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+The Project Gutenberg eBook, The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and
+Instruction, Vol. 10, Issue 269, August 18, 1827, by Various
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+
+
+Title: The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction, Vol. 10,
+Issue 269, August 18, 1827
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: October 13, 2003  [eBook #10074]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: US-ASCII
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE,
+AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION, VOL. 10, ISSUE 269, AUGUST 18, 1827***
+
+
+E-text prepared by Jonathan Ingram and Project Gutenberg Distributed
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+
+
+
+
+THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION.
+
+VOL. 10, No. 269.] SATURDAY, AUGUST 18, 1827. [PRICE 2d.
+
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+
+DUKE OF DEVONSHIRE'S VILLA, CHISWICK.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+The lamented death of the Right Hon. George Canning has naturally
+excited the curiosity of our readers to the villa in which that eminent
+statesman breathed his last; and we have therefore obtained from our
+artist an original drawing, which has been taken since the melancholy
+event occurred, and from which we are now enabled to give the above
+correct and picturesque engraving.
+
+Chiswick House is the seat of the Duke of Devonshire, built by the last
+Earl of Burlington, whose taste and skill as an architect have been
+frequently recorded. The ascent to the house is by a noble double flight
+of steps, on one side of which is a statue of Palladio, and on the other
+that of Inigo Jones. The portico is supported by six fluter Corinthian
+pillars, with a pediment; and a dome at the top enlightens a beautiful
+octagonal saloon. "This house," says Mr. Walpole, "the idea of which is
+borrowed from a well-known villa of Palladio, and is a model of taste,
+though not without faults, some of which are occasioned by too strict
+adherence to rules and symmetry. Such are too many corresponding doors
+in spaces so contracted; chimneys between windows, and, which is worse,
+windows between chimneys; and vestibules however beautiful, yet little
+secured from the damps of this climate. The trusses that support the
+ceiling of the corner drawing-room are beyond measure massive, and the
+ground apartment is rather a diminutive catacomb than a library in a
+northern latitude. Yet these blemishes, and Lord Hervey's wit, who said
+'the house was too small to inhabit, and too large to hang to one's
+watch,' cannot depreciate the taste that reigns throughout the whole.
+The larger court, dignified by picturesque cedars, and the classic
+scenery of the small court, that unites the old and new house, are more
+worth seeing than many fragments of ancient grandeur which our
+travellers visit under all the dangers attendant on long voyages. The
+garden is in the Italian taste, but divested of conceits, and far
+preferable to every style that reigned till our late improvements. The
+buildings are heavy, and not equal to the purity of the house. The
+lavish quantity of urns and sculpture behind the garden front should be
+retrenched." Such were the sentiments of Mr. Walpole on this celebrated
+villa, before the noble proprietor began the capital improvements which
+have since been completed. Two wings have been added to the house, from
+the designs of Mr. Wyattville. These remove the objections that have
+been made to the house, are more fanciful and beautiful than convenient
+and habitable; the gardens have also been considerably improved, and now
+display all the beauties of modern planting.
+
+It is a remarkable coincidence that at this secluded and beautiful villa
+Charles James Fox terminated his glorious career, in the same month, and
+having arrived at the same age (fifty-seven) as Mr. Canning.
+
+As many of our readers may be induced to visit this quiet and
+picturesque spot, we would recommend them to pass down the private
+carriage-way which leads from Turnham-green to the porter's lodge, and
+having reached the door that opens to a rural lane which runs in front
+of the villa, to turn into the field, the gate of which is situated near
+a small bridge, and from thence a delightful view may be obtained of
+this celebrated villa. It was on this spot the above view was sketched.
+In returning through the lane which we have just alluded to, the first
+turning on the right conducts to the church, which interestingly-ancient
+edifice demands a remark in this place.
+
+Chiswick church is situated near the water side. The present structure
+originally consisted only of a nave and chancel, and was built about the
+beginning of the fifteenth century, at which time the tower was erected
+at the charge of William Bordal, vicar of Chiswick, who died in 1435. It
+is built of stone and flint, as is the north wall of the church and
+chancel; the latter has been repaired with brick: a transverse aisle, at
+the east end of the nave, was added on the south side in the middle of
+the last, and a corresponding aisle on the south side, towards the
+beginning of the last century. The former was enlarged in the year 1772,
+by subscription, and carried on to the west end of the nave: both the
+aisles are of brick.
+
+In the churchyard is a monument to the memory of William Hogarth. On
+this monument, which is ornamented with a mask, a laurel wreath, a
+palette, pencils, and a book, inscribed, "Analysis of Beauty," are the
+following lines, by his friend and contemporary, the late David
+Garrick:--
+
+    "Farewell, great painter of mankind,
+      Who reached the noblest point of art,
+    Whose pictur'd morals charm the mind,
+      And through the eye correct the heart!
+    If genius fire thee, reader, stay;
+      If nature move thee, drop a tear;
+    If neither touch thee, turn away,
+      For Hogarth's honour'd dust lies here."
+
+Near this is the tomb of Dr. Rose, many years distinguished as a critic
+in a respectable periodical publication.
+
+In the church, in the Earl of Burlington's vault, is interred the
+celebrated Kent, a painter, architect, and father of modern gardening.
+"In the first character," says Mr. Walpole, "he was below mediocrity; in
+the second, he was the restorer of the science; in the last, an
+original, and the inventor of an art that realizes painting and improves
+nature. Mahomet imagined an Elysium, but Kent created many." He
+frequently declared, it is said, that he caught his taste in gardening
+from reading the picturesque descriptions of Spencer. Mason, noticing
+his mediocrity as a painter, pays this fine tribute to his excellence in
+the decoration of rural scenery:--
+
+    ----"He felt
+    The pencil's power--but fir'd by higher forms
+    Of beauty than that pencil knew to paint,
+    Work'd with the living hues that Nature lent,
+    And realiz'd his landscapes. Generous be,
+    Who gave to Painting what the wayward nymph
+    Refus'd her votary; those Elysian scenes,
+    Which would she emulate, her nicest hand
+    Must all its force of light and shade employ."
+
+On the outside of the wall of the churchyard, on a stone tablet, is the
+following curious inscription:--"This wall was made at ye charges of ye
+right honourable and trulie pious Lorde Francis Russel, Duke of Bedford,
+out of true zeal and care for ye keeping of this churchyard, and ye
+wardrobe of God's saints, whose bodies lay therein buried, from
+violating by swine and other profanation, so witnessed! William Walker,
+V., A.D. 1623."
+
+We cannot better conclude our description than with a sketch from Sir
+Richard Phillips's "Morning's Walk to Kew." He was walking on the
+opposite banks of the river, when on a sudden he caught the sound of a
+ring of village bells. "Surely," he exclaimed, "they are Chiswick
+bells!--the very bells under the sound of which I received part of my
+early education, and, as a schoolboy, passed the happiest days of my
+life!--Well might their tones vibrate to my inmost soul, and kindle
+uncommon sympathies!" I now recollected that the winding of the river
+must have brought me nearer to that simple and primitive village than
+the profusion of wood had permitted me to perceive, and my memory had
+been unconsciously acted upon by the tones which served as keys to all
+the associations connected with these bells, their church and the
+village of Chiswick! I listened again, and now discriminated those
+identical sounds which I had not heard during a period of more than
+thirty years. I distinguished the very words in the successive tones,
+which the school-boys and puerile imaginations at Chiswick used to
+combine with them. In thought, I became again a schoolboy--"Yes," said
+I, "the six bells tell me that _my dun cow has just calv'd_, exactly as
+they did above thirty years since!"--Did the reader never encounter a
+similar key-note, leading to a multitude of early and vivid
+recollections? Those well-remembered tones, in like manner, brought
+before my imagination numberless incidents and personages no longer
+important, or no longer in existence. My scattered and once-loved
+schoolmates, their characters and their various fortunes, passed in
+rapid review before me; my schoolmaster, his wife, and all the gentry,
+and heads of families, whose orderly attendance at divine service on
+Sundays, while those well-remembered bells were "chiming for church,"
+(but now gone and mouldering in the adjoining graves,) were again
+presented to my perceptions! With what pomp and form they used to enter
+and depart from their house of God! I still saw with the mind's eye the
+widow Hogarth, and her maiden relative, Richardson, walking up the aisle
+dressed in their silken sacks, their raised head-dresses, their black
+hoods, their lace ruffles, and their high-crook'd canes, preceded by
+their aged servant, Samuel; who, after he had wheeled his mistress to
+church in her Bath-chair, carried the prayer-books up the aisle, and
+opened and shut the pew! There too was the portly Dr. Griffiths, of the
+_Monthly Review_, with his literary wife in her neat and elevated
+wire-winged cap! And oftimes the vivacious and angelic Duchess of
+Devonshire, whose bloom had not then suffered from the canker-worm of
+pecuniary distress, created by the luxury of charity! Nor could I forget
+the humble distinction of the aged sexton, Mortefee, whose skill in
+psalmody enabled him to lead that wretched group of singers, whom
+Hogarth so happily portrayed; whose performance with the pitch-fork
+excited so much wonder in little boys; and whose gesticulations and
+contortions of head, hand, and body, in beating time, were not outdone
+even by Joah Bates in the commemorations of Handel! Yes, simple and
+happy villagers! I remember scores of you;--how fortunately ye had, and
+still have, escaped the contagion of the metropolitan vices, though
+distant but five miles; and how many of you have I conversed with, who,
+at an adult age, had never beheld the degrading assemblage of its
+knaveries and miseries!
+
+I revelled in the melancholy pleasure of these recollections, yielding
+my whole soul to that witchery of sensibility which magnifies the
+perception of being, till one of the bells was overset, when, the peal
+stopping, I had leisure to think on the rapid advance of the day, and on
+the consequent necessity of quickening my speed.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+THE SKETCH-BOOK.
+
+NO. XLIV.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE BLUE BOTTLE
+
+    "A _fly_ your honour."--_Brighton Cliff_
+
+
+Talk of musquitoes!--a musquito is a gentleman who honourably runs you
+through with a small sword, and from whom (as from a mad dog) we may
+easily seek a defence in--_muslin_.
+
+But your rory-tory, hurly-burly blue-bottle, is no better than a bully.
+His head is a _humming-top_, and his tight blue little body like a
+tomahawk, cased in glittering steel, which he takes a delight in
+whirling against your head. I really believe, that to confine a nervous
+man in a room with one of these winged tormentors, on a July day, would
+inevitably destroy him in less than an hour.
+
+He rudely and unceremoniously bumps away all sober reflection,--(I
+wonder whether the phrenological Spurzheim ever felt the _bumps_ of a
+blue-bottle!) then his whimsical vagaries effectually defy repose; now
+settling with his tickling bandy legs upon your nose, and industriously
+insinuating his sharp proboscis, and anon abruptly buzzing in your
+ear--no secret--off he shoots again to his own music.
+
+Now, truly, his _hum-drum_ puts me in mind of the whirring tone of the
+hurdy-gurdy, while his _ad libitum_ bumping against the booming
+window-panes sounds, to my fancy, like the unskilful accompaniment of a
+double drum, beaten by some unmusical urchin.
+
+The house spider who spreads with so much care his beautiful nets for
+gnats, and moths, and smaller flies, finds alike his labour and his
+toils in vain to secure this rampaging rogue; and, indeed, when the
+turbulent blue-bottle chances, in his bouncing random flight, to get
+entangled in the glutinous meshes, he shakes and roars, and blusters so
+loudly, until he breaks away, that the spider affrighted, invariably
+takes advantage of his long legs to scamper off to his sanctum in the
+cracked wainscot--like some imbecile watchman, who fearing to encounter
+a tall inebriated bruiser, sneaks away with admirable discretion to the
+security of his snug box, praying the drunkard may speedily reel into
+another _beat_.
+
+Your noisy people generally grow taciturn in their cups--but Sir
+Blue-bottle, though he drinks deep draughts of your wine, particularly
+if it abound in sweetness, is never changed. He is naturally giddy, and
+according to entomologists, always sees more than double, while his head
+was never made to be turned. So may you hope for peace--only in his
+flight or death!--_Absurdities: in Prose and Verse_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+LAW AND LAWYERS.
+
+(_For the Mirror._)
+
+
+William the Conqueror entertained the difficult project of totally
+abolishing the English language, and for that purpose, he ordered that
+in all schools throughout the kingdom, the youth should be instructed in
+the French tongue. Until the reign of Edward III. the pleadings in the
+supreme courts of judicature were performed in French, when it was
+appointed that the pleas should be pleaded in English; but that they
+should be entered or recorded in Latin. The deeds were drawn in the same
+language; the laws were composed in that idiom, and no other tongue was
+used at court. It became, says Hume, the language of all fashionable
+company; and the English themselves ashamed of their own country,
+affected to excel in that foreign dialect. At Athens, and even in France
+and England, formal and prepared pleadings were prohibited, and it was
+unlawful to amuse the court with long, artful harangues; only it was the
+settled custom here, in important matters, to begin the pleadings with a
+text out of the holy scriptures. It is of late years that eloquence was
+admitted to the bar.
+
+The account which the learned judge Hale gives of the lawyers, who
+pleaded in the 15th century, does them little honour. He condemns the
+reports during the reigns of Henry IV. and V. as inferior to those of
+the last twelve years of Edward III. and he speaks but coolly of those
+which the reign of Henry VI. produces. Yet this deficiency of
+progressive improvement in the common law arose not from a want of
+application to the science; since we learn from Fortescue that there
+were no fewer than two thousand students attending on the inns of
+chancery and of court, in the time of its writer. Gray's-inn, in the
+time of Henry VIII. was so incommodious, that "the ancients of this
+house were necessitated to lodge double." Indeed until the beginning of
+the last century the lawyers lived mostly in their inns of court, or
+about Westminster-hall. But a great change has been effected; they are
+all now removed to higher ground, squares and genteel neighbourhoods, no
+matter how far distant from their chambers.
+
+The number of judges in the courts of Westminster was by no means
+certain. Under Henry VI. there were at one time eight judges in the
+court of common pleas. Each judge took a solemn oath that "he would take
+no fee, pension, gift, reward, or bribe, from any suitor, saving meat
+and drink, which should be of no great value." In 1402, the salary of
+the chief justice of the king's bench was forty pounds per annum. In
+1408, the chief justice of the common pleas had fifty-five marks per
+annum. In 1549, the chief justice of the king's bench had an addition of
+thirty pounds to his salary, and each justice of the same bench and
+common pleas, twenty pounds. At this time, a felony under the value of
+twelve pence, was not a capital offence; and twelve pence then was equal
+to sixty shillings at the present day.
+
+To Richard III. on whom history has cast innumerable stains, England has
+considerable obligations as a legislator. Barrington thus speaks of him:
+"Not to mention his causing each act of parliament to be written in
+English and to be printed, he was the first prince on the English throne
+who enabled the justices of the peace to take bail; and he caused to be
+enacted a law against raising money by 'benevolence' which when pleaded
+by the citizens of London against Cardinal Wolsey, could only be
+answered by an averment, that Richard being a usurper and a murderer of
+his nephews, the laws of so wicked a man ought not to be forced." And a
+noble biographer, (Bacon's Henry VII.) says, "He was a good lawgiver for
+the ease and solace of the common people." Cardinal Wolsey to terrify
+the citizens of London into the general loan exacted in 1525, told them
+plainly, _that it were better that some should suffer indigence than
+that the king at this time should lack, and therefore beware and
+resist not, nor ruffle not in the case, for it may fortune to cost some
+people their heads_. And says Hume, when Henry VIII. heard that the
+commons made a great difficulty of granting the required supply, he was
+so provoked that he sent for Edward Montague, one of the members who had
+a considerable influence on the house; and he being introduced to his
+majesty, had the mortification to hear him speak in these words: _Ho!
+man! will they not suffer my bill to pass?_ And laying his hand on
+Montague's head, who was then on his knees before him, _get my bill
+passed by to-morrow, or else to-morrow this head of yours shall be off_.
+This cavalier manner of Henry's succeeded; for next day the bill passed.
+Another instance of arbitrary power is worth relating. In Strype's life
+of Stow we find, a garden house belonging to an honest citizen of
+London, (which chanced to obstruct the improvement of a powerful
+favourite. Thomas Cromwell,) "loosed from the foundation, borne on
+rollers, and replaced two and twenty feet within the garden," without
+the owner's leave being required; nay without his knowledge. The persons
+employed, being asked their authority for this extraordinary proceeding,
+made only this reply, "That Sir Thomas Cromwell had commanded them to do
+it," _and none durst argue the matter_. The father of the antiquary,
+Stow, (for it was he that was thus trampled upon,) "was fain to continue
+to pay his old rent, without any abatement, for his garden; though half
+of it was in this manner taken away."
+
+
+TRIAL AND EXECUTION.
+
+
+In days of yore, (says Aubrey) lords and gentlemen lived in the country
+like petty kings, had _jura regalia_ belonging to the seignories, had
+castles and boroughs, had gallows within their liberties, where they
+would try, condemn, and execute; never went to London but in parliament
+time, or once a year to do _homage_ to the king. Justice was
+administered with great expedition, and too often with vindictive
+severity. Pennant informs us that "originally the time of trial and
+execution was to be within three suns!" About the latter end of the
+seventeenth century the period was extended to _nine_ days after
+sentence; but since a rapid and unjust execution in a petty Scottish
+town, 1720, the execution has been ordered to be deferred for forty days
+on the south, and sixty on the north side of the Tay, that time may be
+allowed for an application to the king for mercy. Stealing was first
+capital in the reign of Henry I. False coining, which was then a very
+common crime, was severely punished. Near fifty criminals of this kind
+were at _one time_ hanged or mutilated. Laws were passed in Henry
+VIIth's reign ordaining the king's suit for murder to be carried on
+within a year and a day. Formerly it did not usually commence till
+after, and as the friends of the person murdered often in the interval
+compounded matters with the criminal, the crime frequently passed
+unpunished. In 1503, an act was passed prohibiting the king from
+pardoning those convicted of wilful and premeditated murder; but this
+appears to have been done at the monarch's own request, and was liable
+to be rescinded at pleasure. In Henry the Eighth's reign, Harrison
+asserts that 73,000 criminals were executed for theft and robbery, which
+was nearly 2,000 a year. He adds, that in Elizabeth's reign, there were
+_only_ between three and four hundred a year hanged for theft and
+robbery. It is said that the earliest law enacted in any country for the
+promotion of anatomical knowledge, was passed in 1540. It allowed the
+united companies of _Barbers_ and _Surgeons_ to have yearly the bodies
+of four criminals for dissection. In the year 1749, were executed at
+Tyburn, Usher Gahagan, Terence O'Connor, and Joseph Mapham, for filing
+gold money. Gahagan and Connor were papists of considerable families in
+Ireland; the former was a very good Latin scholar, and editor of
+Brindley's edition of the Classics; he translated _Pope's Essay on
+Criticism_, in Latin verse, and after his confinement, the _Temple of
+Fame_, and the _Messiah_, which he dedicated to the Duke of Newcastle,
+in hopes of a pardon; he also wrote verses in English to prince George
+(George III.) and to Mr. Adams, the recorder, which are published in the
+ordinary's account, together with a poetical address to the Duchess of
+Queensbury, by Connor. In 1752, it was enacted that every criminal
+convicted of wilful murder should be executed on the day next but one
+after sentence was passed, unless that happens to be on a Sunday: and in
+that case, they are to be executed on the Monday following. The judge
+may direct the body to be hung in chains, or to be delivered to the
+surgeons in order to its being dissected and anatomized; but in no case
+whatsoever is it to be buried till after it is dissected. The first
+punishment of hanging, drawing, and quartering, occurred in the year
+1241. The form of our gallows was adopted by the Roman Furca, when
+Constantine abolished crucifixion. In France it had either a single,
+double, or treble frame, denoting the rank of the territorial seigneur,
+whether gentleman, knight, or baron. The ancient gallows near London,
+had hooks for eviscerating, quartering, &c. the bodies of criminals. In
+the 15th century, the top, like the beam of a pair of scales, was made
+to move up and down; at one end hung a halter, at the other a large
+weight, the halter was drawn down, and being put round the criminal's
+neck, the weight at the other end lifted him from the ground.
+
+F.R.Y.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+MY COMMON-PLACE BOOK,
+
+NO. XIX.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+NOVEL WRITERS AND NOVEL READERS.
+
+
+Auto-biography of men, who held no distinguished rank in the political
+world, is often very pleasant reading; especially where the writer has a
+strong tincture of vanity, and is obviously blind to his own character;
+for, if he does not know it himself, he is sure to let his readers know
+it; if he does not see the dark spots, he will not endeavour to conceal
+them; and, if he thinks them bright ones, he will blazon them. But
+novel-writing, when well done, is, after all, the best species of
+writing; for, if what all the world says, is true; what all the world
+reads, must be good. A novel writer, of any talents, will draw his
+portraits from the life--will catch at every striking feature, and
+generally paint man as he is; and there is this difference between
+actual histories and works of imagination, that the former are for the
+most part true in letter, but false in spirit; and the latter, false in
+letter, and true in spirit; the one is correct in names, dates, and
+places, but out of truth in everything else: the other is not correct in
+names, dates, and places, but perfectly true in every other point.
+
+The worst part of a novel is the hero or heroine: these are too
+frequently fabrications from the author's fancy, instead of portraits
+from nature; or, if taken from life, they are tortured into a perfection
+that life never knew. This is too much the case with "Thaddeus of
+Warsaw," and ten thousand others. Ladies are not good hands in painting
+heroes, nor gentlemen always equal to the portraying of heroines. The
+author of _Werter_ knew that, and therefore he did not disfigure his
+wicked and interesting work with an artificial Charlotte: he leaves her
+to the reader's own fancy, who has nothing to do but to fancy himself
+Werter, and his own imagination will paint Charlotte.
+
+When the hero is made the vehicle of one moral lesson, as Vivian, in
+Miss Edgeworth's "Tales of Fashionable Life," then there is no need of
+artificial ornament; and when there is no intention of presenting an
+unmixed character of evil, nothing remains but to draw from life, and
+the work is perfect. One of Miss Edgeworth's failings is of great
+service to her, in this kind of painting: she wants what some persons
+call feeling, that is to say, she does not believe in the omnipotence of
+love, and therefore would never have written such a book as the "Sorrows
+of Werter;" and if she had possessed the same materials, she would have
+produced a very different work--not so full of genius, perhaps, but an
+interesting and instructive tale.
+
+Novels are productions more easily criticised than any others: every one
+may judge for himself of the truth or probability of the events, and the
+accuracy of the features of character. It is impossible almost to
+deceive a reader--to palm upon him fiction for truth; for the truth is
+felt, if it be there, and the falsehood is palpable and revolting. There
+is also an extensive light of information in them. They do not merely
+give one scene, or character, or class of characters; but their
+principles are generally applicable to a very wide extent--they exercise
+the mind to a habit of observation, and so far from giving false views
+of life, they more frequently direct us to its true estimate. To be
+sure, there is sometimes a degree of improbability in some of the
+incidents, which is mostly forgiven, if the whole mass be, in the main,
+true and accurate. There are certain standard incidents, which are
+common property--such as the discovery of relationships--the change of
+children--and liberal aunts, who make nothing of presenting a young
+married couple with twenty or thirty thousand pounds on their wedding
+day; but, if any young lady or gentleman is silly enough to marry,
+without the means of support, because they have read such things in
+novels, and have also read of rich uncles all of a sudden returning from
+the East or West Indies, to shower gold and pearls on all their
+relations, all that must be said for them is, that they have not
+sufficient sense to read "Aesop's Fables," and they might as easily be
+misled into the imagination that brutes could talk. It is a very weak
+charge against novels, that they present false views of life; for, when
+they do, none but silly people read them; and they are just as wise
+after, as they were before.
+
+If there be any evil in novels at all, it is when they take people from
+their business--when they occupy a mother's time to the neglect of her
+children--when they lead idle boys to neglect their lessons, and when
+they lead idle gentlefolks to fancy themselves employed, when they are
+only killing time. W.P.S.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+CARRIER PIGEONS.
+
+(_For the Mirror._)
+
+
+It appears by the Dutch papers that pigeons are now used to forward
+correspondence between different countries in Europe, and one was lately
+found resting on a house in Rotterdam. The carrier pigeon has its name
+from its remarkable sagacity in returning to the place where it was
+bred; and Lightow assures us, that one of these birds would carry a
+letter from Babylon to Aleppo, which is thirty days' journey, in
+forty-eight hours. This pigeon was employed in former times by the
+English factory to convey intelligence from Scanderoon of the arrival of
+company's ships in that port, the name of the ship, the hour of her
+arrival, and whatever else could be comprised in a small compass, being
+written on a slip of paper, which was secured in such a manner under the
+pigeon's wing as not to impede its flight; and her feet were bathed in
+vinegar, with a view to keep them cool, and prevent her being tempted by
+the sight of water to alight, by which the journey might have been
+prolonged, or the billet lost. The pigeons performed this journey in two
+hours and a half. The messenger had a young brood at Aleppo, and was
+sent down in an uncovered cage to Scanderoon, from whence, as soon as
+set at liberty, she returned with all possible expedition to her nest.
+It is said that the pigeons when let fly from Scanderoon, instead of
+bending their course towards the high mountains surrounding the plain,
+mounted at once directly up, soaring still almost perpendicularly till
+out of sight, as if to surmount at once the obstacles intercepting their
+view of the place of their destination. Maillet, in his "Description de
+l'Egypt," tells us of a pigeon despatched from Aleppo to Scanderoon,
+which, mistaking its way, was absent for three days, and in that time
+had made an excursion to the island of Ceylon; a circumstance then
+deduced from finding green cloves in the bird's stomach, and credited at
+Aleppo. In the time of the holy wars, certain Saracen ambassadors who
+came to Godfrey of Antioch from a neighbouring prince, sent intelligence
+to their master of the success of their embassy, by means of pigeons,
+fixing the billet to the bird's tail. Hirtius and Brutus, at the siege
+of Modena, held a correspondence with one another by means of pigeons.
+Ovid informs us that Taurosthenus, by a pigeon stained with purple, gave
+notice to his father of his victory at the Olympic games, sending it to
+him at AEgina; and Anacreon tells us, that he conveyed a _billet-doux_ to
+his beautiful Bathyllid, by a dove. Thus, says Bewick, "the bird is let
+loose, and in spite of surrounding armies and every obstacle that would
+have effectually prevented any other means of conveyance, guided by
+instinct alone, it returns directly home, where the intelligence is so
+much wanted. Sometimes they have been the peaceful bearers of glad
+tidings to the anxious lover, and to the merchant of the no less welcome
+news of the safe arrival of his vessel at the desired port."
+
+In this _flighty_ and _pigeoning age_, I would recommend a
+_pigeon-carrier-company_, whose shares might be _elevated_ to any
+_height_.
+
+P. T. W.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+MISCELLANIES.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+NAMES OF SHEEP.
+
+
+A ram or wether lamb, after being weaned, is called a hog, or hoggitt,
+tag, or pug, throughout the first year, or until it renew two teeth; the
+ewe, a ewe-lamb, ewe-tag, or pug. In the second year the wether takes
+the name of shear-hog, and has his first two renewed or broad teeth, or
+he is called a two-toothed tag or pug; the ewe is called a thaive, or
+two-toothed ewe tag, or pug. In the third year, a shear hog or
+four-toothed wether, a four-toothed ewe or thaive. The fourth year, a
+six-toothed wether or ewe. The fifth year, having eight broad teeth,
+they are said to be full-mouthed sheep. Their age also, particularly of
+the rams, is reckoned by the number of times they have been shorn, the
+first shearing taking place in the second year; a shearing, or
+one-shear, two-shear, &c. The term _pug_ is, I believe, nearly become
+obsolete. In the north and in Scotland, ewe hogs are called _dimonts_,
+and in the west of England ram lambs are called _pur lambs_.
+
+The ancient term _tup_, for a ram, is in full use. Crone still signifies
+an old ewe. Of _crock_, I know nothing of the etymology, and little more
+of the signification, only that the London butchers of the old school,
+and some few of the present, call Wiltshire sheep horned _crocks_. I
+believe crock mutton is a term of inferiority.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Conceit and confidence are both of them cheats; the first always imposes
+on itself, the second frequently deceives others too.--_Zimmerman_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+ANCIENT POWDER FLASK.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+(_To the Editor of the Mirror._)
+
+
+SIR,--The enclosed curious drawing of an ancient powder "_flaske_," both
+in form and ornament, may not be uninteresting to the readers of your
+valuable MIRROR at the approaching sporting season.
+
+Gunpowder, when first invented, was carried in the horns of animals, for
+safety and convenience; though some time afterwards placed in flat
+leather cases or bottles, invented by the Germans, and called
+"_flaskes_." A remarkably curious one of this description, evidently of
+the time of Queen Elizabeth, is here represented, and is formed of
+ivory, somewhat in the shape of a stag's horn; the ornaments on it are
+carved in a good bold style, and represent an armed figure on horseback
+in full chase. The "flaske" is tipped at the end with silver, and
+measures about eight inches in length.
+
+I remain, yours,
+
+* *
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+SPIRIT OF THE PUBLIC JOURNALS
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+CHARACTER OF THE SEPOYS.
+
+
+Our countrymen at home are frequently perplexed by the apparent
+contradictions of a traveller from the East, when describing the
+characters and manners of the inhabitants of Hindostan. If, for
+instance, he alludes to our gallant sepoys, he pours forth unmeasured
+praise, and appears altogether charmed with their docility, courage,
+honour, and fidelity. On the other hand, his opinion of the natives in
+the aggregate is often as exactly the reverse as it is possible to
+imagine. They are described, perhaps, in the strongest terms, as at once
+servile, cowardly, treacherous, and ungrateful. The fact is, that our
+troops are all from the northern provinces of India, the natives of
+which are a brave and generous race, who hold the profession of arms in
+the highest estimation. The _Bengallees_ on the contrary, (with the most
+universal and shameless indifference to truth,) are mean, effeminate,
+and avaricious. They are chiefly composed of merchants, copying clerks,
+mechanics, and domestic servants, and are invariably refused admittance
+into the company's army. These people are vastly inferior to the natives
+of the upper provinces in mental and corporeal energy, though more
+polished in their manners, and more easily initiated into the arts and
+mysteries of civilized life. I will illustrate the nice sense of honour
+which distinguishes the native soldier by the following anecdote.
+
+A sepoy of the Bengal native infantry was accused by one of his comrades
+of having stolen a rupee and a pair of trousers. The sergeant-major
+before whom, in the first instance, the charge was brought, was both
+unable and unwilling to give it credence. Besides the unusual
+circumstance of a native soldier being guilty of so base an act, the
+accused sepoy had always been remarkably conspicuous for his brave and
+upright conduct. His breast was literally covered with medals, and he
+had long been accustomed to the voice of praise. Still, however, justice
+demanded that the charge should not be dismissed without an impartial
+investigation. The whole affair was brought to the notice of the
+commanding officer, who desired that the sepoy's residence should be
+immediately and thoroughly examined. On opening his knapsack, to the
+utter astonishment and regret of the whole regiment, the stolen property
+was discovered. None, however, looked more thunderstruck than the sepoy
+himself. He clenched his teeth in bitter agony, but spoke not a single
+word. The colonel told him, that though circumstances were fearfully
+against him, he would not yet pronounce him guilty, as it was not
+impossible he might be the victim of some malignant design. He therefore
+dismissed him from his presence until the result of further inquiries
+should produce a full conviction of his guilt or innocence. In a few
+hours the sepoy was observed to leave his little hut, and walk with
+hurried steps to a neighbouring field. He was soon concealed from sight
+by a thick cluster of bamboos, beneath which he had often sheltered
+himself from the noontide sun. Suspecting the purpose of his present
+visit to so retired a spot, a comrade followed him, but was
+unfortunately too late to arrest the hand of the determined suicide. The
+poor fellow lay stretched on the ground, with his head hanging back, and
+the blood gushing from his open throat. He had effected his purpose with
+a sharp knife, which he still grasped, as if with the intention of
+inflicting another wound. He was carried to the hospital, and carefully
+attended, but the surgeon immediately pronounced his recovery
+impossible. A pen and ink were brought to him, and he wrote with some
+difficulty on a slip of paper, that he firmly hoped he had not failed in
+his attempt to destroy himself, for life was of no value without honour.
+He stated, too, that though it might now be almost useless to affirm his
+innocence, he hoped that a time might come when his memory should be
+freed from its present stain. He lingered no less than fifteen days in
+this dreadful state, and died, at last, apparently of mere starvation.
+It was my painful duty, as "officer of the day," to visit the hospital
+very frequently, and he invariably made signs of a desire for food. This
+it was, of course, impossible to give him, and any nourishment would
+merely have prolonged his misery. Two days before he died, it was
+discovered that a Bengallee servant of low caste, who had taken offence
+on some trivial occasion, had placed the stolen goods in the sepoy's
+bundle, and then urged the owner to accuse him of the theft. The
+disclosure of this circumstance appeared to give infinite satisfaction
+to the dying soldier.
+
+_London Weekly Review._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+HOUSE LAUNCHING.
+
+
+The launching of the two brick houses in Garden-street was completely
+successful. They were moved nearly ten feet, _occupied at the time by
+their tenants_, without having sustained any injury. The preparations
+were the work of some time; the two buildings having been put upon ways,
+or into a cradle, were easily screwed on a new foundation. The inventor
+of _this simple and cheap mode of moving tenanted brick buildings_, is
+entitled to the thanks of the public. _In the course of time_, it is
+likely that houses will be put up upon ways at brick or stone quarries,
+and sold as ships are, _to be delivered in any part of the city.
+--American Paper._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_In the course of time_ we really do not know what is not to happen in
+America. Jonathan promises to grow so big, and to do such wonders in a
+day or two, that no bounds can be placed to his performances _in the
+future tense_. Everything will of course be on a scale of grandeur
+proportioned to his country, which, as he observes in his Travels in
+England, is "bigger and more like a world" than our boasted land;
+instead, therefore, of going about in confined, close carriages as
+people do here, the Americans will rattle through the streets to their
+routs and parties in their houses. One tenanted brick building will be
+driven up to the door of another. A further improvement may here be
+suggested. Jonathan is fond of chairs with rockers, that is, chairs with
+a cradle-bottom, on which he see-saws himself as he smokes his pipe and
+fuddles his sublime faculties with liquor. Now by putting a house on
+rockers, this trouble and exertion of the individual on a scale so small
+and unworthy of a great people would be spared, and every tenant of a
+brick building would be rocked at the same time, and by one common piece
+of machinery. The effect of a whole city nid-nid-nodding after dinner,
+will be extremely magnificent and worthy of America. As for the
+feasibility of the thing, nothing can be more obvious. If houses can be
+put upon cradles for launching, they can be put upon cradles for
+rocking; and if tenants do not object to being conveyed from one part of
+the city to another in their mansions, they will not surely take fright
+at an agreeable stationary see-saw in them.--_London Magazine._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+GOOD NIGHT TO THE SEASON.
+
+    Thus runs the world away.--HAMLET.
+
+
+    Good-night to the Season! 'tis over!
+      Gay dwellings no longer are gay;
+    The courtier, the gambler, the lover,
+      Are scatter'd, like swallows, away:
+    There's nobody left to invite one,
+      Except my good uncle and spouse;
+    My mistress is bathing at Brighton,
+      My patron is sailing at Cowes:
+    For want of a better employment,
+      Till Ponto and Don can get out,
+    I'll cultivate rural enjoyment,
+      And angle immensely for trout.
+
+    Good-night to the Season!--the buildings
+      Enough to make Inigo sick;
+    The paintings, and plasterings, and gildings,
+      Of stucco, and marble, and brick;
+    The orders deliciously blended,
+      From love of effect, into one;
+    The club-houses only intended,
+      The palaces only begun;
+    The hell where the fiend, in his glory,
+      Sits staring at putty and stones,
+    And scrambles from story to story,
+      To rattle at midnight his bones.
+
+    Good-night to the Season!--the dances,
+      The fillings of hot little rooms,
+    The glancings of rapturous glances,
+      The fancyings of fancy costumes;
+    The pleasures which Fashion makes duties,
+      The praisings of fiddles and flutes,
+    The luxury of looking at beauties,
+      The tedium of talking to mutes;
+    The female diplomatists, planners
+      Of matches for Laura and Jane,
+    The ice of her Ladyship's manners,
+      The ice of his Lordship's champagne.
+
+    Good-night to the Season!--the rages
+      Led off by the chiefs of the throng,
+    The Lady Matilda's new pages,
+      The Lady Eliza's new song;
+    Miss Fennel's Macaw, which at Boodle's
+      Is held to have something to say;
+    Mrs. Splenetic's musical Poodles,
+      Which bark "Batti, batti!" all day:
+    The pony Sir Araby sported,
+      As hot and as black as a coal,
+    And the Lion his mother imported,
+      In bearskins and grease, from the Pole.
+
+    Good-night to the Season!--the Toso,
+      So very majestic and tall;
+    Miss Ayton, whose singing was so so,
+      And Pasta, divinest of all;
+    The labour in vain of the Ballet,
+      So sadly deficient in stars;
+    The foreigners thronging the Alley,
+      Exhaling the breath of cigars;
+    The "loge," where some heiress, how killing,
+      Environ'd with Exquisites sits,
+    The lovely one out of her drilling,
+      The silly ones out of their wits.
+
+    Good-night to the Season!--the splendour
+      That beam'd in the Spanish Bazaar,
+    Where I purchased--my heart was so tender--
+      A card-case,--a pasteboard guitar,--
+    A bottle of perfume,--a girdle,--
+      A lithograph'd Riego full-grown,
+    Whom Bigotry drew on a hurdle,
+      That artists might draw him on stone,--
+    A small panorama of Seville,--
+      A trap for demolishing flies,--
+    A caricature of the Devil,
+      And a look from Miss Sheridan's eyes.
+
+    Good-night to the Season!--the flowers
+      Of the grand horticultural fete,
+    When boudoirs were quitted for bowers,
+      And the fashion was not to be late;
+    When all who had money and leisure,
+      Grow rural o'er ices and wines,
+    All pleasantly toiling for pleasure,
+      All hungrily pining for pines,
+    And making of beautiful speeches,
+      And marring of beautiful shows,
+    And feeding on delicate peaches,
+      And treading on delicate toes.
+
+    Good night to the Season!--another
+      Will come with its trifles and toys,
+    And hurry away, like its brother,
+      In sunshine, and odour, and noise.
+    Will it come with a rose or a briar?
+      Will it come with a blessing or curse?
+    Will its bonnets be lower or higher?
+      Will its morals be better or worse?
+    Will it find me grown thinner or fatter,
+      Or fonder of wrong or of right.
+    Or married, or buried?--no matter,
+      Good-night to the season, Good-night!
+
+_New Monthly Magazine_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+TIGER TAMING.
+
+
+A party of gentlemen from Bombay, one day visiting the stupendous cavern
+temple of Elephanta, discovered a tiger's whelp in one of the obscure
+recesses of the edifice. Desirous of kidnapping the cub, without
+encountering the fury of its dam, they took it up hastily and
+cautiously, and retreated. Being left entirely at liberty, and extremely
+well fed, the tiger grew rapidly, appeared tame and fondling as a dog,
+and in every respect entirely domesticated. At length, when it had
+attained a vast size, and notwithstanding its apparent gentleness, began
+to inspire terror by its tremendous powers of doing mischief, a piece of
+raw meat, dripping with blood, fell in its way. It is to be observed,
+that, up to that moment, it had been studiously kept from raw animal
+food. The instant, however, it had dipped its tongue in blood, something
+like madness seemed to have seized upon the animal; a destructive
+principle, hitherto dormant, was awakened--it darted fiercely, and with
+glaring eyes, upon its prey--tore it with fury to pieces--and, growling
+and roaring in the most fearful manner, rushed off towards the
+jungles.--_London Weekly Review._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+RUNNING A MUCK.
+
+
+The inhabitants of the Indian Archipelago, and particularly of the
+island of Java, are of a very sullen and revengeful disposition. When
+they consider themselves grossly insulted, they are observed to become
+suddenly thoughtful; they squat down upon the ground, and appear
+absorbed in meditation. While in this position, they revolve in their
+breasts the most bloody and ferocious projects of revenge, and, by a
+desperate effort, reconcile themselves with death. When their terrible
+resolution is taken, their eyes appear to flash fire, their countenance
+assumes an expression of preternatural fury; and springing suddenly on
+their feet, they unsheath their daggers, plunge them into the heart of
+every one within their reach, and rushing out into the streets, deal
+wounds and murder as they run, until the arrow or dagger of some bold
+individual terminates their career. This is called _running a
+muck_.--_Ibid_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+THE SELECTOR, AND LITERARY NOTICES OF NEW WORKS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE JEW'S HARP.
+
+
+The memoirs of Madame de Genlis first made known the astonishing powers
+of a poor German soldier on the Jew's harp. This musician was in the
+service of Frederick the Great, and finding himself one night on duty
+under the windows of the King, playing the Jew's harp with so much
+skill, that Frederick, who was a great amateur of music, thought he
+heard a distinct orchestra. Surprised on learning that such an effect
+could be produced by a single man with two Jew's harps, he ordered him
+into his presence; the soldier refused, alleging, that he could only be
+relieved by his colonel; and that if he obeyed, the king would punish
+him the next day, for having failed to do his duty. Being presented the
+following morning to Frederick, he was heard with admiration, and
+received his discharge and fifty dollars. This artist, whose name Madame
+de Genlis does not mention, is called Koch; he has not any knowledge of
+music, but owes his success entirely to a natural taste. He has made his
+fortune by travelling about, and performing in public and private, and
+is now living retired at Vienna, at the advanced age of more than eighty
+years. He used two Jew's harps at once, in the same manner as the
+peasants of the Tyrol, and produced, without doubt, the harmony of two
+notes struck at the same moment, which was considered by the
+musically-curious as somewhat extraordinary, when the limited powers of
+the instrument were remembered. It was Koch's custom to require that all
+the lights should be extinguished, in order that the illusion produced
+by his playing might be increased.
+
+It was reserved, however, for Mr. Eulenstein to acquire a musical
+reputation from the Jew's harp. After ten years of close application and
+study, this young artist has attained a perfect mastery over this
+untractable instrument. In giving some account of the Jew's harp,
+considered as a medium for musical sounds, we shall only present the
+result of his discoveries. This little instrument, taken singly, gives
+whatever grave sound you may wish to produce, as a _third_, a _fifth_,
+or an _octave_. If the grave tonic is not heard in the bass Jew's harp,
+it must be attributed, not to the defectiveness of the instrument, but
+to the player. In examining this result, you cannot help remarking the
+order and unity established by nature in harmonical bodies, which places
+music in the rank of exact sciences. The Jew's harp has three different
+tones; the bass tones of the first octave bear some resemblance to those
+of the flute and clarionet; those of the middle and high, to the _vox
+humana_ of some organs; lastly, the harmonical sounds are exactly like
+those of the _harmonica_. It is conceived, that this diversity of tones
+affords already a great variety in the execution, which is always looked
+upon as being feeble and trifling, on account of the smallness of the
+instrument. It was not thought possible to derive much pleasure from any
+attempt which could be made to conquer the difficulties of so limited an
+instrument; because, in the extent of these octaves, there were a number
+of spaces which could not be filled up by the talent of the player;
+besides, the most simple modulation became impossible. Mr. Eulenstein
+has remedied that inconvenience, by joining sixteen Jew's harps, which
+he tunes by placing smaller or greater quantities of sealing-wax at the
+extremity of the tongue. Each harp then sounds one of the notes of the
+gamut, diatonic or chromatic, and the performer can fill all the
+intervals, and pass all the tones, by changing the harp. That these
+mutations may not interrupt the measure, one harp must always be kept in
+advance, in the same manner as a good reader advances the eye, not upon
+the word which he pronounces, but upon that which follows.--_Philosophy
+in Sport._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+FORM OF ANCIENT BOOKS, THEIR ILLUMINATIONS, &c.
+
+
+The mode of compacting the sheets of their books remained the same among
+the Greeks during a long course of time. The sheets were folded three or
+four together, and separately stitched: these parcels were then
+connected nearly in the same mode as is at present practised. Books were
+covered with linen, silk, or leather.
+
+The page was sometimes undivided; sometimes it contained two, and in a
+few instances of very ancient MSS., three columns. A peculiarity which
+attracts the eye in many Greek manuscripts, consists in the occurrence
+of capitals on the margin, some way in advance of the line to which they
+belong; and this capital sometimes happens to be the middle letter of a
+word. For when a sentence finishes in the middle of a line, the initial
+of the next is not distinguished, that honour being conferred upon the
+incipient letter of the next line; thus--
+
+      THEGREEKSENTERING
+      THEREGIONOFTHEMA
+      CRONESFORMEDANAL
+      LIANCEWITHTHEM.AS
+    T HEPLEDGEOFTHEIR
+      FAITHTHEBARBARIANS
+      GAVEASPEAR.
+
+The Greeks, especially in the earliest times, divided their compositions
+into verses, or such short portions of sentences as we mark by a comma,
+each verse occupying a line; and the number of these verses is often set
+down at the beginning or end of a book. The numbers of the verses were
+sometimes placed in the margin.
+
+Much intricacy and difficulty attends the subject of ancient
+punctuation; nor could any satisfactory account of the rules and
+exceptions that have been gathered from existing MSS. be given, which
+should subserve the intention of this work. Generally speaking, though
+with frequent exceptions, the most ancient books have no separation of
+words, or punctuation of any kind; others have a separation of words,
+but no punctuation; in some, every word is separated from the following
+one by a point. In manuscripts of later date are found a regular
+punctuation, and marks of accentuation. These circumstances enter into
+the estimate when the antiquity of a book is under inquiry; but the
+rules to be observed in considering them cannot be otherwise than
+recondite and intricate.
+
+Few ancient books are altogether destitute of decorations; and many are
+splendidly adorned with pictorial ornaments. These consist either of
+flowery initials, grotesque cyphers, portraits, or even historical
+compositions. Sometimes diagrams, explanatory of the subjects mentioned
+by the author, are placed on the margin. Books written for the use of
+royal persons, or dignified ecclesiastics, usually contain the effigies
+of the proprietor, often attended by his family, and by some allegorical
+or celestial minister; while the humble scribe, in monkish attire,
+kneels and presents the book to his patron.
+
+These illuminations, as they are called, almost always exhibit some
+costume of the times, or some peculiarity, which serves to mark the age
+of the manuscript. Indeed a fund of antiquarian information relative to
+the middle ages has been collected from this source. Many of these
+pictured books exhibit a high degree of executive talent in the artist,
+yet labouring under the restraints of a barbarous taste.--_Taylor's
+History of the Transmission of Ancient Books to Modern Times_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+SOUTHERN AFRICAN ELOQUENCE.
+
+
+"It is clear that it is our best policy to march against the enemy
+before he advances. Let not our towns be the seat of war; let not our
+houses be stained with bloodshed; let the blood of the enemy be spilt at
+a distance from our wives and children. Yet some of you talk ignorantly;
+your words are the words of children or of men confounded. I am left
+almost alone; my two brothers have abandoned me; they have taken wives
+from another nation, and allow their wives to direct them; their wives
+are their kings!" Then turning towards his younger brothers, he
+imprecated a curse upon them if they should follow the example of their
+elder brethren. Again addressing the people, he said, "you walk over my
+head while I sleep, but you now see that the wise Mocooas respect me.
+Had they not been our friends, we must have fled ere now before the
+enemy." Turning to Wleeloqua, the eighth speaker, he said, "I hear you,
+my father; I understand you, my father; your words are true and good for
+the ear. It is good that we be instructed by the Macooas. May evil
+overtake the disobedient! May they be broken in pieces! Be silent, ye
+women!" (addressing them,) "ye who plague your husbands, who steal their
+goods, and give them to others, be silent; and hinder not your husbands
+and children by your evil words. Be silent, ye kidney-eaters,[1]
+(turning towards the old men,) ye who are fit for nothing but to prowl
+about whenever an ox is killed. If our cattle are carried off, where
+will you get kidneys?"
+
+    [1] The Bechnanas imagine that none who eat of the kidneys of
+    the ox will have any offspring; on this account, no one, except
+    the aged, will taste-them. Hence the contemptuous term of
+    "kidney-eaters," synonymous with dotard.
+
+Then addressing the warriors, he said, "there are many of you who do not
+deserve to eat out of a broken pot; ye stubborn and stupid men! consider
+what you have heard, and obey without murmuring. Hearken! I command you,
+ye chiefs of the Matclhapees, Matclhoroos, Myrees, Barolongs, and
+Bamacootas, that ye proclaim through all your clans the proceedings of
+this day, and let none be ignorant. And again I say, ye warriors,
+prepare for the day of battle; let your shields be strong, your quivers
+full of arrows, and your battle-axes sharp as hunger." Turning a second
+time towards the old men and women, he said, "prevent not the warrior
+from going forth to battle, by your timid counsels. No! rouse up the
+warrior to glory, and he shall return to you with honourable scars;
+fresh marks of valour shall cover his thigh;[2] and then we shall renew
+the war-song and dance, and rehearse the story of our achievements."
+
+    [2] The warriors receive a new scar on the thigh for every
+    enemy they kill in battle.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+CHARACTER OF PITT.
+
+_By the late Right Hon. G. Canning._
+
+
+The character of this illustrious statesman early passed its ordeal.
+Scarcely had he attained the age at which reflection commences, than
+Europe with astonishment beheld him filling the first place in the
+councils of his country, and manage the vast mass of its concerns with
+all the vigour and steadiness of the most matured wisdom. Dignity,
+strength, discretion, these were among the masterly qualities of his
+mind at its first dawn. He had been nurtured a statesman, and his
+knowledge was of that kind which always lies ready for practical
+application. Not dealing in the subtleties of abstract politics, but
+moving in the slow, steady procession of reason, his conceptions were
+reflective, and his views correct. Habitually attentive to the concerns
+of government, he spared no pains to acquaint himself with whatever was
+connected, however minutely, with its prosperity. He was devoted to the
+state: its interests engrossed all his study, and engaged all his care:
+it was the element alone in which he seemed to live and move. He allowed
+himself but little recreation from his labours; his mind was always on
+its station, and his activity was unremitted.
+
+He did not hastily adopt a measure, nor hastily abandon it. The plan
+struck out by him for the preservation of Europe was the result of
+prophetic wisdom and profound policy. But though defeated in many
+respects by the selfish ambition and short-sighted imbecility of foreign
+powers, whose rulers were too venal or too weak to follow the flight of
+that mind which would have taught them to outwing the storm, the policy
+involved in it was still a secret operation on the conduct of
+surrounding states. His plans were full of energy, and the principles
+which inspired them looked beyond the consequences of the hour. In a
+period of change and convulsion, the most perilous in the history of
+Great Britain, when sedition stalked abroad, and when the emissaries of
+France and the abettors of her regicide factions formed a league
+powerful from their number, and formidable by their talent, in that
+awful crisis the promptitude of his measures saved his country.
+
+He knew nothing of that timid and wavering cast of mind which dares not
+abide by its own decision. He never suffered popular prejudice or party
+clamour to turn him aside from any measure which his deliberate judgment
+had adopted; he had a proud reliance on himself, and it was justified.
+Like the sturdy warrior leaning on his own battle, axe, conscious where
+his strength lay, he did not readily look beyond it.
+
+As a debater in the House of Commons, his speeches were logical and
+argumentative: if they did not often abound in the graces of metaphor,
+or sparkle with the brilliancy of wit, they were always animated,
+elegant, and classical. The strength of his oratory was intrinsic; it
+presented the rich and abundant resource of a clear discernment and a
+correct taste. His speeches are stampt with inimitable marks of
+originality. When replying to his opponents, his readiness was not more
+conspicuous than his energy: he was always prompt and always dignified.
+He could sometimes have recourse to the sportiveness of irony, but he
+did not often seek any other aid than was to be derived from an arranged
+and extensive knowledge of his subject. This qualified him fully to
+discuss the arguments of others, and forcibly to defend his own. Thus
+armed, it was rarely in the power of his adversaries, mighty as they
+were, to beat him from the field. His eloquence, occasionally rapid,
+electric, vehement, was always chaste, winning, and persuasive, not
+awing into acquiescence, but arguing into conviction. His understanding
+was bold and comprehensive: nothing seemed too remote for its reach, or
+too large for its grasp. Unallured by dissipation, and unswayed by
+pleasure, he never sacrificed the national treasure to the one, or the
+national interest to the other. To his unswerving integrity the most
+authentic of all testimony is to be found in that unbounded public
+confidence which followed him throughout the whole of his political
+career.
+
+Absorbed as he was in the pursuits of public life, he did not neglect to
+prepare himself in silence for that higher destination, which is at once
+the incentive and reward of human virtue. His talents, superior and
+splendid as they were, never made him forgetful of that eternal wisdom
+from which they emanated. The faith and fortitude of his last moments
+were affecting and exemplary. In his forty-seventh year, and in the
+meridian of his fame, he died on the twenty-third of January, one
+thousand eight hundred and six.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+THE LECTURER
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+VERTIGO, OR GIDDINESS.
+
+
+_Vertigo_, or _giddiness_, though unattended with pain, is, in general,
+of a more dangerous nature than the severest headach. Vertigo consists
+in a disturbance of the _voluntary power_, and in some degree of
+_sensation_, especially of _vision_; and thus it shows itself to be an
+affection of the brain itself; while mere pain in the head does not
+necessarily imply this, it being for the most part an affection of the
+membranes only. In _vertigo_, objects that are fixed appear to be in
+motion, or to turn round, as the name implies. The patient loses his
+balance, and is inclined to fall down. It often is followed immediately
+by severe headach. _Vertigo_ is apt to recur, and thus often becomes
+frequent and habitual. After a time the mental powers become impaired,
+and complete idiocy often follows; as was the case in the celebrated
+Dean Swift. It frequently terminates in apoplexy or palsy, from the
+extension of disease in the brain.
+
+_Causes.--Vertigo_ is induced by whatever is capable of disturbing
+suddenly the circulation of the brain, whether in the way of increase or
+diminution: thus the approach of _syncope_, whether produced by loss of
+blood, or a feeling of nausea; blows on the head, occasioning a
+concussion of the brain; stooping; swinging; whirling; or other unusual
+motions of the body, as in sailing, are the ordinary exciting causes of
+the disease. _Vertigo_ is exceedingly frequent at an advanced period of
+life, and generally indicates the approach and formation of disease in
+the brain. Accordingly, it is a frequent forerunner of _apoplexy_ and
+_palsy_.
+
+The immediate or _proximate_ cause of _giddiness_, or _vertigo_, that
+is, the actual condition of the brain at the moment, is probably some
+partial disturbance in the circulation there; which all the _occasional
+causes_ mentioned are obviously calculated to produce. It is more or
+less dangerous, according to the cause inducing it, and the state of the
+brain itself, which may be sound or otherwise. And as this cannot be
+certainly known, nor the extent of it when actually present, the event
+is of course uncertain. At all times, your _prognosis_ should be
+guarded; because _vertigo_ seldom occurs under favourable circumstances
+of age and general health; unless when produced by so slight a cause as
+_bloodletting_, or a trifling blow upon the head. Whenever _vertigo_
+recurs frequently, and at an advanced period of life; and more
+particularly when it is accompanied with drowsiness; weakness of the
+voluntary muscles; impaired memory, or judgment; or, in short, any other
+disturbance or imperfection in the state of the _sensorial_ functions;
+an unfavourable result is to be expected; because all these afford
+decisive evidence of a considerable degree and extent of disease in the
+brain--_Dr. Clutterbuck's Lectures on the Nervous System_.
+
+
+BATHING
+
+
+In this season of the year, a few hints on the temperature of the body
+prior to cold immersion, may not unaptly be furnished. It is commonly
+supposed, that if a person have made himself warm with walking, or any
+other exercise, he must wait till he becomes cooled before he should
+plunge into the cold water. Dr. Currie, however, has shown that this is
+an erroneous idea, and that in the earlier stages of exercise, before
+profuse perspiration has dissipated the heat, and fatigue debilitated
+the living power, nothing is more safe, according to his experience,
+than the cold bath. This is so true, that the same author constantly
+directed infirm persons to use such a degree of exercise before
+emersion, as might produce increased action of the vascular system, with
+some increase of heat; and thus secure a force of re-action under the
+shock, which otherwise might not always take place. The popular opinion,
+that it is safest to go perfectly cool into the water, is founded on
+erroneous notions, and is sometimes productive of injurious
+consequences. Thus, persons heated and beginning to perspire, often
+think it necessary to wait on the edge of the bath until they are
+perfectly cooled.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+USEFUL DOMESTIC HINTS
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+TAINTED MEAT
+
+
+Meat tainted to an extreme degree may be speedily restored by washing it
+in cold water, and afterwards in strong camomile tea; after which it may
+be sprinkled with salt, and used the following day; or if steeped and
+well washed in beer, it will make pure and sweet soup even after being
+fly-blown.
+
+
+TO BREW THREE BARRELS OF PORTER.
+
+
+Take one quarter of high-dried malt, with one or two pecks of patent
+malt; mash in the same manner as directed for beer. Add the following
+ingredients: eight pounds of good hops, one pound of liquorice root, two
+pounds of Spanish juice, half a pound of ground ginger, one pound of
+salt, eight ounces of hartshorn shavings, and four ounces of porter
+extract.
+
+Separate the hops, and run the wort on them; when placed in the copper,
+and in a state of ebullition, infuse the whole of the other ingredients.
+Let it boil about one hour, or till you discover the surface of the
+liquor to become flaky, and the wort broken; then take it from the
+copper and strain it into the coolers. Now proceed in the usual way till
+it be fit to rack, which will be in about a fortnight; draw it off into
+another vat, in which let it remain three hours to settle, and in the
+mean time wash the cask quite clean; draw from the vat the contents, and
+return them to the cask, leaving the sediment that has lodged during the
+three hours. If the colour be not full enough, add, when racking, some
+brandy colouring, which soon gives to it that pleasing appearance
+peculiar to good porter. Do not fill the cask quite full; bung it close
+the following day, but leave the peg-hole open for a few days, or a
+week, according to the state of the atmosphere; peg it when you think it
+is fine; and if it appear to be fast approaching to clearness, and has
+stood long enough for the attainment of maturity, tap it, and draw it
+quickly; for porter, in cask, always requires a quick draught, and when
+it gets flat bottle it off as soon as possible.
+
+It will improve greatly by standing a few months in the bottle.--_The
+Vintner's Guide_.
+
+
+WELSH ALE.
+
+
+Pour forty-two gallons of water, hot, but not quite boiling, on eight
+bushels of malt; cover, and let it stand three hours. In the mean time
+infuse four pounds of hops in a little hot water; and put the water and
+hops into the tub, and run the wort upon them, and boil them together
+three hours. Strain off the hops, and keep for the small beer. Let the
+wort stand in a high tub till cool enough to receive the yeast, of which
+put two quarts of ale, or, if you cannot get it, of small-beer yeast.
+Mix it thoroughly and often. When the wort has done working, the second
+or third day the yeast will sink rather than rise in the middle; remove
+it then, and turn the ale as it works out; pour a quart in at a time,
+and gently, to prevent the fermentation from continuing too long, which
+weakens the liquor. Put a bit of paper over the bung-hole two or three
+days before stopping up.--_Ibid_.
+
+
+MILK PUNCH.
+
+
+Pare six oranges and six lemons, as thin as you can; grate them after
+with sugar to get the flavour. Steep the peels in a bottle of rum or
+brandy, stopped close, twenty-four hours; squeeze the fruit on two
+pounds of sugar; add to it four quarts of water, and one of new milk,
+boiling hot; stir the rum into the above, and run it through a jelly-bag
+till perfectly clear. Bottle, and cork close immediately.--_Ibid_.
+
+
+EXCELLENT LEMONADE.
+
+
+To the rinds of ten lemons, pared very thin, put one pound of fine
+loaf-sugar, and two quarts of spring-water, boiling hot; stir it to
+dissolve the sugar; let it stand twenty-four hours, covered close; then
+squeeze in the juice of the ten lemons; add one pint of white wine; boil
+a pint of new milk, pour it hot on the ingredients; when cold, run it
+through a close filtering-bag, when it will be fit for immediate
+use.--_Ibid_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+ARTS AND SCIENCES.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+ATTRACTION.
+
+
+Logs of wood floating in a pond approach each other, and afterwards
+remain in contact. The wreck of a ship, in a smooth sea after a storm,
+is often seen gathered into heaps. Two bullets or plummets, suspended by
+strings near to each other, are found by the delicate test of the
+torison balance to attract each other, and therefore not to hang quite
+perpendicularly. A plummet suspended near the side of a mountain,
+inclines towards it in a degree proportioned to its magnitude; as was
+ascertained by the wellknown trials of Dr. Maskeleyne near the mountain
+Skehalion, in Scotland. And the reason why the plummet tends much more
+strongly towards the earth than towards the hill, is only that the earth
+is larger than the hill. And at New South Wales, which is a point on our
+globe nearly opposite to England, plummets hang and fall towards the
+centre of the globe, exactly as they do here, so that they are hanging
+up and falling towards England, and the people there are standing with
+their feet towards us. Weight, therefore, is merely general attraction
+acting every where. It is owing to this general attraction that our
+earth is a globe. All its parts being drawn towards each other, that is,
+towards the common centre, the mass assumes the spherical or rounded
+form. And the moon also is round, and all the planets are round; the
+glorious sun, so much larger than all these, is round; proving, that all
+must at one time have been fluid, and that they are all subject to the
+same law. Other instances of roundness from this cause are--the
+particles of a mist or fog floating in air; these mutually attracting
+and coalescing into larger drops, and forming rain; dew drops; water
+trickling on a duck's wing; the tear-dropping from the cheek; drops of
+laudanum; globules of mercury, like pure silver beads, coalescing when
+near, and forming larger ones; melted lead allowed to rain down from an
+elevated sieve, which cools as it descends, so as to retain the form of
+its liquid drops, and become the spherical shot lead of the sportsman.
+The cause of the extraordinary phenomenon, which we call attraction,
+acts at all distances. The moon, though 240,000 miles from the earth, by
+her attraction raises the water of the ocean under her, and forms what
+we call the tide. The sun, still farther off, has a similar influence;
+and when the sun and moon act in the same direction, we have the spring
+tides. The planets, those apparently little wandering points in the
+heaven, yet affect, by their attraction, the motion of our earth in her
+orbit, quickening it when she is approaching them, retarding it when she
+is receding.--_Arnott's Natural Philosophy._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+THE GATHERER
+
+    "I am but a _Gatherer_ and disposer of other men's
+    stuff."--_Wotton_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+CITY FEASTING.
+
+The following is the bill of fare for the Court of Assistants of the
+Worshipful the Company of Wax Chandlers, London, 1478:--Two loins of
+veal, and two loins of mutton, 1s. 4d.; one loin of beef, 4d.; one dozen
+of pigeons and one dozen of rabbits, 9d.; one pig and one capon, 1s.;
+one goose and a hundred eggs, 1s. 1/2d.; one leg of mutton, 2-1/2d.; two
+gallons of sack, 1s. 4d.; eight gallons of strong ale, 1s. 6d.--7s. 6d.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The fathers of the church considered the earth as a great ship,
+surrounded by water, with the prow to the east and the stern to the
+west. We still find in Cosmas, a monk of the fourteenth century, a sort
+of geographical chart, in which, the earth has this figure. Even among
+the ancients, though many of their geometricians had acknowledged the
+sphericity of the globe, it was for a long time imagined that the earth
+was a third longer than it was broad, and thence arose the terms of
+_longitude_ and _latitude_. St. Athanasius expresses himself most warmly
+against astronomers. "Let us stop the mouths of these barbarians," he
+exclaims, "who, speaking without proof, dare assert that the heavens
+also extend under the earth."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Augustus gave an admirable example how a person who sends a challenge
+should be treated. When Marc Antony, after the battle of Actium, defied
+him to single combat, his answer to the messenger who brought it was,
+"Tell Marc Antony, if he be weary of life, there are other ways to end
+it; I shall not take the trouble of becoming his executioner."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+An Irish gentleman, whose lady had absconded from him, cautioned the
+public against trusting her in these words:--"My wife has eloped from me
+without rhyme or reason, and I desire no one will trust her on my
+account, for I am not married to her."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Duke of Biron heard the decree for his instant death pronounced by
+the Revolutionary Tribunal, 1793, with unmoved tranquillity. On
+returning to prison, his philosophy maintained that character of
+Epicurean indifference which had accompanied his happier years; he
+ordered some oysters and white wine. The executioner entered as he was
+taking this last repast. "My friend," said the duke, "I will attend you;
+but you must let me finish my oysters. You must require strength for the
+business you have to perform: you shall drink a glass of wine with me."
+He filled a glass for the executioner, another for the turnkey, and one
+for himself, and went to the place of execution, where he met death with
+the courage that distinguished almost all the victims of that fearful
+period.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A Gascon boasted in every company that he was descended from so ancient
+a family, that he was still paying at that very day the interest of a
+sum which his ancestors had borrowed to pay their expenses when they
+went to adore our Saviour at Bethlehem.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+There is now living in Pontenovo, in Corsica, a shepherdess, who
+successively refused the hand of Augereau, then a corporal, and of
+Bernadotte, then a sergeant in that island. She little dreamt that she
+was declining to be a marechale of France or the queen of Sweden!
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+_Printed and Published by J. LIMBIRD, 143, Strand, (near
+Somerset-House,) and sold by all Newsmen and Booksellers._
+
+
+
+***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT,
+AND INSTRUCTION, VOL. 10, ISSUE 269, AUGUST 18, 1827***
+
+
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