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+
+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 76109 ***
+
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  _Frontispiece_
+
+  THE BATTLEGROUND OF THE RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR
+]
+
+
+
+
+                         A PHOTOGRAPHIC RECORD
+                                 OF THE
+                           RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR
+
+
+                          EDITED AND ARRANGED BY
+
+                     JAMES H. HARE, War Photographer
+
+                           WITH PHOTOGRAPHS BY
+
+  VICTOR K. BULLA, ROBERT L. DUNN, JAMES F. J. ARCHIBALD, RICHARD BARRY,
+                     ASHMEAD BARTLETT, JAMES RICALTON
+
+ TOGETHER WITH AN ACCOUNT OF THE BATTLE OF THE SEA OF JAPAN BY CAPTAIN A.
+                       T. MAHAN, U. S. N., RETIRED
+
+[Illustration: [Logo]]
+
+                                NEW YORK
+                          P. F. COLLIER & SON
+                                  1905
+
+
+
+
+                   COPYRIGHT 1905 BY P. F. COLLIER &
+                                  SON
+
+                  The photographs reproduced in this
+                  volume are fully protected by
+                  copyright in the United States and
+                  Great Britain. Their reproduction,
+                  without express permission, is
+                  hereby forbidden.
+
+                  The work of Messrs. Hare, Dunn,
+                  Archibald, and Barry, under adverse
+                  conditions in the field, was greatly
+                  facilitated by the use of the films
+                  and developing machine of the
+                  Eastman Kodak Company, to whom they
+                  feel this acknowledgment is due.
+
+
+
+
+                         LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+
+                                                                    PAGE
+
+ The Battleground of the Russo-Japanese War—_Frontispiece_             2
+
+ Nicholas II, Emperor of Russia                                        7
+
+ Mutsuhito, Emperor of Japan                                           7
+
+ Vice-Admiral Alexieff                                                 8
+
+ Marquis Ito Hirobumi                                                  8
+
+ Typical Street Scene in Russia’s Capital City                        10
+
+ An Everyday Scene in One of the Large Cities of Japan                11
+
+ Japanese Troops Preparing for War                                    13
+
+ Training Japanese Cavalrymen at the Tokio Barracks                   14
+
+ Changing Guard at the Oyama Barracks in Tokio                        15
+
+ Swapping Stories in the Guard House at Oyama Barracks                16
+
+ Cleaning and Oiling Rifles in Preparation for War                    17
+
+ Departure of Baron Rosen from Yokohama                               18
+
+ Russian Minister to Korea Departing from Seoul                       19
+
+ Newspaper Bulletins on the Chemulpo Battle                           20
+
+ Patriotic Citizens Awaiting Their Turn to Enlist                     21
+
+ Building Temporary Stables in Tokio                                  21
+
+ Mobilization of Troops in Tokio at the Outbreak of War               22
+
+ Troops Marching to Station Through the Streets of Tokio              23
+
+ Departure of Japanese Troops for Korea                               24
+
+ Japanese Troops Detraining at Hiroshima                              25
+
+ Cavalry Train Leaving Shimbashi Station                              26
+
+ Men of the Army Service Corps Ready to Entrain                       27
+
+ “Sayonara!”—Good-By                                                  27
+
+ Engineers at Hiroshima, Practicing Building Bridges                  28
+
+ Bridge at Hiroshima Ready for the Pontoons                           29
+
+ “Tikoku Banzai!”—“Long Live the Empire!”                             30
+
+ Destruction of the “Variag” and “Korietz”                            32
+
+ Wrecks of the Russian Warships in Chemulpo Harbor                    33
+
+ Japanese Salvage Corps on the Wreck of the “Variag”                  34
+
+ The Night Landing of the Japanese Troops at Chemulpo                 35
+
+ Coolies Handling Japanese Supplies                                   36
+
+ Mrs. Pavlov, Wife of the Russian Minister to Korea                   37
+
+ Dr. H. N. Allen, United States Minister to Korea                     37
+
+ The Japanese Advance Through Korea                                   38
+
+ The Japanese Occupation of Seoul                                     39
+
+ Japanese Troops Waiting to Cross at Ping-Yang                        40
+
+ Koreans Watching the Entry of the Japanese at Seoul                  41
+
+ The Japanese Red Cross Hospital at Chemulpo                          42
+
+ Russian Ladies Sewing for the Red Cross                              44
+
+ With the Russian Army on its March to the Front                      45
+
+ The Autocrat of Russia and the Royal Family                          46
+
+ The Czar Leaving the Winter Palace to Bid Farewell to Troops         47
+
+ Departure of Red Cross Nurses from St. Petersburg                    48
+
+ The Czar Reviewing an Infantry Regiment                              49
+
+ Procession in Honor of the Chemulpo Sailors                          50
+
+ Twenty-Third Artillery Brigade About to Leave Gatchina               51
+
+ The Czar Bidding Farewell to Commanders                              52
+
+ Grand Duke Alexandrovitch Leading His Marines in Review Before
+   the Czar                                                           53
+
+ International Balloon Contest at St. Petersburg                      54
+
+ Landing the Men who Fought at the Yalu                               56
+
+ Artillerymen Landing at Chenampo                                     57
+
+ Japanese Bluejackets Coming Ashore at Chenampo                       58
+
+ Grooming Cavalry Horses at Chenampo                                  59
+
+ Japanese Troopers Caring for a Sick Horse                            60
+
+ Koreans and Japanese Salesman at Chenampo                            61
+
+ With the Japanese on the Advance to the Yalu                         62
+
+ Screens which Hid the Movements of the Japanese                      63
+
+ General Kuroki and His Staff at Headquarters                         64
+
+ Russians Crossing Lake Baikal in Midwinter                           66
+
+ With the Russian Forces on Their Way to the Front                    67
+
+ Caissons and Sledges About to Cross Lake Baikal                      68
+
+ Russian Soldiers Marching Across Frozen Lake Baikal                  69
+
+ Russian Infantry Warming Up with Hot Tea                             70
+
+ The Russian Advance to the Front                                     71
+
+ Traveling Soup Kitchen and Soup-Kettle Ovens                         72
+
+ With the Russians During the Advance to the Front                    73
+
+ Chinese Coolies with Russian Overseer Ready for Work                 74
+
+ Cossacks Dismounted and Lined Up for Inspection                      75
+
+ General Herschelmann’s Division of Cavalry at Antung                 76
+
+ Russian Artillery Advancing Toward the Yalu                          77
+
+ Russian Cobblers at Work in the Field on Soldiers’ Boots             78
+
+ Dinner Time with the Nineteenth Siberian Rifle Corps                 79
+
+ General Sassulitch and Staff at the Battle of the Yalu               80
+
+ Incidents of the Battle of the Yalu                                  82
+
+ The Crossing of the Yalu                                             83
+
+ With the Wounded After the Fight at the Yalu                         84
+
+ Hospital Corps and Wounded Japanese                                  85
+
+ Japanese Reserves Watching the Battle                                86
+
+ Artillery Spoils Captured by the Japanese                            87
+
+ Some of the Wounded Russian Prisoners                                88
+
+ Japanese Burying a Russian Captain                                   89
+
+ Japanese Transportation Trains and Infantry                          90
+
+ Fire and Devastation in the Wake of the Retreating Army              91
+
+ The Japanese Occupation of Feng-Wang-Cheng                           92
+
+ English Nurses Sent by the Queen to Inspect the Workings of the
+   Japanese Red Cross                                                 93
+
+ Shinto Ceremony Held by the Japanese                                 94
+
+ Feng-Wang-Cheng After the Japanese Occupation                        95
+
+ Japanese Getting Ready to Push on into Manchuria                     96
+
+ Recreations of the Japanese Between Battles in Manchuria             97
+
+ Japanese Battery Going into Action at Feng-Wang-Cheng                98
+
+ With the Japanese Invaders in Manchuria                              99
+
+ Whiling Away the Time Between Battles                               100
+
+ Incidents of the Advance from Feng-Wang-Cheng                       101
+
+ Crossing the So River in the Advance on Liao-Yang                   102
+
+ General Nishi and His Staff Halting to Study Maps and Scouts’
+   Reports                                                           103
+
+ With the Victorious Japanese at Lienshankwan                        104
+
+ Arrival of Mail for the Army in the Field                           105
+
+ Into Manchuria with the Japanese Invaders                           106
+
+ Kwantei Temple Near Motien Pass                                     107
+
+ Detachment of Japanese Coming Up at the Double-Quick                108
+
+ Sharpshooters Covering the Advance                                  109
+
+ Scenes During the Battle of Motienling                              110
+
+ General Kuroki and His Chief of Staff, Lieutenant-General Fuji,
+   Watching the Fight at Motienling                                  111
+
+ Bringing Wounded Russians to the Dressing Station                   112
+
+ Russian Red Cross Soldier Wounded at Motien Pass                    113
+
+ Russian Wounded and Dead at Motien Pass                             114
+
+ With the Wounded and Captured at Motien Pass                        115
+
+ Japanese Skirmishers Advancing to Flank the Enemy                   116
+
+ Prisoners and Captors at Motienling                                 117
+
+ Incidents of the Attempt to Recapture Motien Pass                   118
+
+ General Okasaki, who Defeated the Russians                          119
+
+ Field Dressing Station for Those Severely Wounded                   120
+
+ With the Japanese Advance from the Yalu                             121
+
+ With the Japanese During the Fighting Near Anping                   122
+
+ Japanese and Captured Russians in Manchuria                         123
+
+ Smokeless Batteries Hidden in Fields of Kowliang                    124
+
+ In the Neighborhood of Towan During the Fighting                    125
+
+ Difficulties of Campaigning During the Rainy Season                 126
+
+ Russian Guns Captured at Nanshan Used by the Japanese               127
+
+ Along the Line of Battle in the Manchurian Passes                   128
+
+ Pressing the Russians in the Neighborhood of Liao-Yang              129
+
+ With the Japanese on August 30                                      130
+
+ View of the Harbor Entrance of Port Arthur                          132
+
+ Looking Southward Across the Docks at Port Arthur                   133
+
+ Scenes Along the Water Front at Port Arthur                         134
+
+ Naval and Civilian Activity in Port Arthur                          135
+
+ Russian Warships in the Harbor at Port Arthur                       136
+
+ Getting Ready for the Japanese on a Russian Warship                 137
+
+ Russian Ships at Port Arthur                                        138
+
+ Part of Russia’s Fighting Fleet at Port Arthur                      139
+
+ The Man who Bottled Up Port Arthur, and His Flagship                140
+
+ Russian Troops Detraining at Mukden Early in March                  142
+
+ Mukden when the Japanese were Still Many Miles Away                 143
+
+ Russians at Mukden on Their Way to the Front                        144
+
+ With the Russians in Manchuria                                      145
+
+ Passing General Herschelmann’s Division                             146
+
+ With the Russian Advance in Manchuria                               147
+
+ In the Field with the Russians in Manchuria                         148
+
+ General Kuropatkin at the Telescope                                 149
+
+ With the Russians on the Way to the Front                           150
+
+ General Kuropatkin Inspecting the Staff of the Fourth Army
+   Corps                                                             151
+
+ Part of the Movement of Forty Thousand Men                          152
+
+ Scenes at Liao-Yang on the Arrival of the Russians                  153
+
+ Courtyard of Rich Manchurian’s House at Liao-Yang                   154
+
+ When News from the Firing Line Came Back to Those who had not
+   yet Met the Japanese                                              155
+
+ A Disheartened Japanese Spy                                         156
+
+ Russian Battery Getting into Position at Kansuitan                  157
+
+ One of the Shrewdly Screened Russian Batteries                      158
+
+ The Sixth East Siberian Regiment Calculating the Range              159
+
+ Russian Infantry Marching to Their Position                         160
+
+ With the Russian Troops Near Haicheng                               161
+
+ With the Russian Troops During the Engagement with the Japanese
+   in the Neighborhood of Haicheng                                   162
+
+ Battery of the Sixth East Siberian Artillery in Position            163
+
+ With the Russian Officers and Fighting Men                          164
+
+ With the Russian Troops During the Early Campaigning                165
+
+ With the Russians at Towan Pass                                     166
+
+ Russian Firing Line Just Before the Battle at Yushuling             167
+
+ Japanese Shells Bursting Near the Yushuling Battery                 168
+
+ Rewards of Valor with Kuropatkin’s Army in Manchuria                169
+
+ With the Russian Forces in Manchuria                                170
+
+ Russian Skirmishers Advancing Against the Japanese                  171
+
+ With the Tenth Russian Army Corps at Yushuling                      172
+
+ With the Russian Troops During the Early Campaigning                173
+
+ With the Russian Red Cross Service in Manchuria                     174
+
+ War Balloon and Gas Bag Used by the Russians                        175
+
+ In the Russian Trenches During the Fighting at Taling               176
+
+ Japanese Resting on the Banks of the Tang River                     178
+
+ On the Last of the Hills, on September Third                        179
+
+ Searching Out and Burying the Dead                                  180
+
+ Incidents of the Evacuation of Liao-Yang                            181
+
+ Views of Fortifications and Entanglements                           182
+
+ Liao-Yang the Morning of Its Occupation by the Japanese             183
+
+ The First Entry of the Japanese into Liao-Yang                      184
+
+ Scenes in Liao-Yang After Its Capture                               185
+
+ Liao-Yang After Its Occupation by the Japanese Forces               186
+
+ Liao-Yang Immediately After the Capture of the City                 187
+
+ Dr. Westwater, Medical Missionary                                   188
+
+ Dr. Westwater and Rev. T. McNaughton in a Bomb-Proof                188
+
+ Operating on Manchurian who had Forty-Seven Wounds                  188
+
+ Innocent Manchurian Victims of the War                              188
+
+ Liao-Yang Before and After the Arrival of the Japanese              189
+
+ After the Russians Evacuated Liao-Yang                              190
+
+ Japanese Activity at Liao-Yang                                      191
+
+ Liao-Yang After Oyama’s Armies had Taken the City                   192
+
+ General Kuroki, Staff, Correspondents, and Attachés                 194
+
+ Correspondents with the Russian Forces in Manchuria                 195
+
+ Civilians and Military Attachés with the Russian Forces             196
+
+ The Target-Shoot Given for the Military Attachés                    197
+
+ Military Attachés Firing at a Target-Shoot                          198
+
+ With the War Correspondents in Korea and Manchuria                  199
+
+ Attachés and Correspondents with General Kuroki’s Army              200
+
+ Scenes During the Fighting Early in October                         202
+
+ Close to the Firing Line Near Yentai Coal Mines                     203
+
+ Russian Shells Bursting Close to Japanese Battery                   204
+
+ Photograph Showing Shrapnel Shells Bursting                         204
+
+ With the Japanese on October Tenth at the Sha-Ho                    205
+
+ On the Sha-Ho Battlefield with the Japanese                         206
+
+ Victors and Vanquished of the Sha-Ho                                207
+
+ The Aftermath of Battle in the Neighborhood of Yentai               208
+
+ Preparing Charcoal for the Army while it was Encamped               209
+
+ Winter Quarters with the Japanese Army on the Sha-Ho                210
+
+ Japanese Army in December in Camp on the Sha-Ho                     211
+
+ Between Battles with the Japanese Near the Sha-Ho                   212
+
+ With the Japanese in Winter Quarters at the Sha-Ho                  213
+
+ Typical View of Manchurian Peasants                                 214
+
+ Scenes at Newchwang After the Fall of Port Arthur                   215
+
+ Josses of an Ancient Chinese Temple                                 216
+
+ With the Japanese During the Last Days of the Siege                 218
+
+ The Great Siege Guns Throwing Eleven-Inch Shells                    219
+
+ Two of the Great Twenty-eight Centimeter Siege Guns                 220
+
+ Shells Waiting to be Hurled into Port Arthur                        221
+
+ Scenes Near Port Arthur During the Long Siege                       222
+
+ Infantry Hidden by Cornfields and Ravines                           223
+
+ Japanese Infantry Creeping Through a Cornfield                      224
+
+ Japanese War Balloon Near Port Arthur                               225
+
+ General Nogi and His Staff, Conquerors of Port Arthur               226
+
+ With the Japanese as They Closed in Around Port Arthur              227
+
+ Incidents of the Surrender of Port Arthur                           228
+
+ One of the Many “Bomb-Proofs” Used by Civilians                     229
+
+ Engineers’ Stores Set on Fire by Japanese Shells                    230
+
+ Japanese Shell Bursting in the Basin                                231
+
+ View of the Old Town After a Bombardment                            232
+
+ The Price of Victory                                                233
+
+ Russian Dead Awaiting Burial                                        234
+
+ Photographer’s Studio at Port Arthur After it had been Struck
+   by Japanese Shells                                                235
+
+ Views of Port Arthur in October                                     236
+
+ Inside Some of the Russian Forts After the Surrender                237
+
+ Scenes at Port Arthur After the Surrender                       238–239
+
+ Sunken Russian Battleships                                          240
+
+ Harbor of Port Arthur when the Japanese Took Possession             241
+
+ Convalescent Russian Sailors and Japanese Nurses                    242
+
+ Views at Port Arthur and with a Russian Battery on the Hun
+   River                                                             244
+
+ Russian Cavalry and Native Horsemen in the Neighborhood of
+   Mukden                                                            245
+
+ Muster of One of Kuroki’s Divisions After the Battle of Mukden      246
+
+ Mukden Neighborhood Before the Japanese were Near                   247
+
+ Where Some of the Shells Burst During the Artillery Duels Near
+   Mukden                                                            248
+
+ Desolation in the Path of the Japanese Attack                       249
+
+ Scenes in the Vicinity of Mukden                                    250
+
+ Fighting Ships of Various Classes in Russia’s Baltic Fleet          253
+
+ Formidable Fighting Ships of Russia’s Baltic Fleet                  254
+
+ Four of the Battleships of Russia’s Baltic Fleet                    255
+
+ The Battleground of the War and the Victorious Progress of the
+   Japanese                                                          256
+
+
+
+
+                              INTRODUCTION
+
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  NICHOLAS II
+
+  EMPEROR OF RUSSIA, WORRIED BY THE WAR
+]
+
+The Russo-Japanese War was notable for the fact that, although there
+were more men on the spot ready to transmit the news to the world than
+there have been in any other war in modern times, there never has been a
+war since the days of the telegraph and the professional correspondent
+the daily news of which the world at large knew so little. There is,
+therefore, a unique interest in so vivid and comprehensive a pictorial
+history as that gathered by Collier’s correspondent photographers and
+presented in the following pages. Practically all the photographs, with
+the exception of a very few of those depicting scenes in Russia’ and
+with the Russian forces, were taken originally and exclusively for
+Collier’s, and they have not appeared elsewhere except by special
+arrangement and permission. A large number of these photographs have
+never been printed in Collier’s, and they are published in this book for
+the first time. Even these were chosen from many hundreds of others, and
+they represent but a small part of the great mass of photographs which
+were secured by Collier’s indefatigable representatives at the front. In
+each weekly issue of Collier’s it was obviously impossible to devote
+more than a few pages exclusively to war pictures, and in such a small
+space it is a task of exceeding difficulty to convey to the casual
+reader any adequate realization of the unique value and the
+comprehensive extent of Collier’s Russo-Japanese War service. In this
+book the cumulative effect of many pictures helps to give at least a
+partial idea of the amount of material gathered by Collier’s
+correspondents, and it should be further explained that almost every one
+of the pictures herein reproduced is chosen from perhaps a dozen or
+score of photographs of similar scenes.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  MUTSUHITO
+
+  EMPEROR OF JAPAN, WHO BEGAN THE WAR
+]
+
+Since the days of the telegraph and the modern war correspondent, there
+has never been a war in which the work of the chroniclers was beset with
+such difficulties. During the early months of hostilities practically
+all of the correspondents were bottled up in Tokio, chafing at their
+delay, beseeching this official and that, buying winter outfits only to
+be compelled to change them for summer equipment, and wasting their
+energies during this fretful period of uncertainty in the description of
+conventional phases of Japanese life or of the entertainments given them
+by their inscrutable hosts of the Japanese war departments. It was only
+by some rare stroke of forehandedness, daring, or luck, by which he
+escaped temporarily from the Japanese watchfulness and censorship, that
+any correspondent was able at this time to do effective work. Of the
+little army of men who tried to chronicle the war, with pencil or
+camera, none more really “made good” than Collier’s photographer, James
+H. Hare. Mr. Hare worked in Tokio before war was declared, and he
+followed Kuroki’s army from its landing in Korea through the Yalu
+campaign and until the battle of the Sha-Ho. Mr. Hare is a specialist
+not in any sense a “button-pusher,” as he calls the amateur who carries
+a camera as an incidental. “When we stood on the heights of Wiju,” wrote
+Collier’s correspondent, Frederick Palmer, “the soldiers appeared only
+as the veriest specks to a camera lens. Jimmy wanted to see the charge
+as much as the rest of us. But the detail had to be shown and the
+photographer must be near the detail, so Jimmy slipped away when the
+censor wasn’t looking. I wonder if those who saw the realistic pictures
+of the groups of wounded around the hospital tents at the Yalu realized
+at all what they cost this little man, who is nearing his fiftieth year.
+He was the first of the correspondents’ corps to cross the river. He
+trudged through miles of sand up to his knees. His pony was worn out;
+his weary servant promptly resigned. But Jimmy himself was up the next
+morning at daybreak, ill and pale, developing the first photographs of
+the army at the front to be published.”
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  VICE-ADMIRAL ALEXIEFF
+
+  RUSSIAN VICEROY IN THE FAR EAST
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  MARQUIS ITO HIROBUMI
+
+  JAPAN’S GREATEST LIVING STATESMAN
+]
+
+Another of Collier’s photographers, Robert L. Dunn, was sent to Chemulpo
+before hostilities broke out and “beat” the newspaper and periodical
+world with his pictures of the first battle of the war and the landing
+of Japanese troops. The greater portion of the Russian pictures were
+taken by Victor K. Bulla, whose work in this country was controlled
+exclusively by Collier’s. Dozens of photographs which the reader may
+survey at his ease were taken only after long marches over frozen and
+wind-swept country. Films were developed in the field with the help of
+Korean coolies or Japanese commissary officers, and they reached
+Collier’s office only after being carried scores and perhaps hundreds of
+miles by coolie runners through a country where a mail service was
+unknown. Every one of the photographs printed in this book represents an
+outlay of time, energy, and money of which the uninitiated reader can
+have only a slight understanding.
+
+
+
+
+                               CHAPTER I
+                  THE CAUSES OF THE RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR
+
+
+The war between Russia and Japan was a fight for disputed territory. Its
+immediate cause was the failure of the two nations to agree on the
+relation which each should maintain toward Korea and Manchuria. The
+underlying cause of the struggle was the mighty clash that was bound to
+come when those measures which Japan believed were necessary to her
+self-existence met the glacier-like progress of Russia eastward toward
+the Pacific. Through nearly three centuries the Russian Empire had
+advanced from the Ural Mountains to outposts and outlets on the Pacific
+Coast. Her mighty plans met no serious check until they came athwart the
+ambitions and policy of the modernized Japan, which saw in this alleged
+expansion for industrial development a menace to her integrity as a
+kingdom. Korea, a buffer between these two powers, became involved in
+the dispute by the results of the war between Japan and China in 1894.
+The intervention of the European Powers in the terms of treaty
+settlement robbed Japan of her chief spoil, the Liaotung Peninsula,
+whose stronghold was Port Arthur. Russia, Germany, and France intimated
+that Japanese occupation of this base must be regarded as a permanent
+threat to the independence of China and Korea. Three years later, Russia
+began to fortify Port Arthur, on the pretext that German acquisition of
+Kiaochau would otherwise disturb the balance of power in North China.
+
+The Boxer outbreak of 1900 furnished Russia reasons for vastly
+increasing her military strength in Manchuria, to safeguard her railway
+across Siberia and her rapidly expanding commercial and colonization
+interests. Promises were made, and broken, that Manchuria would be
+evacuated and restored to Chinese control as soon as peaceful conditions
+were resumed in accordance with the joint agreements of the powers that
+the integrity of China should be preserved. When it became certain that
+Russia had no intention of loosening her grip on Manchuria, the Japanese
+Government proposed a conference, in July of 1903, for the purpose of
+assuring the lasting peace of Eastern Asia, by agreeing upon a working
+basis for settlement of the points at issue with Russia. Japan wished
+guarantees of the territorial integrity of China and Korea, and the
+“open door” in both countries for commercial opportunity. Russia replied
+that she was ready to recognize the rights of Japan as the predominating
+influence in Korea, but refused to discuss further pledges regarding the
+future of China and Manchuria. The Russian attitude was influenced most
+strongly by the facts that Russia wanted an outlet to the Pacific, and
+that the outlay of three hundred million dollars in Manchuria, to make
+that province both Russian and prosperous, called for some tangible
+return. Japan refused to consider herself outside the sphere of active
+interest in Manchuria, and negotiations came to a deadlock early in
+1904.
+
+On January 4, Japanese advices said that a conflict with Russia was
+inevitable, that the newspapers were urging the opening of hostilities,
+and that the Government was massing troops ready to embark on
+transports. The diplomats in St. Petersburg were delaying over the final
+reply to the Japanese note and were not expecting war, according to
+their assurances.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  TYPICAL STREET SCENE IN RUSSIA’S CAPITAL CITY
+
+  This photograph represents a procession leaving St. Catherine’s
+    Church, in St. Petersburg, to
+  go down to the Neva to bless the river waters, an example of that
+    picturesque mediaevalism
+  which survives in so many forms, and as such a real part of the
+    everyday life of the people
+]
+
+During the following week, Russia was hurrying troops toward the
+frontier and buying horses, while the Argentine cruisers, _Nisshin_ and
+_Kasuga_, bought by Japan, were making ready to leave Genoa with rush
+orders to proceed to Yokohama. Meantime, the negotiations were continued
+with proposals and counter-proposals that made no progress.
+
+On January 13, a conference before the Throne in Tokio decided upon the
+final terms to be sent to Russia, the only conditions which could avert
+war. Russia started two divisions of troops over the Trans-Siberian
+Railway to China, an obvious war measure. Two days later two transports
+crowded with Russian troops for the Far East sailed through the
+Bosphorus. Russia asked Turkey for permission to send the Black Sea
+fleet through the Dardanelles, and Lord Lansdowne said that such action
+would be considered a breach of treaty in which Great Britain could not
+acquiesce.
+
+There was a lull of nearly two weeks, while Tokio fretted over the delay
+of the Russian reply. Japan adopted plans for raising seventy-five
+million dollars of an emergency war fund.
+
+The long-drawn tension of January ended with a pretence of negotiations
+oscillating between Tokio and St. Petersburg, but by this time the
+pursuits of diplomacy had become a farce, and both nations were making
+all possible preparations for a long struggle at arms. Although the
+Russian ultimatum had not been officially delivered, its contents were
+forecasted, and it was known that Japan’s final demands had been evaded.
+On February 2, the mobilization of the Manchurian reserves was
+announced, and on the next day a semi-official despatch from Vladivostok
+reported that the Russian squadron there had been stripped for action,
+and that the ships in the harbor of Port Arthur had joined those in the
+outer roadstead to unite the fighting strength for aggressive action.
+The Russian General Staff granted to Alexieff the right to declare war.
+Nearly a week before the first blow was struck, it was seen that the
+prolonged tension had reached the breaking point. At one of the last
+Cabinet conferences in Tokio hope of peace was abandoned, for the reason
+that, while Russia was unreasonably delaying her reply to the last
+Japanese note, she was daily increasing her warlike activities. It was
+known in advance that while Russia partly conceded the demands of Japan
+regarding Korea, important reservations were made, and that as regards
+Manchuria the reply would refuse to place on record recognition of the
+sovereignty of China, or even to discuss that question with Japan.
+
+Japanese residents were told to leave Vladivostok, and 20,000 Russian
+troops were moving with the view of occupying Northern Korea. Japan
+continued extraordinary preparations for instant action, but the plans
+of her army and navy were so carefully guarded that no news of them was
+published up to the day war was declared by the first overt act.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  AN EVERYDAY SCENE IN ONE OF THE LARGE CITIES OF JAPAN
+
+  These are the little people whose surface daintiness covers a martial
+    spirit more truly Spartan
+  than that manifested by any other nation of the modern world. This
+    street, gay with Japanese
+  flags, is the “Isezakicho,” which has sometimes been called the Bowery
+    of Yokohama
+]
+
+On Saturday, February 6, the Russian note was already in the hands of
+Baron de Rosen, the Russian Minister at Tokio, for delivery to Baron
+Komura, the Japanese Foreign Minister, when at four o’clock in the
+afternoon, M. Kurino, the Japanese Minister at St. Petersburg, called
+personally to inform the Russian Government that, in view of the delays
+in connection with the Russian replies, and the obvious futility of the
+negotiations, Japan considered it useless to continue diplomatic
+relations. Japan would take such steps as she deemed proper for the
+protection of her interests, therefore M. Kurino asked for his
+passports. The Russian Minister, a few hours later, prepared to leave
+Tokio as soon as possible.
+
+The startling action of Japan, in severing diplomatic relations before
+the actual delivery of the Russian note, came like a bolt from a clear
+sky at St. Petersburg. It was expected that Japan would invade Korea and
+seek a naval battle within the next twenty-four hours. This was an
+accurate surmise, for in even less time forty Japanese transports were
+loaded with troops to be landed at various points in Southern and
+Central Korea. One naval division sailed from Japanese waters for
+Chemulpo, and another for Port Arthur, as soon as the news that there
+could be no peace was sent by wireless telegraphy to the waiting ships.
+
+In the afternoon of February 8 a fleet of Japanese transports, escorted
+by a squadron of battleships and powerful cruisers, appeared off the
+harbor of Chemulpo. The Russian gunboat _Korietz_, on its way to Port
+Arthur with despatches, sighted the hostile craft; the commander cleared
+for action, fired a shot at the Japanese torpedo scouts, then returned
+at full speed to shelter near the Russian cruiser _Variag_, inside the
+Korean harbor. This proved to be the first shot of the war, and was so
+claimed by the Japanese when accused of attacking Port Arthur without
+formal declaration of war later in the same day. Early on the morning of
+February 9, Admiral Uriu, commander of the Japanese fleet, notified the
+two Russians that they must surrender or leave the harbor by noon, else
+he would attack them where they lay. The Russians did not surrender, but
+sailed out of the bay, with bands playing, to certain destruction. By
+four o’clock that afternoon the _Variag_ and the _Korietz_ were at the
+bottom of Chemulpo Harbor, and the war was on.
+
+The man who judges things by weight, bulk, and dollars may well wonder
+at Japanese temerity. To Japan, with her 147,000 square miles, the
+annexation of Korea, with 82,000 square miles, meant what the annexation
+of Mexico would to the United States. To Russia, with her 8,666,000
+square miles, it meant less than Southern California to us. Russia’s
+population was 140,000,000; Japan’s 44,000,000. On a peace footing the
+Russian army had 1,000,000 officers and men; the Japanese, 175,000. On a
+war footing, the Russian 4,600,000 and the Japanese 675,000.
+
+Russia is the Christian nation which has been slowest in development.
+Mentally, she is just out of the Dark Ages, equipped with the mechanical
+progress of modern times. Japan is the pagan nation which has been
+foremost in adopting the worldly essentials of a civilization which is
+Christian in its origin. Russia is a union of nomadic races, but lately
+ushered into feudalism, which have, in turn, conquered many other races.
+Japan has had a stable, organized government longer than England, and
+the Japanese were a free people when the Saxons were the serfs of the
+Normans. The Czar is a pope; the Mikado divinity itself. If the Jews
+were still a nation and a descendant of Moses were their king, he would
+mean to them what the Mikado means to the Japanese. For all the
+centuries of the nation’s existence the Japanese had known no
+acquisition of territory. The Russians have lived by this.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  RECRUITS GOING THROUGH FIRING DRILL WITHOUT RIFLES
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  INFANTRY DRILLING IN HEAVY MARCHING ORDER
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  SOLDIERS LEARNING HOW TO CARRY WOUNDED COMRADES
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  RIFLE PRACTICE ON THE PARADE GROUND
+]
+
+                   JAPANESE TROOPS PREPARING FOR WAR
+
+These photographs were taken on the parade ground at the Oyama Barracks
+in Tokio just before the outbreak of the war. Japan had already been
+practically on a war footing for months, and the busy work of
+preparation here suggested was typical of the spirit that prevailed
+throughout the nation and brought Japan’s army to a state of
+preparedness perhaps never before duplicated in the history of war.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  LEARNING HOW TO JUMP
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  PRACTICING THE SABRE THRUST
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  CAVALRY RECRUIT LEARNING TO RIDE WITHOUT STIRRUPS OR BRIDLE
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  TRAINING JAPANESE CAVALRYMEN AT THE TOKIO BARRACKS
+]
+
+The Japanese cavalry was the weakest branch of the service. The Japanese
+are not natural horsemen, and both the men and their mounts were
+inferior, in a military sense, to the other branches of the service. The
+horses were scrubby little beasts with neither speed nor tractability.
+The trooper whose mount finally succeeded in clearing the bar shown
+above thought the feat very remarkable
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  CHANGING GUARD AT THE OYAMA BARRACKS IN TOKIO
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  SWAPPING STORIES IN THE GUARD HOUSE AT OYAMA BARRACKS
+]
+
+In spite of his inscrutable manner the Japanese soldier when with a
+crowd of his comrades becomes almost as loquacious as the typical
+regular of other countries. In the Oyama Barracks, where this photograph
+was taken, a large number of troops were quartered ready to be rushed to
+the front as soon as hostilities were declared
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  CLEANING AND OILING RIFLES IN PREPARATION FOR WAR
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  DEPARTURE OF BARON ROSEN, THE RUSSIAN MINISTER, FROM YOKOHAMA
+]
+
+On the breaking off of diplomatic relations the Russian Minister took
+passage for Marseilles on the French steamship “Yarra.” He left Yokohama
+on February 12, when war had actually been begun by the actions at
+Chemulpo and Port Arthur. The French and Belgian Ministers and attaches
+and a few other friends from the diplomatic circle accompanied him to
+the dock to bid him farewell
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  MINISTER PAVLOV LEAVING LEGATION UNDER ESCORT
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  REPRESENTATIVES OF NEUTRAL POWERS TALKING WITH M. PAVLOV AT THE WHARF
+]
+
+             RUSSIAN MINISTER TO KOREA DEPARTING FROM SEOUL
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  NEWSPAPER BULLETINS ON THE CHEMULPO BATTLE IN THE MAIN STREET OF TOKIO
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  PATRIOTIC CITIZENS STANDING IN THE RAIN WAITING THEIR TURN TO ENLIST
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  BUILDING TEMPORARY STABLES IN TOKIO IMMEDIATELY FOLLOWING THE
+    DECLARATION OF WAR
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  ENLISTED TROOPS, NEWLY ARRIVED IN TOKIO, WAITING THEIR TURN TO BE
+    FITTED OUT
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  IN HEAVY MARCHING ORDER READY TO DEPART
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  TROOPS BILLETED AT PRIVATE HOUSES IN TOKIO
+]
+
+         MOBILIZATION OF TROOPS IN TOKIO AT THE OUTBREAK OF WAR
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  TROOPS MARCHING TO STATION THROUGH THE STREETS OF TOKIO
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  ENTRAINING AT THE SHIMBASHI STATION, TOKIO
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  JAPANESE CAVALRYMEN ABOUT TO TAKE THE TRAIN
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  TROOPS ASSEMBLING IN STREETS NEAR THE STATION
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  INDUCING A FRACTIOUS CAVALRY HORSE TO BOARD THE TRAIN
+]
+
+                 DEPARTURE OF JAPANESE TROOPS FOR KOREA
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  EXAMINING CAVALRY HORSES AFTER ARRIVAL AT HIROSHIMA
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  UNLOADING THE LIGHT PORTABLE TRANSPORT CARTS
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  UNLOADING CAVALRY HORSES FROM BOX CARS
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  TRANSPORT CARTS LOADED WITH SUPPLIES
+]
+
+                JAPANESE TROOPS DETRAINING AT HIROSHIMA
+
+At Hiroshima the troops were detrained for the port of Ujina, whence a
+large part of the Japanese forces were embarked for Korea. Many of the
+cavalry horses were injured during their railroad journey by kicking
+each other or their stalls. The light “collapsable” carts shown here
+were one of the features of the mobile Japanese equipment. They kept
+pace with the marching column
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  JAPANESE CAVALRYMEN IN RAILWAY CARRIAGE
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  TROOPERS IN CHARGE OF CARS CONTAINING HORSES
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  OFFICERS IN COMMAND OF CAVALRY REGIMENT
+]
+
+                CAVALRY TRAIN LEAVING SHIMBASHI STATION
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  MEN OF THE ARMY SERVICE CORPS READY TO ENTRAIN
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  “SAYONARA!”—GOOD-BY
+]
+
+It was not until the troops had been departing from Tokio for several
+days that the general populace showed any such resemblance to Occidental
+enthusiasm as this. When some of the members of the staff left Tokio,
+they awakened and behaved like any other crowd at such a time. They
+shouted good-bys and the band, in a quaint imitation of Western customs,
+played “Auld Lang Syne”
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  FIFTH DIVISION ENGINEERS STUDYING PLANS
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  FIRST SECTION FINISHED SHOWING MANNER OF CONSTRUCTION WITH TIMBER AND
+    ROPES
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  PUSHING THE FIRST STAGING OUT INTO THE RIVER
+]
+
+ ENGINEERS AT HIROSHIMA PRACTICING BUILDING BRIDGES LIKE THOSE USED AT
+                                THE YALU
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  BRIDGE AT HIROSHIMA READY FOR THE PONTOONS
+]
+
+The bridges used at the Yalu were all planned and constructed in
+practice in Japan long before war was declared. After being built they
+were taken apart, carried along with the rest of the equipment, and put
+together when the time came. The Japanese engineers had complete maps
+and measurements of the streams in Manchuria, so that they always knew
+just what difficulties were to be met
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  “TIKOKU BANZAI!”—“LONG LIVE THE EMPIRE!”
+]
+
+Enthusiasm at Kobe upon the departure of a troop train for Ugina, a port
+of embarkation for Korea. On leaving for the front the Japanese soldier
+suppressed all emotions of sorrow. Not to be impassive was unmanly. It
+was only at such times as this that the collective enthusiasm showed
+itself, and it was not until a number of trains had passed en route for
+the front that it awoke.
+
+
+
+
+                               CHAPTER II
+                      THE FIRST BATTLES OF THE WAR
+
+
+It was on the night of February 8, 1904, that all hope of a peaceful
+solution of the Russo-Japanese entanglement was blown to the winds by
+the startling attack of Admiral Togo’s torpedo-boats on the Russian
+fleet at Port Arthur. The Russians were quite unready for so swift an
+onslaught; many officers were on shore, while the lookouts and scouting
+service were scarcely more vigilant than in time of peace. The Japanese
+torpedo flotilla sped in among the close-huddled battleships, launched
+their missiles, and were scurrying to sea before the Russian crews began
+to repel the attack. The first-class battleships “Retvizan” and
+“Czarevitch” and the cruiser “Pallada” were so badly injured that they
+had to be beached. The Japanese fleet returned the next day and
+bombarded the Russian ships and forts. In this attack the battleship
+“Poltava,” and the cruisers “Diana,” “Novik,” and “Askold” were
+temporarily disabled.
+
+Before the news of the battle of Port Arthur had fairly reached the eyes
+of the Western world came the more tragic story of the destruction of
+the “Variag” and the “Korietz” in Chemulpo Harbor. Admiral Uriu,
+commanding six Japanese battleships, six cruisers, and twelve torpedo
+craft, appeared off Chemulpo and demanded the surrender of the two
+Russian ships. Captain Behr of the “Variag” and Captain Roudnoff of the
+“Korietz” refused to surrender, and on the morning of February 9, the
+“Variag,” with bands playing, steamed out of the harbor to meet the
+hopeless odds. She met the Japanese fleet eight miles out, the enemy
+using long-range 12-inch guns, and pounding away at distances which made
+the “Variag’s” batteries harmless. Ten large projectiles riddled the
+cruiser, and in fifty minutes not a gun could be worked, the ship was on
+fire, engines crippled, and 109 officers and men of a complement of 540
+lay dead and wounded on the decks. The “Variag” crept back into port,
+her crew was removed to the British cruiser “Talbot” and the French
+cruiser “Pascal,” and she was set on fire. Three hours later, the
+“Variag,” after only eighteen months’ service, was at the bottom, a
+shattered and blackened mass of steel. The “Korietz” was a slow gunboat
+of only 1,200 tons, mounting one 6-inch gun and two 8-inch guns, with no
+armor protection. She was untouched, but after the fight her commander
+decided to destroy his ship, because Admiral Uriu had promised to renew
+the attack at four in the afternoon. Precisely at four o’clock, two
+deafening explosions came from the “Korietz.” As the smoke cleared,
+where the “Korietz” had been, only bits of wreckage and about four feet
+of her funnel could be seen.
+
+On the day after the Russian ships had been destroyed a division of the
+Japanese army was thrown ashore at Chemulpo. The landing was made in
+perfect order. The army was dependent for nothing upon the port. A large
+force was sent to occupy Seoul, and within two days Japan was in
+complete control of the most advantageous strategic bases of Korea.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  THE RUSSIAN SHIPS AT CHEMULPO BEFORE THE BATTLE
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  THE RUSSIAN GUNBOAT “KORIETZ” AT THE MOMENT OF THE EXPLOSION
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  THE RUSSIAN CRUISER “VARIAG” ON FIRE AT CHEMULPO
+]
+
+  DESTRUCTION OF THE “VARIAG” AND “KORIETZ” IN THE HARBOR OF CHEMULPO
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  FUNNEL OF THE GUNBOAT “KORIETZ”
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  TOPMASTS OF THE CRUISER “VARIAG”
+]
+
+           WRECKS OF THE RUSSIAN WARSHIPS IN CHUMULPO HARBOR
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  JAPANESE SALVAGE CORPS WORKING ON THE WRECK OF THE “VARIAG” AT
+    CHEMULPO
+]
+
+[Illustration]
+
+[Illustration]
+
+          THE NIGHT LANDING OF THE JAPANESE TROOPS AT CHEMULPO
+
+All through the night of February 9 boatloads of these little soldiers,
+with their inscrutable, unimpassioned faces, were landed in the snow on
+the Korean shore. This landing was one of the first proofs the Western
+world had of the wonderful preparedness of the soldiers of the Mikado.
+In spite of the darkness, fitfully punctuated by blazing torches, fires,
+and braziers, the task went on like clockwork
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  COOLIES HANDLING JAPANESE SUPPLIES AFTER THE LANDING AT CHEMULPO
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  MRS. PAVLOV, WIFE OF THE RUSSIAN MINISTER TO KOREA, AT THE SEOUL
+    RAILWAY STATION
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  DR. H. N. ALLEN, UNITED STATES MINISTER TO KOREA
+]
+
+Mrs. Pavlov, the wife of the Russian Minister, is a cousin of the
+Countess Cassini. When the Minister was invited to leave on the arrival
+of the Japanese, she was accompanied to the station not only by the
+Japanese guard, but by all the gallant young men of the diplomatic
+circle. Dr. Allen, the United States Minister, is shown standing at the
+door of the Legation at Seoul
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  KOREAN SENTRY AT SEOUL
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  BRINGING LANDING STAGES ASHORE AT CHEMULPO
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  PACKING HORSES WITH BAGGAGE KITS AT CHEMULPO
+]
+
+                   THE JAPANESE ADVANCE THROUGH KOREA
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  UNITED STATES MARINES NEAR THE LEGATION AT SEOUL
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  SAPPERS AND MINERS STARTING FOR NORTHERN KOREA
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  JAPANESE INFANTRY MARCHING THROUGH THE MAIN STREET OF SEOUL
+]
+
+                    THE JAPANESE OCCUPATION OF SEOUL
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  JAPANESE TROOPS WAITING TO CROSS THE RIVER AT PING-YANG
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  KOREANS WATCHING FROM THE GREAT GATE THE ENTRY OF THE JAPANESE AT
+    SEOUL
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  COMMISSARY TENTS IN THE JAPANESE CAMP AT CHEMULPO
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  EXTERIOR OF THE HOSPITAL BUILDING, RED CROSS FLAGS OVER THE GATE
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  JAPANESE RED CROSS NURSE ATTENDING RUSSIAN SAILORS WOUNDED IN THE
+    BATTLE OF FEBRUARY 9
+]
+
+              THE JAPANESE RED CROSS HOSPITAL AT CHEMULPO
+
+As soon as the Japanese landed after the battle between the warships in
+Chemulpo Harbor, a hospital was improvised and the more dangerously
+wounded Russians brought ashore from the foreign battleships, where they
+had been cared for temporarily, and nursed by the Japanese Red Cross
+service. As a mark of appreciation Russia contributed 2,000 yen ($1,000)
+to the Japanese branch of the Red Cross]
+
+
+
+
+                              CHAPTER III
+                      RUSSIAN PREPARATIONS FOR WAR
+
+
+Not only were the available Russian forces ill prepared for meeting the
+agile and ready Japanese, not only was their equipment ponderous and
+unwieldy, their knowledge of the strategic difficulties and advantages
+of the country in which the fighting was to be done scant and
+inaccurate, but the big fact which put Russia at a disadvantage during
+the early months of the war was the immense distance between her
+military bases and the front. Across the trackless wastes of Siberia the
+only path was a single-track railroad—a line of communication none too
+well equipped in times of peace, and open to complete and immediate
+disablement should the enemy succeed in cutting it at any point along a
+comparatively vulnerable stretch of many hundreds of miles. By sea—that
+is to say, by the way of the Mediterranean, the Suez Canal, and the
+route round the southern coast of Asia—Russian ships and soldiers were
+over 12,000 miles, or about fifty-one days, away from the seat of
+hostilities. When to these material difficulties were added the
+dissensions, jealousies, and shifting policies of St. Petersburg, the
+effective strength of Russia in these early days of the war could in no
+way be measured by her vast extent and apparently illimitable power.
+
+In Japan, on the other hand, preparedness was the keynote of the
+situation. Although nominally at peace, Japan had been practically on a
+war footing for months, yet so secretly was this preparation made that
+even after war was declared a casual and incurious visitor in Tokio
+would have seen little to indicate that he was in one of the great
+military centres of the world, and that all round and about him was
+being planned one of the greatest struggles of modern times.
+
+The results of this preparedness were vividly enough shown when the
+“Variag” and the “Korietz” were sunk in Chemulpo Harbor, before the
+world was really aware that war was seriously intended and inevitable.
+They were no less convincingly demonstrated by the perfection of the
+Japanese field equipment, and by the almost microscopic exactness with
+which every possible contingency had been foreseen and provided for.
+Ever since their war with China the Japanese had been perfecting their
+military organization, as though the coming war with Russia were a
+certainty. They had military maps of every nook and corner of Korea and
+Manchuria; they had spies working as coolies on the Russian railroads,
+and in Russian ports and shipyards; they had their light equipment
+especially adapted for the heavy Manchurian roads. Their baggage was so
+arranged and distributed that it made compact cube-shaped bundles which
+could be packed like so many building blocks, or made into easily
+carried packs for coolies. The collapsable boats with which a pontoon
+bridge was thrown across the Yalu were made for that special purpose
+months before, when the Korean peninsula was yet to be invaded. In fact,
+the whole early part of the war was an almost grotesque struggle between
+preparedness and unpreparedness, extreme mobility and clodhopping
+heaviness, cleverness and stupidity.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  RUSSIAN LADIES SEWING FOR THE RED CROSS IN THE PALACE OF THE GRAND
+    DUKE VLADIMIR
+]
+
+Under the auspices of the Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna, a circle of
+titled ladies met regularly at the Grand Ducal residence to sew for the
+men at the front. The Grand Duchess herself equipped and sent to the
+front an entire train fitted out for hospital purposes. At the Winter
+Palace the Czarina sewed with nearly a thousand ladies and the Dowager
+Empress presided over another sewing circle
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  WITH THE RUSSIAN ARMY ON ITS MARCH TO THE FRONT
+]
+
+A division of regular troops mobilizing in Southeastern Russia for
+transportation northward. The infantry regiments may be seen marching
+along the main road, while the artillery and transport wagons are moving
+up in the middle distance. A large body of cavalry, half hidden in dust
+clouds, is visible near the horizon. These troops were among the first
+mobilized
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  THE CZAR OF RUSSIA AND HIS FAMILY
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  THE CHRISTENING PROCESSION FOR THE CZAREVITCH
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  CHILDREN OF THE CZAR AT A MILITARY REVIEW
+]
+
+              THE AUTOCRAT OF RUSSIA AND THE ROYAL FAMILY
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  THE CZAR LEAVING THE WINTER PALACE TO BID FAREWELL TO TROOPS STARTING
+    FOR THE FRONT
+]
+
+The most sorrowful figure in the Russian Court at the beginning of the
+war was the Autocrat from whom all the Muscovite power and splendor
+radiated. Helpless among the cliques of the bureaucracy, he knew not
+what course to pursue and was beset with apprehensions not only of the
+fidelity of those about him, but for the safety of his own life
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  DEPARTURE OF RED CROSS NURSES FROM ST. PETERSBURG FOR THE FRONT
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  THE CZAR REVIEWING AN INFANTRY REGIMENT ON ITS DEPARTURE FOR THE FRONT
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  PROCESSION IN HONOR OF THE CHEMULPO SAILORS MARCHING TO THE WINTER
+    PALACE
+]
+
+The Russian sailors were treated as heroes wherever they went after
+their return from the disastrous engagement at Chemulpo. There were
+fêtes and processions in their honor at Odessa, Moscow, and St.
+Petersburg. A banquet was held at St. Petersburg, the officers received
+costly mementos and the sailors souvenirs and money rewards. The welcome
+was like that given to a victorious army
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  TWENTY-THIRD ARTILLERY BRIGADE ABOUT TO LEAVE GATCHINA FOR THE FRONT
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  THE CZAR BIDDING FAREWELL TO COMMANDERS ABOUT TO LEAVE FOR THE FRONT
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  GRAND DUKE ALEXANDROVITCH LEADING HIS MARINES IN REVIEW BEFORE THE
+    CZAR PREVIOUS TO LEAVING ST. PETERSBURG
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  CAPTAIN VIEDUSTOIPE OF AUSTRIA AND HIS WIFE SURROUNDED BY RUSSIAN
+    OFFICERS
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  ASCENT OF RUSSIAN BALLOON WITH GENERAL WARINOWSKY IN THE CAR
+]
+
+            INTERNATIONAL BALLOON CONTEST AT ST. PETERSBURG
+
+
+
+
+                               CHAPTER IV
+                       WITH THE JAPANESE IN KOREA
+
+
+Having secured a safe landing-place at Chemulpo, Japan poured troops
+into Korea and along the old Peking Road through Seoul to Ping-Yang and
+on to the northward toward the Yalu. Russia abandoned all hope of
+effective aggression by sea with her crippled fleet, and, except for the
+elusive Vladivostok squadron of four powerful cruisers, Japan was free
+to rush her troops into Korea. Russia bent all her energies toward
+hurrying her levies and supplies into Manchuria. Seoul was occupied and
+the Russian minister invited to leave. He complied at once.
+
+Moving at the rapid pace of from fifteen to twenty-five miles a day, the
+mobile Japanese pushed on to Ping-Yang. No opposition was met with, the
+native Koreans staring dumbly at the invaders without much curiosity and
+with no desire to make resistance. The march from Seoul to Ping-Yang was
+made along the ancient road to Peking, which was a quagmire most of the
+distance, crowded with cavalry, infantry, pack-trains, bullock-carts,
+and long trains of white-clad natives burdened with bags of provisions,
+plodding knee-deep through slush and mud. Half-frozen at night,
+stumbling and slipping all day, each soldier carrying sixty pounds of
+equipment, this infantry column swept along at a speed of from fifteen
+to twenty-five miles a day. That such speed was possible was due to the
+lightness of the Japanese baggage and wagon equipment, which had been
+specially prepared for the heavy Korean and Manchurian roads.
+
+It was apparent even to casual observers that immense military
+operations were under way, yet the civilized world was wholly in
+ignorance of their scope or direction. On February 15, for example,
+scores of crowded transports were leaving the Japanese naval bases, and
+a small army of alert correspondents from the world over could only
+guess whether these thousands of troops were going to Korea, to the Yalu
+region, or within a hundred miles of the Liaotung Peninsula. While the
+Japanese troops were pushing northward, the advance guard of the Russian
+army crossed the Yalu into Korean territory and occupied Wiju. The
+Russian headquarters were established at Harbin, the chief strategic
+centre of railway communication in inland Manchuria.
+
+Chenampo is one hundred and thirty miles north of Chemulpo on Korea Bay,
+and correspondingly nearer to the Yalu. Early in April, after the troops
+which had landed at Chemulpo two months before had completed their
+arduous march northward through the Korean Peninsula, and had captured
+the town of Wiju, on the east bank of the Yalu River, what was known as
+the main army, under General Kuroki, landed from transports at Chenampo.
+The success of the advance column had given the Japanese control of the
+mouth of the Yalu before Kuroki began to mobilize his co-operating
+columns, and two forces were thus ready by the end of April to force the
+passage of the Yalu and fight their way into Manchuria.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  LANDING THE MEN WHO FOUGHT AT THE YALU
+]
+
+The Japanese troops were ferried from the transports to the shore at
+Chenampo in heavy, blunt-nosed sampans. These sampans are sculled from
+the stern ordinarily with huge sweeps. The boatmen can be seen over the
+heads of the seated soldiers, standing over their sweeps like
+gondoliers. At Chenampo the sampans were in most cases lashed together
+in groups of three or four and towed by tugs
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  ARTILLERYMEN IN HEAVY MARCHING ORDER LANDING AT CHENAMPO
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  JAPANESE BLUEJACKETS COMING ASHORE AT CHENAMPO
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  GROOMING CAVALRY HORSES AT CHENAMPO AFTER LANDING THEM FROM TRANSPORTS
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  JAPANESE TROOPERS CARING FOR A SICK HORSE
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  KOREANS AND JAPANESE SALESMAN AT CHENAMPO
+]
+
+The lone Japanese pedler is shown at lower right-hand corner of the
+picture sitting behind his wares. The men at the left of the picture are
+not armless, as it might appear, but have their arms inside their
+kimonos, as is their habit on cold days. The march of the Japanese
+through their country and the whole excitement of war stirred the placid
+Koreans to little more unrest than they show here
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  KOREAN COOLIES CARRYING RICE AND BEEF FOR JAPANESE ARMY
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  BRINGING LUMBER INTO WIJU FOR BRIDGING THE YALU
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  COLLIER’S PHOTOGRAPHER AND COOLIES WITH MILITARY BICYCLES
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  JAPANESE EXTINGUISHING FIRE CAUSED BY RUSSIAN SHRAPNEL
+]
+
+              WITH THE JAPANESE ON THE ADVANCE TO THE YALU
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  SCREENS WHICH HID THE MOVEMENTS OF THE JAPANESE
+]
+
+General Kuroki not only misled the Russians as to the point at which he
+would probably cross the Yalu, but masked the march of his forces to the
+point north of the Wiju, where the crossing was made, by these grass
+screens and by marching behind hills. The Russians knew that some
+movement was going on, but could not make out the extent of it
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  GENERAL KUROKI AND HIS STAFF AT THEIR FIELD HEADQUARTERS IN ANTUNG
+]
+
+On the left of General Kuroki sits General Fuji, his chief of staff, on
+the right Prince Kuni. Next to Prince Kuni is Colonel Hageno, the
+Russian scholar of the staff. One of Kuroki’s absolute prohibitions to
+correspondents was the mention either of the general’s name or of the
+place from which they wrote, lest news of the army’s location should be
+brought to the Russians
+
+
+
+
+                               CHAPTER V
+                    THE RUSSIAN ADVANCE TO THE FRONT
+
+
+The supreme difficulty under which Russia labored during the early
+months of the war was the enormous distance from her military base to
+the battle front. The only line of land communication between Russia and
+Manchuria was the single-track Siberian railroad, and when war began
+this line was broken by the ice-locked Lake Baikal. Russia had need of
+300,000 men in Manchuria as soon as they could be rushed there, and with
+Lake Baikal frozen to the depth of nine feet, less than four thousand
+and more often not more than one thousand men could cross it in a day.
+
+Lake Baikal, this weakest link of a very weak chain, is the largest body
+of fresh water in the Old World, except the Victoria Nyanza in Africa.
+It is nearly 15,000 square miles in extent, and therefore inferior only
+to Superior and Huron among the great American lakes. It is 600 versts
+long, with a width varying from 27 to 85 versts. It is 3,185 feet deep.
+The railroad was broken by the southern end of this lake, where it is
+about 40 miles wide. This is the gap that disastrously impairs the
+utility of the Trans-Siberian for the moving of troops and war supplies
+to the Manchurian and Korean frontier.
+
+The lake begins to freeze in November, is completely ice-bound by the
+middle of December, remaining so for five months. The ice freezes to a
+thickness of nine feet, which would make sledge traffic perfect, were it
+not for the fact that wide fissures break its surface, which have a way
+of frequently closing up and piling the ice high into impassable
+windrows. These crevices have a width of three to six feet, and are
+often more than a verst in length, forming a serious impediment to
+progress on the ice and rendering next to impossible the marching of
+troops across the lake or the safe sledging of supplies. A thunderous
+crash, as of an explosion, marks the forming of the crevice, followed by
+a long, rolling reverberation. The rift instantly fills with water to
+the level of the ice, and is so agitated at the surface by currents or
+other forces that eight to fourteen days are required for it to freeze
+over, when the operation of cracking begins anew, and is repeated
+throughout the coldest portion of the winter.
+
+The obvious solution to this difficulty was to build a railroad round
+the end of the lake, a detour of nearly 150 miles, and necessitating the
+construction of four tunnels. This was out of the question. A powerful
+ice-crusher, the “Baikal,” modeled after the ice-crushers successfully
+used in the Straits of Mackinac, had been built. She could break ice
+four feet thick, but on the nine-foot ice of the Russian inland sea she
+made no successful impression. The result was that a line of track had
+to be laid across the lake, and that before this was completed the
+troops had to be marched across the forty-mile stretch of wind-swept
+ice, while their supplies and baggage had to be dragged after them in
+sledges. Many of the men, wandering on to treacherous ice, were drowned;
+many were frost-bitten, and all suffered extremely from the arduous
+labor of the march and the bitter cold.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  UNLOADING ARMY TRANSPORT WAGONS AT THE LAKE
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  OFFICERS CROSSING THE ICE IN RUSSIAN SLEDGES
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  DETACHMENT OF INFANTRY STOPPING FOR A MEAL OF HOT SOUP WHILE ON THE
+    MARCH
+]
+
+               RUSSIANS CROSSING LAKE BAIKAL IN MIDWINTER
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  RUSSIAN CAVALRY CROSSING LAKE BAIKAL
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  RUSSIAN CAVALRY READY TO CROSS THE LAKE
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  DRAGGING FREIGHT CARS ACROSS THE ICE
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  MOUNTED COSSACKS AT LAKE BAIKAL
+]
+
+           WITH THE RUSSIAN FORCES ON THEIR WAY TO THE FRONT
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  ARTILLERY CAISSONS AND SLEDGES ABOUT TO CROSS LAKE BAIKAL
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  RUSSIAN SOLDIERS MARCHING ACROSS FROZEN LAKE BAIKAL
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  RUSSIAN INFANTRY WARMING UP WITH HOT TEA BEFORE STARTING ACROSS LAKE
+    BAIKAL
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  A “PEKING CAR,” THE MOST LUXURIOUS METHOD OF TRAVELING
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  TYPICAL RUSSIAN INFANTRYMEN IN HEAVY MARCHING ORDER
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  DETACHMENT OF RUSSIAN INFANTRY ENTERING NEWCHWANG
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  RUSSIAN SOLDIERS SWINGING THROUGH THE STREETS OF MUKDEN
+]
+
+                    THE RUSSIAN ADVANCE TO THE FRONT
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  THE TRAVELING SOUP KITCHEN AND SOUP-KETTLE OVENS USED BY THE RUSSIANS
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  THE ENTRY OF THE RUSSIAN FORCES INTO NEWCHWANG
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  RUSSIAN INFANTRY, IN SUMMER UNIFORMS, MARCHING THROUGH LIAO-YANG
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  RUSSIAN TROOPS ENTERING YINKOW EARLY IN APRIL
+]
+
+        WITH THE RUSSIANS DURING THE EARLY ADVANCE TO THE FRONT
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  CHINESE COOLIES WITH RUSSIAN OVERSEER READY FOR WORK
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  SQUAD OF COSSACKS DISMOUNTED AND LINED UP FOR INSPECTION
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  GENERAL HERSCHELMANN’S DIVISION OF RUSSIAN CAVALRY AT ANTUNG
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  RUSSIAN ARTILLERY ADVANCING TOWARD THE YALU
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  RUSSIAN COBBLERS AT WORK IN THE FIELD ON SOLDIERS’ BOOTS
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  DINNER TIME WITH THE NINETEENTH EAST SIBERIAN RIFLE CORPS
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  GENERAL SASSULITCH AND STAFF IN COMMAND AT THE BATTLE OF THE YALU
+]
+
+
+
+
+                               CHAPTER VI
+            THE BATTLE OF THE YALU AND THE JAPANESE ADVANCE
+
+
+The battle of the Yalu was the first great land action of the
+Russo-Japanese War. The Russians were outnumbered by their opponents,
+but they were also outwitted and outmanœuvred, and the result was an
+overwhelming victory for the Japanese. In the crossing of the Yalu the
+Japanese exhibited the decided superiority of their shell-fire, they
+accomplished the brilliant strategic feat of crossing a river in the
+face of an intrenched enemy, and their commander, General Kuroki, proved
+himself a tactician of the first rank.
+
+The first triumph of Japanese cleverness was in deceiving the enemy as
+to the probable place of crossing. Bridge materials were brought to the
+shore below Wiju and preparations were apparently made for building a
+bridge at that point. Under cover of night most of these materials were
+rushed to the north of Wiju and above the extreme left of the Russian
+line. From this position the main body of the Japanese army crossed to
+the Manchurian side with comparatively little opposition. On the Russian
+left (up the river) the bank rose in a precipitous rocky formation to a
+height of a thousand feet. At the base was a path and a line of sand
+left by the falling current. Stretching along this for a mile or more,
+like so many blue pencil marks on brown paper, were the Japanese. Any
+Russians above them could have done more damage with tumbling bowlders
+than with rifle fire. Once on this, the Japanese were under a shelf.
+They could be reached only by shooting straight down the stream, and had
+gun or rifle ventured this the Russians would have found no cover save
+the smoke of shrapnel from the batteries which would have sent them
+back. The crossing of the Yalu was effected by a few rounds of
+musket-fire. The impregnable position of the enemy became cover for the
+Japanese advance.
+
+Once on the western bank and far enough north of the Russian line to be
+safe from attack on his own right flank, Kuroki’s plan was to execute a
+series of flank movements and attacks from the rear which would drive
+the Russians from their position and render what slight fortifications
+they had made on the heights along the river valueless. In spite of the
+reckless bravery of the Russians and the stubbornness of their defence,
+the impetus of the Japanese attack and the marvelous speed and
+effectiveness of the Japanese shell-fire could not be withstood, and the
+Russians were routed all along the line. They made a last stand at
+Hamatan Hill, a few miles to the rear of their original position, but
+the Japanese surrounded them on three sides and before the force
+retreated nearly four hundred men were compelled to surrender. Of the
+Japanese forces, 5 officers and 160 men were killed, while 29 officers
+and 666 men were wounded. The Russian dead, buried by the Japanese,
+numbered nearly 1,400, and 475 wounded Russians were taken to Japanese
+hospitals. Probably 500 wounded Russians, at least, escaped with the
+retreating army. The Japanese captured 28 guns, 50 ammunition wagons,
+and many other munitions of war.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  JAPANESE CAVALRY FORDING A TRIBUTARY OF THE YALU
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  CORRESPONDENTS AND KOREANS WATCHING THE SHELLING OF KU-LIEN-CHENG
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  CROSSING THE YALU ON MAY 1, AT THE DOUBLE-QUICK
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  THE STAFF VIEWING THE FIGHT FROM THE HEIGHTS AT WIJU
+]
+
+                  INCIDENTS OF THE BATTLE OF THE YALU
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  BRINGING THE PONTOONS UP TO THE YALU
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  POLING PONTOONS TO THE AI RIVER FROM THE YALU
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  JAPANESE INFANTRY CROSSING THE RIVER
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  COOLIES CARRYING SECTIONS OF A PONTOON BRIDGE
+]
+
+                        THE CROSSING OF THE YALU
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  FIELD HOSPITAL ON THE SANDS AT THE EDGE OF THE RIVER
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  CARRYING SOLDIER TO HIS QUARTERS AFTER HIS WOUND HAD BEEN DRESSED
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  WOUNDED JAPANESE WAITING THEIR TURN AT THE OPERATING TABLE
+]
+
+              WITH THE WOUNDED AFTER THE FIGHT AT THE YALU
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  WOUNDED JAPANESE RETURNING TO THE HOSPITAL AT WIJU
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  JAPANESE STRETCHER-BEARERS CARRYING WOUNDED RUSSIAN TO THE HOSPITAL
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  HOSPITAL CORPS WAITING DURING THE ACTION OF MAY 1
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  THE HOSPITAL AT ANTUNG TWO DAYS AFTER THE YALU BATTLE
+]
+
+     HOSPITAL CORPS AND WOUNDED JAPANESE AT THE BATTLE OF THE YALU
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  JAPANESE RESERVES WATCHING THE BATTLE FROM THE SOUTH BANK OF THE RIVER
+]
+
+The fence behind which these reserves are standing was one of those with
+which the Japanese concealed their march, from the point south of Wiju
+where they first made a feint at crossing to the point north of the town
+where the brilliant crossing was finally made. The impetus of this final
+attack was such that the Russians were soon routed all along the line.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  RUSSIAN GUN-CARRIAGE DEMOLISHED BY JAPANESE FIRE
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  RAPID FIRE MAXIMS CAPTURED AT HAMATAN HILL
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  RUSSIAN FIELD GUNS CAPTURED AND TAKEN TO ANTUNG
+]
+
+    ARTILLERY SPOILS CAPTURED BY THE JAPANESE DURING THE YALU BATTLE
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  SOME OF THE RUSSIAN PRISONERS WOUNDED DURING THE YALU FIGHT
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  JAPANESE BURYING A RUSSIAN CAPTAIN WITH MILITARY HONORS AT ANTUNG
+]
+
+The care of the Russian wounded by the Japanese after the Yalu battle,
+and the burial of several Russian officers with military honors, were
+things which surprised many sceptical observers of Japanese
+civilization, who had predicted that, once in hand-to-hand conflict with
+the enemy, the veneer of European civilization would quickly drop off
+and reveal the barbarian
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  JAPANESE TRANSPORTATION TRAINS AND INFANTRY LEAVING FOR THE FRONT
+    AFTER THE YALU BATTLE
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  FIRE AND DEVASTATION IN THE WAKE OF THE RETREATING ARMY
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  CHINESE MANDARIN GOING OUT TO MEET GENERAL KUROKI
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  FIELD POST-OFFICE ESTABLISHED IMMEDIATELY AFTER THE OCCUPATION
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  GENERAL KUROKI AND STAFF ENTERING FENG-WANG-CHENG
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  OFFICIAL CHINESE ESCORT TO GENERAL KUROKI AT FENG-WANG-CHENG
+]
+
+               THE JAPANESE OCCUPATION OF FENG-WANG-CHENG
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  ENGLISH NURSES SENT BY THE QUEEN TO INSPECT THE WORKINGS OF THE
+    JAPANESE RED CROSS
+]
+
+These representatives of the Queen, Miss St. Aubyn and Miss McCall,
+accompanied by Madame Kuroda, a Japanese lady, and Dr. Tamura, visited
+the hospitals at Feng-Wang-Cheng. They found everything so satisfactory
+that they remained with the army only a few days. The photograph shows
+them about to enter their palanquins, after visiting one of the
+hospitals. Miss McCall is at the right
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  INFANTRY DRAWN UP TO VIEW THE CEREMONIES
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  JAPANESE CAVALRY VIEWING FUNERAL CEREMONIES
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  SHINTO CEREMONY HELD BY THE JAPANESE IN HONOR OF THOSE WHO FELL AT THE
+    YALU
+]
+
+This impressive funeral ceremony was held at Feng-Wang-Cheng while the
+army was gathering its breath after the Yalu victory to push on into
+Manchuria. The whole army was drawn up in a vast body on the plain,
+while on the hilltop, in view of all, the officers and priests stood,
+going through the curious Shinto ceremonies in honor of the dead who had
+fallen in battle
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  JAPANESE EXPLAINING TO MILITARY ATTACHÉS TACTICS USED AT THE YALU
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  CAPTAIN OKADA INSPECTING BOMB-PROOF AT FENG-WANG-CHENG
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  BUGLE SQUAD AT THE FUNERAL CEREMONY AT FENG-WANG-CHENG
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  UNITED STATES ARMY ATTACHÉS AND COLLIER’S SPECIAL CORRESPONDENT
+]
+
+        SCENES AT FENG-WANG-CHENG AFTER THE JAPANESE OCCUPATION
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  ISSUING KHAKI UNIFORMS TO JAPANESE TROOPS AT FENG-WANG-CHENG
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  ENGINEERS OF KUROKI’S ARMY BRIDGING A STREAM AT FENG-WANG-CHENG
+]
+
+            JAPANESE GETTING READY TO PUSH ON INTO MANCHURIA
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  SOLDIERS AMUSING THEMSELVES WITH IMITATION GEISHA DANCES WHILE IN CAMP
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  SOLDIERS OFF DUTY WATCHING AMATEUR THEATRICALS
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  DUMMY FIGURES CONSTRUCTED BY SOLDIERS AT FENG-WANG-CHENG
+]
+
+        RECREATIONS OF THE JAPANESE BETWEEN BATTLES IN MANCHURIA
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  DETACHING THE LIMBERS AND GETTING GUNS INTO POSITION BEHIND THE
+    BREASTWORKS
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  GUNNERS WHEELING GUN INTO POSITION
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  GETTING THE RANGE AND ADJUSTING THE SIGHT
+]
+
+         JAPANESE BATTERY GOING INTO ACTION AT FENG-WANG-CHENG
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  JAPANESE GUIDE-POST AT FENG-WANG-CHENG
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  JAPANESE VISITING RUSSIAN GRAVES AT FENG-WANG-CHENG
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  CHINESE FARMERS VIEWING AN ENGAGEMENT FROM ABANDONED TRENCHES
+]
+
+                WITH THE JAPANESE INVADERS IN MANCHURIA
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  WHILING AWAY THE TIME BETWEEN BATTLES AT FENG-WANG-CHENG WITH
+    INTER-COMPANY WRESTLING BOUTS
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  JAPANESE INFANTRY LEAVING FENG-WANG-CHENG
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  CARRYING A WOUNDED RUSSIAN PRISONER ACROSS A STREAM
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  BATTERY FORDING ONE OF THE STREAMS THAT CROSS THE PEKING ROAD
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  CHINESE BRINGING WOOD FOR THE JAPANESE ARMY
+]
+
+             INCIDENTS OF THE ADVANCE FROM FENG-WANG-CHENG
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  INFANTRY CROSSING THE SO RIVER IN THE ADVANCE ON LIAO-YANG
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  GENERAL NISHI AND HIS STAFF HALTING TO STUDY MAPS AND SCOUTS’ REPORTS
+    ON THE MARCH FROM FENG-WANG-CHENG
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  CHINESE READING PROCLAMATION ISSUED BY THE JAPANESE
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  OUTPOST HIDDEN IN FOLIAGE AND UNDER A SUNSHADE
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  JAPANESE CHEERING NEWS OF A VICTORY NEAR LIENSHANKWAN
+]
+
+              WITH THE VICTORIOUS JAPANESE AT LIENSHANKWAN
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  ARRIVAL OF MAIL FOR THE ARMY IN THE FIELD AT LIENSHANKWAN
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  JAPANESE OUTPOST ON DUTY
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  VETERAN, WITH COIL OF ROPE AT HIS BELT FOR TYING PRISONERS
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  PIONEERS BUILDING MILITARY ROAD FOR THE ARMY
+]
+
+               INTO MANCHURIA WITH THE JAPANESE INVADERS
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  KWANTEI TEMPLE NEAR MOTIEN PAS
+]
+
+This temple was the scene of two severe fights between the advancing
+Japanese and the Russians, in which the Russians were routed and driven
+back. The temple was built by the Chinese after their last war with
+Japan because they thought that the gods of another temple had prevented
+the Japanese from taking the pass. The gods and the Russians together
+could not stop the enemy this time.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  DETACHMENT OF JAPANESE COMING UP AT THE DOUBLE-QUICK DURING THE FIGHT
+    AT MOTIEN PASS
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  SHARPSHOOTERS COVERING THE ADVANCE AGAINST THE RUSSIANS ON THE RIDGES
+]
+
+The Japanese in the trenches in the foreground are firing on the
+Russians retreating up the hillside in the distance clear across the
+valley. The Japanese advance is concealed in the timber in the middle
+distance just beyond the farmhouses. The Russians are too far away to be
+seen. Collier’s photographer, J. H. Hare, took this unusual picture from
+a tree-top just behind the Japanese trenches
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  COLONEL BABA OF THE SIXTEENTH REGIMENT AT MOTIENLING
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  BRINGING AMMUNITION UP TO THE FIRING LINE
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  IN THE TRENCHES AT MOTIENLING ON JULY 4
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  DISTRIBUTING AMMUNITION TO THE MEN IN THE TRENCHES
+]
+
+                 SCENES DURING THE BATTLE OF MOTIENLING
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  GENERAL KUROKI AND HIS CHIEF OF STAFF, LIEUTENANT-GENERAL FUJI,
+    WATCHING THE FIGHT AT MOTIENLING
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  BRINGING WOUNDED RUSSIANS TO THE DRESSING STATION AT THE KWANTEI
+    TEMPLE ON JULY 4
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  RUSSIAN RED CROSS SOLDIER WOUNDED AT MOTIEN PASS
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  BADLY WOUNDED AND DELIRIOUS RUSSIAN UNABLE TO WALK
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  JAPANESE BURYING A DEAD RUSSIAN AFTER THE FIGHT
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  RUSSIAN DEAD COVERED WITH BRANCHES BY JAPANESE AT MOTIEN PASS
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  RUSSIAN DEAD AND WOUNDED LYING TOGETHER AT MOTIENLING
+]
+
+                RUSSIAN WOUNDED AND DEAD AT MOTIEN PASS
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  WOUNDED PRISONERS HOBBLING INTO THE JAPANESE CAMP
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  RUSSIAN PRISONER TOO SEVERELY WOUNDED TO WALK
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  JAPANESE CARRYING WOUNDED RUSSIAN TO DRESSING STATION
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  BADLY WOUNDED IN THE LEG, BUT CHEERFUL
+]
+
+              WITH THE WOUNDED AND CAPTURED AT MOTIEN PASS
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  JAPANESE SKIRMISHERS ADVANCING TO FLANK THE ENEMY AT MOTIENLING
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  WANDERING IN HIS HEAD AND WOUNDED IN THE ARM
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  RUSSIAN PRISONERS SITTING ON THE TEMPLE STEPS
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  RUSSIAN PRISONERS TIED TO TELEPHONE POLE FOR SAFE-KEEPING
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  THE BIG PRISONER AND THE LITTLE CAPTORS
+]
+
+                  PRISONERS AND CAPTORS AT MOTIENLING
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  LIEUTENANT WHO CUT DOWN FOUR RUSSIANS WITH HIS SABRE
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  MAJOR TAKUSAGO EXAMINING A MAP OF THE FIELD
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  JOVIAL JAPANESE COLLECTING THE SPOILS OF BATTLE
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  CAVALRYMAN RETURNING TO THE FIGHT AFTER HAVING HIS WOUND DRESSED
+]
+
+       INCIDENTS OF THE RUSSIAN ATTEMPT TO RECAPTURE MOTIEN PASS
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  GENERAL OKASAKI, WHO DEFEATED THE RUSSIANS AT MOTIENLING
+]
+
+The Japanese commander is shown standing on the steps of the Kwantei
+temple during the battle of July 4, receiving reports from his staff and
+sending out orders. Motien Pass was one of the places on the line of
+march taken by Kuroki’s army which was thought before the battle to be
+practically impregnable. The Russians attempted to recapture it
+afterward, but were defeated with great loss
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  THE FIELD DRESSING STATION FOR THOSE TOO SEVERELY WOUNDED TO BE
+    CARRIED TO THE BASE HOSPITAL
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  JAPANESE MARCHING ON ONE OF THEIR MILITARY ROADS
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  GENERAL NISHI AND HIS STAFF HALTING TO LOOK OVER MAPS WHILE ON THE
+    MARCH
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  JAPANESE COLOR SERGEANT GUARDING THE REGIMENTAL FLAG
+]
+
+ WITH THE JAPANESE ADVANCE FROM THE YALU THROUGH THE MANCHURIAN MOUNTAINS
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  TAKING SHELTER BEHIND A HILL WHILE AWAITING THE OPPORTUNITY TO ATTACK
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  JAPANESE CREEPING ACROSS AN OPEN SPACE ON THE WAY TO THE FIRING LINE
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  WHERE THE KHAKI UNIFORMS BECOME ALMOST INDISCERNIBLE AGAINST A
+    HILLSIDE
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  JAPANESE RESERVES COMING UP TO THE FIRING LINE ACROSS THE TANG RIVER
+]
+
+           WITH THE JAPANESE DURING THE FIGHTING NEAR ANPING
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  JAPANESE SOLDIERS BREAKFASTING IN THE RAIN NEAR KANSUITAN
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  A COMPANY OF THE SIXTEENTH REGIMENT HALTING AFTER A NIGHT ATTACK
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  TROOPS WRAPPED IN RAIN-COATS REPORTING FOR INSPECTION
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  THE CHINESE COOLIE DROPPED HIS BURDEN WHEN THE CAMERA WAS OPENED
+]
+
+  JAPANESE AND CAPTURED RUSSIANS IN MANCHURIA DURING THE RAINY SEASON
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  JAPANESE BATTERY FORDING THE SHALLOW TANG RIVER
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  THE ONLY SMOKE VISIBLE—THAT OF THE CARTRIDGE WITHDRAWN FROM THE GUN
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  CARRYING SHELLS FROM THE CAISSONS TO THE GUNS
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  ARTILLERYMEN CLEANING OUT GUNS AFTER AN ACTION
+]
+
+       WITH THE SMOKELESS BATTERIES HIDDEN IN FIELDS OF KOWLIANG
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  SECOND DIVISION OF THE FIRST ARMY MARCHING ON THE OLD PEKIN ROAD
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  PAGODA FROM WHICH THE RUSSIAN STAFF SAW THEIR DEFEAT
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  SIXTEENTH JAPANESE REGIMENT IN SHELTER AWAITING ORDER TO MARCH
+]
+
+ IN THE NEIGHBORHOOD OF TOWAN DURING THE FIGHTING IN THE FIRST WEEK OF
+                                  JULY
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  CHINESE COOLIES FORDING A MANCHURIAN STREAM SWOLLEN BY RAINS
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  COOKING SUPPER UNDER DIFFICULTIES IN THE RAIN
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  JAPANESE SOLDIERS EATING SUPPER UNDER A SHELTER TENT IN THE RAIN
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  SHELTERED FROM THE RAIN AND A SAFE DISTANCE FROM THE GROUND
+]
+
+    DIFFICULTIES OF CAMPAIGNING DURING THE RAINY SEASON IN MANCHURIA
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  RUSSIAN GUNS CAPTURED AT NANSHAN USED BY THE JAPANESE AT SHUZAN-HO
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  RUSSIAN BATTERY POSITION AT YUSHULING, WITH PROTECTING INFANTRY TRENCH
+    CAPTURED BY THE JAPANESE
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  JAPANESE HORSES KILLED AT BATTERY POSITION NEAR TOWAN
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  RUSSIAN GUN OVERTURNED AND ABANDONED IN RETREAT FROM TOWAN
+]
+
+  ALONG THE LINE OF BATTLE IN THE MANCHURIAN PASSES SOUTH OF LIAO-YANG
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  SCOUT BRINGING INFORMATION ABOUT THE ENEMY TO GENERAL OKASAKI
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  JAPANESE MOUNTAIN BATTERY IN ACTION NEAR LIAO-YANG
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  SOLDIERS MAKING THEMSELVES COMFORTABLE ON A HOT, WET DAY
+]
+
+      PRESSING THE RUSSIANS CLOSE IN THE NEIGHBORHOOD OF LIAO-YANG
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  GATHERING THE WOUNDED RUSSIANS WHO HAD LAIN ALL NIGHT IN THE RAIN
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  SOME OF THE SPOILS GATHERED IN JUST BEFORE THE CAPTURE OF LIAO-YANG
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  BODIES OF JAPANESE SOLDIERS READY FOR CREMATION
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  BURNING THE BODIES OF THE DEAD IN THE FIELDS NEAR LIAO-YANG
+]
+
+        WITH THE JAPANESE ON AUGUST THIRTIETH CLOSE TO LIAO-YANG
+
+
+
+
+                              CHAPTER VII
+                   BEGINNING THE SIEGE OF PORT ARTHUR
+
+
+As soon as the Japanese learned of Kuroki’s success at the Yalu, they
+hurried troops ashore at Takushan and Pitsewo, on the eastern shore of
+the Liaotung Peninsula north of Port Arthur. This was on May 5. The
+landing was quite unexpected by the Russians; there was no sufficient
+force to attempt any resistance, and in three days an army was marching
+southward to begin the closing-in movement that ended in the fall of
+Russia’s supposedly impregnable fortress. On May 26, after fighting in
+and about Kinchow for nine days, Nanshan Hill, on the narrow isthmus
+joining the Port Arthur Peninsula to the main part of the Liaotung
+Peninsula, was captured by assault. Every device of modern warfare—the
+railway, telegraph, telephones, a captive balloon, mine-fields, barbed
+wire network, iron-roofed trenches, searchlights, illuminating
+star-shells—was used at Nanshan Hill to increase the natural strength of
+the fort. The ranges were known and the approach was from but one
+direction. There had been three months and a half since the war began
+and three weeks since the landing at Pitsewo. If Russian troops could be
+driven from such a position, and under such circumstances, by the
+Japanese, it seemed perfectly certain that no fortifications that Russia
+could devise could withstand the enemy. One last and unsuccessful
+attempt was made to cut the Japanese off before it was too late. The
+Russian army at Tashichao, under General Stakelberg, made a sortie
+southward and met General Oku’s army on June 14 at Wafengtien. The
+Russians were completely defeated. The Liaotung Peninsula was then open
+to the Japanese, and as soon as General Nogi and his army arrived to
+hold it and to begin to close in on Port Arthur, Oku was free to wheel
+north, and to co-operate with the armies of Kuroki and Nodzu in the
+general movement toward Liao-Yang. By the middle of June parallel
+columns of Japanese were moving northward through the valleys of
+Manchuria like so many fingers of one giant hand.
+
+Meanwhile Admiral Togo had maintained a strict blockade of the harbor
+and the Russian fleet had been practically destroyed. Beginning with the
+destruction of the “Variag” and “Korietz” in February, and including the
+tragic sinking of the “Petropavlovsk,” and the death of Admiral Makaroff
+and the painter Verestchagin on April 13, the Japanese successes
+gradually wore down the Port Arthur fleet until the Russian naval power
+in the East was no longer a factor in the reckoning. Up until the end of
+April the Japanese losses were practically nothing at all. Then came the
+sinking, by submarine mines, of the battleship “Hatsuse,” the third
+class cruiser “Miyako,” and Torpedo Boat No. 48. The battleship
+“Yoshino” was sunk in a collision. These losses came too late, however,
+for the Russians to take advantage of them, and the death of Admiral
+Makaroff may be said to mark the climax of the naval campaign against
+Port Arthur. After that the land campaign against the “Gibraltar of the
+East” began in earnest.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  VIEW OF THE HARBOR ENTRANCE OF PORT ARTHUR FROM THE LAND SIDE, THE
+    RUSSIAN FLEET IN THE OFFING
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  LOOKING SOUTHWARD ACROSS THE DOCKS AT PORT ARTHUR TO THE HEIGHTS AND
+    ONE OF THE RUSSIAN FORTS
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  DRY DOCK AT PORT ARTHUR VIEWED FROM THE PUBLIC GARDEN
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  ENTRANCE TO DRY DOCK AND MACHINE SHOPS AT PORT ARTHUR
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  CHINESE SAMPANS AT THEIR LANDINGS AT PORT ARTHUR
+]
+
+ SCENES ALONG THE WATER FRONT AT PORT ARTHUR BEFORE THE DECLARATION OF
+                                  WAR
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  CHINESE SAMPANS USED AS LIGHTERS FOR UNLOADING VESSELS AT PORT ARTHUR
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  JAPANESE FUGITIVES LEAVING PORT ARTHUR IN CHINESE SAMPANS
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  RUSSIAN WARSHIPS STEAMING OUT OF PORT ARTHUR ON FEBRUARY 1
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  FUGITIVES ARRIVING IN PORT ARTHUR JUST AFTER THE DECLARATION OF WAR
+]
+
+   NAVAL AND CIVILIAN ACTIVITY IN PORT ARTHUR AT THE OUTBREAK OF WAR
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  RUSSIAN WARSHIPS IN THE HARBOR AT PORT ARTHUR JUST BEFORE THE OUTBREAK
+    OF WAR
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  SAILORS AMUSING THEMSELVES WHILE OFF DUTY WITH BOOKS AND GAMES
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  GUN DRILL ON A RUSSIAN BATTLESHIP—“LOAD!”
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  SAILORS GOING THROUGH A DRILL IN LOWERING THE TORPEDO NETTING
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  GUN DRILL ON A RUSSIAN BATTLESHIP—“FIRE!”
+]
+
+   GETTING READY FOR THE JAPANESE ON A RUSSIAN WARSHIP AT PORT ARTHUR
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  UNARMORED CRUISER “PALLADA,” DISABLED DURING THE FIRST WEEK OF THE WAR
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  BATTLESHIP “POLTAVA,” SISTER SHIP OF THE “PETROPAVLOVSK”
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  THE PLUCKY LITTLE “NOVIK,” DISABLED IN THE FIRST FIGHT OF THE WAR
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  BATTLESHIP “RETVIZAN,” TORPEDOED IN THE FIRST WEEK AND BEACHED
+]
+
+    RUSSIAN SHIPS AT PORT ARTHUR BEFORE THE ARRIVAL OF THE JAPANESE
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  UNARMORED CRUISER “ASKOLD,” SISTER SHIP OF THE “VARIAG”
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  RUSSIAN CRUISER “BOYARIN,” SUNK ON FEBRUARY 12
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  BATTLESHIP “POBIEDA,” DISABLED BY A MINE ON APRIL 13
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  THE ARMORED CRUISER “BAYAN,” ONE OF THE LAST TO YIELD
+]
+
+             PART OF RUSSIA’S FIGHTING FLEET AT PORT ARTHUR
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  THE FLAGSHIP OF THE SQUADRON, THE “MIKASA”
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  ADMIRAL TOGO ON THE QUARTER-DECK OF THE “MIKASA”
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  DECK VIEW OF THE “MIKASA” FROM THE FIGHTING TOPS
+]
+
+   THE MAN WHO BOTTLED UP PORT ARTHUR, AND THE FLAGSHIP OF HIS FLEET
+
+
+
+
+                              CHAPTER VIII
+            EARLY CAMPAIGNING BEFORE THE BATTLE OF LIAO-YANG
+
+
+With Port Arthur cut off from the north, the three Japanese armies
+pushed rapidly northward in a general closing-in movement on Liao-Yang.
+General Nodzu’s army on June 26 captured Fengshuiling, on the main road
+northward from Takushan to Newchwang, and the Russian forces began to
+fall steadily back. At the same time, Kuroki, on the north, was
+capturing two passes of even greater importance, Motienling and Taling,
+and Oku, to the southward, was driving the Russians back with similar
+success. On July 17 the Russians, under General Count Keller, did make a
+desperate effort to retake Motienling, but were repulsed with heavy
+loss. Keller made another attempt to force the Japanese back a fortnight
+later, but it was equally disastrous and the general himself was killed.
+Meanwhile, on July 22 and 23, General Oku, on the extreme south and west
+of the long Japanese front, closed in upon Tashichao, and, with the
+assistance of Nodzu’s army, which had pushed up from Fengshuiling,
+captured the town and compelled the 40,000 Russians there to retreat.
+This, together with the unsuccessful battle in which Keller was killed,
+was practically the last of the Russians’ attempts to make a forward
+movement. General Kuropatkin devoted himself to preparing for a decisive
+battle at Liao-Yang, meanwhile keeping up all along the line just enough
+resistance to delay and hamper the Japanese advance.
+
+At the outset of the war Russia had in Manchuria about 45,700 men and
+120 field guns. Of this force about 20,000 men were at Port Arthur,
+4,400 at Talienwan, 1,400 at Yinkow, 1,150 at Haicheng, 1,900 at
+Liao-Yang, 2,750 at Tieling, north of Mukden, 1,250 at Ninguta in
+northeast Manchuria, 4,550 at Harbin, 1,950 at Tsitsihar in northwest
+Manchuria, and the rest in the smaller garrisons scattered through the
+territory from northeast Manchuria to Port Arthur. In addition there was
+a separate organization of railway patrol troops stationed in small
+bodies at many points on and near the railway. On January 1, 1904, the
+number of these railway troops was estimated at 15,200 with 32 guns, so
+that the grand total at the beginning of the war was about 60,000 men
+with about 150 field guns. In spite of the pressure on the Siberian
+Railroad and the hard marches cross Lake Baikal in the winter, Russia
+soon found that, however many millions she might have in Europe, she
+could not maintain in the field, at the end of 6,000 miles of single
+track, more than 300,000 troops, and keep them fully supplied with food,
+ammunition, and fresh men to take the place of the killed, wounded, and
+sick.
+
+During all this campaigning in Manchuria the Japanese showed the same
+preparedness and mobility which had been so strikingly characteristic of
+them during the earlier months of the war. They knew at all times the
+strength of their enemy as well as they knew the country, and to the
+information gathered by their spies and outposts was added that supplied
+by a generally friendly native population.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  RUSSIAN TROOPS DETRAINING AT MUKDEN EARLY IN MARCH
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  GATEWAY IN MUKDEN’S PRINCIPAL STREET
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  CHINESE CARTS USED BY OFFICERS AND CIVILIANS
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  RUSSIAN OFFICERS AT THE STAFF HEADQUARTERS, MUKDEN
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  MUKDEN STREET DURING THE EARLY DAYS OF THE WAR
+]
+
+          MUKDEN, WHEN THE JAPANESE WERE STILL MANY MILES AWAY
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  ARRIVAL OF THE FIFTH ARMY CORPS AT MUKDEN
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  RUSSIAN COSSACKS FROM THE CAUCASUS
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  ADMINISTERING THE SACRAMENT TO SOLDIERS BEFORE THEIR DEPARTURE FOR THE
+    FRONT
+]
+
+              RUSSIANS AT MUKDEN ON THEIR WAY TO THE FRONT
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  A FLYING COLUMN OF RED CROSS SURGEONS
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  RUSSIAN FIELD TELEPHONES IN TRENCHES
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  NINETEENTH EAST SIBERIAN RIFLE CORPS AT PRAYER
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  EVENING SERVICE FOR THOSE FALLEN IN BATTLE
+]
+
+                     WITH THE RUSSIANS IN MANCHURIA
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  GENERAL KUROPATKIN PASSING GENERAL HERSCHELMANN’S DIVISION
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  GENERAL LEVISTAIN GIVING ORDERS TO HIS STAFF
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  GENERAL PLESCHKOFF INSPECTING HIS COMMAND
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  THE REGIMENTAL BAND PLAYING IN THE WILDS OF MANCHURIA
+]
+
+                 WITH THE RUSSIAN ADVANCE IN MANCHURIA
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  PRINCE TROUBESKAY AND HIS STAFF
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  MEN OF THE SEVENTH SIBERIAN COSSACK REGIMENT
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  NINETEENTH SIBERIAN RIFLE CORPS AT DINNER
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  COOLIES CARRYING WOUNDED RUSSIAN TO EMERGENCY HOSPITAL
+]
+
+              IN THE FIELD WITH THE RUSSIANS IN MANCHURIA
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  GENERAL KUROPATKIN AT THE TELESCOPE SCANNING THE COUNTRY ABOUT
+    LIAO-YANG
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  RUSSIANS ERECTING WIRE ENTANGLEMENTS AT EDAGAN
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  RUSSIAN OFFICER INSPECTING COMMISSARY ARRANGEMENTS IN HIS CAMP
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  RUSSIAN REGIMENTAL BAND PLAYING IN CAMP
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  COMMISSARY MEN DRAWING WATER FOR THE ARMY
+]
+
+               WITH THE RUSSIANS ON THE WAY TO THE FRONT
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  GENERAL KUROPATKIN INSPECTING THE STAFF OF THE FOURTH ARMY CORPS
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  ONE OF THE DROSKIES IN WHICH COMMANDING GENERALS RODE
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  RUSSIANS FORDING A SHALLOW STREAM NEAR LIAO-YANG
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  THE BIG, BROAD-SHOULDERED SOLDIERS OF THE CZAR
+]
+
+   PART OF THE MOVEMENT OF FORTY THOUSAND MEN SOUTHEAST OF LIAO-YANG
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  RUSSIAN TROOPS MARCHING THROUGH THE STREETS OF LIAO-YANG
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  THE GREAT EASTERN GATE AT LIAO-YANG
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  RUSSIAN SOLDIERS TRADING WITH CHINESE PEDLERS
+]
+
+           SCENES AT LIAO-YANG ON THE ARRIVAL OF THE RUSSIANS
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  COURTYARD OF RICH MANCHURIAN’S HOUSE AT LIAO-YANG—THE HOST AND HIS
+    ENFORCED RUSSIAN GUESTS
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  SOLDIERS OFF DUTY LISTENING TO ONE OF THEIR COMRADES
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  SOLDIERS CROWDING ABOUT HOSPITAL TRAIN TO HEAR THE NEWS FROM THE FRONT
+]
+
+ WHEN NEWS FROM THE FIRING LINE CAME BACK TO THOSE WHO HAD NOT YET MET
+                              THE JAPANESE
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  A DISHEARTENED JAPANESE SPY AND HIS QUIZZICAL RUSSIAN CAPTORS
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  RUSSIAN BATTERY GETTING INTO POSITION AT KANSUITAN JUST BEFORE THE
+    BATTLE
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  ONE OF THE SHREWDLY SCREENED RUSSIAN BATTERIES WHICH WROUGHT HAVOC
+    BEFORE BEING CAPTURED BY THE JAPANESE
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  ARTILLERYMEN OF THE SIXTH EAST SIBERIAN REGIMENT CALCULATING THE RANGE
+    FROM ONE OF THE MANCHURIAN HILLS
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  RUSSIAN INFANTRY MARCHING TO THEIR POSITION JUST BEFORE THE BATTLE AT
+    TOWAN
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  FOURTH URAL REGIMENT ON THE MARCH TO HAICHENG
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  URAL COSSACK LANCERS ON THEIR WAY TO BATTLE
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  RUSSIANS ADVANCING FOR THE DEFENCE OF HAICHENG
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  TAKING ADVANTAGE OF A FINE DAY TO WASH CLOTHES
+]
+
+                 WITH THE RUSSIAN TROOPS NEAR HAICHENG
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  GENERAL KUROPATKIN WATCHING THE FIGHT SURROUNDED BY HIS STAFF
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  EAST SIBERIAN TROOPS ADVANCING AT HAICHENG
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  RUSSIAN INFANTRY IN THE TRENCHES ON A HOT DAY
+]
+
+ WITH THE RUSSIAN TROOPS DURING THE ENGAGEMENT WITH THE JAPANESE IN THE
+                        NEIGHBORHOOD OF HAICHENG
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  BATTERY OF THE SIXTH EAST SIBERIAN ARTILLERY IN POSITION ON THE
+    HEIGHTS ABOVE TOWAN
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  RUSSIAN OFFICERS AT THE HIGHEST POINT OF TOWAN PASS OBSERVING THE
+    APPROACH OF THE JAPANESE
+]
+
+[Illustration]
+
+[Illustration]
+
+            RUSSIAN BATTERIES IN ACTION GUARDING TOWAN PASS
+
+  WITH THE RUSSIAN OFFICERS AND FIGHTING MEN DURING THE ENGAGEMENT AT
+                               TOWAN PASS
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  FIRST BATTERY OF THE EAST SIBERIAN ARTILLERY AT YUSHULING
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  RUSSIAN OFFICERS IN CONFERENCE BEFORE THE BATTLE
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  BREAKFAST BEFORE THE FIGHT AT YUSHULING
+]
+
+   WITH THE RUSSIAN TROOPS DURING THE EARLY CAMPAIGNING IN MANCHURIA
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  RUSSIAN OFFICERS VIEWING FIGHT AT TOWAN PASS
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  SENDING HELIOGRAPH SIGNALS DURING THE FIGHT AT ANPING
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  MOVING TO THE FRONT AT TOWAN PASS AT SIX O’CLOCK IN THE MORNING
+]
+
+                    WITH THE RUSSIANS AT TOWAN PASS
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  RUSSIAN FIRING LINE JUST BEFORE THE BATTLE AT YUSHULING
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  JAPANESE SHELLS BURSTING NEAR THE YUSHULING BATTERY
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  GENERAL KUROPATKIN PRESENTING ST. GEORGE’S CROSS TO PRIVATES ON THE
+    BATTLEFIELD
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  REMOVING WOUNDED FROM HOSPITAL TRAIN TO HOSPITAL
+]
+
+        THE REWARDS OF VALOR WITH KUROPATKIN’S ARMY IN MANCHURIA
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  OFFICERS OF THE FIRST BATTERY, SIXTH SIBERIAN BRIGADE
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  RUSSIAN OUTPOSTS FIRING ON THE ADVANCING JAPANESE
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  RUSSIAN INFANTRY ADVANCING THROUGH UNDERBRUSH
+]
+
+   WITH THE RUSSIAN FORCES IN MANCHURIA DURING THE EARLY CAMPAIGNING
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  RUSSIAN SKIRMISHERS ADVANCING AGAINST THE JAPANESE NEAR ANPING
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  GENERAL SUREKOFF AND GENERAL MORO AT YUSHULING
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  ARTILLERY OF THE TENTH CORPS RESISTING JAPANESE FORTY MILES SOUTH OF
+    LIAO-YANG
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  INFANTRY INTRENCHED IN FRONT OF BATTERY
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  RUSSIAN ARTILLERY AT YUSHULING IN POSITION ABANDONED THE NEXT DAY
+]
+
+     WITH THE TENTH RUSSIAN ARMY CORPS AT YUSHULING, NEAR LIAO-YANG
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  INFANTRY MARCHING THROUGH MAIN STREET OF A MANCHURIAN VILLAGE
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  TURKESTAN REGIMENT ON PARADE NEAR MUKDEN
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  RUSSIAN INFANTRY ADVANCING THROUGH THE HILLS NEAR HAICHENG
+]
+
+   WITH THE RUSSIAN TROOPS DURING THE EARLY CAMPAIGNING IN MANCHURIA
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  WOUNDED SOLDIERS CONVALESCING IN THE HOSPITAL AT MUKDEN
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  DINNER TIME IN A RUSSIAN MILITARY HOSPITAL
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  OPERATING ON A WOUNDED SOLDIER IN THE HOSPITAL
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  HOSPITAL STAFF OF THE GRAND DUKE BORIS
+]
+
+            WITH THE RUSSIAN RED CROSS SERVICE IN MANCHURIA
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  RUSSIAN BALLOON IN THE CAMP AT ANPING
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  SOLDIERS FORDING A RIVER WITH THE GAS BAG
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  ESCORT OF TURKESTAN COSSACKS WITH THE BALLOON
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  SIGNAL OFFICER ABOUT TO MAKE AN ASCENT
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  TAKING AN OBSERVATION FROM THE BALLOON
+]
+
+       WAR BALLOON AND GAS BAG USED BY THE RUSSIANS IN MANCHURIA
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  IN THE RUSSIAN TRENCHES DURING THE FIGHTING AT TALING
+]
+
+
+
+
+                               CHAPTER IX
+                        THE BATTLE OF LIAO-YANG
+
+
+The battle of Liao-Yang was the culminating event of the four months’
+Manchurian campaign which the Japanese began when they crossed the Yalu.
+In the point of number of men engaged it was the greatest battle of
+modern times, and it resulted in a decisive, though hard-won, victory
+for the Japanese. Between 400,000 and half a million men fought in the
+two armies, and when the five days’ duel was over the total losses in
+killed and wounded were estimated at about 30,000. The result of the
+battle was that the Japanese gained complete control of the Liaotung
+Peninsula, north of Port Arthur, and that the Russian army was forced to
+retreat northward toward Mukden and Harbin.
+
+The Russians under General Kuropatkin had collected a large amount of
+ammunition and supplies at Liao-Yang and the town itself was elaborately
+fortified. It was generally understood that General Kuropatkin’s plan
+was to lure the Japanese on to the plain in front of Liao-Yang and there
+to meet them in decisive battle. When the battle proper began on August
+26, the Russian army occupied three groups of positions, extending in a
+semicircle in front of and to the southward of the fortifications of the
+town. Kuroki’s army on the east, Nodzu’s on the south, and Oku’s on the
+west—the whole under the command of Field Marshal Oyama—attacked along
+the whole front. After five days of the most persistent attack and
+defence, and a terrific and almost continuous artillery duel, during
+which the Russians were pushed back into Liao-Yang, General Kuroki
+succeeded in throwing a considerable force across the Taitse River,
+which extends eastward and westward just north of the town. With his
+left flank and rear thus menaced, Kuropatkin was compelled, on September
+1, to evacuate Liao-Yang and retreat on Mukden.
+
+With the loss of Liao-Yang crumbled to pieces the plan for the defence
+of Manchuria which the Russian commanders had adopted when they were
+preparing for war with Japan. With the exception of the beleaguered
+garrison at Port Arthur, Russia had lost every foothold on the Liaotung
+Peninsula. In only one thing were the Japanese unsuccessful. They had
+failed to get to the rear of the Russian army and to cut off Kuropatkin
+from his line of retreat, and the manner in which the Russian commander
+withdrew his army in the face of almost insurmountable difficulties went
+far to mitigate the humiliation of defeat. The estimates of the number
+of troops engaged on either side vary from somewhat less than 200,000 to
+250,000 men. It was generally believed at the time the battle was fought
+that the Japanese outnumbered the Russians, but inasmuch as they were
+attacking an intrenched force this advantage was apparent rather than
+real. No battle in our Civil War was on as large a scale as that at
+Liao-Yang. The battle of Leipsic, where Napoleon arrayed 130,000 men
+against the 300,000 of the Allies, was, in point of number of men
+engaged, the greatest previous battle of modern times.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  JAPANESE RESTING ON THE BANKS OF THE TANG RIVER A FEW DAYS BEFORE THE
+    TAKING OF LIAO-YANG
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  THE PAGODA AT LIAO-YANG SEEN IN THE DISTANCE
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  RUSSIANS SEARCHING WITH SHRAPNEL TO UNMASK THE ENEMY’S BATTERIES
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  SCOUTING WITH GENERAL WATERNABE IN THE VICINITY OF LIAO-YANG
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  WATCHING THE DISTANT CITY TO SEE IF THE RUSSIANS ARE EVACUATING
+]
+
+ ON THE LAST OF THE HILLS, ON SEPTEMBER THIRD, JUST BEFORE THE JAPANESE
+                           ENTERED LIAO-YANG
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  JAPANESE FINDING THE BODY OF A COMRADE IN THE FIELDS NEAR LIAO-YANG
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  DEAD JAPANESE IN TRENCHES ON SEPTEMBER FOURTH
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  BURYING JAPANESE AND RUSSIAN DEAD TOGETHER OUTSIDE LIAO-YANG
+]
+
+    SEARCHING OUT AND BURYING THE DEAD THE DAY THE JAPANESE ENTERED
+                               LIAO-YANG
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  RUSSIANS RETREATING FROM LIAO-YANG ACROSS THE TAITSE RIVER
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  BABY CARRIAGE LEFT BEHIND BY RUSSIANS IN THE PARK
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  JAPANESE CROSSING THE TAITSE RIVER TO ENTER LIAO-YANG
+]
+
+   INCIDENTS OF THE EVACUATION OF LIAO-YANG AND ITS OCCUPATION BY THE
+                                JAPANESE
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  CORRESPONDENT EXAMINING WIRE ENTANGLEMENTS BUILT BY THE RUSSIANS
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  JAPANESE DISMANTLING A RUSSIAN REDOUBT AT LIAO-YANG
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  PICKING THEIR WAY THROUGH WIRE ENTANGLEMENTS AND PITS
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  GENERAL VIEW OF A RUSSIAN REDOUBT NORTH OF LIAO-YANG
+]
+
+   VIEWS OF FORTIFICATIONS AND ENTANGLEMENTS BUILT BY THE RUSSIANS AT
+                               LIAO-YANG
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  NATIVES, WITH JAPANESE FLAGS FLYING, AWAITING THE CONQUERORS
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  CHINESE MANDARIN AND ESCORT GETTING READY TO RECEIVE THE JAPANESE
+]
+
+  SCENES IN LIAO-YANG ON THE MORNING OF ITS OCCUPATION BY THE JAPANESE
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  JAPANESE ENTERING LIAO-YANG THROUGH ONE OF THE MANY BREACHES IN THE
+    WALLS
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  ENGINEERS OF THE FIFTH DIVISION ENTERING LIAO-YANG, SEPTEMBER 4
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  TAKING A RUSSIAN PRISONER OUT OF THE BIG SOUTH GATE
+]
+
+     VIEWS OF THE FIRST ENTRY OF THE JAPANESE FORCES INTO LIAO-YANG
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  RUSSIAN STORES BURNING AT LIAO-YANG ON SEPTEMBER FOURTH, ON THE
+    ARRIVAL OF THE JAPANESE
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  JAPANESE WORKING ON RAILROAD TRACK NEAR THE COMMISSARY SHEDS
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  THE DOME-SHAPED ICE HOUSE AND FRESH JAPANESE STORES AT LIAO-YANG
+]
+
+ SCENES IN LIAO-YANG IMMEDIATELY FOLLOWING ITS CAPTURE BY THE JAPANESE
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  CALLING THE ROLL IN A JAPANESE COMPANY AT LIAO-YANG
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  PUNISHMENT OF CHINESE CAUGHT LOOTING IN LIAO-YANG
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  TWO CORRESPONDENTS WITH THE RUSSIAN FORCES CAUGHT BY THE JAPANESE AT
+    LIAO-YANG
+]
+
+    SCENES AT LIAO-YANG AFTER ITS OCCUPATION BY THE JAPANESE FORCES
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  JAPANESE SOLDIERS SITTING IN RUSSIAN DROSKIES CAPTURED AT LIAO-YANG
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  GENERAL NODZU ENTERING THE SOUTH GATE
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  EXAMINING AS CURIOSITIES THE RUSSIAN SOUP KITCHENS CAPTURED AT
+    LIAO-YANG
+]
+
+  SCENES AT LIAO-YANG IMMEDIATELY AFTER THE CAPTURE OF THE CITY BY THE
+                                JAPANESE
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  DR. WESTWATER, MEDICAL MISSIONARY, AND HIS MANCHURIAN STAFF
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  OPERATING ON MANCHURIAN WHO HAD FORTY-SEVEN BAYONET WOUNDS
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  DR. WESTWATER AND REV. T. McNAUGHTON AND THEIR WIVES IN A BOMB-PROOF
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  INNOCENT MANCHURIAN VICTIMS OF THE WAR
+]
+
+Dr. Alexander Westwater is a Scotch medical missionary who had worked
+for twenty-five years in Manchuria. He and his colleague, the Rev. T.
+McNaughton, and their wives remained in Liao-Yang during the siege and
+after it, ministering to the defenceless non-combatants. Mrs. Westwater
+and Mrs. McNaughton were the only European ladies in the city when the
+Japanese arrived
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  GENERAL KUROPATKIN STANDING IN FRONT OF THE SHED BUILT TO SHELTER HIS
+    TRAIN
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  GENERAL KUROPATKIN DEPARTING BY TRAIN
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  JAPANESE IN THE TRAIN-SHED BUILT TO SHELTER GENERAL KUROPATKIN’S TRAIN
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  RUSSIAN SISTERS OF MERCY AT LIAO-YANG
+]
+
+    SCENES AT LIAO-YANG BEFORE AND AFTER THE ARRIVAL OF THE JAPANESE
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  ALTERING THE GAUGE OF THE TRACKS TO FIT THE JAPANESE ROLLING STOCK
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  JAPANESE ENGINEERS STRINGING NEW TELEGRAPH WIRES AT LIAO-YANG
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  COOLIES PUSHING CARS BEFORE THE JAPANESE ENGINES ARRIVED
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  FRESH TRANSPORT CARTS BROUGHT BY RAIL TO LIAO-YANG
+]
+
+   BRINGING ORDER OUT OF CHAOS AFTER THE RUSSIANS EVACUATED LIAO-YANG
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  FRESH SOLDIERS ARRIVING TO TAKE THE PLACES OF THOSE LOST AT LIAO-YANG
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  UNLOADING NEW GUNS TO STRENGTHEN THE JAPANESE BATTERIES
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  USING RUSSIAN TRAIN SERVICE TO BRING RESERVES TO LIAO-YANG
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  ASSEMBLING THE PARTS OF GUNS AND PUTTING THEM TOGETHER AT LIAO-YANG
+]
+
+ JAPANESE ACTIVITY AT LIAO-YANG IMMEDIATELY AFTER THE CAPTURE OF THE CITY
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  JAPANESE BAND PLAYING AT GENERAL OYAMA’S HEADQUARTERS AT LIAO-YANG
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  MARQUIS OYAMA, FIELD MARSHAL OF THE JAPANESE ARMIES
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  TRANSFERRING SUPPLIES FROM CARS TO COMMISSARY CARTS AT LIAO-YANG
+]
+
+ SCENES AT LIAO-YANG AFTER OYAMA’S THREE ARMIES HAD TAKEN POSSESSION OF
+                                THE CITY
+
+
+
+
+                               CHAPTER X
+                       THE CHRONICLERS OF THE WAR
+
+
+The most interesting stories written by the correspondents who were sent
+to cover the Russo-Japanese War were probably the ones that never passed
+the censor, the most extraordinary sights those which the correspondents
+did not see. There has never been a struggle since the days of the
+telegraph and the professional correspondent of which the world at large
+knew so little. During the early months of the war practically all of
+the correspondents were bottled up in Tokio, and when at last a few of
+them were released and allowed to follow the army, they were kept far in
+the rear, and were only permitted to see the fighting at the Yalu from
+the top of a hill several miles from the firing line.
+
+Marking time in Tokio for months were newspaper men and special writers
+who were correspondent veterans of many wars, and who were compelled to
+waste their energies in the description of tea-houses, theatres, and
+other conventional show places. The unfortunate correspondents were
+repeatedly told that they were soon to leave for the front, only to
+learn presently that there was to be more delay, and to see a repetition
+of the Japanese smile, and hear again the Japanese “I’m so very, very
+sorry.”
+
+R. L. Dunn, Collier’s special photographer, who was fortunate enough to
+get into Korea before the rigid censorship of correspondents began, but
+was subsequently forced to return, thus described some of the distresses
+of the luckless who were held up in Tokio: “I found more than a hundred
+war correspondents at Tokio, hustling from morning to night in order to
+get ready in time, and buying a thousand odd things at war prices, so
+that their equipments might meet every conceivable emergency. That was
+in April. Spring changed into summer. Fur-lined sleeping bags and
+firepots made the days seem hotter than they were. The whole winter
+outfit had to be exchanged for one suited to summer. On June 1
+everything was as it had been at the beginning, except that some
+correspondents were contemplating the necessity of acquiring a third
+outfit for the rainy season.”
+
+“Never was parting guest more happy to get away,” wrote Collier’s
+special correspondent, Frederick Palmer, when he and J. H. Hare,
+Collier’s special photographer, at last left Tokio with three other
+Americans—the first to be allowed to go to the front; “never was parting
+guest more heartily and sincerely sped. With the correspondents of the
+first contingent actually going, the hopes of the second and the third
+rose to the dignity of expectations. They gathered at Shimbashi Station
+with tin horns and gave the chosen few an Anglo-Saxon cheer. For over
+two months some of us have waited for official passes to join the
+Japanese army in the field. Now that we have the treasure it is not much
+to look at—only a slip of paper which would go into the average sized
+envelope. By rights, it should be on vellum, with marginal decorations
+of storks standing on one leg and an inscription of _summa cum laude_
+for patience in flourishes.”
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  GENERAL KUROKI WITH HIS STAFF, CORRESPONDENTS, AND ATTACHÉS AT THE
+    CELEBRATION IN HONOR OF THE SHA-HO VICTORY
+
+  This celebration was held in November at Palansansu. The Japanese
+    correspondents as well as the foreign correspondents and
+  attaches are shown in the picture. The numbered figures are (1)
+    General Kuroki, (2) Prince Kuni, (3) General Fuji,
+  (4) Quartermaster Waternabe, with whom the correspondents had much to
+    do. The picture was taken by a Japanese photographer
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  ANGUS HAMILTON, MANCHESTER “GUARDIAN”
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  J. F. J. ARCHIBALD AND PRESS CENSOR
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  GROUP OF CORRESPONDENTS AT NEWCHWANG
+
+  (1) THE HONORABLE MAURICE BARING, LONDON “MORNING POST”; (2) R. H.
+    LITTLE, CHICAGO “DAILY NEWS”; (3) FRANCIS
+  McCULLOUGH, “NEW YORK HERALD”; (4) J. F. J. ARCHIBALD, “COLLIER’S”;
+    (5) GEORGE DENNY, ASSOCIATED PRESS;
+  (6) GEORGES DE LA SALLE, FRENCH NEWS AGENCY; (7) VISCOUNT LORD BROOKE,
+    REUTER’S AGENCY; (8) DUTKEWICH
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  G. ERASTOFF, RUSSIAN ARTIST
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  SIGNOR PARDO, “TRIBUNA” OF ROME
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  CAPTAIN SCHWARTZ, GERMAN
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  T. M. MILLARD, “SCRIBNER’S MAGAZINE”
+]
+
+   CORRESPONDENTS OF VARIOUS NATIONALITIES WITH THE RUSSIAN FORCES IN
+                               MANCHURIA
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  THREE RUSSIAN ARTISTS AND RUSSIAN PRESS CENSORS AT NEWCHWANG
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  FUNERAL AT NEWCHWANG OF LOUIS ETZEL, THE FIRST CORRESPONDENT TO BE
+    KILLED
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  UNITED STATES ARMY ATTACHÉS WITH THE RUSSIAN FORCES
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  FOREIGN MILITARY ATTACHÉS WITH THE RUSSIAN FORCES IN MANCHURIA
+]
+
+  CIVILIANS AND MILITARY ATTACHÉS WITH THE RUSSIAN FORCES IN MANCHURIA
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  GENERAL KUROKI SHOOTING AT THE TARGET
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  SIR IAN HAMILTON AND PRINCE KUNI
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  GENERAL FUJI TRYING A SHOT FROM A SITTING POSITION
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  GENERAL CROWDER, THE UNITED STATES ATTACHÉ
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  CAPTAIN DANI, AUSTRIAN ATTACHÉ
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  GENERAL SIR IAN HAMILTON SHOOTING
+]
+
+ THE TARGET-SHOOT GIVEN FOR THE MILITARY ATTACHÉS BY GENERAL KUROKI IN
+                   THE WINTER QUARTERS ON THE SHA-HO
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  CAPTAIN HEGARDT, SWEDISH ATTACHÉ, AND COLONEL HUME OF THE BRITISH ARMY
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  MAJOR ETZEL, GERMAN ATTACHÉ, READY TO FIRE
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  BARON CORVISART, FRENCH ATTACHÉ, SQUINTING AT THE MARK
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  THE ITALIAN ATTACHÉ, MAJOR CAVIGLIA, SHOOTING FROM THE GROUND
+]
+
+ MILITARY ATTACHÉS, FIRING AT GENERAL KUROKI’S TARGET-SHOOT WITH CAPTURED
+                              RUSSIAN RIFLES
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  COLLIER’S PHOTOGRAPHER, VICTOR K. BULLA, WITH THE RUSSIAN FORCES
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  COLLIER’S PHOTOGRAPHER, ROBERT L. DUNN, AND HIS COOLIES IN KOREA
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  (1) JAMES H. HARE (COLLIER’S), (2) J. F. BASS (CHICAGO DAILY NEWS),
+    (3) FREDERICK PALMER (COLLIER’S), (4) W. DINWIDDIE (NEW YORK
+  WORLD), (5) R. M. COLLINS (ASSOCIATED PRESS AND REUTER’S)
+
+  AMERICAN CORRESPONDENTS WITH THE FIRST JAPANESE ARMY
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  (1) RICHARD HARDING DAVIS (COLLIER’S), (2) W. H. LEWIS (NEW YORK
+    HERALD), (3) JOHN FOX, JR. (SCRIBNER’S), (4) W. H. BRILL (ASSOCIATED
+  PRESS), (5) GEORGE LYNCH (ENGLISH), (LONDON DAILY CHRONICLE)
+
+  AMERICAN CORRESPONDENTS WITH THE SECOND JAPANESE ARMY
+]
+
+           WITH THE WAR CORRESPONDENTS IN KOREA AND MANCHURIA
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  ATTACHÉS AND CORRESPONDENTS WITH GENERAL KUROKI’S FIRST ARMY CORPS AT
+    FENG-WANG-CHENG
+
+  (1) R. M. Collins; (2) David Fraser; (3) Capt. Dani; (4) Capt.
+    Jardine; (5) F. A. McKensie; (6) E. F. Knight; (7) Victor Thomas;
+    (8) O. K. Davis; (9) W. Maxwell;
+  (10) R. J. McHugh; (11) W. Dinwiddie; (12) Frederick Palmer; (13)
+    Capt. Vincent; (14) J. F. Bass; (15) M. H. Donohue; (16) Capt.
+    Hegardt; (17) Capt. Hoffmann;
+  (18) Capt. Payeur; (19) Col. Hume; (20) Baron Col. Corvisart; (21)
+    Gen. Sir Ian Hamilton; (22) Major Caviglia; (23) Major Etzel; (24)
+    Col. Gertsch; (25) Capt. Peyton C. March
+]
+
+
+
+
+                               CHAPTER XI
+                     THE FIGHTING ALONG THE SHA-HO
+
+
+The Japanese armies occupied Liao-Yang on September 4, and on September
+8 the Russians announced that their entire forces had safely reached
+Mukden. For a fortnight or so the two vast armies paused for breath,
+while far to the southward the bombardment of Port Arthur continued, and
+thousands of miles to the westward Russia’s Baltic fleet sailed from
+Kronstadt for the Far East. During the latter part of September there
+was desultory fighting along a considerable battle front, and when
+General Gripenberg took command of the second Russian army in Manchuria,
+General Kuropatkin began, the first week in October, an offensive
+movement against his conquerors.
+
+Whether this advance was his own idea or whether it was prematurely
+ordered from St. Petersburg was not positively known, but it began with
+an oratorical proclamation to the army that the time had come for Russia
+to take the initiative and force Japan to do her bidding. Kuropatkin’s
+force numbered nearly 300,000 men, his artillery was said to be superior
+to the Japanese, and it was plain that the fight was to be on as vast if
+not a vaster scale than that at Liao-Yang. For a time there were a few
+slight Russian successes, and after sharp fighting Kuropatkin succeeded
+in capturing Bentziaputze, about half-way between Liao-Yang and Mukden
+and on the Japanese right. The offensive movement was directed along the
+whole Japanese line, extending about thirty miles from Bentziaputze
+westward to the Sha-Ho. For nearly a fortnight fierce fighting
+continued, a test of endurance on both sides, until the Russians were
+finally obliged to retreat, leaving behind many guns and having lost, it
+was estimated, some sixty thousand men. The Japanese losses were about
+twenty thousand. Desultory engagements continued through October and
+November, in the midst of heavy rains, until the cold set in in earnest,
+and both armies went into winter quarters.
+
+In zero weather the two armies faced each other, burrowing underground
+in their dugouts, in many places so close to each other that the
+sentries could almost call one to another. The time was spent in target
+practice, in chopping up wood to be used for building and for making
+charcoal, and in drilling the recruits who were sent up to refill the
+shattered regiments. The quarters in which the armies found shelter were
+dugouts roofed over with logs, kowliang, and earth. That same attention
+to detail which was characteristic of the Japanese army during the
+campaign was as noticeable now that they were idle. There were even hot
+baths for the soldiers. Earthenware jars were sunk in the ground much
+like the Russian soup kettles. Water was heated in these and baths could
+be taken as in so many vertical bathtubs. During the lull in the
+fighting there was a celebration in honor of the successes on the Sha-Ho
+at which there was a target-shoot between the military attaches.
+Meanwhile the Baltic fleet was pursuing its slow journey to the Orient,
+and the army of General Nogi was closing-in on Port Arthur.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  STAFF OF THE SECOND DIVISION AT THE BATTLE OF THE SHA-HO
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  GENERAL SIR IAN HAMILTON, BRITISH ATTACHÉ, WITH GENERAL KUROKI
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  GENERAL NISHIJIMA AND STAFF VIEWING THE FIGHT FROM A BOMB-PROOF
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  RUSSIANS SHELLING VILLAGE OF CHONG-JU ON OCTOBER TENTH
+]
+
+ SCENES DURING THE FIGHTING EARLY IN OCTOBER IN THE NEIGHBORHOOD OF THE
+                                 SHA-HO
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  ATTACHÉS WATCHING THE FIGHT FROM POSITION NEAR THE YENTAI COAL MINES
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  RESERVES UNDER FIRE SHELTERED BY AN EMBANKMENT
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  SHELLS SWEEPING A KOWLIANG FIELD—“NO TRESPASSING HERE!”
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  EMPTY SHELL CASES LEFT AT A BATTERY POSITION AFTER THE ACTION
+]
+
+  CLOSE TO THE FIRING LINE DURING THE ENGAGEMENT NEAR THE YENTAI COAL
+                                 MINES
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  RUSSIAN SHELLS BURSTING CLOSE TO JAPANESE BATTERY DURING THE SHA-HO
+    FIGHT
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  A REMARKABLE PHOTOGRAPH SHOWING SHRAPNEL SHELLS BURSTING AND SWEEPING
+    ACROSS A FIELD
+]
+
+Of these two unusual close-range photographs the lower one shows how
+shrapnel looks when it bursts properly. The thick white smoke is one
+bursting shell, and the little puffs of smoke to the right are the 250
+or so shrapnel bullets zipping along the ground. Those to the left are
+from another shell. The photographs were taken at great personal risk by
+Collier’s photographer, James H. Hare
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  EXHAUSTED ENGINEERS SLEEPING UNDER FIRE DURING THE SHA-HO FIGHT
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  JAPANESE BATTERY PEPPERING THE RUSSIANS ACROSS THE FIELDS
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  JAPANESE BATTERY IN ACTION NEAR CHONG-JU
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  IN THE KOWLIANG FIELDS WITH A JAPANESE BATTERY
+]
+
+            WITH THE JAPANESE ON OCTOBER TENTH AT THE SHA-HO
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  COLLIER’S PHOTOGRAPHER, JAMES H. HARE, RESUSCITATING WOUNDED RUSSIAN
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  CORRESPONDENTS ASSISTING DISABLED RUSSIANS DURING THE SHA-HO FIGHT
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  JAPANESE SOLDIERS ASSISTING WOUNDED RUSSIANS AFTER THE ENGAGEMENT
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  SAPPERS REVERSING RUSSIAN TRENCH AFTER JAPANESE HAD TAKEN IT
+]
+
+              ON THE SHA-HO BATTLEFIELD WITH THE JAPANESE
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  RUSSIAN SOLDIER KILLED WITH HIS HAND ON THE TRIGGER
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  DAMAGE WROUGHT TO THE “TEMPLE OF EVERLASTING PEACE” AT THE SHA-HO
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  GATHERING UP DÉBRIS FROM THE FIELD OF BATTLE
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  FIELD TELEPHONES AT THE SHA-HO, SHELTERED BEHIND CHINESE HOUSE
+]
+
+ VICTORS AND VANQUISHED IN THE FIGHTING IN THE NEIGHBORHOOD OF THE SHA-HO
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  RICE FOR THE JAPANESE ARMY STORED AT YENTAI
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  JAPANESE QUARTERMASTER’S STORES PILED UP AT YENTAI
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  THE YENTAI COAL MINES AFTER THE RUSSIANS HAD BEEN REPULSED
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  RUSSIAN AND JAPANESE WOUNDED BUYING FROM CHINESE PEDLERS AT YENTAI
+]
+
+         THE AFTERMATH OF BATTLE IN THE NEIGHBORHOOD OF YENTAI
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  JAPANESE WOODSMAN SMOKING HIS LITTLE JAPANESE PIPE WHILE AT WORK
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  CUTTING UP TIMBER TO BE BURNED FOR CHARCOAL
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  JAPANESE BURNING WOOD TO MAKE CHARCOAL FOR THE ARMY
+]
+
+  PREPARING CHARCOAL FOR THE ARMY WHILE IT WAS ENCAMPED ON THE SHA-HO
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  SALUTING THE CAPTAIN AS HE EMERGES FROM HIS DUGOUT
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  JAPANESE CUTTING TIMBER FOR FUEL WITH PORTABLE SAW
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  IN AN OUTPOST TRENCH ALONG THE SHA-HO
+]
+
+        IN WINTER QUARTERS WITH THE JAPANESE ARMY ON THE SHA-HO
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  HEADQUARTERS OF THE REGIMENTAL COMMANDER
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  JAPANESE BUILDING A BATH-HOUSE ON THE SHA-HO
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  SENTRY ON DUTY AT OFFICER’S DOOR
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  TAKING A HOT BATH—THERMOMETER TWELVE BELOW
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  SOLDIERS’ DUGOUTS IN THE SHA-HO WINTER QUARTERS
+]
+
+        WITH THE JAPANESE ARMY IN DECEMBER IN CAMP ON THE SHA-HO
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  JAPANESE REINFORCEMENTS MARCHING THROUGH SHI-LI-HO TOWARD THE FRONT
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  WOUNDED RUSSIANS AND JAPANESE AT PALANSANSU
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  TRYING TO KEEP WARM AT SHI-LI-HO WITH THE THERMOMETER FIFTEEN BELOW
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  JAPANESE WOUNDED GOING FROM YENTAI TO LIAO-YANG BY TRAIN
+]
+
+  BETWEEN BATTLES WITH THE JAPANESE IN THE NEIGHBORHOOD OF THE SHA-HO
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  DRILLING THE NEWLY ARRIVED RECRUITS IN THE MILITARY STEP
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  DRAWING WATER FROM THE WELL IN FREEZING WEATHER
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  RECRUITS DRILLING AT THE SHA-HO WITH CAPTURED RUSSIAN RIFLES
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  COOLIES DRAWING WATER FROM THE SPRING FOR THE JAPANESE
+]
+
+           WITH THE JAPANESE IN WINTER QUARTERS AT THE SHA-HO
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  CHILDREN PLAYING DUCK-ON-THE-ROCK WITH PIECES OF BROKEN SHELLS
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  OFFERING UP THE HOG’S HEAD TO PROPITIATE THE JOSS
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  PEASANTS STACKING UP KOWLIANG FOR WINTER USE
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  MANCHURIAN WOMEN PREPARING VEGETABLES FOR PICKLING
+]
+
+ TYPICAL VIEWS OF MANCHURIAN PEASANTS AFTER THE ARRIVAL OF THE JAPANESE
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  MAJOR YOKURA, FIRST JAPANESE ADMINISTRATOR
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  JAPANESE CROSSING THE LIAO AT NEWCHWANG BEFORE IT FROZE OVER
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  CHINESE CROSSING THE FROZEN LIAO RIVER ON SLEDS
+]
+
+       SCENES AT NEWCHWANG SHORTLY AFTER THE FALL OF PORT ARTHUR
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  JOSSES OF AN ANCIENT CHINESE TEMPLE LOOKING DOWN ON THE WOUNDED
+    INVADERS
+]
+
+
+
+
+                              CHAPTER XII
+                        THE FALL OF PORT ARTHUR
+
+
+The first day of January, 1905, witnessed the end of the gigantic siege
+that had furnished a tragic background for eleven of the twelve months
+of 1904. The first blow struck by the Japanese in the war was aimed at
+Port Arthur, and during the month that followed they and the defenders
+employed and endured more terrific forces of destruction than were ever
+used at any other siege in the history of the world. The fall of this
+Gibraltar of the East seemed to prove that there can be no such thing as
+an impregnable fortress. The attack on Port Arthur began with Togo’s
+dash against the Russian fleet on the night of February 8. Four months
+later, through the successes of the Japanese on the Liaotung peninsula,
+the fortress had been cut off from all outside help.
+
+From the outer line of defence at Nanshan, and thirty miles from the
+town, the Japanese worked their way literally inch by inch, burrowing
+underground, digging deep trenches that zig-zagged toward the enemy’s
+lines, until near enough to make a rush. In many places the ground was
+solid rock and countermining was impossible. Barbed-wire entanglements
+covered the country for miles, and wide stretches of bare ground had
+been covered a foot deep with powdered white ash, which stirred into a
+thick white cloud when trodden on, so as to make a splendid target for
+machine guns. There were buried mines, some to explode automatically,
+others to explode when the lookout man in a distant fort pressed a
+button. At night searchlights flashed across every yard of the country
+near the lines of forts, and sometimes the Russian gunboats creeping
+along the shore outside the harbor got far enough to pour a cross-fire
+into the Japanese encampments. Day and night Togo’s squadron sent in
+from long range the terrible Shimose shells, worse than lyddite, on the
+battered town and forts. Where it was impossible to tunnel or burrow,
+masses of rock and bags full of sand were rushed forward at night to
+make a temporary shelter where a regiment could go forward a hundred
+yards, rest, fire for a few minutes, and advance another hundred yards,
+until at last they were close to the enemy. Then, in the teeth of fierce
+rifle fire, reinforced, perhaps, by shells from the other forts, the
+final charge was made.
+
+The last stage of the advance began on November 30 with the capture of
+203-Metre Hill. From this hill the Japanese were able for the first time
+to get the range of the Russian ships in the harbor. All the larger
+vessels of the Russian fleet were soon disabled. The great Keekwan
+Mountain fort was captured on December 18, and on the 30th Ehrlung Fort,
+the key of the inner defences, was stormed. That day and the next the
+Japanese captured half a dozen neighboring positions, and finally, on
+January 1, General Stoessel, who had said at the beginning of the siege
+that Port Arthur would be his tomb, sent a message to General Nogi
+offering to surrender. For a second time Port Arthur passed into the
+hands of those from whom the European powers had wrested it ten years
+before.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  NOGI’S FIGHTING MEN RESTING IN CAMP AT HOOZAN HILL
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  WOUNDED IN A SHELTER TENT THREE MILES FROM RUSSIAN BATTERIES
+]
+
+   WITH THE JAPANESE DURING THE LAST DAYS OF THE SIEGE OF PORT ARTHUR
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  SIEGE GUNS ON THE SLOPE, FIELD GUNS AT THE TOP OF THE HILL
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  ONE OF THE SHELLS BEGINNING ITS LONG FLIGHT TOWARD THE TOWN
+]
+
+   THE GREAT SIEGE GUNS THROWING ELEVEN-INCH SHELLS INTO PORT ARTHUR
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  TWO OF THE GREAT TWENTY-EIGHT CENTIMETER SIEGE GUNS USED BY THE
+    JAPANESE AGAINST PORT ARTHUR
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  FIVE-HUNDRED-POUND SHELLS WAITING TO BE HURLED INTO PORT ARTHUR
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  RUSSIAN BOMB-PROOF NEAR NANSHAN HILL CAPTURED BY THE JAPANESE
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  THE SLOW WORK OF MOVING THE SIEGE GUNS TO NEW EMPLACEMENTS
+]
+
+    SCENES IN THE NEIGHBORHOOD OF PORT ARTHUR DURING THE LONG SIEGE
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  INFANTRY HIDDEN BY CORNFIELDS AND RAVINES WAITING THE ORDER TO ADVANCE
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  JAPANESE INFANTRY CREEPING THROUGH A CORNFIELD TOWARD THE RUSSIAN
+    POSITION NEAR HOOZAN
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  JAPANESE WAR BALLOON AND GAS BAG IN A FIELD ABOUT FOUR MILES NORTH OF
+    PORT ARTHUR
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  GENERAL NOGI AND HIS STAFF, THE CONQUERORS OF PORT ARTHUR
+]
+
+General Nogi sits in the centre, the gray-bearded man with the round
+decoration on his breast. On his right is General Ijichi, his chief of
+staff, who conducted the negotiations for the surrender. On Ijichi’s
+right is the Surgeon-General of the Third Army, and beyond, with the
+beard and many decorations, is Major Arriga, Japan’s greatest expert on
+international law
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  BETWEEN FIGHTS IN THE TRENCH AT SHOGERSAN FORT
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  SHELTERED INFANTRY AWAITING OPPORTUNITY TO ADVANCE
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  BRINGING UP THE BIG TWENTY-EIGHT CENTIMETER SHELLS
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  SIEGE GUN SHELTERED BEHIND BAGS OF EARTH
+]
+
+         WITH THE JAPANESE AS THEY CLOSED IN AROUND PORT ARTHUR
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  THE JAPANESE AND RUSSIAN WHITE FLAGS OF TRUCE
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  GENERAL STOESSEL ABOUT TO PRESENT HIS FAVORITE HORSE TO GENERAL NOGI
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  GENERAL STOESSEL AT THE STATION WAITING TO TAKE THE TRAIN FOR DALNY
+]
+
+       INCIDENTS OF THE SURRENDER OF PORT ARTHUR TO THE JAPANESE
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  ONE OF THE MANY “BOMB-PROOFS” USED BY CIVILIANS AT PORT ARTHUR
+]
+
+Although a woman was killed in this shelter shortly before the
+photograph was taken, they were, generally speaking, fairly effective
+protections. During the heavier bombardments, the occupants lived in
+them for days at a time. The Russo-Chinese Bank transacted business
+underground in “bomb-proofs” constructed in this manner for some time
+during the latter part of the siege
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  ENGINEERS’ STORES, SET ON FIRE BY JAPANESE SHELLS, BURNING AT PORT
+    ARTHUR
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  JAPANESE SHELL BURSTING IN THE BASIN IN THE EASTERN SECTION OF THE OLD
+    TOWN, PORT ARTHUR
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  VIEW OF THE OLD TOWN, PORT ARTHUR, IN NOVEMBER, AFTER A BOMBARDMENT
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  THE PRICE OF VICTORY—PART OF THE JAPANESE DEAD LYING ON 203-METER HILL
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  RUSSIAN DEAD AWAITING BURIAL IN THE OUTSKIRTS OF PORT ARTHUR
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  PHOTOGRAPHER’S STUDIO AT PORT ARTHUR AFTER IT HAD BEEN STRUCK BY ONE
+    OF THE JAPANESE SHELLS
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  MAIN ROAD OUT OF THE NEW TOWN, PORT ARTHUR
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  RUSSIAN POLICE STATION, PORT ARTHUR, HIT BY JAPANESE SHELL
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  VIEW OF THE NEW TOWN, PORT ARTHUR, IN OCTOBER
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  WHERE A JAPANESE SHELL HAD EXPLODED IN THE MIDDLE OF THE TOWN
+]
+
+     VIEWS OF PORT ARTHUR, IN OCTOBER, WHEN THE SIEGE WAS HALF OVER
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  INSIDE FORT NILUSAN AFTER THE RUSSIANS HAD GIVEN IT UP
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  STANDING ON A “BOMB-PROOF” INSIDE ONE OF THE PORT ARTHUR FORTS
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  NORTH KEEKWANSAN FORT AFTER THE SURRENDER
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  DISMOUNTED SIEGE GUNS INSIDE ONE OF THE RUSSIAN FORTS
+]
+
+  INSIDE SOME OF THE RUSSIAN FORTS AT PORT ARTHUR AFTER ITS SURRENDER
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  WOMEN AND CHILDREN ABOUT TO TAKE THE TRAIN FROM PORT ARTHUR
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  PRISONERS TAKEN AT PORT ARTHUR WAITING TO BOARD JAPANESE TRANSPORT
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  RUSSIAN AND JAPANESE SOLDIERS GETTING ACQUAINTED
+]
+
+         SCENES AT PORT ARTHUR IMMEDIATELY AFTER THE SURRENDER
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  JAPANESE SOLDIERS IN THE NIRYUSAN FORT AFTER THE SURRENDER
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  THE CRUISER “PALLADA,” WITH THE “POBIEDA” SHOWING JUST BEHIND HER
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  ON THEIR WAY TO 203-METER HILL WITH A TWENTY-EIGHT CENTIMETER GUN
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  THE BATTLESHIP “RETVIZAN” BEACHED AT PORT ARTHUR
+]
+
+         SCENES AT PORT ARTHUR IMMEDIATELY AFTER THE SURRENDER
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  BATTLESHIP “POBIEDA” BEACHED AT PORT ARTHUR
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  THE “POLTAVA” AND “PERESVIET” AGROUND IN THE HARBOR
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  THE BATTERED “RETVIZAN,” “POLTAVA” AND “PERESVIET”
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  FORWARD TURRET OF THE BATTLESHIP “RETVIZAN”
+]
+
+   SUNKEN RUSSIAN BATTLESHIPS AT PORT ARTHUR AFTER ITS CAPTURE BY THE
+                                JAPANESE
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  THE BATTLESHIP “RETVIZAN” THE DAY AFTER THE SURRENDER OF PORT ARTHUR
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  THE RIVER GUNBOAT “GILYAK” OF THE RUSSIAN “VOLUNTEER FLEET”
+]
+
+  VIEWS OF THE HARBOR OF PORT ARTHUR WHEN THE JAPANESE TOOK POSSESSION
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  CONVALESCENT WOUNDED RUSSIAN SAILORS AND THEIR JAPANESE NURSES AND
+    DOCTORS AT MATSUYAMA
+]
+
+
+
+
+                              CHAPTER XIII
+                          THE BATTLE OF MUKDEN
+
+
+Judged by the number of men engaged, the vast extent of the battlefield,
+and the losses, the battle of Mukden was the greatest of modern times,
+if not of all history. Even the tremendous duel at Liao-Yang, which was
+on a larger scale than any modern battle that had preceded it, pales
+before this nineteen days’ struggle. Between 750,000 and 800,000 men
+were engaged, of which about 361,000 were Russian and at least 400,000
+Japanese. When the nineteen days’ struggle began, both sides faced each
+other in the valley of the Sha River, the Russian lines stretching back
+upon tiers of defences, backed up with over 1,300 guns and forming south
+of Mukden a barrier which foreign experts pronounced impregnable.
+
+From east to west the five Japanese armies were assigned under the
+following commanders—Kawamura, Kuroki, Nodzu, Oku, and Nogi. Field
+Marshal Oyama’s plan was for these five armies to form a crescent nearly
+one hundred miles in length, the cusps of which would gradually draw
+together, the western cusp being finally thrown forward so as to form a
+closed curve with the eastern. The plan thus outlined worked with
+perfect success. Kawamura, in the eastern sector, began the attack first
+on February 22, driving the Russians back toward Tita. For over a
+fortnight the fiercest sort of fighting continued in this part of the
+field, in the midst of zero weather and almost continuous snowstorms. It
+ended with the Russians driven across the Hun River and the right horn
+of the crescent having reached its final position opposite Mukden.
+Meanwhile, Kuroki broke through the formidable works which guarded the
+road to the Hun River from Pensihu, and arrived on March 5 in line with
+the general advance. Nodzu, to the left of Kuroki, drove the enemy from
+his last outworks south of the Sha River, and on March 6 paused to await
+the other turning attacks on east and west. Oku, between the Sha and Hun
+Rivers, rolled back the enemy’s line until its superior numbers and
+strong intrenchments near Patishu, about ten miles from Mukden, forced
+him to await the final turning movement of Nogi’s men on the extreme
+west. These men of Nogi’s were Port Arthur veterans, who looked upon
+this work as a mere picnic. On March 1 they reached Sinmintung,
+thirty-three miles west of Mukden, where they wheeled to the right. They
+carried position after position, assisted Oku’s attacks against the
+enemy’s position southwest of Mukden, swinging eastward in an
+arch-shaped line with a front of fifteen miles.
+
+The crisis of the fight had come. On March 7 Kuropatkin gave the order
+to retreat. All along the hundred-mile line the Japanese closed in. The
+whole stupendous structure of the defence fell to pieces in an instant.
+The Russians poured northward almost in a rout, and on March 10 the
+Japanese occupied Mukden. The Russians had left more than 30,000 dead on
+the field, lost 50,000 prisoners, and they had over 100,000 wounded. The
+total Japanese casualties, as reported by Oyama, were 50,000.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  TYPICAL SCENE DURING THE RAINY-WEATHER CAMPAIGN ALONG THE HUN
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  GETTING THE RANGE THROUGH THE HYPOSCOPE FROM 203-METER HILL
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  CHINESE DIGGING GRAVES FOR RUSSIAN DEAD AT HIGH HILL
+]
+
+    VIEWS AT PORT ARTHUR AND WITH A RUSSIAN BATTERY ON THE HUN RIVER
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  TENTH RUSSIAN DRAGOONS SCOUTING NEAR MUKDEN
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  ON THE MARCH ALONG THE ROAD NEAR MUKDEN
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  CHUNCHUSE BANDITS RIDING THROUGH SINMINTUNG
+]
+
+   RUSSIAN CAVALRY AND NATIVE HORSEMEN IN THE NEIGHBORHOOD OF MUKDEN
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  MUSTER OF ONE OF KUROKI’S DIVISIONS AFTER THE BATTLE OF MUKDEN
+]
+
+All the battalions were full before the battle. There was not one that
+did not lose at least ten or fifteen per cent of its quota—as the gaps
+in the ranks show. Kuroki’s army during the closing-in movement on
+Mukden was between Nodzu’s and Kawamura’s, the latter being on the
+extreme right wing. This photograph was taken by Frederick Palmer,
+Collier’s special correspondent
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  RUSSIAN STEAMSHIP BEACHED IN THE HUN RIVER
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  RUSSIAN CENSOR, BARON HOVEN, IN A GERMAN CART
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  CHUNCHUSES LEAVING MUKDEN FOR SINMINTUNG
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  RUSSIAN SCOUTS HALTING AT MONTOUR PASS, NEAR MUKDEN
+]
+
+    SCENES IN THE MUKDEN NEIGHBORHOOD BEFORE THE JAPANESE WERE NEAR
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  WHERE SOME OF THE SHELLS BURST DURING THE ARTILLERY DUELS NEAR MUKDEN
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  DESOLATION IN MUKDEN IN THE PATH OF THE JAPANESE ATTACK
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  JAPANESE CELEBRATION OF THE MUKDEN VICTORY
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  VILLAGE HUTS AND STOCKADE BURNING NEAR MUKDEN
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  THE MAIN STREET OF SINMINTUNG, NEAR MUKDEN
+]
+
+   SCENES IN THE VICINITY OF MUKDEN AFTER THE RETREAT OF THE RUSSIANS
+
+
+
+
+                              CHAPTER XIV
+                     THE END OF RUSSIA’S SEA POWER
+
+
+               BY CAPTAIN A. T. MAHAN, U. S. N., RETIRED
+
+The Battle of the Japan Sea resulted from the wish of Russia to
+overthrow the naval control which has enabled the island Empire of Japan
+to sustain her land warfare upon the continent of Asia. Preliminary to
+this struggle, it was desirable that the fleet despatched for the
+purpose, under Admiral Rojestvensky, should reach Vladivostok. There it
+could refit after its long voyage, and there leave in security the train
+of supply ships which had been the necessary accompaniment of so distant
+an expedition.
+
+After the junction of a second division under Admiral Nebogatoff, the
+whole Russian fleet moved northward, passing between the Philippine
+Islands and Formosa. Rojestvensky thus left open to doubt, and retained
+in his hands the decision, whether he would seek his port by the Straits
+of Korea, or, circumnavigating the main island of Japan, pass through
+the Straits of Tsugaru, opposite Vladivostok. It may be presumed he was
+as ignorant as the rest of the world just where Togo was; but he knew
+that, whether in the Straits of Korea or of Tsugaru, he would have to
+fight, if Togo chose, as he probably would. He decided to take the most
+direct and shortest route through the Korean Channel.
+
+Toga awaited him there; at what particular point is immaterial, for the
+Straits are but sixty miles wide, which space is halved by the Island of
+Tsushima, whence the Straits have the alternate name—Tsushima. In such
+narrow waters, wherever the Japanese Admiral might be, he was certain,
+by an extensive scouting system, to receive notice timely enough to
+ensure intercepting his enemy. The notice came by wireless telegraphy
+early on Saturday, May 27, from cruisers off Quelpaert Island, 150 miles
+southwest of Tsushima; and as the Russian fleet, heading for
+Vladivostok, drew up with Tsushima, the Japanese battleships were seen
+rounding its northern point. As regards the position of the Russian
+ships, it seems certain, that, upon sighting the enemy, they formed in
+two columns of vessels. One contained the armored ships, a very
+heterogeneous assembly in size and qualities, composed of battleships of
+the first and second class, armored cruisers, and coast-defence
+ironclads. The second column was of lighter cruisers. This took the left
+hand, toward Tsushima, while the battleships were on the right, toward
+Japan. At the head of the battle column were three battleships; two of
+the first order of strength, 13,516 tons, the third of 10,000 tons,
+between them.
+
+Admiral Togo divided his principal force of fighting ships into two
+squadrons. One, of four battleships and two armored cruisers, he kept
+under his own immediate direction. The other, of six armored cruisers,
+which are battleships of superior swiftness, but somewhat lighter armor
+and armament, was intrusted to Admiral Kamimura. The first of these
+approached from the north of Tsushima; the second, and faster, followed
+a little later from round its southern end. The head of the Russian
+battle column received the weight of the Japanese fire, and the superior
+speed of the latter enabled them so to choose their positions as to keep
+their fire concentrated on these leading ships. Kamimura’s attack was on
+the rear, and after that the battle soon became general. There was also
+a third Japanese squadron, of vessels not belonging to the armored
+fleet. These alone had been shown by Togo, until the Russian was
+committed to the passage of the Straits. They are said now to have
+attacked the other side of the Russian column. In brief, while Togo
+threw the weight of his force upon the head of the enemy’s order, he
+provided that the remainder should be so occupied as not to render
+serious assistance.
+
+There was a strong breeze from southwest with a heavy sea. This favored
+the Japanese, because of their longer experience and better training in
+the use of their guns when the ships were in violent motion. This
+disadvantage of the Russians was increased by the rolling of their
+vessels, exposing the underwater body, giving the Japanese a target more
+easily pierced, and the holes from which are more dangerous. Through the
+five hours of daylight the contest was purely one of gunnery under the
+conditions named: concentration upon the head of the Russian columns,
+and heavy sea. The result was twofold. The head of the column, beaten
+down by superior gunfire, was disordered; and individual ships, pierced
+below water, filled and sank. As described, the Japanese, keeping ahead
+of their enemy, forced them to change direction; but this by no means
+need follow, were the Russians holding their own in the gunnery contest.
+Had they given as good as they got, there was no reason why they should
+forsake their course. The disorder, thus occasioned in the front, was
+transmitted to the ships which followed; and there ensued the confusion
+which is the sure precursor of defeat.
+
+Upon this scene night fell. Of the Russians, three battleships and two
+others had already been sunk. Then came the time and opportunity for the
+torpedo vessels; darkness, and an enemy both crippled and broken. By a
+singular coincidence, the wind which in its strength favored the
+Japanese gunners—an advantage which they had earned and deserved—now
+fell somewhat; and with it fell the sea, rendering easier the work of
+the torpedo craft. This is one of the chances of war. Of the scenes of
+that night we as yet have little description, and from the fearful loss
+of life we possibly may never know enough justly to estimate the
+difficulties of the defence of the routed ships, or the degree of
+resistance experienced by the assailants. From Japanese sources we have
+heard that, under all the disadvantages of the Russians, some attacks
+were successfully repelled; and three torpedo destroyers were sunk. That
+pursuit continued to the Liancourt Rocks, 200 miles from the scene of
+the battle, indicates that, had not superior gunnery already won a
+decisive victory, the torpedo alone would scarcely so have reduced the
+Russian fleet as to leave the Japanese the secure mastery they now
+possess of the waters which constitute their vital line of
+communications.
+
+The captured ships were the battleships “Orel” and “Emperor Nicholas I,”
+the coast-defence vessels “General Admiral Apraxine” and “Admiral
+Seniavin,” and the destroyer “Bedovy.” Six battleships, five cruisers,
+one coast-defence ship, three destroyers, and a repair ship were sunk.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  THE SECOND SQUADRON OF THE BALTIC FLEET JUST BEFORE IT SAILED FROM
+    KRONSTADT
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  THE LITTLE ARMORED GUNBOAT “KHRABRY”
+
+  Built in 1890; of 1492 tons, has one 9-inch, one 6-inch, eight Q. F.
+    guns, and two torpedo tubes
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  THE FAST ARMORED CRUISER “SVIETLANA”
+
+  Built in 1896; has six 5.9 Q. F. Canets, ten 1.8-inch guns, four
+    torpedo tubes, and a speed of 20.2 knots
+]
+
+       FIGHTING SHIPS OF VARIOUS CLASSES IN RUSSIA’S BALTIC FLEET
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  THE BATTLESHIP “EMPEROR ALEXANDER II”
+
+  An old boat, built in 1887; armed with two 12-inch, four 9-inch, eight
+    6-inch, twenty-four smaller guns, and five torpedo tubes
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  THE BATTLESHIP “SISSOI VELIKY”
+
+  Built in 1894; of 8,800 tons, has four 12-inch, six 6-inch Q. F.,
+    eighteen smaller Q. F., and six torpedo tubes
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  THE POWERFUL BATTLESHIP “OSLABYA”
+
+  Built in 1898; of 12,674 tons, has four 10-inch, eleven 6-inch Q. F.,
+    sixteen 3-inch, twenty-seven smaller guns, and six torpedo tubes
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  THE FIRST-CLASS BATTLESHIP “BORODINO”
+
+  Built in 1901; of 13,400 tons, has four 12-inch, twelve 6-inch Q. F.,
+    twenty 3-inch, many smaller guns, and six torpedo tubes
+]
+
+           FORMIDABLE FIGHTING SHIPS OF RUSSIA’S BALTIC FLEET
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  THE FIRST-CLASS BATTLESHIP “OREL”
+
+  Built in 1903; of 13,400 tons, has four 12-inch, twelve 6-inch Q. F.,
+    twenty 3-inch Q. F., and many smaller guns, and six torpedo tubes
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  THE BATTLESHIP “NAVARIN”
+
+  Built in 1891; of 10,000 tons, has four 12-inch, eight 6-inch, and
+    twenty-two smaller rapid fire guns, and six torpedo tubes
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  FIRST-CLASS BATTLESHIP “ALEXANDER III”
+
+  Built in 1901; of 13,600 tons, has four 12-inch, twelve 6-inch Q. F.,
+    and forty six smaller guns. The speed is 18 knots
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  THE COAST BATTLESHIP “GENERAL ADMIRAL APRAXIN”
+
+  Battleship of the fifth class, built in 1893; of 4,126 tons, has three
+    10-inch, four 4.7-inch, and thirty-six small quick-fire guns
+]
+
+            FOUR OF THE BATTLESHIPS OF RUSSIA’S BALTIC FLEET
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  THE BATTLEGROUND OF THE WAR AND THE VICTORIOUS PROGRESS OF THE
+    JAPANESE
+]
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+
+
+                          TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES
+
+
+ ● Typos fixed; non-standard spelling and dialect retained.
+ ● Enclosed italics font in _underscores_.
+
+
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 76109 ***
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+<div style='text-align:center'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 76109 ***</div>
+
+<div class='tnotes covernote'>
+
+<p class='c000'><strong>Transcriber’s Note:</strong></p>
+
+<p class='c000'>New original cover art included with this eBook is granted to the public domain.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_2'>2</span>
+<img src='images/i_002.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p><em>Frontispiece</em><br>  <br>  THE BATTLEGROUND OF THE RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div><span class='pageno' id='Page_3'>3</span></div>
+<div class='border titlepage'>
+
+<div>
+  <h1 class='c001'>A PHOTOGRAPHIC RECORD<br> <span class='small'>OF THE</span><br> RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR</h1>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+<div class='nf-center c002'>
+    <div>EDITED AND ARRANGED BY</div>
+    <div class='c003'><span class='xlarge'>JAMES H. HARE, War Photographer</span></div>
+    <div class='c003'>WITH PHOTOGRAPHS BY</div>
+    <div class='c003'>VICTOR K. BULLA, ROBERT L. DUNN, JAMES F. J. ARCHIBALD, RICHARD BARRY, ASHMEAD BARTLETT, JAMES RICALTON</div>
+    <div class='c003'>TOGETHER WITH AN ACCOUNT OF THE BATTLE OF THE SEA OF JAPAN BY CAPTAIN A. T. MAHAN, U. S. N., <span class='sc'>Retired</span></div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/i_003.jpg' alt='[Logo]' class='ig001'>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+  <div class='nf-center'>
+    <div>NEW YORK</div>
+    <div><span class='large'>P. F. COLLIER &#38; SON</span></div>
+    <div>1905</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+<div class='nf-center c004'>
+    <div><span class='pageno' id='Page_4'>4</span><span class='sc'>Copyright 1905 by P. F. Collier &#38; Son</span></div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='border c005'>
+
+<p class='c006'>The photographs reproduced in this volume are fully protected
+by copyright in the United States and Great Britain. Their
+reproduction, without express permission, is hereby forbidden.</p>
+
+<p class='c006'>The work of Messrs. Hare, Dunn, Archibald, and Barry,
+under adverse conditions in the field, was greatly facilitated by the
+use of the films and developing machine of the Eastman Kodak
+Company, to whom they feel this acknowledgment is due.</p>
+
+</div>
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_5'>5</span>
+  <h2 class='c007'>LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS</h2>
+</div>
+
+<table class='table0'>
+  <tr>
+    <th class='c008'></th>
+    <th class='c009'>PAGE</th>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>The Battleground of the Russo-Japanese War—<em>Frontispiece</em></td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_2'>2</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Nicholas II, Emperor of Russia</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_7'>7</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Mutsuhito, Emperor of Japan</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_7'>7</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Vice-Admiral Alexieff</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_8'>8</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Marquis Ito Hirobumi</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_8'>8</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Typical Street Scene in Russia’s Capital City</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_10'>10</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>An Everyday Scene in One of the Large Cities of Japan</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_11'>11</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Japanese Troops Preparing for War</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_13'>13</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Training Japanese Cavalrymen at the Tokio Barracks</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_14'>14</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Changing Guard at the Oyama Barracks in Tokio</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_15'>15</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Swapping Stories in the Guard House at Oyama Barracks</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_16'>16</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Cleaning and Oiling Rifles in Preparation for War</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_17'>17</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Departure of Baron Rosen from Yokohama</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_18'>18</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Russian Minister to Korea Departing from Seoul</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_19'>19</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Newspaper Bulletins on the Chemulpo Battle</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_20'>20</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Patriotic Citizens Awaiting Their Turn to Enlist</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_21'>21</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Building Temporary Stables in Tokio</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_21'>21</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Mobilization of Troops in Tokio at the Outbreak of War</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_22'>22</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Troops Marching to Station Through the Streets of Tokio</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_23'>23</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Departure of Japanese Troops for Korea</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_24'>24</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Japanese Troops Detraining at Hiroshima</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_25'>25</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Cavalry Train Leaving Shimbashi Station</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_26'>26</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Men of the Army Service Corps Ready to Entrain</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_27'>27</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>“Sayonara!”—Good-By</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_27'>27</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Engineers at Hiroshima, Practicing Building Bridges</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_28'>28</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Bridge at Hiroshima Ready for the Pontoons</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_29'>29</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>“Tikoku Banzai!”—“Long Live the Empire!”</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_30'>30</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Destruction of the “Variag” and “Korietz”</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_32'>32</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Wrecks of the Russian Warships in Chemulpo Harbor</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_33'>33</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Japanese Salvage Corps on the Wreck of the “Variag”</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_34'>34</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>The Night Landing of the Japanese Troops at Chemulpo</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_35'>35</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Coolies Handling Japanese Supplies</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_36'>36</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Mrs. Pavlov, Wife of the Russian Minister to Korea</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_37'>37</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Dr. H. N. Allen, United States Minister to Korea</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_37'>37</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>The Japanese Advance Through Korea</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_38'>38</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>The Japanese Occupation of Seoul</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_39'>39</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Japanese Troops Waiting to Cross at Ping-Yang</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_40'>40</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Koreans Watching the Entry of the Japanese at Seoul</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_41'>41</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>The Japanese Red Cross Hospital at Chemulpo</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_42'>42</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Russian Ladies Sewing for the Red Cross</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_44'>44</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>With the Russian Army on its March to the Front</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_45'>45</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>The Autocrat of Russia and the Royal Family</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_46'>46</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>The Czar Leaving the Winter Palace to Bid Farewell to Troops</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_47'>47</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Departure of Red Cross Nurses from St. Petersburg</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_48'>48</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>The Czar Reviewing an Infantry Regiment</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_49'>49</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Procession in Honor of the Chemulpo Sailors</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_50'>50</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Twenty-Third Artillery Brigade About to Leave Gatchina</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_51'>51</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>The Czar Bidding Farewell to Commanders</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_52'>52</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Grand Duke Alexandrovitch Leading His Marines in Review Before the Czar</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_53'>53</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>International Balloon Contest at St. Petersburg</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_54'>54</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Landing the Men who Fought at the Yalu</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_56'>56</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Artillerymen Landing at Chenampo</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_57'>57</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Japanese Bluejackets Coming Ashore at Chenampo</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_58'>58</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Grooming Cavalry Horses at Chenampo</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_59'>59</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Japanese Troopers Caring for a Sick Horse</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_60'>60</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Koreans and Japanese Salesman at Chenampo</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_61'>61</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>With the Japanese on the Advance to the Yalu</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_62'>62</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Screens which Hid the Movements of the Japanese</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_63'>63</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>General Kuroki and His Staff at Headquarters</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_64'>64</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Russians Crossing Lake Baikal in Midwinter</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_66'>66</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>With the Russian Forces on Their Way to the Front</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_67'>67</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Caissons and Sledges About to Cross Lake Baikal</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_68'>68</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Russian Soldiers Marching Across Frozen Lake Baikal</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_69'>69</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Russian Infantry Warming Up with Hot Tea</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_70'>70</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>The Russian Advance to the Front</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_71'>71</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Traveling Soup Kitchen and Soup-Kettle Ovens</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_72'>72</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>With the Russians During the Advance to the Front</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_73'>73</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Chinese Coolies with Russian Overseer Ready for Work</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_74'>74</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Cossacks Dismounted and Lined Up for Inspection</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_75'>75</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>General Herschelmann’s Division of Cavalry at Antung</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_76'>76</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Russian Artillery Advancing Toward the Yalu</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_77'>77</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Russian Cobblers at Work in the Field on Soldiers’ Boots</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_78'>78</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Dinner Time with the Nineteenth Siberian Rifle Corps</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_79'>79</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>General Sassulitch and Staff at the Battle of the Yalu</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_80'>80</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Incidents of the Battle of the Yalu</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_82'>82</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>The Crossing of the Yalu</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_83'>83</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>With the Wounded After the Fight at the Yalu</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_84'>84</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Hospital Corps and Wounded Japanese</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_85'>85</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Japanese Reserves Watching the Battle</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_86'>86</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Artillery Spoils Captured by the Japanese</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_87'>87</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Some of the Wounded Russian Prisoners</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_88'>88</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Japanese Burying a Russian Captain</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_89'>89</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Japanese Transportation Trains and Infantry</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_90'>90</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Fire and Devastation in the Wake of the Retreating Army</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_91'>91</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>The Japanese Occupation of Feng-Wang-Cheng</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_92'>92</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>English Nurses Sent by the Queen to Inspect the Workings of the Japanese Red Cross</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_93'>93</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Shinto Ceremony Held by the Japanese</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_94'>94</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Feng-Wang-Cheng After the Japanese Occupation</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_95'>95</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Japanese Getting Ready to Push on into Manchuria</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_96'>96</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Recreations of the Japanese Between Battles in Manchuria</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_97'>97</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Japanese Battery Going into Action at Feng-Wang-Cheng</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_98'>98</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>With the Japanese Invaders in Manchuria</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_99'>99</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Whiling Away the Time Between Battles</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_100'>100</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Incidents of the Advance from Feng-Wang-Cheng</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_101'>101</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Crossing the So River in the Advance on Liao-Yang</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_102'>102</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>General Nishi and His Staff Halting to Study Maps and Scouts’ Reports</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_103'>103</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>With the Victorious Japanese at Lienshankwan</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_104'>104</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Arrival of Mail for the Army in the Field</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_105'>105</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Into Manchuria with the Japanese Invaders</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_106'>106</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Kwantei Temple Near Motien Pass</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_107'>107</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Detachment of Japanese Coming Up at the Double-Quick</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_108'>108</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Sharpshooters Covering the Advance</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_109'>109</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Scenes During the Battle of Motienling</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_110'>110</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>General Kuroki and His Chief of Staff, Lieutenant-General Fuji, Watching the Fight at Motienling</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_111'>111</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Bringing Wounded Russians to the Dressing Station</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_112'>112</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Russian Red Cross Soldier Wounded at Motien Pass</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_113'>113</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Russian Wounded and Dead at Motien Pass</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_114'>114</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>With the Wounded and Captured at Motien Pass</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_115'>115</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Japanese Skirmishers Advancing to Flank the Enemy</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_116'>116</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Prisoners and Captors at Motienling</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_117'>117</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Incidents of the Attempt to Recapture Motien Pass</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_118'>118</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>General Okasaki, who Defeated the Russians</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_119'>119</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Field Dressing Station for Those Severely Wounded</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_120'>120</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>With the Japanese Advance from the Yalu</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_121'>121</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>With the Japanese During the Fighting Near Anping</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_122'>122</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Japanese and Captured Russians in Manchuria</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_123'>123</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Smokeless Batteries Hidden in Fields of Kowliang</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_124'>124</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_6'>6</span>In the Neighborhood of Towan During the Fighting</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_125'>125</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Difficulties of Campaigning During the Rainy Season</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_126'>126</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Russian Guns Captured at Nanshan Used by the Japanese</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_127'>127</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Along the Line of Battle in the Manchurian Passes</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_128'>128</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Pressing the Russians in the Neighborhood of Liao-Yang</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_129'>129</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>With the Japanese on August 30</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_130'>130</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>View of the Harbor Entrance of Port Arthur</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_132'>132</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Looking Southward Across the Docks at Port Arthur</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_133'>133</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Scenes Along the Water Front at Port Arthur</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_134'>134</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Naval and Civilian Activity in Port Arthur</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_135'>135</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Russian Warships in the Harbor at Port Arthur</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_136'>136</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Getting Ready for the Japanese on a Russian Warship</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_137'>137</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Russian Ships at Port Arthur</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_138'>138</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Part of Russia’s Fighting Fleet at Port Arthur</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_139'>139</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>The Man who Bottled Up Port Arthur, and His Flagship</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_140'>140</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Russian Troops Detraining at Mukden Early in March</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_142'>142</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Mukden when the Japanese were Still Many Miles Away</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_143'>143</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Russians at Mukden on Their Way to the Front</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_144'>144</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>With the Russians in Manchuria</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_145'>145</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Passing General Herschelmann’s Division</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_146'>146</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>With the Russian Advance in Manchuria</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_147'>147</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>In the Field with the Russians in Manchuria</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_148'>148</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>General Kuropatkin at the Telescope</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_149'>149</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>With the Russians on the Way to the Front</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_150'>150</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>General Kuropatkin Inspecting the Staff of the Fourth Army Corps</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_151'>151</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Part of the Movement of Forty Thousand Men</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_152'>152</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Scenes at Liao-Yang on the Arrival of the Russians</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_153'>153</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Courtyard of Rich Manchurian’s House at Liao-Yang</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_154'>154</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>When News from the Firing Line Came Back to Those who had not yet Met the Japanese</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_155'>155</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>A Disheartened Japanese Spy</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_156'>156</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Russian Battery Getting into Position at Kansuitan</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_157'>157</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>One of the Shrewdly Screened Russian Batteries</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_158'>158</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>The Sixth East Siberian Regiment Calculating the Range</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_159'>159</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Russian Infantry Marching to Their Position</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_160'>160</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>With the Russian Troops Near Haicheng</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_161'>161</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>With the Russian Troops During the Engagement with the Japanese in the Neighborhood of Haicheng</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_162'>162</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Battery of the Sixth East Siberian Artillery in Position</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_163'>163</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>With the Russian Officers and Fighting Men</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_164'>164</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>With the Russian Troops During the Early Campaigning</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_165'>165</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>With the Russians at Towan Pass</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_166'>166</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Russian Firing Line Just Before the Battle at Yushuling</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_167'>167</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Japanese Shells Bursting Near the Yushuling Battery</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_168'>168</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Rewards of Valor with Kuropatkin’s Army in Manchuria</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_169'>169</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>With the Russian Forces in Manchuria</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_170'>170</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Russian Skirmishers Advancing Against the Japanese</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_171'>171</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>With the Tenth Russian Army Corps at Yushuling</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_172'>172</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>With the Russian Troops During the Early Campaigning</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_173'>173</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>With the Russian Red Cross Service in Manchuria</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_174'>174</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>War Balloon and Gas Bag Used by the Russians</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_175'>175</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>In the Russian Trenches During the Fighting at Taling</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_176'>176</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Japanese Resting on the Banks of the Tang River</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_178'>178</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>On the Last of the Hills, on September Third</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_179'>179</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Searching Out and Burying the Dead</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_180'>180</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Incidents of the Evacuation of Liao-Yang</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_181'>181</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Views of Fortifications and Entanglements</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_182'>182</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Liao-Yang the Morning of Its Occupation by the Japanese</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_183'>183</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>The First Entry of the Japanese into Liao-Yang</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_184'>184</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Scenes in Liao-Yang After Its Capture</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_185'>185</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Liao-Yang After Its Occupation by the Japanese Forces</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_186'>186</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Liao-Yang Immediately After the Capture of the City</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_187'>187</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Dr. Westwater, Medical Missionary</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_188'>188</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Dr. Westwater and Rev. T. McNaughton in a Bomb-Proof</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_188'>188</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Operating on Manchurian who had Forty-Seven Wounds</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_188'>188</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Innocent Manchurian Victims of the War</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_188'>188</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Liao-Yang Before and After the Arrival of the Japanese</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_189'>189</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>After the Russians Evacuated Liao-Yang</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_190'>190</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Japanese Activity at Liao-Yang</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_191'>191</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Liao-Yang After Oyama’s Armies had Taken the City</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_192'>192</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>General Kuroki, Staff, Correspondents, and Attachés</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_194'>194</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Correspondents with the Russian Forces in Manchuria</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_195'>195</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Civilians and Military Attachés with the Russian Forces</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_196'>196</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>The Target-Shoot Given for the Military Attachés</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_197'>197</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Military Attachés Firing at a Target-Shoot</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_198'>198</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>With the War Correspondents in Korea and Manchuria</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_199'>199</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Attachés and Correspondents with General Kuroki’s Army</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_200'>200</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Scenes During the Fighting Early in October</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_202'>202</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Close to the Firing Line Near Yentai Coal Mines</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_203'>203</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Russian Shells Bursting Close to Japanese Battery</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_204'>204</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Photograph Showing Shrapnel Shells Bursting</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_204'>204</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>With the Japanese on October Tenth at the Sha-Ho</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_205'>205</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>On the Sha-Ho Battlefield with the Japanese</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_206'>206</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Victors and Vanquished of the Sha-Ho</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_207'>207</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>The Aftermath of Battle in the Neighborhood of Yentai</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_208'>208</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Preparing Charcoal for the Army while it was Encamped</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_209'>209</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Winter Quarters with the Japanese Army on the Sha-Ho</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_210'>210</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Japanese Army in December in Camp on the Sha-Ho</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_211'>211</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Between Battles with the Japanese Near the Sha-Ho</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_212'>212</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>With the Japanese in Winter Quarters at the Sha-Ho</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_213'>213</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Typical View of Manchurian Peasants</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_214'>214</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Scenes at Newchwang After the Fall of Port Arthur</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_215'>215</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Josses of an Ancient Chinese Temple</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_216'>216</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>With the Japanese During the Last Days of the Siege</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_218'>218</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>The Great Siege Guns Throwing Eleven-Inch Shells</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_219'>219</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Two of the Great Twenty-eight Centimeter Siege Guns</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_220'>220</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Shells Waiting to be Hurled into Port Arthur</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_221'>221</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Scenes Near Port Arthur During the Long Siege</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_222'>222</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Infantry Hidden by Cornfields and Ravines</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_223'>223</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Japanese Infantry Creeping Through a Cornfield</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_224'>224</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Japanese War Balloon Near Port Arthur</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_225'>225</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>General Nogi and His Staff, Conquerors of Port Arthur</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_226'>226</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>With the Japanese as They Closed in Around Port Arthur</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_227'>227</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Incidents of the Surrender of Port Arthur</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_228'>228</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>One of the Many “Bomb-Proofs” Used by Civilians</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_229'>229</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Engineers’ Stores Set on Fire by Japanese Shells</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_230'>230</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Japanese Shell Bursting in the Basin</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_231'>231</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>View of the Old Town After a Bombardment</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_232'>232</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>The Price of Victory</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_233'>233</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Russian Dead Awaiting Burial</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_234'>234</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Photographer’s Studio at Port Arthur After it had been Struck by Japanese Shells</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_235'>235</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Views of Port Arthur in October</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_236'>236</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Inside Some of the Russian Forts After the Surrender</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_237'>237</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Scenes at Port Arthur After the Surrender</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_238'>238</a>–239</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Sunken Russian Battleships</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_240'>240</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Harbor of Port Arthur when the Japanese Took Possession</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_241'>241</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Convalescent Russian Sailors and Japanese Nurses</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_242'>242</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Views at Port Arthur and with a Russian Battery on the Hun River</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_244'>244</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Russian Cavalry and Native Horsemen in the Neighborhood of Mukden</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_245'>245</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Muster of One of Kuroki’s Divisions After the Battle of Mukden</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_246'>246</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Mukden Neighborhood Before the Japanese were Near</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_247'>247</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Where Some of the Shells Burst During the Artillery Duels Near Mukden</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_248'>248</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Desolation in the Path of the Japanese Attack</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_249'>249</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Scenes in the Vicinity of Mukden</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_250'>250</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Fighting Ships of Various Classes in Russia’s Baltic Fleet</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_253'>253</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Formidable Fighting Ships of Russia’s Baltic Fleet</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_254'>254</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>Four of the Battleships of Russia’s Baltic Fleet</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_255'>255</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'>The Battleground of the War and the Victorious Progress of the Japanese</td>
+    <td class='c009'><a href='#Page_256'>256</a></td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_7'>7</span>
+  <h2 class='c007'>INTRODUCTION</h2>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/i_007.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>NICHOLAS II<br>  <br>  EMPEROR OF RUSSIA, WORRIED BY THE WAR</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='drop-capa0_0_6 c010'>The Russo-Japanese War was notable for the fact
+that, although there were more men on the spot ready to
+transmit the news to the world than there have been in any
+other war in modern times, there never has been a war since
+the days of the telegraph and the professional correspondent
+the daily news of which the
+world at large knew so little.
+There is, therefore, a unique
+interest in so vivid and comprehensive
+a pictorial history
+as that gathered by Collier’s
+correspondent photographers
+and presented in the following
+pages. Practically all the photographs,
+with the exception of
+a very few of those depicting
+scenes in Russia’ and with the
+Russian forces, were taken
+originally and exclusively for
+Collier’s, and they have not
+appeared elsewhere except by
+special arrangement and permission. A large number of
+these photographs have never been printed in Collier’s, and
+they are published in this book for the first time. Even
+these were chosen from many hundreds of others, and they
+represent but a small part of the great mass of photographs
+which were secured by Collier’s indefatigable representatives
+at the front. In each weekly issue of Collier’s it was obviously
+impossible to devote more than a few pages exclusively to war
+pictures, and in such a small space it is a task of exceeding
+difficulty to convey to the casual reader any adequate realization
+of the unique value and the comprehensive extent of Collier’s
+Russo-Japanese War service.
+In this book the cumulative
+effect of many pictures helps
+to give at least a partial idea
+of the amount of material
+gathered by Collier’s correspondents,
+and it should be
+further explained that almost
+every one of the pictures herein
+reproduced is chosen from
+perhaps a dozen or score of
+photographs of similar scenes.</p>
+
+<div  class='figright id003'>
+<img src='images/i_007b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>MUTSUHITO<br>  <br>  EMPEROR OF JAPAN, WHO BEGAN THE WAR</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c011'>Since the days of the telegraph
+and the modern war
+correspondent, there has never
+been a war in which the work
+of the chroniclers was beset with such difficulties. During the
+early months of hostilities practically all of the correspondents
+were bottled up in Tokio, chafing at their delay, beseeching
+this official and that, buying winter outfits only to be compelled
+to change them for summer equipment, and wasting
+their energies during this fretful period of uncertainty in the
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_8'>8</span>description of conventional phases of Japanese life or of the
+entertainments given them by their inscrutable hosts of the
+Japanese war departments. It was only by some rare stroke
+of forehandedness, daring, or luck, by which he escaped temporarily
+from the Japanese watchfulness and censorship, that
+any correspondent was able at this time to do effective work.
+Of the little army of men who tried to chronicle the war,
+with pencil or camera, none
+more really “made good” than
+Collier’s photographer, James
+H. Hare. Mr. Hare worked
+in Tokio before war was declared,
+and he followed Kuroki’s
+army from its landing in
+Korea through the Yalu campaign
+and until the battle of
+the Sha-Ho. Mr. Hare is a
+specialist not in any sense a
+“button-pusher,” as he calls the
+amateur who carries a camera
+as an incidental. “When we
+stood on the heights of Wiju,”
+wrote Collier’s correspondent,
+Frederick Palmer, “the soldiers appeared only as the veriest
+specks to a camera lens. Jimmy wanted to see the charge as
+much as the rest of us. But the detail had to be shown and the
+photographer must be near the detail, so Jimmy slipped away
+when the censor wasn’t looking. I wonder if those who saw the
+realistic pictures of the groups of wounded around the hospital
+tents at the Yalu realized at all what they cost this little man,
+who is nearing his fiftieth year. He was the first of the correspondents’
+corps to cross the river. He trudged through
+miles of sand up to his knees. His pony was worn out; his
+weary servant promptly resigned. But Jimmy himself was
+up the next morning at daybreak, ill and pale, developing the
+first photographs of the army at the front to be published.”</p>
+
+<div  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/i_008.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>VICE-ADMIRAL ALEXIEFF<br>  <br>  RUSSIAN VICEROY IN THE FAR EAST</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id003'>
+<img src='images/i_008b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>MARQUIS ITO HIROBUMI<br>  <br>  JAPAN’S GREATEST LIVING STATESMAN</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c011'>Another of Collier’s photographers, Robert L. Dunn, was
+sent to Chemulpo before hostilities
+broke out and “beat”
+the newspaper and periodical
+world with his pictures of the
+first battle of the war and the
+landing of Japanese troops.
+The greater portion of the
+Russian pictures were taken
+by Victor K. Bulla, whose work
+in this country was controlled
+exclusively by Collier’s. Dozens
+of photographs which the
+reader may survey at his ease
+were taken only after long
+marches over frozen and wind-swept
+country. Films were
+developed in the field with the help of Korean coolies or Japanese
+commissary officers, and they reached Collier’s office
+only after being carried scores and perhaps hundreds of miles
+by coolie runners through a country where a mail service was
+unknown. Every one of the photographs printed in this book
+represents an outlay of time, energy, and money of which the
+uninitiated reader can have only a slight understanding.</p>
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_9'>9</span>
+  <h2 class='c007'>CHAPTER I<br> <span class='c012'>THE CAUSES OF THE RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='drop-capa0_0_6 c010'>The war between Russia and Japan was a fight for disputed
+territory. Its immediate cause was the failure of
+the two nations to agree on the relation which each should
+maintain toward Korea and Manchuria. The underlying
+cause of the struggle was the mighty clash that was bound to
+come when those measures which Japan believed were necessary
+to her self-existence met the glacier-like progress of Russia
+eastward toward the Pacific. Through nearly three centuries
+the Russian Empire had advanced from the Ural Mountains
+to outposts and outlets on the Pacific Coast. Her mighty
+plans met no serious check until they came athwart the ambitions
+and policy of the modernized Japan, which saw in this
+alleged expansion for industrial development a menace to her
+integrity as a kingdom. Korea, a buffer between these two
+powers, became involved in the dispute by the results of the
+war between Japan and China in 1894. The intervention of
+the European Powers in the terms of treaty settlement robbed
+Japan of her chief spoil, the Liaotung Peninsula, whose stronghold
+was Port Arthur. Russia, Germany, and France intimated
+that Japanese occupation of this base must be regarded as
+a permanent threat to the independence of China and Korea.
+Three years later, Russia began to fortify Port Arthur, on the
+pretext that German acquisition of Kiaochau would otherwise
+disturb the balance of power in North China.</p>
+
+<p class='c011'>The Boxer outbreak of 1900 furnished Russia reasons
+for vastly increasing her military strength in Manchuria, to
+safeguard her railway across Siberia and her rapidly expanding
+commercial and colonization interests. Promises were made,
+and broken, that Manchuria would be evacuated and restored
+to Chinese control as soon as peaceful conditions were resumed
+in accordance with the joint agreements of the powers that
+the integrity of China should be preserved. When it became
+certain that Russia had no intention of loosening her grip on
+Manchuria, the Japanese Government proposed a conference,
+in July of 1903, for the purpose of assuring the lasting
+peace of Eastern Asia, by agreeing upon a working basis for
+settlement of the points at issue with Russia. Japan wished
+guarantees of the territorial integrity of China and Korea, and
+the “open door” in both countries for commercial opportunity.
+Russia replied that she was ready to recognize the rights of
+Japan as the predominating influence in Korea, but refused to
+discuss further pledges regarding the future of China and
+Manchuria. The Russian attitude was influenced most
+strongly by the facts that Russia wanted an outlet to the
+Pacific, and that the outlay of three hundred million dollars
+in Manchuria, to make that province both Russian and prosperous,
+called for some tangible return. Japan refused to
+consider herself outside the sphere of active interest in Manchuria,
+and negotiations came to a deadlock early in 1904.</p>
+
+<p class='c011'>On January 4, Japanese advices said that a conflict with
+Russia was inevitable, that the newspapers were urging the
+opening of hostilities, and that the Government was massing
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_10'>10</span>troops ready to embark on transports. The diplomats in
+St. Petersburg were delaying over the final reply to the
+Japanese note and were not expecting war, according to their
+assurances.</p>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id004'>
+<img src='images/i_010.jpg' alt='Stereograph Copyrighted by Underwood &#38; Underwood' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>TYPICAL STREET SCENE IN RUSSIA’S CAPITAL CITY<br>  <br>  This photograph represents a procession leaving St. Catherine’s Church, in St. Petersburg, to<br>  go down to the Neva to bless the river waters, an example of that picturesque mediaevalism<br>  which survives in so many forms, and as such a real part of the everyday life of the people</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c011'>During the following week, Russia was hurrying troops
+toward the frontier and buying horses, while the Argentine
+cruisers, <em>Nisshin</em> and <em>Kasuga</em>, bought by Japan, were making
+ready to leave Genoa with rush orders to proceed to Yokohama.
+Meantime, the negotiations were continued with proposals
+and counter-proposals that made no progress.</p>
+
+<p class='c011'>On January 13, a conference before the Throne in Tokio
+decided upon the final terms to be sent to Russia, the only
+conditions which could avert war. Russia started two divisions
+of troops over the Trans-Siberian Railway to China, an obvious
+war measure. Two days later two transports crowded with
+Russian troops for the Far East sailed through the Bosphorus.
+Russia asked Turkey for permission to send the Black Sea
+fleet through the Dardanelles, and Lord Lansdowne said that
+such action would be considered a breach of treaty in which
+Great Britain could not acquiesce.</p>
+
+<p class='c011'>There was a lull of nearly two weeks, while Tokio fretted
+over the delay of the Russian reply. Japan adopted plans for
+raising seventy-five million dollars of an emergency war fund.</p>
+
+<p class='c011'>The long-drawn tension of January ended with a pretence
+of negotiations oscillating between Tokio and St. Petersburg,
+but by this time the pursuits of diplomacy had become a
+farce, and both nations were making all possible preparations
+for a long struggle at arms. Although the Russian ultimatum
+had not been officially delivered, its contents were forecasted,
+and it was known that Japan’s final demands had been
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_11'>11</span>evaded. On February 2, the mobilization of the Manchurian
+reserves was announced, and on the next day a semi-official
+despatch from Vladivostok reported that the Russian squadron
+there had been stripped for action, and that the ships in
+the harbor of Port Arthur had joined those in the outer
+roadstead to unite the fighting strength for aggressive action.
+The Russian General Staff granted to Alexieff the right to
+declare war. Nearly a week before the first blow was struck,
+it was seen that the prolonged tension had reached the breaking
+point. At one of the last Cabinet conferences in Tokio
+hope of peace was abandoned, for the reason that, while Russia
+was unreasonably delaying her reply to the last Japanese note,
+she was daily increasing her warlike activities. It was known
+in advance that while Russia partly conceded the demands of
+Japan regarding Korea, important reservations were made, and
+that as regards Manchuria the reply would refuse to place on
+record recognition of the sovereignty of China, or even to
+discuss that question with Japan.</p>
+
+<p class='c011'>Japanese residents were told to leave Vladivostok, and
+20,000 Russian troops were moving with the view of occupying
+Northern Korea. Japan continued extraordinary preparations
+for instant action, but the plans of her army and navy
+were so carefully guarded that no news of them was published
+up to the day war was declared by the first overt act.</p>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id004'>
+<img src='images/i_011.jpg' alt='Stereograph Copyrighted by Underwood &#38; Underwood' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>AN EVERYDAY SCENE IN ONE OF THE LARGE CITIES OF JAPAN<br>  <br>  These are the little people whose surface daintiness covers a martial spirit more truly Spartan<br>  than that manifested by any other nation of the modern world. This street, gay with Japanese<br>  flags, is the “Isezakicho,” which has sometimes been called the Bowery of Yokohama</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c011'>On Saturday, February 6, the Russian note was already in
+the hands of Baron de Rosen, the Russian Minister at Tokio,
+for delivery to Baron Komura, the Japanese Foreign Minister,
+when at four o’clock in the afternoon, M. Kurino, the Japanese
+Minister at St. Petersburg, called personally to inform the
+Russian Government that, in view of the delays in connection
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_12'>12</span>with the Russian replies, and the obvious futility of the negotiations,
+Japan considered it useless to continue diplomatic
+relations. Japan would take such steps as she deemed proper
+for the protection of her interests, therefore M. Kurino asked
+for his passports. The Russian Minister, a few hours later,
+prepared to leave Tokio as soon as possible.</p>
+
+<p class='c011'>The startling action of Japan, in severing diplomatic
+relations before the actual delivery of the Russian note, came
+like a bolt from a clear sky at St. Petersburg. It was expected
+that Japan would invade Korea and seek a naval battle within
+the next twenty-four hours. This was an accurate surmise,
+for in even less time forty Japanese transports were loaded with
+troops to be landed at various points in Southern and Central
+Korea. One naval division sailed from Japanese waters for
+Chemulpo, and another for Port Arthur, as soon as the news
+that there could be no peace was sent by wireless telegraphy
+to the waiting ships.</p>
+
+<p class='c011'>In the afternoon of February 8 a fleet of Japanese transports,
+escorted by a squadron of battleships and powerful
+cruisers, appeared off the harbor of Chemulpo. The Russian
+gunboat <em>Korietz</em>, on its way to Port Arthur with despatches,
+sighted the hostile craft; the commander cleared for action,
+fired a shot at the Japanese torpedo scouts, then returned at
+full speed to shelter near the Russian cruiser <em>Variag</em>, inside the
+Korean harbor. This proved to be the first shot of the war,
+and was so claimed by the Japanese when accused of attacking
+Port Arthur without formal declaration of war later in the
+same day. Early on the morning of February 9, Admiral
+Uriu, commander of the Japanese fleet, notified the two
+Russians that they must surrender or leave the harbor by noon,
+else he would attack them where they lay. The Russians did
+not surrender, but sailed out of the bay, with bands playing,
+to certain destruction. By four o’clock that afternoon the
+<em>Variag</em> and the <em>Korietz</em> were at the bottom of Chemulpo
+Harbor, and the war was on.</p>
+
+<p class='c011'>The man who judges things by weight, bulk, and dollars
+may well wonder at Japanese temerity. To Japan, with her
+147,000 square miles, the annexation of Korea, with 82,000
+square miles, meant what the annexation of Mexico would to
+the United States. To Russia, with her 8,666,000 square
+miles, it meant less than Southern California to us. Russia’s
+population was 140,000,000; Japan’s 44,000,000. On a
+peace footing the Russian army had 1,000,000 officers and
+men; the Japanese, 175,000. On a war footing, the Russian
+4,600,000 and the Japanese 675,000.</p>
+
+<p class='c011'>Russia is the Christian nation which has been slowest in
+development. Mentally, she is just out of the Dark Ages,
+equipped with the mechanical progress of modern times.
+Japan is the pagan nation which has been foremost in adopting
+the worldly essentials of a civilization which is Christian in its
+origin. Russia is a union of nomadic races, but lately ushered
+into feudalism, which have, in turn, conquered many other
+races. Japan has had a stable, organized government longer
+than England, and the Japanese were a free people when the
+Saxons were the serfs of the Normans. The Czar is a pope;
+the Mikado divinity itself. If the Jews were still a nation and
+a descendant of Moses were their king, he would mean to
+them what the Mikado means to the Japanese. For all the
+centuries of the nation’s existence the Japanese had known no
+acquisition of territory. The Russians have lived by this.</p>
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_13'>13</span>
+<img src='images/i_013.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>RECRUITS GOING THROUGH FIRING DRILL WITHOUT RIFLES</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_013b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>INFANTRY DRILLING IN HEAVY MARCHING ORDER</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<img src='images/i_013c.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>SOLDIERS LEARNING HOW TO CARRY WOUNDED COMRADES</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_013d.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>RIFLE PRACTICE ON THE PARADE GROUND</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+  <div class='nf-center'>
+    <div>JAPANESE TROOPS PREPARING FOR WAR</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c011'>These photographs were taken on the parade ground at the Oyama Barracks in Tokio just before the outbreak of the war. Japan had
+already been practically on a war footing for months, and the busy work of preparation here suggested was typical of the spirit that prevailed
+throughout the nation and brought Japan’s army to a state of preparedness perhaps never before duplicated in the history of war.</p>
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_14'>14</span>
+<img src='images/i_014.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>LEARNING HOW TO JUMP</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_014c.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>PRACTICING THE SABRE THRUST</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id004'>
+<img src='images/i_014b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>CAVALRY RECRUIT LEARNING TO RIDE WITHOUT STIRRUPS OR BRIDLE</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/i_014d.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>TRAINING JAPANESE CAVALRYMEN AT THE TOKIO BARRACKS</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c011'>The Japanese cavalry was the weakest branch of the service. The Japanese are not natural horsemen, and both the men and their
+mounts were inferior, in a military sense, to the other branches of the service. The horses were scrubby little beasts with neither speed
+nor tractability. The trooper whose mount finally succeeded in clearing the bar shown above thought the feat very remarkable</p>
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_15'>15</span>
+<img src='images/i_015.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>CHANGING GUARD AT THE OYAMA BARRACKS IN TOKIO</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_16'>16</span>
+<img src='images/i_016.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>SWAPPING STORIES IN THE GUARD HOUSE AT OYAMA BARRACKS</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c011'>In spite of his inscrutable manner the Japanese soldier when with a crowd of his comrades becomes almost as
+loquacious as the typical regular of other countries. In the Oyama Barracks, where this photograph was taken,
+a large number of troops were quartered ready to be rushed to the front as soon as hostilities were declared</p>
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_17'>17</span>
+<img src='images/i_017.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>CLEANING AND OILING RIFLES IN PREPARATION FOR WAR</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_18'>18</span>
+<img src='images/i_018.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>DEPARTURE OF BARON ROSEN, THE RUSSIAN MINISTER, FROM YOKOHAMA</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c011'>On the breaking off of diplomatic relations the Russian Minister took passage for Marseilles on the French steamship “Yarra.” He
+left Yokohama on February 12, when war had actually been begun by the actions at Chemulpo and Port Arthur. The French
+and Belgian Ministers and attaches and a few other friends from the diplomatic circle accompanied him to the dock to bid him farewell</p>
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_19'>19</span>
+<img src='images/i_019.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>MINISTER PAVLOV LEAVING LEGATION UNDER ESCORT</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_019b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>REPRESENTATIVES OF NEUTRAL POWERS TALKING WITH M. PAVLOV AT THE WHARF</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+  <div class='nf-center'>
+    <div>RUSSIAN MINISTER TO KOREA DEPARTING FROM SEOUL</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_20'>20</span>
+<img src='images/i_020.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>NEWSPAPER BULLETINS ON THE CHEMULPO BATTLE IN THE MAIN STREET OF TOKIO</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_21'>21</span>
+<img src='images/i_021.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>PATRIOTIC CITIZENS STANDING IN THE RAIN WAITING THEIR TURN TO ENLIST</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/i_021b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>BUILDING TEMPORARY STABLES IN TOKIO IMMEDIATELY FOLLOWING THE DECLARATION OF WAR</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_22'>22</span>
+<img src='images/i_022.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>ENLISTED TROOPS, NEWLY ARRIVED IN TOKIO, WAITING THEIR TURN TO BE FITTED OUT</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<img src='images/i_022b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>IN HEAVY MARCHING ORDER READY TO DEPART</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_022c.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>TROOPS BILLETED AT PRIVATE HOUSES IN TOKIO</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+  <div class='nf-center'>
+    <div>MOBILIZATION OF TROOPS IN TOKIO AT THE OUTBREAK OF WAR</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_23'>23</span>
+<img src='images/i_023.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>TROOPS MARCHING TO STATION THROUGH THE STREETS OF TOKIO</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_24'>24</span>
+<img src='images/i_024.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>ENTRAINING AT THE SHIMBASHI STATION, TOKIO</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_024b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>JAPANESE CAVALRYMEN ABOUT TO TAKE THE TRAIN</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<img src='images/i_024c.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>TROOPS ASSEMBLING IN STREETS NEAR THE STATION</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_024d.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>INDUCING A FRACTIOUS CAVALRY HORSE TO BOARD THE TRAIN</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+  <div class='nf-center'>
+    <div>DEPARTURE OF JAPANESE TROOPS FOR KOREA</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_25'>25</span>
+<img src='images/i_025.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>EXAMINING CAVALRY HORSES AFTER ARRIVAL AT HIROSHIMA</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_025b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>UNLOADING THE LIGHT PORTABLE TRANSPORT CARTS</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<img src='images/i_025c.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>UNLOADING CAVALRY HORSES FROM BOX CARS</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_025d.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>TRANSPORT CARTS LOADED WITH SUPPLIES</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+  <div class='nf-center'>
+    <div>JAPANESE TROOPS DETRAINING AT HIROSHIMA</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c011'>At Hiroshima the troops were detrained for the port of Ujina, whence a large part of the Japanese forces were embarked for Korea.
+Many of the cavalry horses were injured during their railroad journey by kicking each other or their stalls. The light
+“collapsable” carts shown here were one of the features of the mobile Japanese equipment. They kept pace with the marching column</p>
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_26'>26</span>
+<img src='images/i_026.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>JAPANESE CAVALRYMEN IN RAILWAY CARRIAGE</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_026b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>TROOPERS IN CHARGE OF CARS CONTAINING HORSES</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_026c.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>OFFICERS IN COMMAND OF CAVALRY REGIMENT</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+  <div class='nf-center'>
+    <div>CAVALRY TRAIN LEAVING SHIMBASHI STATION</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_27'>27</span>
+<img src='images/i_027.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>MEN OF THE ARMY SERVICE CORPS READY TO ENTRAIN</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/i_027b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>“SAYONARA!”—GOOD-BY</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c011'>It was not until the troops had been departing from Tokio for several days that the general populace showed any such resemblance
+to Occidental enthusiasm as this. When some of the members of the staff left Tokio, they awakened and behaved like any other
+crowd at such a time. They shouted good-bys and the band, in a quaint imitation of Western customs, played “Auld Lang Syne”</p>
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_28'>28</span>
+<img src='images/i_028.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>FIFTH DIVISION ENGINEERS STUDYING PLANS</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_028c.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>FIRST SECTION FINISHED SHOWING MANNER OF CONSTRUCTION WITH TIMBER AND ROPES</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<img src='images/i_028b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>PUSHING THE FIRST STAGING OUT INTO THE RIVER</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+  <div class='nf-center'>
+    <div>ENGINEERS AT HIROSHIMA PRACTICING BUILDING BRIDGES LIKE THOSE USED AT THE YALU</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_29'>29</span>
+<img src='images/i_029.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>BRIDGE AT HIROSHIMA READY FOR THE PONTOONS</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c011'>The bridges used at the Yalu were all planned and constructed in practice in Japan long before war was declared. After being built
+they were taken apart, carried along with the rest of the equipment, and put together when the time came. The Japanese engineers
+had complete maps and measurements of the streams in Manchuria, so that they always knew just what difficulties were to be met</p>
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_30'>30</span>
+<img src='images/i_030.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>“TIKOKU BANZAI!”—“LONG LIVE THE EMPIRE!”</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c011'>Enthusiasm at Kobe upon the departure of a troop train for Ugina, a port of embarkation for Korea. On leaving for the front the
+Japanese soldier suppressed all emotions of sorrow. Not to be impassive was unmanly. It was only at such times as this that
+the collective enthusiasm showed itself, and it was not until a number of trains had passed en route for the front that it awoke.</p>
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_31'>31</span>
+  <h2 class='c007'>CHAPTER II<br> <span class='c012'>THE FIRST BATTLES OF THE WAR</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='drop-capa0_0_6 c010'>It was on the night of February 8, 1904, that all hope of
+a peaceful solution of the Russo-Japanese entanglement
+was blown to the winds by the startling attack of Admiral
+Togo’s torpedo-boats on the Russian fleet at Port Arthur.
+The Russians were quite unready for so swift an onslaught;
+many officers were on shore, while the lookouts and scouting
+service were scarcely more vigilant than in time of peace. The
+Japanese torpedo flotilla sped in among the close-huddled
+battleships, launched their missiles, and were scurrying to sea
+before the Russian crews began to repel the attack. The
+first-class battleships “Retvizan” and “Czarevitch” and the
+cruiser “Pallada” were so badly injured that they had to be
+beached. The Japanese fleet returned the next day and
+bombarded the Russian ships and forts. In this attack the
+battleship “Poltava,” and the cruisers “Diana,” “Novik,” and
+“Askold” were temporarily disabled.</p>
+
+<p class='c011'>Before the news of the battle of Port Arthur had fairly
+reached the eyes of the Western world came the more tragic
+story of the destruction of the “Variag” and the “Korietz” in
+Chemulpo Harbor. Admiral Uriu, commanding six Japanese
+battleships, six cruisers, and twelve torpedo craft, appeared off
+Chemulpo and demanded the surrender of the two Russian
+ships. Captain Behr of the “Variag” and Captain Roudnoff
+of the “Korietz” refused to surrender, and on the morning of
+February 9, the “Variag,” with bands playing, steamed out of
+the harbor to meet the hopeless odds. She met the Japanese
+fleet eight miles out, the enemy using long-range 12-inch
+guns, and pounding away at distances which made the
+“Variag’s” batteries harmless. Ten large projectiles riddled
+the cruiser, and in fifty minutes not a gun could be worked,
+the ship was on fire, engines crippled, and 109 officers and
+men of a complement of 540 lay dead and wounded on the
+decks. The “Variag” crept back into port, her crew was
+removed to the British cruiser “Talbot” and the French
+cruiser “Pascal,” and she was set on fire. Three hours later,
+the “Variag,” after only eighteen months’ service, was at the
+bottom, a shattered and blackened mass of steel. The
+“Korietz” was a slow gunboat of only 1,200 tons, mounting
+one 6-inch gun and two 8-inch guns, with no armor protection.
+She was untouched, but after the fight her commander
+decided to destroy his ship, because Admiral Uriu
+had promised to renew the attack at four in the afternoon.
+Precisely at four o’clock, two deafening explosions came from
+the “Korietz.” As the smoke cleared, where the “Korietz”
+had been, only bits of wreckage and about four feet of her
+funnel could be seen.</p>
+
+<p class='c011'>On the day after the Russian ships had been destroyed a
+division of the Japanese army was thrown ashore at Chemulpo.
+The landing was made in perfect order. The army was dependent
+for nothing upon the port. A large force was sent to
+occupy Seoul, and within two days Japan was in complete
+control of the most advantageous strategic bases of Korea.</p>
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_32'>32</span>
+<img src='images/i_032.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>THE RUSSIAN SHIPS AT CHEMULPO BEFORE THE BATTLE</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_032c.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>THE RUSSIAN GUNBOAT “KORIETZ” AT THE MOMENT OF THE EXPLOSION</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<img src='images/i_032b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>THE RUSSIAN CRUISER “VARIAG” ON FIRE AT CHEMULPO</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+  <div class='nf-center'>
+    <div>DESTRUCTION OF THE “VARIAG” AND “KORIETZ” IN THE HARBOR OF CHEMULPO</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_33'>33</span>
+<img src='images/i_033.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>FUNNEL OF THE GUNBOAT “KORIETZ”</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_033b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>TOPMASTS OF THE CRUISER “VARIAG”</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+  <div class='nf-center'>
+    <div>WRECKS OF THE RUSSIAN WARSHIPS IN CHUMULPO HARBOR</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_34'>34</span>
+<img src='images/i_034.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>JAPANESE SALVAGE CORPS WORKING ON THE WRECK OF THE “VARIAG” AT CHEMULPO</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_35'>35</span>
+<img src='images/i_035.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+</div>
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_035b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+  <div class='nf-center'>
+    <div>THE NIGHT LANDING OF THE JAPANESE TROOPS AT CHEMULPO</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c011'>All through the night of February 9 boatloads of these little soldiers, with their inscrutable, unimpassioned faces, were landed in the
+snow on the Korean shore. This landing was one of the first proofs the Western world had of the wonderful preparedness of the soldiers
+of the Mikado. In spite of the darkness, fitfully punctuated by blazing torches, fires, and braziers, the task went on like clockwork</p>
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_36'>36</span>
+<img src='images/i_036.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>COOLIES HANDLING JAPANESE SUPPLIES AFTER THE LANDING AT CHEMULPO</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_37'>37</span>
+<img src='images/i_037.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>MRS. PAVLOV, WIFE OF THE RUSSIAN MINISTER TO KOREA, AT THE SEOUL RAILWAY STATION</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_037b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>DR. H. N. ALLEN, UNITED STATES MINISTER TO KOREA</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c011'>Mrs. Pavlov, the wife of the Russian Minister, is a cousin of the Countess Cassini. When the Minister was invited to leave
+on the arrival of the Japanese, she was accompanied to the station not only by the Japanese guard, but by all the gallant young
+men of the diplomatic circle. Dr. Allen, the United States Minister, is shown standing at the door of the Legation at Seoul</p>
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_38'>38</span>
+<img src='images/i_038.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>KOREAN SENTRY AT SEOUL</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_038b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>BRINGING LANDING STAGES ASHORE AT CHEMULPO</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_038c.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>PACKING HORSES WITH BAGGAGE KITS AT CHEMULPO</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+  <div class='nf-center'>
+    <div>THE JAPANESE ADVANCE THROUGH KOREA</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_39'>39</span>
+<img src='images/i_039.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>UNITED STATES MARINES NEAR THE LEGATION AT SEOUL</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_039b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>SAPPERS AND MINERS STARTING FOR NORTHERN KOREA</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/i_039c.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>JAPANESE INFANTRY MARCHING THROUGH THE MAIN STREET OF SEOUL</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+  <div class='nf-center'>
+    <div>THE JAPANESE OCCUPATION OF SEOUL</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_40'>40</span>
+<img src='images/i_040.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>JAPANESE TROOPS WAITING TO CROSS THE RIVER AT PING-YANG</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_41'>41</span>
+<img src='images/i_041.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>KOREANS WATCHING FROM THE GREAT GATE THE ENTRY OF THE JAPANESE AT SEOUL</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_42'>42</span>
+<img src='images/i_042.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>COMMISSARY TENTS IN THE JAPANESE CAMP AT CHEMULPO</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_042b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>EXTERIOR OF THE HOSPITAL BUILDING, RED CROSS FLAGS OVER THE GATE</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/i_042c.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>JAPANESE RED CROSS NURSE ATTENDING RUSSIAN SAILORS WOUNDED IN THE BATTLE OF FEBRUARY 9</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+  <div class='nf-center'>
+    <div>THE JAPANESE RED CROSS HOSPITAL AT CHEMULPO</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c011'>As soon as the Japanese landed after the battle between the warships in Chemulpo Harbor, a hospital was improvised and the more
+dangerously wounded Russians brought ashore from the foreign battleships, where they had been cared for temporarily, and nursed by the
+Japanese Red Cross service. As a mark of appreciation Russia contributed 2,000 yen ($1,000) to the Japanese branch of the Red Cross]</p>
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_43'>43</span>
+  <h2 class='c007'>CHAPTER III<br> <span class='c012'>RUSSIAN PREPARATIONS FOR WAR</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='drop-capa0_0_6 c010'>Not only were the available Russian forces ill prepared
+for meeting the agile and ready Japanese, not only was
+their equipment ponderous and unwieldy, their knowledge
+of the strategic difficulties and advantages of the country in
+which the fighting was to be done scant and inaccurate, but
+the big fact which put Russia at a disadvantage during the
+early months of the war was the immense distance between
+her military bases and the front. Across the trackless wastes
+of Siberia the only path was a single-track railroad—a line of
+communication none too well equipped in times of peace,
+and open to complete and immediate disablement should the
+enemy succeed in cutting it at any point along a comparatively
+vulnerable stretch of many hundreds of miles. By sea—that
+is to say, by the way of the Mediterranean, the Suez Canal,
+and the route round the southern coast of Asia—Russian
+ships and soldiers were over 12,000 miles, or about fifty-one
+days, away from the seat of hostilities. When to these material
+difficulties were added the dissensions, jealousies, and
+shifting policies of St. Petersburg, the effective strength of
+Russia in these early days of the war could in no way be
+measured by her vast extent and apparently illimitable power.</p>
+
+<p class='c011'>In Japan, on the other hand, preparedness was the keynote
+of the situation. Although nominally at peace, Japan
+had been practically on a war footing for months, yet so
+secretly was this preparation made that even after war was
+declared a casual and incurious visitor in Tokio would have
+seen little to indicate that he was in one of the great military
+centres of the world, and that all round and about him was
+being planned one of the greatest struggles of modern times.</p>
+
+<p class='c011'>The results of this preparedness were vividly enough shown
+when the “Variag” and the “Korietz” were sunk in Chemulpo
+Harbor, before the world was really aware that war was seriously
+intended and inevitable. They were no less convincingly
+demonstrated by the perfection of the Japanese field equipment,
+and by the almost microscopic exactness with which
+every possible contingency had been foreseen and provided for.
+Ever since their war with China the Japanese had been perfecting
+their military organization, as though the coming war with
+Russia were a certainty. They had military maps of every nook
+and corner of Korea and Manchuria; they had spies working
+as coolies on the Russian railroads, and in Russian ports and
+shipyards; they had their light equipment especially adapted
+for the heavy Manchurian roads. Their baggage was so
+arranged and distributed that it made compact cube-shaped
+bundles which could be packed like so many building blocks,
+or made into easily carried packs for coolies. The collapsable
+boats with which a pontoon bridge was thrown across the
+Yalu were made for that special purpose months before,
+when the Korean peninsula was yet to be invaded. In fact,
+the whole early part of the war was an almost grotesque
+struggle between preparedness and unpreparedness, extreme
+mobility and clodhopping heaviness, cleverness and stupidity.</p>
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_44'>44</span>
+<img src='images/i_044.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>RUSSIAN LADIES SEWING FOR THE RED CROSS IN THE PALACE OF THE GRAND DUKE VLADIMIR</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c011'>Under the auspices of the Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna, a circle of titled ladies met regularly at the Grand Ducal residence to sew
+for the men at the front. The Grand Duchess herself equipped and sent to the front an entire train fitted out for hospital purposes.
+At the Winter Palace the Czarina sewed with nearly a thousand ladies and the Dowager Empress presided over another sewing circle</p>
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_45'>45</span>
+<img src='images/i_045.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>WITH THE RUSSIAN ARMY ON ITS MARCH TO THE FRONT</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c011'>A division of regular troops mobilizing in Southeastern Russia for transportation northward. The infantry regiments may be seen marching along the main road, while the artillery and transport wagons are moving up in the middle distance. A large body of cavalry, half hidden in dust clouds, is visible near the horizon. These troops were among the first mobilized</p>
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_46'>46</span>
+<img src='images/i_046.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>THE CZAR OF RUSSIA AND HIS FAMILY</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_046b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>THE CHRISTENING PROCESSION FOR THE CZAREVITCH</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_046c.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>CHILDREN OF THE CZAR AT A MILITARY REVIEW</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+  <div class='nf-center'>
+    <div>THE AUTOCRAT OF RUSSIA AND THE ROYAL FAMILY</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_47'>47</span>
+<img src='images/i_047.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>THE CZAR LEAVING THE WINTER PALACE TO BID FAREWELL TO TROOPS STARTING FOR THE FRONT</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c011'>The most sorrowful figure in the Russian Court at the beginning of the war was the Autocrat from whom all the Muscovite power and splendor radiated. Helpless among the cliques of the bureaucracy, he knew not what course to pursue and was beset with apprehensions not only of the fidelity of those about him, but for the safety of his own life</p>
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_48'>48</span>
+<img src='images/i_048.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>DEPARTURE OF RED CROSS NURSES FROM ST. PETERSBURG FOR THE FRONT</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_49'>49</span>
+<img src='images/i_049.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>THE CZAR REVIEWING AN INFANTRY REGIMENT ON ITS DEPARTURE FOR THE FRONT</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_50'>50</span>
+<img src='images/i_050.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>PROCESSION IN HONOR OF THE CHEMULPO SAILORS MARCHING TO THE WINTER PALACE</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c011'>The Russian sailors were treated as heroes wherever they went after their return from the disastrous engagement at Chemulpo. There
+were fêtes and processions in their honor at Odessa, Moscow, and St. Petersburg. A banquet was held at St. Petersburg, the officers
+received costly mementos and the sailors souvenirs and money rewards. The welcome was like that given to a victorious army</p>
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_51'>51</span>
+<img src='images/i_051.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>TWENTY-THIRD ARTILLERY BRIGADE ABOUT TO LEAVE GATCHINA FOR THE FRONT</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_52'>52</span>
+<img src='images/i_052.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>THE CZAR BIDDING FAREWELL TO COMMANDERS ABOUT TO LEAVE FOR THE FRONT</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_53'>53</span>
+<img src='images/i_053.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>GRAND DUKE ALEXANDROVITCH LEADING HIS MARINES IN REVIEW BEFORE THE CZAR PREVIOUS TO LEAVING ST. PETERSBURG</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_54'>54</span>
+<img src='images/i_054.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>CAPTAIN VIEDUSTOIPE OF AUSTRIA AND HIS WIFE SURROUNDED BY RUSSIAN OFFICERS</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_054b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>ASCENT OF RUSSIAN BALLOON WITH GENERAL WARINOWSKY IN THE CAR</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+  <div class='nf-center'>
+    <div>INTERNATIONAL BALLOON CONTEST AT ST. PETERSBURG</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_55'>55</span>
+  <h2 class='c007'>CHAPTER IV<br> <span class='c012'>WITH THE JAPANESE IN KOREA</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='drop-capa0_0_6 c010'>Having secured a safe landing-place at Chemulpo,
+Japan poured troops into Korea and along the old
+Peking Road through Seoul to Ping-Yang and on to the northward
+toward the Yalu. Russia abandoned all hope of effective
+aggression by sea with her crippled fleet, and, except for the
+elusive Vladivostok squadron of four powerful cruisers, Japan
+was free to rush her troops into Korea. Russia bent all her
+energies toward hurrying her levies and supplies into Manchuria.
+Seoul was occupied and the Russian minister invited to leave.
+He complied at once.</p>
+
+<p class='c011'>Moving at the rapid pace of from fifteen to twenty-five
+miles a day, the mobile Japanese pushed on to Ping-Yang.
+No opposition was met with, the native Koreans
+staring dumbly at the invaders without much curiosity and
+with no desire to make resistance. The march from Seoul
+to Ping-Yang was made along the ancient road to Peking,
+which was a quagmire most of the distance, crowded
+with cavalry, infantry, pack-trains, bullock-carts, and long
+trains of white-clad natives burdened with bags of provisions,
+plodding knee-deep through slush and mud. Half-frozen at
+night, stumbling and slipping all day, each soldier carrying
+sixty pounds of equipment, this infantry column swept along
+at a speed of from fifteen to twenty-five miles a day. That such
+speed was possible was due to the lightness of the Japanese
+baggage and wagon equipment, which had been specially
+prepared for the heavy Korean and Manchurian roads.</p>
+
+<p class='c011'>It was apparent even to casual observers that immense
+military operations were under way, yet the civilized world
+was wholly in ignorance of their scope or direction. On
+February 15, for example, scores of crowded transports were
+leaving the Japanese naval bases, and a small army of alert
+correspondents from the world over could only guess whether
+these thousands of troops were going to Korea, to the Yalu
+region, or within a hundred miles of the Liaotung Peninsula.
+While the Japanese troops were pushing northward,
+the advance guard of the Russian army crossed the Yalu into
+Korean territory and occupied Wiju. The Russian headquarters
+were established at Harbin, the chief strategic centre
+of railway communication in inland Manchuria.</p>
+
+<p class='c011'>Chenampo is one hundred and thirty miles north of
+Chemulpo on Korea Bay, and correspondingly nearer to the
+Yalu. Early in April, after the troops which had landed at
+Chemulpo two months before had completed their arduous
+march northward through the Korean Peninsula, and had
+captured the town of Wiju, on the east bank of the Yalu
+River, what was known as the main army, under General
+Kuroki, landed from transports at Chenampo. The success
+of the advance column had given the Japanese control of the
+mouth of the Yalu before Kuroki began to mobilize his
+co-operating columns, and two forces were thus ready by
+the end of April to force the passage of the Yalu and fight
+their way into Manchuria.</p>
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_56'>56</span>
+<img src='images/i_056.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>LANDING THE MEN WHO FOUGHT AT THE YALU</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c011'>The Japanese troops were ferried from the transports to the shore at Chenampo in heavy, blunt-nosed sampans. These sampans are
+sculled from the stern ordinarily with huge sweeps. The boatmen can be seen over the heads of the seated soldiers, standing over their
+sweeps like gondoliers. At Chenampo the sampans were in most cases lashed together in groups of three or four and towed by tugs</p>
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_57'>57</span>
+<img src='images/i_057.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>ARTILLERYMEN IN HEAVY MARCHING ORDER LANDING AT CHENAMPO</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_58'>58</span>
+<img src='images/i_058.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>JAPANESE BLUEJACKETS COMING ASHORE AT CHENAMPO</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_59'>59</span>
+<img src='images/i_059.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>GROOMING CAVALRY HORSES AT CHENAMPO AFTER LANDING THEM FROM TRANSPORTS</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_60'>60</span>
+<img src='images/i_060.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>JAPANESE TROOPERS CARING FOR A SICK HORSE</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_61'>61</span>
+<img src='images/i_061.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>KOREANS AND JAPANESE SALESMAN AT CHENAMPO</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c011'>The lone Japanese pedler is shown at lower right-hand corner of the picture sitting behind his wares. The men at the left of the
+picture are not armless, as it might appear, but have their arms inside their kimonos, as is their habit on cold days. The march of the
+Japanese through their country and the whole excitement of war stirred the placid Koreans to little more unrest than they show here</p>
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_62'>62</span>
+<img src='images/i_062.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>KOREAN COOLIES CARRYING RICE AND BEEF FOR JAPANESE ARMY</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_062b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>BRINGING LUMBER INTO WIJU FOR BRIDGING THE YALU</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<img src='images/i_062c.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>COLLIER’S PHOTOGRAPHER AND COOLIES WITH MILITARY BICYCLES</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_062d.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>JAPANESE EXTINGUISHING FIRE CAUSED BY RUSSIAN SHRAPNEL</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+  <div class='nf-center'>
+    <div>WITH THE JAPANESE ON THE ADVANCE TO THE YALU</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_63'>63</span>
+<img src='images/i_063.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>SCREENS WHICH HID THE MOVEMENTS OF THE JAPANESE</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c011'>General Kuroki not only misled the Russians as to the point at which he would probably cross the Yalu, but masked
+the march of his forces to the point north of the Wiju, where the crossing was made, by these grass screens and by
+marching behind hills. The Russians knew that some movement was going on, but could not make out the extent of it</p>
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_64'>64</span>
+<img src='images/i_064.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>GENERAL KUROKI AND HIS STAFF AT THEIR FIELD HEADQUARTERS IN ANTUNG</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c011'>On the left of General Kuroki sits General Fuji, his chief of staff, on the right Prince Kuni. Next to Prince Kuni is Colonel
+Hageno, the Russian scholar of the staff. One of Kuroki’s absolute prohibitions to correspondents was the mention either of the
+general’s name or of the place from which they wrote, lest news of the army’s location should be brought to the Russians</p>
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_65'>65</span>
+  <h2 class='c007'>CHAPTER V<br> <span class='c012'>THE RUSSIAN ADVANCE TO THE FRONT</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='drop-capa0_0_6 c010'>The supreme difficulty under which Russia labored
+during the early months of the war was the enormous
+distance from her military base to the battle front. The only
+line of land communication between Russia and Manchuria
+was the single-track Siberian railroad, and when war began
+this line was broken by the ice-locked Lake Baikal. Russia
+had need of 300,000 men in Manchuria as soon as they could
+be rushed there, and with Lake Baikal frozen to the depth of
+nine feet, less than four thousand and more often not more
+than one thousand men could cross it in a day.</p>
+
+<p class='c011'>Lake Baikal, this weakest link of a very weak chain, is
+the largest body of fresh water in the Old World, except the
+Victoria Nyanza in Africa. It is nearly 15,000 square miles
+in extent, and therefore inferior only to Superior and Huron
+among the great American lakes. It is 600 versts long, with
+a width varying from 27 to 85 versts. It is 3,185 feet deep.
+The railroad was broken by the southern end of this lake,
+where it is about 40 miles wide. This is the gap that disastrously
+impairs the utility of the Trans-Siberian for the moving of
+troops and war supplies to the Manchurian and Korean frontier.</p>
+
+<p class='c011'>The lake begins to freeze in November, is completely
+ice-bound by the middle of December, remaining so for five
+months. The ice freezes to a thickness of nine feet, which
+would make sledge traffic perfect, were it not for the fact that
+wide fissures break its surface, which have a way of frequently
+closing up and piling the ice high into impassable windrows.
+These crevices have a width of three to six feet, and are often
+more than a verst in length, forming a serious impediment to
+progress on the ice and rendering next to impossible the
+marching of troops across the lake or the safe sledging of
+supplies. A thunderous crash, as of an explosion, marks the
+forming of the crevice, followed by a long, rolling reverberation.
+The rift instantly fills with water to the level of the ice, and
+is so agitated at the surface by currents or other forces that
+eight to fourteen days are required for it to freeze over, when
+the operation of cracking begins anew, and is repeated throughout
+the coldest portion of the winter.</p>
+
+<p class='c011'>The obvious solution to this difficulty was to build a railroad
+round the end of the lake, a detour of nearly 150 miles,
+and necessitating the construction of four tunnels. This was
+out of the question. A powerful ice-crusher, the “Baikal,”
+modeled after the ice-crushers successfully used in the Straits
+of Mackinac, had been built. She could break ice four feet
+thick, but on the nine-foot ice of the Russian inland sea she
+made no successful impression. The result was that a line of
+track had to be laid across the lake, and that before this was
+completed the troops had to be marched across the forty-mile
+stretch of wind-swept ice, while their supplies and baggage had
+to be dragged after them in sledges. Many of the men,
+wandering on to treacherous ice, were drowned; many were
+frost-bitten, and all suffered extremely from the arduous labor
+of the march and the bitter cold.</p>
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_66'>66</span>
+<img src='images/i_066.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>UNLOADING ARMY TRANSPORT WAGONS AT THE LAKE</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_066b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>OFFICERS CROSSING THE ICE IN RUSSIAN SLEDGES</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/i_066c.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>DETACHMENT OF INFANTRY STOPPING FOR A MEAL OF HOT SOUP WHILE ON THE MARCH</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+  <div class='nf-center'>
+    <div>RUSSIANS CROSSING LAKE BAIKAL IN MIDWINTER</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_67'>67</span>
+<img src='images/i_067.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>RUSSIAN CAVALRY CROSSING LAKE BAIKAL</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_067b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>RUSSIAN CAVALRY READY TO CROSS THE LAKE</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<img src='images/i_067c.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>DRAGGING FREIGHT CARS ACROSS THE ICE</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_067d.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>MOUNTED COSSACKS AT LAKE BAIKAL</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+  <div class='nf-center'>
+    <div>WITH THE RUSSIAN FORCES ON THEIR WAY TO THE FRONT</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_68'>68</span>
+<img src='images/i_068.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>ARTILLERY CAISSONS AND SLEDGES ABOUT TO CROSS LAKE BAIKAL</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_69'>69</span>
+<img src='images/i_069.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>RUSSIAN SOLDIERS MARCHING ACROSS FROZEN LAKE BAIKAL</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_70'>70</span>
+<img src='images/i_070.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>RUSSIAN INFANTRY WARMING UP WITH HOT TEA BEFORE STARTING ACROSS LAKE BAIKAL</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_71'>71</span>
+<img src='images/i_071.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>A “PEKING CAR,” THE MOST LUXURIOUS METHOD OF TRAVELING</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_071b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>TYPICAL RUSSIAN INFANTRYMEN IN HEAVY MARCHING ORDER</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<img src='images/i_071c.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>DETACHMENT OF RUSSIAN INFANTRY ENTERING NEWCHWANG</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_071d.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>RUSSIAN SOLDIERS SWINGING THROUGH THE STREETS OF MUKDEN</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+  <div class='nf-center'>
+    <div>THE RUSSIAN ADVANCE TO THE FRONT</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_72'>72</span>
+<img src='images/i_072.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>THE TRAVELING SOUP KITCHEN AND SOUP-KETTLE OVENS USED BY THE RUSSIANS</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_73'>73</span>
+<img src='images/i_073.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>THE ENTRY OF THE RUSSIAN FORCES INTO NEWCHWANG</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_073b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>RUSSIAN INFANTRY, IN SUMMER UNIFORMS, MARCHING THROUGH LIAO-YANG</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_073c.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>RUSSIAN TROOPS ENTERING YINKOW EARLY IN APRIL</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+  <div class='nf-center'>
+    <div>WITH THE RUSSIANS DURING THE EARLY ADVANCE TO THE FRONT</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_74'>74</span>
+<img src='images/i_074.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>CHINESE COOLIES WITH RUSSIAN OVERSEER READY FOR WORK</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_75'>75</span>
+<img src='images/i_075.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>SQUAD OF COSSACKS DISMOUNTED AND LINED UP FOR INSPECTION</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_76'>76</span>
+<img src='images/i_076.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>GENERAL HERSCHELMANN’S DIVISION OF RUSSIAN CAVALRY AT ANTUNG</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_77'>77</span>
+<img src='images/i_077.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>RUSSIAN ARTILLERY ADVANCING TOWARD THE YALU</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_78'>78</span>
+<img src='images/i_078.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>RUSSIAN COBBLERS AT WORK IN THE FIELD ON SOLDIERS’ BOOTS</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_79'>79</span>
+<img src='images/i_079.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>DINNER TIME WITH THE NINETEENTH EAST SIBERIAN RIFLE CORPS</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_80'>80</span>
+<img src='images/i_080.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>GENERAL SASSULITCH AND STAFF IN COMMAND AT THE BATTLE OF THE YALU</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_81'>81</span>
+  <h2 class='c007'>CHAPTER VI<br> <span class='c012'>THE BATTLE OF THE YALU AND THE JAPANESE ADVANCE</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='drop-capa0_0_6 c010'>The battle of the Yalu was the first great land action of
+the Russo-Japanese War. The Russians were outnumbered
+by their opponents, but they were also outwitted and
+outmanœuvred, and the result was an overwhelming victory
+for the Japanese. In the crossing of the Yalu the Japanese
+exhibited the decided superiority of their shell-fire, they accomplished
+the brilliant strategic feat of crossing a river in the face
+of an intrenched enemy, and their commander, General Kuroki,
+proved himself a tactician of the first rank.</p>
+
+<p class='c011'>The first triumph of Japanese cleverness was in deceiving
+the enemy as to the probable place of crossing. Bridge materials
+were brought to the shore below Wiju and preparations
+were apparently made for building a bridge at that point.
+Under cover of night most of these materials were rushed to
+the north of Wiju and above the extreme left of the Russian
+line. From this position the main body of the Japanese army
+crossed to the Manchurian side with comparatively little opposition.
+On the Russian left (up the river) the bank rose in a
+precipitous rocky formation to a height of a thousand feet.
+At the base was a path and a line of sand left by the falling
+current. Stretching along this for a mile or more, like so
+many blue pencil marks on brown paper, were the Japanese.
+Any Russians above them could have done more damage
+with tumbling bowlders than with rifle fire. Once on this,
+the Japanese were under a shelf. They could be reached
+only by shooting straight down the stream, and had gun or
+rifle ventured this the Russians would have found no cover
+save the smoke of shrapnel from the batteries which would
+have sent them back. The crossing of the Yalu was effected
+by a few rounds of musket-fire. The impregnable position
+of the enemy became cover for the Japanese advance.</p>
+
+<p class='c011'>Once on the western bank and far enough north of the
+Russian line to be safe from attack on his own right flank,
+Kuroki’s plan was to execute a series of flank movements and
+attacks from the rear which would drive the Russians from
+their position and render what slight fortifications they had
+made on the heights along the river valueless. In spite of the
+reckless bravery of the Russians and the stubbornness of their
+defence, the impetus of the Japanese attack and the marvelous
+speed and effectiveness of the Japanese shell-fire could not be
+withstood, and the Russians were routed all along the line.
+They made a last stand at Hamatan Hill, a few miles to the
+rear of their original position, but the Japanese surrounded them
+on three sides and before the force retreated nearly four hundred
+men were compelled to surrender. Of the Japanese
+forces, 5 officers and 160 men were killed, while 29 officers
+and 666 men were wounded. The Russian dead, buried by
+the Japanese, numbered nearly 1,400, and 475 wounded
+Russians were taken to Japanese hospitals. Probably 500
+wounded Russians, at least, escaped with the retreating army.
+The Japanese captured 28 guns, 50 ammunition wagons, and
+many other munitions of war.</p>
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_82'>82</span>
+<img src='images/i_082.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>JAPANESE CAVALRY FORDING A TRIBUTARY OF THE YALU</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_082b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>CORRESPONDENTS AND KOREANS WATCHING THE SHELLING OF KU-LIEN-CHENG</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<img src='images/i_082c.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>CROSSING THE YALU ON MAY 1, AT THE DOUBLE-QUICK</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_082d.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>THE STAFF VIEWING THE FIGHT FROM THE HEIGHTS AT WIJU</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+  <div class='nf-center'>
+    <div>INCIDENTS OF THE BATTLE OF THE YALU</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_83'>83</span>
+<img src='images/i_083.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>BRINGING THE PONTOONS UP TO THE YALU</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_083b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>POLING PONTOONS TO THE AI RIVER FROM THE YALU</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<img src='images/i_083c.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>JAPANESE INFANTRY CROSSING THE RIVER</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_083d.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>COOLIES CARRYING SECTIONS OF A PONTOON BRIDGE</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+  <div class='nf-center'>
+    <div>THE CROSSING OF THE YALU</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_84'>84</span>
+<img src='images/i_084.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>FIELD HOSPITAL ON THE SANDS AT THE EDGE OF THE RIVER</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_084c.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>CARRYING SOLDIER TO HIS QUARTERS AFTER HIS WOUND HAD BEEN DRESSED</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<img src='images/i_084b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>WOUNDED JAPANESE WAITING THEIR TURN AT THE OPERATING TABLE</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+  <div class='nf-center'>
+    <div>WITH THE WOUNDED AFTER THE FIGHT AT THE YALU</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_85'>85</span>
+<img src='images/i_085.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>WOUNDED JAPANESE RETURNING TO THE HOSPITAL AT WIJU</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_085b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>JAPANESE STRETCHER-BEARERS CARRYING WOUNDED RUSSIAN TO THE HOSPITAL</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<img src='images/i_085c.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>HOSPITAL CORPS WAITING DURING THE ACTION OF MAY 1</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_085d.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>THE HOSPITAL AT ANTUNG TWO DAYS AFTER THE YALU BATTLE</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+  <div class='nf-center'>
+    <div>HOSPITAL CORPS AND WOUNDED JAPANESE AT THE BATTLE OF THE YALU</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_86'>86</span>
+<img src='images/i_086.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>JAPANESE RESERVES WATCHING THE BATTLE FROM THE SOUTH BANK OF THE RIVER</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c011'>The fence behind which these reserves are standing was one of those with which the Japanese concealed their march, from the
+point south of Wiju where they first made a feint at crossing to the point north of the town where the brilliant crossing
+was finally made. The impetus of this final attack was such that the Russians were soon routed all along the line.</p>
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_87'>87</span>
+<img src='images/i_087.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>RUSSIAN GUN-CARRIAGE DEMOLISHED BY JAPANESE FIRE</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_087b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>RAPID FIRE MAXIMS CAPTURED AT HAMATAN HILL</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/i_087c.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>RUSSIAN FIELD GUNS CAPTURED AND TAKEN TO ANTUNG</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+  <div class='nf-center'>
+    <div>ARTILLERY SPOILS CAPTURED BY THE JAPANESE DURING THE YALU BATTLE</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_88'>88</span>
+<img src='images/i_088.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>SOME OF THE RUSSIAN PRISONERS WOUNDED DURING THE YALU FIGHT</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_89'>89</span>
+<img src='images/i_089.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>JAPANESE BURYING A RUSSIAN CAPTAIN WITH MILITARY HONORS AT ANTUNG</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c011'>The care of the Russian wounded by the Japanese after the Yalu battle, and the burial of several Russian officers with
+military honors, were things which surprised many sceptical observers of Japanese civilization, who had predicted that, once in
+hand-to-hand conflict with the enemy, the veneer of European civilization would quickly drop off and reveal the barbarian</p>
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_90'>90</span>
+<img src='images/i_090.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>JAPANESE TRANSPORTATION TRAINS AND INFANTRY LEAVING FOR THE FRONT AFTER THE YALU BATTLE</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_91'>91</span>
+<img src='images/i_091.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>FIRE AND DEVASTATION IN THE WAKE OF THE RETREATING ARMY</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_92'>92</span>
+<img src='images/i_092.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>CHINESE MANDARIN GOING OUT TO MEET GENERAL KUROKI</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_092b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>FIELD POST-OFFICE ESTABLISHED IMMEDIATELY AFTER THE OCCUPATION</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<img src='images/i_092c.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>GENERAL KUROKI AND STAFF ENTERING FENG-WANG-CHENG</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_092d.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>OFFICIAL CHINESE ESCORT TO GENERAL KUROKI AT FENG-WANG-CHENG</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+  <div class='nf-center'>
+    <div>THE JAPANESE OCCUPATION OF FENG-WANG-CHENG</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_93'>93</span>
+<img src='images/i_093.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>ENGLISH NURSES SENT BY THE QUEEN TO INSPECT THE WORKINGS OF THE JAPANESE RED CROSS</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c011'>These representatives of the Queen, Miss St. Aubyn and Miss McCall, accompanied by Madame Kuroda, a Japanese lady, and Dr.
+Tamura, visited the hospitals at Feng-Wang-Cheng. They found everything so satisfactory that they remained with the army only a
+few days. The photograph shows them about to enter their palanquins, after visiting one of the hospitals. Miss McCall is at the right</p>
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_94'>94</span>
+<img src='images/i_094.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>INFANTRY DRAWN UP TO VIEW THE CEREMONIES</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_094b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>JAPANESE CAVALRY VIEWING FUNERAL CEREMONIES</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/i_094c.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>SHINTO CEREMONY HELD BY THE JAPANESE IN HONOR OF THOSE WHO FELL AT THE YALU</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c011'>This impressive funeral ceremony was held at Feng-Wang-Cheng while the army was gathering its breath after the Yalu
+victory to push on into Manchuria. The whole army was drawn up in a vast body on the plain, while on the hilltop, in view
+of all, the officers and priests stood, going through the curious Shinto ceremonies in honor of the dead who had fallen in battle</p>
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_95'>95</span>
+<img src='images/i_095.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>JAPANESE EXPLAINING TO MILITARY ATTACHÉS TACTICS USED AT THE YALU</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_095b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>CAPTAIN OKADA INSPECTING BOMB-PROOF AT FENG-WANG-CHENG</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<img src='images/i_095c.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>BUGLE SQUAD AT THE FUNERAL CEREMONY AT FENG-WANG-CHENG</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_095d.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>UNITED STATES ARMY ATTACHÉS AND COLLIER’S SPECIAL CORRESPONDENT</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+  <div class='nf-center'>
+    <div>SCENES AT FENG-WANG-CHENG AFTER THE JAPANESE OCCUPATION</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_96'>96</span>
+<img src='images/i_096.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>ISSUING KHAKI UNIFORMS TO JAPANESE TROOPS AT FENG-WANG-CHENG</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/i_096b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>ENGINEERS OF KUROKI’S ARMY BRIDGING A STREAM AT FENG-WANG-CHENG</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+  <div class='nf-center'>
+    <div>JAPANESE GETTING READY TO PUSH ON INTO MANCHURIA</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_97'>97</span>
+<img src='images/i_097.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>SOLDIERS AMUSING THEMSELVES WITH IMITATION GEISHA DANCES WHILE IN CAMP</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<img src='images/i_097b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>SOLDIERS OFF DUTY WATCHING AMATEUR THEATRICALS</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_097c.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>DUMMY FIGURES CONSTRUCTED BY SOLDIERS AT FENG-WANG-CHENG</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+  <div class='nf-center'>
+    <div>RECREATIONS OF THE JAPANESE BETWEEN BATTLES IN MANCHURIA</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_98'>98</span>
+<img src='images/i_098.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>DETACHING THE LIMBERS AND GETTING GUNS INTO POSITION BEHIND THE BREASTWORKS</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<img src='images/i_098b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>GUNNERS WHEELING GUN INTO POSITION</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_098c.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>GETTING THE RANGE AND ADJUSTING THE SIGHT</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+  <div class='nf-center'>
+    <div>JAPANESE BATTERY GOING INTO ACTION AT FENG-WANG-CHENG</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_99'>99</span>
+<img src='images/i_099.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>JAPANESE GUIDE-POST AT FENG-WANG-CHENG</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_099b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>JAPANESE VISITING RUSSIAN GRAVES AT FENG-WANG-CHENG</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_099c.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>CHINESE FARMERS VIEWING AN ENGAGEMENT FROM ABANDONED TRENCHES</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+  <div class='nf-center'>
+    <div>WITH THE JAPANESE INVADERS IN MANCHURIA</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_100'>100</span>
+<img src='images/i_100.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>WHILING AWAY THE TIME BETWEEN BATTLES AT FENG-WANG-CHENG WITH INTER-COMPANY WRESTLING BOUTS</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_101'>101</span>
+<img src='images/i_101.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>JAPANESE INFANTRY LEAVING FENG-WANG-CHENG</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_101b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>CARRYING A WOUNDED RUSSIAN PRISONER ACROSS A STREAM</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<img src='images/i_101c.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>BATTERY FORDING ONE OF THE STREAMS THAT CROSS THE PEKING ROAD</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_101d.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>CHINESE BRINGING WOOD FOR THE JAPANESE ARMY</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+  <div class='nf-center'>
+    <div>INCIDENTS OF THE ADVANCE FROM FENG-WANG-CHENG</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_102'>102</span>
+<img src='images/i_102.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>INFANTRY CROSSING THE SO RIVER IN THE ADVANCE ON LIAO-YANG</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_103'>103</span>
+<img src='images/i_103.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>GENERAL NISHI AND HIS STAFF HALTING TO STUDY MAPS AND SCOUTS’ REPORTS ON THE MARCH FROM FENG-WANG-CHENG</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_104'>104</span>
+<img src='images/i_104.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>CHINESE READING PROCLAMATION ISSUED BY THE JAPANESE</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_104c.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>OUTPOST HIDDEN IN FOLIAGE AND UNDER A SUNSHADE</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<img src='images/i_104b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>JAPANESE CHEERING NEWS OF A VICTORY NEAR LIENSHANKWAN</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+  <div class='nf-center'>
+    <div>WITH THE VICTORIOUS JAPANESE AT LIENSHANKWAN</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_105'>105</span>
+<img src='images/i_105.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>ARRIVAL OF MAIL FOR THE ARMY IN THE FIELD AT LIENSHANKWAN</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_106'>106</span>
+<img src='images/i_106.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>JAPANESE OUTPOST ON DUTY</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_106c.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>VETERAN, WITH COIL OF ROPE AT HIS BELT FOR TYING PRISONERS</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<img src='images/i_106b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>PIONEERS BUILDING MILITARY ROAD FOR THE ARMY</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+  <div class='nf-center'>
+    <div>INTO MANCHURIA WITH THE JAPANESE INVADERS</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_107'>107</span>
+<img src='images/i_107.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>KWANTEI TEMPLE NEAR MOTIEN PAS</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c011'>This temple was the scene of two severe fights between the advancing Japanese and the Russians, in which the Russians were routed
+and driven back. The temple was built by the Chinese after their last war with Japan because they thought that the gods of another
+temple had prevented the Japanese from taking the pass. The gods and the Russians together could not stop the enemy this time.</p>
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_108'>108</span>
+<img src='images/i_108.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>DETACHMENT OF JAPANESE COMING UP AT THE DOUBLE-QUICK DURING THE FIGHT AT MOTIEN PASS</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_109'>109</span>
+<img src='images/i_109.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>SHARPSHOOTERS COVERING THE ADVANCE AGAINST THE RUSSIANS ON THE RIDGES</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c011'>The Japanese in the trenches in the foreground are firing on the Russians retreating up the hillside in the distance clear across the
+valley. The Japanese advance is concealed in the timber in the middle distance just beyond the farmhouses. The Russians are too
+far away to be seen. Collier’s photographer, J. H. Hare, took this unusual picture from a tree-top just behind the Japanese trenches</p>
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_110'>110</span>
+<img src='images/i_110.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>COLONEL BABA OF THE SIXTEENTH REGIMENT AT MOTIENLING</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_110b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>BRINGING AMMUNITION UP TO THE FIRING LINE</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<img src='images/i_110c.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>IN THE TRENCHES AT MOTIENLING ON JULY 4</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_110d.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>DISTRIBUTING AMMUNITION TO THE MEN IN THE TRENCHES</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+  <div class='nf-center'>
+    <div>SCENES DURING THE BATTLE OF MOTIENLING</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_111'>111</span>
+<img src='images/i_111.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>GENERAL KUROKI AND HIS CHIEF OF STAFF, LIEUTENANT-GENERAL FUJI, WATCHING THE FIGHT AT MOTIENLING</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_112'>112</span>
+<img src='images/i_112.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>BRINGING WOUNDED RUSSIANS TO THE DRESSING STATION AT THE KWANTEI TEMPLE ON JULY 4</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_113'>113</span>
+<img src='images/i_113.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>RUSSIAN RED CROSS SOLDIER WOUNDED AT MOTIEN PASS</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_114'>114</span>
+<img src='images/i_114.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>BADLY WOUNDED AND DELIRIOUS RUSSIAN UNABLE TO WALK</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_114b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>JAPANESE BURYING A DEAD RUSSIAN AFTER THE FIGHT</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<img src='images/i_114c.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>RUSSIAN DEAD COVERED WITH BRANCHES BY JAPANESE AT MOTIEN PASS</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_114d.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>RUSSIAN DEAD AND WOUNDED LYING TOGETHER AT MOTIENLING</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+  <div class='nf-center'>
+    <div>RUSSIAN WOUNDED AND DEAD AT MOTIEN PASS</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_115'>115</span>
+<img src='images/i_115.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>WOUNDED PRISONERS HOBBLING INTO THE JAPANESE CAMP</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_115b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>RUSSIAN PRISONER TOO SEVERELY WOUNDED TO WALK</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<img src='images/i_115c.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>JAPANESE CARRYING WOUNDED RUSSIAN TO DRESSING STATION</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_115d.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>BADLY WOUNDED IN THE LEG, BUT CHEERFUL</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+  <div class='nf-center'>
+    <div>WITH THE WOUNDED AND CAPTURED AT MOTIEN PASS</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_116'>116</span>
+<img src='images/i_116.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>JAPANESE SKIRMISHERS ADVANCING TO FLANK THE ENEMY AT MOTIENLING</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_117'>117</span>
+<img src='images/i_117.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>WANDERING IN HIS HEAD AND WOUNDED IN THE ARM</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_117b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>RUSSIAN PRISONERS SITTING ON THE TEMPLE STEPS</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<img src='images/i_117c.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>RUSSIAN PRISONERS TIED TO TELEPHONE POLE FOR SAFE-KEEPING</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_117d.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>THE BIG PRISONER AND THE LITTLE CAPTORS</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+  <div class='nf-center'>
+    <div>PRISONERS AND CAPTORS AT MOTIENLING</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_118'>118</span>
+<img src='images/i_118.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>LIEUTENANT WHO CUT DOWN FOUR RUSSIANS WITH HIS SABRE</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_118b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>MAJOR TAKUSAGO EXAMINING A MAP OF THE FIELD</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<img src='images/i_118c.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>JOVIAL JAPANESE COLLECTING THE SPOILS OF BATTLE</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_118d.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>CAVALRYMAN RETURNING TO THE FIGHT AFTER HAVING HIS WOUND DRESSED</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+  <div class='nf-center'>
+    <div>INCIDENTS OF THE RUSSIAN ATTEMPT TO RECAPTURE MOTIEN PASS</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_119'>119</span>
+<img src='images/i_119.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>GENERAL OKASAKI, WHO DEFEATED THE RUSSIANS AT MOTIENLING</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c011'>The Japanese commander is shown standing on the steps of the Kwantei temple during the battle of July 4, receiving reports from
+his staff and sending out orders. Motien Pass was one of the places on the line of march taken by Kuroki’s army which was thought
+before the battle to be practically impregnable. The Russians attempted to recapture it afterward, but were defeated with great loss</p>
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_120'>120</span>
+<img src='images/i_120.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>THE FIELD DRESSING STATION FOR THOSE TOO SEVERELY WOUNDED TO BE CARRIED TO THE BASE HOSPITAL</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_121'>121</span>
+<img src='images/i_121.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>JAPANESE MARCHING ON ONE OF THEIR MILITARY ROADS</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_121b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>GENERAL NISHI AND HIS STAFF HALTING TO LOOK OVER MAPS WHILE ON THE MARCH</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_121c.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>JAPANESE COLOR SERGEANT GUARDING THE REGIMENTAL FLAG</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+  <div class='nf-center'>
+    <div>WITH THE JAPANESE ADVANCE FROM THE YALU THROUGH THE MANCHURIAN MOUNTAINS</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_122'>122</span>
+<img src='images/i_122.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>TAKING SHELTER BEHIND A HILL WHILE AWAITING THE OPPORTUNITY TO ATTACK</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_122b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>JAPANESE CREEPING ACROSS AN OPEN SPACE ON THE WAY TO THE FIRING LINE</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<img src='images/i_122c.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>WHERE THE KHAKI UNIFORMS BECOME ALMOST INDISCERNIBLE AGAINST A HILLSIDE</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_122d.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>JAPANESE RESERVES COMING UP TO THE FIRING LINE ACROSS THE TANG RIVER</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+  <div class='nf-center'>
+    <div>WITH THE JAPANESE DURING THE FIGHTING NEAR ANPING</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_123'>123</span>
+<img src='images/i_123.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>JAPANESE SOLDIERS BREAKFASTING IN THE RAIN NEAR KANSUITAN</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_123b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>A COMPANY OF THE SIXTEENTH REGIMENT HALTING AFTER A NIGHT ATTACK</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<img src='images/i_123c.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>TROOPS WRAPPED IN RAIN-COATS REPORTING FOR INSPECTION</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_123d.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>THE CHINESE COOLIE DROPPED HIS BURDEN WHEN THE CAMERA WAS OPENED</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+  <div class='nf-center'>
+    <div>JAPANESE AND CAPTURED RUSSIANS IN MANCHURIA DURING THE RAINY SEASON</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_124'>124</span>
+<img src='images/i_124.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>JAPANESE BATTERY FORDING THE SHALLOW TANG RIVER</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_124b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>THE ONLY SMOKE VISIBLE—THAT OF THE CARTRIDGE WITHDRAWN FROM THE GUN</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<img src='images/i_124c.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>CARRYING SHELLS FROM THE CAISSONS TO THE GUNS</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_124d.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>ARTILLERYMEN CLEANING OUT GUNS AFTER AN ACTION</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+  <div class='nf-center'>
+    <div>WITH THE SMOKELESS BATTERIES HIDDEN IN FIELDS OF KOWLIANG</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_125'>125</span>
+<img src='images/i_125.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>SECOND DIVISION OF THE FIRST ARMY MARCHING ON THE OLD PEKIN ROAD</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_125c.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>PAGODA FROM WHICH THE RUSSIAN STAFF SAW THEIR DEFEAT</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<img src='images/i_125b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>SIXTEENTH JAPANESE REGIMENT IN SHELTER AWAITING ORDER TO MARCH</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+  <div class='nf-center'>
+    <div>IN THE NEIGHBORHOOD OF TOWAN DURING THE FIGHTING IN THE FIRST WEEK OF JULY</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_126'>126</span>
+<img src='images/i_126.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>CHINESE COOLIES FORDING A MANCHURIAN STREAM SWOLLEN BY RAINS</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_126b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>COOKING SUPPER UNDER DIFFICULTIES IN THE RAIN</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<img src='images/i_126c.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>JAPANESE SOLDIERS EATING SUPPER UNDER A SHELTER TENT IN THE RAIN</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_126d.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>SHELTERED FROM THE RAIN AND A SAFE DISTANCE FROM THE GROUND</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+  <div class='nf-center'>
+    <div>DIFFICULTIES OF CAMPAIGNING DURING THE RAINY SEASON IN MANCHURIA</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_127'>127</span>
+<img src='images/i_127.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>RUSSIAN GUNS CAPTURED AT NANSHAN USED BY THE JAPANESE AT SHUZAN-HO</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_128'>128</span>
+<img src='images/i_128.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>RUSSIAN BATTERY POSITION AT YUSHULING, WITH PROTECTING INFANTRY TRENCH CAPTURED BY THE JAPANESE</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<img src='images/i_128b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>JAPANESE HORSES KILLED AT BATTERY POSITION NEAR TOWAN</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_128c.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>RUSSIAN GUN OVERTURNED AND ABANDONED IN RETREAT FROM TOWAN</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+  <div class='nf-center'>
+    <div>ALONG THE LINE OF BATTLE IN THE MANCHURIAN PASSES SOUTH OF LIAO-YANG</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_129'>129</span>
+<img src='images/i_129.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>SCOUT BRINGING INFORMATION ABOUT THE ENEMY TO GENERAL OKASAKI</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<img src='images/i_129b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>JAPANESE MOUNTAIN BATTERY IN ACTION NEAR LIAO-YANG</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_129c.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>SOLDIERS MAKING THEMSELVES COMFORTABLE ON A HOT, WET DAY</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+  <div class='nf-center'>
+    <div>PRESSING THE RUSSIANS CLOSE IN THE NEIGHBORHOOD OF LIAO-YANG</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_130'>130</span>
+<img src='images/i_130.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>GATHERING THE WOUNDED RUSSIANS WHO HAD LAIN ALL NIGHT IN THE RAIN</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_130b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>SOME OF THE SPOILS GATHERED IN JUST BEFORE THE CAPTURE OF LIAO-YANG</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<img src='images/i_130c.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>BODIES OF JAPANESE SOLDIERS READY FOR CREMATION</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_130d.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>BURNING THE BODIES OF THE DEAD IN THE FIELDS NEAR LIAO-YANG</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+  <div class='nf-center'>
+    <div>WITH THE JAPANESE ON AUGUST THIRTIETH CLOSE TO LIAO-YANG</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_131'>131</span>
+  <h2 class='c007'>CHAPTER VII<br> <span class='c012'>BEGINNING THE SIEGE OF PORT ARTHUR</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='drop-capa0_0_6 c010'>As soon as the Japanese learned of Kuroki’s success at
+the Yalu, they hurried troops ashore at Takushan and
+Pitsewo, on the eastern shore of the Liaotung Peninsula north
+of Port Arthur. This was on May 5. The landing was
+quite unexpected by the Russians; there was no sufficient
+force to attempt any resistance, and in three days an army
+was marching southward to begin the closing-in movement
+that ended in the fall of Russia’s supposedly impregnable
+fortress. On May 26, after fighting in and about Kinchow
+for nine days, Nanshan Hill, on the narrow isthmus joining
+the Port Arthur Peninsula to the main part of the Liaotung
+Peninsula, was captured by assault. Every device of modern
+warfare—the railway, telegraph, telephones, a captive balloon,
+mine-fields, barbed wire network, iron-roofed trenches, searchlights,
+illuminating star-shells—was used at Nanshan Hill to
+increase the natural strength of the fort. The ranges were
+known and the approach was from but one direction. There
+had been three months and a half since the war began and
+three weeks since the landing at Pitsewo. If Russian troops
+could be driven from such a position, and under such circumstances,
+by the Japanese, it seemed perfectly certain that no
+fortifications that Russia could devise could withstand the
+enemy. One last and unsuccessful attempt was made to cut
+the Japanese off before it was too late. The Russian army
+at Tashichao, under General Stakelberg, made a sortie southward
+and met General Oku’s army on June 14 at Wafengtien.
+The Russians were completely defeated. The Liaotung
+Peninsula was then open to the Japanese, and as soon as
+General Nogi and his army arrived to hold it and to begin
+to close in on Port Arthur, Oku was free to wheel north, and
+to co-operate with the armies of Kuroki and Nodzu in the
+general movement toward Liao-Yang. By the middle of
+June parallel columns of Japanese were moving northward
+through the valleys of Manchuria like so many fingers of one
+giant hand.</p>
+
+<p class='c011'>Meanwhile Admiral Togo had maintained a strict blockade
+of the harbor and the Russian fleet had been practically
+destroyed. Beginning with the destruction of the “Variag”
+and “Korietz” in February, and including the tragic sinking
+of the “Petropavlovsk,” and the death of Admiral Makaroff
+and the painter Verestchagin on April 13, the Japanese successes
+gradually wore down the Port Arthur fleet until the
+Russian naval power in the East was no longer a factor in the
+reckoning. Up until the end of April the Japanese losses
+were practically nothing at all. Then came the sinking, by
+submarine mines, of the battleship “Hatsuse,” the third class
+cruiser “Miyako,” and Torpedo Boat No. 48. The battleship
+“Yoshino” was sunk in a collision. These losses came too late,
+however, for the Russians to take advantage of them, and the
+death of Admiral Makaroff may be said to mark the climax of
+the naval campaign against Port Arthur. After that the land
+campaign against the “Gibraltar of the East” began in earnest.</p>
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_132'>132</span>
+<img src='images/i_132.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>VIEW OF THE HARBOR ENTRANCE OF PORT ARTHUR FROM THE LAND SIDE, THE RUSSIAN FLEET IN THE OFFING</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_133'>133</span>
+<img src='images/i_133.jpg' alt='Copyright by Underwood &#38; Underwood, New York' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>LOOKING SOUTHWARD ACROSS THE DOCKS AT PORT ARTHUR TO THE HEIGHTS AND ONE OF THE RUSSIAN FORTS</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_134'>134</span>
+<img src='images/i_134.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>DRY DOCK AT PORT ARTHUR VIEWED FROM THE PUBLIC GARDEN</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_134b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>ENTRANCE TO DRY DOCK AND MACHINE SHOPS AT PORT ARTHUR</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/i_134c.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>CHINESE SAMPANS AT THEIR LANDINGS AT PORT ARTHUR</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+  <div class='nf-center'>
+    <div>SCENES ALONG THE WATER FRONT AT PORT ARTHUR BEFORE THE DECLARATION OF WAR</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_135'>135</span>
+<img src='images/i_135.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>CHINESE SAMPANS USED AS LIGHTERS FOR UNLOADING VESSELS AT PORT ARTHUR</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_135b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>JAPANESE FUGITIVES LEAVING PORT ARTHUR IN CHINESE SAMPANS</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<img src='images/i_135c.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>RUSSIAN WARSHIPS STEAMING OUT OF PORT ARTHUR ON FEBRUARY 1</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_135d.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>FUGITIVES ARRIVING IN PORT ARTHUR JUST AFTER THE DECLARATION OF WAR</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+  <div class='nf-center'>
+    <div>NAVAL AND CIVILIAN ACTIVITY IN PORT ARTHUR AT THE OUTBREAK OF WAR</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_136'>136</span>
+<img src='images/i_136.jpg' alt='Copyright by Underwood &#38; Underwood, New York' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>RUSSIAN WARSHIPS IN THE HARBOR AT PORT ARTHUR JUST BEFORE THE OUTBREAK OF WAR</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_137'>137</span>
+<img src='images/i_137.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>SAILORS AMUSING THEMSELVES WHILE OFF DUTY WITH BOOKS AND GAMES</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_137b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>GUN DRILL ON A RUSSIAN BATTLESHIP—“LOAD!”</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<img src='images/i_137c.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>SAILORS GOING THROUGH A DRILL IN LOWERING THE TORPEDO NETTING</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_137d.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>GUN DRILL ON A RUSSIAN BATTLESHIP—“FIRE!”</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+  <div class='nf-center'>
+    <div>GETTING READY FOR THE JAPANESE ON A RUSSIAN WARSHIP AT PORT ARTHUR</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_138'>138</span>
+<img src='images/i_138.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>UNARMORED CRUISER “PALLADA,” DISABLED DURING THE FIRST WEEK OF THE WAR</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_138b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>BATTLESHIP “POLTAVA,” SISTER SHIP OF THE “PETROPAVLOVSK”</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<img src='images/i_138c.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>THE PLUCKY LITTLE “NOVIK,” DISABLED IN THE FIRST FIGHT OF THE WAR</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_138d.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>BATTLESHIP “RETVIZAN,” TORPEDOED IN THE FIRST WEEK AND BEACHED</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+  <div class='nf-center'>
+    <div>RUSSIAN SHIPS AT PORT ARTHUR BEFORE THE ARRIVAL OF THE JAPANESE</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_139'>139</span>
+<img src='images/i_139.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>UNARMORED CRUISER “ASKOLD,” SISTER SHIP OF THE “VARIAG”</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_139b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>RUSSIAN CRUISER “BOYARIN,” SUNK ON FEBRUARY 12</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<img src='images/i_139c.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>BATTLESHIP “POBIEDA,” DISABLED BY A MINE ON APRIL 13</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_139d.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>THE ARMORED CRUISER “BAYAN,” ONE OF THE LAST TO YIELD</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+  <div class='nf-center'>
+    <div>PART OF RUSSIA’S FIGHTING FLEET AT PORT ARTHUR</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_140'>140</span>
+<img src='images/i_140.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>THE FLAGSHIP OF THE SQUADRON, THE “MIKASA”</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_140c.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>ADMIRAL TOGO ON THE QUARTER-DECK OF THE “MIKASA”</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<img src='images/i_140b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>DECK VIEW OF THE “MIKASA” FROM THE FIGHTING TOPS</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+  <div class='nf-center'>
+    <div>THE MAN WHO BOTTLED UP PORT ARTHUR, AND THE FLAGSHIP OF HIS FLEET</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_141'>141</span>
+  <h2 class='c007'>CHAPTER VIII<br> <span class='c012'>EARLY CAMPAIGNING BEFORE THE BATTLE OF LIAO-YANG</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='drop-capa0_0_6 c010'>With Port Arthur cut off from the north, the three
+Japanese armies pushed rapidly northward in a general
+closing-in movement on Liao-Yang. General Nodzu’s
+army on June 26 captured Fengshuiling, on the main road
+northward from Takushan to Newchwang, and the Russian
+forces began to fall steadily back. At the same time, Kuroki,
+on the north, was capturing two passes of even greater importance,
+Motienling and Taling, and Oku, to the southward, was
+driving the Russians back with similar success. On July 17
+the Russians, under General Count Keller, did make a desperate
+effort to retake Motienling, but were repulsed with heavy loss.
+Keller made another attempt to force the Japanese back a
+fortnight later, but it was equally disastrous and the general
+himself was killed. Meanwhile, on July 22 and 23, General
+Oku, on the extreme south and west of the long Japanese front,
+closed in upon Tashichao, and, with the assistance of Nodzu’s
+army, which had pushed up from Fengshuiling, captured the
+town and compelled the 40,000 Russians there to retreat.
+This, together with the unsuccessful battle in which Keller
+was killed, was practically the last of the Russians’ attempts to
+make a forward movement. General Kuropatkin devoted
+himself to preparing for a decisive battle at Liao-Yang, meanwhile
+keeping up all along the line just enough resistance to
+delay and hamper the Japanese advance.</p>
+
+<p class='c011'>At the outset of the war Russia had in Manchuria about
+45,700 men and 120 field guns. Of this force about 20,000
+men were at Port Arthur, 4,400 at Talienwan, 1,400 at
+Yinkow, 1,150 at Haicheng, 1,900 at Liao-Yang, 2,750 at
+Tieling, north of Mukden, 1,250 at Ninguta in northeast
+Manchuria, 4,550 at Harbin, 1,950 at Tsitsihar in northwest
+Manchuria, and the rest in the smaller garrisons scattered
+through the territory from northeast Manchuria to Port
+Arthur. In addition there was a separate organization of
+railway patrol troops stationed in small bodies at many points
+on and near the railway. On January 1, 1904, the number of
+these railway troops was estimated at 15,200 with 32 guns,
+so that the grand total at the beginning of the war was about
+60,000 men with about 150 field guns. In spite of the
+pressure on the Siberian Railroad and the hard marches cross
+Lake Baikal in the winter, Russia soon found that, however
+many millions she might have in Europe, she could not maintain
+in the field, at the end of 6,000 miles of single track, more
+than 300,000 troops, and keep them fully supplied with food,
+ammunition, and fresh men to take the place of the killed,
+wounded, and sick.</p>
+
+<p class='c011'>During all this campaigning in Manchuria the Japanese
+showed the same preparedness and mobility which had been
+so strikingly characteristic of them during the earlier months
+of the war. They knew at all times the strength of their
+enemy as well as they knew the country, and to the information
+gathered by their spies and outposts was added that
+supplied by a generally friendly native population.</p>
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_142'>142</span>
+<img src='images/i_142.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>RUSSIAN TROOPS DETRAINING AT MUKDEN EARLY IN MARCH</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_143'>143</span>
+<img src='images/i_143.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>GATEWAY IN MUKDEN’S PRINCIPAL STREET</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_143b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>CHINESE CARTS USED BY OFFICERS AND CIVILIANS</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<img src='images/i_143c.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>RUSSIAN OFFICERS AT THE STAFF HEADQUARTERS, MUKDEN</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_143d.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>MUKDEN STREET DURING THE EARLY DAYS OF THE WAR</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+  <div class='nf-center'>
+    <div>MUKDEN, WHEN THE JAPANESE WERE STILL MANY MILES AWAY</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_144'>144</span>
+<img src='images/i_144.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>ARRIVAL OF THE FIFTH ARMY CORPS AT MUKDEN</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_144c.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>RUSSIAN COSSACKS FROM THE CAUCASUS</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<img src='images/i_144b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>ADMINISTERING THE SACRAMENT TO SOLDIERS BEFORE THEIR DEPARTURE FOR THE FRONT</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+  <div class='nf-center'>
+    <div>RUSSIANS AT MUKDEN ON THEIR WAY TO THE FRONT</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_145'>145</span>
+<img src='images/i_145.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>A FLYING COLUMN OF RED CROSS SURGEONS</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_145b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>RUSSIAN FIELD TELEPHONES IN TRENCHES</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<img src='images/i_145c.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>NINETEENTH EAST SIBERIAN RIFLE CORPS AT PRAYER</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_145d.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>EVENING SERVICE FOR THOSE FALLEN IN BATTLE</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+  <div class='nf-center'>
+    <div>WITH THE RUSSIANS IN MANCHURIA</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_146'>146</span>
+<img src='images/i_146.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>GENERAL KUROPATKIN PASSING GENERAL HERSCHELMANN’S DIVISION</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_147'>147</span>
+<img src='images/i_147.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>GENERAL LEVISTAIN GIVING ORDERS TO HIS STAFF</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_147b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>GENERAL PLESCHKOFF INSPECTING HIS COMMAND</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_147c.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>THE REGIMENTAL BAND PLAYING IN THE WILDS OF MANCHURIA</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+  <div class='nf-center'>
+    <div>WITH THE RUSSIAN ADVANCE IN MANCHURIA</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_148'>148</span>
+<img src='images/i_148.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>PRINCE TROUBESKAY AND HIS STAFF</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_148b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>MEN OF THE SEVENTH SIBERIAN COSSACK REGIMENT</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<img src='images/i_148c.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>NINETEENTH SIBERIAN RIFLE CORPS AT DINNER</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_148d.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>COOLIES CARRYING WOUNDED RUSSIAN TO EMERGENCY HOSPITAL</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+  <div class='nf-center'>
+    <div>IN THE FIELD WITH THE RUSSIANS IN MANCHURIA</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_149'>149</span>
+<img src='images/i_149.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>GENERAL KUROPATKIN AT THE TELESCOPE SCANNING THE COUNTRY ABOUT LIAO-YANG</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_150'>150</span>
+<img src='images/i_150.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>RUSSIANS ERECTING WIRE ENTANGLEMENTS AT EDAGAN</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_150b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>RUSSIAN OFFICER INSPECTING COMMISSARY ARRANGEMENTS IN HIS CAMP</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<img src='images/i_150c.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>RUSSIAN REGIMENTAL BAND PLAYING IN CAMP</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_150d.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>COMMISSARY MEN DRAWING WATER FOR THE ARMY</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+  <div class='nf-center'>
+    <div>WITH THE RUSSIANS ON THE WAY TO THE FRONT</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_151'>151</span>
+<img src='images/i_151.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>GENERAL KUROPATKIN INSPECTING THE STAFF OF THE FOURTH ARMY CORPS</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_152'>152</span>
+<img src='images/i_152.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>ONE OF THE DROSKIES IN WHICH COMMANDING GENERALS RODE</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_152b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>RUSSIANS FORDING A SHALLOW STREAM NEAR LIAO-YANG</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/i_152c.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>THE BIG, BROAD-SHOULDERED SOLDIERS OF THE CZAR</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+  <div class='nf-center'>
+    <div>PART OF THE MOVEMENT OF FORTY THOUSAND MEN SOUTHEAST OF LIAO-YANG</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_153'>153</span>
+<img src='images/i_153.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>RUSSIAN TROOPS MARCHING THROUGH THE STREETS OF LIAO-YANG</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_153c.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>THE GREAT EASTERN GATE AT LIAO-YANG</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<img src='images/i_153b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>RUSSIAN SOLDIERS TRADING WITH CHINESE PEDLERS</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+  <div class='nf-center'>
+    <div>SCENES AT LIAO-YANG ON THE ARRIVAL OF THE RUSSIANS</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_154'>154</span>
+<img src='images/i_154.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>COURTYARD OF RICH MANCHURIAN’S HOUSE AT LIAO-YANG—THE HOST AND HIS ENFORCED RUSSIAN GUESTS</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_155'>155</span>
+<img src='images/i_155.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>SOLDIERS OFF DUTY LISTENING TO ONE OF THEIR COMRADES</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_155b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>SOLDIERS CROWDING ABOUT HOSPITAL TRAIN TO HEAR THE NEWS FROM THE FRONT</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+  <div class='nf-center'>
+    <div>WHEN NEWS FROM THE FIRING LINE CAME BACK TO THOSE WHO HAD NOT YET MET THE JAPANESE</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_156'>156</span>
+<img src='images/i_156.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>A DISHEARTENED JAPANESE SPY AND HIS QUIZZICAL RUSSIAN CAPTORS</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_157'>157</span>
+<img src='images/i_157.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>RUSSIAN BATTERY GETTING INTO POSITION AT KANSUITAN JUST BEFORE THE BATTLE</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_158'>158</span>
+<img src='images/i_158.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>ONE OF THE SHREWDLY SCREENED RUSSIAN BATTERIES WHICH WROUGHT HAVOC BEFORE BEING CAPTURED BY THE JAPANESE</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_159'>159</span>
+<img src='images/i_159.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>ARTILLERYMEN OF THE SIXTH EAST SIBERIAN REGIMENT CALCULATING THE RANGE FROM ONE OF THE MANCHURIAN HILLS</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_160'>160</span>
+<img src='images/i_160.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>RUSSIAN INFANTRY MARCHING TO THEIR POSITION JUST BEFORE THE BATTLE AT TOWAN</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_161'>161</span>
+<img src='images/i_161.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>FOURTH URAL REGIMENT ON THE MARCH TO HAICHENG</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_161b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>URAL COSSACK LANCERS ON THEIR WAY TO BATTLE</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<img src='images/i_161c.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>RUSSIANS ADVANCING FOR THE DEFENCE OF HAICHENG</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_161d.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>TAKING ADVANTAGE OF A FINE DAY TO WASH CLOTHES</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+  <div class='nf-center'>
+    <div>WITH THE RUSSIAN TROOPS NEAR HAICHENG</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_162'>162</span>
+<img src='images/i_162.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>GENERAL KUROPATKIN WATCHING THE FIGHT SURROUNDED BY HIS STAFF</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_162b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>EAST SIBERIAN TROOPS ADVANCING AT HAICHENG</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/i_162c.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>RUSSIAN INFANTRY IN THE TRENCHES ON A HOT DAY</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+  <div class='nf-center'>
+    <div>WITH THE RUSSIAN TROOPS DURING THE ENGAGEMENT WITH THE JAPANESE IN THE NEIGHBORHOOD OF HAICHENG</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_163'>163</span>
+<img src='images/i_163.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>BATTERY OF THE SIXTH EAST SIBERIAN ARTILLERY IN POSITION ON THE HEIGHTS ABOVE TOWAN</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_164'>164</span>
+<img src='images/i_164.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>RUSSIAN OFFICERS AT THE HIGHEST POINT OF TOWAN PASS OBSERVING THE APPROACH OF THE JAPANESE</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<img src='images/i_164b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+</div>
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_164c.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+  <div class='nf-center'>
+    <div>RUSSIAN BATTERIES IN ACTION GUARDING TOWAN PASS</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+  <div class='nf-center'>
+    <div>WITH THE RUSSIAN OFFICERS AND FIGHTING MEN DURING THE ENGAGEMENT AT TOWAN PASS</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_165'>165</span>
+<img src='images/i_165.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>FIRST BATTERY OF THE EAST SIBERIAN ARTILLERY AT YUSHULING</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_165c.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>RUSSIAN OFFICERS IN CONFERENCE BEFORE THE BATTLE</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<img src='images/i_165b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>BREAKFAST BEFORE THE FIGHT AT YUSHULING</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+  <div class='nf-center'>
+    <div>WITH THE RUSSIAN TROOPS DURING THE EARLY CAMPAIGNING IN MANCHURIA</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_166'>166</span>
+<img src='images/i_166.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>RUSSIAN OFFICERS VIEWING FIGHT AT TOWAN PASS</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_166c.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>SENDING HELIOGRAPH SIGNALS DURING THE FIGHT AT ANPING</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<img src='images/i_166b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>MOVING TO THE FRONT AT TOWAN PASS AT SIX O’CLOCK IN THE MORNING</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+  <div class='nf-center'>
+    <div>WITH THE RUSSIANS AT TOWAN PASS</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_167'>167</span>
+<img src='images/i_167.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>RUSSIAN FIRING LINE JUST BEFORE THE BATTLE AT YUSHULING</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_168'>168</span>
+<img src='images/i_168.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>JAPANESE SHELLS BURSTING NEAR THE YUSHULING BATTERY</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_169'>169</span>
+<img src='images/i_169.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>GENERAL KUROPATKIN PRESENTING ST. GEORGE’S CROSS TO PRIVATES ON THE BATTLEFIELD</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_169b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>REMOVING WOUNDED FROM HOSPITAL TRAIN TO HOSPITAL</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+  <div class='nf-center'>
+    <div>THE REWARDS OF VALOR WITH KUROPATKIN’S ARMY IN MANCHURIA</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_170'>170</span>
+<img src='images/i_170.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>OFFICERS OF THE FIRST BATTERY, SIXTH SIBERIAN BRIGADE</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_170b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>RUSSIAN OUTPOSTS FIRING ON THE ADVANCING JAPANESE</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/i_170c.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>RUSSIAN INFANTRY ADVANCING THROUGH UNDERBRUSH</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+  <div class='nf-center'>
+    <div>WITH THE RUSSIAN FORCES IN MANCHURIA DURING THE EARLY CAMPAIGNING</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_171'>171</span>
+<img src='images/i_171.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>RUSSIAN SKIRMISHERS ADVANCING AGAINST THE JAPANESE NEAR ANPING</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_172'>172</span>
+<img src='images/i_172.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>GENERAL SUREKOFF AND GENERAL MORO AT YUSHULING</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_172b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>ARTILLERY OF THE TENTH CORPS RESISTING JAPANESE FORTY MILES SOUTH OF LIAO-YANG</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<img src='images/i_172c.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>INFANTRY INTRENCHED IN FRONT OF BATTERY</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_172d.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>RUSSIAN ARTILLERY AT YUSHULING IN POSITION ABANDONED THE NEXT DAY</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+  <div class='nf-center'>
+    <div>WITH THE TENTH RUSSIAN ARMY CORPS AT YUSHULING, NEAR LIAO-YANG</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_173'>173</span>
+<img src='images/i_173.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>INFANTRY MARCHING THROUGH MAIN STREET OF A MANCHURIAN VILLAGE</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_173b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>TURKESTAN REGIMENT ON PARADE NEAR MUKDEN</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/i_173c.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>RUSSIAN INFANTRY ADVANCING THROUGH THE HILLS NEAR HAICHENG</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+  <div class='nf-center'>
+    <div>WITH THE RUSSIAN TROOPS DURING THE EARLY CAMPAIGNING IN MANCHURIA</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_174'>174</span>
+<img src='images/i_174.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>WOUNDED SOLDIERS CONVALESCING IN THE HOSPITAL AT MUKDEN</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_174b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>DINNER TIME IN A RUSSIAN MILITARY HOSPITAL</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<img src='images/i_174c.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>OPERATING ON A WOUNDED SOLDIER IN THE HOSPITAL</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_174d.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>HOSPITAL STAFF OF THE GRAND DUKE BORIS</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+  <div class='nf-center'>
+    <div>WITH THE RUSSIAN RED CROSS SERVICE IN MANCHURIA</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_175'>175</span>
+<img src='images/i_175.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>RUSSIAN BALLOON IN THE CAMP AT ANPING</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_175b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>SOLDIERS FORDING A RIVER WITH THE GAS BAG</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<img src='images/i_175c.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>ESCORT OF TURKESTAN COSSACKS WITH THE BALLOON</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_175d.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>SIGNAL OFFICER ABOUT TO MAKE AN ASCENT</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id004'>
+<img src='images/i_175e.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>TAKING AN OBSERVATION FROM THE BALLOON</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+  <div class='nf-center'>
+    <div>WAR BALLOON AND GAS BAG USED BY THE RUSSIANS IN MANCHURIA</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_176'>176</span>
+<img src='images/i_176.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>IN THE RUSSIAN TRENCHES DURING THE FIGHTING AT TALING</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_177'>177</span>
+  <h2 class='c007'>CHAPTER IX<br> <span class='c012'>THE BATTLE OF LIAO-YANG</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='drop-capa0_0_6 c010'>The battle of Liao-Yang was the culminating event
+of the four months’ Manchurian campaign which the
+Japanese began when they crossed the Yalu. In the point of
+number of men engaged it was the greatest battle of modern
+times, and it resulted in a decisive, though hard-won, victory
+for the Japanese. Between 400,000 and half a million men
+fought in the two armies, and when the five days’ duel was
+over the total losses in killed and wounded were estimated at
+about 30,000. The result of the battle was that the Japanese
+gained complete control of the Liaotung Peninsula, north of
+Port Arthur, and that the Russian army was forced to retreat
+northward toward Mukden and Harbin.</p>
+
+<p class='c011'>The Russians under General Kuropatkin had collected a
+large amount of ammunition and supplies at Liao-Yang and the
+town itself was elaborately fortified. It was generally understood
+that General Kuropatkin’s plan was to lure the Japanese
+on to the plain in front of Liao-Yang and there to meet them
+in decisive battle. When the battle proper began on August
+26, the Russian army occupied three groups of positions,
+extending in a semicircle in front of and to the southward of
+the fortifications of the town. Kuroki’s army on the east,
+Nodzu’s on the south, and Oku’s on the west—the whole
+under the command of Field Marshal Oyama—attacked along
+the whole front. After five days of the most persistent attack
+and defence, and a terrific and almost continuous artillery
+duel, during which the Russians were pushed back into Liao-Yang,
+General Kuroki succeeded in throwing a considerable
+force across the Taitse River, which extends eastward and westward
+just north of the town. With his left flank and rear
+thus menaced, Kuropatkin was compelled, on September 1,
+to evacuate Liao-Yang and retreat on Mukden.</p>
+
+<p class='c011'>With the loss of Liao-Yang crumbled to pieces the plan
+for the defence of Manchuria which the Russian commanders
+had adopted when they were preparing for war
+with Japan. With the exception of the beleaguered garrison
+at Port Arthur, Russia had lost every foothold on the Liaotung
+Peninsula. In only one thing were the Japanese unsuccessful.
+They had failed to get to the rear of the Russian
+army and to cut off Kuropatkin from his line of retreat,
+and the manner in which the Russian commander withdrew
+his army in the face of almost insurmountable difficulties
+went far to mitigate the humiliation of defeat. The
+estimates of the number of troops engaged on either side
+vary from somewhat less than 200,000 to 250,000 men.
+It was generally believed at the time the battle was fought
+that the Japanese outnumbered the Russians, but inasmuch as
+they were attacking an intrenched force this advantage was
+apparent rather than real. No battle in our Civil War was
+on as large a scale as that at Liao-Yang. The battle of
+Leipsic, where Napoleon arrayed 130,000 men against the
+300,000 of the Allies, was, in point of number of men
+engaged, the greatest previous battle of modern times.</p>
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_178'>178</span>
+<img src='images/i_178.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>JAPANESE RESTING ON THE BANKS OF THE TANG RIVER A FEW DAYS BEFORE THE TAKING OF LIAO-YANG</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_179'>179</span>
+<img src='images/i_179.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>THE PAGODA AT LIAO-YANG SEEN IN THE DISTANCE</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_179b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>RUSSIANS SEARCHING WITH SHRAPNEL TO UNMASK THE ENEMY’S BATTERIES</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<img src='images/i_179c.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>SCOUTING WITH GENERAL WATERNABE IN THE VICINITY OF LIAO-YANG</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_179d.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>WATCHING THE DISTANT CITY TO SEE IF THE RUSSIANS ARE EVACUATING</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+  <div class='nf-center'>
+    <div>ON THE LAST OF THE HILLS, ON SEPTEMBER THIRD, JUST BEFORE THE JAPANESE ENTERED LIAO-YANG</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_180'>180</span>
+<img src='images/i_180.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>JAPANESE FINDING THE BODY OF A COMRADE IN THE FIELDS NEAR LIAO-YANG</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_180b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>DEAD JAPANESE IN TRENCHES ON SEPTEMBER FOURTH</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<img src='images/i_180c.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>BURYING JAPANESE AND RUSSIAN DEAD TOGETHER OUTSIDE LIAO-YANG</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+  <div class='nf-center'>
+    <div>SEARCHING OUT AND BURYING THE DEAD THE DAY THE JAPANESE ENTERED LIAO-YANG</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_181'>181</span>
+<img src='images/i_181.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>RUSSIANS RETREATING FROM LIAO-YANG ACROSS THE TAITSE RIVER</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_181c.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>BABY CARRIAGE LEFT BEHIND BY RUSSIANS IN THE PARK</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<img src='images/i_181b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>JAPANESE CROSSING THE TAITSE RIVER TO ENTER LIAO-YANG</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+  <div class='nf-center'>
+    <div>INCIDENTS OF THE EVACUATION OF LIAO-YANG AND ITS OCCUPATION BY THE JAPANESE</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_182'>182</span>
+<img src='images/i_182.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>CORRESPONDENT EXAMINING WIRE ENTANGLEMENTS BUILT BY THE RUSSIANS</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_182b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>JAPANESE DISMANTLING A RUSSIAN REDOUBT AT LIAO-YANG</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<img src='images/i_182c.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>PICKING THEIR WAY THROUGH WIRE ENTANGLEMENTS AND PITS</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_182d.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>GENERAL VIEW OF A RUSSIAN REDOUBT NORTH OF LIAO-YANG</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+  <div class='nf-center'>
+    <div>VIEWS OF FORTIFICATIONS AND ENTANGLEMENTS BUILT BY THE RUSSIANS AT LIAO-YANG</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_183'>183</span>
+<img src='images/i_183.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>NATIVES, WITH JAPANESE FLAGS FLYING, AWAITING THE CONQUERORS</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_183b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>CHINESE MANDARIN AND ESCORT GETTING READY TO RECEIVE THE JAPANESE</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+  <div class='nf-center'>
+    <div>SCENES IN LIAO-YANG ON THE MORNING OF ITS OCCUPATION BY THE JAPANESE</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_184'>184</span>
+<img src='images/i_184.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>JAPANESE ENTERING LIAO-YANG THROUGH ONE OF THE MANY BREACHES IN THE WALLS</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_184c.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>ENGINEERS OF THE FIFTH DIVISION ENTERING LIAO-YANG, SEPTEMBER 4</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<img src='images/i_184b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>TAKING A RUSSIAN PRISONER OUT OF THE BIG SOUTH GATE</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+  <div class='nf-center'>
+    <div>VIEWS OF THE FIRST ENTRY OF THE JAPANESE FORCES INTO LIAO-YANG</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_185'>185</span>
+<img src='images/i_185.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>RUSSIAN STORES BURNING AT LIAO-YANG ON SEPTEMBER FOURTH, ON THE ARRIVAL OF THE JAPANESE</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<img src='images/i_185b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>JAPANESE WORKING ON RAILROAD TRACK NEAR THE COMMISSARY SHEDS</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_185c.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>THE DOME-SHAPED ICE HOUSE AND FRESH JAPANESE STORES AT LIAO-YANG</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+  <div class='nf-center'>
+    <div>SCENES IN LIAO-YANG IMMEDIATELY FOLLOWING ITS CAPTURE BY THE JAPANESE</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_186'>186</span>
+<img src='images/i_186.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>CALLING THE ROLL IN A JAPANESE COMPANY AT LIAO-YANG</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_186c.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>PUNISHMENT OF CHINESE CAUGHT LOOTING IN LIAO-YANG</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<img src='images/i_186b.jpg' alt='GRAHAM SIMPSON, LONDON “DAILY TELEGRAPH” FREDERICK McCORMICK, ASSOCIATED PRESS' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>TWO CORRESPONDENTS WITH THE RUSSIAN FORCES CAUGHT BY THE JAPANESE AT LIAO-YANG</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+  <div class='nf-center'>
+    <div>SCENES AT LIAO-YANG AFTER ITS OCCUPATION BY THE JAPANESE FORCES</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_187'>187</span>
+<img src='images/i_187.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>JAPANESE SOLDIERS SITTING IN RUSSIAN DROSKIES CAPTURED AT LIAO-YANG</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_187c.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>GENERAL NODZU ENTERING THE SOUTH GATE</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<img src='images/i_187b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>EXAMINING AS CURIOSITIES THE RUSSIAN SOUP KITCHENS CAPTURED AT LIAO-YANG</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+  <div class='nf-center'>
+    <div>SCENES AT LIAO-YANG IMMEDIATELY AFTER THE CAPTURE OF THE CITY BY THE JAPANESE</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_188'>188</span>
+<img src='images/i_188.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>DR. WESTWATER, MEDICAL MISSIONARY, AND HIS MANCHURIAN STAFF</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_188b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>OPERATING ON MANCHURIAN WHO HAD FORTY-SEVEN BAYONET WOUNDS</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<img src='images/i_188c.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>DR. WESTWATER AND REV. T. McNAUGHTON AND THEIR WIVES IN A BOMB-PROOF</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_188d.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>INNOCENT MANCHURIAN VICTIMS OF THE WAR</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c011'>Dr. Alexander Westwater is a Scotch medical missionary who had worked for twenty-five years in Manchuria. He and his colleague,
+the Rev. T. McNaughton, and their wives remained in Liao-Yang during the siege and after it, ministering to the defenceless
+non-combatants. Mrs. Westwater and Mrs. McNaughton were the only European ladies in the city when the Japanese arrived</p>
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_189'>189</span>
+<img src='images/i_189.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>GENERAL KUROPATKIN STANDING IN FRONT OF THE SHED BUILT TO SHELTER HIS TRAIN</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_189b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>GENERAL KUROPATKIN DEPARTING BY TRAIN</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<img src='images/i_189c.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>JAPANESE IN THE TRAIN-SHED BUILT TO SHELTER GENERAL KUROPATKIN’S TRAIN</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_189d.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>RUSSIAN SISTERS OF MERCY AT LIAO-YANG</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+  <div class='nf-center'>
+    <div>SCENES AT LIAO-YANG BEFORE AND AFTER THE ARRIVAL OF THE JAPANESE</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_190'>190</span>
+<img src='images/i_190.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>ALTERING THE GAUGE OF THE TRACKS TO FIT THE JAPANESE ROLLING STOCK</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_190b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>JAPANESE ENGINEERS STRINGING NEW TELEGRAPH WIRES AT LIAO-YANG</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<img src='images/i_190c.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>COOLIES PUSHING CARS BEFORE THE JAPANESE ENGINES ARRIVED</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_190d.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>FRESH TRANSPORT CARTS BROUGHT BY RAIL TO LIAO-YANG</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+  <div class='nf-center'>
+    <div>BRINGING ORDER OUT OF CHAOS AFTER THE RUSSIANS EVACUATED LIAO-YANG</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_191'>191</span>
+<img src='images/i_191.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>FRESH SOLDIERS ARRIVING TO TAKE THE PLACES OF THOSE LOST AT LIAO-YANG</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_191b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>UNLOADING NEW GUNS TO STRENGTHEN THE JAPANESE BATTERIES</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<img src='images/i_191c.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>USING RUSSIAN TRAIN SERVICE TO BRING RESERVES TO LIAO-YANG</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_191d.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>ASSEMBLING THE PARTS OF GUNS AND PUTTING THEM TOGETHER AT LIAO-YANG</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+  <div class='nf-center'>
+    <div>JAPANESE ACTIVITY AT LIAO-YANG IMMEDIATELY AFTER THE CAPTURE OF THE CITY</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_192'>192</span>
+<img src='images/i_192.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>JAPANESE BAND PLAYING AT GENERAL OYAMA’S HEADQUARTERS AT LIAO-YANG</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_192b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>MARQUIS OYAMA, FIELD MARSHAL OF THE JAPANESE ARMIES</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_192c.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>TRANSFERRING SUPPLIES FROM CARS TO COMMISSARY CARTS AT LIAO-YANG</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+  <div class='nf-center'>
+    <div>SCENES AT LIAO-YANG AFTER OYAMA’S THREE ARMIES HAD TAKEN POSSESSION OF THE CITY</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_193'>193</span>
+  <h2 class='c007'>CHAPTER X<br> <span class='c012'>THE CHRONICLERS OF THE WAR</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='drop-capa0_0_6 c010'>The most interesting stories written by the correspondents
+who were sent to cover the Russo-Japanese War were
+probably the ones that never passed the censor, the most extraordinary
+sights those which the correspondents did not see.
+There has never been a struggle since the days of the telegraph
+and the professional correspondent of which the world at large
+knew so little. During the early months of the war practically
+all of the correspondents were bottled up in Tokio, and when
+at last a few of them were released and allowed to follow the
+army, they were kept far in the rear, and were only permitted
+to see the fighting at the Yalu from the top of a hill several
+miles from the firing line.</p>
+
+<p class='c011'>Marking time in Tokio for months were newspaper men
+and special writers who were correspondent veterans of many
+wars, and who were compelled to waste their energies in the
+description of tea-houses, theatres, and other conventional
+show places. The unfortunate correspondents were repeatedly
+told that they were soon to leave for the front, only to learn
+presently that there was to be more delay, and to see a repetition
+of the Japanese smile, and hear again the Japanese “I’m
+so very, very sorry.”</p>
+
+<p class='c011'>R. L. Dunn, Collier’s special photographer, who was
+fortunate enough to get into Korea before the rigid censorship
+of correspondents began, but was subsequently forced to
+return, thus described some of the distresses of the luckless who
+were held up in Tokio: “I found more than a hundred war
+correspondents at Tokio, hustling from morning to night in
+order to get ready in time, and buying a thousand odd things at
+war prices, so that their equipments might meet every conceivable
+emergency. That was in April. Spring changed into
+summer. Fur-lined sleeping bags and firepots made the days
+seem hotter than they were. The whole winter outfit had
+to be exchanged for one suited to summer. On June 1
+everything was as it had been at the beginning, except that
+some correspondents were contemplating the necessity of
+acquiring a third outfit for the rainy season.”</p>
+
+<p class='c011'>“Never was parting guest more happy to get away,” wrote
+Collier’s special correspondent, Frederick Palmer, when he and
+J. H. Hare, Collier’s special photographer, at last left Tokio
+with three other Americans—the first to be allowed to go to
+the front; “never was parting guest more heartily and sincerely
+sped. With the correspondents of the first contingent actually
+going, the hopes of the second and the third rose to the dignity
+of expectations. They gathered at Shimbashi Station with tin
+horns and gave the chosen few an Anglo-Saxon cheer. For
+over two months some of us have waited for official passes to
+join the Japanese army in the field. Now that we have the
+treasure it is not much to look at—only a slip of paper which
+would go into the average sized envelope. By rights, it should
+be on vellum, with marginal decorations of storks standing on
+one leg and an inscription of <em>summa cum laude</em> for patience in
+flourishes.”</p>
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_194'>194</span>
+<img src='images/i_194.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>GENERAL KUROKI WITH HIS STAFF, CORRESPONDENTS, AND ATTACHÉS AT THE CELEBRATION IN HONOR OF THE SHA-HO VICTORY<br>  <br>  This celebration was held in November at Palansansu. The Japanese correspondents as well as the foreign correspondents and<br>  attaches are shown in the picture. The numbered figures are (1) General Kuroki, (2) Prince Kuni, (3) General Fuji,<br>  (4) Quartermaster Waternabe, with whom the correspondents had much to do. The picture was taken by a Japanese photographer</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_195'>195</span>
+<img src='images/i_195.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>ANGUS HAMILTON, MANCHESTER “GUARDIAN”</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_195c.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>J. F. J. ARCHIBALD AND PRESS CENSOR</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id004'>
+<img src='images/i_195b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>GROUP OF CORRESPONDENTS AT NEWCHWANG<br>  <br>  (1) THE HONORABLE MAURICE BARING, LONDON “MORNING POST”; (2) R. H. LITTLE, CHICAGO “DAILY NEWS”; (3) FRANCIS<br>  McCULLOUGH, “NEW YORK HERALD”; (4) J. F. J. ARCHIBALD, “COLLIER’S”; (5) GEORGE DENNY, ASSOCIATED PRESS;<br>  (6) GEORGES DE LA SALLE, FRENCH NEWS AGENCY; (7) VISCOUNT LORD BROOKE, REUTER’S AGENCY; (8) DUTKEWICH</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<img src='images/i_195d.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>G. ERASTOFF, RUSSIAN ARTIST</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_195e.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>SIGNOR PARDO, “TRIBUNA” OF ROME</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<img src='images/i_195f.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>CAPTAIN SCHWARTZ, GERMAN</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_195g.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>T. M. MILLARD, “SCRIBNER’S MAGAZINE”</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+  <div class='nf-center'>
+    <div>CORRESPONDENTS OF VARIOUS NATIONALITIES WITH THE RUSSIAN FORCES IN MANCHURIA</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_196'>196</span>
+<img src='images/i_196.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>THREE RUSSIAN ARTISTS AND RUSSIAN PRESS CENSORS AT NEWCHWANG</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_196b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>FUNERAL AT NEWCHWANG OF LOUIS ETZEL, THE FIRST CORRESPONDENT TO BE KILLED</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<img src='images/i_196c.jpg' alt='CAPTAIN JUDSON    LIEUT. COLONEL SCHUYLER    CAPTAIN REICHMAN    MAJOR MacCOMB' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>UNITED STATES ARMY ATTACHÉS WITH THE RUSSIAN FORCES</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_196d.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>FOREIGN MILITARY ATTACHÉS WITH THE RUSSIAN FORCES IN MANCHURIA</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+  <div class='nf-center'>
+    <div>CIVILIANS AND MILITARY ATTACHÉS WITH THE RUSSIAN FORCES IN MANCHURIA</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_197'>197</span>
+<img src='images/i_197.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>GENERAL KUROKI SHOOTING AT THE TARGET</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_197b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>SIR IAN HAMILTON AND PRINCE KUNI</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<img src='images/i_197c.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>GENERAL FUJI TRYING A SHOT FROM A SITTING POSITION</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_197d.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>GENERAL CROWDER, THE UNITED STATES ATTACHÉ</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<img src='images/i_197e.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>CAPTAIN DANI, AUSTRIAN ATTACHÉ</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_197f.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>GENERAL SIR IAN HAMILTON SHOOTING</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+  <div class='nf-center'>
+    <div>THE TARGET-SHOOT GIVEN FOR THE MILITARY ATTACHÉS BY GENERAL KUROKI IN THE WINTER QUARTERS ON THE SHA-HO</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_198'>198</span>
+<img src='images/i_198.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>CAPTAIN HEGARDT, SWEDISH ATTACHÉ, AND COLONEL HUME OF THE BRITISH ARMY</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_198b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>MAJOR ETZEL, GERMAN ATTACHÉ, READY TO FIRE</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<img src='images/i_198c.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>BARON CORVISART, FRENCH ATTACHÉ, SQUINTING AT THE MARK</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_198d.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>THE ITALIAN ATTACHÉ, MAJOR CAVIGLIA, SHOOTING FROM THE GROUND</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+  <div class='nf-center'>
+    <div>MILITARY ATTACHÉS, FIRING AT GENERAL KUROKI’S TARGET-SHOOT WITH CAPTURED RUSSIAN RIFLES</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_199'>199</span>
+<img src='images/i_199.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>COLLIER’S PHOTOGRAPHER, VICTOR K. BULLA, WITH THE RUSSIAN FORCES</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_199b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>COLLIER’S PHOTOGRAPHER, ROBERT L. DUNN, AND HIS COOLIES IN KOREA</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<img src='images/i_199c.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>(1) JAMES H. HARE (COLLIER’S), (2) J. F. BASS (CHICAGO DAILY NEWS), (3) FREDERICK PALMER (COLLIER’S), (4) W. DINWIDDIE (NEW YORK<br>  WORLD), (5) R. M. COLLINS (ASSOCIATED PRESS AND REUTER’S)<br>  <br>  AMERICAN CORRESPONDENTS WITH THE FIRST JAPANESE ARMY</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_199d.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>(1) RICHARD HARDING DAVIS (COLLIER’S), (2) W. H. LEWIS (NEW YORK HERALD), (3) <span class='sc'>JOHN FOX, Jr.</span> (SCRIBNER’S), (4) W. H. BRILL (ASSOCIATED<br>  PRESS), (5) GEORGE LYNCH (ENGLISH), (LONDON DAILY CHRONICLE)<br>  <br>  AMERICAN CORRESPONDENTS WITH THE SECOND JAPANESE ARMY</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+  <div class='nf-center'>
+    <div>WITH THE WAR CORRESPONDENTS IN KOREA AND MANCHURIA</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_200'>200</span>
+<img src='images/i_200.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>ATTACHÉS AND CORRESPONDENTS WITH GENERAL KUROKI’S FIRST ARMY CORPS AT FENG-WANG-CHENG<br>  <br>  (1) R. M. Collins; (2) David Fraser; (3) Capt. Dani; (4) Capt. Jardine; (5) F. A. McKensie; (6) E. F. Knight; (7) Victor Thomas; (8) O. K. Davis; (9) W. Maxwell;<br>  (10) R. J. McHugh; (11) W. Dinwiddie; (12) Frederick Palmer; (13) Capt. Vincent; (14) J. F. Bass; (15) M. H. Donohue; (16) Capt. Hegardt; (17) Capt. Hoffmann;<br>  (18) Capt. Payeur; (19) Col. Hume; (20) Baron Col. Corvisart; (21) Gen. Sir Ian Hamilton; (22) Major Caviglia; (23) Major Etzel; (24) Col. Gertsch; (25) Capt. Peyton C. March</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_201'>201</span>
+  <h2 class='c007'>CHAPTER XI<br> <span class='c012'>THE FIGHTING ALONG THE SHA-HO</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='drop-capa0_0_6 c010'>The Japanese armies occupied Liao-Yang on September
+4, and on September 8 the Russians announced that
+their entire forces had safely reached Mukden. For a fortnight
+or so the two vast armies paused for breath, while far
+to the southward the bombardment of Port Arthur continued,
+and thousands of miles to the westward Russia’s Baltic
+fleet sailed from Kronstadt for the Far East. During the
+latter part of September there was desultory fighting along
+a considerable battle front, and when General Gripenberg
+took command of the second Russian army in Manchuria,
+General Kuropatkin began, the first week in October, an
+offensive movement against his conquerors.</p>
+
+<p class='c011'>Whether this advance was his own idea or whether it was
+prematurely ordered from St. Petersburg was not positively
+known, but it began with an oratorical proclamation to the
+army that the time had come for Russia to take the initiative
+and force Japan to do her bidding. Kuropatkin’s force numbered
+nearly 300,000 men, his artillery was said to be superior
+to the Japanese, and it was plain that the fight was to be on
+as vast if not a vaster scale than that at Liao-Yang. For a
+time there were a few slight Russian successes, and after sharp
+fighting Kuropatkin succeeded in capturing Bentziaputze,
+about half-way between Liao-Yang and Mukden and on the
+Japanese right. The offensive movement was directed along
+the whole Japanese line, extending about thirty miles from
+Bentziaputze westward to the Sha-Ho. For nearly a fortnight
+fierce fighting continued, a test of endurance on both sides,
+until the Russians were finally obliged to retreat, leaving behind
+many guns and having lost, it was estimated, some sixty
+thousand men. The Japanese losses were about twenty
+thousand. Desultory engagements continued through October
+and November, in the midst of heavy rains, until the cold set
+in in earnest, and both armies went into winter quarters.</p>
+
+<p class='c011'>In zero weather the two armies faced each other, burrowing
+underground in their dugouts, in many places so close to
+each other that the sentries could almost call one to another.
+The time was spent in target practice, in chopping up wood
+to be used for building and for making charcoal, and in
+drilling the recruits who were sent up to refill the shattered
+regiments. The quarters in which the armies found shelter
+were dugouts roofed over with logs, kowliang, and earth.
+That same attention to detail which was characteristic of the
+Japanese army during the campaign was as noticeable now
+that they were idle. There were even hot baths for the soldiers.
+Earthenware jars were sunk in the ground much like
+the Russian soup kettles. Water was heated in these and baths
+could be taken as in so many vertical bathtubs. During the lull
+in the fighting there was a celebration in honor of the successes
+on the Sha-Ho at which there was a target-shoot
+between the military attaches. Meanwhile the Baltic fleet
+was pursuing its slow journey to the Orient, and the army
+of General Nogi was closing-in on Port Arthur.</p>
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_202'>202</span>
+<img src='images/i_202.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>STAFF OF THE SECOND DIVISION AT THE BATTLE OF THE SHA-HO</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_202b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>GENERAL SIR IAN HAMILTON, BRITISH ATTACHÉ, WITH GENERAL KUROKI</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<img src='images/i_202c.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>GENERAL NISHIJIMA AND STAFF VIEWING THE FIGHT FROM A BOMB-PROOF</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_202d.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>RUSSIANS SHELLING VILLAGE OF CHONG-JU ON OCTOBER TENTH</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+  <div class='nf-center'>
+    <div>SCENES DURING THE FIGHTING EARLY IN OCTOBER IN THE NEIGHBORHOOD OF THE SHA-HO</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_203'>203</span>
+<img src='images/i_203.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>ATTACHÉS WATCHING THE FIGHT FROM POSITION NEAR THE YENTAI COAL MINES</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_203b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>RESERVES UNDER FIRE SHELTERED BY AN EMBANKMENT</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<img src='images/i_203c.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>SHELLS SWEEPING A KOWLIANG FIELD—“NO TRESPASSING HERE!”</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_203d.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>EMPTY SHELL CASES LEFT AT A BATTERY POSITION AFTER THE ACTION</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+  <div class='nf-center'>
+    <div>CLOSE TO THE FIRING LINE DURING THE ENGAGEMENT NEAR THE YENTAI COAL MINES</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_204'>204</span>
+<img src='images/i_204.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>RUSSIAN SHELLS BURSTING CLOSE TO JAPANESE BATTERY DURING THE SHA-HO FIGHT</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/i_204b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>A REMARKABLE PHOTOGRAPH SHOWING SHRAPNEL SHELLS BURSTING AND SWEEPING ACROSS A FIELD</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c011'>Of these two unusual close-range photographs the lower one shows how shrapnel looks when it bursts properly. The thick white
+smoke is one bursting shell, and the little puffs of smoke to the right are the 250 or so shrapnel bullets zipping along the ground.
+Those to the left are from another shell. The photographs were taken at great personal risk by Collier’s photographer, James H. Hare</p>
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_205'>205</span>
+<img src='images/i_205.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>EXHAUSTED ENGINEERS SLEEPING UNDER FIRE DURING THE SHA-HO FIGHT</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_205b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>JAPANESE BATTERY PEPPERING THE RUSSIANS ACROSS THE FIELDS</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<img src='images/i_205c.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>JAPANESE BATTERY IN ACTION NEAR CHONG-JU</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_205d.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>IN THE KOWLIANG FIELDS WITH A JAPANESE BATTERY</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+  <div class='nf-center'>
+    <div>WITH THE JAPANESE ON OCTOBER TENTH AT THE SHA-HO</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_206'>206</span>
+<img src='images/i_206.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>COLLIER’S PHOTOGRAPHER, JAMES H. HARE, RESUSCITATING WOUNDED RUSSIAN</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_206b.jpg' alt='W. MAXWELL, LONDON “STANDARD”      M. H. DONAHOE “DAILY CHRONICLE”' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>CORRESPONDENTS ASSISTING DISABLED RUSSIANS DURING THE SHA-HO FIGHT</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<img src='images/i_206c.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>JAPANESE SOLDIERS ASSISTING WOUNDED RUSSIANS AFTER THE ENGAGEMENT</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_206d.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>SAPPERS REVERSING RUSSIAN TRENCH AFTER JAPANESE HAD TAKEN IT</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+  <div class='nf-center'>
+    <div>ON THE SHA-HO BATTLEFIELD WITH THE JAPANESE</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_207'>207</span>
+<img src='images/i_207.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>RUSSIAN SOLDIER KILLED WITH HIS HAND ON THE TRIGGER</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_207b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>DAMAGE WROUGHT TO THE “TEMPLE OF EVERLASTING PEACE” AT THE SHA-HO</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<img src='images/i_207c.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>GATHERING UP DÉBRIS FROM THE FIELD OF BATTLE</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_207d.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>FIELD TELEPHONES AT THE SHA-HO, SHELTERED BEHIND CHINESE HOUSE</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+  <div class='nf-center'>
+    <div>VICTORS AND VANQUISHED IN THE FIGHTING IN THE NEIGHBORHOOD OF THE SHA-HO</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_208'>208</span>
+<img src='images/i_208.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>RICE FOR THE JAPANESE ARMY STORED AT YENTAI</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_208b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>JAPANESE QUARTERMASTER’S STORES PILED UP AT YENTAI</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<img src='images/i_208c.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>THE YENTAI COAL MINES AFTER THE RUSSIANS HAD BEEN REPULSED</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_208d.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>RUSSIAN AND JAPANESE WOUNDED BUYING FROM CHINESE PEDLERS AT YENTAI</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+  <div class='nf-center'>
+    <div>THE AFTERMATH OF BATTLE IN THE NEIGHBORHOOD OF YENTAI</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_209'>209</span>
+<img src='images/i_209.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>JAPANESE WOODSMAN SMOKING HIS LITTLE JAPANESE PIPE WHILE AT WORK</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_209b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>CUTTING UP TIMBER TO BE BURNED FOR CHARCOAL</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_209c.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>JAPANESE BURNING WOOD TO MAKE CHARCOAL FOR THE ARMY</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+  <div class='nf-center'>
+    <div>PREPARING CHARCOAL FOR THE ARMY WHILE IT WAS ENCAMPED ON THE SHA-HO</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_210'>210</span>
+<img src='images/i_210.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>SALUTING THE CAPTAIN AS HE EMERGES FROM HIS DUGOUT</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_210b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>JAPANESE CUTTING TIMBER FOR FUEL WITH PORTABLE SAW</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_210c.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>IN AN OUTPOST TRENCH ALONG THE SHA-HO</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+  <div class='nf-center'>
+    <div>IN WINTER QUARTERS WITH THE JAPANESE ARMY ON THE SHA-HO</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_211'>211</span>
+<img src='images/i_211.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>HEADQUARTERS OF THE REGIMENTAL COMMANDER</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_211b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>JAPANESE BUILDING A BATH-HOUSE ON THE SHA-HO</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<img src='images/i_211c.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>SENTRY ON DUTY AT OFFICER’S DOOR</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_211d.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>TAKING A HOT BATH—THERMOMETER TWELVE BELOW</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id004'>
+<img src='images/i_211e.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>SOLDIERS’ DUGOUTS IN THE SHA-HO WINTER QUARTERS</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+  <div class='nf-center'>
+    <div>WITH THE JAPANESE ARMY IN DECEMBER IN CAMP ON THE SHA-HO</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_212'>212</span>
+<img src='images/i_212.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>JAPANESE REINFORCEMENTS MARCHING THROUGH SHI-LI-HO TOWARD THE FRONT</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_212b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>WOUNDED RUSSIANS AND JAPANESE AT PALANSANSU</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<img src='images/i_212c.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>TRYING TO KEEP WARM AT SHI-LI-HO WITH THE THERMOMETER FIFTEEN BELOW</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_212d.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>JAPANESE WOUNDED GOING FROM YENTAI TO LIAO-YANG BY TRAIN</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+  <div class='nf-center'>
+    <div>BETWEEN BATTLES WITH THE JAPANESE IN THE NEIGHBORHOOD OF THE SHA-HO</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_213'>213</span>
+<img src='images/i_213.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>DRILLING THE NEWLY ARRIVED RECRUITS IN THE MILITARY STEP</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_213b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>DRAWING WATER FROM THE WELL IN FREEZING WEATHER</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<img src='images/i_213c.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>RECRUITS DRILLING AT THE SHA-HO WITH CAPTURED RUSSIAN RIFLES</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_213d.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>COOLIES DRAWING WATER FROM THE SPRING FOR THE JAPANESE</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+  <div class='nf-center'>
+    <div>WITH THE JAPANESE IN WINTER QUARTERS AT THE SHA-HO</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_214'>214</span>
+<img src='images/i_214.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>CHILDREN PLAYING DUCK-ON-THE-ROCK WITH PIECES OF BROKEN SHELLS</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_214b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>OFFERING UP THE HOG’S HEAD TO PROPITIATE THE JOSS</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<img src='images/i_214c.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>PEASANTS STACKING UP KOWLIANG FOR WINTER USE</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_214d.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>MANCHURIAN WOMEN PREPARING VEGETABLES FOR PICKLING</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+  <div class='nf-center'>
+    <div>TYPICAL VIEWS OF MANCHURIAN PEASANTS AFTER THE ARRIVAL OF THE JAPANESE</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_215'>215</span>
+<img src='images/i_215.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>MAJOR YOKURA, FIRST JAPANESE ADMINISTRATOR</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_215b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>JAPANESE CROSSING THE LIAO AT NEWCHWANG BEFORE IT FROZE OVER</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_215c.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>CHINESE CROSSING THE FROZEN LIAO RIVER ON SLEDS</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+  <div class='nf-center'>
+    <div>SCENES AT NEWCHWANG SHORTLY AFTER THE FALL OF PORT ARTHUR</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_216'>216</span>
+<img src='images/i_216.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>JOSSES OF AN ANCIENT CHINESE TEMPLE LOOKING DOWN ON THE WOUNDED INVADERS</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_217'>217</span>
+  <h2 class='c007'>CHAPTER XII<br> <span class='c012'>THE FALL OF PORT ARTHUR</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='drop-capa0_0_6 c010'>The first day of January, 1905, witnessed the end of the
+gigantic siege that had furnished a tragic background
+for eleven of the twelve months of 1904. The first blow
+struck by the Japanese in the war was aimed at Port Arthur,
+and during the month that followed they and the defenders
+employed and endured more terrific forces of destruction than
+were ever used at any other siege in the history of the world.
+The fall of this Gibraltar of the East seemed to prove that
+there can be no such thing as an impregnable fortress. The
+attack on Port Arthur began with Togo’s dash against the
+Russian fleet on the night of February 8. Four months
+later, through the successes of the Japanese on the Liaotung
+peninsula, the fortress had been cut off from all outside help.</p>
+
+<p class='c011'>From the outer line of defence at Nanshan, and thirty
+miles from the town, the Japanese worked their way literally
+inch by inch, burrowing underground, digging deep trenches
+that zig-zagged toward the enemy’s lines, until near enough
+to make a rush. In many places the ground was solid rock
+and countermining was impossible. Barbed-wire entanglements
+covered the country for miles, and wide stretches of bare
+ground had been covered a foot deep with powdered white ash,
+which stirred into a thick white cloud when trodden on, so as
+to make a splendid target for machine guns. There were
+buried mines, some to explode automatically, others to explode
+when the lookout man in a distant fort pressed a button. At
+night searchlights flashed across every yard of the country
+near the lines of forts, and sometimes the Russian gunboats
+creeping along the shore outside the harbor got far enough to
+pour a cross-fire into the Japanese encampments. Day and
+night Togo’s squadron sent in from long range the terrible
+Shimose shells, worse than lyddite, on the battered town and
+forts. Where it was impossible to tunnel or burrow, masses
+of rock and bags full of sand were rushed forward at night to
+make a temporary shelter where a regiment could go forward
+a hundred yards, rest, fire for a few minutes, and advance
+another hundred yards, until at last they were close to the
+enemy. Then, in the teeth of fierce rifle fire, reinforced, perhaps,
+by shells from the other forts, the final charge was made.</p>
+
+<p class='c011'>The last stage of the advance began on November 30
+with the capture of 203-Metre Hill. From this hill the Japanese
+were able for the first time to get the range of the Russian
+ships in the harbor. All the larger vessels of the Russian
+fleet were soon disabled. The great Keekwan Mountain fort
+was captured on December 18, and on the 30th Ehrlung
+Fort, the key of the inner defences, was stormed. That day
+and the next the Japanese captured half a dozen neighboring
+positions, and finally, on January 1, General Stoessel, who
+had said at the beginning of the siege that Port Arthur
+would be his tomb, sent a message to General Nogi offering
+to surrender. For a second time Port Arthur passed
+into the hands of those from whom the European powers
+had wrested it ten years before.</p>
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_218'>218</span>
+<img src='images/i_218.jpg' alt='Stereograph Copyright by Underwood &#38; Underwood' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>NOGI’S FIGHTING MEN RESTING IN CAMP AT HOOZAN HILL</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_218b.jpg' alt='Stereograph Copyright by Underwood &#38; Underwood' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>WOUNDED IN A SHELTER TENT THREE MILES FROM RUSSIAN BATTERIES</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+  <div class='nf-center'>
+    <div>WITH THE JAPANESE DURING THE LAST DAYS OF THE SIEGE OF PORT ARTHUR</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_219'>219</span>
+<img src='images/i_219.jpg' alt='Stereograph Copyright by Underwood &#38; Underwood' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>SIEGE GUNS ON THE SLOPE, FIELD GUNS AT THE TOP OF THE HILL</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_219b.jpg' alt='Stereograph Copyright by Underwood &#38; Underwood' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>ONE OF THE SHELLS BEGINNING ITS LONG FLIGHT TOWARD THE TOWN</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+  <div class='nf-center'>
+    <div>THE GREAT SIEGE GUNS THROWING ELEVEN-INCH SHELLS INTO PORT ARTHUR</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_220'>220</span>
+<img src='images/i_220.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>TWO OF THE GREAT TWENTY-EIGHT CENTIMETER SIEGE GUNS USED BY THE JAPANESE AGAINST PORT ARTHUR</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_221'>221</span>
+<img src='images/i_221.jpg' alt='Stereograph Copyright by Underwood &#38; Underwood' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>FIVE-HUNDRED-POUND SHELLS WAITING TO BE HURLED INTO PORT ARTHUR</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_222'>222</span>
+<img src='images/i_222.jpg' alt='Stereograph Copyright by Underwood &#38; Underwood' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>RUSSIAN BOMB-PROOF NEAR NANSHAN HILL CAPTURED BY THE JAPANESE</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_222b.jpg' alt='Stereograph Copyright by Underwood &#38; Underwood' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>THE SLOW WORK OF MOVING THE SIEGE GUNS TO NEW EMPLACEMENTS</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+  <div class='nf-center'>
+    <div>SCENES IN THE NEIGHBORHOOD OF PORT ARTHUR DURING THE LONG SIEGE</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_223'>223</span>
+<img src='images/i_223.jpg' alt='Stereograph Copyright by Underwood &#38; Underwood' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>INFANTRY HIDDEN BY CORNFIELDS AND RAVINES WAITING THE ORDER TO ADVANCE</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_224'>224</span>
+<img src='images/i_224.jpg' alt='Stereograph Copyright by Underwood &#38; Underwood' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>JAPANESE INFANTRY CREEPING THROUGH A CORNFIELD TOWARD THE RUSSIAN POSITION NEAR HOOZAN</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_225'>225</span>
+<img src='images/i_225.jpg' alt='Stereograph Copyright by Underwood &#38; Underwood' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>JAPANESE WAR BALLOON AND GAS BAG IN A FIELD ABOUT FOUR MILES NORTH OF PORT ARTHUR</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_226'>226</span>
+<img src='images/i_226.jpg' alt='Stereograph Copyright by Underwood &#38; Underwood' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>GENERAL NOGI AND HIS STAFF, THE CONQUERORS OF PORT ARTHUR</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c011'>General Nogi sits in the centre, the gray-bearded man with the round decoration on his breast. On his right is General Ijichi,
+his chief of staff, who conducted the negotiations for the surrender. On Ijichi’s right is the Surgeon-General of the Third
+Army, and beyond, with the beard and many decorations, is Major Arriga, Japan’s greatest expert on international law</p>
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_227'>227</span>
+<img src='images/i_227.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>BETWEEN FIGHTS IN THE TRENCH AT SHOGERSAN FORT</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_227b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>SHELTERED INFANTRY AWAITING OPPORTUNITY TO ADVANCE</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<img src='images/i_227c.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>BRINGING UP THE BIG TWENTY-EIGHT CENTIMETER SHELLS</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_227d.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>SIEGE GUN SHELTERED BEHIND BAGS OF EARTH</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+  <div class='nf-center'>
+    <div>WITH THE JAPANESE AS THEY CLOSED IN AROUND PORT ARTHUR</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_228'>228</span>
+<img src='images/i_228.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>THE JAPANESE AND RUSSIAN WHITE FLAGS OF TRUCE</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_228b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>GENERAL STOESSEL ABOUT TO PRESENT HIS FAVORITE HORSE TO GENERAL NOGI</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_228c.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>GENERAL STOESSEL AT THE STATION WAITING TO TAKE THE TRAIN FOR DALNY</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+  <div class='nf-center'>
+    <div>INCIDENTS OF THE SURRENDER OF PORT ARTHUR TO THE JAPANESE</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_229'>229</span>
+<img src='images/i_229.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>ONE OF THE MANY “BOMB-PROOFS” USED BY CIVILIANS AT PORT ARTHUR</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c011'>Although a woman was killed in this shelter shortly before the photograph was taken, they were, generally speaking, fairly
+effective protections. During the heavier bombardments, the occupants lived in them for days at a time. The Russo-Chinese
+Bank transacted business underground in “bomb-proofs” constructed in this manner for some time during the latter part of the siege</p>
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_230'>230</span>
+<img src='images/i_230.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>ENGINEERS’ STORES, SET ON FIRE BY JAPANESE SHELLS, BURNING AT PORT ARTHUR</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_231'>231</span>
+<img src='images/i_231.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>JAPANESE SHELL BURSTING IN THE BASIN IN THE EASTERN SECTION OF THE OLD TOWN, PORT ARTHUR</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_232'>232</span>
+<img src='images/i_232.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>VIEW OF THE OLD TOWN, PORT ARTHUR, IN NOVEMBER, AFTER A BOMBARDMENT</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_233'>233</span>
+<img src='images/i_233.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>THE PRICE OF VICTORY—PART OF THE JAPANESE DEAD LYING ON 203-METER HILL</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_234'>234</span>
+<img src='images/i_234.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>RUSSIAN DEAD AWAITING BURIAL IN THE OUTSKIRTS OF PORT ARTHUR</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_235'>235</span>
+<img src='images/i_235.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>PHOTOGRAPHER’S STUDIO AT PORT ARTHUR AFTER IT HAD BEEN STRUCK BY ONE OF THE JAPANESE SHELLS</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_236'>236</span>
+<img src='images/i_236.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>MAIN ROAD OUT OF THE NEW TOWN, PORT ARTHUR</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_236b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>RUSSIAN POLICE STATION, PORT ARTHUR, HIT BY JAPANESE SHELL</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<img src='images/i_236c.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>VIEW OF THE NEW TOWN, PORT ARTHUR, IN OCTOBER</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_236d.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>WHERE A JAPANESE SHELL HAD EXPLODED IN THE MIDDLE OF THE TOWN</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+  <div class='nf-center'>
+    <div>VIEWS OF PORT ARTHUR, IN OCTOBER, WHEN THE SIEGE WAS HALF OVER</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_237'>237</span>
+<img src='images/i_237.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>INSIDE FORT NILUSAN AFTER THE RUSSIANS HAD GIVEN IT UP</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_237b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>STANDING ON A “BOMB-PROOF” INSIDE ONE OF THE PORT ARTHUR FORTS</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<img src='images/i_237c.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>NORTH KEEKWANSAN FORT AFTER THE SURRENDER</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_237d.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>DISMOUNTED SIEGE GUNS INSIDE ONE OF THE RUSSIAN FORTS</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+  <div class='nf-center'>
+    <div>INSIDE SOME OF THE RUSSIAN FORTS AT PORT ARTHUR AFTER ITS SURRENDER</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_238'>238</span>
+<img src='images/i_238.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>WOMEN AND CHILDREN ABOUT TO TAKE THE TRAIN FROM PORT ARTHUR</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<img src='images/i_238b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>PRISONERS TAKEN AT PORT ARTHUR WAITING TO BOARD JAPANESE TRANSPORT</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_238c.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>RUSSIAN AND JAPANESE SOLDIERS GETTING ACQUAINTED</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+  <div class='nf-center'>
+    <div>SCENES AT PORT ARTHUR IMMEDIATELY AFTER THE SURRENDER</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_239'>239</span>
+<img src='images/i_239.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>JAPANESE SOLDIERS IN THE NIRYUSAN FORT AFTER THE SURRENDER</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_239b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>THE CRUISER “PALLADA,” WITH THE “POBIEDA” SHOWING JUST BEHIND HER</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<img src='images/i_239c.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>ON THEIR WAY TO 203-METER HILL WITH A TWENTY-EIGHT CENTIMETER GUN</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_239d.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>THE BATTLESHIP “RETVIZAN” BEACHED AT PORT ARTHUR</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+  <div class='nf-center'>
+    <div>SCENES AT PORT ARTHUR IMMEDIATELY AFTER THE SURRENDER</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_240'>240</span>
+<img src='images/i_240.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>BATTLESHIP “POBIEDA” BEACHED AT PORT ARTHUR</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_240b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>THE “POLTAVA” AND “PERESVIET” AGROUND IN THE HARBOR</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<img src='images/i_240c.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>THE BATTERED “RETVIZAN,” “POLTAVA” AND “PERESVIET”</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_240d.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>FORWARD TURRET OF THE BATTLESHIP “RETVIZAN”</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+  <div class='nf-center'>
+    <div>SUNKEN RUSSIAN BATTLESHIPS AT PORT ARTHUR AFTER ITS CAPTURE BY THE JAPANESE</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_241'>241</span>
+<img src='images/i_241.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>THE BATTLESHIP “RETVIZAN” THE DAY AFTER THE SURRENDER OF PORT ARTHUR</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/i_241b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>THE RIVER GUNBOAT “GILYAK” OF THE RUSSIAN “VOLUNTEER FLEET”</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+  <div class='nf-center'>
+    <div>VIEWS OF THE HARBOR OF PORT ARTHUR WHEN THE JAPANESE TOOK POSSESSION</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_242'>242</span>
+<img src='images/i_242.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>CONVALESCENT WOUNDED RUSSIAN SAILORS AND THEIR JAPANESE NURSES AND DOCTORS AT MATSUYAMA</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_243'>243</span>
+  <h2 class='c007'>CHAPTER XIII<br> <span class='c012'>THE BATTLE OF MUKDEN</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='drop-capa0_0_6 c010'>Judged by the number of men engaged, the vast extent
+of the battlefield, and the losses, the battle of Mukden
+was the greatest of modern times, if not of all history. Even
+the tremendous duel at Liao-Yang, which was on a larger scale
+than any modern battle that had preceded it, pales before this
+nineteen days’ struggle. Between 750,000 and 800,000 men
+were engaged, of which about 361,000 were Russian and at
+least 400,000 Japanese. When the nineteen days’ struggle
+began, both sides faced each other in the valley of the Sha
+River, the Russian lines stretching back upon tiers of defences,
+backed up with over 1,300 guns and forming south of Mukden
+a barrier which foreign experts pronounced impregnable.</p>
+
+<p class='c011'>From east to west the five Japanese armies were assigned
+under the following commanders—Kawamura, Kuroki, Nodzu,
+Oku, and Nogi. Field Marshal Oyama’s plan was for these
+five armies to form a crescent nearly one hundred miles in
+length, the cusps of which would gradually draw together, the
+western cusp being finally thrown forward so as to form a
+closed curve with the eastern. The plan thus outlined worked
+with perfect success. Kawamura, in the eastern sector, began
+the attack first on February 22, driving the Russians back
+toward Tita. For over a fortnight the fiercest sort of fighting
+continued in this part of the field, in the midst of zero
+weather and almost continuous snowstorms. It ended with
+the Russians driven across the Hun River and the right horn
+of the crescent having reached its final position opposite
+Mukden. Meanwhile, Kuroki broke through the formidable
+works which guarded the road to the Hun River from Pensihu,
+and arrived on March 5 in line with the general advance.
+Nodzu, to the left of Kuroki, drove the enemy from his last
+outworks south of the Sha River, and on March 6 paused to
+await the other turning attacks on east and west. Oku,
+between the Sha and Hun Rivers, rolled back the enemy’s line
+until its superior numbers and strong intrenchments near
+Patishu, about ten miles from Mukden, forced him to await
+the final turning movement of Nogi’s men on the extreme
+west. These men of Nogi’s were Port Arthur veterans, who
+looked upon this work as a mere picnic. On March 1
+they reached Sinmintung, thirty-three miles west of Mukden,
+where they wheeled to the right. They carried position
+after position, assisted Oku’s attacks against the enemy’s position
+southwest of Mukden, swinging eastward in an arch-shaped
+line with a front of fifteen miles.</p>
+
+<p class='c011'>The crisis of the fight had come. On March 7
+Kuropatkin gave the order to retreat. All along the hundred-mile
+line the Japanese closed in. The whole stupendous
+structure of the defence fell to pieces in an instant. The
+Russians poured northward almost in a rout, and on
+March 10 the Japanese occupied Mukden. The Russians
+had left more than 30,000 dead on the field, lost 50,000
+prisoners, and they had over 100,000 wounded. The total
+Japanese casualties, as reported by Oyama, were 50,000.</p>
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_244'>244</span>
+<img src='images/i_244.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>TYPICAL SCENE DURING THE RAINY-WEATHER CAMPAIGN ALONG THE HUN</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_244c.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>GETTING THE RANGE THROUGH THE HYPOSCOPE FROM 203-METER HILL</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<img src='images/i_244b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>CHINESE DIGGING GRAVES FOR RUSSIAN DEAD AT HIGH HILL</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+  <div class='nf-center'>
+    <div>VIEWS AT PORT ARTHUR AND WITH A RUSSIAN BATTERY ON THE HUN RIVER</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_245'>245</span>
+<img src='images/i_245.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>TENTH RUSSIAN DRAGOONS SCOUTING NEAR MUKDEN</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_245b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>ON THE MARCH ALONG THE ROAD NEAR MUKDEN</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_245c.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>CHUNCHUSE BANDITS RIDING THROUGH SINMINTUNG</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+  <div class='nf-center'>
+    <div>RUSSIAN CAVALRY AND NATIVE HORSEMEN IN THE NEIGHBORHOOD OF MUKDEN</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_246'>246</span>
+<img src='images/i_246.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>MUSTER OF ONE OF KUROKI’S DIVISIONS AFTER THE BATTLE OF MUKDEN</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c011'>All the battalions were full before the battle. There was not one that did not lose at least ten or fifteen per cent of its quota—as
+the gaps in the ranks show. Kuroki’s army during the closing-in movement on Mukden was between Nodzu’s and Kawamura’s,
+the latter being on the extreme right wing. This photograph was taken by Frederick Palmer, Collier’s special correspondent</p>
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_247'>247</span>
+<img src='images/i_247.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>RUSSIAN STEAMSHIP BEACHED IN THE HUN RIVER</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_247b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>RUSSIAN CENSOR, BARON HOVEN, IN A GERMAN CART</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<img src='images/i_247c.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>CHUNCHUSES LEAVING MUKDEN FOR SINMINTUNG</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_247d.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>RUSSIAN SCOUTS HALTING AT MONTOUR PASS, NEAR MUKDEN</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+  <div class='nf-center'>
+    <div>SCENES IN THE MUKDEN NEIGHBORHOOD BEFORE THE JAPANESE WERE NEAR</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_248'>248</span>
+<img src='images/i_248.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>WHERE SOME OF THE SHELLS BURST DURING THE ARTILLERY DUELS NEAR MUKDEN</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_249'>249</span>
+<img src='images/i_249.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>DESOLATION IN MUKDEN IN THE PATH OF THE JAPANESE ATTACK</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_250'>250</span>
+<img src='images/i_250.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>JAPANESE CELEBRATION OF THE MUKDEN VICTORY</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_250b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>VILLAGE HUTS AND STOCKADE BURNING NEAR MUKDEN</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_250c.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>THE MAIN STREET OF SINMINTUNG, NEAR MUKDEN</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+  <div class='nf-center'>
+    <div>SCENES IN THE VICINITY OF MUKDEN AFTER THE RETREAT OF THE RUSSIANS</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_251'>251</span>
+  <h2 class='c007'>CHAPTER XIV<br> <span class='c012'>THE END OF RUSSIA’S SEA POWER</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+<div class='nf-center c002'>
+    <div><span class='sc'>By CAPTAIN A. T. MAHAN, U. S. N., Retired</span></div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='drop-capa0_0_6 c013'>The Battle of the Japan Sea resulted from the wish
+of Russia to overthrow the naval control which has
+enabled the island Empire of Japan to sustain her land
+warfare upon the continent of Asia. Preliminary to this
+struggle, it was desirable that the fleet despatched for the
+purpose, under Admiral Rojestvensky, should reach Vladivostok.
+There it could refit after its long voyage, and there
+leave in security the train of supply ships which had been
+the necessary accompaniment of so distant an expedition.</p>
+
+<p class='c011'>After the junction of a second division under Admiral
+Nebogatoff, the whole Russian fleet moved northward,
+passing between the Philippine Islands and Formosa. Rojestvensky
+thus left open to doubt, and retained in his hands
+the decision, whether he would seek his port by the Straits of
+Korea, or, circumnavigating the main island of Japan, pass
+through the Straits of Tsugaru, opposite Vladivostok. It may
+be presumed he was as ignorant as the rest of the world just
+where Togo was; but he knew that, whether in the Straits
+of Korea or of Tsugaru, he would have to fight, if Togo chose,
+as he probably would. He decided to take the most direct
+and shortest route through the Korean Channel.</p>
+
+<p class='c011'>Toga awaited him there; at what particular point is immaterial,
+for the Straits are but sixty miles wide, which space
+is halved by the Island of Tsushima, whence the Straits have
+the alternate name—Tsushima. In such narrow waters,
+wherever the Japanese Admiral might be, he was certain, by
+an extensive scouting system, to receive notice timely enough
+to ensure intercepting his enemy. The notice came by wireless
+telegraphy early on Saturday, May 27, from cruisers off
+Quelpaert Island, 150 miles southwest of Tsushima; and as
+the Russian fleet, heading for Vladivostok, drew up with
+Tsushima, the Japanese battleships were seen rounding its
+northern point. As regards the position of the Russian ships, it
+seems certain, that, upon sighting the enemy, they formed in
+two columns of vessels. One contained the armored ships, a
+very heterogeneous assembly in size and qualities, composed
+of battleships of the first and second class, armored cruisers,
+and coast-defence ironclads. The second column was of
+lighter cruisers. This took the left hand, toward Tsushima,
+while the battleships were on the right, toward Japan. At
+the head of the battle column were three battleships; two
+of the first order of strength, 13,516 tons, the third of 10,000
+tons, between them.</p>
+
+<p class='c011'>Admiral Togo divided his principal force of fighting
+ships into two squadrons. One, of four battleships and
+two armored cruisers, he kept under his own immediate
+direction. The other, of six armored cruisers, which are
+battleships of superior swiftness, but somewhat lighter
+armor and armament, was intrusted to Admiral Kamimura.
+The first of these approached from the north of
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_252'>252</span>Tsushima; the second, and faster, followed a little later from
+round its southern end. The head of the Russian battle
+column received the weight of the Japanese fire, and the
+superior speed of the latter enabled them so to choose their
+positions as to keep their fire concentrated on these leading
+ships. Kamimura’s attack was on the rear, and after that the
+battle soon became general. There was also a third Japanese
+squadron, of vessels not belonging to the armored fleet.
+These alone had been shown by Togo, until the Russian was
+committed to the passage of the Straits. They are said now
+to have attacked the other side of the Russian column. In
+brief, while Togo threw the weight of his force upon the
+head of the enemy’s order, he provided that the remainder
+should be so occupied as not to render serious assistance.</p>
+
+<p class='c011'>There was a strong breeze from southwest with a heavy
+sea. This favored the Japanese, because of their longer experience
+and better training in the use of their guns when the
+ships were in violent motion. This disadvantage of the Russians
+was increased by the rolling of their vessels, exposing the
+underwater body, giving the Japanese a target more easily
+pierced, and the holes from which are more dangerous.
+Through the five hours of daylight the contest was purely one
+of gunnery under the conditions named: concentration upon
+the head of the Russian columns, and heavy sea. The result
+was twofold. The head of the column, beaten down by
+superior gunfire, was disordered; and individual ships, pierced
+below water, filled and sank. As described, the Japanese,
+keeping ahead of their enemy, forced them to change direction;
+but this by no means need follow, were the Russians
+holding their own in the gunnery contest. Had they given
+as good as they got, there was no reason why they should forsake
+their course. The disorder, thus occasioned in the front,
+was transmitted to the ships which followed; and there
+ensued the confusion which is the sure precursor of defeat.</p>
+
+<p class='c011'>Upon this scene night fell. Of the Russians, three battleships
+and two others had already been sunk. Then came
+the time and opportunity for the torpedo vessels; darkness,
+and an enemy both crippled and broken. By a singular
+coincidence, the wind which in its strength favored the Japanese
+gunners—an advantage which they had earned and deserved—now
+fell somewhat; and with it fell the sea, rendering easier
+the work of the torpedo craft. This is one of the chances of
+war. Of the scenes of that night we as yet have little description,
+and from the fearful loss of life we possibly may never
+know enough justly to estimate the difficulties of the defence
+of the routed ships, or the degree of resistance experienced by
+the assailants. From Japanese sources we have heard that,
+under all the disadvantages of the Russians, some attacks were
+successfully repelled; and three torpedo destroyers were sunk.
+That pursuit continued to the Liancourt Rocks, 200 miles
+from the scene of the battle, indicates that, had not superior
+gunnery already won a decisive victory, the torpedo alone
+would scarcely so have reduced the Russian fleet as to leave
+the Japanese the secure mastery they now possess of the
+waters which constitute their vital line of communications.</p>
+
+<p class='c011'>The captured ships were the battleships “Orel” and
+“Emperor Nicholas I,” the coast-defence vessels “General
+Admiral Apraxine” and “Admiral Seniavin,” and the
+destroyer “Bedovy.” Six battleships, five cruisers, one coast-defence
+ship, three destroyers, and a repair ship were sunk.</p>
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_253'>253</span>
+<img src='images/i_253.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>THE SECOND SQUADRON OF THE BALTIC FLEET JUST BEFORE IT SAILED FROM KRONSTADT</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<img src='images/i_253b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>THE LITTLE ARMORED GUNBOAT “KHRABRY”<br>  <br>  Built in 1890; of 1492 tons, has one 9-inch, one 6-inch, eight Q. F. guns, and two torpedo tubes</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_253c.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>THE FAST ARMORED CRUISER “SVIETLANA”<br>  <br>  Built in 1896; has six 5.9 Q. F. Canets, ten 1.8-inch guns, four torpedo tubes, and a speed of 20.2 knots</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+  <div class='nf-center'>
+    <div>FIGHTING SHIPS OF VARIOUS CLASSES IN RUSSIA’S BALTIC FLEET</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_254'>254</span>
+<img src='images/i_254.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>THE BATTLESHIP “EMPEROR ALEXANDER II”<br>  <br>  An old boat, built in 1887; armed with two 12-inch, four 9-inch, eight 6-inch, twenty-four smaller guns, and five torpedo tubes</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_254b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>THE BATTLESHIP “SISSOI VELIKY”<br>  <br>  Built in 1894; of 8,800 tons, has four 12-inch, six 6-inch Q. F., eighteen smaller Q. F., and six torpedo tubes</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<img src='images/i_254c.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>THE POWERFUL BATTLESHIP “OSLABYA”<br>  <br>  Built in 1898; of 12,674 tons, has four 10-inch, eleven 6-inch Q. F., sixteen 3-inch, twenty-seven smaller guns, and six torpedo tubes</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_254d.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>THE FIRST-CLASS BATTLESHIP “BORODINO”<br>  <br>  Built in 1901; of 13,400 tons, has four 12-inch, twelve 6-inch Q. F., twenty 3-inch, many smaller guns, and six torpedo tubes</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+  <div class='nf-center'>
+    <div>FORMIDABLE FIGHTING SHIPS OF RUSSIA’S BALTIC FLEET</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_255'>255</span>
+<img src='images/i_255.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>THE FIRST-CLASS BATTLESHIP “OREL”<br>  <br>  Built in 1903; of 13,400 tons, has four 12-inch, twelve 6-inch Q. F., twenty 3-inch Q. F., and many smaller guns, and six torpedo tubes</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_255b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>THE BATTLESHIP “NAVARIN”<br>  <br>  Built in 1891; of 10,000 tons, has four 12-inch, eight 6-inch, and twenty-two smaller rapid fire guns, and six torpedo tubes</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id005'>
+<img src='images/i_255c.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>FIRST-CLASS BATTLESHIP “ALEXANDER III”<br>  <br>  Built in 1901; of 13,600 tons, has four 12-inch, twelve 6-inch Q. F., and forty six smaller guns. The speed is 18 knots</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/i_255d.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>THE COAST BATTLESHIP “GENERAL ADMIRAL APRAXIN”<br>  <br>  Battleship of the fifth class, built in 1893; of 4,126 tons, has three 10-inch, four 4.7-inch, and thirty-six small quick-fire guns</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+  <div class='nf-center'>
+    <div>FOUR OF THE BATTLESHIPS OF RUSSIA’S BALTIC FLEET</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='page'>
+
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_256'>256</span>
+<a href='images/i_256_hr.jpg'><img src='images/i_256.jpg' alt='1. Leaving Tokio, February, 1904 2. Passing through Kobe, March 3. Landing at Chemulpo, March 4. Landing At Chenampo, April 5. Entering Ping-Yang, April 6. Battle of Wiju, May 7. Pontoons on the Yalu, May 8. Crossing the Yalu, May 9. Feng-Wang-Cheng, June 10. Fengshuiling, June 11. Motienling, July 12. At Anping in August 13. Towan battleground, August 14. Liao-Yang, September 15. Port Arthur in November 16. Mukden captured, March, 1905' class='ig001'></a>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>THE BATTLEGROUND OF THE WAR AND THE VICTORIOUS PROGRESS OF THE JAPANESE</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='pbb'>
+ <hr class='pb c003'>
+</div>
+<div class='tnotes x-ebookmaker'>
+
+<div class='chapter ph2'>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+<div class='nf-center c014'>
+    <div>TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+ <ul class='ul_1 c002'>
+    <li>Typos fixed; non-standard spelling and dialect retained.
+    </li>
+  </ul>
+
+</div>
+
+<div style='text-align:center'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 76109 ***</div>
+  </body>
+  <!-- created with ppgen.py 3.57e (with regex) on 2025-04-26 19:10:30 GMT -->
+</html>
+
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diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt
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+This book, including all associated images, markup, improvements,
+metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be
+in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES.
+
+Procedures for determining public domain status are described in
+the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org.
+
+No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in
+jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize
+this book outside of the United States should confirm copyright
+status under the laws that apply to them.
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+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+book #76109 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/76109)