations</i> the boyhood of Pip is marvellously
+portrayed.  Anyone who has read <i>Our Mutual
+Friend</i> can never forget Mr. and Mrs. Boffin, or
+Lizzie Hexam, or the R. Wilfer family, or Silas
+Wegg, or Mr. Venus, or the dolls' dressmaker,
+Jenny Wren, or Johnny the orphan, and
+Mrs. Betty Higden and Sloppy.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+It is a point not to be overlooked that Dickens
+takes his characters from any occupation, but
+preferably, it would seem, from the humblest.
+Goodness of heart, wit, humour, gaiety, stout-heartedness,
+are proved by him to exist in the most
+depressing circumstances.  His heroes and heroines
+do not wear crowns or jewels.  They are not
+specially learned, and they are rarely wealthy or
+beautiful, but they are good company, light-hearted,
+and kind-hearted.  Love, faithfulness,
+self-sacrifice, purity, sincerity, courage and
+cheerfulness shine out from his pages so brightly and
+so engagingly that we cannot but long to join the
+company of those who travel the same road.
+</p>
+
+<p><br><br><br></p>
+
+<p><a id="chap0102"></a></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum">{<a id="P9"></a>9}</span></p>
+
+<h3>
+CHAPTER II
+<br><br>
+CHARLES DICKENS&mdash;BOY AND MAN
+</h3>
+
+<p>
+The best way to understand Charles Dickens
+is to learn to know him first when he
+was a boy.  Odd though it may sound, we
+can actually become acquainted with the boy
+Charles Dickens.  David Copperfield, at least in the
+beginning of his story, is a close delineation of
+the writer's own boyhood.  David's feelings, and
+many of the happenings of his youth, are the
+feelings and the happenings which made Charles
+Dickens the boy and the man that he was.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+While this is true, it is true at the same time
+that we should use caution lest we read into a
+story more than the author intends us to find
+either about himself or of other people.  Human
+beings are so wonderfully and strangely made
+that no mortal, no matter how hard he tries, can
+ever draw a perfectly true or a perfectly just
+picture of anyone.  Some quality always escapes
+analysis, and each person living now, or who ever
+has lived, remains himself only.  Dickens drew a
+wonderful picture of himself in David Copperfield.
+This is one reason why we love David and
+understand him so well.  Yet David Copperfield
+is not exactly Charles Dickens.  We can scarcely
+believe for one thing that David ever could have
+written as well about Charles as Charles has
+written about David.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P10"></a>10}</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+When Dickens was a boy of ten he was sent to
+work in a blacking warehouse by his father who
+was at that time in a debtors' prison.  People,
+when Dickens was a boy, were sometimes left in
+prison for a long time if they could not pay their
+debts.  Years afterwards, Dickens wrote of the
+secret agony of his soul while he worked at
+covering blacking bottles and of how he longed for
+companions, boys of his own age.  Indeed, so
+unhappy were his recollections that when he was
+grown-up he mentioned these years to one person
+only, John Forster, the friend who wrote his
+biography; to remember this part of his life always
+gave him great pain.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Charles Dickens was born at Portsmouth,
+Hampshire, England, February 7th, 1812.  Life
+in the Dickens family was not settled or stable.
+They moved frequently, and were always more or
+less uncertain as to the future.  The father, as
+has been said, at one time was in a debtors'
+prison, and the family, including Charles, became
+familiar with the strange life of The Marshalsea
+which is described with exactitude in more than
+one of Dickens' novels, but especially in <i>Little
+Dorrit</i>.  At other times, and even in the Marshalsea,
+life for the Dickens family was interesting,
+even exciting.  Charles was unhappy because of
+the work to which he was put, and because he saw
+clearly, although he was only a little fellow, that
+he was losing the chance of obtaining an education.
+He was, however, an extraordinarily observant
+lad and read with passionate absorption
+all the books that he could find.  Pictures of the
+strange people he met and of the queer things they
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P11"></a>11}</span>
+did remained with him throughout his life, and
+from this material gathered in his youth he
+fashioned his great novels.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+He had dreams of what he would be and of what
+he would do.  The family lived for a number of
+years in Chatham, his father being a clerk in the
+navy pay-office at the dockyard, and he used to
+see, when he was walking with his father in the
+neighbouring country, a house called Gadshill
+Place.  He planned then that some day he would
+own that house.  It was in 1856 that he became
+the owner of Gadshill when he was forty-four
+years old, a considerable achievement for the boy
+of ten who had washed and re-covered blacking
+bottles.  But many greater achievements than
+this were brought about by the genius of Charles
+Dickens.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+All his life these youthful days were lived over
+again in his stories and in his own memory.  To
+a not inconsiderable extent they influence us, too,
+because of the novels which Dickens wrote.  The
+roads of Kent, where he went walking when they
+lived in Chatham, are the great roads of his
+novels.  The characters he wrote about were created
+from traits and habits which he had observed in
+people known by the boy Charles Dickens.  The
+unjust laws and cruel customs against which he
+fought so powerful a battle were those whose
+victims had excited his pity long before he had grown
+up.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+When the family fortunes were brighter, Charles
+Dickens went to school again for a couple of
+years.  But from the time he was fifteen, he
+earned his own living.  He began as a clerk or
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P12"></a>12}</span>
+office boy.  Later, he studied shorthand, and
+entered the reporters' gallery of the House of
+Commons when he was nineteen.  He began to write
+articles and sketches soon afterwards.  His first
+book, <i>Sketches by Boz</i>, was published when he was
+twenty-four.  In the same year, he married
+Catherine Hogarth, the eldest daughter of George
+Hogarth, a fellow writer on <i>The Morning Chronicle</i>,
+who had been kind to him.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+From this year, 1836, until his death in 1870,
+he wrote a series of novels and stories with
+extraordinary speed and diligence.  He travelled
+much, but never ceased writing.  He gave many
+public readings from his own works.  He visited
+the United States and Canada in 1842, and in
+1867-68 gave readings in the eastern cities of the
+United States.  Wherever he went he was
+received with acclaim, and he was at all times an
+object of public attention.  His gifts were great, but
+no one who follows the story of his life can help
+being struck by his extraordinary capacity for
+hard work.  All his life he laboured more
+assiduously than any ordinary person can work; and
+when he stopped writing, with one of his novels
+unfinished, he was, as far as we can tell, still in
+the enjoyment of almost undiminished powers as
+a writer.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Dickens had been a sickly boy, often ill and
+suffering.  As soon as he could be put to stand on
+a chair, so young was he, he had given childish
+recitations and sung childish songs for the
+entertainment of his father's and mother's friends.  He
+was, in effect, as a child somewhat spoiled by too
+much attention.  Throughout his mature life he
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P13"></a>13}</span>
+lived at white heat; ordinary quiet days had no
+attraction for him.  He was inclined to think that
+people treated him unjustly.  In truth, one is
+reluctantly compelled to admit that Dickens was
+over-sensitive and somewhat quarrelsome.  These
+are, perhaps, the only faults, certainly the main
+faults, in his character.  It can be said with
+justice, however, that he was continually under strain
+and pressure from overwork; he was, as well,
+excitable by temperament.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+One of the best brief descriptions of Dickens'
+appearance is by Leigh Hunt.  "What a face is
+his to meet in a drawing room!  It has the life
+and soul in it of fifty human beings."  He lived
+with an intensity which it is scarcely possible for
+less intense people to understand.  He gave his
+wonderful vitality without stint to the writing of
+his books.  When he finished <i>David Copperfield</i>
+his life had been so absorbed in its characters that
+he wrote "I seem to be sending some part of myself
+into the Shadowy World."  Thackeray said of
+<i>A Christmas Carol</i>, "It seems to me a national
+benefit..."  Dickens was generous in his praise
+of the work of other writers, and deeply grateful
+for any kindness shown himself, no matter how
+slight the benefit was.  He quarrelled, one may
+say, with America as well as with some of his
+friends and contemporaries, but years afterwards
+he wrote in a postscript to a later edition of
+<i>Martin Chuzzlewit</i> a warm tribute to the magnanimity
+of the country.  His married life was not
+altogether happy.  But in Forster's <i>Life</i>, there is a
+story that his daughters Mary and Kate having
+taken pains to teach him the steps of the polka so
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P14"></a>14}</span>
+that he might dance it at their brother's birthday
+party, Dickens, waking in the middle of the night
+before the party, was afraid that he had forgotten
+the proper steps, and immediately got up out
+of bed to practise them.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Two of his characters, Wilkins Micawber and
+Mr. Dorritt, are drawn, to some extent at least,
+from the character of his father; Mrs. Nickleby is
+said to be a portrait of his mother.  It can at
+least be conceded that Mr. Micawber and
+Mrs. Nickleby are among the greatest characters ever
+created by Dickens.  Apparently he had no unkind
+intention; still, one would rather that he had
+denied himself the use of this material.  He was
+attached to his father and mother and took pleasure
+in providing for their older years.  He bought
+them a house a mile from the town of Exeter and
+looked after the furnishing of the house himself.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+His feeling for his children was deeply rooted
+in his heart.  It expressed itself in numberless
+ways, never more plainly than in a letter to his
+youngest son written on the eve of the boy's leaving
+to join his brother in Australia.  (Forster's
+<i>Life of Charles Dickens</i>, Book xi, Part iii).
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Dickens' popularity can hardly be over-estimated.
+There is a story that while <i>Dombey and Son</i>
+was being published in monthly parts, a man who
+kept a snuff shop in London and had as well a
+number of lodgers, read aloud the month's instalment
+on the first Monday of every month at a tea.
+Only those who paid for the tea shared in it, but all
+the lodgers could listen to the story.  The incident
+affords a striking picture of the power Dickens
+had over all kinds of people.  Recent reminiscences
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P15"></a>15}</span>
+by one of Dickens' sons tell of how when
+he was walking once with his father along the
+broad walk at the Zoo in London, they met a little
+girl running ahead of her father and mother;
+when she saw who it was she ran back crying,
+"Oh, mummy! mummy! it is Charles Dickens."  Dickens
+was greatly pleased.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+He made for everyone who lived with him a life
+of constant gaiety and variety.  Well-known and
+celebrated people shared this entertainment.  His
+heart was passionately attached to the cause of
+the poor and oppressed.  He had unfailing belief
+in human nature, and was hopeful of everyone
+and everything.  A well-known statesman who
+lived in Queen Victoria's youth once said at a
+private dinner at which Dickens was present,
+"Nothing is ever so good as it is thought."  Dickens at
+once answered him, "And nothing so bad."  We
+remember that few opportunities came to him.
+His great career was the result of his own
+exertions.  There was no one at all to help him when
+he was young.  We think with pride and admiration
+of his great achievements, and we love him
+for his affectionate nature and goodness of heart.
+No one can read Dickens' novels without learning
+what his character was, ardent, generous and
+loving.  He was a great novelist and a great benefactor.
+</p>
+
+<p><br><br><br></p>
+
+<p><a id="chap0103"></a></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum">{<a id="P16"></a>16}</span></p>
+
+<h3>
+CHAPTER III
+<br><br>
+WHAT DICKENS DID FOR HUMANITY
+</h3>
+
+<p>
+Dickens from his childhood seems to have
+had a strong desire to leave the world a
+better place for other people than he had found
+it for himself.  We can trace this feeling in his
+youth and through his manhood.  It runs in his
+novels like a great tide of impulse and energy.
+"These things should not happen" he seems to
+cry to the world.  "Come, let us unite against
+injustice and heartlessness in public and private
+dealing, against public and private wrong of every
+description.  Let us banish bad customs from the
+earth, so that it may be a fairer, brighter,
+happier place."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+One of his novels<i> A Tale of Two Cities</i> is a
+story of the French Revolution.  The story shows
+that, in common with the rest of the world then
+living, Dickens' outlook on life had been
+powerfully affected by the French Revolution, as our
+world to-day has been vastly changed by the Great
+War.  The watch words of the French Revolution
+were Liberty, Fraternity, Equality.  They rang
+like bells to waken all men's hearts against
+injustice; their echoes are ringing still.  During
+the Revolution which began in 1789, a little more
+than twenty years before Dickens was born, and in
+the years following the Revolution, there were
+terrible excesses of cruelty, murder and bloodshed
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P17"></a>17}</span>
+by the revolutionists.  But the spirit of
+revolt against wrong was in men's minds
+everywhere.  In every country change and revolution
+were impending, either violent change and revolution
+with bloodshed, or silent change and a peaceful
+revolution.  In Great Britain, it appears
+reasonably certain that the works of Dickens had
+much to do with preventing a violent revolution.
+Well-to-do people read these books, and their
+minds became more kindly to their fellowmen.
+They were eager to help the poor and oppressed.
+The poor and unfortunate read Dickens' stories
+and were filled with the spirit of brotherhood to
+everyone, to the rich as well as to those who were
+poor as they themselves were poor.  Dickens
+showed, not that the poor were unhappy, but that
+they were unjustly and harshly treated.  The
+living spirit of happiness and of Christmas is found
+in the house of the Cratchits.  The Cratchits are
+poor, but they are wonderfully happy.  People
+in many other countries as well as England rushed
+to the help of the poor because of the happiness
+of the Cratchit family.  Tiny Tim and his crutch
+touched the heart of the world, and the heart of
+the world was made the better for it.  We still
+are made better by the story of the Cratchits.
+Above all, Dickens' novels overflow, not only with
+tenderness and indignation against wrong and
+cruelty, but with abounding good temper and
+inexhaustible mirth.  It has been said that danger
+of a violent revolution in Great Britain was swept
+away by the gales of good-tempered and hearty
+laughter which seized upon thousands of people
+who were reading these great stories.  It was a
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P18"></a>18}</span>
+splendid achievement for any novelist, or for any
+man or woman.  To help to bring about a peaceful
+revolution, instead of one in which blood is
+shed, is a claim that can be made on behalf of few
+people in the history of the world.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Dickens is generally given credit for having
+secured for the world a number of much needed
+reforms.  There is no doubt that Dickens had a
+great deal to do with promoting these reforms.
+But it is the glory of the age in which he lived
+that many people were working to make wrong
+conditions right.  What Dickens succeeded in
+doing, possibly in a greater degree than anyone else
+at that time, was to produce in a great multitude
+of people the spirit which is willing, more than
+willing, very desirous, to make wrong right.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+An English poet who was born about a half
+century before Dickens, (Dickens' dates are
+1812-1870; William Blake's dates are 1757-1827) wrote
+lines which embody wonderfully this passion for
+helping other people who need help.  It is a
+passion which happily belongs to our own age.  Who
+can tell how many people now living carry about
+in their hearts the resolution expressed in one of
+Blake's verses?
+</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  I will not cease from mental fight,<br>
+  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Nor shall my sword sleep in my hand,<br>
+  Till we have built Jerusalem<br>
+  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;In England's green and pleasant land.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="noindent">
+Jerusalem, of course, means heaven.  The Lord's
+Prayer says, Thy will be done on earth as it is in
+heaven.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+You had better learn by heart this verse written
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P19"></a>19}</span>
+by William Blake, for you will often want to
+remember it, and to help to build Jerusalem in
+your own country, wherever that country is.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Charles Dickens has other claims to greatness,
+but surely none so compelling as the fact that the
+spirit of his novels is the aspiring, tender, loving
+spirit of humanity.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+It is interesting to know the names of the
+special reforms for which Dickens worked.  These
+were to change the customs of the law courts so
+that there should be less delay and greater
+simplicity in securing redress for hardship, and to
+improve the character of the men appointed to
+the bench; to change the Poor Laws, and especially
+to improve their administration; to change
+and improve greatly the schools which existed
+at that time; and to bring about a reformation in
+the administration of prisons.  Finally, he wished
+to have the nation provide common means of
+decency and health in the dwellings of the poor, so
+that fever and consumption should not forever be
+let loose on God's creatures.  These are almost
+Dickens' own words.  All these conditions have
+been so vastly improved that we who are living
+to-day can hardly realize how much we have for
+which to be thankful.  But there are still in the
+world wrongs to right and conditions to improve.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Dickens was a great novelist, but he was not a
+perfect novelist.  It is easy to find defects in the
+books that he wrote, defects of style, faults in the
+plans of his novels and in the delineation of his
+characters.  But in spite of these defects, his
+novels are great novels.  It is possible that Dickens'
+characters are more true to life than we have
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P20"></a>20}</span>
+thought they were.  He may be one of the greatest
+delineators of English character in the history
+of literature.  Can you not imagine Sam Weller,
+and Mark Tapley, yes, and Tom Pinch, and Ham
+Peggotty, Tupman, Winkle and Snodgrass, fighting
+in the trenches in France and Flanders, with
+bravery, jokes and indomitable perseverance,
+while Boffin, Mr. Pickwick, Miss Betsey Trotwood
+and Susan Nipper are busy with work at home?
+One of the best ways, and certainly one of the most
+delightful ways, to study the character and the
+genius of the people of England is to read the
+novels of Charles Dickens.
+</p>
+
+<p><br><br><br></p>
+
+<p><a id="chap0104"></a></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum">{<a id="P21"></a>21}</span></p>
+
+<h3>
+CHAPTER IV
+<br><br>
+THE WAVERLEY NOVELS
+</h3>
+
+<p>
+You have heard at times a strain of music
+far away.  A band, perhaps, is playing the
+air of some martial song that you know
+well.  The music comes nearer, nearer.  You can
+almost imagine that you see the players marching
+down the street.  And here they are.  As
+stirring, as romantic, as beautiful as the distant
+music, are the spirit, scenes, and happenings of
+The Waverley Novels by Sir Walter Scott.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Scott did not begin by writing novels; his first
+writing was poetical; he wrote stories in verse.
+If you do not already know these poetical stories,
+you probably will some day soon, because they are
+charming and delightful, and so easy to read that
+one almost feels one must have read them before
+in a dream.  The novels are, perhaps, a little more
+difficult to follow, but not after we once get fairly
+started.  They are wonderful books to read.
+Some of them are world novels.  This means that
+in many countries, and in many different
+languages, people may be found reading the
+Waverley Novels.  This statement is true of Dickens'
+novels also.  When we learn to know Dickens'
+work and Scott's work intimately, we will
+perceive that there is a difference.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Let us begin with <i>Rob Roy</i>, one of the Waverley
+Novels which is a great favourite with boys
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P22"></a>22}</span>
+and girls.  Francis Osbaldistone is sent by his
+father to visit his uncle, Sir Hildebrand, at the
+family seat, Osbaldistone Hall, in the north of
+England.  Frank does not want to go into business
+and become his father's successor.  The visit
+to Osbaldistone Hall is by way of punishment.
+His father means to choose one of Frank's six
+cousins to inherit his place in the business.  Frank
+goes north, meets all the six cousins, his uncle,
+Sir Hildebrand, Andrew Fairservice, a serving
+man, who is as notable a character after his own
+way of life as Sam Weller; and above all he meets
+a cousin of his cousins, Die Vernon, beautiful,
+spirited, altogether charming and lovable Die.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Owing to a business matter, Frank has to go
+further north from Osbaldistone Hall into
+Scotland.  In the city of Glasgow, he is directed to
+Bailie Nicol Jarvie.  He is given a mysterious
+warning in Glasgow Cathedral, and goes up to the
+Highlands with Bailie Nicol Jarvie, seeking to
+recover a debt.  Now we are fully set in the midst
+of the scenes of Sir Walter Scott's enchantment.
+The wild, romantic, beautiful scenery of Scotland,
+painted by a master's hand; the Highlanders
+themselves, proud, devoted, chivalrous, faithful;
+the cause of the royal Stuarts whose adherents
+loved them and sacrificed for them without stint;
+the glamour of old Scots songs; romantic stories
+of love and conflict, all these delights you will find
+in <i>Rob Roy</i> and in other of the Waverley Novels.
+The mysterious Mr. Campbell of the highroad and
+the drove of cattle, turns out to be Rob Roy
+MacGregor himself.  His wife, Helen, who is as fierce
+as she is heroic, is the central figure of one of the
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P23"></a>23}</span>
+most dramatic actions of the story.  Escape, danger,
+flight, battle, the allurement of a lost cause,
+striking characters for whom one forms a romantic
+attachment, are all gathered within the pages
+of this novel.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<i>Kenilworth</i> and <i>Ivanhoe</i> will prove themselves
+as fascinating as <i>Rob Roy</i>.  <i>Kenilworth</i> is written
+of the time of Queen Elizabeth and tells the
+story of the beautiful, unfortunate Amy Robsart,
+the wife of the Earl of Leicester, Queen
+Elizabeth's favourite.  Amy, who had made a secret,
+runaway match, is sought by Tressilian on behalf
+of her father.  She lives in hiding at Cumnor
+Hall, waited on by Janet Foster and her father,
+Anthony Foster.  Seeking redress for Amy, we
+go with Tressilian to find Leicester at the great
+castle of Kenilworth to which Elizabeth makes
+one of her royal progresses.  On the way we meet
+Wayland Smith, and Flibbertigibbet, and we learn
+what black magic means.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+At Kenilworth are stirring scenes.  We encounter
+Raleigh, Spenser, an astrologer, and scores of
+brightly coloured, romantic figures.  We are
+present at a pageant, and see Elizabeth conferring
+knighthood on some of Leicester's men.  All the
+while, Amy Robsart is to be vindicated, later Amy
+is to be saved.  But, partly through misunderstanding,
+yet also by cowardice, cruelty and falsehood,
+Amy is betrayed.  <i>Kenilworth</i> is notable
+for its scenes from English history, but the story
+of Amy Robsart, after we read it for the first
+time, leaves something in our memories that in
+all likelihood had not been there before, something
+gentle, full of pity, and precious.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P24"></a>24}</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<i>Ivanhoe</i> is more robust and exciting.  Read the
+opening scene between Gurth, the swineherd, and
+Wamba, the jester.  This is Merrie England of
+long ago, when Saxons and Normans were still
+hostile and separate, although living together in
+the heart of England.  John had usurped the
+throne from King Richard, his brother, who had
+been fighting on Crusade in the Holy Land.  Here
+in the greenwood we meet Friar Tuck, and various
+knights.  We visit Rotherwood, and listen to
+Cedric, the Saxon master of Gurth and Wamba.  We
+see the beautiful Rowena.  We meet the Jew,
+Isaac of York and his lovely daughter Rebecca.
+There are great combats for knights to prove
+their knighthood at Ashby-de-la-Zouche.  There
+is the thrilling siege of the castle, Torquilstone.
+We discover who the Black Knight is, and, best of
+all, we encounter, in many disguises and lastly as
+himself, Robin Hood.  Read the account of the
+archery contest in chapter thirteen.  Every word
+is thrilling.  If we could go back through the
+centuries, we, too, would visit Merrie England, walk
+in the greenwood and taste the venison pasty in
+Friar Tuck's cell, watch while Locksley shot his
+arrows, and with Rebecca on the ramparts,
+follow the course of the great siege of Torquilstone.
+But, thanks to the genius of Sir Walter, we can
+see these happenings in imagination without
+leaving the twentieth century, although the novel
+Ivanhoe was published more than a hundred years
+ago.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Scott wrote more than twenty novels, and other
+books as well.  The chief of the Waverley Novels,
+beside the three already named, are <i>Waverley</i>,
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P25"></a>25}</span>
+<i>Guy Mannering</i>, <i>The Antiquary</i>, <i>Old Mortality</i>,
+<i>The Bride of Lammermoor</i>, <i>The Heart of
+Mid-Lothian</i>, <i>The Fortunes of Nigel</i>, <i>Redgauntlet</i>,
+<i>Anne of Geierstein</i>, <i>Woodstock</i>, and <i>The Fair
+Maid of Perth</i>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Thrilling and romantically beautiful as <i>Rob
+Roy</i>, <i>Kenilworth</i> and <i>Ivanhoe</i> are, and exciting as
+it is to read them, Scott has achieved even greater
+scenes in some of the novels appearing in the list
+above.  Rob Roy, Die Vernon, Locksley, Rebecca
+of York, are splendid and memorable characters,
+but they are not as wonderful as Edie Ochiltree
+in <i>The Antiquary</i>, or as Jeanie Deans in <i>The
+Heart of Mid-Lothian</i>.  We delight in Rob Roy
+and Locksley and we love Die Vernon dearly, and
+yet somehow we know that Edie Ochiltree and
+Jeanie Deans are greater.  We respect them
+profoundly, and think more of human nature because
+of what they say and do.  We wonder why this
+should be so.  Puzzling out the way we feel about
+Edie Ochiltree and Jeanie Deans, we come to a
+conclusion somewhat like the following.  In the
+case of the first dearly loved characters, Scott was
+writing about people he had never met or known.
+He was in reality describing the beautiful dreams
+we have of romantic people who do not actually
+belong to everyday life.  But Edie Ochiltree is
+such a man as Scott himself must have known.  He
+is alive and so vivid in his not too highly coloured
+perfection, that one can imagine him strolling
+along a country road in Scotland.  Edie is a
+wandering beggar and wears a blue gown.  The
+neighbours give him food and shelter, and in return
+he does for them various little services.  But Edie
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P26"></a>26}</span>
+at the same time is a remarkable man.  When
+greatness comes in ordinary people, they are
+greater than it is possible to make a romantic
+character.  We cannot tell why this is so; but so
+it is.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Turn to chapter seven in <i>The Antiquary</i> and
+read what Edie says in answer to Sir Arthur
+Wardour's offer of a reward if he will save his
+daughter and himself from drowning.  Such a
+character as Edie shows himself to be is an example of
+Sir Walter's genius at its highest.  You will find
+other remarkable scenes in which Edie speaks in
+chapter twenty.  But from his final appearance
+in chapter forty-four we must quote a few lines.
+There is a rumour that the country is to be
+invaded, and someone says to Edie that he has not
+much to fight for.  Read carefully what follows
+for it is written in one of the dialects of Scotland,
+as is the case with a good part of what Sir Walter
+has written.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"<i>Me</i> no muckle to fight for, sir?&mdash;isna there the
+country to fight for, and the burnsides that I gang
+daundering beside, and the hearths of the gudewives
+that gie me my bit bread, and the bits o'
+weans that come toddling to play wi' me when
+I come about a landward town?&mdash;"
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Here love of country and love of people,&mdash;little
+children and men and women&mdash;are joined, and
+Edie's words express the highest feelings for
+home and country that we have.  There is
+something in every boy and every girl that thrills to
+this reply of Edie Ochiltree, who had no money
+and no land, but who was rich in his spirit
+nevertheless.  It is for such reasons as this that we
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P27"></a>27}</span>
+judge Edie's character to be one of Scott's
+greatest achievements.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Some day you may read in <i>The Heart of Mid-Lothian</i>
+of how Jeanie Deans walked many weary
+miles to London to plead with Queen Caroline for
+the life of her sister.  You will learn to admire
+and reverence Jeanie when at the last she says to
+the Queen that "when the hour of trouble comes
+to the mind or to the body ... then it isna what we
+hae dune for oursells, but what we hae dune for
+others, that we think on maist pleasantly."  Jeanie's
+is a sad story, and yet it turns out happily.
+Scott's genius for story telling, as well as
+for the delineation of character, was singularly
+rich and ample.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+To the contents of these novels, Scott added
+occasionally a short story, and often beautiful
+songs.  In <i>Redgauntlet</i>, chapter eleven, you will
+find Wandering Willie's Tale, one of the greatest
+short stories that ever has been written.  The
+Ballad of the Red Harlaw is in <i>The Antiquary</i>,
+the same novel in which Edie Ochiltree appears.
+One of the most beautiful songs in Scottish literature,
+which is rich in exquisite songs, is "Proud
+Maisie"; this song is to be found in <i>The Heart of
+Mid-Lothian</i>, chapter thirty-nine.  Those of you
+who are fond of learning poetry by heart will find
+time well spent in learning "Proud Maisie".  Only
+when genius is most richly endowed can it be so
+generous in its giving as Scott is in his novels
+with his songs.
+</p>
+
+<p><br><br><br></p>
+
+<p><a id="chap0105"></a></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum">{<a id="P28"></a>28}</span></p>
+
+<h3>
+CHAPTER V
+<br><br>
+SCOTT'S OWN STORY
+</h3>
+
+<p>
+Walter Scott was born August 15th,
+1771, in a house belonging to his father
+at the head of the College Wynd in Edinburgh,
+Scotland.  The family was well-to-do and
+happily situated.  But when he was eighteen
+months old, the little lad had a serious illness
+which left him a cripple.  Every effort was made
+to cure his lameness.  He was sent to live with
+his grand-parents on the farm at Sandy Knowe,
+but while he gained strength, he was slow in
+learning to walk and his left leg remained shrunken.
+He grew up tall and strong, unusually good
+looking and attractive.  When he was a man he
+thought nothing of walking thirty miles in a day.
+Apparently, his lameness had no influence upon
+his character, except that it helped to make him
+considerate.  His biographer says that he was
+always tender to those who had any bodily misfortune.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Edinburgh is a beautiful city.  Those who belong
+to it love their romantic town with devotion.
+But it was fortunate for Walter Scott, and for us
+also, that he spent some of his early years on a
+farm.  What he saw and learned at that time
+influenced all his future life.  A story is told that
+when he was three years old, and unable to help
+himself, because he was so lame, he was left alone
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P29"></a>29}</span>
+in the open air at some distance from the farmhouse,
+as his aunt often wisely left him.  A thunder
+storm came up and when they hastened to the
+little fellow they found him lying on his back,
+clapping his hands at each flash of lightning, and
+crying out, "Bonny! bonny!"  There was never
+anything lacking in Walter Scott's happy courage,
+or in his tranquil enjoyment of the beauties
+he saw in nature or read about in books.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+His aunt used to read aloud to him.  Like some
+other boys one has known, he played out by
+himself the battles described as he imagined they
+might have been fought.  He was fascinated by
+old tales, old ballads and by history.  From his
+early manhood he had a passion for all kinds of
+antiquarian research.  When he was a lad he was
+sent to Edinburgh High School, a famous school,
+and here after school hours and during recess he
+became known to the other boys as a wonderful
+adept at relating stories.  His audiences were
+closely attentive and delighted.  He says of
+himself in a short fragment of autobiography that he
+was not a dunce, "but an incorrigibly idle imp".
+Perhaps his chief pursuit was reading.  Some
+of the books he read were Ossian, which is
+compact of Highland myth and story, Spenser, an
+exquisite English poet, many novelists and other
+Poets, and the great collection of ballads known
+as Percy's <i>Reliques of Ancient Poetry</i>.  These
+are all manly books, and stir the reader's blood
+and imagination, as Sir Philip Sidney said, like
+the sound of a trumpet.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+After Edinburgh High School and Edinburgh
+University, where boys went at that time when
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P30"></a>30}</span>
+they were very young, Scott became a lawyer.  The
+study of Scots law was to him an unending source
+of interest.  But when he was a young lawyer
+without much to do, he was in the habit of telling
+romances to other young lawyers like himself who
+were waiting for clients.  As the boys at school
+used to be fascinated, so the young lawyers later
+came under the same spell.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+We have by this time the origins of Scott's
+great work, a natural and unconquerable genius
+for writing and romance, love for romantic
+Edinburgh and all Scotland, the farm at Sandy Knowe,
+ballads, tales and history, Scots law, old customs,
+the characters and the people whom he knew and
+loved.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+He began by translating songs from other languages,
+then by editing and publishing old ballads
+and songs belonging to his own country, what is
+called minstrelsy, the songs of wandering poets.
+His first book, <i>Minstrelsy of the Border</i>, was
+published very early in the nineteenth century.  He
+married, in 1797, Miss Charpentier, the daughter
+of a refugee from the French Revolution.  They
+lived in a cottage at Lasswade, six miles from
+Edinburgh.  Later, their home was at Ashestiel,
+also in the country, an old house on the south bank
+of the Tweed.  His own first writing, a poetical
+story, <i>The Lay of the Last Minstrel</i>, was
+published in 1805.  He held during his life various
+law offices under the Crown, beginning as Sheriff
+Depute, then Sheriff, and later a Clerk of the
+Court of Session.  Although he wrote many books
+he made a point of keeping other employment, so
+writing might be, as he said, not a bad crutch, but
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P31"></a>31}</span>
+a good staff.  But by 1805, it was plain that
+literature was to be his main occupation.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Scott had a singularly affectionate nature,
+which in itself is almost sufficient to make a happy
+life.  With his first fee as a lawyer, he bought a
+silver taper stand for his mother's desk.  Lockhart
+writes of him, "No man cared less about popular
+admiration and applause; but for the least
+chill on the affection of any near and dear to him
+he had the sensitiveness of a maiden."  We find
+as we learn to know people that powers of
+affection and love for those who belong to them are
+marks of the finest natures.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Scott was considerate of the feelings of everyone,
+and he was greatly loved.  He made much
+money by his writings, first by his romantic verse
+which took the world by storm, and later by the
+long series of great novels, which were published
+at first anonymously, and only acknowledged by
+Scott as his own with reluctance years after he
+began publishing them.  With his love for beautiful
+scenery, for Scotland, and for everything belonging
+to dignified and delightful ways of living, it
+was natural that Scott, from the result of his
+labours, should buy an estate and build on it a
+castle called Abbotsford.  Here he lived with his
+family, dealing bountifully and kindly with many
+dependents and followers.  He had tender care
+for all his neighbours, gentle and simple, as the
+old phrase runs.  Scott valued what he had
+because it gave him the power to be good to other
+people.  "Sir Walter speaks to every man as if
+they were blood relations" was the description
+given of his manner by one of the men who worked
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P32"></a>32}</span>
+on his estate to an inquirer.  Tom Purdie, a
+personal attendant, had been a salmon poacher, and
+was one of Scott's great friends.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+It is difficult to give a sufficiently convincing
+picture of his happy, beneficient, affectionate life,
+spent in beautiful surroundings, in friendliness
+and family joys, and yet at the same time do
+justice to Scott's incessant toil.  He worked
+unstintedly, and he loved his work.  He was so popular
+and famous, it seemed all he had to do was to sit
+down and write a novel and the world would ring
+with its fame.  But Scott was at work generally
+before six o'clock in the morning.  He was a man
+of remarkable industry as well as of unusual gifts.
+Yet, those who knew him, noticed first and valued
+most his kindness and simplicity.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+There are two books in which we can find details
+of the character and the life of Scott.  These
+are <i>The Life of Sir Walter Scott</i>, written by his
+son-in-law, J. G. Lockhart, and Scott's <i>Journal</i>,
+written by himself, and meant only for his own
+reading.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+He was a man of great reasonableness and common
+sense.  Lord Cockburn, a distinguished lawyer,
+who was a friend, said that in his opinion
+Walter Scott's sense was a still more wonderful
+thing than his genius.  He did not care to talk
+much about his writing, but rather of what he had
+done or seen.  There was so little made of Scott's
+writing in his home, either by himself or anyone
+else, that his children did not know much about it.
+Someone asked Sophia, his eldest daughter, how
+she liked one of his books.  Her answer was that
+she had not read it.  Walter, the eldest boy, came
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P33"></a>33}</span>
+home from school one day, plainly showing signs
+of having been in a fight, and said that the other
+boys had called him a "lassie".  One of the boys
+had said something about <i>The Lady of the Lake</i>,
+and he was unaware that there was a book of that
+name written by his father.  These incidents are
+related to show how simple and natural were
+Scott's ideas of himself and his work.  He was a
+rapid, even at times a careless, writer, but he was
+incontestably a great writer.  He was, however,
+greater as a man.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+No one can read his life without being charmed
+by Scott's love for his dogs.  Cats, too, were
+favourites in the family circle.  All the domestic
+creatures were as fond of Scott as he was of them.
+You will find in Lockhart's <i>Life</i>, chapter nine, a
+description by Washington Irving, the American
+author, of a visit to Abbotsford, and of Scott and
+his dogs.  It is, perhaps, as vivid a picture as has
+ever been drawn of Scott.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+During the last years of his life, Scott undertook
+the payment of a heavy debt.  He had been
+partner in a publishing enterprise which was
+conducted with far too little reasonable caution in
+entering upon undertakings and expenditure.
+Although Scott was not an active partner, and
+unfortunately had not informed himself about the
+firm's transactions, he was liable for the full
+amount of the debt.  He refused to become a
+bankrupt and set himself the enormous task of
+paying every creditor in full.  This last labour of
+his life is a heroic story.  Friends, some of them
+unknown friends, offered him money.  His sense
+of honour was so high that he would allow no mitigation
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P34"></a>34}</span>
+of his task.  He laboured single-handed
+and paid back large sums to his creditors.  The
+final payments were arranged only after his
+death.  He had cut down his way of living at
+Abbotsford.  He allowed himself little rest and no
+luxury.  Any boy who reads this story will learn
+from it something of the nature of business and
+of what is wise and right in business dealings.
+He will learn to love too, as we all may, Sir
+Walter's radiant sense of the beauty of honour.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+We discover at last the true reason why the
+characters in Scott's novels are great.  It is
+because he is himself great and noble, with such a
+nobility that in all likelihood the world will keep
+him always as one of its heroes.  His last words
+to his son-in-law, Lockhart, "My dear, be a good
+man", come into the minds of many people every
+now and then as they live their daily lives and
+bring them help and encouragement.  We read
+Scott's novels because they tell thrilling and
+romantic stories; and we read them again for their
+nobility, high-mindedness, dignity and beauty.
+</p>
+
+<p><br><br><br></p>
+
+<p><a id="chap0106"></a></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum">{<a id="P35"></a>35}</span></p>
+
+<h3>
+CHAPTER VI
+<br><br>
+THE TEMPEST AND OTHER OF SHAKESPEARE'S PLAYS
+</h3>
+
+<p>
+Shakespeare, as you know, wrote plays.
+Here is the story of one of these plays:
+Prospero, an old man, and his daughter,
+Miranda, a very beautiful girl, lived alone on an
+island in the sea far from any known land.  Their
+only dwelling was a cell made in a rock; probably
+the cell was really a cave in the rock.  Now
+Prospero was a duke in exile, the Duke of Milan
+in Italy, and Miranda was a princess, his only
+child.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Prospero was a very clever man and a great
+student.  He had had in Milan a younger brother,
+Antonio, to whom he trusted all his affairs so that
+he might give his time wholly to study.
+Prospero's special study was magic.  Shakespeare
+wrote this play very early in the seventeenth
+century: <i>The Tempest</i>, therefore, is more than three
+hundred years old.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Antonio conspired against his brother Prospero,
+and in this conspiracy he was aided by the
+King of Naples.  Prospero and Miranda, then a
+baby, were kidnapped, carried on board a ship
+and later cast adrift in a small boat.  Finally, the
+sea carried them to this island.  A kind nobleman,
+Gonzalo, had concealed on the little boat, water,
+food, clothing and some books, which were
+Prospero's books of magic.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P36"></a>36}</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Prospero and Miranda lived for years on the
+island.  During this time her father took care of
+Miranda and educated her.  Now the island was
+an enchanted island which had been placed under
+a spell by a witch called Sycorax, who had died
+shortly before Prospero and Miranda came to the
+island, leaving a son who was a misshapen dwarf
+called Caliban.  Prospero found this dwarf, and
+tried to teach him how to speak and how to do
+useful work, but Caliban was not able to learn
+much.  Perhaps he was not very willing to learn.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The witch Sycorax, before she died, had
+imprisoned in trees on the island many good spirits,
+because they would not obey her commands; since
+they were gentle spirits and Sycorax had tried to
+get them to do cruel and wicked deeds.  Prospero
+found these good spirits and released them from
+their prisons.  The chief of these spirits was
+Ariel.  You will love Ariel very much when you
+read about him in the play.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Now we have the island, Prospero and Miranda,
+Ariel and a host of other gentle spirits, and
+Caliban, whose only idea of God was that there was
+something more powerful than he was himself.
+But Caliban thought his god must be cruel, hard
+and unkind as well as strong, since he did not
+know any better.  This idea he had of a god he
+called Setebos.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Prospero was able to work magic.  Three
+hundred years ago some people believed in magic.
+Prospero, since he was a good man, never wanted
+to work anything but good with his magic; and he
+used Ariel and the other gentle spirits whom he
+had released from prison to carry out his
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P37"></a>37}</span>
+commands.  <i>The Tempest</i>, you will understand by
+this time, is a good deal like what we call a fairy
+tale.  But fairy tales are lovely things.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The King of Naples, his son Ferdinand, Antonio,
+who had usurped his brother's place as
+Duke of Milan, and a number of noblemen, including
+kind Gonzalo, when the play begins had been
+on a voyage on a ship.  Prospero by his magic
+raised a great storm, and commanded Ariel to
+bring the ship to the island where it was to be
+shipwrecked, but everyone on board was to be
+brought to shore safe and unharmed.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Prospero's plan was that Ferdinand, who was
+an admirable young prince, and his dear and
+beautiful daughter Miranda, should fall in love with
+one another.  Further, he planned by this
+shipwreck that Antonio should be punished and he
+himself restored to the Dukedom of Milan.  In
+the play, we see and hear all these things happening.
+Prospero's plans are carried out exactly as
+he directed.  Ferdinand and Miranda find each
+other so beautiful and attractive that at first sight
+they fall in love.  Antonio is confronted with his
+wrong doing.  Gonzalo finds reward and praise.
+Prospero is again Duke of Milan, buries his books
+and magic garment and gives up magic forever.
+The king of Naples repents his misdoing, and
+is only too happy for his son Ferdinand to marry
+Miranda.  And most joyous of all these happenings,
+the gentle Ariel and his companions, having
+served Prospero well, regain full liberty, and fly
+away to wander free in islands where beautiful
+trees and flowers grow, there to live happy all the
+long day.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P38"></a>38}</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+We cannot help wondering how Shakespeare
+came to write this play about a far away, unknown,
+enchanted island.  It is almost certain that
+people have been able to make a very good guess
+at the origin of the story.  <i>The Tempest</i> was written
+in 1610 or 1611.  In 1609, a British fleet,
+commanded by Sir George Somers, which had sailed
+for the new plantation of Jamestown in Virginia,
+met a great storm in the West Indies.  The
+Admiral's ship, the <i>Sea-Venture</i>, was driven on the
+coast of one of the unknown Bermuda Isles.  The
+sailors had to stay there for ten months.  Finally,
+they escaped in two boats which they made out of
+cedar logs, and in these boats they managed to
+reach Virginia.  When these sailors returned to
+London in 1610, there was great excitement; one
+person would report to another their marvellous
+stories.  The island had been over-run with wild
+pigs, and the sailors said they had heard odd
+noises.  Therefore, they concluded that the island
+was enchanted.  Shakespeare, who was writing
+his wonderful plays at the time, is likely to have
+heard these stories; and he made use of the sailors'
+tales of enchantment in a strange, beautiful,
+fairy-like play.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Shakespeare's plays are printed, so that we can
+read them in books.  They are also, of course,
+acted in theatres.  Some of you may have seen
+one of Shakespeare's plays, or more than one,
+acted on a stage.  As you grow older, you will
+have opportunities, let us hope, to see great actors
+in Shakespeare's plays.  For, since the plays are
+so great themselves, they can only be acted
+properly by great actors.  You can always read these
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P39"></a>39}</span>
+plays in books, however; and some of Shakespeare's
+plays seem almost better when they are
+read than when they are acted.  The reason for
+this is that we can imagine scenes more vividly
+sometimes than we can see them when other
+people try to show them to us.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+One of the best ways to read Shakespeare is to
+take a scene from one of his plays, such as the
+Casket scene in <i>The Merchant of Venice</i>, assign
+the characters to different people, boys and girls,
+or men and women, and then read the scene aloud,
+each character speaking in his turn.  You will
+enjoy the reading better if someone first tells the
+complete story of the play.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The whole world highly regards, and very many
+people dearly love, Shakespeare's plays.  There
+are many of them.  Some of the plays to choose
+first for reading are, <i>The Merchant of Venice</i>,
+<i>Julius Caesar</i>, scenes from <i>A Midsummer Night's
+Dream</i>, from <i>As You Like It</i>, <i>Romeo and Juliet</i>
+and <i>Twelfth Night</i>.  How delightful you will find
+the fairy scenes in <i>A Midsummer Night's Dream</i>,
+and the scenes in the forest from <i>As You Like It</i>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<i>Julius Caesar</i> is a political play.  Politics, as
+you know, is one of the great pursuits of men; and
+more recently, political questions are becoming of
+importance to women.  Politics is not a way to
+earn one's living, like farming, or being a doctor,
+or an engineer; but it offers one of the chief
+avenues by which one may serve one's country.
+<i>Julius Caesar</i>, besides being a very interesting story,
+is a splendidly wise and clear picture of how men
+and women are influenced by political questions
+and actions.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P40"></a>40}</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Shakespeare wrote and put into his plays numbers
+of very beautiful songs.  They are so beautiful
+and natural that to read them is almost like
+listening to the song of a bird.  In <i>The Tempest</i>
+you will find Ariel's songs, "Come unto these
+yellow sands", "Full fathom five thy father lies",
+and "Where the bee sucks, there suck I".  There
+are songs in <i>A Midsummer Night's Dream</i>.
+Amiens in <i>As You Like It</i>, sings "Under the
+greenwood tree", and "Blow, blow, thou winter
+wind".  "It was a lover and his lass" comes near
+the end of the play.  <i>Twelfth Night</i>, too, is rich in
+songs, "O mistress mine, where are you roaming?",
+"Come away, come away, death"; the play
+ends with the inimitable, "When that I was and
+a little tiny boy".
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Shakespeare is as great in the poetry of his
+plays as he is in their dramatic action.  He had
+the power so to suit his thoughts with words that
+our minds are filled and enriched with life and
+beauty.  Read Prospero's great speech which you
+will find in <i>The Tempest</i>, act iv, scene i.
+</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;These our actors,<br>
+  As I foretold you, were all spirits, and<br>
+  Are melted into air, into thin air:<br>
+  And, like the baseless fabric of this vision,<br>
+  The cloud capp'd towers, the gorgeous palaces,<br>
+  The solemn temples, the great globe itself,<br>
+  Yea, all which it inherit, shall dissolve<br>
+  And, like this insubstantial pageant faded,<br>
+  Leave not a rack behind.  We are such stuff<br>
+  As dreams are made on, and our little life<br>
+  Is rounded with a sleep.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p><br><br><br></p>
+
+<p><a id="chap0107"></a></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum">{<a id="P41"></a>41}</span></p>
+
+<h3>
+CHAPTER VII
+<br><br>
+SHAKESPEARE&mdash;THE GREAT WORLD ITSELF
+</h3>
+
+<p>
+Shakespeare lived at a time when people,
+as a rule, did not write and print the
+details of famous men's lives while they
+were living or soon after their deaths.  We know
+much of the daily lives of such people as Scott
+and Dickens, and many others like Queen Victoria,
+Napoleon, Lincoln, Disraeli, Gladstone.  But
+we know comparatively little about Shakespeare,
+partly because many people during his lifetime
+thought of him only as a play actor and writer of
+plays, and partly because there were at that time
+few books and there was little reading.  Incidents
+of history and in the lives of men and women were
+told by older people to their children.  These
+stories were remembered and repeated and served
+instead of printed books.  Such traditional
+knowledge is sometimes inaccurate, but it is generally
+interesting, and frequently true.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+We know that Shakespeare was born April 22nd
+or 23rd, 1564, in Stratford-on-Avon, Warwickshire,
+England.  He was baptised on April 26th
+of that year; his baptism is on record.  He died
+on his birthday, April 23rd, 1616, fifty-two years
+later.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+His father was John Shakespeare, who sold
+farm produce in Stratford, and his mother was
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P42"></a>42}</span>
+Mary Arden, who came of what are called gentlefolk.
+He was married in 1582 to Anne Hathaway.
+They had three children, Susanna, Hamnet and
+Judith.  Susanna later married John Hall, a
+doctor of medicine; and Judith married Thomas
+Quiney, a vintner, in the same year that her father
+died.  But Hamnet died in 1596; his death was a
+heavy grief to Shakespeare.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Shakespeare went to London probably in 1586.
+The story told by tradition is that he had been
+poaching on a neighbouring estate belonging to a
+Sir Thomas Lucy.  In any case, he left Stratford
+and journeyed to London, a small London, very
+different from the great city of to-day; nevertheless,
+it must have been an interesting place.  Shakespeare
+acted, and wrote plays.  By 1593, he had
+achieved a noted success.  Four years later, 1597,
+he bought New Place, the finest house in Stratford.
+At first, he paid a visit there only once a
+year.  Then he left London, and spent his later
+years in Stratford at New Place.  His custom was
+to write two of his plays each year.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+We know something of Shakespeare's character
+from what his contemporaries said of him.  We
+know what interested him most, and probably
+what he cared about most, from his plays.  He
+was most frequently called by other people the
+gentle Shakespeare.  For a man of great genius
+who was busy making wonderful plays, and who
+could have met few people, if any, who were his
+intellectual equals, to be called gentle by everyone
+who knew him is a great tribute to the lovableness
+of his disposition and the sweetness of his
+temper.  It shows that he must have been
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P43"></a>43}</span>
+courteous, patient and considerate.  We know from
+his writings that he was a well-balanced man.  He
+was genial, and he had a great zest for life.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+He seems to have been fond of many different
+kinds of characters.  Men of action, that is, men
+who do things, and men of thought, whose philosophy
+and understanding take hold of the facts
+of life and look deep into their meaning, were
+equally understood and loved by Shakespeare.
+How do we know this?  We know because he created
+such thinkers as Hamlet, and his King Richard
+II, and Macbeth, and such men of action as
+are in his great historical plays and especially
+Othello.  But we cannot help thinking that
+Shakespeare loved men of action better and was more
+devoted to them than he was to those who were
+thinkers chiefly.  A critic named Hazlitt wrote of
+Shakespeare, "His talent consisted in sympathy
+with human nature in all its shapes, degrees,
+depressions and elevations."  Sympathy of this
+kind is not only a great gift, but it is also a very
+rare one.  His universal sympathy is one reason
+why we admire Shakespeare so much.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+There are other facts about Shakespeare's life
+that we learn from his plays.  His youth was
+brilliant, full of happy exuberance and exaltation,
+confident and swift.  At this time, he wrote such
+plays as <i>Romeo and Juliet</i>, 1592, the great historical
+plays, 1592-1594, and again in 1597-1598, <i>A
+Midsummer Night's Dream</i>, 1594-5, <i>As You Like
+It</i>, 1599, <i>Twelfth Night</i>, 1600, <i>Julius Caesar</i>, 1600.
+You do not need to remember these dates, but
+notice how rapidly one great play follows another.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Shakespeare's full maturity, following youth,
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P44"></a>44}</span>
+begins about 1599.  Later than 1600, he wrote
+such plays as <i>Hamlet</i>, 1602, <i>Othello</i>, 1604,
+<i>Macbeth</i>, 1606, <i>King Lear</i>, 1607, <i>Anthony and
+Cleopatra</i>, 1608.  These are generally regarded as his
+greatest plays.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In the last years of his life we can think of him
+as living at New Place in Stratford, with peace,
+happiness and tranquility.  His young daughter
+Judith must have been his special, much-loved
+companion.  We imagine that possibly Miranda
+in <i>The Tempest</i> is like Judith; Shakespeare may
+have been thinking of himself a little when he
+wrote some of Prospero's speeches.  To this
+period belong three calm, wise and beautiful plays
+which were the last that he wrote, <i>Cymbeline</i>,
+1610, <i>The Winter's Tale</i>, 1611, and <i>The Tempest</i>,
+1611.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Where did Shakespeare obtain his marvelous
+knowledge of life and people?  The answer
+evidently is, from life itself and from people
+themselves.  He studied people and understood them.
+His own heart and nature taught him wonderful
+knowledge.  From older people, he heard stories
+of the Wars of the Roses.  These stories
+undoubtedly gave him his knowledge of warfare,
+soldiers, battles and politics.  He read such books as
+Holinshed's <i>Chronicles</i>, North's translation of
+Plutarch's <i>Lives</i> and translations of the choicest
+Italian novels of the time.  He probably had read
+Chaucer.  He was familiar with all the writings,
+plays, poems, and pamphlets of his contemporaries.
+The time when Shakespeare lived was one
+of the greatest ages in the history of the world.
+He himself makes any age in which he lived a
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P45"></a>45}</span>
+great age; but there were living at that time many
+other great writers, although not as great as
+Shakespeare.  He therefore must have read
+much.  He almost certainly was one of the people
+who, as we say, can take the whole heart out of
+a book at a single reading.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+It would be foolish to say that it is easy to read
+all Shakespeare's plays.  Comparatively few
+people, old or young, can understand them
+altogether.  But to read those plays that one can
+understand is a very great adventure.  We find
+in them, even if we do not comprehend everything,
+so much that is worth while, great life, beauty,
+sweetness, courtesy, benignity, generosity and
+honour.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+There were customs in Shakespeare's day,
+points of view, judgments and prejudices, which
+the world has outgrown.  We have much to learn
+still, but the world to-day is a better place than it
+was in the sixteenth century.  We find some
+things in Shakespeare's plays that grate on us
+harshly, such as the feeling towards Shylock, the
+Jew, in <i>The Merchant of Venice</i>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Shakespeare's greatest gift to us is that he
+makes us feel and know how wonderful life is.
+He puts before us in his plays the whole world,
+and we can look at it and see how beautiful it is.
+He shows us men and women, and although he
+wrote long ago people who read his plays to-day
+find his men and women so interesting that we
+think ourselves very fortunate if we can see a
+great actor play Hamlet or a great actress show
+us the way in which charming Rosalind may have
+walked and spoken in the forest of Arden.  No
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P46"></a>46}</span>
+other writer has ever been able to create such
+women characters as Shakespeare.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The best and soundest knowledge of Shakespeare
+comes slowly.  It is good to read such
+speeches in his plays as Brutus' speech in <i>Julius
+Caesar</i>, Act iv, scene iii, beginning at the words,
+"There is a tide in the affairs of men".  When
+we have learned that speech, we may turn to other
+words, such as these in <i>King Henry V</i>:
+</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  There is some soul of goodness in things evil,<br>
+  Would men observingly distil it out.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p><br></p>
+
+<p>
+Remember King Henry's saying; it contains
+truth which is serviceable to us all.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Such words as these, and hundreds of other
+lines, are what make Shakespeare, Shakespeare,
+someone wonderful and lovable who belongs to
+you and to everyone else.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Here is another of his songs, a sad one this
+time, but very beautiful, from <i>Cymbeline</i>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  Fear no more the heat o' the sun,<br>
+  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Nor the furious winter's rages;<br>
+  Thou thy worldly task hast done,<br>
+  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Home art gone and ta'en thy wages:<br>
+  Golden lads and girls all must,<br>
+  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;As chimney-sweepers, come to dust.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  Fear no more the frown o' the great;<br>
+  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Thou are past the tyrant's stroke;<br>
+  Care no more to clothe and eat;<br>
+  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;To thee the reed is as the oak;<br>
+  The sceptre, learning, physic, must<br>
+  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;All follow this and come to dust.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P47"></a>47}</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  Fear no more the lightning-flash,<br>
+  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Nor the all-dreaded thunder-stone;<br>
+  Fear not slander, censure rash;<br>
+  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Thou hast finish'd joy and moan:<br>
+  All lovers young, all lovers must<br>
+  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Consign to thee and come to dust.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p><br><br><br></p>
+
+<p><a id="chap0108"></a></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum">{<a id="P48"></a>48}</span></p>
+
+<h3>
+CHAPTER VIII
+<br><br>
+STORIES FROM THE BIBLE
+</h3>
+
+<p>
+Suppose someone who had never heard of
+the Bible wanted to know what it was, how
+could we explain, or describe, its nature and
+character, most clearly and truly?  The meaning
+of the word Bible is simply the book: the greatest
+and most important book in the world.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In the first place, the Bible is made up of a
+number of other books; there are thirty-nine of these
+books in the Old Testament, and twenty-seven in
+the New Testament; that is, there are sixty-six
+books in the Bible altogether.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+These parts, or books, are of many different
+kinds.  They contain traditions, histories,
+genealogies, biographies, songs of victory or love,
+hymns, psalms, wise sayings, censures and
+encouragements by the prophets of God, dramas, stories,
+and essays.  In the New Testament, we find the
+gospel story of Christ; annals, which are a simple
+form of history; and letters from one person to
+another or from one person to a church.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Many years ago, some writers used to call the
+Bible the Divine Library, <i>Bibliotheca Divina</i>; at
+that time, writing generally was in the Latin language.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The first book in the Bible, Genesis, as you know
+begins by telling about the creation of the world.
+The story of the development of mankind
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P49"></a>49}</span>
+spiritually,&mdash;-this means in learning to know about
+God&mdash;is pictured for us in all the books of the Bible.
+Man's knowledge of God grows, from the creation,
+slowly but steadily, higher and deeper and
+wider; and we read about this growth in the Bible.
+Slowly the people of the world lose some of their
+ignorance of God, and as they learn of God they
+begin to give up, or as the Bible says, they forsake,
+their evil practices.  For instance, the practice
+of keeping slaves was once followed in all parts
+of the known world.  Then, presently, men began
+to see that they could not keep other men as
+slaves, because a better knowledge of God taught
+them that all men are brothers.  But, even yet, in
+some parts of the world there are slaves waiting
+to be freed.  Mankind's progress towards God
+and what is good, told about in the Bible, is still
+going on.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The revelation of God reaches its consummation
+in Christ.  Now, the Old Testament, from
+the beginning to the end, is the story of the world
+being prepared for the coming of Christ; the New
+Testament tells the story of His coming.  We
+learn from Christ what God truly is.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Bible tells us of Christ.  This is perhaps
+the clearest and simplest answer to the question
+as to what the Bible is.  The Bible, because it tells
+us of Christ, is intended for every one.  It is
+printed in many different languages, and read all
+over the world.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+There are many stories in the Bible, both in the
+Old and New Testaments, which we can find and
+read for ourselves, interesting and beautiful
+stories.  Probably you have read most of them
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P50"></a>50}</span>
+already, or have heard them read aloud.  But, as
+you know, we like to hear or read a true story
+many times, and these are true stories.  A list of
+a number of these stories from the Bible is printed
+at the end of this chapter, with the names of the
+different books in which we find them, and
+chapters and verses for each story.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Many of the stories, perhaps most of them, are
+about boys and girls.  But the first on the list is
+the story of how the world was made.  Notice
+how splendidly the man who wrote the story
+makes clear that it was God who made the world.
+Notice too, in the story of the Little Maid, II Kings
+chap. v, 1-19, what fine people Naaman, the
+Syrian, and his wife, must have been; the happy
+relations between them and the people who worked
+for them are very evident in the story, and indeed
+are used to help in Naaman's cure.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The list ends with the history of Paul's voyage
+and shipwreck, a wonderful, true story of the sea.
+</p>
+
+<p><br></p>
+
+<p class="t3">
+  FROM THE OLD TESTAMENT<br>
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+  The Creation of the World           Genesis, chap. i, 1-31;
+                                        chap. ii, 1-3
+
+  Noah and the Flood                  Genesis, chap. vi, 9-22;
+                                        chap vii, 1-24; chap viii,
+                                        1-22
+
+  Jacob's Dream                       Genesis, chap. xxviii, 10-22
+
+  Joseph and his Brethren             Genesis, chap. xxxvii, 5-28
+
+  Pharaoh's Dream                     Genesis, chap. xli, 1-57
+
+  Joseph's Brethren come to           Genesis, chap. xiii, 1-38
+    buy Corn
+
+  Joseph Entertains His               Genesis, chap. xliii, 1-34
+    Brethren
+</pre>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum">{<a id="P51"></a>51}</span></p>
+
+<pre>
+  Joseph makes Himself                Genesis, chap. xliv, 1-13,
+    Known to His Brethren               18-34; chap. xlv, 1-15
+
+  Jacob comes to His Son              Genesis, chap. xlv, 25-28;
+    Joseph                              chap. xlvi, 1-7, 28-30;
+                                        chap. xlvii, 1-10
+
+  The Birth and Upbringing            Exodus, chap. i, 7-14;
+    of Moses                            chap. ii, 1-10
+
+  God Speaks to the Child             I Samuel, chap. ii, 18, 19;
+    Samuel                            chap. iii, 1-21
+
+  Samuel Anoints David to             I Samuel, chap. xvi, 1-23
+    be King
+
+  David Slays Goliath                 I Samuel, chap. xvii, 1-49
+
+  David and Jonathan                  I Samuel, chap. xviii, 1-4;
+                                        chap. xx, 1-23, 35-42
+
+  The Widow's Cruise                  I Kings, chap. xvii, 1-24
+
+  The Translation of Elijah           II Kings, chap. ii, 1-12
+
+  The Child of the Shunammite         II Kings, chap. iv, 8-37
+
+  The Little Maid                     II Kings, chap. v, 1-19
+
+  The Angel Guards                    II Kings, chap. vi, 8-17
+</pre>
+
+<p class="t3">
+THE NEW TESTAMENT
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+  The Birth of Christ                 Luke, chap. ii, 4-19
+
+  The Star of Bethlehem               Matthew, chap. ii, 1-12
+
+  Christ when he was                  Luke, chap. ii, 40-52
+    Twelve Years Old
+
+  The Sower                           Matthew, chap. xiii, 3-9,
+                                        18-23
+
+  The Mustard Seed                    Matthew, chap. xiii, 31, 32
+
+  The Hidden Treasure and             Matthew, chap. xiii, 44-46
+    the Pearl of Great Price
+
+  The Unforgiving Servant             Matthew, chap. xviii, 23-35
+
+  The Labourers in the Vineyard       Matthew, chap. xx, 1-16
+
+  The Two Sons                        Matthew, chap. xxi, 28-32
+</pre>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum">{<a id="P52"></a>52}</span></p>
+
+<pre>
+  The Wicked Husbandmen               Matthew, chap. xxi, 33-46
+
+  The Marriage of the King's Son      Matthew, chap. xxii, 1-14
+
+  The Good Samaritan                  Luke, chap. x, 25-37
+
+  The Foolish Rich Man                Luke, chap. xii, 13-21
+
+  Humility                            Luke, chap. xiv, 7-11
+
+  The Great Supper                    Luke, chap. xiv, 12-24
+
+  The Lost Sheep and the              Luke, chap. xv, 1-10
+    Lost Piece of Silver
+
+  The Prodigal Son                    Luke, chap. xv, 11-32
+
+  The Pharisee and the Publican       Luke, chap. xviii, 9-14
+
+  The Entombment and the              Luke, chap. xxiii, 50-56
+    Resurrection                      John, chap. xx, 1-29
+
+  The Evening Walk to Emmaus          Luke, chap. xxiv, 12-32
+
+  Paul's Voyage and Shipwreck         Acts, chap. xxvii, 1-44
+</pre>
+
+<p><br><br><br></p>
+
+<p><a id="chap0109"></a></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum">{<a id="P53"></a>53}</span></p>
+
+<h3>
+CHAPTER IX
+<br><br>
+LIVING WATERS
+</h3>
+
+<p>
+About ten million copies of the Bible are
+circulated in a year; this means so many
+copies either are bought, or given to people
+without payment, yearly.  The reason for
+such a great and constant demand for the Bible
+by all kinds of people is because they find in it
+something they need.  What they find is spiritual
+life, life for the soul.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+It is interesting to know something about the
+authorized English translation of the Bible.  The
+books of the Bible, as you know, were not first
+written in English.  Those who wrote the books
+of the Bible, except possibly in one or two
+instances, were Jews.  Copies of the books of the
+Bible, before the fifteenth century, had to be
+written by hand.  Following the invention of
+printing in the first part of the fifteenth
+century, the Bible was one of the first books to
+be printed.  But still, there were few books and
+there was little reading.  Books of any kind
+were expensive and many people did not know
+how to read.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In the sixteenth century, there were in existence
+several translations or versions of some of the
+books of the Bible; and there was a great desire
+on the part of English people to be able to read
+the whole Bible in English so that everyone might
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P54"></a>54}</span>
+understand it.  Comparatively few people could
+read Latin, and the translations in English were
+of some of the books only.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The authorized English translation of the Bible
+was first published in 1611.  It was the work of
+some forty-seven scholars who had taken all the
+different versions then in use and had translated
+and compiled the various readings into one book.
+You will recognize that 1611 is a date belonging
+to the time when English literature was in one of
+its most glorious periods.  The authorized English
+translation of the Bible is written in very
+perfect English.  It is what we call a masterpiece.
+The beautiful diction of the authorized
+version helps us to remember the stories of the
+Bible, and the great passages in which we find
+our highest spiritual life.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+A list of some of the wonderful passages in the
+Bible, especially such passages as were written to
+tell of the life of Christ and to record His sayings,
+is given at the end of this chapter.  You will find
+the Ten Commandments, which many of you know
+by heart, in Exodus, chap. xix, 1-24, chap. xx, 1-2.
+Solomon's great prayer at the dedication of the
+Temple is in I Kings, chap. viii, 22-58.  The Book
+of Psalms is read by countless numbers of people
+all through their lives.  Some of the Psalms you
+will specially want to read are i, xv, xix, xxiii, xxiv,
+xxvii, xlvi, lxvii, c, ciii, cvii, cxxi, cxxvi, cxxvii,
+cxxxiv, cxlv, cxlviii, and cl.  Many great passages
+are to be found in the books of the Prophets,
+and in Job.  Read Isaiah, chapters xxxv, xl
+and lv which belong to the greatest writings in
+the world.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P55"></a>55}</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+But the most important parts of the Bible for
+us to read, the easiest to read, the most simple and
+beautiful, are these which tell of the life of Christ.
+</p>
+
+<p><br></p>
+
+<p class="t3">
+  PASSAGES TELLING OF THE LIFE OF CHRIST FROM THE<br>
+  NEW TESTAMENT<br>
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+  The Sermon on the Mount             Matthew, chaps. v, vi and vii
+
+  Rest for the Weary                  Matthew, chap. xi 25-30
+
+  The Greatest in the Kingdom         Matthew, chap. xviii, 1-14
+    of Heaven
+
+  The Young Man of Great              Matthew, chap. xix, 16-22
+    Possessions
+
+  The Two Great Commandments          Matthew, chap. xxii, 35-40
+
+  The Judgment Day                    Matthew, chap. xxv, 31-46
+
+  The Widow's Two Mites               Mark, chap. xii, 41-44
+
+  Jesus Calls Zachaeus                Luke, chap. xix, 1-10
+
+  The Water of Life                   John, chap. iv, 5-26
+
+  The Bread of Life                   John, chap. vi, 26-35
+
+  The Good Shepherd                   John, chap. x, 1-16
+
+  The Raising of Lazarus              John, chap. xi, 1-46
+
+  Christ Blesses the Children         Mark, chap. x, 13-16
+
+  Christ's Bequest of Peace           John, chap. xiv, 1-27
+
+  Christ's Intercessory Prayer        John, chap. xviii, 1-26
+
+  Christ's Commission to His          Matthew, chap. xxviii, 16-20
+    Followers
+
+  Who Shall Separate Us               Romans, chap. viii, 18-39
+
+  The Two Crowns                      I Corinthians, chap. ix, 24-27
+
+  Charity                             I Corinthians, chap. xiii, 1-13
+
+  Resurrection of the Dead            I Corinthians, chap. xv, 1-58
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P56"></a>56}</span>
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+  The Fruit of the Spirit             Galatians, chap. v, 16-24
+
+  Heavenly Armour                     Ephesians, chap. vi, 10-8
+
+  The Crown of Righteousness          II Timothy, chap. iv, 6-8
+
+  The Children of Light               I Thessalonians, chap. v, 1-10
+
+  The Cloud of Witnesses              Hebrews, chap. xi, 1-40;
+                                        chap. xii, 1-2
+
+  Pure Religion                       James, chap. i, 1-27
+
+  Behold I stand at the Door          Revelations, chap. iii, 14-22
+    and Knock
+
+  The Saints in Glory                 Revelations, chap. vii, 9-17
+
+  John's Vision of the New            Revelations, chap. xxi, 1-27;
+    Jerusalem                           chap. xxii, 1-21
+</pre>
+
+<p><br><br><br></p>
+
+<p><a id="chap0210"></a></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum">{<a id="P57"></a>57}</span></p>
+
+<h2>
+PART II
+<br><br>
+ROMANCE AND ADVENTURE
+</h2>
+
+<p><br><br></p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P59"></a>59}</span>
+</p>
+
+<h3>
+CHAPTER X
+<br><br>
+DUMAS&mdash;HUGO&mdash;STEVENSON
+</h3>
+
+<p>
+A story can scarcely open better than by
+showing us a young man setting out to
+find his fortune.  One of the most eminent
+of romantic writers, Alexandre Dumas, begins
+<i>The Three Musketeers</i> after this fashion.  We
+have a choice of reading the story either in
+French or English.  Dumas, a Frenchman, wrote
+<i>Les Trois Mousquetaires</i> in French, and, therefore,
+naturally, this thrilling story is more wonderful
+in French even than it is in English.  But an
+English translation, one can promise every boy
+and girl, is very well worth reading.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+On an April morning of the year 1626, in the
+market town of Meung, in the country of France,
+a young man, eighteen years of age, came to the
+door of an inn.  He was riding an orange-coloured
+pony, none too good a specimen of a steed.  His
+name was d'Artagnan.  He came from Gascony,
+and in a story it is always taken for granted that
+Gascons are very proud and hot-tempered.  He
+was poor and somewhat shabby in appearance.
+A man at one of the windows of the inn appeared
+to be laughing at him and at the queer colour of
+his pony; indeed the man had called the pony a
+buttercup.  D'Artagnan, who was wearing a
+sword, at once challenged the man, Rochefort,
+to fight with him.  There was a fight which was
+rather a scuffle than a combat.  Still d'Artagnan
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P60"></a>60}</span>
+acquitted himself with credit, although later
+he was beaten into insensibility by Rochefort's
+servants.  He lost, however, the precious letter
+his father had given him to M. de Treville,
+Captain of the King's Musketeers.  Nevertheless,
+that same day he rode to the St. Antoine Gate of
+Paris, sold his horse, and on the day following
+presented himself in the antechamber of M. de
+Treville.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+There he meets the three famous musketeers,
+Athos, Aramis and Porthos.  Louis XIII is King
+of France, Anne of Austria is Queen, and
+Cardinal Richelieu is as powerful a leader as
+either of them.  So begins the thrilling series of
+romances in which d'Artagnan appears, the whole
+series being the masterpiece of Alexandre Dumas.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<i>The Three Musketeers</i> is the first story about
+d'Artagnan.  The second is called <i>Twenty Years
+After</i>; the third, <i>Vicomte de Bragelonne</i>.  In the
+second story, Louis XIII has died and Anne of
+Austria is regent.  Her chief minister is Mazarin.
+We see in his youth the young king who is to be
+the famous Louis XIV.  But the really important
+characters are d'Artagnan, Athos, Aramis and
+Porthos; the Vicomte de Bragelonne, who is
+dearly loved by these four heroes, is Athos' son.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+French history is shown by Dumas to have a
+curious relation to English history.  But the
+connection is more or less imaginary.  When we read
+these stories, it is possible that we may obtain
+some idea of French history, even of English
+history.  We see brilliant scenes of colour,
+romance and intrigue.  We read of triumphs,
+catastrophes and great occasions.  But what really
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P61"></a>61}</span>
+matters are d'Artagnan's splendid wit and
+audacity, the silent dignity of Athos, the subtlety
+of Aramis, and the marvellous strength of
+Porthos.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+These four form a heroic comradeship.  They
+help, support, rescue and defend each other.
+Danger follows danger.  Intrigue leads to
+intrigue.  D'Artagnan never fails in strategy, nor
+Athos in nobility.  When any one of the four is
+sorely pressed, the others are certain to appear
+before the danger becomes overwhelming.  There
+are many famous episodes in these stories, the
+recovery by d'Artagnan and his man Planchet of the
+Queen's diamond studs, the release from prison of
+the Duc de Beaufort by means of a colossal pie
+in which are concealed ropes and daggers, the
+kidnapping of General Monk by d'Artagnan and his
+followers disguised as fishermen, the epic of the
+death of Porthos, who is one of the strongest
+heroes to be found in any romance.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+When we read such stories as these written by
+Dumas we are made to feel light-hearted.  He is
+gay and witty, while under wit and gayety he
+hides a tender heart.  The man who wrote the
+stories is himself frank, kind and generous, and
+we discover the same frankness, kindness and
+generosity in the pages of his romances.  His
+writing is characterized by speed, directness and
+clearness.  It has been said, and no doubt truly,
+that sometimes a person suffering from homesickness
+has been so invigorated mentally by reading
+one of Dumas' stories that the fit of homesickness
+has been cured.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Dumas was something of a giant physically,
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P62"></a>62}</span>
+like Porthos.  Indeed, it is thought that he may
+have made Porthos a partial portrait of himself
+and of his father, who also was a large man and
+very powerful.  Dumas' grandfather, a Frenchman,
+had left France for St. Domingo and there
+had married a native of the island, a coloured
+woman.  Dumas inherited the physical characteristics
+of his father who was like his St. Domingan
+mother.  The vivacity and gaiety we find in
+the works of Dumas may have come in part at
+least from his grandmother.  His mother was left
+a widow early and she and her children lived in
+great poverty.  Dumas' immense vitality and high
+spirits conquered many obstacles.  We enjoy
+reading about d'Artagnan, Athos, Aramis and
+Porthos all the more for knowing that the writer
+who invented them and wrote of them so gayly,
+was a brave man.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Romance carries us easily from one country to
+another.  Yet a second noted writer of romance,
+in some ways more gifted than Dumas, is also a
+Frenchman, Victor Hugo, generally considered
+greater as a poet than as a writer of prose.  Two
+of his books, <i>Notre Dame de Paris</i>, and <i>Les
+Misérables</i>, belong to the famous books of the
+world and may be read in the French original,
+preferably of course, or in an English translation.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Hugo's romances, as well as the romantic stories
+of Dumas, were inspired to a certain extent by the
+novels of Sir Walter Scott.  But in Scott we find
+ourselves in the sunlight of a reasonable and
+happy world.  The atmosphere of Hugo's stories
+one might compare to that of stormy days,
+illuminated by flashes of lightning.  The romance of
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P63"></a>63}</span>
+<i>Notre Dame de Paris</i> is dominated by a vision of
+the cathedral in Paris which seems in the story far
+greater and larger than it is actually.  Some day
+you may see the cathedral for yourselves, but
+before doing so, read Hugo's story.  It imparts
+to the famous cathedral an air of wonder and
+mystery which proves to us Hugo's remarkable
+powers as a writer.  Round Notre Dame he
+gathers as strange a multitude of people as can be
+found in any story, the beautiful gypsy dancer
+Esmeralda, her goat Djali, the terrible dwarf
+Quasimodo, the swarm of beggars, with their
+beggar king, Claude Frollo, Captain Phoebus,
+Pierre Gringoire, and the unhappy recluse Gudule.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+An even more remarkable romance by Victor
+Hugo is named <i>Les Misérables</i>.  The book is more
+than a story.  Hugo brings in so many affairs
+outside the story itself that when we have finished
+the book we feel as if we had read part of the
+history of the world.  You remember the strong
+impulse to heal and relieve the distresses of
+humanity which we found in the novels of Charles
+Dickens.  The same powerful motive is seen in
+action in these romances by Victor Hugo.  Perhaps
+there are few books in which we can find
+explained so clearly the problems, distresses and
+poverty of the older and more crowded countries
+of the continent of Europe as they existed at the
+time of the story.  Hugo means to awaken our
+pity and he does so.  Jean Valjean, the escaped
+convict of <i>Les Misérables</i>, is condemned by harsh
+and wicked laws, yet he becomes the soul of
+tenderness and goodness.  For his sake, and for
+the sake of the good Bishop Myriel who first
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P64"></a>64}</span>
+showed Jean Valjean what love and forgiveness
+mean, we should read some part at least of <i>Les
+Misérables</i>; or we may be able to find someone who
+has read Hugo's immensely long novel and is
+willing to tell us the story of Jean Valjean.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+It is difficult to imagine a sharper contrast to the
+writings of Victor Hugo than the gay, youthful,
+carefree stories which Robert Louis Stevenson
+wrote for young people.  Yet Stevenson admired
+Hugo greatly, and was as well one of the most
+loyal adherents of Dumas.  Stevenson wrote
+<i>Treasure Island</i> to help his step-son, Lloyd
+Osbourne, then a boy of twelve years old, through
+rather a dull and lonely holiday spent near
+Braemar in the north of Scotland.  Stevenson's
+father, an old man with a boy's heart, used to listen
+to the story when it was read aloud in the
+afternoons as soon as each chapter was written, one
+chapter a day.  It was Thomas Stevenson, the
+father, who wrote out the list of the contents of
+Billy Bones' sea chest.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Robert Louis Stevenson loved adventure, and
+this is one of the reasons why <i>Treasure Island</i>
+is such a delightful story.  First, he and Lloyd
+Osbourne drew the map that you will find at the
+beginning of <i>Treasure Island</i>.  Then the story
+begins, told by Jim Hawkins, whose mother kept
+an inn, the Admiral Benbow.  To the inn comes
+Billy Bones, bringing his sea chest.  Later one
+old sailor after another arrives, the most terrifying
+of all being the blind man Pew, who felt his
+way tapping with a stick.  Soon it appears there
+is hidden treasure to be found.  Jim Hawkins,
+Dr. Livesay and Squire Trelawney sail away on the
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P65"></a>65}</span>
+<i>Hispaniola</i>, but many of the crew on board, led
+by John Silver, mean to take the treasure for
+themselves.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<i>Treasure Island</i> is one of the best stories of
+adventure ever written for young people.  What
+happens on board the <i>Hispaniola</i> and at the island
+is waiting hidden in the pages of the story for you
+to read.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Robert Louis Stevenson was born in the city of
+Edinburgh, which was also Sir Walter Scott's
+native city.  He was a brave, very lovable person.
+All his life, he was more or less of an invalid.
+But he did not allow ill-health to make much
+difference to his way of living.  He kept on working,
+and as you know, his work was writing.  There is
+nothing about his books which would make any
+one think he was an invalid.  Finally, he and his
+wife went to live at Samoa in the South Seas,
+where the climate suited him, and he was able to
+lead a more active life than had been possible for
+some time.  He was engaged in writing what is
+judged to be his best work, a novel called <i>Weir
+of Hermiston</i>, when he died.  Of the many books
+that Stevenson wrote, two others besides <i>Treasure Island</i>
+are especially interesting to boys and
+girls, <i>Kidnapped</i>, and its continuation <i>Catriona</i>.
+Together, the two stories make one volume, called
+<i>David Balfour</i> after the hero.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Swiftly moving, gay, gallant, easy to read, sweet
+and sound at heart as the kernel of a nut, Robert
+Louis Stevenson's romantic adventurous stories
+belong more completely than most books of fiction
+to the world of youth.  He wrote <i>A Child's
+Garden of Verse</i>, <i>Underwoods</i>, and <i>Ballads</i>, as
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P66"></a>66}</span>
+well as other novels, <i>Prince Otto</i>, <i>Dr. Jekyll
+and Mr. Hyde</i>, and <i>The Master of Ballantrae</i>.
+Stevenson's essays are much thought of; and he
+was an individual and delightful letter-writer.
+</p>
+
+<p><br><br><br></p>
+
+<p><a id="chap0211"></a></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum">{<a id="P67"></a>67}</span></p>
+
+<h3>
+CHAPTER XI
+<br><br>
+ROBINSON CRUSOE&mdash;LORNA DOONE&mdash;HEREWARD&mdash;WESTWARD
+HO!&mdash;ROUND THE WORLD IN EIGHTY
+DAYS&mdash;TWENTY THOUSAND LEAGUES UNDER
+THE SEA&mdash;MIDSHIPMAN EASY&mdash;PETER
+SIMPLE&mdash;TWO YEARS BEFORE THE
+MAST&mdash;THE GOLDEN DOG
+</h3>
+
+<p>
+Let us stop for a little while to consider why
+we enjoy ourselves so much when we read
+stories of romance and adventure.  Indeed,
+books of this character are fascinating to almost
+everyone.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+You have read of the magic carpet which belongs
+to the world of fairy tales.  One had only to
+stand on the carpet and wish one's self in any part
+of the world, to travel where one wanted to be in
+a flash.  Many of us would like to travel to strange
+countries, learn foreign customs, see uncommon
+sights and listen to marvels of which we have
+not known before.  Stories of romance and
+adventure enable us to visit, as it were, all parts of
+the known world; we can even imagine ourselves
+in unknown worlds by means of their assistance.
+So, in a real sense it is true that the magic of a
+good book of adventure is like that of the carpet in
+the story; it can carry us anywhere.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+But perhaps the most enjoyable quality we find
+in such books is the power they have to give us a
+sense of holiday.  We turn to the first page of
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P68"></a>68}</span>
+whatever book of adventure we may happen to
+choose, and then in a moment we are away with
+the hero, travelling swiftly by sea or land,
+wandering on foot, fighting battles, in peril from
+robbers, helping the distressed, finding treasure,
+climbing mountains, or lost in the desert.  We are
+exactly the kind of people we want to be and we
+have a share in all kinds of wonderful happenings.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The adventures in these books may not always
+seem probable, or, as people say, true to life.  But
+this makes very little difference fortunately in
+romantic and adventurous stories which have a
+splendid truth of their own.  The truth belonging
+to these stories is that the bravery, strength,
+resourcefulness, generosity, honour and chivalry of
+which we read are among the finest qualities in the
+world; these qualities, with patience and
+persistence added, can actually sometimes achieve the
+seemingly impossible happenings related to us.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+A moment ago, we spoke of being lost in the
+desert.  You very probably know that a book
+called <i>Robinson Crusoe</i> is the most famous story
+ever written about being cast away on an
+uninhabited island.  Indeed, ever since Daniel Defoe
+wrote the story everyone who likes speculating
+what he would do if this or that happened, has
+tried to imagine what it would be like to live alone
+by oneself.  We can make a game of writing down
+what we think we really could not do without under
+such circumstances.  But Daniel Defoe, basing his
+story partly on the actual experiences of a man
+called Alexander Selkirk, has played this game
+better than anyone else is ever likely to play it.
+<i>Robinson Crusoe</i> is a wonderful story, so vivid,
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P69"></a>69}</span>
+convincing and reasonable, that it might be the
+actual journal of a man, a very practical and
+clever man cast wholly on his own resources, with
+the never failing bounties of nature on which he
+may draw.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Robinson Crusoe had been many years on the
+island before he found one day, marked on the
+sand, the print of a naked foot.  Imagine how he
+must have looked at it!  Of course he knew that
+it had been made by a savage, and so it was.
+Eventually, he is visited by these savages.  He
+rescues one of them; and because Friday was the
+day of the week on which the man was rescued,
+Robinson Crusoe called him Friday.  He was a
+gentle, kind, good fellow who served Robinson
+Crusoe faithfully all the rest of his life.  It was
+thirty-five years before Robinson Crusoe was able
+to return to England; eventually a ship came to
+the island.  There is a second part of the story
+which relates further adventures.  One of the best
+parts of the narrative is its peaceful ending which
+tells us that at last the hero found happiness and
+contentment after all his wanderings.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+It is interesting to know some of the facts
+concerning the people who have written the books we
+are reading.  Daniel Defoe wrote this great story
+of adventure when he was fifty-eight or fifty-nine
+years old.  He had had a stirring and difficult life,
+had taken part in Monmouth's rebellion, had been
+in prison, and had been put in the pillory, which
+was an old form of punishment now properly
+abolished.  He was a journalist and novelist, and
+wrote a great deal, especially in the form of
+pamphlets.  His story, <i>Robinson Crusoe</i>, was first
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P70"></a>70}</span>
+published as long ago as 1719.  Its popularity has
+never failed since then.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Now let us suppose that we are looking at a shelf
+which holds ten books, counting <i>Robinson Crusoe</i>
+as the first; all the ten are exceptionally good
+stories of adventure.  What are the other nine
+books about and who wrote them?
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Following <i>Robinson Crusoe</i> comes a tale of
+robbers, called <i>Lorna Doone</i>, which is a story of
+a boy named Jan, or John, Ridd, and of a famous
+outlaw family, the Doones, who lived in a beautiful,
+wild glen of Exmoor, part of the romantic
+English county of Devon.  Richard Doddridge
+Blackmore, the author, knew Exmoor and Devon
+well.  He had been a schoolmaster and had studied
+law before he became a novelist.  The date of the
+story belongs to the time of James II.  Blackmore
+draws a wonderful picture of the English country
+at that time, remote, strong, romantic and
+stout-hearted.  <i>Lorna Doone</i> is one of the most lovable
+romances ever written.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Jan's father was killed by the Doones when
+Jan was a lad.  He had to leave school and come
+home to take care of his mother and sister, and
+learn how to be the master of a farm.  Blackmore
+was skilled in all country knowledge, and he writes
+truly and attractively of farm life.  When Jan
+was a small boy he saw Lorna, an orphan and a
+lovely child, who was of the same kindred as the
+Doones but not like them in heart or disposition.
+Jan Ridd grows up a giant.  He is a great fighter,
+and brave, clean and generous, a hero of the
+people.  We love to read of Dunkery Beacon, of the
+great snow storm, of Jan's long contest with the
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P71"></a>71}</span>
+wicked Doones, of Tom Faggis, the highwayman,
+and his mare Winnie, of Jan's mother and sister,
+of the lovely Lorna who is brought by Jan at last
+home to the farm, and finally of Jan's great fight
+with Carver Doone.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Next are two fine historical romances by Charles
+Kingsley, who was rector of Eversley in
+Hampshire, England, for many years.  Kingsley, a
+vigorous, wholehearted man whose writing is of
+the same character, was the author of a number
+of well-known books.  He was specially interested
+in history and was professor of modern history
+at Cambridge in his later years.  <i>Hereward the
+Wake</i> is a story of the Old English.  Wake means
+watchful.  What happy, thrilling hours boys and
+girls and other people have spent with Hereward.
+No one who reads this story can forget it.
+<i>Westward Ho!</i> is a story of the sea.  The name of its
+hero is Amyas Leigh.  He sails away with
+adventuring ships to the Western world, but
+returns to command a ship in the Armada.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Jules Verne was a Frenchman who wrote stories
+of scientific imagination.  His <i>Twenty Thousand
+Leagues Under the Sea</i> was written long before
+the days of submarines, but in it you will find an
+exciting account of what it is like to live in the
+depths of the sea.  Jules Verne's stories have
+helped to inspire many inventors; this in itself is
+a proud achievement.  We may think that <i>Round
+the World in Eighty Days</i> is slow travelling
+compared with the speed of to-day.  But when we
+read the story, we will find ourselves living in an
+atmosphere of haste, despatch and adventure in
+travel which no writer has yet been able to
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P72"></a>72}</span>
+surpass.  Many a lad afterwards famous has spent
+long hours with Jules Verne.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The famous Captain Marryat has taught us
+more, probably, about the sea, the navy and
+fighting ships than any other writer of stories of
+adventure.  Frederick Marryat was born in
+England of Huguenot ancestry in the year 1792.  He
+belonged to a family of fifteen children and seems
+always to have been of a stirring, restless
+disposition.  More than once, he ran away from home
+or school to go to sea, giving as an excuse that he
+had to wear his elder brother's old clothes.  He
+was not a particularly attentive student, although
+a story is told that he was once discovered standing
+on his head, in order, he explained, to see if
+he could learn one of his lessons better in that
+position.  He had tried, so he said, for three
+hours to learn the lesson in the more usual
+attitude.  This of course was one of young Frederick
+Marryat's little jokes.  He entered the King's
+Navy in 1806 as a midshipman when he was
+fourteen years old.  It was his good fortune to be
+under a very fine type of Captain, Lord Cochrane,
+the Earl of Dundonald, an able, fearless and
+upright person.  In many of Marryat's stories, we
+find that his captains are like the Earl of
+Dundonald.  Marryat's promotion in the Navy was
+rapid.  These were the years of the great
+Napoleonic Wars.  He had reached the rank of
+Commander by the end of the war in 1815 when
+he was only twenty-three, having seen much smart
+service.  Later, he was given the responsible task
+of mounting guard over Napoleon.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Two of Marryat's best known and most interesting
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P73"></a>73}</span>
+stories are <i>Midshipman Easy</i> and <i>Peter
+Simple</i>.  These give interesting, authentic, and
+exciting accounts of life at sea from the point of
+view first of a midshipman, and then of a young
+officer in command.  Farce, fun, reality and
+strange adventure are so blended that we can
+almost imagine we hear the splash of waves, smell
+the salt tang of the sea, and experience the
+nerve-racking excitement of going into action.  There is
+occasionally a quality of coarseness in Marryat's
+stories, but they are honest, straightforward and
+brave.  We learn from them with unmistakable
+clearness that the world is not a place where
+people are pampered and made much of, but a scene
+of discipline and hard work, as well as of fun and
+adventure.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<i>Two Years Before the Mast</i>, by Richard Henry
+Dana, is a narrative of the American merchant
+service, as well known in its way as Captain
+Marryat's stories of the Navy.  Young Dana was
+at Harvard University when, on account of his
+eyesight, he became unable to study.  He had had
+a wish to be a sailor previously, but his father had
+not approved.  Young Dana felt now that a long
+voyage would re-establish his health.  He shipped
+as a sailor before the mast, and sailed from the
+port of Boston in the year 1834 on the brig
+<i>Pilgrim</i>.  He returned two years later in the <i>Alert</i>,
+having kept a full and careful log of his voyages.
+Re-entering Harvard University he found time
+during his studies to prepare the manuscript of
+his book which was published in New York, 1840.
+The year following, an English edition appeared,
+and was bought up by the naval authorities for
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P74"></a>74}</span>
+distribution on the Queen's ships.  <i>Before the
+Mast</i> is a plain, simple narrative of the daily life
+of a sailor on a merchant ship.  It tells of many
+hardships, some of which have been remedied
+since the publication of the book.  It has been
+called "A voice from the forecastle".  Dana's
+accounts of rounding Cape Horn are wonderfully
+vivid, and all the descriptions of California in its
+early days are enthralling.  <i>Before the Mast</i> is a
+remarkably interesting and realistic narrative; it
+is, however, a book of travel rather than a story
+of adventure.  The incidents are plainly in no case
+imaginary.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+A book about Canada of a wholly different
+character is a well-known historical romance, <i>The
+Golden Dog</i>, written by William Kirby.  This is a
+tale of early days in the beautiful, romantic city of
+Quebec when some of the colour and glory of the
+French court was reproduced on western soil.
+<i>The Golden Dog</i> has not a little romantic charm.
+Many readers have been puzzled and attracted by
+the rhyme which in all likelihood first gave Kirby
+the idea for his story.
+</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  I am a dog that gnaws his bone,<br>
+  I couch and gnaw it all alone&mdash;<br>
+  A time will come, which is not yet,<br>
+  When I'll bite him by whom I'm bit.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p><br></p>
+
+<p>
+The lines have been translated from the French.
+Here are the words of the original.
+</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  Je suis un chien qui ronge l'os,<br>
+  En le rongeant je prends mon repos.<br>
+  Un temps viendra qui n'est pas venu<br>
+  Que je mordrai qui m' aura mordu.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p><br></p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P75"></a>75}</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+A rude carving of the dog and his bone, with the
+lines cut above and underneath, is to be seen still
+on a building in Quebec City.
+</p>
+
+<p><br><br><br></p>
+
+<p><a id="chap0212"></a></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum">{<a id="P76"></a>76}</span></p>
+
+<h3>
+CHAPTER XII
+<br><br>
+LAVENGRO&mdash;THE LAST OF THE MOHICANS&mdash;TOM
+SAWYER&mdash;HUCKLEBERRY FINN&mdash;KIM&mdash;SARD
+HARKER&mdash;THE LIVING FOREST
+</h3>
+
+<p>
+We occasionally meet an odd person,
+someone out of the common, who is not like
+other people.  Books can be odd too, not
+like other books, but strikingly individual, and
+interesting for the very reason that they are odd.
+<i>Lavengro</i>, written by a man with out-of-the-way
+knowledge of many things, whose name was
+George Borrow, is a book of this description.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Possibly not everyone who tries to read
+<i>Lavengro</i> will care for it very much.  As people
+say, it is not a book that belongs to everybody.
+Yet <i>Lavengro</i> is a great book, or at least a
+remarkable one, and numbers of people find much
+enjoyment in it.  What those who read <i>Lavengro</i>
+value in it most is a sense which it possesses of
+life under the open sky.  In <i>Lavengro</i> we have as
+our companions the winds and the stars.  Its
+characters have no fixed place of abode, but are
+always ready to travel on the high road which
+winds away into the distance inviting us to follow
+it.  There is something in almost all of us which
+answers to the call of the open sky and the
+winding road.  Even if we have no intention of
+living that kind of life, a gypsy's life, we like to
+read about it.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P77"></a>77}</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<i>Lavengro</i> is a book about the gypsies.  The
+word Lavengro is romany, or gypsy, and it means
+word-master.  George Borrow had the gift of
+learning languages easily and knew many
+different languages.  The gypsies therefore called
+him <i>Lavengro</i>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+There is a famous passage in the book, which
+you will find at the very end of chapter twenty-five,
+that gathers up the charm of the narrative,
+or story, in a few words.  Here it is:
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"Life is sweet, brother."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"Do you think so?"
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"Think so!&mdash;There's night and day, brother,
+both sweet things; sun, moon, and stars, brother,
+all sweet things; there's likewise a wind on the
+heath.  Life is very sweet, brother; who would
+wish to die?"
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"I would wish to die&mdash;"
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"You talk like a gorgio&mdash;which is the same as
+talking like a fool&mdash;were you a Romany Chal
+you would talk wiser.  Wish to die, indeed!&mdash;A
+Romany Chal would wish to live for ever!"
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"In sickness, Jasper?"
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"There's the sun and the stars, brother."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"In blindness, Jasper?"
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"There's the wind on the heath, brother; if I
+could only feel that, I would gladly live forever.
+Dosta, we'll now go to the tents and put on the
+gloves; and I'll try to make you feel what a sweet
+thing it is to be alive, brother!"
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Jasper Petulengro, the chief of the Smith tribe
+of gypsies, and Lavengro, who are the two men
+speaking, were skilled boxers and liked to box
+with each other.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P78"></a>78}</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Notice how sharply we can distinguish the
+difference between the points of view of the two men.
+Lavengro, or Borrow, wants in the future something
+better and more perfect than he has in his
+present life, but Jasper loves everything as it is,
+and wants to live the same kind of life always.
+There is truth in both points of view.  We all
+long for perfection.  But, certainly, Jasper is
+right when he sees and feels the deep, intense
+beauty and ecstasy which live in nature and which
+we feel in the wind on the heath, the sky, the stars,
+the sun and the moon.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+This brief quotation will give you an idea of
+Borrow's story at its best.  Even if you have read
+no more than the ending of chapter twenty-five,
+you will know something of <i>Lavengro</i>, which is a
+book of adventure, and yet has a very distinct
+character of its own.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<i>The Last of the Mohicans</i>, by James Fenimore
+Cooper, is judged to be one of the most successful
+and enjoyable stories ever written about North
+American Indians.  You know how we can form
+in our minds a picture of the great skill of the
+Indian as a hunter.  We can imagine an Indian
+hunter stealing through the woods, treading so
+lightly and carefully that he makes no noise,
+bending his head to listen, able to hear sounds that to
+the rest of us are inaudible, his quick eyes noting
+tiny signs of broken twigs or crushed grass which
+are to us invisible.  This picture, which, if we
+could look into other people's minds, we would
+find hidden away in the thoughts of almost
+everyone, the world owes largely to the author of <i>The
+Last of the Mohicans</i>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P79"></a>79}</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Cooper was born in the State of New Jersey
+in 1789, but, while he was still an infant, he was
+taken to the State of New York.  His father had
+bought a large tract of land there, and in the wild
+forest and on the shores of Otsego Lake, young
+James Cooper learned to watch and know the
+Indians.  He was sent to college, but was not very
+successful as a student, and before long shipped
+as a sailor before the mast.  For a number of
+years, he had many experiences on the Great
+Lakes and at sea.  Finally, he gave up being a
+sailor, and lived near Cooperstown.  <i>The Last of
+the Mohicans</i> is one of a series of five stories
+known as the Leatherstocking Tales.  Cooper
+wrote many stories, but this series is the most
+interesting.  Leatherstocking himself is the white
+man who has gained Indian skill and cunning as a
+hunter.  He is known by many names,
+Leatherstocking, Natty Bumppo, Hawk-eye, and La
+Longue Carabine.  Part of the enjoyment we have
+in reading Cooper's stories arises from the
+circumstance that these stirring and exciting days
+of which he writes have already almost completely
+vanished and his books contain a record which is
+of value historically.  Read the following
+description of the scout Leatherstocking.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"His person, though muscular, was rather
+attenuated than full; but every nerve and muscle
+appeared strong and indurated by unremitting
+exposure and toil.  He wore a hunting-shirt of
+forest-green, fringed with faded yellow, and a
+summer cap of skins, which had been shorn of
+their fur.  He also bore a knife in a girdle of
+wampum, like that which confined the scanty
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P80"></a>80}</span>
+garments of the Indian, but no tomahawk.  His
+moccasins were ornamented after the gay fashion
+of the natives, while the only part of his under
+dress which appeared below the hunting-frock,
+was a pair of buckskin leggings, that laced at the
+sides, and were gartered above the knees with the
+sinews of a deer.  A pouch and horn completed
+his personal accoutrements, though a rifle of a
+great length, which the theory of the more
+ingenious whites had taught them was the most
+dangerous of all fire-arms, leaned against a
+neighbouring sapling."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+There is something honest, strong and dependable
+about Hawk-eye, besides his bravery and
+skill, which makes us like and respect him greatly.
+But the most heroic and romantic figure in the
+book is young Uncas, who is the last of the
+Mohicans.  This story of danger, attack, slaughter
+and peril, centering round Hawk-eye, Uncas, his
+father Chingachgook, and two beautiful English
+girls attempting to escape through the woods with
+a young English officer, Heyward, is almost the
+perfection of a story of adventure in its own
+class.  As an example of how thrilling the story
+can be, read the account of the shooting contest in
+chapter twenty-nine.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Several generations of boys and girls have
+already enjoyed <i>Tom Sawyer</i> and <i>Huckleberry
+Finn</i>.  Perhaps no other writer has ever
+succeeded as well as Mark Twain in putting a real
+boy between the covers of a book in a story.  Tom
+Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn are not fanciful
+portraits.  They are exactly such boys as anyone
+to-day can watch playing in a vacant lot, or down
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P81"></a>81}</span>
+by a river on a raft, or up in a hay-mow, or
+playing at being robbers in an old deserted shed or
+house, or reading books, or telling stories, or
+teasing but loving mothers and aunties, and learning
+about grown-up men and life in general.  <i>Tom
+Sawyer</i> is the first of Mark Twain's famous books
+about boys, and <i>Huckleberry Finn</i> is a continuation
+of the same story.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Tom lived with his Aunt Polly in the village
+of St. Petersburg on the Mississippi.  He was
+the leading spirit among the boys of the place,
+largely because he had an active imagination and
+could devise many exciting games which often led
+to real adventures.  Huckleberry Finn was a boy
+without a home; he had a father who was a source
+of danger rather than a loving protector.  In
+<i>Huckleberry Finn</i>, there is the splendid story of
+Jim who was a slave and ran away with Huckleberry.
+As we read of their adventures, while they
+floated down the Mississippi on a raft, we learn to
+know and love Jim for his devotion, loyalty and
+child-like nature.  Huck, too, plays as fine a part
+as many a hero who may appear more romantic
+than this runaway boy.  But you must read
+<i>Huckleberry Finn</i> yourself, and find out what happened.
+The great Mississippi river, mysterious, picturesque,
+flowing always past their village into the
+unknown south, exercised a powerful fascination on
+the minds of the boys.  Many of their adventures
+had to do with the river, and some of the happenings
+were terrifying as well as exciting.  But Tom
+and Huck actually did find hidden treasure and
+each boy's share was put in the bank, so that the
+boys had a small yearly income at the end of the
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P82"></a>82}</span>
+first story.  These two books, when we read them,
+give us a curious, lasting feeling of real life and
+actual happenings, probably in part because
+Mark Twain, whose everyday name was Samuel
+Clemens, must have been writing about his own
+boyhood.  When he was a boy, nothing would
+satisfy him but learning to be a pilot on a
+Mississippi steamboat; he was on the river for four
+years.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+There are many other romantic and adventurous
+stories for us to read.  Make sure that the author
+knows and understands what he is writing about,
+otherwise it is seldom worth while to spend much
+time in reading his book.  Stories of romance and
+adventure ought always to be brave and fearless,
+kind and generous, pure and light-hearted.  They
+ought to make us feel that it is worth while to go
+on an adventure.  When these things are true of
+a book, we can spend many happy hours with its
+hero, no matter where he rides, or sails, or flies.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+There are three books, the work of authors who
+belong to our own time, that we should not miss
+reading.  First comes Rudyard Kipling's glorious
+story of a boy in India called <i>Kim</i>; then the poet
+Masefield's story of <i>Sard Harker</i> and of the sea
+and South America; and, last of the three, a fine
+story of the woods and rivers of the far north,
+called <i>The Living Forest</i>, written by a Canadian
+artist, Arthur Heming.
+</p>
+
+<p><br><br><br></p>
+
+<p><a id="chap0313"></a></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum">{<a id="P83"></a>83}</span></p>
+
+<h2>
+PART III
+<br><br>
+SONGS OF HEROES, MYTHS, FAIRY TALES AND MARVELS
+</h2>
+
+<p><br><br></p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P85"></a>85}</span>
+</p>
+
+<h3>
+CHAPTER XIII
+<br><br>
+THE ILIAD AND THE ODYSSEY&mdash;GREEK
+HEROES&mdash;TANGLEWOOD TALES&mdash;THE WONDER BOOK
+</h3>
+
+<p>
+Once upon a time, nearly three thousand
+years ago, a poet in a song which he sang
+of heroes described the making of a suit of
+armour.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The poet's name was Homer.  His poem is
+called <i>The Iliad</i>.  Some day possibly you will read
+for yourselves <i>The Iliad</i> in the original Greek, for
+Homer was a Greek.  There are many good
+translations, both in poetry and prose.  The beautiful
+translation known as <i>The Iliad of Homer</i>, done
+into English prose by Andrew Lang, Walter Leaf
+and Ernest Myers, is one of the best translations
+for our present purpose.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In Homer's day people believed in the existence
+of many gods, some more important and others of
+less consequence.  These gods, both men and
+women, imagined by the Greeks, were like human
+beings, only more powerful and more beautiful.
+But they were not any better than ordinary men
+and women.  Indeed, the gods of the Greeks were
+often bad-tempered, jealous, cruel, and faithless.
+The Greeks imagined that their gods had
+favourites among men and women.  When a battle was
+raging, the gods were supposed to help one side
+or the other; and in <i>The Iliad</i> you may read how
+Aphrodite helped her favourite, Paris, how
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P86"></a>86}</span>
+Poseidon was on the side of the Achaians, and
+Apollo aided Hector.  The most powerful and
+important gods, of whom the greatest was Zeus, lived
+on Mount Olympus.  But the Greeks believed that
+the sea, rivers, streams, springs, hillsides, and
+trees, were the dwelling-places of various deities
+or gods.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<i>The Iliad</i> is an epic of the Trojan War which
+was fought between the Greeks and the Trojans.
+The famous hero Achilles, who had quarrelled
+with King Agamemnon, would not go to fight
+himself, but he lent his armour to his noble friend
+Patroklos, who drove the Trojans from the ships,
+but was himself slain by Hector, son of King
+Priam of Troy.  Achilles was then without
+armour, and Thetis, a goddess, said by the Greeks
+to be the mother of Achilles, went on his behalf to
+a very clever god, named Hephaistos, who was
+lame, but had wonderful skill in making armour.
+Hephaistos, if he had lived now, would likely have
+been a great engineer.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In the eighteenth book of <i>The Iliad</i>, we can read
+a description of Hephaistos, of some of the
+marvels he had made and of his meeting with
+Thetis.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Hephaistos "from the anvil rose limping, a
+huge bulk, but under him his slender legs moved
+nimbly.  The bellows he set away from the fire,
+and gathered all his gear wherewith he worked
+into a silver chest; and with a sponge he wiped
+his face and hands and sturdy neck and shaggy
+breast, and did on his doublet, and took a stout
+staff and went forth limping; but there were
+handmaidens of gold that moved to help their
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P87"></a>87}</span>
+lord, the semblances of living maids.  In them is
+understanding at their hearts, in them are voice
+and strength, and they have skill of the immortal
+gods.  These moved beneath their lord, and he
+gat him haltingly near to where Thetis was, and
+set him on a bright seat, and clasped her hand in
+his and spake and called her by her name."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+It is delightful to understand while we read that
+the Greeks three thousand years ago were already
+imagining the marvels which could be
+accomplished by mankind.  Many of these marvels
+actually have been achieved since then, only not
+exactly in the shape that the Greeks imagined.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Hephaistos made, for Thetis to give to Achilles,
+a shield and a corslet and a helmet and greaves.
+He made them strong and beautiful.  On the shield
+he fashioned wondrous pictures of life among the
+Greeks, marriage feasts, dancing, law courts, a
+city besieged, armies fighting, herds of cattle,
+harvesting, feasting, a vineyard, and youths and
+maidens gathering grapes.  If you turn to this
+eighteenth book of Homer's <i>Iliad</i>, you may spend
+a very happy hour reading of Hephaistos and the
+armour.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+These songs made by Homer are one of the
+glories of mankind.  In everything he sang, there
+is the special genius of the ancient Greeks, a power
+to create beauty, so perfect in all its proportions
+that it gives people when they read his songs a
+feeling of strength and steadiness as well as joy.
+Yet, it is true at the same time, that parts of <i>The
+Iliad</i> and <i>The Odyssey</i> show us a world which was
+savage and barbarous.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In <i>The Odyssey</i>, Homer tells of the wanderings
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P88"></a>88}</span>
+of Odysseus, King of Ithaca, on his way back from
+the Trojan war to his own island on the west
+coast of Greece.  His adventures are as wonderful
+as any that have ever been related in song or
+story.  The description of his home-coming, to his
+wife Penelope and his son Telemachus, is one of
+the stories rightly called universal, for such
+stories belong to everyone.  A charming part of
+<i>The Odyssey</i> contains the story of Odysseus in his
+wanderings coming to Scheria where King
+Alcinous reigns.  Nausicaa, the King's daughter,
+with her maidens, had gone out in the early
+morning to wash the clothes of her father, mother and
+brethren, and after their labour, the princess and
+her companions were playing a game of ball when
+their cries of excitement woke the weary
+Odysseus from his slumbers.  You will find this
+adventure of Odysseus in the sixth book of <i>The
+Odyssey</i>, of which there is a prose translation by
+S. H. Butcher and Andrew Lang.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+There are many other stories of the early
+Greeks.  Some of them have been re-told in three
+books, written for young people.  In <i>The Heroes</i>
+by Charles Kingsley you may read of Perseus,
+the Argonauts and Theseus.  <i>Tanglewood Tales</i>
+and <i>The Wonder Book</i> were written by Nathaniel
+Hawthorne for his children.  One of the best of
+the stories in <i>The Wonder Book</i> is called The
+Miraculous Pitcher, a tale of two old people,
+Philemon and his wife Baucis, and of what happened
+to them.  These stories are not exactly
+fairy-tales, because people believed in that far away
+time that the gods visited them and played pranks
+like boys and girls.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P89"></a>89}</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+These three books, <i>The Heroes</i>, <i>Tanglewood
+Tales</i> and <i>The Wonder Book</i> are easy to read and
+interesting.  Yet, after a while, although perhaps
+not for some years, you likely will find that you
+would rather turn to a translation of <i>The Iliad</i> or
+<i>The Odyssey</i>, so that you may read for yourself
+Homer's songs telling of the world long ago in
+its youth, and of these great heroes.
+</p>
+
+<p><br><br><br></p>
+
+<p><a id="chap0314"></a></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum">{<a id="P90"></a>90}</span></p>
+
+<h3>
+CHAPTER XIV
+<br><br>
+ÆSOP'S FABLES&mdash;GRIMM's FAIRY TALES&mdash;HANS
+ANDERSEN'S FAIRY TALES&mdash;THE ARABIAN
+NIGHTS&mdash;MALORY'S MORTE D'ARTHUR
+</h3>
+
+<p>
+We know a little of the glorious gift of song
+that the early Greeks themselves enjoyed
+and left to coming generations of mankind.
+But other countries, these countries where
+men and women earliest taught themselves by
+hard work, as we say, to be civilized, have also
+given the world treasures of wit, wisdom and
+enjoyment.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+One of the earliest forms used by men, when
+they wanted to tell of some experience they had
+had, was the fable.  A fable is a very brief,
+simple story, generally a little story about animals.
+Very early in the history of mankind, men
+noticed animals, watched them, saw that the animals
+often acted somewhat in the same way as men did
+themselves, and were delighted and amused by
+their cunning and cleverness.  It was natural
+that people should begin by telling stories about
+animals.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Here are two fables, one of an animal trying to
+get the better of another animal, and the second
+of two animals helping one another.  These
+fables are said to have been made by Æsop.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+A wolf seeing a goat feeding on the brow of a
+high precipice where he could not come at her,
+besought her to come down lower, for fear she
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P91"></a>91}</span>
+should miss her footing at that dizzy height;
+"And moreover," said he, "the grass is far
+sweeter and more abundant here below."  But
+the goat replied, "Excuse me; it is not for my
+dinner that you invite me, but for your own."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The second fable tells of an ant falling into a
+fountain of water where he was drinking
+because he was thirsty and of the ant being nearly
+drowned.  A dove dropped a leaf into the water
+on which the ant climbed and so escaped.  A man
+just then had almost caught the dove in a net, but
+the ant bit him on the heel, the man started,
+dropped his net and the dove flew away.  The fable
+ends by saying that one good turn deserves another.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Fables as a rule were first told, it is believed,
+not by famous people or great writers, but more
+often by ordinary people who were not rich or
+learned.  Perhaps they wanted to say something
+about the politics of the country where they lived,
+or about some ruler who was a tyrant.  They did
+not wish to get into trouble, so they put what they
+wanted to say into a little story.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Tradition tells us that Æsop, the most famous
+maker of fables, was a slave, very misshapen in
+body, and that he stammered when he spoke.
+There is a collection of Æsop's and other Fables
+in Everyman's Library.  Read some of these
+little stories and remember how men, who were not
+as free or as safe as we are to-day, made these
+fables which are full of laughter, good temper,
+and keen wit, and which are very wise.  We can
+learn a great deal from fables, and we can enjoy
+them at the same time.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P92"></a>92}</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Fairy tales are probably almost as old as
+fables.  We all know how delightful fairy tales can
+be.  Who would do without Jack the Giant
+Killer, or Cinderella, or Silver Locks, or Blue
+Beard, or Puss-in-Boots?  You can add many
+more to the list.  Some fairy tales are very old,
+but others are modern.  People sometimes say
+that fairy tales are not true.  In a sense, perhaps,
+they are right; that is, we do not expect to see
+Jack cutting down and conquering a giant in a
+day.  Yet the men who have perfected telegraph,
+telephone and radio have overcome in a real way
+the giant distance, and other men and women are
+conquering daily, little by little, the great giant
+disease.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The everyday world we live in is as wonderful
+as a fairy tale, perhaps more wonderful.  Whenever
+we find in a fairy tale, or in any other way,
+a sense of the wonder of the world, and of life,
+this is a very great gain, because then we know
+that we are really seeing clearly, and understanding
+what we see.  Most of all, perhaps, fairy tales
+are meant to show us how beautiful the world is.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+There are many good collections of fairy tales.
+The long series of which Andrew Lang was editor
+contains an excellent selection.  Grimm's
+<i>Fairy Tales</i> are among the most famous in the
+world.  Jacob and William Grimm were two
+brothers, both of whom were learned professors.
+Early in the nineteenth century, they published a
+book of fairy tales which they had gathered by
+listening to stories told in the nurseries and by
+the firesides of their own country, Germany.  One
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P93"></a>93}</span>
+of the prettiest of these stories is Snow-Drop and
+the Seven Dwarfs.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Hans Andersen is, perhaps, the best loved of
+all the writers of fairy stories.  He was born in
+Odense in Denmark in 1805, and was a very poor
+boy.  But he made a toy theatre for his amusement,
+and no doubt began to make his stories at
+the same time.  He wrote other books, but his
+<i>Fairy Tales</i> are by far his best work.  Hans
+Andersen was a genius.  His stories have such power
+to touch our hearts that we want to be kind and
+true and modest, following the example of his
+heroes and heroines.  The world, especially the
+world of homes, would be a poorer place if Hans
+Andersen had never written The Wild Swans,
+The Red Shoes, The Steadfast Tin Soldier, The
+Little Match Girl, and especially The Ugly
+Duckling.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Many of the most wonderful tales of magic
+come out of the East.  The people of Arabia and
+Egypt are gifted narrators of stories.  We owe
+them our vast enjoyment of the stories in <i>The
+Arabian Nights</i>.  These stories are very old
+indeed; many of them must have come in the first
+place from Persia and India.  Egypt supplies
+much of what we call local colour.  The stories
+were gathered together from different sources,
+probably between 1450 and 1500; England then
+was engaged in the long struggle know as the
+Wars of the Roses.  It was not until 1704 that
+Europeans first could read <i>The Arabian Nights</i>.
+At that time a French professor, Antoine Galland,
+published a French translation of a book of
+Arabic stories.  It is odd to think that children
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P94"></a>94}</span>
+of the English-speaking world did not know of
+Ali Baba, or Sindbad, or Aladdin, until the time
+of the reign of Queen Anne.  Now we all can
+listen to the beautiful Schehera-zade telling her
+thousand and one tales to her husband, the great
+sultan Schah-riar, so that she would not be
+executed before the last of the stories was finished.
+Schah-riar was a tyrant, and a very spoiled
+person.  But Schehera-zade was clever and resourceful,
+and in the end saved herself.  These strange
+stories of giants, genii, caliphs, and lovely
+princesses are among the most famous in the world.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+We come now to a different kind of book, <i>Morte
+d'Arthur</i>, stories of King Arthur of Britain and
+his Knights of the Bound Table.  These stories
+Scott used to read when he was a boy, and so did
+many another lad of genius who, when he was
+older, never forgot the chivalry and the glory of
+Malory's great book.  It may seem a curious book,
+perhaps, to many of you when you first look at
+it, for it is written in an older English than the
+words we use; and the customs and the people
+may appear strange and hard to understand.  Sir
+Thomas Malory, who collected the stories and
+translated most of them from French into
+English, is supposed to have been a Lancastrian
+knight who was thrown into prison in the Wars of
+the Roses and kept there long years.  He spent
+that weary time copying out by hand, for then
+there were no printing presses, the book we know
+as <i>Morte d'Arthur</i>.  Malory finished his work
+in 1470.  Not long after his death, the manuscript
+was brought to Caxton, who was the first great
+printer in England, and Caxton printed the book
+in 1485.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P95"></a>95}</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+These are stories of heroes, in some far away
+sense like <i>The Iliad</i> and <i>The Odyssey</i>, but they
+are written in a wonderful prose, not like
+Homer's even more wonderful poetry.  There is,
+however, a great change in the lives of heroes between
+the days of Homer and the days of Malory.  Let
+us take one of Malory's stories, and try to see
+what the change is.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The seventh book of <i>Morte d'Arthur</i> tells the
+story of Beaumains, who was Gareth of Orkney
+in disguise, and of how he won his knighthood.
+Like many other young men of that time, Gareth
+wanted to be one of King Arthur's Knights.
+Gareth was well-born and wealthy, but he wished to
+win honour and glory&mdash;what Malory calls
+worship&mdash;by worthy deeds, so he came in disguise to
+Arthur's Court.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+He asked three petitions, and the King granted
+them.  The first was that he might be given
+food and drink and lodging for a year.  At
+the end of that time, he would ask for his other
+two petitions.  Sir Kay, who was the steward,
+thought only a poor-spirited fellow would ask for
+meat and drink, so he gave him lodging and food
+with the boys in the kitchen, and called him
+Beaumains, fair hands, or as people sometimes say
+now lily fingers.  Beaumains waited the year,
+then a damsel came asking for a knight to rescue
+her lady who was besieged in a castle, but she
+would not tell her name.  King Arthur said he
+would not let any of his knights go unless she told
+the name.  Then Beaumains made his other petitions.
+The first was that he might be commissioned
+to go with the damsel and rescue the lady,
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P96"></a>96}</span>
+and the second that he might joust with the great
+knight, Sir Launcelot of the Lake, and win
+knighthood from him.  King Arthur gave his consent.
+Beaumains jousted with Sir Launcelot and won
+his knighthood.  But the damsel was very angry,
+and said she had been given only a kitchen page.
+Beaumains went with her in spite of her angry
+abuse, fought with many knights and overcame
+them, and finally rescued the Lady Lionesse who
+was the damsel's sister.  The damsel's name was
+Linet.  Thus Sir Gareth won great honour and
+worship.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+What really is this honour&mdash;the worship of
+which Malory writes?  Knighthood was won by
+being brave, and by doing mighty deeds.  But
+the true spirit of knighthood&mdash;the very essence of
+it, as we say&mdash;is shown by one test; the deeds
+must be unselfish.  The knight was a rescuer; he
+was a righter of other people's wrongs.  When
+King Arthur lived, people had begun to learn that
+the most heroic life is the self-sacrificing life.
+When Linet was abusing Beaumains, and telling
+him that he would never accomplish the great
+adventure on which his hopes were set, the only
+answer he made to her was, "I shall assay."  This
+means, "I shall try."  It was a noble answer.
+There is still only one way of winning true honour
+by unselfish deeds.  First, one must have the
+desire, then those who desire must also try.  As
+Beaumains said, "I shall assay."
+</p>
+
+<p><br><br><br></p>
+
+<p><a id="chap0315"></a></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum">{<a id="P97"></a>97}</span></p>
+
+<h3>
+CHAPTER XV
+<br><br>
+ALICE IN WONDERLAND&mdash;THROUGH THE LOOKING-GLASS&mdash;THE
+GOLDEN AGE&mdash;WIND IN THE WILLOWS&mdash;FOUR
+BOOKS BY A. A. MILNE&mdash;RIP VAN WINKLE
+</h3>
+
+<p>
+The story begins with a chapter called Down
+the Rabbit-Hole.  Alice was feeling sleepy,
+you remember, when suddenly she saw a
+white rabbit with pink eyes running by close
+beside her.  She thought nothing of that.  She was
+not surprised even when she heard the rabbit saying
+to itself, "Oh dear!  Oh dear!  I shall be too
+late!"  But when the rabbit took a watch out of
+its waist-coat pocket, looked at it and then
+hurried on, Alice started to her feet, ran across the
+field, and was just in time to see the Rabbit pop
+down a large rabbit-hole under the hedge.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The name of the story, as most of you know,
+is <i>Alice in Wonderland</i>.  All over the
+English-speaking world, children, and older people as
+well, seem to know Alice.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+When you hear someone talking about the Mad
+Hatter at the tea party, or a blue caterpillar
+smoking a hookah, or the Duchess losing her temper,
+or the cat vanishing but the smile remaining,
+and you ask what it means, you will be told, if you
+have not guessed already, that all these odd
+phrases belong to <i>Alice in Wonderland</i>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Alice followed the White Rabbit down the hole,
+falling down a very long way without hurting
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P98"></a>98}</span>
+herself a bit.  Then she found herself in a hall where
+there was a three-legged table with a tiny gold
+key on it, and she discovered a little door that she
+opened with the tiny gold key, but she was too big
+to go through the door, although she could see
+that it led into the loveliest garden.  Then, as you
+may remember, she found a bottle with "Drink
+me" printed on it, and when she saw that it was
+not marked poison, she tasted it, and since it had
+a very good taste, she drank it all, and after that
+she was only ten inches high.  Then she had
+forgotten the key, and now she was too small to reach
+to the top of the table, but under the table she saw
+a glass box and in the box a cake with "Eat me"
+marked on it beautifully in currants.  And so,
+finally, with the help of the cake, and then with
+the help of a fan, of which you must read for
+yourselves, Alice found her way into the garden;
+and after that she had the most curious adventures.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Perhaps no one can explain the exact reason
+why we enjoy <i>Alice in Wonderland</i> so much.  The
+story is so precisely what we should like it to be,
+that we take it as it is, and hurry on through its
+pages in a sort of breathless happiness, wanting
+to know only what comes next.  There is nothing
+puzzling or difficult in the story, no hidden
+meanings, nothing to make one sad or discontented,
+only laughter and curious, amusing incidents.
+It is a perfect story about the strange
+adventures of a little girl, and most people find
+delight in it.  There is a sequel to the story of
+Alice, called <i>Through the Looking-Glass</i>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P99"></a>99}</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Lewis Carroll is the name you will find printed
+on the title pages of these stories, but this is a pen
+name.  The author's real name was Dodgson.  He
+did not like people to know that he wrote
+children's books.  Lewis Carroll seems to have been
+a quiet, shy man, a mathematician who wrote
+difficult books for students, but he was wonderfully
+fond of children and understood how to write
+stories that they would like.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Most of the books spoken of in this chapter
+ought to be read aloud.  They are generally called
+children's stories, but without exception they are
+also books that are loved and keenly enjoyed by
+older people.  You will not need to think of giving
+them up when you grow older.  They really belong
+to all ages.  If you take the trouble to learn
+how to read aloud well, perhaps you may be the
+first to read <i>Alice in Wonderland</i> to some small
+person, younger than you are.  It is great pleasure
+to introduce anyone to a really delightful book.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<i>The Golden Age</i> and <i>The Wind in the Willows</i>
+are two stories written for boys and girls by
+Kenneth Grahame.  The first story is about Harold,
+Charlotte, Edward, Selina, and the boy who tells
+the story.  They lived with their uncles and aunts
+in a small town or village.  The children,
+perhaps, were rather lonely, but they made games
+and adventures for themselves, and it is pleasant
+to read about them.  They had pets like many
+other children, and they made games from the
+books they were reading, like <i>The Arabian
+Nights</i>, and the <i>Story of Ulysses</i>, and <i>King
+Arthur and his Round Table</i>.  <i>The Golden
+Age</i> is an English story.  It is one of the books
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P100"></a>100}</span>
+that will tell you accurately and delightfully of
+the lives of boys and girls who live in the
+country in England, in the same way that <i>Tom
+Sawyer</i> and <i>Huckleberry Finn</i> tell us about boys in
+the United States.  But, of course, we know that
+all boys in the States do not live as Tom and
+Huckleberry did.  Girls and boys in England live
+in different ways also.  It depends a good deal
+on the part of the country the author is writing
+about and on the circumstances of the families to
+which the boys and girls belong.  Miss
+L. M. Montgomery's stories of Prince Edward Island
+in the same way tell a good deal about the lives
+of boys and girls in Canada.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<i>The Wind in the Willows</i> is a wise, delightful
+and amusing story about animals,&mdash;a mole, a rabbit,
+a water rat, a badger, an otter, a toad, hedgehogs,
+field mice, stoats and weasels.  We hear a
+good deal about birds too, especially swallows.
+Toad, Badger, Mole and Water Rat were great
+friends, and we are as much interested in their
+doings as if they were friends of ours as well.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Books have many curious and strange characteristics.
+Some books, as we have learned, live
+for thousands of years.  Homer's songs and the
+books of the Bible were kept at first, not in print,
+but in various other ways.  But, now-a-days,
+hundreds of books are printed every year which in a
+little while are forgotten and no one reads them
+again.  It is deeply interesting to ponder over
+what makes a book live.  We think we can
+recognize sometimes which of the new books will
+continue to be read, and which, although they may
+be pleasant enough to read once, are not likely to
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P101"></a>101}</span>
+be known for more than a few years.  The truth
+is that no one can foretell accurately how long a
+book will last, or which books will last longest.
+For instance, it is not likely that when Lewis
+Carrol wrote <i>Alice in Wonderland</i> he had any idea
+that the story would make him famous when his
+other books were forgotten.  Only one thing can
+test this lasting quality in a book; that one thing
+is time.  So you can think of time, if you like, as
+a great umpire deciding which books will keep on
+living, and which will be forgotten.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+There are four little books that have been
+written in the last few years which may last a long
+while, although, of course, no one can be sure
+about this until time decides.  These four little
+books are <i>When We were Very Young</i>, <i>Winnie
+the Pooh</i>, <i>Now We Are Six</i>, and <i>The House at
+Pooh Corner</i>, two books in poetry and two in
+prose, by A. A. Milne.  They tell about Christopher
+Robin and his toys.  These are very delightful
+books to read aloud to little people.  But they
+belong also to people of all ages.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+An American writer, called Washington Irving,
+who was born as long ago as 1783, in New York,
+once wrote a story called <i>Rip Van Winkle</i>, which
+is not exactly a fairy story, or a story of magic;
+and yet it has a great deal of magic in it.  The
+tale is about a man who was what is called a
+ne'er-do-well.  He liked to hunt and shoot, but not to
+work.  One day, he went off into the mountains
+with his dog Wolf.  He heard sounds like thunder,
+and he met an odd, square-built old fellow who
+asked him by signs to help him carry a keg up
+the mountain.  Then they came on a group of
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P102"></a>102}</span>
+men, all dressed in a by-gone fashion, who were
+playing bowls.  None of these men spoke to Rip
+Van Winkle, who helped himself several times
+from the keg, and by and by fell asleep.  When
+he awoke, he found his way back to the mountain
+village where his home was, and discovered that
+he had been asleep twenty years.  <i>Rip Van
+Winkle</i> is one of the very few tales of magic which
+has been written of any part of the North American
+continent.  Most of the stories of this
+character of which we have been speaking belong to
+older countries.
+</p>
+
+<p><br><br><br></p>
+
+<p><a id="chap0316"></a></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum">{<a id="P103"></a>103}</span></p>
+
+<h3>
+CHAPTER XVI
+<br><br>
+THE JUNGLE BOOKS&mdash;JUST SO STORIES&mdash;PUCK OF
+POOK'S HILL&mdash;REWARDS AND FAIRIES&mdash;THE
+BLUE BIRD&mdash;PETER PAN&mdash;KILMENY
+</h3>
+
+<p>
+<i>The Jungle Book</i> by Rudyard Kipling was
+first published as a book in 1894.  Some of
+the stories had appeared in the magazine
+<i>St. Nicholas</i> before that date.  <i>The Second
+Jungle Book</i> was published in 1895.  Kipling was
+born in Bombay, India, in 1865.  It gives one a
+wonderful, very delightful thrill to take up a book
+by a new writer, whose name one has never heard
+before, and after reading a little while, to find
+oneself convinced that this unknown author has
+unmistakable genius.  Some day you will likely
+have the pleasure of discovering for yourselves
+a writer of, perhaps, the first rank.  The
+grand-fathers and grand-mothers or perhaps the fathers
+and mothers of boys and girls to-day experienced
+this thrill when they read for the first time one
+of Kipling's short stories of India.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Rudyard Kipling had been writing nearly ten
+years, and was a well-known author, before he
+published <i>The Jungle Books</i>, which are his first
+books for young people.  Like some other books
+for boys and girls, older people are fascinated by
+them also.  Kipling's father, John Lockwood
+Kipling, was an Englishman in the Indian Civil
+Service.  His mother was the daughter of a
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P104"></a>104}</span>
+Wesleyan minister, whose sons and daughters all have
+showed distinguished ability.  Kipling lived in
+India when he was a child.  While he was still a
+small boy, he was sent home to school in England.
+But from his child's recollections of India have
+come pictures of Indian life, and an understanding
+and interpretation of the people of that
+widely-spreading, mysterious country with its
+swarming population, its plains, mountains, and deep
+jungles where lions, tigers and many other
+animals live, which are unparalleled elsewhere in
+English literature.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Carried safely and swiftly by the magic of Kipling's
+stories, we may all visit the Indian jungle,
+hear Shere Khan, the tiger, roar, stand with the
+Lone Wolf on the Council Rock, learn to know
+Bagheera, the Black Panther, Baloo, the bear,
+Hathi, the elephant and many more of the jungle
+people, as well as Father Wolf, Mother Wolf, and
+the Pack.  The Man cub, the boy Mowgli, is the
+pattern and epitome of what every boy likes to be,
+brave, resourceful, loyal, quick to see and hold
+advantage, staunch in friendship, fond of play,
+longing to do great deeds, and now and then
+showing that he is capable.  The stories of Mowgli
+are collected in <i>The Jungle Book</i>.  In <i>The Second
+Jungle Book</i> are such stories as Rikki-tikki-tavi,
+the Mongoose; the White Seal; Toomai of the
+Elephants; and Her Majesty's Servants, which is a
+tale of the animals of a military camp.  None of
+us to-day can imagine how any writer could
+possibly create finer stories of animals than
+Kipling has written in <i>The Jungle Books</i>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P105"></a>105}</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+It is not easy to try to tell how charming and
+wise are the <i>Just So Stories</i>, told in Kipling's
+book for little people known by that name.  Much
+of the tenderness that fathers and mothers feel
+for the very youngest, and that you feel for your
+small brothers and sisters, if you have brothers
+and sisters younger than you are, shines in these
+stories.  Here, too, you will find laughter, very
+sweet and merry, and much wise understanding,
+not only of animals and children, but of the great
+world and its history.  Some of the more noted
+of the tales in <i>Just So Stories</i> are: How the Camel
+Got His Hump; How the Rhinoceros Got His
+Skin; The Elephant's Child; The Sing-Song of
+Old Man Kangaroo; The Beginning of the
+Armadillos; and The Cat that Walked by Himself.
+There are six more stories that perhaps are as
+wonderful as those which have been named.  <i>Just
+So Stories</i> was published in 1902.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Kipling has written as well two books of stories
+which reveal to young people in a remarkable
+way the course and glory of English history.
+These books could have been written only for one
+reason, to help and delight Kipling's own
+children.  The books are called <i>Puck of Pook's Hill</i>
+and <i>Rewards and Fairies</i>.  Una and Dan are the
+names of the children who have the adventures
+told of in these books, and who see far, far back
+into the past of England.  With Pict, Roman,
+Dane, Saxon, Norman, soldiers, peasants, Jews,
+priests, Crusaders, squires, dames, knights, down
+to the time of the great sea captains and Sir
+Francis Drake, this famous writer unfolds the pageant
+of English history in an incomparable way for
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P106"></a>106}</span>
+boys and girls belonging to the twentieth century.
+<i>Puck of Pook's Hill</i> appeared first in 1906; and
+<i>Rewards and Fairies</i> in 1909.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Not many years ago Maurice Maeterlinck, a
+Belgian poet, wrote for every one, old and young,
+a fairy play called <i>The Blue Bird</i>.  You may
+sometimes see the play acted in a theatre, or you
+may read the scenes and acts of the play in a
+book.  First of all, in the book, come the names
+of all the characters, and then a description of
+the costumes in which they are dressed.  Tyltyl
+and Mytyl, a brother and sister, for the sake of
+a neighbour's child, go away from home into
+strange, marvellous places, looking for the blue
+bird, Happiness.  Tyltyl wears scarlet knickerbockers,
+pale-blue jacket, white stockings, tan
+shoes, which is the way Hop o' My Thumb is
+dressed.  Mytyl is dressed like Little Red
+Riding-hood.  <i>The Blue Bird</i> is a fairy story, a
+wonderful story, and true, as we say, spiritually.
+The brother and sister, when they are at home,
+live in a wood-cutter's cottage.  On their travels,
+they visit the Land of Memory, the Palace of
+Night, a great forest, the Palace of Happiness, a
+graveyard, and the Kingdom of the Future.
+Tylo, the dog, and Tylette, the cat, are two of the
+most important characters; and in the play, you
+will meet people called Bread, Sugar, Fire,
+Water, Milk, and many more familiar to you in
+everyday life, but not in the same shape.  <i>The
+Blue Bird</i> is a wonderful fairy play.  When you
+read it, you will discover whether or not Tyltyl
+and Mytyl find the bluebird, Happiness.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P107"></a>107}</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Everyone is likely to have heard of Peter Pan,
+the boy who would not grow up.  You may have
+seen the play, <i>Peter Pan</i>, acted on a stage, or you
+may have read the story in a book.  Barrie, who
+wrote the play, was born in a village in Scotland,
+called Kirriemuir, in the year 1860.  He is a
+novelist as well as a playwright.  His full name
+is James Matthew Barrie, and because his novels
+and plays are so pleasing, and whimsical, very
+many people have a special feeling of love and
+kindness for Barrie.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<i>Peter Pan</i> is a delightful play; and the story
+<i>Peter Pan</i> is almost as enjoyable.  The three
+Darling children, Wendy, John and Michael, are
+taught by Peter Pan how to fly, and they fly away
+with him to the Never-Never Land.  Here are the
+lost boys, Slightly, Tootles, Nibs and Curly, and
+the crocodile, Captain Hook and his pirates,
+mermaids, redskins, and Tinker Bell, the fairy who
+is devoted to Peter Pan.  In the end, the Darling
+children return to their father and mother.  Peter
+Pan chooses to stay in the Never-Never Land;
+but once a year, at the time of spring cleaning,
+Wendy goes back to keep house for him for a
+little while.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+So we learn that fairy stories, very wonderful
+fairy stories, are still being written to-day as they
+were long years ago when the world was younger.
+Beauty, fantasy, and magic belong to us all.  The
+love of these things calls us, as it were, with a
+very sweet voice, and when we hear that call&mdash;often
+from a book&mdash;we recognize it as the spirit
+of the fairy story.  Sometimes the spirit of a
+fairy tale is caught perfectly and beautifully in
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P108"></a>108}</span>
+a poem.  You will find such a poem in the
+collection known as <i>The Oxford Book of English Verse</i>.
+The name of the poem is "Kilmeny", and the
+name of the man who wrote it is James Hogg, or,
+as he is often called, The Ettrick Shepherd.  He
+was a friend of Sir Walter Scott.  "Kilmeny" has
+the same magic that Barrie's plays show so
+remarkably.
+</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  Late, late in gloamin' when all was still,<br>
+  When the fringe was red on the westlin hill,<br>
+  The wood was sere, the moon i' the wane,<br>
+  The reek o' the cot hung over the plain,<br>
+  Like a little wee cloud in the world its lane;<br>
+  When the ingle low'd wi' an eiry leme,<br>
+  Late, late in the gloamin' Kilmeny came hame!<br>
+</p>
+
+<p><br></p>
+
+<p>
+You may not know what some of these words
+mean.  Gloaming is twilight; westlin is western;
+reek is smoke; its lane means all by itself; ingle
+is the open fire-place; low'd is flamed; eiry leme
+is eery gleam.
+</p>
+
+<p><br><br><br></p>
+
+<p><a id="chap0417"></a></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum">{<a id="P109"></a>109}</span></p>
+
+<h2>
+PART IV
+<br><br>
+BALLADS, LAYS AND STORIES IN VERSE
+</h2>
+
+<p><br><br></p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P111"></a>111}</span>
+</p>
+
+<h3>
+CHAPTER XVII
+<br><br>
+PERCY'S RELIQUES&mdash;CHEVY CHASE AND THE BATTLE
+OF OTTERBOURNE&mdash;SIR PATRICK SPENS&mdash;THE
+NORTHERN MUSE
+</h3>
+
+<p>
+A ballad is a simple tale told in simple
+verse.  These tales in verse may be very
+old, or they may have been composed only
+a few years ago.  But, generally speaking, the
+old ballads are best.  The world seems to have
+lost the art of telling stories in verse as simply
+and naturally as people could many hundreds of
+years ago.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The old ballads are like old fairy tales; no one
+knows when they were first told or sung.  It
+seems likely that they were made, not by great
+people or distinguished scholars, but by simple,
+ordinary people, to be sung or told to other
+simple, ordinary people.  You will remember that
+fables in the same way were likely told first by
+one neighbour to another.  Ballads and fairy
+tales and fables, long before books or newspapers
+were printed, were ways in which everyday
+people handed down from fathers and mothers to
+sons and daughters, chronicles and history,
+learning and good advice, wise sayings, and notable
+happenings.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+After a long time, very many years, people who
+enjoyed these ballads, as soon as they knew how
+to write, began to write them down.  Apparently,
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P112"></a>112}</span>
+no one thought much about the songs for a while.
+Then scholars who were fond of ancient songs
+looked for and treasured the old ballads.  One
+of the first and most famous collectors of ballads
+was Bishop Percy who published his <i>Reliques of
+Ancient English Poetry</i> in 1765.  Sir Walter
+Scott's <i>Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border</i> was
+published in 1802.  Bishop Percy reproduced, as
+part of his collection, an old manuscript of
+ballads which he had rescued from being used by a
+maid to light a fire.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Ballads belong to many countries, and oddly
+enough, the same stories are sometimes sung in
+different words in many of these countries.  In
+English poetry, a number of the finest ballads
+come from the borders between England and
+Scotland before these two countries were joined.
+"Chevy Chase" and "The Battle of Otterbourne"
+were sung of raids and wars between the English
+and the Scots.  Other countries famous for their
+ballads are Greece, France, Provence, Portugal,
+Denmark and Italy.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The ballads called "Chevy Chase" and "The
+Battle of Otterbourne" perhaps have become
+confused one with the other.  Part of "Chevy Chase"
+seems to have found its way into "The Battle of
+Otterbourne".  There are many different versions
+of these ballads.  The versions written by
+English balladists tell how the English defeated
+the Scots; on the other hand, the Scots versions
+say that the Scots were victors.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Here is part of "The Battle of Otterbourne",
+taken from Scott's <i>Minstrelsy</i>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P113"></a>113}</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  It fell upon the Lammas tide,<br>
+  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;When the muir-men win their hay,<br>
+  The doughty Douglas bound him to ride<br>
+  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Into England, to drive a prey.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  And he marched up to Newcastle,<br>
+  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;And rode it round about;<br>
+  "O wha's the lord of this castle,<br>
+  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Or wha's the lady o't?"<br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  But up spoke proud Lord Percy then,<br>
+  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;And O but he spake hie!<br>
+  "I am the Lord of this castle,<br>
+  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;My wife's the lady gay."<br>
+</p>
+
+<p><br></p>
+
+<p>
+Lord Percy and the Douglas agreed to fight
+with their men at Otterbourne in three days.
+Percy wounded the Douglas to his death and the
+Douglas sent for his nephew Sir Hugh Montgomery.
+</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  "My wound is deep; I fain would sleep;<br>
+  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Take thou the vanguard of the three,<br>
+  And hide me by the braken bush,<br>
+  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;That grows on yonder lily lea.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  "O bury me by the braken bush,<br>
+  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Beneath the blooming brier,<br>
+  Let never living mortal ken<br>
+  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;That a kindly Scot lies here."<br>
+</p>
+
+<p><br></p>
+
+<p>
+Later in the battle, Sir Hugh Montgomery and
+Lord Percy fought, and Sir Hugh was the victor.
+He said to Lord Percy to yield, who answered to
+whom must he yield!
+</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  "Thou shalt not yield to lord or loun,<br>
+  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Nor yet shalt thou yield to me;<br>
+  But yield thee to the braken bush,<br>
+  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;That grows upon yon lily lea!"<br>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P114"></a>114}</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  "I will not yield to a braken bush,<br>
+  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Nor yet will I yield to a brier;<br>
+  But I would yield to Earl Douglas,<br>
+  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Or Sir Hugh Montgomery, if he were here."<br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  As soon as he knew it was Montgomery,<br>
+  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He struck his sword's point in the ground;<br>
+  The Montgomery was a courteous knight,<br>
+  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;And quickly took him by the hand.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  This deed was done at Otterbourne<br>
+  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;About the breaking of the day;<br>
+  Earl Douglas was buried at the braken bush,<br>
+  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;And the Percy led captive away.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p><br></p>
+
+<p>
+Little is known from history of the story told
+in "Sir Patrick Spens".  It was first published by
+Bishop Percy in his <i>Reliques</i>.  Princess
+Margaret of Scotland was married to Prince Eric of
+Norway in 1281.  The ballad of "Sir Patrick
+Spens" may possibly have some reference to this
+historical event, but no one can say so with
+certainty.  We learn from the ballad that Sir
+Patrick Spens was a splendid seaman, and that the
+Scots king gave him a commission to sail to
+Norway and bring home the king's daughter.  But
+it was late in the year.  The waters would be
+stormy; and Sir Patrick knew that he and his
+men would be in peril of their lives.  They sailed
+to Norway, which is called Noroway in the ballad,
+and had been there a week only when the lords
+of Noroway began to complain that the Scots
+were costly guests.  Sir Patrick answered that
+they had brought white money and good red gold,
+more than enough to pay for all they cost, but
+that he would sail immediately.  His sailors told
+him that they had seen signs of a storm.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P115"></a>115}</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  "I saw the new moon late yestreen,<br>
+  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Wi' the auld moon in her arm;<br>
+  And if we gang to sea, master,<br>
+  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I fear we'll come to harm."<br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  They hadna mailed a league, a league,<br>
+  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;A league but barely three,<br>
+  When the lift grew dark, and the wind blew loud,<br>
+  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;And gurly grew the sea.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  The ankers brak, and the topmasts lap,<br>
+  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;It was sic a deadly storm,<br>
+  And the waves came o'er the broken ship,<br>
+  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Till a' her sides were torn.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p><br></p>
+
+<p>
+Sir Patrick must have been steering the ship
+himself, for he asked for a volunteer to take the
+helm while he went up to the tall topmast, to see
+if he could spy land.  A sailor took the helm, but
+Sir Patrick had only gone a step when a bolt flew
+out of the good ship and the salt water came in.
+They tried to stop the leak but failed, and Sir
+Patrick and his men were lost.
+</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  O lang, lang may the ladies sit,<br>
+  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Wi' their fans into their hand,<br>
+  Before they see Sir Patrick Spens<br>
+  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Come sailing to the strand.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  And lang, lang may the maidens sit,<br>
+  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Wi' their goud kames in their hair,<br>
+  A' waiting for their ain dear loves,<br>
+  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;For them they'll see nae mair.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  Half owre, half owre to Aberdour,<br>
+  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'Tis fifty fathoms deep<br>
+  And there lies gude Sir Patrick Spens<br>
+  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Wi' the Scots lords at his feet.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p><br></p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P116"></a>116}</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"Sir Patrick Spens" is a wonderful old ballad.
+Most of the words, old as they are, you will
+understand.  In the second verse quoted, lift means
+sky; a gurly sea is a stormy sea.  Goud kames in
+the verse before the last means gold combs.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Mr. John Buchan a few years ago made a
+collection of Scottish poetry called <i>The Northern
+Muse</i>.  In it, you may read a number of famous
+ballads.  There are also many delightful old
+songs which tell of the lives of ordinary folk,
+or people, in their everyday work.  Turn specially
+to number sixty-six, which is the famous,
+beautiful old song of a woman, a good wife, who
+is getting ready for the homecoming of her
+husband; it is called "There's nae Luck about the
+House".  Number sixty-eight is a song of fishing
+people.  These are not exactly ballads, but they
+are written, as we say, almost in the same mood
+as a ballad.  An amusing song about a clever
+small boy is number one hundred and eighty; it
+is a ballad, and is called "The False Knight Upon
+the Road".  In days long ago people believed in
+witches and wizards.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The false knight is supposed to be a wizard.
+If the small boy had not been quick enough to
+give him an answer to every question, the wizard,
+people thought then, might carry him away.  Now
+listen to the small boy.
+</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  "O whare are ye gaun?"<br>
+  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Quo' the fause knicht upon the road:<br>
+  "I'm gaun to the scule,"<br>
+  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Quo' the wee boy, and still he stude.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  "What is that upon your back?"<br>
+  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Quo' the fause knicht upon the road:<br>
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P117"></a>117}</span>
+  "Atweel it is my bukes,"<br>
+  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Quo' the wee boy, and still he stude.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p><br></p>
+
+<p>
+And so on to the end of the story.  Scule, of
+course, is school, and bukes are books.  Stude is
+stood.
+</p>
+
+<p><br><br><br></p>
+
+<p><a id="chap0418"></a></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum">{<a id="P118"></a>118}</span></p>
+
+<h3>
+CHAPTER XVIII
+<br><br>
+THE LADY OF THE LAKE&mdash;MARMION&mdash;JOHN GILPIN&mdash;EDINBURGH
+AFTER FLODDEN&mdash;HORATIUS&mdash;THE ARMADA
+</h3>
+
+<p>
+In times of war, as you know, people
+sometimes have to go into hiding.  Long ago, a
+nobleman, Earl Douglas, who lived during
+the reign of King James V of Scotland, had
+offended the King, or rather some words he was
+falsely reported to have uttered had been told
+the King, and he was in danger of imprisonment.
+Earl Douglas took refuge in the Highlands of
+Scotland with his kinsman, Sir Roderick Dhu, the
+head or chief of the clan Alpine, who was unwilling
+to acknowledge that he owed allegiance to
+anyone.  Ellen Douglas, a very beautiful young
+woman, shared her father's exile.  As it
+happened, King James went on a hunting expedition
+as a knight, not a king, in the same part of his
+kingdom.  There he met Ellen, who had never
+seen the King and did not know who he was.  The
+King called himself James Fitz-James.  Roderick
+Dhu, who is in love with Ellen, plans a rising
+of his clan.  Fitz-James is brave.  He is in peril,
+but he wishes to extricate himself without calling
+on his soldiers.  The story is told by Sir Walter
+Scott in a poem called <i>The Lady of the Lake</i>.  You
+will find this romance in verse easy to read and
+very interesting.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P119"></a>119}</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The scene is laid in the West Highlands of
+Perthshire.  Much of what happens takes place
+in the neighbourhood of a beautiful lake, Loch
+Katrine.  Scott, you will remember, is a master
+in the description of romantic scenery.  After
+a short introduction, the story begins with an
+account of stag-hunting.  James Fitz-James and a
+few of his men are the hunters.
+</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  The stag at eve had drunk his fill,<br>
+  Where danced the moon on Monan's rill,<br>
+  And deep his midnight lair had made<br>
+  In lone Glenartney's hazel shade;<br>
+  But, when the sun his beacon red<br>
+  Had kindled on Benvoirlich's head,<br>
+  The deep-mouthed bloodhound's heavy bay<br>
+  Resounded up the rocky way,<br>
+  And faint, from farther distance borne,<br>
+  Were heard the clanging hoof and horn.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="noindent">
+The tale is made to unroll itself like a picture
+before our eyes.  The scenes are wonderfully
+picturesque, and the story is exciting.  What
+happens to Ellen, Roderick Dhu, young Malcolm
+Graeme who also is in love with Ellen and whom
+she loves, and to Fitz-James, you must discover
+for yourself by reading <i>The Lady of the Lake</i>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+But before leaving the poem, let us quote part
+of the stanza which tells how in answer to
+Fitz-James's wish, Roderick Dhu gives the signal
+which calls his men from hiding in the glen where
+he and Fitz-James are to take leave of each other.
+</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  "Have then thy wish!"&mdash;he whistled shrill,<br>
+  And he was answered from the hill;<br>
+  Wild as the scream of the curlew,<br>
+  From crag to crag the signal flew.<br>
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P120"></a>120}</span>
+  Instant, through copse and heath, arose<br>
+  Bonnets, and spears, and bended bows;<br>
+  On right, on left, above, below,<br>
+  Sprung up at once the lurking foe;<br>
+  From shingles gray their lances start,<br>
+  The bracken-bush sends forth the dart,<br>
+  The rushes and the willow-wand<br>
+  Are bristling into axe and brand,<br>
+  And every tuft of broom gives life<br>
+  To plaided warrior armed for strife.<br>
+  That whistle garrisoned the glen<br>
+  At once with full five hundred men.<br>
+  . . . . . . . . . . .<br>
+  Watching their leader's beck and will,<br>
+  All silent there they stood and still;<br>
+  . . . . . . . . . . .<br>
+  The mountaineer cast glance of pride<br>
+  Along Benledi's living side,<br>
+  Then fixed his eye and sable brow<br>
+  Full on Fitz-James&mdash;"How say'st thou now?<br>
+  These are Clan-Alpine's warriors true;<br>
+  And, Saxon,&mdash;I am Roderick Dhu!"<br>
+</p>
+
+<p><br></p>
+
+<p>
+<i>Marmion</i> is one of the most romantic and
+moving of Scott's narratives.  Lord Marmion is
+a fictitious character.  Scott wished to tell the
+story of Flodden Field, a battle fought between
+the English and the Scotch in 1513 in which the
+English were victorious.  It was a most disastrous
+battle for the Scots, who lost their King
+and the flower of their nobility.  Lord Marmion,
+who was an Englishman, and many among the
+English, were also slain.  The poem opens with a
+vivid description of life in England and Scotland
+in the Middle Ages.  We visit a feudal castle in
+England, Norham Castle, where Sir Hugh Heron
+welcomes Lord Marmion.  A Palmer returning
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P121"></a>121}</span>
+from the Holy Land has also come to Norham Castle.
+</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  His sable cowl o'erhung his face;<br>
+  In his black mantle was he clad,<br>
+  With Peter's keys, in cloth of red,<br>
+  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;On his broad shoulders wrought,<br>
+  The scallop shell, his cap did deck;<br>
+  The crucifix around his neck<br>
+  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Was from Loretto brought;<br>
+  His sandals were with travel tore;<br>
+  Staff, budget, bottle, scrip, he wore;<br>
+  The faded palm branch in his hand<br>
+  Showed pilgrim from the Holy Land.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p><br></p>
+
+<p>
+We visit as well, by the magic of Scott's verses,
+a convent, a monastery and an inn, and learn
+many things of the way in which people lived in
+the Middle Ages.  It is in <i>Marmion</i> that we find
+one of Sir Walter Scott's famous songs, "Lochinvar",
+which is introduced in the fifth canto.  But
+the most memorable part of <i>Marmion</i> is the
+description of the battle of Flodden with which
+the poem concludes.  The sixth canto tells the
+story of the battle.  Turn to the thirty-fourth
+stanza of that canto, and you may read how the
+Scots tried to save their king.  These lines are
+judged to be among the noblest that Sir Walter
+Scott ever wrote.  Other tales in verse by Scott
+are <i>The Lay of the Last Minstrel</i>, <i>Rokeby</i>, and <i>The
+Lord of the Isles</i>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Four stories by other writers of verse, which
+you will like, and in which you will find humour
+or heroic valour, are told somewhat in the fashion
+of ballads or lays; we listen to them with special
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P122"></a>122}</span>
+enjoyment when they are spoken by a skilled
+reciter.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The first of these is "The Diverting History of
+John Gilpin", showing how he went farther than
+he intended, and came safe home again.  It was
+written by the English poet Cowper who, although
+he was often sad himself, in this story has left as
+wholesome and carefree humour as anyone may
+wish to discover in a story.  John Gilpin was a
+London citizen of long ago.  His wife said that,
+although they had been married twenty years, they
+had never had a holiday.  She proposed that they
+should take her sister, and her sister's child, and
+their own three children, and drive to an inn at
+Edmonton not far away.  But, since the carriage
+would be crowded, John Gilpin was to come on
+horseback.  John was delayed, first by one thing,
+then another, but finally got started.  Then his
+horse wanted to trot, and John was not a good
+rider.  Besides that, he had two stone bottles of
+wine, one tied to each side of his leathern belt.
+The horse ran away with John.  He lost his wig.
+The stone bottles were broken.  The horse raced
+past the inn at Edmonton where his wife and
+children were waiting, and galloped on to its
+owner's house at Ware which was ten miles
+further.  The friend who had lent Gilpin the horse
+asked what it was all about.  John, who was a
+plucky, good-humoured fellow, and loved a joke,
+answered him.
+</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  I came because your horse would come,<br>
+  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;And, if I well forebode,<br>
+  My hat and wig will soon be here,<br>
+  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;They are upon the road.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p><br></p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P123"></a>123}</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+His friend started him back to Edmonton, but
+even yet John had adventures.  There was to be
+no family dinner at Edmonton that day.  Yet John
+Gilpin at last got safe home as you may read in
+Cowper's story.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"Edinburgh After Flodden", by a writer called
+Aytoun, is the story of how the people of
+Edinburgh first heard the news of the great defeat.
+Most people, certainly most boys and girls, must
+thrill as they read the opening stanza.
+</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  News of battle!&mdash;news of battle!<br>
+  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Hark! 'tis ringing down the street:<br>
+  And the archways and the pavement<br>
+  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Bear the clang of hurrying feet.<br>
+  News of battle! who hath brought it?<br>
+  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;News of triumph?  Who should bring<br>
+  Tidings from our noble army,<br>
+  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Greetings from our gallant King?<br>
+</p>
+
+<p><br></p>
+
+<p>
+These lines are part only of the first stanza.
+They are taken from the book known as Aytoun's
+<i>Lays of the Scottish Cavaliers</i>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Lord Macaulay, who was a distinguished
+historian, wrote a famous <i>History of England</i>.
+He wrote also a number of lays, or stories in
+verse.  Some of the best-known are about the
+deeds of the Romans, that remarkable people who
+gave the world much that is great in law and
+government.  You likely will have heard of the
+story of Horatius, who, with two others, held the
+bridge over the Tiber, and saved Rome when
+Lars Porsena came with an army to take the city.
+It is a famous story.  Read it, in Macaulay's <i>Lays
+of Ancient Rome</i>.  The last poem in this same
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P124"></a>124}</span>
+book of lays is called "The Armada".  It also tells
+a thrilling tale.  What a pity it would be if any
+mischievous sprite were to take away and hide
+the books in which are the stories written of in
+this chapter!
+</p>
+
+<p><br><br><br></p>
+
+<p><a id="chap0419"></a></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum">{<a id="P125"></a>125}</span></p>
+
+<h3>
+CHAPTER XIX
+<br><br>
+HIAWATHA&mdash;FRENCH CHANSONS IN QUEBEC&mdash;A
+CHRISTMAS SONG<br>
+</h3>
+
+<p>
+Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
+was born in Portland, which is in the state
+of Maine, in the year 1807.  His father and
+mother both belonged to families that had been
+settled in the States for a number of generations.
+He was of a scholarly disposition, and studied and
+travelled to fit himself for writing and teaching.
+He became Smith Professor of Modern Languages
+at Harvard when he was twenty-seven
+years old.  From that time, he was closely
+associated with the town of Cambridge, near Boston,
+in Massachusetts.  Harvard University is situated
+in Cambridge.  You may still visit the house
+where Longfellow lived.  In a pleasant small
+park near the house, there is a statue of the poet.
+He was fond of children, and loved to have them
+near him.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<i>The Song of Hiawatha</i> was written specially
+for the delight of young people.  It is a story in
+verse, telling of a leader among North American
+Indians, one of themselves, who was to rescue
+and help his people, aiding them to clear their
+fishing grounds, to find food, and to live more
+comfortably and peaceably than in the past.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Hiawatha and his people in Longfellow's story
+are supposed to live on the south shore of Lake
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P126"></a>126}</span>
+Superior, the largest of the Great Lakes.  The
+scene of the story is between the Pictured Rocks
+and the Grand Sable.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The poem begins by telling of a sweet singer
+among the Indians.  The singer first sings of the
+Master of Life; this is a translation of the name
+which to the Indians means God, Gitche Manito,
+the Great Spirit.  After that, he sings of the four
+winds, North-wind, South-wind, East-wind,
+West-wind.  Then we come to Hiawatha's childhood.
+He lived with his grandmother, old Nokomis.  His
+mother was Wenonah, but she died when
+Hiawatha was born.
+</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  By the shining Big-Sea-Water,<br>
+  Stood the wigwam of Nokomis,<br>
+  Daughter of the Moon, Nokomis.<br>
+  Dark behind it rose the forest,<br>
+  Rose the black and gloomy pine-trees,<br>
+  Rose the firs with cones upon them;<br>
+  Bright before it beat the water,<br>
+  Beat the clear and sunny water,<br>
+  Beat the shining Big-Sea-Water.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p><br></p>
+
+<p>
+Here Hiawatha was brought up.  He saw the
+fire-flies, and heard the owls, and he learned to
+know the name and language of all birds and
+beasts.  When he was old enough, Iagoo, who was
+a friend of Nokomis, made him a bow and arrows,
+and told him to bring home a roebuck so that
+they all might have food.  After this, Hiawatha
+meets his father, Mudjekeewis, the West-wind,
+who had gone away and left his mother.  Indian
+stories, like Greek stories, tell of the immortals
+coming down to earth.  Hiawatha had a great
+struggle or contest with Mudjekeewis, who had
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P127"></a>127}</span>
+deserted Wenonah, and Hiawatha, now a young
+man, was such a mighty warrior that Mudjekeewis
+could scarcely withstand him.  At last he said to
+Hiawatha,
+</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  "Hold, my son, my Hiawatha!<br>
+  'Tis impossible to kill me,<br>
+  For you cannot kill the immortal.<br>
+  I have put you to this trial,<br>
+  But to know and prove your courage;<br>
+  Now receive the prize of valour!<br>
+  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;"Go back to your home and people,<br>
+  Live among them, toil among them,<br>
+  Cleanse the earth from all that harms it,<br>
+  Clear the fishing-grounds and rivers,<br>
+  Slay all monsters and magicians,<br>
+  All the giants, the Wendigoes,<br>
+  All the serpents, the Kenabeeks,<br>
+  As I slew the Mishe-Mokwa,<br>
+  Slew the Great Bear of the mountains."<br>
+</p>
+
+<p><br></p>
+
+<p>
+On his way home, Hiawatha was buying arrow-heads
+from the arrow-maker, and there he met
+and fell in love with Minnehaha.  Later in the
+story, you will read of Hiawatha's wooing and of
+the wedding-feast.  But before his wedding,
+Hiawatha completes his first great service for his
+people.  He discovers the secret of a food, Indian
+corn or maize, a new gift to the Indian nations
+which was to be their food for ever.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+One of the most attractive of the Hiawatha
+stories tells how he built his canoe.
+</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  "Give me of your bark, O Birch-Tree!<br>
+  Of your yellow bark, O Birch-Tree!<br>
+  Growing by the rushing river,<br>
+  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Tall and stately in the valley!<br>
+  I a light canoe will build me,<br>
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P128"></a>128}</span>
+  Build a swift Cheemaun for sailing,<br>
+  That shall float upon the river,<br>
+  Like a yellow leaf in Autumn,<br>
+  Like a yellow water-lily!"<br>
+</p>
+
+<p><br></p>
+
+<p>
+After this, we read in the story of how
+Hiawatha slew Pearl-Feather, the greatest of
+magicians, of many other deeds of Hiawatha, and
+of his joys and sorrows.  Finally, the white man
+comes.  Then Hiawatha is ready for his
+departure; and his people greatly lament his going.
+</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Thus departed Hiawatha,<br>
+  Hiawatha the Beloved,<br>
+  In the glory of the sunset,<br>
+  In the purple mists of evening,<br>
+  To the regions of the home-wind,<br>
+  Of the Northwest wind Keewaydin,<br>
+  To the Islands of the Blessed,<br>
+  To the kingdom of Ponemah<br>
+  To the land of the Hereafter!<br>
+</p>
+
+<p><br></p>
+
+<p>
+<i>Hiawatha</i>, and other stories in verse, travel
+round the world in books, and boys and girls read
+them in every country.  But old ballads, the
+simple songs sung among the peoples of different
+countries, so old that no one knows how old they
+are, which we read about in Chapter seventeen,
+have their own ways of travelling.  Some of these
+ballads crossed the sea when the first settlers came,
+and in parts of the North American continent
+to-day, the old words and the old airs are sung by
+descendants of the people who first brought them
+across the ocean.  Two of the places where these
+ballads are still sung are in North Carolina, and
+in Nova Scotia where sailors and lumberjacks sing
+many shanties or songs.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P129"></a>129}</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The most beautiful old songs, however, on this
+continent are the French chansons of Quebec
+which were brought over from France when the
+French first came to Canada.  Now French
+settlement in Canada ceased early in the eighteenth
+century, so these songs must at least be as old as
+the seventeenth century.  They are probably
+considerably more than three hundred years old.
+Various collections of the <i>chansons</i> have been
+published.  Many of them are happy and romantic
+songs.  One of the most beautiful is a Christmas
+song.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Here is the story of the song told very briefly.
+Then you will find the song printed in its own
+French words.  If you do not know French well,
+still you should try to make out the meaning of the
+words.  No translation can give the meaning, or
+the perfume, as we sometimes say, of the beautiful
+old song exactly.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The singer meets a shepherd-maid and asks
+where she has been.  She answers that when she
+was out walking she had come by the stable, and
+had seen a miracle.  What did you see? asks the
+singer.  She had seen a baby lying cradled on the
+straw.  Was he beautiful!  As beautiful as the
+sun.  Had she seen nothing more?  Mary, his
+mother, who nursed her child, and Joseph, his
+father, trembling with the cold.  Nothing more?
+The ox and the ass were near the stall, warming
+with their breath the place where the baby lay.
+Nothing more?  Three little angels coming down
+from heaven singing the praises of the Father
+Eternal.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P130"></a>130}</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  D'ou viens-tu, bergère,<br>
+  D'ou viens-tu?<br>
+  'Je viens de l'étable<br>
+  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;De m'y promener;<br>
+  J' ai vu un miracle<br>
+  Ce soir arrivé.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  Qu' as-tu vu, bergère,<br>
+  Qu' as-tu vu?<br>
+  'J'ai vu dans la crèche<br>
+  Un petit enfant<br>
+  Sur la paille frâiche<br>
+  Mis bien tendrement.'<br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  Est-il beau, bergère,<br>
+  Est-il beau?<br>
+  This beau que la lune,<br>
+  Aussi le soleil;<br>
+  Jamais dans le monde<br>
+  On vit son pareil.'<br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  Rien de plus, bergère,<br>
+  Rien de plus?<br>
+  'Saint' Marie, sa mere,<br>
+  Qui lui fait boir' du lait,<br>
+  Saint Joseph, son père,<br>
+  Qui tremble de froid.'<br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  Rien de plus, bergère,<br>
+  Rien de plus?<br>
+  'Ya le bœuf et l'âne<br>
+  Qui sont par devant,<br>
+  Avec leur haleine<br>
+  Réchauffant l'enfant.'<br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  Rien de plus, bergère,<br>
+  Rien de plus?<br>
+  'Ya trois petits anges<br>
+  Descendus du ciel<br>
+  Chantant les louanges<br>
+  Du Père éternal.'<br>
+</p>
+
+<p><br><br><br></p>
+
+<p><a id="chap0520"></a></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum">{<a id="P131"></a>131}</span></p>
+
+<h2>
+PART V
+<br><br>
+SOME GREAT IMAGINATIVE WRITERS
+</h2>
+
+<p><br><br></p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P133"></a>133}</span>
+</p>
+
+<h3>
+CHAPTER XX
+<br><br>
+DANTE&mdash;CERVANTES&mdash;SPENSER
+</h3>
+
+<p>
+Dante, an Italian poet, was born in Florence,
+in 1265, a long time ago, and lived in
+what we call the Middle Ages.  Italy then
+was divided into factions who fought with each
+other most of the time, and people had very
+uneasy, uncomfortable lives.  Once, when Dante
+was a boy, he saw a girl whose name was Beatrice
+Portinari.  We do not know how often he saw
+her; possibly even, they scarcely spoke to one
+another.  But he never forgot Beatrice.  He
+studied at more than one university, and had also
+much to do with fighting.  While she was still
+very young, Beatrice died.  She remained always
+to Dante the loveliest and most lovable person he
+had ever seen.  Dante, however, married and
+had sons and daughters.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+When he was little more than thirty years old,
+Dante was exiled from Florence, and never returned
+to his home, but led the life of a wanderer.
+He had written other poems; in his exile he wrote
+a very great poem called <i>The Divine Comedy</i>, or,
+in Italian, <i>Divina Commedia</i>.  The idea of the
+poem is to give a picture in a vision of the life that
+comes after this life; and in this way to tell us
+what is truly important in our present life.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Dante divided his poem into three parts.  He
+called the first part Inferno, the second part
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P134"></a>134}</span>
+Purgatorio, and the third part Paradiso, following
+the conceptions and beliefs of his own time.
+The scenery he describes is in reality Italian
+scenery.  In the poem, or vision, he has two
+guides, the Latin poet Virgil, whose <i>Æneid</i> is
+one of the great poems of the world; and Beatrice,
+who shows him the glories of Paradise.  Dante
+thinks of Beatrice now as an angel in heaven, who
+has grown strong and more lovely, and who
+teaches and helps him in many ways.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Some day, perhaps, you will visit Italy, and if
+you have not read the <i>Divine Comedy</i> before that
+time, you likely will read the poem then for it
+gives a true, wonderful picture of the mountainous
+country of Italy.  One of the best translations
+of Dante's great poem is by the Rev. H. F. Cary.
+It is called <i>The Vision of Dante</i>.  Here is how
+Beatrice, his guide, first appeared to Dante when
+he met her in his vision in the Purgatorio:
+</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I have beheld, ere now, at break of day,<br>
+  The eastern clime all roseate, and the sky<br>
+  Oppos'd, one deep and beautiful serene,<br>
+  And the sun's face so shaded, and with mists<br>
+  Attempered at his rising, that the eye<br>
+  Long while endur'd the sight: thus in a cloud<br>
+  Of flowers, that from those hands angelic rose,<br>
+  And down, within and outside of the car<br>
+  Fell showering, in white veil with olive wreath'd,<br>
+  A virgin in my view appear'd, beneath<br>
+  Green mantle, rob'd in hue of living flame:<br>
+  And o'er my spirit, that in former days<br>
+  Within her presence had abode so long,<br>
+  No shudd'ring terror crept.  Mine eyes no more<br>
+  Had knowledge of her; yet there mov'd from her<br>
+  A hidden virtue, at whose touch awak'd,<br>
+  The power of ancient love was strong within me.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p><br></p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P135"></a>135}</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+It is possible, perhaps even it is certain, that
+the first time you read these lines you will not care
+for them very much.  After a while, when you
+have read them several times, you likely will
+begin to feel that the words express purity,
+elevation, and an ethereal beauty which belong
+only to our highest thoughts and feelings.  These
+are qualities which are characteristic of Dante's
+writings.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+There is one other quotation from the <i>Divine
+Comedy</i> that you may like to read before we leave
+Dante's poem.  Paradiso, the third part, naturally
+is the most beautiful.  Dante imagines in his
+vision the blessed spirits in Paradise, singing
+praises in a great choir.  This choir he sees
+arrayed in many circles, one circle surrounding
+another circle, like the leaves of a rose.  The lines
+quoted are from the beginning of the thirty-first
+canto:
+</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  In fashion, as a snow-white rose, lay then<br>
+  Before my view the saintly multitude,<br>
+  Which in his own blood Christ espous'd.  Meanwhile<br>
+  That other host, that soar aloft to gaze<br>
+  And celebrate his glory, whom they love,<br>
+  Hover'd around; and, like a troop of bees,<br>
+  Amid the vernal sweets alighting now,<br>
+  Now, clustering, where their fragrant labour glows,<br>
+  Flew downward to the mighty flow'r, or rose<br>
+  From the redundant petals, streaming back<br>
+  Unto the steadfast dwelling of their joy.<br>
+  Faces had they of flame, and wings of gold;<br>
+  The rest was whiter than the driven snow.<br>
+  And as they flitted down into the flower,<br>
+  From range to range, fanning their plumy loins,<br>
+  Whisper'd the peace and ardour, which they won<br>
+  From that soft winnowing.  Shadow none, the vast<br>
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P136"></a>136}</span>
+  Interposition of such numerous flight<br>
+  Cast, from above, upon the flower, or view<br>
+  Obstructed aught.  For, through the universe,<br>
+  Wherever merited, celestial light<br>
+  Glides freely, and no obstacle prevents.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p><br></p>
+
+<p>
+No, these lines are not easy to read or to understand.
+But there is a fascination in reading them,
+nevertheless.  We are able to lay hold of an idea,
+a picture, a scene, very bright and beautiful, full
+of light and glory.  When you read the lines
+again, perhaps in a few months, you will find that
+the picture is clearer, and that the lines will not
+seem so hard to understand.  Most of us like to
+remember, whether we have read the <i>Divine Comedy</i>
+or not, that Dante was an Italian poet who
+lived a long time ago, that he had seen and loved
+Beatrice in his youth, and that later in his life
+Dante made a great poem in which he tells of
+Beatrice, and of life on the other side of death.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Some of you, no doubt, have played, when you
+felt like it, at being knights errant.  You have
+imagined that you were dressed in armour, and
+that you were mounted on splendid steeds.  Then,
+of course, as knights errant, you had to carry out
+successfully some hard task or accomplish some
+brave deed.  Once upon a time, almost exactly in
+the same years during which Shakespeare was
+living in England, a Spanish writer called
+Cervantes wrote a book, <i>The Delightful History
+of the Most Ingenious Knight Don Quixote of the
+Mancha</i>, which tells how a man of fifty resolved
+that he would be a knight errant.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+By this time, at the beginning of the seventeenth
+century, it had gone out of fashion to wear armour
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P137"></a>137}</span>
+every day; and Don Quixote had a good deal of
+trouble to find what he wanted.  But he owned
+part of a helmet, and he made out of pasteboard
+and strips of iron a contrivance to take the place
+of the part that was missing.  He had a target, or
+shield, and a lance.  Then he must have a steed.
+He had a horse that was little more than skin and
+bone.  He thought this horse would do, and he
+called it Rozinante.  He wanted a lady to love and
+serve.  There was a young woman who lived in a
+village not far away whom he did not know very
+well, but he had to have someone to call the lady
+of his thoughts, so he decided she would do, and
+he called her Dulcinea, since he thought that would
+sound as if she were a princess or great lady.
+Then after a while, he chose as his squire a
+labourer who had no horse, but he had an ass, and
+his name was Sancho Panza.  Don Quixote
+promised Sancho that on their adventures, if he
+captured an island, he would make Sancho the
+governor of it; and so they set out on their
+journeys.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Don Quixote was a very odd man.  He often
+mistook ordinary things for wonderful marvels.
+He and Sancho had not gone far when they saw
+thirty or forty windmills in a field.  Don Quixote
+said, Behold, here are thirty or forty monstrous
+giants.  Sancho answered, no, that they were
+windmills.  But Don Quixote set his lance in rest
+and charged one of the giants or windmills.  He
+struck the windmill.  Its arms flew round, and
+gave Don Quixote and Rozinante a very bad fall.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Another day he said to Sancho that he saw a
+knight coming to meet them, riding a dapple-grey
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P138"></a>138}</span>
+horse, and wearing a helmet of gold on his head.
+Sancho thought that he saw a man riding a grey
+ass with something on his head that shone in the
+sunlight.  The man proved to be the village
+barber, carrying his barber's basin on his head,
+and riding a grey ass as Sancho had said.  But
+Don Quixote was certain that he was a knight,
+and the basin really a magic helmet.  So Don
+Quixote and Rozinante charged at the barber, but
+he jumped off his ass and ran away.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Many other adventures of this kind befell Don
+Quixote and Sancho.  If they came to an inn, Don
+Quixote thought it was a castle.  Any men they
+met on the road were knights, or robbers, or
+under enchantment, and Don Quixote wanted
+either to fight them or to rescue them.  In the
+beginning of the story, Sancho thought his master
+was only a very silly person.  But as time went
+by, Sancho saw that he was kind, good, unselfish
+and brave, although he made so many mistakes,
+and Sancho came to love his master dearly.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Finally, near the end of the story, Don Quixote
+thought he saw a lady in distress and meant to
+rescue her.  But the lady was only an image that
+some men were carrying from one place to
+another.  They laughed at Don Quixote and then
+they beat him until he was almost dead.  Sancho
+was distracted with grief and made a great
+lamentation over his master, praising him for all
+his virtues.  Here is part of what Sancho said of
+Don Quixote:
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"O humbler of the proud, and stately to the
+humbled, undertaker of perils, endurer of affronts,
+enamoured without cause, imitator of good men,
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P139"></a>139}</span>
+whip of the evil, enemy of the wicked, and, in
+conclusion, knight-errant than which no greater thing
+may be said!"
+</p>
+
+<p>
+After this, Don Quixote was so bruised and sick
+that he and Sancho had to go home.  And so ended
+Don Quixote's adventures.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Cervantes' novel was a success as soon as it
+was published.  All the world laughed at Don
+Quixote, but all the world loved him too.  He has
+never been forgotten, or Sancho either.  A very
+great many people carry about with them in their
+minds a picture of a tall, lean man, in rusty
+armour, riding a very thin horse, and carrying a
+lance.  A short, fat man on an ass rides behind
+him.  These are Don Quixote and Sancho.  Now
+we know something of what it means when people
+say this man or that man has been "tilting at
+windmills".
+</p>
+
+<p>
+An English poet, Edmund Spenser, who lived
+in Queen Elizabeth's time, wrote a famous poem
+called <i>The Faery Queen</i> which tells the story of
+the Red Cross Knight.  After a long period of
+wars and religious troubles, Spenser was the first
+noted English poet, since the time of Chaucer,
+to write exquisite verse.  He was the forerunner
+of a greater poet who, as you know, was
+Shakespeare.  We will learn some facts concerning
+Chaucer's history in another chapter.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+People love to read Spenser's <i>Faery Queen</i>.
+The first line of the poem seems to tell how
+melodious and sweet the whole poem is to be.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"A gentle knight was pricking on the plaine."  Spenser
+was the first to show the music, grace,
+and inexhaustible riches of the English tongue.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P140"></a>140}</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Red Cross Knight had been given a hard
+task.  He was to kill a fierce dragon.  In the first
+book of <i>The Faery Queen</i>, Canto XI, you will
+find a description of this dragon.  The Red Cross
+Knight was sworn to defend Una, a beautiful
+maiden, but he was deceived by enchantments, and
+Una was left to wander alone in woods and on
+wastes.  Here is Spenser's beautiful description
+of Una:&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Her angels face,<br>
+  As the great eye of heaven, shyned bright,<br>
+  And made a sunshine in the shadie place;<br>
+</p>
+
+<p><br></p>
+
+<p>
+When Una was wandering alone in a wood, a
+lion sprang at her out of a thicket.  But when the
+lion saw her, he kissed her feet and licked her
+hands, and after that he was her defender.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The story ends happily.  The dreadful dragon is
+slain by the Red Cross Knight who finds Una
+again.  But what we love most in <i>The Faery
+Queen</i> is not so much the story, as the sweet and
+lovely music of Spenser's wonderful lines, such
+lines as you will find in Canto IX of the first book,
+and also in Canto VIII of the second book.  The
+second stanza of Canto VIII, second book, tells
+of the angels visiting the earth to care for us.
+</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  How oft do they their silver bowers leave<br>
+  To come to succour us, that succour want,<br>
+  How oft do they with golden pineons cleave<br>
+  The flitting skyes, like flying pursuivant,<br>
+  Against foule feendes to aide us militant:<br>
+  They for us fight, they watch and dewly ward,<br>
+  And their bright squadrons round about us plant;<br>
+  And all for love, and nothing for reward:<br>
+  O, why should heavenly God to men have such regard?<br>
+</p>
+
+<p><br></p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P141"></a>141}</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+You will notice that the spelling of some of the
+words in the poem is not the same as we use.
+They are the same words only spelled differently.
+For Spenser lived nearly four hundred years ago.
+</p>
+
+<p><br></p>
+
+<p>
+Would you like to have the names and dates
+of some of those who are counted among the
+greatest writers of the world?  Then you may
+trace for yourselves how the inspiration of genius
+is found from age to age in different countries.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Homer wrote about nine hundred years before
+the birth of Christ.  Virgil, the Latin poet,&mdash;you
+remember that both Kipling and Macaulay have
+told us something of the Romans, the great
+law-givers and road-builders whose language was the
+Latin language,&mdash;lived and wrote from 70 B.C. to
+19 B.C.  The following names and dates, you
+will easily understand.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+  Dante, 1265-1321.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+  Cervantes, 1547-1616.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+  Shakespeare, 1564-1616.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+  Goethe, 1749-1832.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Johann Wolfgang Goethe was a German writer
+whose most famous works are <i>Faust</i> and <i>Wilhelm
+Meister</i>.  He lived at almost the same time as
+Scott.  Several of the writers in the Bible belong
+to the same rank as those named in this brief list.
+</p>
+
+<p><br><br><br></p>
+
+<p><a id="chap0521"></a></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum">{<a id="P142"></a>142}</span></p>
+
+<h3>
+CHAPTER XXI
+<br><br>
+JOHN BUNYAN AND THE PILGRIM's PROGRESS
+</h3>
+
+<p>
+The story begins in this way.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"As I walked through the wilderness of
+this world, I lighted on a certain place where
+was a den, and laid me down in that place to
+sleep; and as I slept, I dreamed a dream.  I
+dreamed, and, behold, I saw a man clothed in rags
+standing in a certain place, with his face from his
+own house, a book in his hand, and a great burden
+upon his back."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+We wonder why the man had a burden on his
+back, and we wish we could help him to get rid of
+it.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+A man called Evangelist met the man with a
+burden on his back.  Evangelist pointed out to the
+man a wicket-gate, and asked him if he could see
+a shining light.  When the man answered that he
+did, Evangelist told him to go straight to the gate
+and knock at it.  Then he would be told what he
+was to do.  Now the man's name was Christian.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+On the way to the gate, he fell into a muddy
+bog which was called the Slough of Despond.
+Then a man called Help came and pulled him out.
+After that, Mr. Worldly-Wiseman told him not to
+go to the gate, but to a village where Mr. Legality
+lived.  Christian turned aside from his way, and
+presently came to some rocks which hung over so
+far he was afraid they would fall on him, and fire
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P143"></a>143}</span>
+came out of the rocks and he was very much
+afraid.  But Evangelist found him again and set
+him on the right way.  Then Christian came to
+the gate and knocked.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+A man answered his knock and showed him how
+to go to the house of the Interpreter.  There he
+saw many wonderful things which you must read
+about in <i>The Pilgrim's Progress</i>.  Not long after
+Christian left the house of the Interpreter, he
+came to a place where there was a Cross and there
+his burden fell off.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+After that he came to the Hill Difficulty, which
+was so steep that sometimes he had to clamber
+up on his hands and knees.  He got up the hill;
+then he remembered that he had been told he
+would meet two lions.  He went on his way feeling
+very despondent, but presently he looked up and
+saw a stately palace called Beautiful, so he
+hastened to get to it.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+He came first to a lodge, and there was a porter
+in the lodge who helped him past the lions.  After
+all, the lions were chained, but it was a narrow
+place and they might have caught Christian if the
+porter had not helped him.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Christian had a very happy holiday in the
+House Beautiful, and there he made many friends.
+Before he left to continue his journey, they
+showed him on a clear day the Delectable
+Mountains from which one can see the gate of the
+Celestial City.  The Celestial City was to be the
+end of Christian's pilgrimage.  After that he met
+another pilgrim called Faithful, and he was not
+alone any more.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P144"></a>144}</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+After a little while, Christian and Faithful
+came to the Valley of Humiliation, and met in it
+a terrible monster called Apollyon.  He had scales
+like a fish, wings like a dragon, feet like a bear,
+and a mouth like the mouth of a lion.  Christian
+fought Apollyon.  Apollyon wounded Christian,
+and knocked his sword out of his hand.  But
+Christian caught his sword again and gave
+Apollyon a great wound.  "And, with that,
+Apollyon spread forth his dragon's wings, and
+sped him away, so that Christian saw him no
+more."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Then Faithful and Christian came to a town
+called Vanity, where the people had a fair called
+Vanity Fair.  In this town with the great fair,
+Faithful and Christian were arrested, because of
+their religion.  They were tried by a judge and
+jury, and Faithful was put to death.  Christian
+was put back into prison, but he escaped.  And
+after that he had another companion on his
+pilgrimage who was called Hopeful.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+They came to a river and a beautiful meadow.
+But they lost their way and when they were
+asleep, Giant Despair of Doubting-castle found
+them and put them into a dungeon.  Hopeful
+encouraged Christian, but they had a very sad time
+in the dungeon, until Christian suddenly
+remembered that he had a key which he had been
+told would open any lock in Doubting-castle.
+And so they escaped.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Now they came to the Delectable Mountains,
+and there they met shepherds who entertained
+them.  From there they went on, and began to
+feel that they were drawing near the end of their
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P145"></a>145}</span>
+journey.  They passed through the Enchanted
+Ground with some difficulty, and came to the
+country of Beulah whose air is very sweet and
+pleasant, and there they met some of the
+inhabitants of the Celestial City.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+They could see the City, which was glorious.
+But before they could get to it, they had to cross
+a river.  Hopeful helped Christian.  "Christian
+therefore presently found ground to stand upon,
+and so it followed that the rest of the river was
+but shallow, thus they got over."  After that,
+they had no more difficulty.  But shining ones
+came to meet them, and trumpeters who welcomed
+them with shouting and sound of trumpet.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"This done, they compassed them round on
+every side, some went before, some behind, and
+some on the right hand, some on the left, (as it
+were to guard them through the upper regions),
+continually sounding as they went, with melodious
+noise, in notes on high; so that the very sight
+was to them that could behold it as if heaven
+itself were come down to meet them.  Thus,
+therefore, they walked on together; and, as they
+walked, ever and anon these trumpeters, even
+with joyful sound, would, by mixing their music
+with looks and gestures, still signify to Christian
+and his brother how welcome they were into their
+company, and with what gladness they came to
+meet them.  And now were these two men, as it
+were, in heaven, before they came at it, being
+swallowed up with the sight of angels, and with
+hearing their melodious notes.  Here also they
+had the City itself in view; and they thought they
+heard all the bells therein to ring, to welcome
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P146"></a>146}</span>
+them thereto.  But, above all, the warm and
+joyful thoughts that they had about their own
+dwelling there, with such company, and that for ever
+and ever; oh! by what tongue, or pen, can their
+glorious joy be expressed!  Thus they came up
+to the gate."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+A second part of The Pilgrim's Progress tells
+how Christiana, Christian's wife, and their
+children, and Mercy, a friend, went on the same
+pilgrimage, with Mr. Great-heart to take care of
+them.  Mr. Great-heart is one of the most
+splendid heroes in any book.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+John Bunyan, who wrote <i>The Pilgrim's Progress</i>,
+was the son of a tinker.  He was himself
+a tinker.  He was a soldier in Cromwell's army,
+and then he was a preacher.  Only certain
+people were allowed to preach at that time, and they
+arrested Bunyan.  He was in prison a number
+of years.  They were willing to let him out, but
+he would not promise not to preach.  Brave John
+Bunyan!  He had a brave wife too, who did all
+she could to help him.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+He was sentenced to prison twice, the second
+time only for a few months when he was kept in
+the gaol in Bedford town in England.  Bunyan
+wrote <i>The Pilgrim's Progress</i> in a room in Bedford
+gaol which is built on the bridge that crosses
+the river Ouse, and while he wrote he could hear
+the noise of the river flowing by.  Perhaps this
+is one reason why he writes so beautifully of
+rivers in the story.
+</p>
+
+<p><br><br><br></p>
+
+<p><a id="chap0522"></a></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum">{<a id="P147"></a>147}</span></p>
+
+<h3>
+CHAPTER XXII
+<br><br>
+THACKERAY&mdash;MEREDITH&mdash;HARDY
+</h3>
+
+<p>
+You remember David Copperfield, Peggoty,
+Mr. Pickwick, Sam Weller, and scores of
+others, all of whom we found living so
+intensely and abundantly in Dickens' novels.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Many other novelists, as well as Charles Dickens,
+have made interesting, delightful characters
+for us to know and love.  In this chapter and the
+chapter following, we will learn something of a
+group of writers, men and women, in whose novels
+we find wonderful knowledge of human nature,
+not as wonderful as Shakespeare's knowledge
+perhaps, but showing the same deep insight
+as Scott and Dickens.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The writers spoken of are not very widely
+separated in time.  Two of them lived and wrote as
+recently as from the middle of the nineteenth
+century down to the present.  George Meredith died
+in 1909, and Thomas Hardy in 1928.  The whole
+group represents a very brilliant period in
+English literature.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+William Makepeace Thackeray was born in
+Calcutta in India.  Like the children of other
+Anglo-Indian civil servants, he was sent home to
+England when he was a very little boy, leaving
+his mother behind him in India.  Thackeray had
+a deeply affectionate nature.  All his life he was
+devoted to his own people.  No one can rightly
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P148"></a>148}</span>
+understand his novels who does not remember
+that Thackeray was tender-hearted.  We can
+read a letter that the little boy William
+Makepeace wrote to his mother when he was seven
+years old.  His mother kept it carefully.  Some
+years ago when his daughter, Mrs. Ritchie,
+herself a novelist, was writing memories of her
+famous father, she printed the little letter in her
+Introduction to <i>The Newcomes</i>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+There is nothing in the letter to show that the
+boy was to be a great writer, but as long as he
+lived he wrote these loving letters to his mother.
+When he was a man with children of his own, his
+home was his mother's home whenever she liked
+to come to stay with him.  It was his stepfather's
+home also, for his mother had married again.
+He told his own children that when he was a boy
+at school, he sometimes used to pray that he
+would dream of his mother in the night, for he
+was lonely and not very happy.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<i>Vanity Fair</i> is the name of one of Thackeray's
+great novels.  You know where Thackeray found
+the name,&mdash;in <i>The Pilgrim's Progress</i>.  His
+novel is intended as a picture of people who are
+interesting and very real, but many of whom are
+selfish, false and hard-hearted.  Thackeray
+painted the world as he had experienced it, and
+he tried to show what a difference there is
+between love and hate, selfishness and unselfishness.
+<i>Vanity Fair</i> has a famous opening chapter.  Becky
+Sharp, and Amelia Sedley, two girls, are leaving
+a boarding school.  Becky is clever, amusing and
+poor.  Amelia is gentle, a little dull perhaps, and
+her people are rich.  The school-mistresses make
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P149"></a>149}</span>
+a great fuss over Amelia, but are disagreeable to
+Becky.  So Becky throws the dictionary, which is
+Miss Pinkerton's parting gift, out of the window
+of the coach as they are driving away.  <i>Vanity
+Fair</i> is a famous novel.  When you read it,
+as you will some day, you will learn the story of
+Becky and Amelia, of George Osborne whom
+Amelia marries, of Jos. Sedley, Amelia's brother,
+of Rawdon Crawley, the man Becky married, and
+of splendid, faithful Major Dobbin.  There are
+chapters which tell of how George Osborne goes
+to fight at the battle of Waterloo, and again of
+when the battle is over, that we can never forget.
+Thackeray's style is so golden and perfect that
+to read anything he has written is like listening
+to strains of pure music.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Other novels by Thackeray which rank with
+<i>Vanity Fair</i> are <i>Esmond</i> and <i>The Virginians</i>,
+<i>Pendennis</i> and <i>The Newcomes</i>.  One of the most
+famous characters in <i>Esmond</i> is the exquisitely
+beautiful Beatrix Esmond who turned away from
+love for ambition.  Colonel Newcome in <i>The
+Newcomes</i> is one of the people who have been
+chosen by the world to represent nobility of
+character, a man high-minded, distinguished, brave,
+honest, pure and humble of heart.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+There are scenes of great tenderness and
+nobility in Thackeray's novels.  Two, which may
+be mentioned, are in Esmond&mdash;Lady Castlewood
+welcoming Henry Esmond home, Book II, chapter
+six, and again Lady Castlewood vindicating
+Esmond, Book III, chapter four.  Find <i>Esmond</i>
+and read these chapters or ask someone to read
+them to you.  When Thackeray tells in <i>Vanity
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P150"></a>150}</span>
+Fair</i> how George Osborne lies with his face to
+the sky after Waterloo, every reader's heart is
+stilled and touched.  But many people think that
+the most famous instance of Thackeray's genius
+is in the end of <i>The Newcomes</i> when Colonel
+Newcome, impoverished, living in Grey Friars
+Hospital, thinks that he is a boy at school again, and
+answers the calling of the roll after the fashion
+in his old school at Charterhouse.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Several biographies have been written of
+Thackeray, but you will find the most interesting
+details of the life of this great writer in the
+biographical notes written by his daughter,
+Mrs. Ritchie, for what is called the Biographical
+Edition of Thackeray's works.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Meredith, unlike Thackeray, writes in a style
+which is difficult to read; but he is brilliant,
+sparkling, and wonderfully clever.  We need to bring
+to his novels all the intelligence and powers of
+application which we possess.  But when
+difficulties are overcome, there is great delight
+in reading Meredith.  He is never dull.  There
+is always meaning, like precious gold, to find in
+his novels, and in his poems too, for Meredith
+was a poet.  Meredith shows us that our minds,
+characters and wills have a conquering quality;
+we are not at the mercy of impulses, instincts and
+intuitions.  Not since Shakespeare wrote, has
+any genius drawn such portraits of women as
+appear in Meredith's novels.  Three of his most
+brilliant and fascinating women characters are
+Diana in <i>Diana of the Crossways</i>, Clara Middleton
+and Laetitia Dale in <i>The Egoist</i>.  There is
+also in <i>The Egoist</i> a splendidly drawn portrait
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P151"></a>151}</span>
+of a boy, Crossjay Patterne.  This boy and the
+beautiful, high-minded Clara Middleton are
+friends and playmates; it is quite possible for
+a boy or a girl to have a grown-up friend, who
+is at the same time a playmate.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<i>Diana of the Crossways</i> and <i>The Egoist</i> are
+perhaps the most readable among the many
+novels Meredith has written.  Sir Willoughby
+Patterne in <i>The Egoist</i> is a study of a man whose
+interests are centered in himself.  Diana is
+charming, brilliant, impulsive, and of a noble
+nature.  She is a very attractive heroine.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Thomas Hardy was born in 1840, in a tiny
+village called Higher Bockhampton, in the parish of
+Stinsford, Dorset, England.  It is a country of
+woods and heaths, lonely and silent.  Old
+customs and manners were maintained in this place
+in the heart of England, long after they had
+disappeared in more populous centres.  Hardy's
+novels tell us of the quaint customs, and of the
+interesting and picturesque characters that he
+knew in his youth.  Three of his early novels,
+<i>Under the Greenwood Tree</i>, <i>The Return of the
+Native</i>, and <i>The Trumpet-Major</i> seem to hold
+under a magic spell, for our enjoyment, old England
+and the people of old England, not at a time as
+long ago as when the fairies were supposed to
+live, but near the beginning of the nineteenth
+century, when people were looking for Napoleon
+Bonaparte to invade England from France across
+the Channel.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Hardy himself, his father and his grandfather
+were all fond of music, and we read much of
+people singing and dancing in Hardy's early novels,
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P152"></a>152}</span>
+of the members of the church choir, of glee and
+carol singers.  Thomas Hardy, when he was a
+lad, used to play the fiddle at dances in the farm
+houses nearby where he lived.  His mother did
+not allow him to take any money for his playing,
+but once he broke the rule and with the few
+shillings he had been given bought a copy of the
+<i>Boys' Own Book</i>.  This book was kept in Hardy's
+library all his life.  He played at weddings too.
+No doubt, the boy learned much of his neighbours
+in this way of which afterwards his genius made
+use in his novels.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Some of the most charming scenes that Hardy
+ever wrote you will find in the first five chapters
+of <i>Under the Greenwood Tree</i>.  Read these
+chapters, and you will see the English landscape long
+ago on a Christmas Eve.  You will breathe the
+pure, chill air, and sing Christmas carols with the
+other carollers.  The story begins: "To dwellers
+in a wood almost every species of tree has its
+voice as well as its feature."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+To the end of his life, Hardy was fascinated by
+the story of Napoleon.  In the country where he
+lived, there lived also older men who had fought
+against Napoleon, and many who remembered the
+dread with which people looked for his invasion of
+England.  One of Hardy's early novels, <i>The
+Trumpet-Major</i>, is a fine tale of country folk, of
+soldiers and sailors who fought against Napoleon,
+and of the press-gang that carried away men to
+serve in the Navy.  But, proudest recollection of
+all for the novelist, the Hardy who held the great
+Nelson in his arms when he lay dying victorious
+in the cockpit of his ship, <i>The Victory</i>, after
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P153"></a>153}</span>
+Trafalgar, belonged to the same family as his
+own.  You remember, Nelson whispered, "Kiss
+me, Hardy."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Little wonder that Thomas Hardy, who also
+was a poet besides being a novelist, wrote what
+is perhaps his greatest work in a poetical drama
+called <i>The Dynasts</i>, a drama of the Napoleonic
+wars.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+This poetical drama is a great vision of war,
+of suffering, brave, stout-hearted, jesting men,
+and of mighty spirits who from some vast height
+view the battling world, and wonder what the
+future of mankind may be.  Such lines as the
+following stay in our memories and convince us that
+Thomas Hardy was not only a great novelist, but
+a great poet.
+</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  The systemed suns the skies enscroll<br>
+  Obey Thee in their rhythmic roll,<br>
+  Ride radiantly at Thy command,<br>
+  Are darkened by Thy Masterhand!<br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  And these pale panting multitudes<br>
+  Seen surging here, their moils, their moods,<br>
+  All shall "fulfil their joy" in Thee,<br>
+  In Thee abide eternally!<br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  Exultant adoration give<br>
+  The Alone, through Whom all living live.<br>
+  The Alone, in Whom all dying die,<br>
+  Whose means the End shall justify!<br>
+</p>
+
+<p><br><br><br></p>
+
+<p><a id="chap0523"></a></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum">{<a id="P154"></a>154}</span></p>
+
+<h3>
+CHAPTER XXIII
+<br><br>
+JANE AUSTEN&mdash;GEORGE ELIOT&mdash;THE BRONTES
+</h3>
+
+<p>
+Jane Austen is very much like herself, and
+like no one else.  Most of us find people of
+this description interesting.  It is true, that
+the more we know of Miss Austen, the more
+interesting we find her.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The characters in her novels are so real that no
+one has ever been able to find any fault with the
+way in which she created them.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Is it possible for us to discover how it was that
+she made her characters so real?  Mr. Woodhouse
+is one of the people in Miss Austen's novel
+called <i>Emma</i>.  Emma is Mr. Woodhouse's daughter.
+He is rather an invalid; at least, he thinks
+he is an invalid.  Emma is a kind, good-hearted,
+managing young lady, who takes good care of her
+father, and who, since Mr. Woodhouse does not
+want to be troubled about anything, has all the
+responsibility of a large household.  This
+arrangement suits Emma perfectly.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Emma often arranges a little tea party to
+amuse her father.  He likes company, and quiet,
+sociable conversation.  He wants his guests to
+eat, but he is afraid that what they eat will not
+be good for them.  On one occasion, Emma had
+provided minced chicken and scalloped oysters,
+for their guests.  Her father would take only a
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P155"></a>155}</span>
+little thin gruel.  Poor Mr. Woodhouse urges the
+ladies to partake of his hospitality in this
+fashion.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"Mrs. Bates, let me propose your venturing on
+one of these eggs.  An egg boiled very soft is
+not unwholesome.  Serle understands boiling an
+egg better than anybody.  I would not recommend
+an egg boiled by anybody else,&mdash;but you
+need not be afraid, they are very small, you
+see&mdash;one of our small eggs will not hurt you.  Miss
+Bates, let Emma help you to a little bit of tart,&mdash;a
+very little bit.  Ours are all apple tarts.  You
+need not be afraid of unwholesome preserves
+here.  I do not advise the custard.  Mrs. Goddard,
+what say you to half a glass of wine,&mdash;a
+small half-glass, put into a tumbler of water?
+I do not think it could disagree with you."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+But Emma took care that their guests had
+plenty to eat.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Mr. Woodhouse also was very particular about
+his horses.  He kept horses and a coachman, but
+he seldom thought that the horses ought to be
+taken out.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+With delicate, true touches such as these, and
+in easy conversation, Miss Austen builds up her
+characters.  By the time we have finished the
+story, we know Mr. Woodhouse intimately, and
+Emma, and Mrs. and Miss Bates, Mr. Knightley,
+and many others.  Is it not true that you know a
+good deal about Mr. Woodhouse only from hearing
+him speak of what food his guests should eat?
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Mr. Bennet in <i>Pride and Prejudice</i> is a father
+of a different character.  He has five daughters,
+but he is fondest of Elizabeth, or Eliza as she is
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P156"></a>156}</span>
+often called.  Mrs. Bennet, his wife, is unfortunately
+rather a silly person.  Miss Austen is able
+to explain Mrs. Bennet's character just by letting
+her talk, and Mrs. Bennet talks a great deal.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Mrs. Bennet says to her husband, for instance,
+that he has no compassion on her poor nerves.
+Mr. Bennet answers: "You mistake me, my dear.
+I have a high respect for your nerves.  They are
+my old friends.  I have heard you mention them
+with consideration these twenty years at least."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+One would say that Mr. Bennet was, perhaps,
+not very considerate himself, a little inclined to
+be satirical with his foolish wife.  But here is
+part of a conversation of his with Eliza, when
+she has told him at the end of the second book
+that she was going to be married, which shows
+Mr. Bennet in a better light.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"Well, my dear," said he, when she ceased
+speaking, "I have no more to say.  If this be the
+case, he deserves you.  I could not have parted
+with you, my Lizzy, to any one less worthy."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+How easy and simple it all seems, and yet to
+write naturally and simply, with such entire truth
+to nature, is one of the most difficult arts for any
+novelist.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Miss Austen wrote six novels altogether, <i>Pride
+and Prejudice</i>, <i>Sense and Sensibility</i>, <i>Emma</i>,
+<i>Persuasion</i>, <i>Mansfield Park</i>, and <i>Northanger Abbey</i>.
+She lived and wrote a little more than a hundred
+years ago, but her books are read and admired
+to-day perhaps more than at any previous time.
+There is something very charming and interesting
+in Miss Austen's reticence, truthfulness,
+strength of character, crystal purity and delightful
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P157"></a>157}</span>
+humour.  Her field is narrow, she is not
+eloquent or sublime, but her work in its own way is
+perfect.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+When Miss Austen wrote, it was not the fashion
+for ladies to write, and she often used to hide
+her manuscript beneath a bit of sewing, or place
+it hastily in a drawer when a door near where
+she wrote creaked on its hinges.  We know from
+some letters written by her family that there was
+such a creaking door.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Mr. Kipling has written a poem in praise of
+Jane Austen which you will find in his book called
+<i>Debits and Credits</i>.  He pictures Miss Austen
+being met at heaven's gate by some of the great
+novelists: Good Sir Walter, you know who that
+is; Henry, this is a great English novelist whose
+name was Henry Fielding; Tobias, another English
+novelist, Tobias Smollett; Miguel of Spain,
+this is Cervantes.  From this short poem you
+can judge how highly other writers rank Jane
+Austen.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Tom and Maggie Tulliver are brother and
+sister.  They appear in George Eliot's novel <i>The
+Mill on the Floss</i>.  Tom and Maggie serve,
+perhaps, as the best known instance in fiction of a
+study of the relations between brother and sister.
+Certainly, we often think of Tom and Maggie,
+and always we think of them as boy and girl,
+brother and sister.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Tom is very much of a boy.  He is an important
+person in the family, and he is to succeed
+his father at Dorlcote Mill, which is on the river
+Floss.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P158"></a>158}</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Is not this a beautiful description of Dorlcote
+Mill?  George Eliot must have been writing of
+a mill that she knew and loved:
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"And this is Dorlcote Mill.  I must stand a
+minute or two here on the bridge and look at it,
+though the clouds are threatening, and it is far
+on in the afternoon.  Even in this leafless time
+of departing February it is pleasant to look
+at,&mdash;perhaps the chill damp season adds a charm to
+the trimly kept comfortable dwelling-house, as
+old as the elms and chestnuts that shelter it from
+the northern blast.  The stream is brimful now,
+and lies high in this little withy plantation, and
+half drowns the grassy fringe of the croft in front
+of the house.  As I look at the full stream, the
+vivid grass, the delicate bright-green powder
+softening the outline of the great trunks and
+branches that gleam from under the bare purple
+boughs, I am in love with moistness, and envy
+the white ducks that are dipping their heads far
+into the water here among the withes, unmindful
+of the awkward appearance they make in the
+drier world above."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Maggie Tulliver is a wonderful study of a girl,
+later of a young woman.  No one surely can help
+loving Maggie, who adored Tom with all her
+heart, who was often in disgrace with her mother,
+as for instance, when she cut off her hair, who
+spent a great part of her time reading books, and
+who was her father's favourite.  Tom was rather
+hard on Maggie.  When they grew up there was
+a sad time when Tom refused to have anything
+to do with her.  Yet Maggie always loved Tom
+best.  At the end of the story, there is a flood.
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P159"></a>159}</span>
+The river rises so high that everyone's life is in
+danger.  And Maggie comes alone by herself in
+a boat to rescue Tom.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+It is probable, indeed it is certain, that George
+Eliot was writing of her own girlhood, and of her
+feelings for her brother, when she created with
+the power of genius Maggie Tulliver.  Such
+depth of understanding, tenderness, and
+poignancy of feeling, are only possible when one
+knows people very, very well.  George Eliot knew
+Maggie Tulliver perfectly.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+George Eliot, of course, is only a pen name.
+The author's real name was Mary Ann Evans.
+She lived in the country, like the Tullivers, and
+her many novels abound with striking characters
+among country people.  One of the most successful
+of them is Mrs. Poyser in the novel <i>Adam
+Bede</i>.  Mrs. Poyser is famous for her clever sayings,
+full of pithy truth and wit.  It was she who
+said of some one for whom she did not care,
+that it was a pity he could not be hatched over
+again and hatched different.  Sayings of this
+kind generally are spoken by clever people
+who are not educated, as most of us understand
+education, but who have learned a great
+deal about life and human nature.  This power
+of inventing wise, amusing sayings is called
+mother wit.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+George Eliot was a learned woman, and spent
+her later life in London.  But her country books
+are probably her best.  She wrote a little later
+than Jane Austen, and some time before Hardy.
+Another of her stories that you are likely to
+enjoy is <i>Silas Marner</i>.  Others, besides <i>The Mill on
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P160"></a>160}</span>
+the Floss</i>, and <i>Adam Bede</i>, are <i>Romola</i>, <i>Felix
+Holt</i>, <i>Middlemarch</i>, and <i>Daniel Deronda</i>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+We come now to the story of two of the most
+romantic figures in English literature.  Early
+in the nineteenth century, a clergyman who was
+of Irish descent and whose name was Patrick
+Brontë, had a family of children most of whom
+were remarkably gifted.  Those whom we know
+best are Charlotte, Emily, Anne, and a brother
+Branwell, who was born after Charlotte and
+before Emily.  Branwell might have been an artist,
+but his life was not successful or happy.  Anne
+wrote pleasing stories, but Charlotte and Emily
+Brontë are sisters whom we associate with an
+atmosphere of strange romance and rich endowment.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Most of their lives was spent in Yorkshire,
+amidst wild and romantic scenery.  They were
+poor and had few possessions.  Charlotte was a
+governess.  She studied in Brussels in Belgium,
+and her younger sister Emily was with her.
+Charlotte was influenced by French literature, Emily
+by all that was strange and mysterious in German
+literature.  Charlotte's best known book is
+<i>Jane Eyre</i>.  Emily's masterpiece is <i>Wuthering
+Heights</i>.  Wuthering Heights means a high place
+where great winds blow most of the time.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<i>Jane Eyre</i> is a romantic, extravagant story of
+a girl who was a governess, and of the strange
+people she met.  The story is not even always
+well-written; yet it is exciting and thrilling.
+Few novels had such depth of feeling, passion
+and elevated thought.  No one can read Charlotte
+Brontë's novels without tingling with a
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P161"></a>161}</span>
+feeling that here one has met an extraordinary
+personality.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Emily Brontë was more highly gifted even than
+her sister Charlotte.  Everything that is true of
+<i>Jane Eyre</i> is more true of <i>Wuthering Heights</i>.  It
+is a stranger, and more romantic story.  At times,
+one would even say that there is something hard
+and cruel in <i>Wuthering Heights</i>.  But there is also
+natural genius.  Emily wrote a few remarkable
+poems which are more highly esteemed now than
+they were when she died.  One does not say that
+these two sisters were possessed of the highest
+creative power.  But Charlotte and Emily Brontë
+are among the most interesting and unforgettable
+of English novelists.  Barrie said not long ago of
+Emily Brontë that she was our greatest woman,
+meaning that he believed her to be the greatest
+among English-speaking women writers.  This
+sense of greatness you will experience for
+yourselves in the words which end <i>Wuthering Heights</i>.
+The story is tragic; but the ending is happy and
+tranquil, although at first it may seem sad.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"I lingered round them, under that benign
+sky: watched the moths fluttering among the
+heath and harebells, listened to the soft wind
+breathing through the grass, and wondered how
+anyone could ever imagine unquiet slumbers for
+the sleepers in that quiet earth."
+</p>
+
+<p><br><br><br></p>
+
+<p><a id="chap0624"></a></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum">{<a id="P163"></a>163}</span></p>
+
+<h2>
+PART VI
+<br><br>
+HISTORY, POLITICS, BIOGRAPHY, TRAVEL
+</h2>
+
+<p><br><br></p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P165"></a>165}</span>
+</p>
+
+<h3>
+CHAPTER XXIV
+<br><br>
+WHAT IS HISTORY!
+</h3>
+
+<p>
+Most of us like true stories.  Often, when
+we listen to a story which seems interesting
+and surprising, perhaps even delightful,
+we say when the story is ended, "But, is it
+true?"  If the answer is no, or even that the
+story is not all true, we are disappointed.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+This feeling of wishing to know the truth about
+people and events, about what the world is really
+like and what it used to be like, belongs to human
+nature.  It is born in our hearts when we are
+born.  From the beginning of the world, people
+have cared for true stories.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+As you know, knowledge of remarkable events
+and people at first was repeated by one generation
+to another by word of mouth.  But tradition,
+although interesting, is often inaccurate.  It does
+not tell the whole, exact true story.  So people
+were willing to spend a great deal of time, and to
+work very hard, to find out the truth about past
+events and about people who lived in the past.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In this way was born the art and science of
+history.  History is a science, because writing
+true history requires careful, painstaking,
+unwearied research.  Writing history is also an
+art, since to make events and human beings of
+long ago, or even of yesterday and to-day, live
+in a book in such a way that we can understand
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P166"></a>166}</span>
+them, and read of them with interest and enjoyment,
+requires imagination and all other gifts
+which are needed to write true histories, or true
+stories.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Herodotus, a Greek, who lived four hundred
+and eighty-four years before the birth of Christ,
+is called the father of history.  He is a model, or
+pattern, still for historians.  He was not only
+the first great historian, he is one of the greatest
+among writers of history.  When he wrote history
+first, he used to recite what he had composed to
+his friends.  At one of these recitals of history
+by Herodotus, a boy was present with his father.
+The boy's name was Thucydides.  He was so
+charmed and excited by what Herodotus said that
+he burst into tears, as we do sometimes when
+we are greatly moved by a beautiful thing.
+Thucydides afterwards, when he grew up, became
+a great historian.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In another chapter, we shall try to learn of
+some interesting modern histories, and some
+famous modern historians,&mdash;modern, that is, as
+compared with Herodotus and Thucydides.  But
+many of the books that we have read for other
+reasons have told us a good deal about people
+who lived long ago, and of their customs.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+You remember the ballads of "Chevy Chase"
+and "The Battle of Otterbourne", which tell how
+the English and Scots fought with one another.
+These ballads are not accurate history, but they
+are undoubtedly historical.  They take us, with
+a strange, thrilling feeling that we can almost
+see what must have happened, as far back as
+1388.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P167"></a>167}</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+At the time when Queen Philippa of Hainault
+was the wife of King Edward III of England, a
+young Hainaulter, a fellow countryman of hers,
+came from France to visit her and brought with
+him a copy of a book of chronicles, written by
+himself about recent wars in France.  His name
+was Sir John Froissart.  He was eager to write
+true histories of his own time, medieval histories
+as we call them.  You will find Sir John Froissart's
+<i>Chronicles</i> a delightful book to read.  Many
+of the stories which Froissart first wrote are in
+the histories we read to-day.  Queen Philippa was
+greatly pleased with the visit of her young
+fellow-countryman and with his book.  Froissart stayed
+in England for some time, and while he was
+there found out everything he could about the
+Battle of Otterbourne.  The story is told in one
+of his chronicles.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Here are two short extracts from the chronicle
+of the Battle of Otterbourne.  Froissart wrote in
+old French.  His chronicles were translated into
+English by Lord Berners in the time of King
+Henry VIII.  In these extracts the old English
+spelling has been modernized.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"At the beginning the Englishmen were so
+strong that they reculed back their enemies: then
+the Earl Douglas, who was of great heart and high
+of enterprise, seeing his men recule back, then to
+recover the place and to shew knightly valour,
+he took his axe in both his hands, and entered
+so into the press that he made himself way in
+such wise that none durst approach near him,
+and he was so well armed that he bare well off
+such strokes as he received.  Thus he went ever
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P168"></a>168}</span>
+forward like a hardy Hector, willing alone to
+conquer the field and to discomfit his enemies:
+but at last he was encountered with three spears
+all at once, so that he was borne perforce to the
+earth and after that he could not be again
+relieved.  Some of his knights and squires followed
+him, but not all, for it was night, and no light but
+by the shining of the moon..."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"This battle was fierce and cruel till it came
+to the end of the discomfiture; but when the Scots
+saw the Englishmen recule and yield themselves,
+then the Scots were courteous and set them to
+their ransom, and every man said to his prisoner:
+Sirs, go and unarm you and take your ease: I
+am your master': and so made their prisoners as
+good cheer as though they had been brethren,
+without doing to them any damage."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+You will notice that part of the battle must
+have been fought at night, for the moon was shining.
+It is likely that Froissart was told this story
+by some man who had been at the battle and
+remembered well that there was no light but the
+light of the moon.  The direct account of an
+eyewitness is one of the most convincing forms of
+true history.  If you will turn to the Acts of the
+Apostles, you can read in the twenty-fifth and
+twenty-sixth chapters another account by an
+eyewitness, telling how Paul, after he had been kept
+in prison two years, was sent for by a new
+governor Festus, and of the speech he made to
+Festus, and to King Agrippa and Queen Bernice.
+As you know, some books of the Bible are histories.
+This splendid account of an old trial is
+a fine example of historical writing.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P169"></a>169}</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Old books, old manuscripts, inscriptions,
+records of all kinds, old and new, even buried
+cities, form part of the material which historians
+study.  A historian may find that the same event
+is related in one manuscript after one fashion,
+and in another manuscript in quite a different
+way.  So it is that historians always want to
+find corroboration, if possible, for facts which
+they wish to use in their histories.  Thus we see
+that the work of a historian is difficult.  But
+anyone who writes a history which is true, and
+well authenticated, and interesting to read, has
+served mankind well.  He has increased our
+knowledge and understanding, and in this way
+has made those who read his history more useful
+and capable men and women.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Let us take one or two of the easiest and most
+attractive books that a historian might wish to
+consult, and see if we can find in them any facts,
+or pictures, which might be useful in writing a
+true history.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Long ago, in the latter part of the fourteenth
+century, there lived an English poet whose name
+was Geoffrey Chaucer.  He wrote a poem called
+<i>The Canterbury Tales</i> which tells of a number
+of people who were going as pilgrims to a shrine
+in the great Cathedral at Canterbury.  They met
+in the Tabard Inn in Southwark at London.
+Chaucer describes these people one by one so
+accurately that we can learn how people looked,
+and what they wore, these many hundred years
+ago.  He tells, too, of the landlord or host who
+kept the Inn.  His name was Harry Bayly.  It
+seems from other records in the Public Record
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P170"></a>170}</span>
+Office in London that the landlord of the Tabard
+Inn at the time actually was a Harry Bayly.
+Chaucer, as well as being a poet, had a post in
+the Custom House.  There is a record of Harry
+Bayly paying money into the Customs.  It seems
+certain that Chaucer's descriptions of the Canterbury
+pilgrims are true and accurate pictures of
+people who lived in his time.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Who were these people?
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"A knyght ther was, and that a worthy man,"&mdash;Later
+Chaucer says of him that:
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"He was a verray parfit gentil knyght."  His
+son was there, a young squire, and among the
+other pilgrims were a yeoman, a nun, a prioress,
+a monk, a friar, a merchant, a clerk, a sergeant
+at law, a franklin, a haberdasher, a carpenter,
+a cook, a shipman or sailor, a doctor, a goodwife,
+a ploughman, a reeve, a pardoner, and several
+others.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The squire "was as fressh as in the monthe of
+May."  The prioress was very good-looking.
+</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  Hire nose tretys, hir eyen greye as glas,<br>
+  Hir mouth ful smal and ther-to softe and reed,<br>
+  But sikely she hadde a fair forheed.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="noindent">
+These words are easily changed into our modern
+spelling.  The last line, for instance is
+</p>
+
+<p>
+  "But certainly she had a fair forehead."<br>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Chaucer describes exactly the way in which each
+one was dressed.  Then each of the pilgrims tells
+a story, and in these stories we find more information
+of how people looked and how they lived
+in the fourteenth century.  Chaucer's poetry,
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P171"></a>171}</span>
+although somewhat difficult to read on account of
+the old words, is fresh and beautiful still.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Shakespeare's plays, especially his historical
+plays, throw a wonderful light on the battles, life
+and customs of England at the time of Agincourt,
+in the Wars of the Roses, and his own lifetime.
+Besides the beauty and greatness of his plays,
+Shakespeare added always to whatever he wrote
+his wonderful true knowledge of human nature.
+Turn to Act iii, Scene ii of <i>King Henry V</i>, and
+you will read what a boy, serving some of the
+soldiers, says in all the tumult and excitement of
+the battle.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"Would I were in an alehouse in London!  I
+would give all my fame for a pot of ale and
+safety."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+One of the most important subjects of which
+many historians write is politics.  Charles Dickens,
+as you know, was a humorist.  In his stories, he
+describes social conditions which existed in the
+early part of the nineteenth century and which
+later have been somewhat improved.  Dickens,
+possibly, exaggerated a little, and made his
+accounts somewhat of a burlesque of what actually
+existed.  Yet when we want to read a true and
+very amusing account of an election, which might
+be of use to political historians when they write
+of the earlier part of the nineteenth century,
+we will find it in chapter thirteen of <i>Pickwick
+Papers</i>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The town of Eatanswill is the scene of the
+election.  Mr. Pickwick, Mr. Tupman, Mr. Snodgrass,
+Mr. Winkle, and Sam Weller are in Eatanswill,
+and take a lively part in the proceedings.
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P172"></a>172}</span>
+Dickens, as you know, helped to laugh away many
+abuses.  Elections are not carried on in the same
+way to-day.  But the political candidates and
+newspapers of Eatanswill, what they said, did,
+and printed, make an amusing story which has
+at the same time not a little historical truth.
+</p>
+
+<p><br></p>
+
+<p>
+Now we know a very little of how historians
+try to find out the truth about what has happened
+in the past, so that they may write true histories.
+Very long ago, people used to believe that each
+art had its own muse, a beautiful being like a
+goddess, who helped and guided followers of her
+art.  They called the muse of history Clio.  So
+if it pleases us to do so, we can think of the
+beautiful spirit, or muse, of history teaching,
+entertaining and helping us all.
+</p>
+
+<p><br><br><br></p>
+
+<p><a id="chap0625"></a></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum">{<a id="P173"></a>173}</span></p>
+
+<h3>
+CHAPTER XXV
+<br><br>
+THE MEANING OF POLITICS
+</h3>
+
+<p>
+We may learn from games a good deal of
+the nature of politics.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+We know that the better the game is
+organized, the better it will be played.  In many
+games, there are two sides, two captains, and an
+equal number of players on each side.  Captains
+have duties, players have duties.  Captains
+should be able to think quickly, understand quickly,
+make quick decisions, and not make mistakes
+any oftener than they can help.  They should
+understand other boys.  Or if the game is played
+by girls, the girl who is captain should
+understand other girls.  Players ought to be willing
+to obey the captain's word.  Some day, the player
+may be the captain; perhaps he has been a
+captain already.  The whole team, players and
+captain, should be loyal.  A game cannot be
+altogether successful unless it is played with good
+feeling, generosity, keenness, sportsmanship and
+honour on both sides.  Each side should be on
+good terms with the other side and behave with
+courtesy.  These things are true in games.  They
+are true also in politics, although, possibly, not
+quite in the same way.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+As soon as people began to live together in
+communities, some of the people wanted the
+community properly organized and governed.  They
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P174"></a>174}</span>
+thought everything belonging to the place in
+which they lived should be carried on in the best,
+most comfortable way, with justice for everybody.
+But, unfortunately, there have always been
+some people who want the best only for themselves,
+and are not willing to be just to other
+people.  In our own natures, many of us find a
+conflict between desiring to be just to others, and
+yet wishing a great deal for ourselves.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+We can imagine what a long, long story, or
+history there is in politics.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Politics have to do with the government of
+communities, towns and cities and nations, and finally
+all nations, since all nations are beginning to be
+willing to agree among themselves.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+For a very long time, perhaps always, people
+have dreamed of perfect organization and perfect
+government.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+One of the most famous books ever written on
+the subject of this hoped-for perfect government
+is the work of the Greek philosopher Plato who
+had been taught by Socrates.  The book is called
+<i>The Republic of Plato</i> and it contains the
+teaching of Socrates.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+You may read in the last sentences of the ninth
+book of <i>The Republic of Plato</i>, a description of
+the perfect city.  Socrates had been explaining to
+his pupils that the man of understanding will take
+part in everything which will make him a better
+man, and will shun what may make him less good.
+So he will take part in politics.  <i>The Republic</i> is
+written in the form of question and answer.
+Finally Socrates says that the pattern of the
+perfect city is perhaps laid up in heaven, but that,
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P175"></a>175}</span>
+as far as he can, the man of understanding will
+follow its practices.
+</p>
+
+<p><br></p>
+
+<p>
+It would scarcely be possible to make a complete
+list of famous men who have been statesmen
+or politicians, because the list would be so long.
+But in this chapter we can choose a few names
+of men who have been political leaders in Great
+Britain, Canada, and the British Empire.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+A political leader generally is a speaker or
+orator.  Nothing, possibly, is more thrilling than
+to listen to a great speech.  Read carefully the
+few political sentences which follow here, and see
+if you do not experience a thrill, a sense that here
+is something that belongs to you.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The first sentences quoted were spoken by
+William Pitt, Earl of Chatham, in the House of
+Lords, 1770.  Pitt, before he became a member of
+the British House of Commons, had been a
+soldier.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"I am now suspected of coming forward, in the
+decline of life, in the anxious pursuit of wealth
+and power, which it is impossible for me to
+enjoy.  Be it so; there is one ambition at least
+which I ever will acknowledge, which I will not
+renounce but with my life&mdash;it is the ambition of
+delivering to my posterity those rights of freedom
+which I have received from my ancestors.  I
+am not now pleading the cause of an individual,
+but of every freeholder in England."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Edmund Burke, an Irishman, was a great
+orator.  He laid down and taught principles of
+government which have a great deal to do with
+the way in which government in the British
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P176"></a>176}</span>
+Empire is organized to-day.  Here is one sentence
+which he spoke in the British House of Commons
+in 1780.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"The service of the public is a thing which
+cannot be put to auction, and struck down to those
+who will agree to execute it the cheapest."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Richard Cobden was an economist.  He was the
+son of a farmer, and was himself a manufacturer.
+His speeches are for the most part plain and
+simple, and deal generally with the change in
+Great Britain from protection to free trade.  The
+following sentences were spoken in the British
+House of Commons in 1845.  The second half of
+the last sentence contains teaching which is
+memorable.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"This is a new era.  It is the age of improvement,
+it is the age of social advancement, not
+the age for war or for feudal sports.  You live in
+a mercantile age, when the whole wealth of the
+world is poured into your lap.  You cannot have
+the advantages of commercial rents and feudal
+privileges; but you may be what you always have
+been, if you will identify yourselves with the
+spirit of the age."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+D'Arcy McGee, a Canadian statesman, was
+born and educated in Ireland.  He spoke and
+laboured for the confederation of the Provinces
+which was consummated in the Dominion of
+Canada in 1867.  The sentences that follow belong
+to a speech given before the Legislative
+Assembly of Upper and Lower Canada in 1865:
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"The principle of Federation is a generous
+one.  It is a principle that gives men local duties
+to discharge, and invests them at the same time
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P177"></a>177}</span>
+with general supervision, that excites a healthy
+sense of responsibility and comprehension."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+When we read over these sentences, we may
+obtain a sense of the meaning of government, and
+of the greatness of politics.  Notice that the men
+who speak are in earnest.  Their sentences are
+practical and simple.  Great politics and great
+statesmen, almost invariably, are characterized by
+earnestness and sincerity; and great political
+sayings, as a rule, are practical.  Countless
+numbers of men have devoted themselves to political
+government, not for their own gain, but for the
+service of their country, and eventually of the
+world.  There are those who go into politics for
+their own gain solely, but we do not call them
+patriots.  The study of such sentences as are
+quoted in this chapter will help us to understand
+something of the government and history of
+Canada, Great Britain and the Empire.  Boys and
+girls and young people should be interested in
+government, for every country needs the help of
+the younger generations in its political affairs.
+</p>
+
+<p><br></p>
+
+<p>
+The greatest political sentence ever spoken
+is,&mdash;"Love your enemies."
+</p>
+
+<p><br></p>
+
+<p>
+Some day you should plan to visit a great library
+and ask to be shown facsimiles of a few of
+the famous Acts by which liberties have been won
+and our government has been assured.  One of the
+greatest Acts in the history of the English-speaking
+world is the Great Charter obtained in King
+John's time, 1215, and signed by him and many
+of the barons.  Be sure to see a facsimile of this, if
+you can, and read especially clause 40.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P178"></a>178}</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"To no one will we sell, to no one will we
+refuse, or delay right or justice."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Confederation Act of the Dominion of
+Canada, or the British North America Act, as it is
+properly called, is dated 1867.  Its plainness,
+simplicity and scrupulous fairness make it worthy of
+admiration.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In Charlottetown, the capital of the Province
+of Prince Edward Island, set in the assembly hall
+of the Parliament Buildings, is a tablet to mark
+the place where the Fathers of Confederation met
+and deliberated.  These are the words which you
+may read on the tablet, as well as the names of
+the men who resolved that there should be a
+Dominion of Canada:
+</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  In the Hearts and Minds of the<br>
+  Delegates who Assembled<br>
+  In this Room, Sept. 1st, 1864<br>
+  Was born the Dominion of Canada.<br>
+  &mdash;&mdash;&mdash;<br>
+  Providence being Their Guide<br>
+  They Builded Better than they Knew.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p><br><br><br></p>
+
+<p><a id="chap0626"></a></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum">{<a id="P179"></a>179}</span></p>
+
+<h3>
+CHAPTER XXVI
+<br><br>
+HISTORIES
+</h3>
+
+<p>
+It will take us a little while even to imagine
+how many important books there are in which
+famous historians have written of history
+and politics.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Why should so many books need to be written
+about history?
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Because in this way we are able to trace the
+long, fascinating story of how mankind&mdash;men and
+women, your fathers and mothers, their fathers
+and mothers, and so on back for a thousand
+generations&mdash;has been gradually gaining in
+knowledge and growing, we trust, if even only a very
+little, more kind and more just.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+But let us forget all this for a few minutes.  It
+is a good time to look about our treasure house,
+and see, or reckon up, as it were, what we have
+found in it.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+If we had to write a fairy tale about books, we
+could easily imagine that all the famous books in
+the world were kept in a great, very beautiful
+palace, and that books of different kinds were
+arranged in halls, galleries and great rooms which
+had been assigned to them.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+There might very well be a special, beautiful,
+walled garden, belonging to the palace, for fairy
+tales, myths, fables and such books.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+What a wonderful, great room, or rather series
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P180"></a>180}</span>
+of great rooms, must be kept for stories and
+novels!
+</p>
+
+<p>
+And exquisite galleries, with vaulted roofs, and
+open courts, where fountains play,&mdash;the water
+falling with a pleasant sound into marble basins,&mdash;and
+with beautiful statues in the courts, we will
+choose for songs, ballads, and great poetry.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Famous books of history, political speeches,
+lives of great men, books of travel and discovery,
+may be arranged in a stately hall, with alcoves,
+stained glass windows, and marble busts of some
+of the great men that we read about.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Shall we imagine that we will pay a visit to a
+few of the alcoves in the great hall of history,
+and take down from the shelves, here one book,
+and here another, reading their names, and
+learning the names of those who wrote the books?
+</p>
+
+<p>
+We do not learn very much about a book simply
+by taking it down from a shelf, and turning over
+a few of the pages; but we do learn something.
+Many of you will read a certain number of these
+books some day.  All of us may know something
+about them.  At least we all can remember that
+famous histories, as well as other books, have
+helped to make this delightful, thrilling, difficult,
+very important world in which we live.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Now what books shall we take down from the
+shelves?
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Suppose we begin with a book written by
+someone you know,&mdash;Sir Walter Raleigh.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+When Sir Walter Raleigh came back from one
+of his sea expeditions, on which, after the fashion
+of the times in which he lived, he had been more
+or less of a buccaneer, he was put into prison in
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P181"></a>181}</span>
+the Tower of London on account of a political
+quarrel in which he was involved.  Time spent in
+prison seems very long, especially for a man like
+Raleigh.  So he began to write a <i>History of the
+World</i>.  He never finished it, but he got as far on
+as B.C. 130.  You can handle to-day one of the
+great books in which Raleigh's <i>History of the
+World</i> is printed; but very few people ever read it.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+But at the end of what Raleigh wrote of
+the <i>History of the World</i>, he penned a noble
+sentence which people have never forgotten.  Here
+it is:
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"O eloquent, just, and mightie Death! whom
+none could advise, thou hast perswaded; what
+none hath dared, thou hast done; and whom all
+the world hath flattered, thou only hast cast out of
+the world and despised.  Thou hast drawne
+together all the farre stretched greatnesse, all the
+pride, crueltie, and ambition of man, and covered
+it all over with these two narrow words, <i>Hic
+jacet</i>!"
+</p>
+
+<p>
+We know that there is, or perhaps we should
+say that there used to be, a sharp division between
+ancient and modern history.  One of the first
+writers to connect modern with ancient history
+was an Englishman whose name was Edward
+Gibbon.  He wrote a book called <i>The History of
+the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire</i>.  Do
+any of you happen to remember that in Dickens'
+novel, <i>Our Mutual Friend</i>, Mr. Boffin paid Silas
+Wegg to read aloud to him so that he might
+become a little better educated?  Mr. Boffin had
+chosen Gibbon's <i>Decline and Fall of the Roman
+Empire</i> for Silas Wegg to read to him.  It is a
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P182"></a>182}</span>
+remarkable book, and it made a great impression
+on the scholarship of the world.  Gibbon himself
+was a clever, but somewhat odd man.  He chose
+to live and write a good part of his time, not in his
+own country, but in Switzerland.  Gibbon is an
+international author.  Not only the people of his
+own country, but those of other countries as well,
+read his great work.  He lived in the eighteenth
+century, and he belonged to Dr. Johnson's club.
+We are going to hear something of Dr. Samuel
+Johnson in another chapter.  Certainly, we should
+take down Gibbon's history from the shelves, and
+look at it.  Some of you probably will read it later
+with interest and pleasure.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Lord Macaulay, who wrote <i>The Lays of Ancient
+Rome</i>, was an able historian.  He lived from 1800
+to 1859.  Gibbon had died six years before Macaulay
+was born.  Macaulay was a graduate of Cambridge,
+a lawyer and a writer.  He was a member
+of Parliament, and lived for several years in
+India, where he gave splendid governmental
+service.  His <i>History of England</i> is a famous book.
+When it was first published it was read with as
+much eagerness as if it had been a thrilling novel.
+It still charms a multitude of readers.  Take down
+the first volume of his <i>History of England</i> from
+the shelf, and read in the first chapter two
+paragraphs that speak of Cromwell and of the gallant
+bearing of Charles the First at his execution.
+Perhaps you may remember reading a story by
+Dumas which tells of the same event.  Anyone who
+cares for history will find delight in Macaulay's
+famous book.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Here is Napier's <i>History of the War in the
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P183"></a>183}</span>
+Peninsula</i>, in which you may read of the campaigns
+of Wellington.  If you will look at his preface
+you will find noble praise of Wellington's
+army.  Here are John Richard Green's <i>Short
+History of the English People</i>, and Miss Agnes
+Strickland's <i>Queens of England</i>.  Here are
+histories by Carlyle, and by Lecky, who was an
+Irishman, and many others, and here is John Lothrop
+Motley's <i>Rise of the Dutch Republic</i>.  Motley was
+an American, who, like many other historians,
+chose a favourite hero of whom to write.  His
+hero was William the Silent.  The last sentence of
+Motley's history reads: "As long as he lived he
+was the guiding-star of a whole brave nation, and
+when he died the little children cried in the
+streets."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+One of the first writers who made plain to the
+world the entrancing history of New France,
+which, as you know, is an earlier name for
+Canada, was the historian Francis Parkman.
+Parkman was born in Boston near the end of the
+eighteenth century.  He devoted himself to historical
+research, and wrote a long series of books, many
+of the names of which are familiar to you.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Some of the titles of these volumes written by
+Parkman are <i>Pioneers of France in the New
+World</i>, <i>The Jesuits in North America</i>, <i>The
+Discovery of the Great West</i>, <i>The Old Régime in
+Canada</i>, <i>Frontenac and New France Under Louis
+XIV</i>, and <i>The Conspiracy of Pontiac</i>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Parkman begins <i>The Conspiracy of Pontiac</i>,
+which he completed in 1851, with the paragraph
+quoted below.  It is interesting to note the great
+changes which have come about on this continent
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P184"></a>184}</span>
+since Parkman wrote this history, nearly eighty
+years ago.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"The Indian is a true child of the forest and the
+desert.  The wastes and solitudes of nature are
+his congenial home.  His haughty mind is imbued
+with the spirit of the wilderness, and the light of
+civilization falls on him with a blighting power.
+His unruly pride and untamed freedom are in
+harmony with the lonely mountains, cataracts and
+rivers among which he dwells; and primitive
+America, with her savage scenery and savage
+men, opens to the imagination a boundless world,
+unmatched in wild sublimity."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Biography sometimes is closely related to
+history.  When the life of a famous public man is
+written in such a way as to tell the story of how
+his actions have changed the history of his
+country, biography and history seem practically
+identical.  The story of Queen Elizabeth is, one may
+say, the story, or history, of England during her
+reign.  The same statement is partly true of the
+biography of Queen Victoria.  It is true also of
+the life of any great public man in any country.
+Books of biography are widely read in this
+twentieth century.  Most of the people you know read
+biographies.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+If we find the alcove in which are kept the newest
+books in the hall of history, we will discover
+on the shelves such volumes as Sir Sidney Lee's
+<i>Life of King Edward VII</i>, Mr. Lytton Strachey's
+<i>Queen Victoria</i>, his <i>Elisabeth and Essex</i>, and
+Mr. Philip Guedalla's <i>Life of Palmerston</i>.  These are
+all clearly written, easy to read, condensed rather
+than long drawn out, based on sound historical
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P185"></a>185}</span>
+research and so fascinating that thousands of
+people begin to read them as soon as they are
+published.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Here is a little book of history called <i>Gallipoli</i>,
+which was published in 1916.  It was written by a
+poet, John Masefield, and it tells the story of the
+Australians when they fought on the Gallipoli
+Peninsula in the Great War.  There are many
+notable histories of different campaigns in the
+War, but none surely will last longer than this
+small, noble book.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Now we know the names of a few histories by
+historians of English-speaking countries.  There
+are many other histories written by Italians,
+Frenchmen, Germans, and others.
+</p>
+
+<p><br></p>
+
+<p>
+Before we leave books of history, shall we look
+at a history of English literature, so that we may
+mark down for ourselves the names of the periods,
+or times, when some of the great writers lived?
+</p>
+
+<p>
+There was an Anglo-Saxon period before William
+the Conqueror came to England.  Poets and
+writers lived then, but only learned scholars read
+now the works they composed.  You are likely to
+read at some time of Beowulf, who is supposed to
+have written about 520, and of Cædmon, who is
+said to have been a servant at the monastery of
+Whitby under the Abbess Hilda.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The first great English poet, who was the master
+of a period of English poetry, was Chaucer.
+His work brings us to the fourteenth century.
+He had a number of less famous contemporaries.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Many of the old ballads were made probably in
+the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P186"></a>186}</span>
+Sir Thomas Malory wrote his book <i>Morte
+d'Arthur</i> in the fifteenth century.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The first book was printed in England by Caxton
+in 1477.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Elizabethan Age, as you know, is one of the
+most famous periods in English literature.  It is
+generally divided into an earlier and a later
+period.  Spenser belonged to the earlier time; and
+Shakespeare marked the later period, along with
+other notable writers.  The Elizabethan age is
+reckoned to have lasted longer than Elizabeth's
+reign, because writers still wrote in the same
+fashion and spirit.  The authorized translation
+of the Bible into English was written at this time.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In the time of the Commonwealth and later,
+when England was largely puritan, the great poet
+Milton lived, and John Bunyan, who wrote <i>The
+Pilgrim's Progress</i>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Dryden, a poet, belongs to the second part of
+the seventeenth century.  Pope, another poet, lived
+most of his life in the eighteenth century.  A
+number of novelists, Defoe, who wrote <i>Robinson
+Crusoe</i>, of an earlier date than the others, and
+Richardson, Fielding, Sterne, Smollett, all great
+novelists, come in the late seventeenth and earlier
+eighteenth centuries.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+A group of distinguished men, some of whom
+we will learn a little about in the next chapter,
+lived in the eighteenth century.  Their names
+are Johnson; Goldsmith; Burke, the statesman;
+Gibbon, the historian; Garrick, an actor; and
+Reynolds, the painter.  Swift, Addison, Steele,
+and other essayists, wrote earlier in the same
+century.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P187"></a>187}</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+You do not need to remember specially the
+various ages in which writers lived.  But we
+understand now that people often speak of periods
+in English literature; it is interesting to fit into
+their proper places great writers whose names we
+know.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Scott and Jane Austen belong to the end of the
+eighteenth and the beginning of the nineteenth
+century.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Dickens, Thackeray, and many others, lived and
+wrote in the nineteenth century, and are great
+Victorians.  Hardy is partly Victorian and partly
+Georgian.  Kipling and Barrie belong to the late
+nineteenth and early twentieth century.  We live
+now in the first half of the twentieth century.
+</p>
+
+<p><br><br><br></p>
+
+<p><a id="chap0627"></a></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum">{<a id="P188"></a>188}</span></p>
+
+<h3>
+CHAPTER XXVII
+<br><br>
+BOSWELL'S LIFE OF JOHNSON
+</h3>
+
+<p>
+A man called James Boswell, who lived in the
+eighteenth century, chose as his hero a
+celebrated personage whose name was
+Samuel Johnson.  Boswell was willing, indeed
+eager and determined, to go about with Johnson
+from place to place, to listen to what he said, and
+then to make notes of Johnson's conversation.
+Boswell was a devoted friend, and Johnson was
+worthy of his friendship, for he was a truly great
+man.  Boswell spared no pains to learn everything
+that he could of Johnson's youth, of his
+family and friends, of his work and character.  In
+this way, James Boswell prepared himself to
+write the life of Dr. Johnson.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Boswell's <i>Life of Johnson</i> is certainly one of
+the greatest biographies ever written.  Many
+people think that it is the greatest of all
+biographies, because it tells us with truth, fidelity
+and fullness what manner of man Dr. Johnson
+was.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+There are many odd things about Boswell's
+<i>Life of Johnson</i>.  One of the oddest is that Johnson
+did not like Scotland, or the people of Scotland,
+but Boswell was a Scot.  Johnson, who was
+outspoken in an extraordinary degree, and somewhat
+rough, rather what we call a bear of a man, was
+often rude to Boswell, who, perhaps, was not a
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P189"></a>189}</span>
+little tiresome.  But Boswell never minded what
+happened, or what was said, as long as he could
+be in Johnson's company.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Samuel Johnson's parents were very poor.  He
+was not even a strong boy, and was often ill.  One
+of the reasons why we admire Johnson is that he
+contended bravely with poverty and ill-health all
+his life.  He never put money first, or perhaps he
+might have been rich, in which case, possibly, we
+might never have heard of him.  He does not seem
+to have thought it any particular hardship to
+suffer from ill-health.  He does not talk, or write,
+of being ill.  What he did put first in his life was
+scholarship, work, friendship, companionship, and
+living in accordance with high principles.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+How do we know all this, and how can we be
+certain that it is true?  We know because we find
+Johnson's character in Boswell's <i>Life</i>.  No one
+can read this <i>Life of Johnson</i> by Boswell without
+being certain that Boswell took great pains to
+write what was true, and that he succeeded.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Johnson's father was a bookseller in a small
+way in the English city of Lichfield, where there is
+a beautiful cathedral, which some day you may
+see.  Both Johnson's father and mother did everything
+they could for their son.  It soon was evident
+at home and at school that the boy had an unusually
+fine intelligence.  He went to Oxford as a
+sizar.  This means that he had not enough money
+to live on, so he worked in the college to pay his
+way.  There were few opportunities then for
+students to earn money.  Samuel Johnson had a fine,
+sturdy self-respect.  He was poor, but he was not
+ashamed of being poor.  When someone, who knew
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P190"></a>190}</span>
+that his clothes were shabby, put a pair of boots
+outside his door, Johnson threw the boots out of
+the window.  He was not the kind of man to take
+help.  There is something comical about this story.
+We cannot help laughing, yet we like, and respect,
+the shabby student who was independent.  Johnson
+was not good-looking, and he had odd tricks of
+manner, but his mind and character impressed
+everyone.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+One day, when he was a famous man, he performed
+what he considered an act of penance in
+memory of his father.  His father, whose business
+was going very badly, had wanted him to stand
+beside a bookstall in Uttoxeter, near Lichfield, and
+sell any books that he could.  Johnson was not
+willing to do this.  Afterwards, he must have
+regretted his refusal keenly.  Many years later,
+when he visited Lichfield with friends, they missed
+him one day from breakfast till night.  Presently
+he drove up in a post chaise; and when they
+inquired urgently what he had been doing, he told
+them the story of how he had been unwilling to
+help his father.  To show his sorrow, he had gone
+to Uttoxeter and had stood, bareheaded, beside
+the bookstall from which his father used to sell
+books, for an hour at the busiest time of day.
+Perhaps some people might think it was an odd thing
+for him to do.  But only a great and humble spirit
+can inspire anyone to carry out such an action.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+After he left Oxford, he was a tutor.  But since
+his appearance and manner were both odd, he had
+difficulty in finding and keeping situations.  All
+the while he wanted to be a writer, and we may be
+sure that he practised writing.  He married, when
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P191"></a>191}</span>
+he was a comparatively young man, a widow much
+older than he was.  He was deeply attached to his
+wife.  After her death, years later, he never ceased
+to mourn for her, and he treasured every memory
+of their life together.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Long before this happened, however, Johnson
+had gone to London, and had become what is
+called a hack writer.  He earned very little by his
+writing.  These were early days in journalism,
+when newspaper writers suffered hardship,
+probably because the occupation was not yet fully
+established, and work was ill-paid.  Much has been
+written of this period among men of letters in
+London, and of the straits to which they were
+driven to keep alive.  It was out of such conditions
+as these that Johnson made himself famous, until
+every word he wrote, or spoke, carried weight,
+and he himself had greater authority among
+writers, and with his contemporaries, than,
+possibly, any other man of letters has ever had.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+You will find in an interesting novel, called
+<i>Midwinter</i>, written by John Buchan, a delightful
+account of Johnson when he was a tutor and later,
+before he had become famous.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Johnson wrote a great deal, but his Dictionary
+is often called his most famous work.  It took him
+years to complete the Dictionary, and the task
+required all his scholarship, together with much
+toil, carried on in poverty and privation.  When
+the Dictionary was finished, Johnson was a famous
+man.  It is likely that he enjoyed making his
+Dictionary.  The work suited his temperament.  One
+can imagine how he would choose the words, as if
+he were a judge or umpire, as indeed he was,
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P192"></a>192}</span>
+deciding that certain words were to be included,
+and refusing others.  Some of his definitions are
+amusing.  Dictionaries now are much more
+elaborate.  The science of words has grown greatly
+since Johnson's day.  But he was a pioneer in the
+making of a dictionary, and we greatly honour
+pioneers.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Then there was Dr. Johnson's club, which met
+at an eating house on a famous street in London
+named the Strand.  Great numbers of people visit
+the Cheshire Cheese every year because it is
+generally believed that Dr. Johnson and his friends
+used to dine there, and there carried on discussions,
+some of which no doubt Boswell duly reported
+in his biography.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+It is a wonderful achievement to have kept for
+the world so perfectly the looks, words, and
+characters of Dr. Johnson and his associates, many of
+whom were famous men.  But Dr. Johnson was the
+leader.  He it was who kept the club together;
+for, although he was arbitrary, odd, and
+sometimes brusque and rude, he was astonishingly
+companionable, affectionate, sincere and very
+able.  His conversation was weighty, full of pith
+and meaning.  It was a highly esteemed privilege
+to belong to Dr. Johnson's club.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The names of some of his associates are Garrick,
+the great actor, who came to London from
+Lichfield with Johnson; Goldsmith, who was a
+poet, and who wrote plays, as well as one wise and
+beautiful novel called <i>The Vicar of Wakefield</i>;
+Reynolds, the great painter, and others not as well
+known, and Boswell.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+If you will find a copy of Boswell's <i>Life of
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P193"></a>193}</span>
+Johnson</i>&mdash;remember, it is a large book, in four
+volumes&mdash;and turn to the index at the end, you
+will discover under the heading Johnson, His
+Character and Manners, numbers indicating the
+pages where are printed some stories that you will
+enjoy reading.  On pages 162 and 163 of the fourth
+volume, we read of his love for children, and his
+affection for Hodge, his cat, for whom he used to
+buy oysters.  Almost every page contains good
+reading, as, for instance, beginning at page 300,
+in the same volume, we may read of his conversation
+with a young man whom he thought presumptuous,
+followed immediately by an account of the
+plan of some of his friends to send him to Italy
+since he was ill, and of how greatly touched
+Johnson was by their kindness.  Boswell's <i>Life of
+Johnson</i> is one of the books which the world has
+enjoyed reading ever since it was written.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+And now we come to something about this
+biography that may seem curious.  If Boswell had
+tried to describe Dr. Johnson as being handsome,
+and polite, instead of unprepossessing and
+sometimes rude, he likely would have made him seem
+not nearly as great a man as Johnson really is.
+The biography would not have been a true picture
+of Dr. Johnson.  A true picture makes a far deeper
+impression than a picture which is not true; and
+this is one of the very most important things we
+can learn about a book.
+</p>
+
+<p><br><br><br></p>
+
+<p><a id="chap0628"></a></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum">{<a id="P194"></a>194}</span></p>
+
+<h3>
+CHAPTER XXVIII
+<br><br>
+READING FOR WHAT YOU WANT TO BE
+</h3>
+
+<p>
+Biography is not only interesting reading,
+it helps us to understand other people.  In
+this chapter we may discover that there are
+few better ways of finding out what kind of work
+we want to undertake than by reading biography.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+First of all, let us think of a very few famous
+biographies, such books as Plutarch's <i>Lives</i>,
+Boswell's <i>Johnson</i>, Lockhart's <i>Scott</i>, Forster's
+<i>Dickens</i>, Morley's <i>Life of Gladstone</i>, Churchill's <i>Lord
+Randolph Churchill</i>, Page's <i>Life and Letters</i>, Sir
+Sidney Lee's <i>Shakespeare</i>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Numberless people have read and used
+Plutarch's <i>Lives of Illustrious Men</i>.  We know that
+Shakespeare did.  If you will turn to the last life
+in Plutarch's book, the life of Brutus, you will
+find that Shakespeare must have used this
+biography of Brutus when he wrote the play <i>Julius
+Cæsar</i>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Now we may think of biography as a magic key
+that will help you to unlock the door behind which
+you may find what work you are going to do.  Let
+us ask ourselves what occupations these famous
+men followed whose lives appear in the list given
+above.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Johnson was a journalist, and an author, and
+he made a dictionary.  Scott was a lawyer, an
+officer of the Crown, and a novelist; one might
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P195"></a>195}</span>
+almost add that he was something of a farmer.
+You remember how he loved the land he owned at
+Abbotsford, and used to ride over it and talk
+with his men about their work.  Dickens was a
+reporter, a novelist, and, towards the end of his
+life, he gave public readings from his works.
+Gladstone was a statesman; he had great skill in
+finance; and on account of his associations at
+home, he had somewhat of the training of a
+business man.  He also was interested in the land.
+You may read in his biography how he used to
+employ himself cutting down trees, that needed
+to be felled, on his estate.  Lord Randolph
+Churchill was a statesman.  Page was an editor,
+and a diplomatist.  Shakespeare was an actor, the
+manager of a theatre, and a dramatist.  Already
+you know how to find in biography some
+knowledge of a good many different occupations.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+A great many of you will be farmers.  The
+well-being and health of the world depend directly on
+farming; and the life of a farmer and of a
+farmer's family may be happy, independent and
+wonderfully useful and interesting.  To learn
+about the life of a farmer, one must read other
+books as well as biography.  Three of the novels
+that we have enjoyed reading contain vivid, true
+pictures of the life of people who live on a farm.
+The first of these novels is Scott's <i>Guy Mannering</i>.
+You remember the farm called Charlies-hope,
+and Dandie Dinmont and his wife and children.
+Scott dearly loved and thoroughly understood
+country life, and there is no more charming
+picture in a book of the natural, happy life of the
+farmer and his wife and children than in this
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P196"></a>196}</span>
+novel by Scott.  The second novel is George
+Eliot's <i>Adam Bede</i>.  Mr. and Mrs. Poyser had
+much skill in their occupation.  It is interesting to
+discover how well Mrs. Poyser understands farming,
+especially dairy farming.  <i>Lorna Doone</i> is
+another novel about farm people.  A Scottish poet,
+Robert Burns, was the son of a tenant farmer, and
+was himself a ploughman and a farmer.  He has
+written much that is exquisite about country life.
+Ask someone to read aloud to you "The Cotter's
+Saturday Night", a wonderful picture of family
+affection and good living.  You may find some of
+the words hard to understand.  But whoever it is
+that reads the poem aloud to you will likely find
+the difficult words explained in a glossary.  These
+are all English and Scottish writers.  Hamlin
+Garland has written a good deal about the life of
+an American farmer, moving to new settlements,
+in his book called <i>A Son of the Middle Border</i>.  In
+Will Carleton's verse and James Whitcombe
+Riley's verse we find songs and stories of farm
+life.  Peter McArthur's books, <i>In Pastures Green</i>,
+<i>The Red Cow and Her Friends</i>, and <i>Around
+Home</i>, contain true, intimate, delightful pictures
+of farming in the older provinces of Canada.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+And so we see how interesting reading about
+occupations may be.  In the list that follows most
+of the books are biographies, lives of sailors,
+soldiers, architects, teachers, clergymen, business
+men, bankers, lawyers, actors, doctors, painters,
+craftsmen, journalists, nurses, musicians,
+explorers, scientists, workmen.  There are other books,
+as well, about animals, and plants, nature and
+country walks, flying, mountain climbing, inventions,
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P197"></a>197}</span>
+hobbies, and science, about some of the
+many wonderful pursuits in which you are interested
+already, or in which you will be interested
+soon.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+If you look in the list for the name of some
+particular book and do not find it, whether it is
+the name of a biography belonging to some
+occupation, or of a book telling about some recreation
+of which you want to learn, you may go to a
+library and ask for help in finding the book.  Or
+if you cannot go to the library, write to the
+librarian and ask him to tell you.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Some day you may make a list of your own
+favourite books.  No one person needs to read all
+the books named here, but boys and girls may
+choose from the list a few of the books they want
+to read.  In the case of birds, flowers, and the
+study of nature, each neighbourhood or district
+of country needs to be classified according to its
+latitude and longitude.  Birds, flowers and plants
+vary according to climate; look for their descriptions
+in books belonging to your own district of
+country.
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+  Life of Nelson                       Robert Southey
+  Sir John Franklin                    A. H. Markham
+  Life and Voyages of                  Washington Irving
+    Christopher Columbus
+  My Mystery Ships                     Gordon Campbell
+  There Go the Ships                   Archibald MacMechan
+  The Life of Marlborough              Viscount Wolseley
+  James Wolfe, Man and Soldier         W. T. Waugh
+  Life of Gordon                       Sir Wm. Francis Butler
+                                         (English Men of Action)
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P198"></a>198}</span>
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+  Life of Lord Kitchener               Sir George Arthur
+  Personal Memoirs                     U. S. Grant
+  Lee the American                     Gamaliel Bradford
+  Life of St. Francis                  St. Bonaventura (Everymans)
+  Life of Dean Stanley                 R. E. Prothero
+  Life of Alexander White,             G. F. Barber
+    D.D., of Free St.
+    George's Edinburgh
+  Phillips Brooks, 1835-1893           A. V. G. Allen
+  Margaret Ogilvy, by her son          J. M. Barrie
+  Bonnet and Shawl                     Philip Guedalla
+  The Life of Florence Nightingale     Sir E. T. Cook
+  Sister Dora                          M. Lonsdale
+  Life of Sophia Jex-Blake             Margaret Todd, M.D.
+  Mary Slessor of Calabar              W. P. Livingstone
+  In the House of My Pilgrimage        Lilian Faithfull, J.P.
+  The Heart of Ellen Terry             Ellen Terry
+  Louisa May Alcott, her               Ednah D. Cheney
+    life, letters and journals
+  The Life of Alice Freeman Palmer     G. H. Palmer
+  Life and Correspondence              A. P. Stanley
+    of Thomas Arnold
+  Life of Charles W. Eliot             E. H. Cotton
+  Life and Correspondence              Ernest Hartley Coleridge
+    of Lord Coleridge
+  Richard Burdon Haldane,
+    An Autobiography
+  Reminiscences of Sir                 Ed. by Richard Harris
+    Henry Hawkins
+  Life of Joseph H. Choate             E. S. Martin
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P199"></a>199}</span>
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+  A Memoir of Sir James                Prof. J. Duns, D.D.
+    Young Simpson
+  Lord Lister                          Sir Rickman J. Godlee
+  Life of Sir William Osler            H. W. Cushing
+  The Beloved Physician, Sir           R. McNair Wilson
+    James MacKenzie
+  Pierre Curie                         Marie Curie
+  Life and Letters of Charles          Francis Darwin
+    Robert Darwin
+  The Voyage of the Beagle             Charles Darwin (Everymans)
+  Life and Letters of Thomas           Leonard Huxley
+    Henry Huxley
+  The Life of Louis Pasteur            René Vallery-Radot
+  Autobiography                        Benjamin Franklin (Everymans)
+  From Immigrant to Inventor           Michael I. Pupin
+  Alexander Graham Bell                Catherine MacKenzie
+  Delane of The Times                  E. T. Cook
+  Life and Letters of E. L. Godkin     R. Ogden
+  Abraham Lincoln                      Lord Charnwood
+  Our Inheritance                      Stanley Baldwin
+  Memoirs of Sir John Alexander        Sir Joseph Pope
+    Macdonald
+  Sir Wilfrid Laurier and              J. S. Willison
+    the Liberal Party
+  Self-Help                            Samuel Smiles
+  The Rise of the House of             Count Corti
+    Rothschild
+  From Workhouse to Westminster,       George Haw
+    The Life of Will Crooks.
+  Sir Christopher Wren                 Sir Lawrence Weaver
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P200"></a>200}</span>
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+  Life of Michelangelo                 J. A. Symonds
+    Buonarroti
+  Valasquez                            R. A. M. Stevenson
+  Life of Sir Edward Burne-Jones       Lady Burne-Jones
+  Life of William Morris               J. W. Mackail
+  William de Morgan and his Wife       A. M. D. W. Stirling
+  Life of Purcell                      W. H. Cummings
+  Beethoven                            Romaine Holland
+  Life of Felix Mendelssohn            W. A. Lampadius
+    Bartholdy
+  Life of Sir Henry Irving             Austin Brereton
+  Empty Chairs                         Squire Bancroft
+  The Compleat Angler                  Isaak Walton (Everymans)
+  Natural History of Selborne          Gilbert White (Everymans)
+  Walden                               H. D. Thoreau (Everymans)
+  Afoot in England                     W. H. Hudson
+  Rambles of a Canadian                S. T. Wood
+    Naturalist
+  The Outline of Science               J. Arthur Thomson
+  Scenery of Scotland                  Sir Archibald Geikie
+  Elementary Geology                   A. P. Coleman
+  Introduction to Geology              W. B. Scott
+  Stories of Starland                  Mary Procter
+  Astronomy for Amateurs               C. Flammarion
+  Conquest of the Air                  C. L. M. Brown
+  14,000 Miles Through the Air         Sir Ross MacPherson Smith
+  Winged Warfare                       Col. W. A. Bishop, V.C.
+  The Ascent of Mount Everest          Sir Francis Younghusband
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P201"></a>201}</span>
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+  The Canadian Rockies                 A. P. Coleman
+  Handbook of Birds of                 Frank M. Chapman
+    Eastern North America
+  Field Book of American               F. Schuyler Mathews
+    Wild Flowers
+  Garden Cities of Tomorrow            E. Howard
+  A Book About Roses                   Dean Hole
+  The Little Garden                    Mrs. Francis King
+  The Canadian Garden                  Mrs. Annie L. Jack
+  The Boys' Own Book of                Morley Adams
+    Pets and Hobbies
+  Models to Make                       A. Duncan Stubbs
+  Model Airplanes                      Elmer Adam
+  Health, Strength and Happiness       C. W. Saleeby
+</pre>
+
+<p><br><br><br></p>
+
+<p><a id="chap0629"></a></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum">{<a id="P202"></a>202}</span></p>
+
+<h3>
+CHAPTER XXIX
+<br><br>
+TRAVEL AND DISCOVERY
+</h3>
+
+<p>
+Marco Polo, a famous traveller, was
+born in the City of Venice in 1254, eleven
+years before the birth of Dante.  Dante
+belonged to Florence: so Marco Polo and Dante
+both were Italians.  Marco Polo's father and
+uncle were trading merchants.  They travelled by
+ship and overland to sell their goods, and they
+were probably among the first Europeans to visit
+the kingdom of China, even yet a mysterious,
+strange part of the world to us.  When Marco was
+seventeen years old, his father and uncle took him
+with them on one of their expeditions.  He was
+away from Italy twenty-six years.  In that time,
+he saw many marvels, became a favourite of the
+great emperor Kublai Khan, and had more
+astonishing adventures, almost, than we can imagine.
+He came back safely to Italy, but was thrown into
+prison in Genoa; you remember that these cities
+of what is now Italy were often at war with one
+another.  When Marco Polo was in prison, he told
+some of his adventures to a fellow-prisoner, and
+this man induced Marco Polo to write a book.
+Polo dictated what he wished to say, and Rustician
+wrote it down.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Marco Polo's book, <i>The Travels of Marco Polo</i>,
+has had a considerable effect on the history of the
+world.  Columbus used to read it, and often quoted
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P203"></a>203}</span>
+what Marco Polo said.  It is likely, almost
+certain, that Polo's example and success helped to
+inspire Columbus to make his great voyage to the
+Western hemisphere.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+We can judge how interesting and delightful
+Marco Polo's book is from a brief extract which
+contains the description of a hill that the Emperor
+Kublai Khan had had made and planted with
+trees:
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"Moreover, on the north side of the Palace,
+about a bow-shot off, there is a hill which has been
+made by art from the earth dug out of the lake; it
+is a good hundred paces in height and a mile in
+compass.  This hill is entirely covered with trees
+that never lose their leaves, but remain ever
+green.  And I assure you that wherever a beautiful
+tree may exist, and the Emperor gets news of it,
+he sends for it and has it transported bodily with
+all its roots and the earth attached to them, and
+planted on that hill of his.  No matter how big
+the tree may be, he gets it carried by his
+elephants; and in this way he has got together the
+most beautiful collection of trees in all the world.
+And he has also caused the whole hill to be covered
+with the ore of azure, which is very green.  And
+thus not only are the trees all green, but the hill
+itself is all green likewise; and there is nothing
+to be seen on it that is not green."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Cook's <i>Voyages</i> is another famous book of
+exploration.  James Cook was born in 1728 and
+was the son of a farm labourer.  As a boy, he was
+apprenticed first to a shopkeeper, then to a
+shipowner.  He entered the King's service in 1755.
+The accounts of his voyages, or explorations, to
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P204"></a>204}</span>
+the North and West, South and East, in the days
+when comparatively little was known of the seas
+in which he sailed, are as interesting and exciting
+as a story.  His first expedition South was to
+observe the transit of Venus, when he was in
+command of the <i>Endeavour</i>.  On this expedition he
+visited New Zealand and Australia.  His next
+voyage, when he also visited the Pacific, was with
+the <i>Resolution</i> and the <i>Adventure</i>.  On his second
+expedition he discovered the Sandwich Islands.
+He sailed for nearly four thousand miles along
+the western coast of North America, searching
+for a north-west passage, on his third expedition.
+His ships were the <i>Resolution</i> and the <i>Discovery</i>.
+The <i>Discovery</i> is perhaps the best known
+ship in which Cook sailed.  The purpose of all his
+expeditions was largely scientific.  On his last
+voyage, Cook lost his life.  It has been said that
+his best memorial is the map of the Pacific.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Captain Cook wrote in a very simple, natural
+style.  Here is a description of some of the people
+he saw, on the way to the place which he named
+Poverty Bay.  We can almost imagine that we
+might have been on the ship with Captain Cook,
+or venturing ashore, not at all certain what the
+unknown inhabitants of unknown islands might
+not do to us.  The paragraph is taken from the
+account of his first expedition:
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"In the evening, the weather having become
+fair and moderate, the boats were again ordered
+out, and I landed, accompanied by Mr. Banks and
+Dr. Solander.  We were received with great
+expressions of friendship by the natives, who
+behaved with a scrupulous attention not to give
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P205"></a>205}</span>
+offence.  In particular, they took care not to
+appear in great bodies: one family, or the inhabitants
+of two or three houses only, were generally
+placed together, to the number of fifteen or
+twenty, consisting of men, women, and children.
+These little companies sat upon the ground, not
+advancing towards us, but inviting us to them, by
+a kind of beckon, moving one hand towards the
+breast.  We made them several little presents;
+and in our walk round the bay found two small
+streams of fresh water.  This convenience, and
+the friendly behaviour of the people, determined
+me to stay at least a day, that I might fill some of
+my empty casks, and give Mr. Banks an opportunity
+of examining the natural produce of the
+country."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Captain Cook and his people were often in
+danger from the anger of the strange tribes they met,
+but we can have only admiration for the gentle
+behaviour of the people whose home Cook visited
+on this occasion, as described in his account of
+the expedition.  There are many dramatic scenes
+in Cook's <i>Voyages</i>.  Captain Cook was not only
+brave, he had extraordinary perseverance.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Many of us find stories of travels, discoveries
+and explorations among the most interesting
+books in the world.  We travel, too, with the great
+explorers, by means of these books, and have a
+share in their dangers, escapes, and discoveries.
+Explorers are always courageous, and often men
+of noble character.  A few women have been noted
+explorers, but only a few, partly because
+travelling alone and in danger, is more difficult for a
+woman than for a man.  Miss Mary Kingsley is
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P206"></a>206}</span>
+one of these notable exceptions.  Here are the
+names of a few books of travel and discovery, old
+and new: <i>How I Found Livingstone in Central
+Africa</i>, by Henry M. Stanley; Sir Richard
+Burton's <i>Pilgrimage to Mecca</i>; <i>Travels in West
+Africa</i>, by Mary H. Kingsley; the <i>Journals</i> of
+Captain R. F. Scott, the explorer who reached the
+South Pole to find that the Danes, led by
+Amundsen, had been a few days before him, the account
+is often called <i>Scott's Last Expedition</i>, a very
+noble book; and a fascinating volume by
+T. E. Lawrence, <i>Revolt in the Desert</i>.  The discoverer
+of the Mississippi was La Salle.  We may read of
+him in Parkman.  Two books of early travels in
+Canada are Sir Alexander Mackenzie's <i>Voyages
+from Montreal Through the Continent of North
+America</i>, and Alexander Henry's <i>Travels and
+Adventures in Canada and the Indian Territories</i>.
+</p>
+
+<p><br><br><br></p>
+
+<p><a id="chap0730"></a></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum">{<a id="P207"></a>207}</span></p>
+
+<h2>
+PART VII
+<br><br>
+ESSAYS, CRITICISMS, LETTERS, DIARIES
+</h2>
+
+<p><br><br></p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P209"></a>209}</span>
+</p>
+
+<h3>
+CHAPTER XXX
+<br><br>
+CHARLES LAMB AND HAZLITT: ESSAYISTS AND CRITICS
+</h3>
+
+<p>
+Charles Lamb is a friend of yours whom
+you may not know yet; but, when you meet
+him, you will soon find yourself thinking of
+Charles Lamb as a friend.  He is one of the rare
+persons who attract and deserve everybody's
+love.  Charles Lamb lived all his life in London,
+where he was born; he went to a famous school,
+often called the Bluecoat School, because the boys
+were dressed after that fashion.  His first home
+was in the Temple.  "I was born and passed the
+first seven years of my life in the Temple.  Its
+church, its halls, its gardens, its fountain, its
+river, I had almost said&mdash;for in those young years
+what was this king of rivers to me but a stream
+that watered our pleasant places?&mdash;these are my
+oldest recollections."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+When he grew up he entered the service of the
+East India Company and worked there as a clerk
+all his working life.  The offices belonging to the
+East India Company were known as the South
+Sea House.  People think of this building with
+interest and affection, because Charles Lamb
+worked in it.  Besides being a clerk, he wrote in
+his leisure time a series of papers, or essays,
+which deal with many different subjects in a
+whimsical, gentle, beautiful style.  The manner
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P210"></a>210}</span>
+of writing which Lamb used expressed his nature
+and abilities perfectly.  His work is full of sweet
+laughter, great penetration, unselfishness, and
+nobility.  No wonder we love Charles Lamb.  The
+essays are known as <i>The Essays of Elia</i>.  Lamb
+is supposed to have taken Elia as a pen name
+from the name of a fellow-clerk in the South Sea
+House.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Only one sister and one brother out of a rather
+large family grew up to maturity with Charles
+Lamb.  This sister, whose name was Mary, suffered
+often from a serious illness, and her brother
+Charles devoted himself to her care.  Mary Lamb
+also was gifted and lovable.  Neither of them
+married.  Charles and Mary Lamb wrote together
+a book for young people, called <i>Tales from
+Shakespeare</i>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The history of the attachment between this
+brother and sister is one of the most beautiful
+stories we know of family affection.  Charles was
+a gay, happy person, chivalrous and tender-hearted.
+He loved jokes, but there were sad happenings
+in his life which he met with great courage.
+He stammered a little, but he was excellent
+company, and gathered about him many friends,
+themselves men of genius, such men as Coleridge
+and Wordsworth, both great poets; Hazlitt, who
+was a writer and critic; Crabb Robinson, Procter
+and Talfourd, whose tastes were the same as his
+own.  Charles Lamb lived from 1775 to 1834.  A
+great deal has been written about him; two
+especially delightful biographies of Lamb are those
+written by Canon Ainger and by Mr. E. V. Lucas.
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P211"></a>211}</span>
+One or other of these you should read when you
+have time.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+But, first of all, there are his essays.  You will
+soon discover that you have favourites among
+these essays.  It is likely that you will find much
+to your liking "Christ's Hospital Five-and-Thirty
+Years Ago"&mdash;-this is written about his old
+school&mdash;"Mrs. Battle's Opinions on Whist", "Mackery
+End, in Hertfordshire", "The Old Benchers of
+The Inner Temple", "Blakesmoor in H&mdash;shire",
+but above all "A Dissertation Upon Roast Pig",
+and "Dream Children".  You will enjoy almost
+any of Lamb's essays read aloud by someone who
+reads well.  But begin by reading "A Dissertation
+Upon Roast Pig" yourself, if you cannot find
+someone who will read it to you.  In this essay
+Charles Lamb is, of course, writing humorously,
+such amusing, whimsical humour.  It tells how a
+small Chinese boy, Bo-bo, discovered by accident
+that roasted meat tastes a great deal better than
+meat which has not been cooked at all.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Essays, or papers, are short articles which deal
+with one subject only.  They often, but not always,
+by reason of their style, tell us a great deal about
+the nature of the man or woman who has written
+the essay.  No one can read Lamb's essays without
+learning that the writer was lovable,
+tender-hearted and upright.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Another famous essayist is Francis Bacon, a
+very able man who lived as long ago as the reign
+of Queen Elizabeth.  His essays are famous; they
+are not as much concerned with the study of
+human nature as the essays of Charles Lamb, but
+are compact with learning, observation and
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P212"></a>212}</span>
+thought.  One of his best known and most likable
+essays is "On Gardens".
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Other famous essayists are: Addison, whose
+Sir Roger de Coverley you may know already;
+Steele; Swift; a great Frenchman, Montaigne,
+who lived in the sixteenth century and whose
+essays people generally read with pleasure when
+they are middle-aged or older; and Robert Louis
+Stevenson, who wrote <i>Treasure Island</i>.  Many of
+his essays are especially beautiful; read "The
+Lantern-Bearers" when you have an opportunity.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Essays, and books, often contain what is called
+criticism.  Criticism is an explanation, an
+appreciation, sometimes an analysis, of what has been
+written in poetry, verse, fiction, history,
+biography, and other published work; criticism deals
+as well with art and music.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+But we can understand better what criticism is
+if we read one or two extracts which have been
+written by critics.  Two of Lamb's friends,
+Coleridge and Hazlitt, were famous critics.  Lamb
+himself was one of the most discerning among
+English critics.  He did not always care for work
+which was really great, but when he did care for
+a great piece of work, no one had more perfect
+understanding than Charles Lamb.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+What follows is part of a paragraph written by
+Coleridge, a poet, of Shakespeare and Milton.  We
+feel an enthusiasm in what Coleridge has
+written which makes our own hearts glow.  This
+feeling of elevation and happiness, given to us
+through reading, is one of the tests of great work.
+</p>
+
+<p><br></p>
+
+<p>
+"What then shall we say? even this; that
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P213"></a>213}</span>
+Shakespeare, no mere child of nature; no <i>automaton</i>
+of genius; no passive vehicle of inspiration,
+possessed by the spirit, not possessing it;
+first studied patiently, meditated deeply,
+understood minutely, till knowledge, become habitual
+and intuitive, wedded itself to his habitual
+feelings, and at length gave birth to that stupendous
+power, by which he stands alone, with no equal
+or second in his own class; to that power which
+seated him on one of the two glory-smitten
+summits of the poetic mountain, with Milton as his
+compeer, not rival.  While the former darts
+himself forth, and passes into all the forms of
+human character and passion...; the other attracts
+all forms and things to himself, into the unity of
+his own ideal.  All things and modes of action
+shape themselves anew in the being of Milton;
+while Shakespeare becomes all things, yet for
+ever remaining himself."  Some of this we can
+understand.  Shakespeare and Milton both had
+great genius.  But Shakespeare understood all
+kinds of human beings and showed them as they
+really were.  Milton changed what he wrote
+about to be like himself.  What Shakespeare did,
+of course, is the greater work of the two.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+It is pleasant to read what the critic William
+Hazlitt wrote in praise of the essays of his friend
+Charles Lamb, not for friendship's sake merely,
+but because he loved and valued the essays.
+Notice, while Hazlitt seems to write easily and
+simply, he succeeds in explaining to us at the same
+time the charm and lasting quality of Charles
+Lamb as a writer.  It is a fine, brief example of
+one kind of criticism and of the work of a critic.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P214"></a>214}</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"With what a gusto Mr. Lamb describes the
+inns and courts of law, the Temple and Gray's
+Inn, as if he had been a student there for the last
+two hundred years, and had been as well
+acquainted with the person of Sir Francis Bacon as
+he is with his portrait or writings! ... He (Lamb)
+haunts Watling-street like a gentle spirit; ... and
+Christ's-Hospital still breathes the balmy breath
+of infancy in his description of it!  Whittington
+and his Cat are a fine hallucination for
+Mr. Lamb's historic Muse, and we believe he never
+heartily forgave a certain writer who took the
+subject of Guy Faux out of his hands.  The
+streets of London are his fairy-land, teeming with
+wonder, with life and interest to his retrospective
+glance, as it did to the eager eye of childhood;
+he has contrived to weave its tritest traditions
+into a bright and endless romance!"  The quotation
+from Coleridge is taken from his <i>Biographia
+Literaria</i>, and Hazlitt's writing from his book
+called <i>The Spirit of the Age and Lectures on
+English poets</i>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Other famous or eminent critics whose writings
+you may read some day are: Matthew Arnold, a
+poet as well as critic, whose father was the
+Dr. Arnold of Engby School that you have read about
+in <i>Tom Brown's School Days</i>; a Frenchman,
+Sainte-Beuve, one of the clearest, and most
+delightful of critical writers; another Frenchman,
+H. A. Taine; and a Dane, Georg Brandes, a
+learned writer, who was one of the first to show
+how close the connection is between one literature
+and another, especially in European literatures.
+</p>
+
+<p><br><br><br></p>
+
+<p><a id="chap0731"></a></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum">{<a id="P215"></a>215}</span></p>
+
+<h3>
+CHAPTER XXXI
+<br><br>
+LETTERS AND LETTER WRITERS:
+PEPYS AND OTHER DIARISTS
+</h3>
+
+<p>
+Cowper, the poet, who wrote <i>John Gilpin</i>,
+is a delightful letter writer.  He had a
+number of pets living with him, and these
+little friends of his, goldfinches, pigeons, a cat
+and a kitten, often make their appearance in
+Cowper's letters to his correspondents.  Part of one
+of his letters contains a description of the kitten.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"I have a kitten, the drollest of all creatures
+that ever wore a cat's skin.  Her gambols are
+not to be described, and would be incredible, if
+they could.  In point of size she is likely to be a
+kitten always, being extremely small of her age,
+but time, I suppose, that spoils everything, will
+make her also a cat.  You will see her, I hope,
+before that melancholy period shall arrive, for no
+wisdom that she may gain by experience and
+reflection hereafter will compensate the loss of her
+present hilarity.  She is dressed in a tortoise-shell
+suit, and I know that you will delight in
+her."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Sometimes Cowper used to write his letters in
+rhyme.  The paragraph that follows will make
+anyone who reads it feel like dancing:
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"I have heard before of a room with a floor
+laid upon springs, and such like things, with so
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P216"></a>216}</span>
+much art in every part, that when you went in
+you were forced to begin a minuet pace, with an
+air and a grace, swimming about, now in and now
+out, with a deal of state, in a figure of eight,
+without pipe, or string, or anything such thing; and
+now I have writ, in a rhyming fit, what will make
+you dance, and as you advance, will keep you still,
+though against your will, dancing away, alert and
+gay, till you come to an end of what I have penn'd,
+which that you may do, ere Madam and you are
+quite worn out with jigging about I take my leave,
+and here you receive a bow profound, down to
+the ground, from your humble me&mdash;W.C."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+It is surprising to learn how many books contain
+interesting letters, letters which are gay,
+amusing, witty, touching, affectionate, wise, and
+very skilfully written.  Some of the most famous
+letter writers you will know already from their
+books.  Others are famous wholly on account of
+their letters.  One of the latter is Madam de
+Sévigné, a charming, gifted Frenchwoman who lived
+in France as long ago as the seventeenth century.
+When her daughter married and left home, Madame
+de Sévigné, who was a devoted mother, used
+to write gay, fascinating letters to the child she
+loved.  She told of the happenings at court, or
+intrigues and politics, and of everyday, domestic
+affairs.  In this way, it has come about that
+although in her lifetime Madame de Sévigné's letters
+were comparatively little known, all the years
+since then her reputation for wit, wisdom and
+charm has been growing, until to-day the
+Marquise de Sévigné is regarded as one of the most
+brilliant and perfect letter writers, possibly the
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P217"></a>217}</span>
+most skilful and delightful letter writer that the
+world knows.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The following is part of one of her letters,
+translated from the French, which tells of the
+despair of a cook who could not get sufficient of
+what he considered proper food to serve to the
+King and his following, who were the guests of
+his master.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"I meant to tell you that the King arrived at
+Chantilly last evening.  He hunted the stag by
+moonlight, the lanterns were very brilliant; and
+altogether the evening, the supper, the play,&mdash;all
+went off marvellously well.....
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"The King arrived on Thursday evening, the
+promenade, the collation,&mdash;served on a lawn
+carpeted with jonquils&mdash;all was perfect.  At
+supper there were a few tables where the roast was
+wanting, on account of some guests whose arrival
+had not been expected.  This mortified Vatel,
+who said several times, 'My honour is gone: I
+can never survive this shame.'  He also said to
+Gourville, 'My head swims.  I have not slept for
+twelve nights.  Help me give the orders.'  Gourville
+encouraged him as well as he could....
+Gourville told M. le Prince, who went immediately to
+Vatel's room, and said to him, 'Vatel, everything
+is going on well.  Nothing could be finer than the
+King's supper.'  He replied, 'My lord, your
+goodness overwhelms me.  I know that the roast
+was missing at two tables.'  'Not at all,' said
+M. le Prince.  'Don't disturb yourself: everything is
+going on well.'  Midnight came; the fireworks,
+which cost sixteen thousand francs, did not
+succeed, on account of the fog.  At four o'clock in
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P218"></a>218}</span>
+the morning, Vatel, going through the chateau,
+found every one asleep.  He met a young steward,
+who had brought only two hampers of fish:
+he asked, 'Is that all?'&mdash;'Yes, Sir.'  The lad did
+not know that Vatel had sent to all the seaports.
+Vatel waited some time; the other purveyors did
+not arrive: his brain reeled; he believed no more
+fish could be had: and finding Gourville, he said,
+'My dear sir, I shall never survive this disgrace....'"
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The names of a number of English letter writers,
+whose letters most people find delightful,
+are: Jonathan Swift, Lady Mary Wortley-Montagu,
+Thomas Gray, Horace Walpole, Sir Walter
+Scott, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Charles Lamb,
+John Keats, Jane Welsh Carlyle, Edward
+Fitzgerald, Frances Anne Kemble, William
+Makepeace Thackeray, Charles Dickens, the
+Brownings, and Robert Louis Stevenson.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+We feel about journals and diaries in much the
+same way as we do about letters.  Such writings
+admit us to the intimate companionship of those
+whose words we read.  Journals and diaries,
+indeed, are more intimate than letters.  There are
+a number of remarkable English diarists:&mdash;John
+Evelyn, Fanny Burney, Charles Greville,
+Benjamin Haydon, Lord Shaftesbury and Thomas
+Moore, but the most famous of all is Samuel
+Pepys.  Pepys was an official at the Admiralty.
+He was born in 1632 and died in 1703.  During
+his lifetime, he was a much respected man, a good
+official, interested to a certain extent in art, music
+and writing.  But he scarcely would be remembered
+to-day if he had not kept a diary in which
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P219"></a>219}</span>
+he wrote every day for a number of years.  He
+wrote his diary in shorthand, a kind of cipher,
+and what he wrote filled six volumes.  These
+books are now kept in Magdalene College,
+Oxford, in the Pepysian Library.  They lay
+unnoticed at Magdalene for more than a hundred
+years.  Then part of the diary was deciphered,
+written out in longhand, and published in 1825.
+The complete edition of Pepys, by H. B  Wheatley,
+was not published until 1899.  And so the
+world has come to know Samuel Pepys from his
+diaries as well as it is possible to know anyone.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+When Pepys sat down to write in his diary at
+night he told all the little things he did, what he
+thought and how he felt.  It does not seem likely
+that he expected what he had written ever to be
+read by anyone, but wrote only for the pleasure
+of going over the day's events.  We come so
+close to Samuel Pepys when we read his diary
+that he seems almost to be living in the pages
+that we touch with our fingers.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Pepys was fond of fine foods and wine, and
+enjoyed giving dinners and entertaining.  But
+sometimes the entry in the diary contains no more
+than an account of an expedition like the following:
+... "took coach, it being about seven at night,
+and passed and saw the people walking with their
+wives and children to take the ayre, and we set
+out for home, the sun by and by going down, and
+we in the cool of the evening all the way with
+much pleasure home, talking and pleasing ourselves
+with the pleasure of this day's work....  Anon
+it grew dark, and as it grew dark we had the
+pleasure to see several glow-worms which was
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P220"></a>220}</span>
+mighty pretty."  This was on the way home from
+Epsom Downs, Sunday, July 14, 1667.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+One of the most lovable diaries is Sir Walter
+Scott's <i>Journal</i>.  He wrote it, like Pepys, for his
+own pleasure.  In the Journal we may enjoy the
+companionship of Sir Walter, who is so simple,
+unaffected and good that old and young will find
+themselves all equally welcome.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+There is one book that should be kept nearby
+for reference, so that we may use it when we need
+help with words.  This book, as you have guessed,
+is a dictionary.  The use of a dictionary which
+you will think of first, is for correct spelling.  To
+find out how to spell a word correctly is a good use
+to which to put a dictionary.  But it is by no
+means the only help that a dictionary can give
+us.  Perhaps you are fond of words, which may
+be beautiful, amusing, curious, interesting,
+startling, exquisitely appropriate, and by means of
+which we are able to express the finest shades of
+meaning.  If you do care for words, then in a
+little spare time, let us turn to a dictionary; any
+page of a dictionary will do.  Read what is
+printed on the page concerning four or five
+English words.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Notice carefully the different meanings for the
+same word.  Above all, read with attention the
+quotations which illustrate how these words may
+be used.  Standard and classic writers are the
+most helpful teachers when we wish to learn how
+to use words.  The English tongue is a noble
+language; it is one of our greatest possessions.  To
+use it correctly, skilfully, and with grace, is
+something that we can learn.  Other books which will
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P221"></a>221}</span>
+help us, besides a well-chosen dictionary of the
+English language, are dictionaries of synonyms,
+and such a book as Mr. H. W. Fowler's <i>Dictionary
+of Modern English Usage</i>, a recent publication
+by a scholar whose work is not only learned,
+but delightfully interesting and helpful because
+of its keen wit and enthusiasm.
+</p>
+
+<p><br><br><br></p>
+
+<p><a id="chap0832"></a></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum">{<a id="P223"></a>223}</span></p>
+
+<h2>
+PART VIII
+<br><br>
+POETRY
+</h2>
+
+<p><br><br></p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P225"></a>225}</span>
+</p>
+
+<h3>
+CHAPTER XXXII
+<br><br>
+POETRY AND BEAUTY
+</h3>
+
+<p>
+Let us gather in this chapter a few of the
+most beautiful lines in poetry.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The youngest of the great English poets
+is John Keats.  When he was little more than a
+boy, early in the nineteenth century, he wrote
+poetry.  One of his poems is called "Ode to a
+Nightingale".  Keats had been listening to the voice of
+the bird, which sings at night a song considered
+more beautiful than that of any other bird, and
+he began to imagine how often the nightingale
+had sung to people who lived long ago, and how
+often in far away, beautiful lands.  As he
+thought, he could see these other lands, where
+people lived in faery palaces, with open windows
+looking on the sea.  Keats' words, which we can
+read to-day, keep the song of the bird, and the
+picture of the countries where it sang, in perfect
+beauty.
+</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  Thou wast not born for death, immortal Bird!<br>
+  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;No hungry generations tread thee down;<br>
+  The voice I hear this passing night was heard<br>
+  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;In ancient days by emperor and clown:<br>
+  Perhaps the self-same song that found a path<br>
+  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Through the sad heart of Ruth, when, sick for home,<br>
+  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;She stood in tears amid the alien corn;<br>
+  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The same that oft-times hath<br>
+  Charm'd magic casements, opening on the foam<br>
+  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Of perilous seas, in faery lands forlorn.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p><br></p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P226"></a>226}</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Wordsworth, whose poetry at times may seem
+dull and uninspired, again and again has the
+power to write lines which have a beauty that is
+inexplicable.
+</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The rainbow comes and goes,<br>
+  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;And lovely is the rose;<br>
+  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The moon doth with delight<br>
+  Look round her when the heavens are bare;<br>
+  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;. . . . .<br>
+  Our birth is but a sleep and a forgetting:<br>
+  The Soul that rises with us, our life's Star,<br>
+  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Hath had elsewhere its setting,<br>
+  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;And cometh from afar;<br>
+  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;. . . . .<br>
+  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Hence, in a season of calm weather<br>
+  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Though inland far we be,<br>
+  Our souls have sight of that immortal sea<br>
+  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Which brought us hither,<br>
+  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Can in a moment travel thither,<br>
+  And see the children sport upon the shore,<br>
+  And hear the mighty waters rolling evermore.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p><br></p>
+
+<p>
+These lines are taken from Wordsworth's "Ode
+on Intimations of Immortality".  In another poem
+he describes a great mountain, Mont Blanc, which
+is snow-capped, so high that the sun when it rises
+shines on the mountain's summit long before the
+sun's rays reach the country below.  One line of
+seven words tells us how at night the mountain
+peak seems to be in the company of the moving
+stars:&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"Visited all night by troops of stars."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Shakespeare has many of these magic lines, but
+one which seems to have come from nowhere, and
+for which Shakespeare offers no explanation is:
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"Child Rowland to the dark tower came."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P227"></a>227}</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+We ask ourselves who Child Rowland was, and
+where was the dark tower.  Then, perhaps, we
+begin to weave a story about Child Rowland and
+the tower, for poetry often stirs in us something
+which makes us think and feel more intensely,
+and awakens in us the desire to create beauty
+ourselves.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+It was Thomas Nash, a poet living at the same
+time as Shakespeare, who wrote in his poem "In
+Time of Pestilence", lines which many other
+poets agree are among the most enthralling and
+beautiful ever written,&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  Brightness falls from the air;<br>
+  Queens have died young and fair;<br>
+  Dust hath closed Helen's eye;<br>
+</p>
+
+<p><br></p>
+
+<p>
+George Meredith, the novelist, who also was a
+poet, in his "Love in the Valley" has magical
+lines.
+</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  Lovely are the curves of the white owl sweeping<br>
+  Wavy in the dusk lit by one large star.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p><br></p>
+
+<p>
+Robert Louis Stevenson told the Irish poet,
+Mr. Yeats, that when he first read "Love in the
+Valley" he went about the country where he was
+shouting the lines for joy in them.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+And so we finally understand that this power
+of creating strange beauty which stirs and thrills
+us all may come to any poet, sometimes to great
+poets, sometimes to poets not so great.  Shakespeare
+and Nash had it, Keats and Wordsworth,
+Meredith who belongs almost to our own times,
+and a young poet of a later time even than
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P228"></a>228}</span>
+Meredith, James Elroy Flecker, in whose play
+<i>Hassan</i>, are many beautiful songs.  The last
+song is "The Golden Road to Samarkand".
+</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  We are the Pilgrims, master; we shall go<br>
+  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Always a little further: it may be<br>
+  Beyond that last blue mountain barred with snow<br>
+  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Across that angry or that glimmering sea,<br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  White on a throne or guarded in a cave<br>
+  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;There lives a prophet who can understand<br>
+  Why men are born: but surely we are brave,<br>
+  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Who take the Golden Road to Samarkand.<br>
+  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;. . . . . . . .<br>
+  We take the Golden Road to Samarkand.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p><br></p>
+
+<p>
+Coleridge, the Samuel Taylor Coleridge who
+was Charles Lamb's friend, wrote a story, a ballad,
+following the fashion of the old ballads, which
+he called "The Ancient Mariner".  You probably
+know this poem already.  But if you do not, find
+time to read it; or, possibly, someone may read
+parts of it to you.  "The Ancient Mariner" is a
+story of the sea, of wanderings, of shipwreck, of
+strange sights, of learning that we must love
+every thing, not only men and women, but birds
+and beasts, and then of the glad returning to the
+place which was the sailor's home:
+</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  And now there came both mist and snow,<br>
+  And it grew wondrous cold:<br>
+  And ice, mast-high, came floating by,<br>
+  As green as emerald.<br>
+  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;. . . . . . . .<br>
+  The Sun's rim dips; the stars rush out:<br>
+  At one stride comes the dark;<br>
+  With far-heard whisper, o'er the sea,<br>
+  Off shot the spectre-bark.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P229"></a>229}</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  The moving Moon went up the sky,<br>
+  And nowhere did abide;<br>
+  Softly she was going up,<br>
+  And a star or two beside&mdash;<br>
+  . . . . . . . .<br>
+  O dream of joy! is this indeed<br>
+  The lighthouse top I see?<br>
+  Is this the hill? is this the kirk?<br>
+  Is this mine own countree?<br>
+</p>
+
+<p><br></p>
+
+<p>
+No matter how familiar such lines may become,
+we should never forget to realize their beauty.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Ben Jonson, who lived in the seventeenth
+century, wrote, with other poems, a lyric, wise as
+well as beautiful, in which we may find life-long
+companionship.
+</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;It is not growing like a tree<br>
+  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;In bulk, doth make man better be;<br>
+  Or standing long an oak, three hundred year,<br>
+  To fall a log at last, dry, bald, and sere:<br>
+  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;A lily of a day<br>
+  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Is fairer far in May,<br>
+  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Although it fall and die that night;<br>
+  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;It was the plant and flower of light.<br>
+  In small proportions we just beauties see;<br>
+  And in short measures, life may perfect be.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p><br></p>
+
+<p>
+No one can change these lines and express the
+same idea as perfectly as Jonson has given it to
+us.  For great poetry has some magic power by
+which it conveys to us truth and beauty which
+we are not able to discover for ourselves.
+</p>
+
+<p><br><br><br></p>
+
+<p><a id="chap0833"></a></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum">{<a id="P230"></a>230}</span></p>
+
+<h3>
+CHAPTER XXXIII
+<br><br>
+POETRY AND TIME
+</h3>
+
+<p>
+It is good to know the names of the great
+English poets and the order of time in which
+they come; we may write out such a list for
+ourselves if we hope to enjoy poetry.  Many of
+you will find no difficulty in learning by heart the
+names of the poets, or in remembering the
+centuries to which they belong.  The question mark
+after the first date in the case of Chaucer and
+Spenser means that there is no exact record of
+the year in which either of these poets was born.
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+  Chaucer        1340 ? &mdash; 1400
+  Spenser,       1552 ? &mdash; 1599
+  Shakespeare,   1564   &mdash; 1616
+  Milton,        1608   &mdash; 1674
+  Dryden,        1631   &mdash; 1700
+  Pope,          1688   &mdash; 1744
+  Wordsworth,    1770   &mdash; 1850
+  Coleridge,     1772   &mdash; 1834
+  Byron,         1788   &mdash; 1824
+  Shelley,       1792   &mdash; 1822
+  Keats,         1795   &mdash; 1821
+  Tennyson,      1809   &mdash; 1892
+  Browning,      1812   &mdash; 1889
+</pre>
+
+<p><br></p>
+
+<p>
+We do not enjoy the work of all these poets
+equally; in any case, boys and girls, men and
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P231"></a>231}</span>
+women, have individual preferences.  Some
+people find greater enjoyment in the work of Byron
+than in the work, let us suppose, of Tennyson.
+Others greatly prefer Tennyson to Browning;
+and again these may not care for Byron.  But
+many people find delight in reading Browning's
+poetry.  Still, we should remember that all these
+writers are great poets, and that each has had
+power over his own generation and other
+generations as well.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Chaucer, as you know, is difficult to read
+because he lived so many hundreds of years ago,
+and the English language has changed considerably
+since the time when he wrote poetry.  The
+same may be said of Spenser, although in a less
+degree.  Dryden and Pope helped to perfect the
+style of English poetry, and this, possibly, is their
+outstanding claim to greatness.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+It may help us to know and enjoy poetry if we
+choose one or two of the poems written by these
+great poets.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+You may have found the work of Chaucer
+already, but it is the Prologue to the <i>Canterbury
+Tales</i> which most people, who read Chaucer at
+all, know best.  A little study will help us to
+read some of Chaucer's lines.  We know also of
+Spenser's <i>Faery Queen</i>, of Una and the Red
+Cross Knight.  Shakespeare lives as the master
+of English literature.  We have some knowledge
+of his plays, but we have not yet spoken of his
+sonnets.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+A sonnet is a poem of fourteen lines, usually
+divided into an octave&mdash;eight lines&mdash;and a
+sestet&mdash;six lines.  There are three varieties of the
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P232"></a>232}</span>
+sonnet form in English poetry.  That used by
+Shakespeare has three four-line stanzas, the first
+line in each stanza rhyming with the third, and the
+second line with the fourth; these stanzas are
+followed by a rhyming couplet.  Those of you who
+are specially interested in verse forms will find
+under the heading "technical terms", an
+interesting note on the sonnet in Mr. H. W. Fowler's
+<i>Dictionary of Modern English Usage</i>.  Some of
+the most beautiful short poems in the world have
+taken the form of the sonnet.  Read Shakespeare's
+sonnet beginning with the lines,&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  That time of year thou may'st in me behold<br>
+  When yellow leaves, or none, or few, do hang<br>
+  Upon those boughs which shake against the cold,<br>
+  Bare ruin'd choirs where late the sweet birds sang.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p><br></p>
+
+<p>
+See with what beauty Shakespeare clothes the
+bare branches of winter trees.  Many times in our
+lives, we will think with joy of Shakespeare's
+words when we look at the leafless boughs of
+trees and remember how the birds in summer
+sang in the leafy bowers like choristers in a choir.
+Shakespeare used nine words only to give us this
+joy.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Milton, who was a great poet, also wrote
+sonnets.  The best known of his sonnets was
+written on his own blindness.  It begins with the line,
+</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  When I consider how my light is spent.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="noindent">
+But the most loved poem by Milton is the "Hymn
+on the Morning of Christ's Nativity".  The
+beginning of the first stanza is as follows:
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P233"></a>233}</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  It was the Winter wilde,<br>
+  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;While the Heav'n-born-childe<br>
+  All meanly wrapt in the rude manger lies;<br>
+  Nature in aw to him,<br>
+  Had doff't her gawdy trim,<br>
+  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;With her great Master so to sympathize:<br>
+</p>
+
+<p><br></p>
+
+<p>
+Of Dryden, read part of "Alexander's Feast";
+and from Pope's work choose the gay, amusing
+poem called "The Rape of the Lock".  Wordsworth's
+sonnets are specially beautiful; we should
+read "Upon Westminster Bridge", and one other
+called "The World".  His longer poem, "Ode on
+Intimations of Immortality from Recollections of
+Early Childhood", will express for you how
+beautiful the world is in your eyes, perhaps more
+perfectly than the work of any other of the great
+poets.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Coleridge's poem, "Do You Ask What the Birds
+Say?" we should read; Byron's "She Walks in
+Beauty"; Shelley's "Ode to the West Wind", or
+his poem "To a Skylark"; Keats' "Eve of
+St. Agnes"; Tennyson's "Morte d'Arthur"; and
+Browning's "Saul".
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Listen to the music of the first lines belonging
+to the poems named in the last paragraph, if you
+still are not quite certain that there is delight in
+reading poetry.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Coleridge's poem begins:&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  Do you ask what the birds say?  The Sparrow, the Dove,<br>
+  The Linnet, and Thrush, say "I love and I love!"<br>
+  In the winter they're silent&mdash;the wind is so strong;<br>
+  What it says, I don't know, but it sings a loud song.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p><br></p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P234"></a>234}</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The first four lines of Bryon's poem, "She
+Walks in Beauty," are:&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  She walks in beauty, like the night<br>
+  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Of cloudless climes and starry skies;<br>
+  And all that's best of dark and bright<br>
+  Meet in her aspect and her eyes:&mdash;<br>
+</p>
+
+<p><br></p>
+
+<p>
+The first stanza of Shelley's "To a Skylark"
+is:&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Hail to thee, blithe spirit!<br>
+  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Bird thou never wert&mdash;<br>
+  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;That from heaven or near it<br>
+  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Pourest thy full heart<br>
+  In profuse strains of unpremeditated art.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p><br></p>
+
+<p>
+Even this one verse by Shelley gives us the
+feeling of rising high towards heaven with the bird
+and hearing his song.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The beginning of Keats' poem, "The Eve of
+St. Agnes", is one of the most beautiful and alluring
+openings in all poetry:&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  St. Agnes' Eve&mdash;Ah, bitter chill it was!<br>
+  The owl, for all his feathers, was a-cold;&mdash;<br>
+</p>
+
+<p><br></p>
+
+<p>
+Tennyson's "Morte d'Arthur" is a story of
+Arthur and the Round Table, and the great sword
+Excalibur.  Its opening lines read:&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  So all day long the noise of battle roll'd<br>
+  Among the mountains by the winter sea;&mdash;<br>
+</p>
+
+<p><br></p>
+
+<p>
+Browning's poems, "How They Brought the
+Good News from Ghent to Aix", "The Pied Piper
+of Hamelin", and "Hervé Riel", you are likely to
+know already.  "Saul" is a more difficult poem, but
+in it Browning shows his great power as a poet.
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P235"></a>235}</span>
+His love poetry, in such poems as "The Last Ride
+Together", and "One Word More", is considered
+Browning's finest work.  "Saul" is a story taken
+from the Bible.  David plays on his harp to Saul,
+who is ill.  He tries to find help for Saul in his
+despondency.  David finally tells Saul that God
+must be a man as well as God, so that He may help
+us all.
+</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  He who did most, shall bear most; the strongest shall<br>
+  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;stand the most weak.<br>
+  'Tis the weakness in strength, that I cry for! my flesh<br>
+  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;that I seek<br>
+  In the Godhead!  I seek and I find it.  O Saul, it shall be<br>
+  A Face like my face that receives thee; a man like to me,<br>
+  Thou shalt love and be loved by, forever: a Hand like<br>
+  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;this hand<br>
+  Shall throw open the gates of new life to thee!  See the<br>
+  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Christ stand!<br>
+</p>
+
+<p><br></p>
+
+<p>
+Do you remember how we discovered earlier in
+this book that time decides what is great in
+writing?  This is true of the work of poets.  We can
+see for ourselves how widely great poets differ
+in their work.  Some write sweet, simple, clear
+and lovely songs; others write poetry which is
+difficult to read and understand.  The simple, clear
+and lovely songs may last longer than the difficult
+poems.  But if the difficult poetry contains great
+meaning, it may last too.  A poet sometimes is
+great for the people of his own generation, but
+the ages that follow may not care for his work.
+Yet it may be that after a hundred years or so,
+people will love the poet's work again.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Is great poetry being written now!  It is difficult
+for anyone to answer this question with
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P236"></a>236}</span>
+certainty.  Some very lovely poetry has been
+written in this twentieth century, in the same way
+that beautiful verse has been written in the
+English language for hundreds of years.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Examples of this beautiful verse from Chaucer's
+time to the end of the nineteenth century,
+we may find in such books as Palgrave's <i>Golden
+Treasury of English Verse</i>; and <i>The Oxford Book
+of English Verse</i>, 1250-1900, edited by
+Mr. Quiller-Couch.  Several anthologies, called <i>Books of
+Georgian Poetry</i>, and others beside, contain
+poetry written in the twentieth century.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+There are many poets of whose work we have
+not spoken.  Some of their names you know
+already; some you will learn by and by.  These
+poets may have lived long ago, or no longer ago
+than last century, or they may be living to-day.
+Three outstanding names belonging to the
+Victorian Age are those of Matthew Arnold, Dante
+Gabriel Rossetti, and Charles Algernon
+Swinburne.  We should remember the names also of a
+group of women who have written poetry: Mrs. Browning,
+Christina Rossetti, Emily Brontë, and
+Emily Dickinson, who is an American poet.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Some modern poets are: Rudyard Kipling,
+Robert Bridges, W. B. Yeats, Rupert Brooke,
+James Elroy Flecker, Laurence Binyon, William
+Watson, George Russell, W. H. Davies, Walter de
+la Mare, Alice Meynell, Katherine Tynan,
+W. W. Gibson, John Masefield, James Stephens,
+Lascelles Abercrombie, Siegfried Sassoon, Ralph
+Hodgson, Edmund Blunden, and a sister and two
+brothers, three poets in one family, Edith, Osbert
+and Sacheverell Sitwell.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P237"></a>237}</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+For an ending we may quote a verse from a
+poem written by a modern poet, Mr. Walter de la
+Mare.  The name of the poem is "The Listeners":
+</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+  'Is there anybody there!' said the Traveller<br>
+  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Knocking on the moonlit door;<br>
+  And his horse in the silence champed the grasses<br>
+  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Of the forest's ferny floor;<br>
+  And a bird flew up out of the turret,<br>
+  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Above the Traveller's head:<br>
+  And he smote upon the door a second time;<br>
+  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'Is there anybody there?' he said.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p><br><br><br></p>
+
+<p><a id="chap0834"></a></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum">{<a id="P239"></a>239}</span></p>
+
+<h2>
+YOUR COUNTRY AND BOOKS
+</h2>
+
+<p><br><br></p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P241"></a>241}</span>
+</p>
+
+<h3>
+CHAPTER XXXIV
+<br>
+READING FOR YOUR OWN COUNTRY
+</h3>
+
+<p>
+&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<p class="t3">
+ENGLISH LITERATURE AND ITS BRANCHES
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Most of us, no matter where we may
+happen to live, are not far away from a
+newspaper office.  We may walk down a
+village street and stop at the door of a building
+where a newspaper is published, or we may drive
+in from the farm, and see a printing press
+through the open door of the same office.  Perhaps
+it is an old-fashioned printing establishment
+where type is still set by hand; good printing
+often is taken from hand-set type.  Or some of
+you may pass, day by day, a newspaper building
+in a town or city where the latest machinery is
+constantly at work on edition after edition of a
+daily newspaper.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+We know without being told that newspapers
+form one of the great channels of communication
+in the modern world.  To learn how to read a
+newspaper in the best way is something we can
+do for our own good, for the place in which
+we live, for the country round about, our own
+country and nation, and so on in ever-widening
+circles.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Newspapers possess a special fascination for
+almost everyone.  We like to look in through the
+windows of a newspaper building and see the
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P242"></a>242}</span>
+machinery moving rapidly.  It is exciting to watch
+the great sheets being folded and coming off the
+presses.  Perhaps you know a young man or
+woman who is a reporter; possibly some day you
+will be a reporter yourself.  It is worth spending
+time trying to understand all that a newspaper
+means.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+If we know anything about the way in which
+news is gathered, written, and printed, we know
+that sometimes news will be inaccurate, because
+newspaper work is done with speed.  The work
+of a daily newspaper is to provide its readers with
+the day's news, and this must be accomplished
+quickly, or it will be to-morrow before we know
+where we are.  It is the pride of a newspaper to
+publish correct news, as far as that is possible.
+But when we read a newspaper we must make
+allowance for the fact that some of the news is an
+estimate of what happened, rather than a statement
+of the absolutely true details of what has
+happened.  Yet it is astonishing, considering all
+the circumstances, how few mistakes there are in
+newspapers.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+We read newspapers to be well informed; to
+know how to relate ourselves to the life about us;
+and to find out what has happened that particularly
+concerns us in many different ways, as, for
+instance, in sports and games, schools and
+education, business and employment, about our
+neighbours and companions, politics and public affairs,
+even the hobbies in which we are interested, flower
+shows, cattle shows, sales of stamps, puzzles,
+jokes, wireless news, discoveries, inventions,
+explorations.  By reading a good newspaper in
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P243"></a>243}</span>
+the right way we keep in touch with current
+history.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+There are other periodical publications, besides
+daily newspapers, weeklies and many monthly
+magazines, each of which has its own use and
+purpose.  Some of these publications we may need to
+read, according to what our interests are.  These
+you can choose for yourselves, as you grow older.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+What is known as literature, writing of permanent
+value and beauty, not technical or scientific,
+but of general interest, as a rule finds its way
+into books.  The time has come now when we can
+consider for a moment how many different
+literatures there are in the world.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Some writers belonging to literatures of
+countries other than our own, by this time you can
+name for yourselves.  You know that there was a
+great Greek literature, a Latin literature, and
+Hebrew literature.  The first name that comes into
+your minds belonging to Greek literature is
+Homer.  Virgil was one of the great writers of
+Latin literature.  The Bible is Hebrew literature.
+Dante's work is found in Italian literature;
+Cervantes' in Spanish literature; Goethe's in
+German literature; Dumas' work and Victor
+Hugo's and the work of a number of other writers
+belong to French literature.  There are famous
+Russian novelists.  Hans Andersen was a Dane.
+Maeterlinck is a Belgian.  <i>The Arabian Nights</i>, in
+origins at least, takes us to countries as far away
+as China, India, Persia, and Egypt.  All these
+literatures come into our lives and into the lives
+of other people, and so we understand how famous
+books help to bind the world together.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P244"></a>244}</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+English literature is one of the great literatures
+of the world.  If it pleases us to do so, we can
+count that it begins in the times of the
+Anglo-Saxons.  Even if we take Chaucer as the first
+great name in English literature, this means that
+for six hundred years, famous, glorious books in
+poetry, story, drama, history, and other styles of
+composition, have been produced at intervals, but
+in an unbroken succession, in the literature which
+we can call our own.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+English literature, as you know, includes the
+work of English, Scottish and Irish writers.  If
+we think of English literature as a tree, one of its
+branches, which comes from the same root, is
+American literature.  Other branches of this tree
+are the literatures of Canada, Australia, South
+Africa, and the work of writers in India who
+publish their books in the English language, known
+as Anglo-Indian literature.  As you know, all these
+literatures, with the exception of American literature,
+belong to the nations of the British Empire.
+Kipling was thinking of the nations of the Empire
+when he called one of his books <i>The Five Nations</i>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Some day you may find out for yourselves how
+many names you can remember of writers belonging
+to English literature, then any you know
+belonging to the branch literatures of Canada,
+Australia, South Africa and Anglo-India, and to
+American literature.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+There are few lists in the world as splendid as
+the long roll of great writers in English literature.
+It is worth while learning the most famous
+names by heart.  Numbers of these writers you
+know already.  Many people find the greatest
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P245"></a>245}</span>
+enjoyment they have from books in English literature.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The names of some of the most distinguished
+American writers are Emerson, Thoreau, Mark
+Twain, Hawthorne, Herman Melville, Walt
+Whitman, Edgar Allan Poe, Fenimore Cooper,
+Longfellow, Parkman, Motley, and Washington Irving;
+many critics would add the name of Emily
+Dickinson.  There are a number of interesting books
+in which you can read of American literature.  A
+librarian will help you to choose one of them.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Names belonging to Australian and New Zealand
+literature are Henry Kingsley, Adam Lindsay
+Gordon, Kendall, Domett, Rolf Boldrewood,
+Lawson, Stephens, Louis Becke, Browne, Collins,
+Farjeon, Ada Cambridge, and Mrs. Campbell
+Praed.  Katherine Mansfield was born in New
+Zealand and the lady sometimes known as
+"Elizabeth", Countess Russell, in Australia.  You
+may find in a library articles on the writers of
+Australia and New Zealand.  Someone might read
+aloud to you from an anthology of Australian
+verse.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+South Africa has not had long to establish a
+literature.  One well-known South African name
+is that of Olive Schreiner.  Others are Pringle,
+Bell, Mrs. Millin, and a young poet, Roy
+Campbell.  A collection of English South African
+poetry is called <i>The Treasury of South African
+Poetry and Verse</i>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Many Canadians have written poetry and verse
+in which are true descriptions of nature and the
+spirit of nature in Canada.  Some Canadian poets'
+names you will have learned already: Roberts,
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P246"></a>246}</span>
+Carman, Lampman, Campbell, Scott, Isabella
+Valancy Crawford, Marjorie Pickthall,
+W. H. Drummond, whose habitant poems abound in
+humour and the delineation of character, two
+poets who served in the War, John McCrae and
+Bernard Trotter, Wilson MacDonald, and
+E. J. Pratt, a native of Newfoundland, the oldest
+dominion in the Empire.  Other names you will
+find mentioned in several good anthologies.
+Haliburton was a humorist.  The most widely read
+Canadian humorist of the present day is
+Mr. Stephen Leacock.  Joseph Howe was a writer, an
+orator and statesman.  The Golden Dog, by
+William Kirby, is a famous Canadian novel.  Other
+novel writers are Miss Lily Dougall, Mrs. Cotes,
+Miss Mazo de la Roche, Sir Gilbert Parker,
+"Ralph Connor", Norman Duncan, Miss
+L. M. Montgomery.  A number of writers of Canadian
+fiction are doing work to-day which may become
+eminent.  There are writers in French Canada,
+both of prose and poetry.  Canadian historians,
+English and French, have accomplished good
+work.  The two series, <i>Makers of Canada</i> and
+<i>Chronicles of Canada</i>, contain histories which are
+well worth reading.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Here is a list of readings from Canadian
+literature, chapters from a few novels, poems from
+books of poetry, short stories, two fairy tales,
+two speeches by Canadian statesmen, a short
+history.  These may guide you to books which you
+may enjoy.  In addition, we should read William
+Kirby's novel, <i>The Golden Dog</i>.  It is interesting
+to remember that Miss Pauline Johnson, whose
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P247"></a>247}</span>
+poetical gift was undoubted, was a Canadian
+Mohawk Indian.
+</p>
+
+<p class="hang">
+"How Rabbit Deceived Fox" and "Sparrow's Search for
+the Rain", from <i>Canadian Fairy Tales</i>, by Cyrus
+Macmillan.
+</p>
+
+<p class="hang">
+<i>Beautiful Joe</i>, by Marshall Saunders.
+</p>
+
+<p class="hang">
+"In the Big Haycart" and "Calling the Cows", from
+<i>Chez Nous</i>, by Adjutor Rivard, translated by W. H. Blake.
+</p>
+
+<p class="hang">
+"The Freedom of the Black-Faced Ram" from <i>The
+Watchers of the Trails</i>, by C. G. D. Roberts.
+</p>
+
+<p class="hang">
+"Privilege of the Limits" from <i>Old Man Savarin Stories</i>,
+by E. W. Thomson.
+</p>
+
+<p class="hang">
+"The Scarlet Hunter", from <i>Pierre and His People</i>; and
+<i>When Valmond Came to Pontiac</i>, by Sir Gilbert
+Parker.
+</p>
+
+<p class="hang">
+Chapter One, from <i>The Imperialist</i>, by Mrs. Cotes.
+</p>
+
+<p class="hang">
+"Aunt Thankful and Her Room", from <i>Wise Saws and
+Modern Instances</i>, Vol. II, Chap. 4, by Thomas
+Chandler Haliburton.
+</p>
+
+<p class="hang">
+"The Marine Excursion of the Knights of Pythias", from
+<i>Sunshine Sketches of a Little Town</i>, by Stephen
+Leacock.
+</p>
+
+<p class="hang">
+"O Love Builds on the Azure Sea", from <i>Malcolm's
+Katie</i>, by Isabella Valancy Crawford.
+</p>
+
+<p class="hang">
+"Where the Cattle Come to Drink" and "The Potato
+Harvest", from <i>Songs of the Common Day</i>, by
+C. G. D. Roberts.
+</p>
+
+<p class="hang">
+"The Frogs" and "Why Do You Call the Poet Lonely?"
+from <i>The Poems of Archibald Lampman</i>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="hang">
+"How One Winter Came in the Lake Region" and "How
+Spring Came", from <i>Lake Lyrics</i>, by W. W. Campbell.
+</p>
+
+<p class="hang">
+"The Ships of St. John" and "The Grave Tree", from
+<i>Poems</i>, by Bliss Carman.
+</p>
+
+<p class="hang">
+"Heart of Gold" and "Madame Tarte", from <i>Later
+Poems and New Villanelles</i>, by S. Frances Harrison.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P248"></a>248}</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="hang">
+"Elizabeth Speaks", and "A Legend of Christ's
+Nativity", from <i>Lundy's Lane and Other Poems</i>, by
+Duncan Campbell Scott.
+</p>
+
+<p class="hang">
+"The Habitant", "Little Bateese", "De Bell of Saint
+Michel", and "Little Lac Grenier", from <i>The
+Poetical Works</i> of W. H. Drummond.
+</p>
+
+<p class="hang">
+"The Song My Paddle Sings", from <i>Flint and Feather</i>,
+by E. Pauline Johnson.
+</p>
+
+<p class="hang">
+"Bega", "The Immortal", "The Shepherd Boy", from
+<i>The Complete Poems of Marjorie L. C. Pickthall</i>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="hang">
+"A Song of Better Understanding", from <i>The Song of
+The Prairie Land</i>, by Wilson MacDonald.
+</p>
+
+<p class="hang">
+"The Shark", from <i>Newfoundland Verse</i>, by E. J. Pratt.
+</p>
+
+<p class="hang">
+Speech in Hants, 1844, from <i>The Speeches and Public
+Letters of Joseph Howe</i>, Chap. X. ed. by J. A. Chisholm.
+</p>
+
+<p class="hang">
+"Political Liberalism", Quebec City, 1877, and "Death
+of Sir John Macdonald", House of Commons, 1891,
+<i>Speeches</i> by Sir Wilfrid Laurier.
+</p>
+
+<p class="hang">
+<i>A Canadian Manor and Its Seigneurs</i>, by George M. Wrong.
+</p>
+
+<p><br><br><br></p>
+
+<p><a id="chap09"></a></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum">{<a id="P249"></a>249}</span></p>
+
+<h3>
+AFTERWORD
+</h3>
+
+<p>
+The name of this chapter, Afterword, seems
+as if it were an ending.  But some endings
+in reality are beginnings.  We all know the
+look of a catalogue of seeds, with its brilliantly
+coloured flowers.  This book, which belongs to
+you, in one sense is like a seedsman's catalogue.
+The true delight of gardening is in choosing the
+seeds, digging, fertilizing and smoothing the
+garden till it is ready for sowing and planting.  Then
+we look forward to the first green leaves, flowers,
+and fruits.  There is an infinite deal to learn
+about gardens, and the seedsman's catalogue is
+only the beginning.  This book is the beginning
+of the voyage of discovery in the world of your
+own books.
+</p>
+
+<p><br></p>
+
+<p>
+Because we have spoken in the preceding chapters
+almost wholly of writers and books, we should
+take care not to place too much emphasis on
+writing as an occupation.  The world owes much to
+the writers of great books,&mdash;happiness, inspiration,
+enjoyment, wisdom which we may take from
+them if we will, learning, and at all times,
+unending entertainment.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+But how many other people there are in the
+world to whom we owe love and gratitude:
+soldiers, sailors, explorers, inventors, statesmen,
+law-givers, physicians, discoverers, scientists,
+preachers, teachers, evangelists, missionaries,
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P250"></a>250}</span>
+fathers, mothers, all the men and women who
+make our streets, build our houses, bake our
+bread, bring us food, make our clothes, sell us
+what we need, look after the finances of the world,
+manage our railways and run the trains, fly in
+airships, and of great importance in their
+occupation, men and women who grow food as farmers.
+Still, we dearly love good books and great
+writers.
+</p>
+
+<p><br></p>
+
+<p>
+No one should read all the time, for people are
+more important than books.  Yet it would be a
+pity for any boy or girl not to read at all.  Francis
+Bacon, the essayist, of whom we learned a very
+little in the chapter on essays and essayists, says
+in one of his writings: "Reading maketh a full
+man, conference a ready man, and writing an
+exact man."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Bacon means by the first part of this saying
+that a man who does not read at all is sometimes
+empty-minded, while a man who reads well has
+many thoughts in his mind, good, sweet and
+profitable.  If Bacon were in the world to-day, and
+noticed, as he would be certain to notice, for
+Bacon was a most observant man, how much time
+some people spend in reading, he might have
+added a sentence saying that continual reading
+may keep people from thinking.  Rightly used,
+books are an aid in teaching us how to think.
+</p>
+
+<p><br></p>
+
+<p>
+There are many books which have not been
+mentioned in these pages, some of them famous,
+many of them delightful, important or amusing.
+Some of these books you will find for yourselves
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P251"></a>251}</span>
+as time goes on; some you may know already.
+Perhaps you may have wondered why nothing has
+been said of this or that book.  But it is true that
+there is always an individual choice in books, as in
+other things.  You will find&mdash;and love&mdash;your own
+books, the books which belong to you.  To discover
+one's own books for one's self is a great
+adventure.
+</p>
+
+<p><br></p>
+
+<p>
+Some of you may be specially interested in
+French literature; and, presently, you will read
+the works of the great French dramatist Molière,
+one of whose characters is the famous Monsieur
+Jourdain, who had spoken prose all his life
+without knowing it.  Balzac and Flaubert are two
+other names among a multitude of French writers.
+The literatures of other countries offer us
+reading which many people enjoy greatly.
+</p>
+
+<p><br></p>
+
+<p>
+Numbers of fine books are continually being
+produced by writers in English.  English novels
+especially make good reading.  Among writers of
+a comparatively recent date who have not been
+mentioned are John Ruskin, Walter Pater, Henry
+James, an American, Anthony Trollope, William
+Morris, George Du Maurier, William de Morgan,
+and many others.  Certainly, if you can find time,
+read the witty, entertaining Irish stories of two
+ladies, E. OE. Somerville and Martin Ross,
+especially their first book, <i>Some Experiences of an
+Irish R. M.</i>
+</p>
+
+<p><br></p>
+
+<p>
+Then there are modern writers, writers of
+your own day.  Remember that a library is an
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P252"></a>252}</span>
+excellent place in which to obtain advice and help
+in reading, especially in choosing modern books.
+There are many modern novelists, critics, and
+dramatists, as well as poets, whose work is well
+known.  Some names are: Bernard Shaw, H. G. Wells,
+Arnold Bennett, Quiller-Couch, Max Beerbohm,
+John Galsworthy, Anthony Hope, W. W. Jacobs,
+Booth Tarkington, Willa Cather, Norman
+Douglas, H. M. Tomlinson, Clemence Dane,
+Virginia Woolf, George Moore, Hugh Walpole, May
+Sinclair, Mary Webb, E. M. Delafield,, James
+Stephens, Henry Williamson and J. C. Squire, as
+well as others whose names you will add to the
+list when you read their books.  Such writers as
+Katherine Mansfield and W. H. Hudson have left
+work which belongs to the present day, and may
+last for generations.
+</p>
+
+<p><br></p>
+
+<p>
+Great books are sometimes difficult to read, but
+when we conquer a great book we have discovered
+a new country, and enjoy the reward of the
+discoverer.  It is a matter of choice whether we learn
+how to read great books that are difficult; but to
+read well is always a good choice.
+</p>
+
+<p><br></p>
+
+<p>
+We should never forget, however, that one of
+the principles of good reading is to read books in
+which we find pleasure.  We will grow most
+successfully in this way along the lines of our own
+natural tastes and inclinations.  So if we prefer
+history, let us read history; and biography, if this
+reading gives us most pleasure.  In the same way,
+following each his or her own special preference,
+we may choose mechanics, invention, exploration,
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P253"></a>253}</span>
+travel, science, architecture, art, music, poetry,
+essays, criticism, or books which will help us in
+the study of human nature.  Books on the betterment
+of the world and on social conditions, books
+about homes and home life, are important.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Some people obtain most benefit from reading
+a very few books carefully, while others read
+many books.  There are people, often of great
+value to the world, who are not as much interested
+in books as they are in action.  They prefer
+travelling to reading of travels; and would choose to
+build a bridge, or climb a mountain, rather than
+read history or poetry.  The French have a
+proverb which says, <i>Chacun à son gôut</i>, which means
+each to his own taste; and this is true in books as
+it is in other things.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Do you remember the list of books in Chapter
+twenty-eight, on Reading for What You Want To
+Be, many of them biographies?  Some day, when
+you have an opportunity, ask permission to look
+over the books in the working library of some man
+or woman who is following the occupation with
+attracts you most.  We can learn a great deal from
+the attentive study of such a library.  Presently,
+you may begin to collect your own library.  The
+best way to do this is slowly, with taste,
+discrimination and care.  There is great enjoyment in
+buying, one by one, the books you care for most;
+and so, almost before you know what is happening,
+you will have a library of your own.  Which
+book would you choose first to buy for your own
+library?  Sometimes, in looking through the
+library of a friend, we may find the very first book
+bought by the owner of the library when he was a
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P254"></a>254}</span>
+boy, or when the owner was a girl, as the case
+may be.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+One of the pleasures of reading is to read
+according to times and seasons: To read books of
+out-of-doors on winter evenings, as well as books
+of adventure; to read poetry in summer, when we
+can spend much time under the sky.  But those
+who love poetry, read it all through the year.  We
+may read essays and biography when we are
+lonely and long for companionship.  Novels are
+constantly enjoyable; a good novel tells us much
+about human nature.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+One of the most beautiful seasons for reading
+is at Christmas time.  Year by year, we may read
+the story of the shepherds in Saint Luke, ballads
+of Christmas, <i>A Christmas Carol</i> by Charles
+Dickens, and Milton's great "Hymn on the
+Morning of Christ's Nativity".  Reading of this
+character deepens our happiness.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+By such means as these we come to recognize
+good reading, and can test all books by the great
+books we have read.
+</p>
+
+<p><br><br><br></p>
+
+<p><a id="chap10"></a></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum">{<a id="P255"></a>255}</span></p>
+
+<h3>
+INDEX
+</h3>
+
+<p><br></p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Abbess Hilda, <a href="#P185">185</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Abercrombie, Lascelles, <a href="#P236">236</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Achilles, <a href="#P86">86-7</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Adam Bede</i>, <a href="#P159">159</a>, <a href="#P196">196</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Addison, Joseph, <a href="#P186">186</a>, <a href="#P212">212</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Aeneid</i>, The, <a href="#P134">134</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Aesop, <a href="#P90">90-1</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Agamemnon, King, <a href="#P86">86</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Agrippa, King, <a href="#P168">168</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Ainger, Canon, <a href="#P210">210</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Aladdin, <a href="#P94">94</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Alcinous, <a href="#P88">88</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+"Alexander's Feast", <a href="#P233">233</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Ali Baba, <a href="#P94">94</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Alice in Wonderland</i>, <a href="#P97">97-9</a>, <a href="#P101">101</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Amiens, <a href="#P40">40</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+"Ancient Mariner, The", <a href="#P228">228-9</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Andersen, Hans, <a href="#P93">93</a>, <a href="#P243">243</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Anne of Austria, <a href="#P60">60</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Anne of Geierstein</i>, <a href="#P25">25</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Antony and Cleopatra</i>, <a href="#P44">44</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Antiquary, The</i>, <a href="#P25">25-6</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Antonio, <a href="#P35">35</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Aphrodite, <a href="#P85">85</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Apollo, <a href="#P86">86</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Apollyon, <a href="#P144">144</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Arabian Nights, The</i>, <a href="#P93">93</a>, <a href="#P243">243</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Aramis, <a href="#P60">60-1</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Arden, Mary, <a href="#P42">42</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Argonauts, The, <a href="#P88">88</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Ariel, <a href="#P36">36-7</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Arnold, Matthew, <a href="#P214">214</a>, <a href="#P246">246</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Around Home</i>, <a href="#P196">196</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Arthur, King, <a href="#P94">94-6</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>As You Like It</i>, <a href="#P43">43</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Athos, <a href="#P60">60-1</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Aunt Polly, <a href="#P81">81</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Austen, Jane, <a href="#P154">154-7</a>, <a href="#P187">187</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Aytoun, W. E., <a href="#P123">123</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p><br></p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Bacon, Francis, <a href="#P211">211</a>, <a href="#P250">250</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Bagheera, <a href="#P104">104</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Ballad of the Red Harlaw, <a href="#P27">27</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Ballads, <a href="#P65">65</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Baloo, <a href="#P104">104</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Balzac, Honoré, <a href="#P251">251</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Barnaby Rudge</i>, <a href="#P3">3</a>, <a href="#P7">7</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Barrie, James Matthew, <a href="#P107">107</a>, <a href="#P187">187</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Bates, Mrs. and Miss, <a href="#P155">155</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+"Battle of Otterbourne, The", <a href="#P112">112-4</a>, <a href="#P166">166</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Baucis, <a href="#P88">88</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Bayly, Harry, <a href="#P169">169</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Beatrice, <a href="#P133">133-5</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Beaufort, Duc de, <a href="#P61">61</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Beaumains, <a href="#P95">95</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Becke, Louis, <a href="#P245">245</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Beerbohm, Max, <a href="#P252">252</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Bell, <a href="#P245">245</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Bennet, Mr., <a href="#P155">155-6</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Bennett, Arnold, <a href="#P252">252</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Beowulf, <a href="#P185">185</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Berners, Lord, <a href="#P167">167</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Bernice, Queen, <a href="#P168">168</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Bible, The, <a href="#P48">48-56</a>, <a href="#P243">243</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Bible, Authorized Version, <a href="#P54">54</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Binyon, Laurence, <a href="#P236">236</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Biographia Literaria</i>, <a href="#P214">214</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Black Knight, The, <a href="#P24">24</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Blackmore, Richard Doddridge, <a href="#P70">70</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Black Panther, The, <a href="#P104">104</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Blake, William, <a href="#P18">18</a>, <a href="#P19">19</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Bleak House</i>, <a href="#P4">4</a>, <a href="#P8">8</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Blue Beard, <a href="#P92">92</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Blue Bird, The</i>, <a href="#P106">106</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Blunden, Edmund, <a href="#P236">236</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Boffin, Mr., <a href="#P8">8</a>, <a href="#P20">20</a>, <a href="#P181">181</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Boldrewood, Rolf, <a href="#P245">245</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Bones, Billy, <a href="#P64">64</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Books of Georgian Poetry</i>, <a href="#P236">236</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Borrow, George, <a href="#P76">76-8</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Boswell, James, <a href="#P188">188-93</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Bragelonne, Vicomte de, <a href="#P60">60</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Brandes, Georg, <a href="#P214">214</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Bride of Lammermoor, The</i>, <a href="#P25">25</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Bridges, Robert, <a href="#P236">236</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+British North America Act, <a href="#P178">178</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Brontë, Anne, <a href="#P160">160</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Brontë, Branwell, <a href="#P160">160</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Brontë, Charlotte, <a href="#P160">160-1</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Brontë, Emily, <a href="#P160">160-1</a>, <a href="#P236">236</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Brontë, Patrick, <a href="#P160">160</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Brooke, Rupert, <a href="#P236">236</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Browne, <a href="#P245">245</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Browning, Robert, <a href="#P218">218</a>, <a href="#P230">230</a>, <a href="#P233">233-5</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Browning, Mrs., <a href="#P218">218</a>, <a href="#P236">236</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Brutus, <a href="#P46">46</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Buchan, John, <a href="#P116">116</a>, <a href="#P191">191</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Bunyan, John, <a href="#P142">142-6</a>, <a href="#P186">186</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Burke, Edmund, <a href="#P175">175</a>, <a href="#P186">186</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Burney, Fanny, <a href="#P218">218</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Burns, Robert, <a href="#P196">196</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Burton, Sir Richard, <a href="#P206">206</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Butcher, S. H., <a href="#P88">88</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Byron, Lord, <a href="#P230">230</a>, <a href="#P233">233-4</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p><br></p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Caedmon, <a href="#P185">185</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Caliban, <a href="#P36">36</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Cambridge, Ada, <a href="#P245">245</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Campbell, Roy, <a href="#P245">245</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Canterbury Tales, The</i>, <a href="#P169">169-71</a>, <a href="#P231">231</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Carleton, Will, <a href="#P196">196</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Carlyle, Jane Welsh, <a href="#P218">218</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Carlyle, Thomas, <a href="#P183">183</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Carman, Bliss, <a href="#P246">246</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Caroline, Queen, <a href="#P27">27</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Carroll, Lewis, <a href="#P99">99</a>, <a href="#P101">101</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Cary, Rev. H. F., <a href="#P134">134</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Castlewood, Lady, <a href="#P149">149</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Cather, Willa, <a href="#P252">252</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Catriona</i>, <a href="#P65">65</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Caxton, <a href="#P94">94</a>, <a href="#P186">186</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Cedric, <a href="#P24">24</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Cervantes, <a href="#P136">136-9</a>, <a href="#P141">141</a>, <a href="#P157">157</a>, <a href="#P243">243</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Charles I, <a href="#P182">182</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Charpentier, Miss, <a href="#P30">30</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Chaucer, Geoffrey, <a href="#P44">44</a>, <a href="#P169">169-71</a>, <a href="#P185">185</a>, <a href="#P230">230-1</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+"Chevy Chase", <a href="#P112">112</a>, <a href="#P166">166</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Child Rowland, <a href="#P226">226-7</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Child's Garden of Verse, A</i>, <a href="#P65">65</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Chingachgook, <a href="#P80">80</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Christmas Carol, A</i>, <a href="#P4">4</a>, <a href="#P7">7</a>, <a href="#P13">13</a>, <a href="#P254">254</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Christian, <a href="#P142">142-6</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Christiana, <a href="#P146">146</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Christopher Robin, <a href="#P101">101</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Chronicles</i>, (Froissart), <a href="#P167">167-8</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Chronicles of Canada</i>, <a href="#P246">246</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Churchill, Lord Randolph, <a href="#P195">195</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Cinderella, <a href="#P92">92</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Clemens, Samuel, <a href="#P82">82</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Clio, <a href="#P172">172</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Cobden, Richard, <a href="#P176">176</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Cochrane, Lord, <a href="#P72">72</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Cockburn, Lord, <a href="#P32">32</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, <a href="#P210">210</a>, <a href="#P212">212-3</a>, <a href="#P218">218</a>, <a href="#P228">228-9</a>, <a href="#P230">230</a>, <a href="#P233">233</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Collins, <a href="#P245">245</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Columbus, Christopher, <a href="#P202">202</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Confederation Act, <a href="#P178">178</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Connor, Ralph, <a href="#P246">246</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Conspiracy of Pontiac, The</i>, <a href="#P183">183</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Cook, James, <a href="#P203">203-5</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Cooper, James Fenimore, <a href="#P78">78-80</a>, <a href="#P245">245</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Cotes, Mrs., <a href="#P246">246</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+"Cotter's Saturday Night, The", <a href="#P196">196</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Coverley, Sir Roger de, <a href="#P212">212</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Cowper, William, <a href="#P122">122</a>, <a href="#P215">215-6</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Cratchit, Bob, <a href="#P7">7</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Cratchits, The, <a href="#P17">17</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Crawford, Isabella Valancy, <a href="#P246">246</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Crawley, Rawdon, <a href="#P149">149</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Curly, <a href="#P107">107</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Cuttle, Captain, <a href="#P8">8</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Cymbeline</i>, <a href="#P44">44</a>, <a href="#P46">46</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p><br></p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Dale, Laetitia, <a href="#P150">150</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Dan, <a href="#P105">105</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Dana, Richard Henry, <a href="#P73">73</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Dandie Dinmont, <a href="#P195">195</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Dane, Clemence, <a href="#P252">252</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Daniel Deronda</i>, <a href="#P160">160</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Dante, <a href="#P133">133-6</a>, <a href="#P141">141</a>, <a href="#P202">202</a>, <a href="#P243">243</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Darling, John, <a href="#P107">107</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Darling, Michael, <a href="#P107">107</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Darling, Wendy, <a href="#P107">107</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+d'Artagnan, <a href="#P59">59-61</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>David Balfour</i>, <a href="#P65">65</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>David Copperfield</i>, <a href="#P3">3</a>, <a href="#P6">6</a>, <a href="#P7">7</a>, <a href="#P9">9</a>, <a href="#P13">13</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Davies, W. H., <a href="#P236">236</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Deans, Jeanie, <a href="#P25">25</a>, <a href="#P27">27</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Debits and Credits</i>, <a href="#P157">157</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Defoe, Daniel, <a href="#P68">68-70</a>, <a href="#P186">186</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Delafield, E. M., <a href="#P252">252</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+de la Mare, Walter, <a href="#P236">236-7</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+de la Roche, Mazo, <a href="#P246">246</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+de Morgan, William, <a href="#P251">251</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Dhu, Sir Roderick, <a href="#P118">118-9</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Diana of the Crossways</i>, <a href="#P150">150-1</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Dickens, Charles, <a href="#P3">3-20</a>, <a href="#P171">171-2</a>, <a href="#P187">187</a>, <a href="#P195">195</a>, <a href="#P218">218</a>, <a href="#P254">254</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Dickinson, Emily, <a href="#P236">236</a>, <a href="#P245">245</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Dictionary of Modern English Usage</i>, <a href="#P221">221</a>, <a href="#P232">232</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Discovery of the Great West</i>, <a href="#P183">183</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Divine Comedy, The</i>, <a href="#P133">133-6</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Djali, <a href="#P63">63</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Dobbin, Major, <a href="#P149">149</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Dodgson, Charles Lutwidge, <a href="#P99">99</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Dombey and Son</i>, <a href="#P4">4</a>, <a href="#P7">7</a>, <a href="#P8">8</a>, <a href="#P14">14</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Dombey, Florence, <a href="#P7">7-8</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Dombey, Paul, <a href="#P8">8</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Domett, <a href="#P245">245</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Don Quixote, <a href="#P136">136-9</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Doone, Carver, <a href="#P71">71</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Dorritt, Mr., <a href="#P14">14</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Dougall, Lily, <a href="#P246">246</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Douglas, Ellen, <a href="#P118">118-9</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Douglas, Earl of, <a href="#P113">113</a>, <a href="#P118">118</a>, <a href="#P167">167</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Douglas, Norman, <a href="#P252">252</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+"Do You Ask What the Birds Say?", <a href="#P233">233</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Dulcinea, <a href="#P137">137</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Dumas, Alexandre, <a href="#P59">59-62</a>, <a href="#P243">243</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Du Maurier, George, <a href="#P251">251</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Duncan, Norman, <a href="#P246">246</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Dundonald, Earl of, <a href="#P72">72</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Drake, Sir Francis, <a href="#P105">105</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde</i>, <a href="#P66">66</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Drummond, W. H., <a href="#P246">246</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Dryden, John, <a href="#P186">186</a>, <a href="#P230">230-1</a>, <a href="#P233">233</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Dynasts, The</i>, <a href="#P153">153</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p><br></p>
+
+<p class="index">
+"Edinburgh After Flodden", <a href="#P123">123</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Edward III, <a href="#P167">167</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Edwin Drood</i>, <a href="#P4">4</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Egoist, The</i>, <a href="#P150">150-1</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Eliot, George, <a href="#P196">196</a>, <a href="#P157">157-60</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Elizabeth, Queen, <a href="#P23">23</a>, <a href="#P184">184</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+"Elizabeth", <a href="#P245">245</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Elizabeth and Essex</i>, <a href="#P184">184</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Emerson, Ralph Waldo, <a href="#P245">245</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Emma</i>, <a href="#P154">154-6</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Esmeralda, <a href="#P63">63</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Esmond</i>, <a href="#P149">149</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Esmond, Beatrix, <a href="#P149">149</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Essays of Elia, The</i>, <a href="#P210">210</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Evangelist, <a href="#P142">142</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Evans, Mary Ann, <a href="#P159">159</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Evelyn, John, <a href="#P218">218</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+"Eve of St. Agnes, The", <a href="#P233">233-4</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p><br></p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Faery Queen, The</i>, <a href="#P139">139-41</a>, <a href="#P231">231</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Faggis, Tom, <a href="#P71">71</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Fair Maid of Perth, The</i>, <a href="#P25">25</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Fairservice, Andrew, <a href="#P22">22</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Faithful, <a href="#P143">143-4</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Farjeon, <a href="#P245">245</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Faust</i>, <a href="#P141">141</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Feenix, Cousin, <a href="#P8">8</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Felix Holt</i>, <a href="#P160">160</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Festus, <a href="#P168">168</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Fielding, Henry, <a href="#P157">157</a>, <a href="#P186">186</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Fitzgerald, Edward, <a href="#P218">218</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Fitz-James, James, <a href="#P118">118-9</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Five Nations, The</i>, <a href="#P244">244</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Flaubert, Gustave, <a href="#P251">251</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Flecker, James Elroy, <a href="#P228">228</a>, <a href="#P236">236</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Flibbertigibbet, <a href="#P23">23</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Forster, John, <a href="#P10">10</a>, <a href="#P194">194</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Fortunes of Nigel, The</i>, <a href="#P25">25</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Foster, Anthony, <a href="#P23">23</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Foster, Janet, <a href="#P23">23</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Fowler, H. W., <a href="#P232">232</a>, <a href="#P221">221</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Friday, <a href="#P69">69</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Froissart, Sir John, <a href="#P167">167-8</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Frollo, Claude, <a href="#P63">63</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Frontenac and New France Under Louis XIV</i>, <a href="#P183">183</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p><br></p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Galland, Antoine, <a href="#P93">93</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Gallipoli</i>, <a href="#P185">185</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Galsworthy, John, <a href="#P252">252</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Gamp, Sairey, <a href="#P7">7</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Gareth of Orkney, <a href="#P95">95</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Garland, Hamlin, <a href="#P196">196</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Garrick, David, <a href="#P186">186</a>, <a href="#P192">192</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Genesis, <a href="#P48">48</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Giant Despair, <a href="#P144">144</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Gibbon, Edward, <a href="#P181">181</a>, <a href="#P186">186</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Gibson, W. W., <a href="#P236">236</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Gilpin, John, <a href="#P122">122-3</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Gitche Manito, <a href="#P126">126</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Gladstone, William Ewart, <a href="#P195">195</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Goethe, <a href="#P141">141</a>, <a href="#P243">243</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Golden Age, The</i>, <a href="#P99">99-100</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Golden Dog, The</i>, <a href="#P74">74</a>, <a href="#P246">246</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+"Golden Road to Samarkand, The", <a href="#P228">228</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Golden Treasury of English Verse</i>, <a href="#P236">236</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Goldsmith, Oliver, <a href="#P186">186</a>, <a href="#P192">192</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Gonzalo, <a href="#P35">35-7</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Gordon, Adam Lindsay, <a href="#P245">245</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Graeme, Malcolm, <a href="#P119">119</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Grahame, Kenneth, <a href="#P99">99-100</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Gray, Thomas, <a href="#P218">218</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Great Charter, The, <a href="#P177">177</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Great Expectations</i>, <a href="#P8">8</a>, <a href="#P4">4</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Great-heart, Mr., <a href="#P146">146</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Green, John Richard, <a href="#P183">183</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Greville, Charles, <a href="#P218">218</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Grimm, Jacob and William, <a href="#P92">92</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Gringoire, Pierre, <a href="#P63">63</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Gudule, <a href="#P63">63</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Guedalla, Philip, <a href="#P184">184</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Gummidge, Mrs., <a href="#P7">7</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Gurth, <a href="#P24">24</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Guy Mannering</i>, <a href="#P195">195</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p><br></p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Hall, John, <a href="#P42">42</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Hamlet</i>, <a href="#P43">43-5</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Hardy, Thomas, <a href="#P147">147</a>, <a href="#P151">151-3</a>, <a href="#P187">187</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Hassan</i>, <a href="#P228">228</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Hathaway, Anne, <a href="#P42">42</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Hathi, <a href="#P104">104</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Hawk-eye, <a href="#P80">80</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Hawkins, Jim, <a href="#P64">64</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Hawthorne, Nathaniel, <a href="#P88">88</a>, <a href="#P245">245</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Haydon, Benjamin, <a href="#P218">218</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Hazlitt, William, <a href="#P43">43</a>, <a href="#P210">210</a>, <a href="#P212">212-4</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Heart of Mid-Lothian, The</i>, <a href="#P25">25</a>, <a href="#P27">27</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Hector, <a href="#P86">86</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Heep, Uriah, <a href="#P7">7</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Help, <a href="#P142">142</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Heming, Arthur, <a href="#P82">82</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Henry VIII, <a href="#P167">167</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Henry, Alexander, <a href="#P206">206</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Hephaistos, <a href="#P86">86-7</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Hereward the Wake</i>, <a href="#P71">71</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Herodotus, <a href="#P166">166</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Heroes, The</i>, <a href="#P88">88-9</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Heron, Sir Hugh, <a href="#P120">120</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+"Hervé Riel", <a href="#P234">234</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Hexam, Lizzie, <a href="#P8">8</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Hiawatha, The Song of</i>, <a href="#P125">125-8</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Higden, Mrs. Betty, <a href="#P8">8</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>History of England</i>, (Macaulay), <a href="#P123">123</a>, <a href="#P182">182</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire</i>, (Gibbon), <a href="#P181">181</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>History of the War in the Peninsula</i>, (Napier), <a href="#P183">183</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>History of the World</i>, (Raleigh), <a href="#P181">181</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Hodgson, Ralph, <a href="#P236">236</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Hogarth, Catherine, <a href="#P12">12</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Hogarth, George, <a href="#P12">12</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Hogg, James, <a href="#P108">108</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Holinshed's Chronicles, <a href="#P44">44</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Homer, <a href="#P85">85-8</a>, <a href="#P141">141</a>, <a href="#P243">243</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Hook, Captain, <a href="#P107">107</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Hope, Anthony, <a href="#P252">252</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Hopeful, <a href="#P144">144</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>House at Pooh Corner, The</i>, <a href="#P101">101</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>How I found Livingstone in Central Africa</i>, <a href="#P206">206</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+"How They Brought the Good News from Ghent to Aix," <a href="#P234">234</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Howe, Joseph, <a href="#P246">246</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Huckleberry Finn</i>, <a href="#P80">80-2</a>, <a href="#P100">100</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Hudson, W. H., <a href="#P252">252</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Hugo, Victor, <a href="#P62">62-4</a>, <a href="#P243">243</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+"Hymn on the Morning of Christ's Nativity", (Milton), <a href="#P232">232</a>, <a href="#P254">254</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p><br></p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Iagoo, <a href="#P126">126</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Iliad, The</i>, <a href="#P85">85-7</a>, <a href="#P89">89</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>In Pastures Green</i>, <a href="#P196">196</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+"In Time of Pestilence", <a href="#P227">227</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Irving, Washington, <a href="#P33">33</a>, <a href="#P101">101</a>, <a href="#P245">245</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Isaac of York, <a href="#P24">24</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Ivanhoe</i>, <a href="#P23">23-5</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p><br></p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Jack the Giant Killer, <a href="#P92">92</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Jacobs, W. W., <a href="#P252">252</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+James, Henry, <a href="#P251">251</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+James II, <a href="#P70">70</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+James V of Scotland, <a href="#P118">118</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Jane Eyre</i>, <a href="#P160">160-1</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Jarvie, Bailie Nicol, <a href="#P22">22</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Jellyby, Caddy, <a href="#P8">8</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Jesuits in North America, The</i>, <a href="#P183">183</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Jim, <a href="#P81">81</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+John, King of England, <a href="#P24">24</a>, <a href="#P177">177</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Johnson, Pauline, <a href="#P246">246</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Johnson, Samuel, <a href="#P182">182</a>, <a href="#P186">186</a>, <a href="#P188">188-93</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Jonson, Ben, <a href="#P229">229</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Jourdain, Monsieur, <a href="#P251">251</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Julius Caesar</i>, <a href="#P39">39</a>, <a href="#P43">43</a>, <a href="#P46">46</a>, <a href="#P194">194</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Jungle Book, The</i>, <a href="#P103">103-4</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Just So Stories</i>, <a href="#P105">105</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p><br></p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Kay, Sir, <a href="#P95">95</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Keats, John, <a href="#P218">218</a>, <a href="#P225">225</a>, <a href="#P230">230</a>, <a href="#P233">233-4</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Kemble, Frances Anne, <a href="#P218">218</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Kendall, <a href="#P245">245</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Kenilworth</i>, <a href="#P23">23-25</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Kidnapped</i>, <a href="#P65">65</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+"Kilmeny", <a href="#P108">108</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Kim</i>, <a href="#P82">82</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>King Henry V</i>, <a href="#P171">171</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>King Lear</i>, <a href="#P44">44</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>King Richard II</i>, <a href="#P43">43</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Kingsley, Charles, <a href="#P71">71</a>, <a href="#P88">88</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Kingsley, Henry, <a href="#P245">245</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Kingsley, Mary, <a href="#P205">205-6</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Kipling, John Lockwood, <a href="#P103">103</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Kipling, Rudyard, <a href="#P82">82</a>, <a href="#P103">103-6</a>, <a href="#P157">157</a>, <a href="#P187">187</a>, <a href="#P236">236</a>, <a href="#P244">244</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Kirby, William, <a href="#P74">74</a>, <a href="#P246">246</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Knightley, Mr. <a href="#P155">155</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Knights of the Round Table, <a href="#P94">94-6</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Kublai Khan, <a href="#P202">202-3</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p><br></p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Lady Lionesse, <a href="#P96">96</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Lady of the Lake, The</i>, <a href="#P33">33</a>, <a href="#P118">118</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Lamb, Charles, <a href="#P209">209-11</a>, <a href="#P213">213-4</a>, <a href="#P218">218</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Lamb, Mary, <a href="#P210">210</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Lampman, Archibald, <a href="#P246">246</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Lang, Andrew, <a href="#P85">85</a>, <a href="#P88">88</a>, <a href="#P92">92</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+La Salle, <a href="#P206">206</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Last of the Mohicans, The</i>, <a href="#P78">78</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+"Last Ride Together, The", <a href="#P235">235</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Launcelot, Sir, <a href="#P96">96</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Lavengro</i>, <a href="#P76">76-8</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Lawrence, T. E., <a href="#P206">206</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Lawson, <a href="#P245">245</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Lay of the Last Minstrel, The</i>, <a href="#P30">30</a>, <a href="#P121">121</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Lays of Ancient Rome</i>, <a href="#P123">123</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Lays of the Scottish Cavaliers</i>, <a href="#P123">123</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Leacock, Stephen, <a href="#P246">246</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Leaf, Walter, <a href="#P85">85</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Leatherstocking Tales, <a href="#P79">79</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Lecky, W. E. H., <a href="#P183">183</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Lee, Sir Sidney, <a href="#P184">184</a>, <a href="#P194">194</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Legality, <a href="#P142">142</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Leicester, Earl of, <a href="#P23">23</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Leigh, Amyas, <a href="#P71">71</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Les Misérables</i>, <a href="#P62">62-3</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Life and Letters</i>, (Page), <a href="#P194">194</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Life of Dickens</i>, <a href="#P194">194</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Life of Gladstone</i>, <a href="#P194">194</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Life of Johnson</i>, <a href="#P188">188-93</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Life of King Edward VII</i>, <a href="#P184">184</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Life of Palmerston</i>, <a href="#P184">184</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Life of Sir Walter Scott</i>, <a href="#P32">32</a>, <a href="#P194">194</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Linet, <a href="#P96">96</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+"Listeners, The", <a href="#P237">237</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Little Dorrit</i>, <a href="#P4">4</a>, <a href="#P10">10</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Little Em'ly, <a href="#P6">6</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Little Match Girl, The, <a href="#P93">93</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Livesay, Dr., <a href="#P64">64</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Living Forest, The</i>, <a href="#P82">82</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+"Lochinvar", <a href="#P121">121</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Lockhart, J. G., <a href="#P32">32</a>, <a href="#P34">34</a>, <a href="#P194">194</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Locksley, <a href="#P24">24</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Lone Wolf, <a href="#P104">104</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth, <a href="#P125">125</a>, <a href="#P245">245</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Lord of the Isles, The</i>, <a href="#P121">121</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Lord Randolph Churchill</i>, <a href="#P194">194</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Lorna Doone</i>, <a href="#P70">70</a>, <a href="#P196">196</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Louis XIII, <a href="#P60">60</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Louis XIV, <a href="#P60">60</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+"Love in the Valley", <a href="#P227">227</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Lucas, E. V., <a href="#P210">210</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Lucy, Sir Thomas, <a href="#P42">42</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Luke, Saint, <a href="#P254">254</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p><br></p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Macaulay, Lord, <a href="#P123">123</a>, <a href="#P182">182</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Macbeth</i>, <a href="#P43">43</a>, <a href="#P44">44</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+MacDonald, Wilson, <a href="#P246">246</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+MacGregor, Helen, <a href="#P22">22</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+MacGregor, Rob Roy, <a href="#P22">22</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Mackenzie, Sir Alexander, <a href="#P206">206</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Mad Hatter, <a href="#P97">97</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Maeterlinck, Maurice, <a href="#P106">106</a>, <a href="#P243">243</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Makers of Canada, The</i>, <a href="#P246">246</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Malory, Sir Thomas, <a href="#P94">94-6</a>, <a href="#P186">186</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Mansfield, Katherine, <a href="#P245">245</a>, <a href="#P252">252</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Mansfield Park</i>, <a href="#P156">156</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Marco Polo, <a href="#P202">202-3</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Marmion</i>, <a href="#P120">120-1</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Marryat, Frederick, <a href="#P72">72-3</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Martin Chuzzlewit</i>, <a href="#P4">4</a>, <a href="#P7">7</a>, <a href="#P13">13</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Masefield, John, <a href="#P82">82</a>, <a href="#P185">185</a>, <a href="#P236">236</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Master of Ballantrae, The</i>, <a href="#P66">66</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Mazarin, <a href="#P60">60</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+McArthur, Peter, <a href="#P196">196</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+McCrae, John, <a href="#P246">246</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+McGee, D'Arcy, <a href="#P176">176</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Melville, Herman, <a href="#P245">245</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Merchant of Venice</i>, <a href="#P39">39</a>, <a href="#P45">45</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Mercy, <a href="#P146">146</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Meredith, George, <a href="#P147">147</a>, <a href="#P150">150-1</a>, <a href="#P227">227</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Meynell, Alice, <a href="#P236">236</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Micawber, Wilkins, <a href="#P7">7</a>, <a href="#P14">14</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Middlemarch</i>, <a href="#P160">160</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Middleton, Clara, <a href="#P150">150</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Midshipman Easy</i>, <a href="#P73">73</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Midsummer Night's Dream, A</i>, <a href="#P39">39</a>, <a href="#P40">40</a>, <a href="#P43">43</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Midwinter</i>, <a href="#P191">191</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Mill on the Floss, The</i>, <a href="#P157">157-9</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Millin, Sarah Gertrude, <a href="#P245">245</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Milne, A. A., <a href="#P101">101</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Milton, John, <a href="#P186">186</a>, <a href="#P212">212-3</a>, <a href="#P230">230</a>, <a href="#P232">232-3</a>, <a href="#P254">254</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Minnehaha, <a href="#P127">127</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border</i>, <a href="#P30">30</a>, <a href="#P112">112</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Miranda, <a href="#P35">35-7</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Molière, <a href="#P251">251</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Monk, General, <a href="#P61">61</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Montaigne, M. E., <a href="#P212">212</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Montgomery, Sir Hugh, <a href="#P113">113</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Montgomery, L. M., <a href="#P100">100</a>, <a href="#P246">246</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Moore, George, <a href="#P252">252</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Moore, Thomas, <a href="#P218">218</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Morley, John, <a href="#P194">194</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Morris, William, <a href="#P251">251</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Morte d'Arthur</i>, <a href="#P94">94-6</a>, <a href="#P186">186</a>, <a href="#P233">233-4</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Motley, John Lothrop, <a href="#P183">183</a>, <a href="#P245">245</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Mowcher, Miss, <a href="#P7">7</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Mowgli, <a href="#P104">104</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Mudjekeewis, <a href="#P126">126-7</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Myers, Ernest, <a href="#P85">85</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Myriel, Bishop, <a href="#P63">63</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Mytyl, <a href="#P106">106</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p><br></p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Naaman, <a href="#P50">50</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Napier, <a href="#P182">182</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Nash, Thomas, <a href="#P227">227</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Nausicaa, <a href="#P88">88</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Newcome, Colonel, <a href="#P149">149-50</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+New Testament, <a href="#P48">48-9</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Newcomes, The</i>, <a href="#P148">148-50</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Nibs, <a href="#P107">107</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Nicholas Nickleby</i>, <a href="#P3">3</a>, <a href="#P7">7</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Nickleby, Mrs., <a href="#P14">14</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Nipper, Susan, <a href="#P8">8</a>, <a href="#P20">20</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Nokomis, <a href="#P126">126</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+North, <a href="#P44">44</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Northanger Abbey</i>, <a href="#P156">156</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Northern Muse, The</i>, <a href="#P116">116</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Notre Dame de Paris</i>, <a href="#P62">62-3</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Now We Are Six</i>, <a href="#P101">101</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p><br></p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Ochiltree, Edie, <a href="#P25">25-7</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+"Ode on Intimations of Immortality", <a href="#P226">226</a>, <a href="#P233">233</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+"Ode to a Nightingale", <a href="#P225">225</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+"Ode to the West Wind", <a href="#P233">233</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Odysseus, <a href="#P88">88</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Odyssey, The</i>, <a href="#P87">87-9</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Old Curiosity Shop</i>, <a href="#P3">3</a>, <a href="#P7">7</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Old Mortality</i>, <a href="#P25">25</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Old Régime in Canada, The</i>, <a href="#P183">183</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Old Testament, <a href="#P48">48-9</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Oliver Twist</i>, <a href="#P3">3</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+"One Word More", <a href="#P235">235</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Osbaldistone, Francis, <a href="#P22">22</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Osbaldistone, Sir Hildebrand, <a href="#P22">22</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Osborne, George, <a href="#P149">149</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Osbourne, Lloyd, <a href="#P64">64</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Ossian, <a href="#P29">29</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Othello</i>, <a href="#P43">43-4</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Our Mutual Friend, <a href="#P4">4</a>, <a href="#P8">8</a>, <a href="#P181">181</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Oxford Book of English Verse</i>, <a href="#P108">108</a>, <a href="#P236">236</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p><br></p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Page, Walter H., <a href="#P194">194-5</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Palgrave, Francis, <a href="#P236">236</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Paris, <a href="#P85">85</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Parker, Sir Gilbert, <a href="#P246">246</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Parkman, Francis, <a href="#P183">183</a>, <a href="#P206">206</a>, <a href="#P245">245</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Patroklos, <a href="#P86">86</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Pioneers of France in the New World</i>, <a href="#P183">183</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Pater, Walter, <a href="#P251">251</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Patterne, Crossjay, <a href="#P151">151</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Patterne, Sir Willoughby, <a href="#P151">151</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Paul, Saint, <a href="#P50">50</a>, <a href="#P168">168</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Pearl-Feather, <a href="#P128">128</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Pecksniff, Mr., <a href="#P7">7</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Peggotty, Ham, <a href="#P6">6</a>, <a href="#P20">20</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Pendennis</i>, <a href="#P149">149</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Penelope, <a href="#P88">88</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Pepys, Samuel, <a href="#P218">218-20</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Percy, Bishop, <a href="#P112">112</a>, <a href="#P114">114</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Percy's Reliques of Ancient Poetry</i>, <a href="#P29">29</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Percy, Lord, <a href="#P113">113</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Persuasion</i>, <a href="#P156">156</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Perseus, <a href="#P88">88</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Peter Pan, <a href="#P107">107</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Peter Simple</i>, <a href="#P73">73</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Petulengro, Jasper</i>, <a href="#P77">77</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Pew, <a href="#P64">64</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Philemon, <a href="#P88">88</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Philippa, Queen of Hainault, <a href="#P167">167</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Phoebus, Capt., <a href="#P63">63</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Pickthall, Marjorie L. C., <a href="#P246">246</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Pickwick, Mr., <a href="#P4">4</a>, <a href="#P6">6</a>, <a href="#P20">20</a>, <a href="#P171">171</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Pickwick Papers</i>, <a href="#P3">3</a>, <a href="#P6">6</a>, <a href="#P171">171-2</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+"<i>Pied Piper of Hamelin, The</i>", <a href="#P234">234</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Pilgrimage to Mecca</i>, <a href="#P206">206</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Pilgrim's Progress, The</i>, <a href="#P143">143-6</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Pinch, Tom, <a href="#P7">7</a>, <a href="#P20">20</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Pinkerton, Miss, <a href="#P149">149</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Pip, <a href="#P8">8</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Pitt, William, <a href="#P175">175</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Planchet, <a href="#P61">61</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Plato, <a href="#P174">174</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Plutarch's Lives</i>, <a href="#P44">44</a>, <a href="#P194">194</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Poe, Edgar Allan, <a href="#P245">245</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Pope, Alexander, <a href="#P186">186</a>, <a href="#P230">230-1</a>, <a href="#P233">233</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Porthos, <a href="#P60">60-1</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Poseidon, <a href="#P86">86</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Poyser, Mrs., <a href="#P159">159</a>, <a href="#P196">196</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Praed, Mrs. Campbell, <a href="#P245">245</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Pratt, E. J., <a href="#P246">246</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Priam, <a href="#P86">86</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Pride and Prejudice</i>, <a href="#P155">155-6</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Prig, Betsey, <a href="#P7">7</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Prince Otto, <a href="#P66">66</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Pringle, <a href="#P245">245</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Procter, <a href="#P210">210</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Prospero, <a href="#P35">35-7</a>, <a href="#P40">40</a>, <a href="#P44">44</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+"Proud Maisie", <a href="#P27">27</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Psalms, <a href="#P54">54</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Puck of Pook's Hill</i>, <a href="#P105">105-6</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Purdie, Tom, <a href="#P32">32</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Puss-in-Boots, <a href="#P92">92</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p><br></p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Quasimodo, <a href="#P63">63</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Queens of England</i>, (Strickland), <a href="#P183">183</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Quiller-Couch, Sir A., <a href="#P236">236</a>, <a href="#P252">252</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Quiney, Thomas, <a href="#P42">42</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p><br></p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Raleigh, Sir Walter, <a href="#P23">23</a>, <a href="#P180">180-1</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+"Rape of the Lock, The", <a href="#P233">233</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Rebecca, <a href="#P24">24</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Red Cow and Her Friends, The</i>, <a href="#P196">196</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Red Cross Knight, <a href="#P139">139-40</a>, <a href="#P231">231</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Red Shoes, The, <a href="#P93">93</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Redgauntlet</i>, <a href="#P25">25</a>, <a href="#P27">27</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Reliques of Ancient English Poetry</i>, <a href="#P112">112</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Republic of Plato, The</i>, <a href="#P174">174</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Return of the Native, The</i>, <a href="#P151">151</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Revolt in the Desert</i>, <a href="#P206">206</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Rewards and Fairies</i>, <a href="#P105">105-6</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Reynolds, Sir Joshua, <a href="#P186">186</a>, <a href="#P192">192</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Richard, King of England, <a href="#P24">24</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Richardson, Samuel, <a href="#P186">186</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Richelieu, Cardinal, <a href="#P60">60</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Ridd, Jan, <a href="#P70">70</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Rikki-tiki-tavi, <a href="#P104">104</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Riley, James Whitcombe, <a href="#P196">196</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Rip Van Winkle</i>, <a href="#P101">101-2</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Rise of the Dutch Republic</i>, <a href="#P183">183</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Ritchie, Mrs., <a href="#P148">148</a>, <a href="#P150">150</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Rob Roy</i>, <a href="#P21">21-3</a>, <a href="#P25">25</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Roberts, Charles G. D., <a href="#P245">245</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Robin Hood, <a href="#P24">24</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Robinson Crusoe</i>, <a href="#P68">68</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Robsart, Amy, <a href="#P23">23</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Robinson, Crabb, <a href="#P210">210</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Rochefort, <a href="#P59">59</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Rokeby</i>, <a href="#P121">121</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Romeo and Juliet</i>, <a href="#P39">39</a>, <a href="#P43">43</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Romola</i>, <a href="#P159">159</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Rosalind, <a href="#P45">45</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Ross, Martin, <a href="#P251">251</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Rossetti, Christina, <a href="#P236">236</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Rossetti, D. G., <a href="#P236">236</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Round the World in Eighty Days</i>, <a href="#P71">71</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Rowena, <a href="#P24">24</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Rozinante, <a href="#P137">137</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Ruskin, John, <a href="#P251">251</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Russell, Countess, <a href="#P245">245</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Russell, George, <a href="#P236">236</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Rustician, <a href="#P202">202</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p><br></p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Sainte-Beuve, <a href="#P214">214</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Sancho Panza, <a href="#P137">137-9</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Sard Harker</i>, <a href="#P82">82</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Sassoon, Siegfried, <a href="#P236">236</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+"Saul", <a href="#P233">233-5</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Schah-riar, <a href="#P94">94</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Schehera-zade, <a href="#P94">94</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Schreiner, Olive, <a href="#P245">245</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Scott, Duncan Campbell, <a href="#P246">246</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Scott, Captain R. F., <a href="#P206">206</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Scott's Last Expedition</i>, <a href="#P206">206</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Scott, Sophia, <a href="#P32">32</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Scott, Sir Walter, <a href="#P21">21-34</a>, <a href="#P62">62</a>, <a href="#P112">112</a>, <a href="#P118">118-21</a>, <a href="#P187">187</a>, <a href="#P194">194</a>, <a href="#P218">218</a>, <a href="#P220">220</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Scott's <i>Journal</i>, <a href="#P220">220</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Second Jungle Book, The</i>, <a href="#P103">103-4</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Sedley, Amelia, <a href="#P148">148-9</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Sedley, Jos., <a href="#P149">149</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Selkirk, Alexander, <a href="#P68">68</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Sense and Sensibility</i>, <a href="#P156">156</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Setebos, <a href="#P36">36</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Sévigné, Madam de, <a href="#P216">216-8</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Shaftesbury, Lord, <a href="#P218">218</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Shakespeare, Hamnet, <a href="#P42">42</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Shakespeare, John, <a href="#P41">41</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Shakespeare, Judith, <a href="#P42">42-44</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Shakespeare, Susanna, <a href="#P42">42</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Shakespeare, William, <a href="#P35">35-47</a>, <a href="#P171">171</a>, <a href="#P186">186</a>, <a href="#P194">194</a>, <a href="#P195">195</a>, <a href="#P212">212-3</a>, <a href="#P226">226</a>, <a href="#P231">231-2</a>, <a href="#P230">230</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Shakespeare</i> (Lee), <a href="#P194">194</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Sharp, Becky, <a href="#P148">148-9</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Shaw, Bernard, <a href="#P252">252</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Shere Khan, <a href="#P104">104</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+"She Walks in Beauty", <a href="#P233">233-4</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Shelley, <a href="#P233">233-4</a>, <a href="#P230">230</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Short History of the English People</i> (Green), <a href="#P183">183</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Shylock, <a href="#P45">45</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Sidney, Sir Philip, <a href="#P29">29</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Silas Marner</i>, <a href="#P159">159</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Silver, John, <a href="#P65">65</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Silver Locks, <a href="#P92">92</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Sinclair, May, <a href="#P252">252</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Sindbad, <a href="#P94">94</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+"Sir Patrick Spens", <a href="#P114">114-6</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Sitwell, Edith, <a href="#P236">236</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Sitwell, Osbert, <a href="#P236">236</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Sitwell, Sacheverell, <a href="#P236">236</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Sketches by Boz</i>, <a href="#P12">12</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Slightly, <a href="#P107">107</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Sloppy, <a href="#P8">8</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Smith, Wayland, <a href="#P23">23</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Smollett, Tobias, <a href="#P157">157</a>, <a href="#P186">186</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Snodgrass, Mr., <a href="#P20">20</a>, <a href="#P171">171</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Snow-Drop and the Seven Dwarfs, <a href="#P93">93</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Socrates, <a href="#P174">174</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Some Experiences of an Irish R.M.</i>, <a href="#P251">251</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Somers, Sir George, <a href="#P38">38</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Somerville, E. OE, <a href="#P251">251</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Son of the Middle Border, A</i>, <a href="#P196">196</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Spenlow, Dora, <a href="#P7">7</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Spenlow, Mr., <a href="#P7">7</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Spens, Sir Patrick, <a href="#P114">114</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Spenser, Edmund, <a href="#P23">23</a>, <a href="#P29">29</a>, <a href="#P139">139-41</a>, <a href="#P186">186</a>, <a href="#P230">230</a>, <a href="#P231">231</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Spirit of the Age, The</i>, <a href="#P214">214</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Squeers, Wackford, <a href="#P7">7</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Squire, J. C., <a href="#P252">252</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Stanley, Henry M., <a href="#P206">206</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Steadfast Tin Soldier, The, <a href="#P93">93</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Steele, Sir Richard, <a href="#P186">186</a>, <a href="#P212">212</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Steerforth, <a href="#P7">7</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Stephens, James, <a href="#P236">236</a>, <a href="#P245">245</a>, <a href="#P252">252</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Sterne, Laurence, <a href="#P186">186</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Stevenson, R. L., <a href="#P64">64-6</a>, <a href="#P212">212</a>, <a href="#P218">218</a>, <a href="#P227">227</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Stevenson, Thomas, <a href="#P64">64</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Strachey, Lytton, <a href="#P184">184</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Strickland, Agnes, <a href="#P183">183</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Swift, Dean, <a href="#P186">186</a>, <a href="#P212">212</a>, <a href="#P218">218</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Swinburne, Charles Algernon, <a href="#P236">236</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Swiveller, Dick, <a href="#P7">7</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Sycorax, <a href="#P36">36</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p><br></p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Taine, H. A., <a href="#P214">214</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Tale of Two Cities, A</i>, <a href="#P4">4</a>, <a href="#P16">16</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Tales from Shakespeare</i>, <a href="#P210">210</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Talfourd, <a href="#P210">210</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Tanglewood Tales</i>, <a href="#P88">88-9</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Tapley, Mark, <a href="#P7">7</a>, <a href="#P20">20</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Tarkington, Booth, <a href="#P252">252</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Telemachus, <a href="#P88">88</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Tempest, The</i>, <a href="#P35">35-8</a>, <a href="#P40">40</a>, <a href="#P44">44</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Tennyson, Alfred, <a href="#P230">230</a>, <a href="#P233">233-4</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Thackeray, William Makepeace, <a href="#P147">147-50</a>, <a href="#P187">187</a>, <a href="#P218">218</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Theseus, <a href="#P88">88</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Thetis, <a href="#P86">86-7</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Thoreau, <a href="#P245">245</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Three Musketeers, The</i>, <a href="#P59">59-61</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Through the Looking-Glass</i>, <a href="#P98">98</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Thucydides, <a href="#P166">166</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Tinker Bell, <a href="#P107">107</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Tiny Tim, <a href="#P7">7</a>, <a href="#P17">17</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Tom Brown's School Days</i>, <a href="#P214">214</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Tom Sawyer</i>, <a href="#P80">80-2</a>, <a href="#P100">100</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+"To a Skylark", <a href="#P233">233-4</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Tomlinson, H. M., <a href="#P252">252</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Toomai of the Elephants, <a href="#P104">104</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Tootles, <a href="#P107">107</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Toots, <a href="#P7">7</a>, <a href="#P8">8</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Traddles, <a href="#P7">7</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Travels and Adventures in Canada and the Indian Territories</i>, <a href="#P206">206</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Travels in West Africa</i>, <a href="#P206">206</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Travels of Marco Polo, The</i>, <a href="#P202">202-3</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Treasure Island</i>, <a href="#P64">64-5</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Treasury of South African Poetry and Verse, The</i>, <a href="#P245">245</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Trelawney, Squire, <a href="#P64">64</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Tressilian, <a href="#P23">23</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Treville, M. de, <a href="#P60">60</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Trollope, Anthony, <a href="#P251">251</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Trotter, Bernard, <a href="#P246">246</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Trotwood, Miss Betsey, <a href="#P7">7</a>, <a href="#P20">20</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Trumpet-Major, The</i>, <a href="#P151">151-2</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Tuck, Friar, <a href="#P24">24</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Tulliver, Tom and Maggie, <a href="#P157">157-9</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Tupman, Mr., <a href="#P20">20</a>, <a href="#P171">171</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Twain, Mark, <a href="#P80">80-2</a>, <a href="#P245">245</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Twelfth Night</i>, <a href="#P39">39-40</a>, <a href="#P43">43</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea</i>, <a href="#P71">71</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Twenty Years After</i>, <a href="#P60">60</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Two Years Before the Mast</i>, <a href="#P73">73-4</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Tylette, <a href="#P106">106</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Tylo, <a href="#P106">106</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Tyltyl, <a href="#P106">106</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Tynan, Katherine, <a href="#P236">236</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p><br></p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Ugly Duckling, The, <a href="#P93">93</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Una, <a href="#P105">105</a>, <a href="#P140">140</a>, <a href="#P231">231</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Uncas, <a href="#P80">80</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Under the Greenwood Tree</i>, <a href="#P151">151-2</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Underwoods</i>, <a href="#P65">65</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+"Upon Westminster Bridge", <a href="#P233">233</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p><br></p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Valjean, Jean, <a href="#P63">63-4</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Vanity Fair</i>, <a href="#P148">148-9</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Venus, Mr., <a href="#P8">8</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Verne, Jules, <a href="#P71">71</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Vernon, Die, <a href="#P22">22</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Vicar of Wakefield, The</i>, <a href="#P192">192</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Victoria, Queen, <a href="#P184">184</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Virgil, <a href="#P134">134</a>, <a href="#P141">141</a>, <a href="#P243">243</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Virginians, The</i>, <a href="#P149">149</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Voyages</i>, (Cook), <a href="#P203">203-5</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Voyages from Montreal Through the Continent of North America</i>, <a href="#P206">206</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p><br></p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Walpole, Horace, <a href="#P218">218</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Walpole, Hugh, <a href="#P252">252</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Wamba, <a href="#P24">24</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Wandering Willie's Tale, <a href="#P27">27</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Wardour, Sir Arthur, <a href="#P26">26</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Watson, William, <a href="#P236">236</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Waverley</i>, <a href="#P24">24</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Waverley Novels, <a href="#P21">21-7</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Webb, Mary, <a href="#P252">252</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Wegg, Silas, <a href="#P8">8</a>, <a href="#P181">181</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Weir of Hermiston</i>, <a href="#P65">65</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Weller, Sam, <a href="#P5">5</a>, <a href="#P6">6</a>, <a href="#P20">20</a>, <a href="#P171">171</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Weller, Tony, <a href="#P6">6</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Wellington, Duke of, <a href="#P183">183</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Wells, H. G., <a href="#P252">252</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Wenonah, <a href="#P120">120</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Westward Ho!</i>, <a href="#P71">71</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>When We Were Very Young</i>, <a href="#P101">101</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+White Rabbit, The, <a href="#P97">97-8</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Whitman, Walt, <a href="#P245">245</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Wild Swans, The, <a href="#P93">93</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Wilfer family, <a href="#P8">8</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Wilhelm Meister</i>, <a href="#P141">141</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Williamson, Henry, <a href="#P252">252</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+William the Silent, <a href="#P183">183</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Wind in the Willows, The, <a href="#P99">99-100</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Winkle, <a href="#P20">20</a>, <a href="#P171">171</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Winnie the Pooh</i>, <a href="#P101">101</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Winter's Tale, The</i>, <a href="#P44">44</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Wolf, Father and Mother, <a href="#P104">104</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Wonder Book, The</i>, <a href="#P88">88-9</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Woodhouse, Mr., <a href="#P154">154</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Woodstock, <a href="#P25">25</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Woolf, Virginia, <a href="#P252">252</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Worldly-Wiseman, <a href="#P142">142</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Wordsworth, William, <a href="#P210">210</a>, <a href="#P226">226</a>, <a href="#P230">230</a>, <a href="#P233">233</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+"World, The", <a href="#P233">233</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Wortley-Montagu, Lady Mary, <a href="#P218">218</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Wren, Jenny, <a href="#P8">8</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+<i>Wuthering Heights</i>, <a href="#P160">160-1</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p><br></p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Yeats, W. B., <a href="#P227">227</a>, <a href="#P236">236</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p><br></p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Zeus, <a href="#P86">86</a> 
+</p>
+
+<p><br><br><br><br></p>
+
+<div style='text-align:center'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 75935 ***</div>
+</body>
+
+</html>
+
+
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@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+This book, including all associated images, markup, improvements,
+metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be
+in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES.
+
+Procedures for determining public domain status are described in
+the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org.
+
+No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in
+jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize
+this book outside of the United States should confirm copyright
+status under the laws that apply to them.
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+book #75935 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/75935)