diff options
| author | Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org> | 2025-10-15 04:35:29 -0700 |
|---|---|---|
| committer | Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org> | 2025-10-15 04:35:29 -0700 |
| commit | f827eb3a2bdf33d564f7d327c70f363a6e686334 (patch) | |
| tree | 8cac547350451733ad2500d630c05307e1579081 /10894-h | |
Diffstat (limited to '10894-h')
| -rw-r--r-- | 10894-h/10894-h.htm | 6933 |
1 files changed, 6933 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/10894-h/10894-h.htm b/10894-h/10894-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b25254b --- /dev/null +++ b/10894-h/10894-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,6933 @@ +<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"> +<html> + <head> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content= + "text/html; charset=UTF-8"> + <meta content="pg2html (binary version 0.12a)" name= + "generator"> + <title> + The Project Gutenberg eBook of Messages and Papers Of The + Presidents: John Adams, by James D. Richardson. + </title> + <style type="text/css"> + <!-- + * { font-family: Times; + } + P { text-indent: 1em; + margin-top: .75em; + font-size: 12pt; + text-align: justify; + margin-bottom: .75em; } + .r { text-align: right; } + H1,H2,H3,H4,H5,H6 { text-align: center; } + HR { width: 33%; } + CENTER { padding: 10px;} + // --> + </style> + </head> + <body> +<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 10894 ***</div> + + <h1> + A COMPILATION OF THE MESSAGES AND PAPERS OF THE PRESIDENTS. + </h1> + <center> + <b>BY JAMES D. RICHARDSON</b> + </center> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <h2> + John Adams + </h2> + <h3> + March 4, 1797, to March 4, 1801 + </h3> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <h2> + John Adams + </h2> + <p> + John Adams was born on October 19 (old style), 1735, near + Boston, Mass., in the portion of the town of Braintree which + has since been incorporated as Quincy. He was fourth in + descent from Henry Adams, who fled from persecution in + Devonshire, England, and settled in Massachusetts about 1630. + Another of his ancestors was John Adams, a founder of the + Plymouth Colony in 1620. Entered Harvard College in 1751, and + graduated therefrom four years later. Studied the law and + taught school at Worcester; was admitted to the bar of + Suffolk County in 1758. In 1768 removed to Boston, where he + won distinction at the bar. In 1764 married Abigail Smith, + whose father was Rev. William Smith and whose grandfather was + Colonel Quincy. In 1770 was chosen a representative from + Boston in the legislature of Massachusetts. In 1774 was a + member of the Continental Congress, and in 1776 was the + adviser and great supporter of the Declaration of + Independence. The same year was a deputy to treat with Lord + Howe for the pacification of the Colonies. He declined the + offer of chief justice of Massachusetts. In December, 1777, + was appointed a commissioner to France, and returned home in + the summer of 1779. He was then chosen a member of the + Massachusetts convention for framing a State constitution. On + September 29, 1779, was appointed by Congress minister + plenipotentiary to negotiate a peace treaty with Great + Britain. In 1781 was a commissioner to conclude treaties of + peace with European powers. In 1783 negotiated with others a + commercial treaty with Great Britain. Was one of the + commissioners to sign the provisional treaty of peace with + that nation November 30, 1782, and the definite treaty + September 3, 1783. In 1784 remained in Holland, and in 1785 + was by Congress appointed minister of the United States at + the Court of Great Britain. He returned to his home in June, + 1788. Was chosen Vice-President on the ticket with + Washington, and on the assembling of the Senate took his seat + as President of that body, at New York in April, 1789. Was + reelected Vice-President in 1792. On the retirement of + Washington in 1796 he was elected President, and was + inaugurated March 4, 1797. He retired March 4, 1801, to his + home at Quincy, Mass. In 1816 was chosen to head the list of + Presidential electors of his party in the State. Was a member + of the State convention to revise the constitution of + Massachusetts; was unanimously elected president of that + convention, but declined it on account of his age. His wife + died in 1818. On July 4, 1826, he died, and was buried at + Quincy. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <h2> + INAUGURAL ADDRESS. + </h2> + <h3> + IN THE CITY OF PHILADELPHIA, PA + </h3> + <p> + When it was first perceived, in early times, that no middle + course for America remained between unlimited submission to a + foreign legislature and a total independence of its claims, + men of reflection were less apprehensive of danger from the + formidable power of fleets and armies they must determine to + resist than from those contests and dissensions which would + certainly arise concerning the forms of government to be + instituted over the whole and over the parts of this + extensive country. Relying, however, on the purity of their + intentions, the justice of their cause, and the integrity and + intelligence of the people, under an overruling Providence + which had so signally protected this country from the first, + the representatives of this nation, then consisting of little + more than half its present number, not only broke to pieces + the chains which were forging and the rod of iron that was + lifted up, but frankly cut asunder the ties which had bound + them, and launched into an ocean of uncertainty. + </p> + <p> + The zeal and ardor of the people during the Revolutionary + war, supplying the place of government, commanded a degree of + order sufficient at least for the temporary preservation of + society. The Confederation which was early felt to be + necessary was prepared from the models of the Batavian and + Helvetic confederacies, the only examples which remain with + any detail and precision in history, and certainly the only + ones which the people at large had ever considered. But + reflecting on the striking difference in so many particulars + between this country and those where a courier may go from + the seat of government to the frontier in a single day, it + was then certainly foreseen by some who assisted in Congress + at the formation of it that it could not be durable. + </p> + <p> + Negligence of its regulations, inattention to its + recommendations, if not disobedience to its authority, not + only in individuals but in States, soon appeared with their + melancholy consequences—universal languor, jealousies + and rivalries of States, decline of navigation and commerce, + discouragement of necessary manufactures, universal fall in + the value of lands and their produce, contempt of public and + private faith, loss of consideration and credit with foreign + nations, and at length in discontents, animosities, + combinations, partial conventions, and insurrection, + threatening some great national calamity. + </p> + <p> + In this dangerous crisis the people of America were not + abandoned by their usual good sense, presence of mind, + resolution, or integrity. Measures were pursued to concert a + plan to form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure + domestic tranquillity, provide for the common defense, + promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of + liberty. The public disquisitions, discussions, and + deliberations issued in the present happy Constitution of + Government. + </p> + <p> + Employed in the service of my country abroad during the whole + course of these transactions, I first saw the Constitution of + the United States in a foreign country. Irritated by no + literary altercation, animated by no public debate, heated by + no party animosity, I read it with great satisfaction, as the + result of good heads prompted by good hearts, as an + experiment better adapted to the genius, character, + situation, and relations of this nation and country than any + which had ever been proposed or suggested. In its general + principles and great outlines it was conformable to such a + system of government as I had ever most esteemed, and in some + States, my own native State in particular, had contributed to + establish. Claiming a right of suffrage, in common with my + fellow-citizens, in the adoption or rejection of a + constitution which was to rule me and my posterity, as well + as them and theirs, I did not hesitate to express my + approbation of it on all occasions, in public and in private. + It was not then, nor has been since, any objection to it in + my mind that the Executive and Senate were not more + permanent. Nor have I ever entertained a thought of promoting + any alteration in it but such as the people themselves, in + the course of their experience, should see and feel to be + necessary or expedient, and by their representatives in + Congress and the State legislatures, according to the + Constitution itself, adopt and ordain. + </p> + <p> + Returning to the bosom of my country after a painful + separation from it for ten years, I had the honor to be + elected to a station under the new order of things, and I + have repeatedly laid myself under the most serious + obligations to support the Constitution. The operation of it + has equaled the most sanguine expectations of its friends, + and from an habitual attention to it, satisfaction in its + administration, and delight in its effects upon the peace, + order, prosperity, and happiness of the nation I have + acquired an habitual attachment to it and veneration for it. + </p> + <p> + What other form of government, indeed, can so well deserve + our esteem and love? + </p> + <p> + There may be little solidity in an ancient idea that + congregations of men into cities and nations are the most + pleasing objects in the sight of superior intelligences, but + this is very certain, that to a benevolent human mind there + can be no spectacle presented by any nation more pleasing, + more noble, majestic, or august, than an assembly like that + which has so often been seen in this and the other Chamber of + Congress, of a Government in which the Executive authority, + as well as that of all the branches of the Legislature, are + exercised by citizens selected at regular periods by their + neighbors to make and execute laws for the general good. Can + anything essential, anything more than mere ornament and + decoration, be added to this by robes and diamonds? Can + authority be more amiable and respectable when it descends + from accidents or institutions established in remote + antiquity than when it springs fresh from the hearts and + judgments of an honest and enlightened people? For it is the + people only that are represented. It is their power and + majesty that is reflected, and only for their good, in every + legitimate government, under whatever form it may appear. The + existence of such a government as ours for any length of time + is a full proof of a general dissemination of knowledge and + virtue throughout the whole body of the people. And what + object or consideration more pleasing than this can be + presented to the human mind? If national pride is ever + justifiable or excusable it is when it springs, not from + power or riches, grandeur or glory, but from conviction of + national innocence, information, and benevolence. + </p> + <p> + In the midst of these pleasing ideas we should be unfaithful + to ourselves if we should ever lose sight of the danger to + our liberties if anything partial or extraneous should infect + the purity of our free, fair, virtuous, and independent + elections. If an election is to be determined by a majority + of a single vote, and that can be procured by a party through + artifice or corruption, the Government may be the choice of a + party for its own ends, not of the nation for the national + good. If that solitary suffrage can be obtained by foreign + nations by flattery or menaces, by fraud or violence, by + terror, intrigue, or venality, the Government may not be the + choice of the American people, but of foreign nations. It may + be foreign nations who govern us, and not we, the people, who + govern ourselves; and candid men will acknowledge that in + such cases choice would have little advantage to boast of + over lot or chance. + </p> + <p> + Such is the amiable and interesting system of government (and + such are some of the abuses to which it may be exposed) which + the people of America have exhibited to the admiration and + anxiety of the wise and virtuous of all nations for eight + years under the administration of a citizen who, by a long + course of great actions, regulated by prudence, justice, + temperance, and fortitude, conducting a people inspired with + the same virtues and animated with the same ardent patriotism + and love of liberty to independence and peace, to increasing + wealth and unexampled prosperity, has merited the gratitude + of his fellow-citizens, commanded the highest praises of + foreign nations, and secured immortal glory with posterity. + </p> + <p> + In that retirement which is his voluntary choice may he long + live to enjoy the delicious recollection of his services, the + gratitude of mankind, the happy fruits of them to himself and + the world, which are daily increasing, and that splendid + prospect of the future fortunes of this country which is + opening from year to year. His name may be still a rampart, + and the knowledge that he lives a bulwark, against all open + or secret enemies of his country's peace. This example has + been recommended to the imitation of his successors by both + Houses of Congress and by the voice of the legislatures and + the people throughout the nation. + </p> + <p> + On this subject it might become me better to be silent or to + speak with diffidence; but as something may be expected, the + occasion, I hope, will be admitted as an apology if I venture + to say that if a preference, upon principle, of a free + republican government, formed upon long and serious + reflection, after a diligent and impartial inquiry after + truth; if an attachment to the Constitution of the United + States, and a conscientious determination to support it until + it shall be altered by the judgments and wishes of the + people, expressed in the mode prescribed in it; if a + respectful attention to the constitutions of the individual + States and a constant caution and delicacy toward the State + governments; if an equal and impartial regard to the rights, + interest, honor, and happiness of all the States in the + Union, without preference or regard to a northern or + southern, an eastern or western, position, their various + political opinions on unessential points or their personal + attachments; if a love of virtuous men of all parties and + denominations; if a love of science and letters and a wish to + patronize every rational effort to encourage schools, + colleges, universities, academies, and every institution for + propagating knowledge, virtue, and religion among all classes + of the people, not only for their benign influence on the + happiness of life in all its stages and classes, and of + society in all its forms, but as the only means of preserving + our Constitution from its natural enemies, the spirit of + sophistry, the spirit of party, the spirit of intrigue, the + profligacy of corruption, and the pestilence of foreign + influence, which is the angel of destruction to elective + governments; if a love of equal laws, of justice, and + humanity in the interior administration; if an inclination to + improve agriculture, commerce, and manufactures for + necessity, convenience, and defense; if a spirit of equity + and humanity toward the aboriginal nations of America, and a + disposition to meliorate their condition by inclining them to + be more friendly to us, and our citizens to be more friendly + to them; if an inflexible determination to maintain peace and + inviolable faith with all nations, and that system of + neutrality and impartiality among the belligerent powers of + Europe which has been adopted by this Government and so + solemnly sanctioned by both Houses of Congress and applauded + by the legislatures of the States and the public opinion, + until it shall be otherwise ordained by Congress; if a + personal esteem for the French nation, formed in a residence + of seven years chiefly among them, and a sincere desire to + preserve the friendship which has been so much for the honor + and interest of both nations; if, while the conscious honor + and integrity of the people of America and the internal + sentiment of their own power and energies must be preserved, + an earnest endeavor to investigate every just cause and + remove every colorable pretense of complaint; if an intention + to pursue by amicable negotiation a reparation for the + injuries that have been committed on the commerce of our + fellow-citizens by whatever nation, and if success can not be + obtained, to lay the facts before the legislature, that they + may consider what further measures the honor and interest of + the Government and its constituents demand; if a resolution + to do justice as far as may depend upon me, at all times and + to all nations, and maintain peace, friendship, and + benevolence with all the world; if an unshaken confidence in + the honor, spirit, and resources of the American people, on + which I have so often hazarded my all and never been + deceived; if elevated ideas of the high destinies of this + country and of my own duties toward it, founded on a + knowledge of the moral principles and intellectual + improvements of the people deeply engraven on my mind in + early life, and not obscured but exalted by experience and + age; and, with humble reverence, I feel it to be my duty to + add, if a veneration for the religion of a people who profess + and call themselves Christians, and a fixed resolution to + consider a decent respect for Christianity among the best + recommendations for the public service, can enable me in any + degree to comply with your wishes, it shall be my strenuous + endeavor that this sagacious injunction of the two Houses + shall not be without effect. + </p> + <p> + With this great example before me, with the sense and spirit, + the faith and honor, the duty and interest, of the same + American people pledged to support the Constitution of the + United States, I entertain no doubt of its continuance in all + its energy, and my mind is prepared without hesitation to lay + myself under the most solemn obligations to support it to the + utmost of my power. + </p> + <p> + And may that Being who is supreme over all, the Patron of + Order, the Fountain of Justice, and the Protector in all ages + of the world of virtuous liberty, continue His blessing upon + this nation and its Government and give it all possible + success and duration consistent with the ends of His + providence. + </p> + <p> + March 4, 1797. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <h2> + PROCLAMATION. + </h2> + <center> + [From Annals of Congress, Fifth Congress, Vol. I, 49.] + </center> + <h3> + BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. + </h3> + <h4> + A PROCLAMATION. + </h4> + <p> + Whereas the Constitution of the United States of America + provides that the President may, on extraordinary occasions, + convene both Houses of Congress; and + </p> + <p> + Whereas an extraordinary occasion exists for convening + Congress, and divers weighty matters claim their + consideration: + </p> + <p> + I have therefore thought it necessary to convene, and I do by + these presents convene, the Congress of the United States of + America at the city of Philadelphia, in the Commonwealth of + Pennsylvania, on Monday, the 15th day of May next, hereby + requiring the Senators and Representatives in the Congress of + the United States of America, and every of them, that, laying + aside all other matters and cares, they then and there meet + and assemble in Congress in order to consult and determine on + such measures as in their wisdom shall be deemed meet for the + safety and welfare of the said United States. + </p> + <p> + In testimony whereof I have caused the seal of the United + States of America to be affixed to these presents, and signed + the same with my hand. + </p> + <p> + [SEAL.] + </p> + <p> + Done at the city of Philadelphia, the 25th day of March, A.D. + 1797, and of the Independence of the United States of America + the twenty-first. + </p> + <p> + JOHN ADAMS. + </p> + <p> + <br> + By the President:<br> + TIMOTHY PICKERING,<br> + <i>Secretary of State</i>. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <h2> + SPECIAL SESSION MESSAGE. + </h2> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>May 16, 1797</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and Gentlemen of the House of + Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + The personal inconveniences to the members of the Senate and + of the House of Representatives in leaving their families and + private affairs at this season of the year are so obvious + that I the more regret the extraordinary occasion which has + rendered the convention of Congress indispensable. + </p> + <p> + It would have afforded me the highest satisfaction to have + been able to congratulate you on a restoration of peace to + the nations of Europe whose animosities have endangered our + tranquillity; but we have still abundant cause of gratitude + to the Supreme Dispenser of National Blessings for general + health and promising seasons, for domestic and social + happiness, for the rapid progress and ample acquisitions of + industry through extensive territories, for civil, political, + and religious liberty. While other states are desolated with + foreign war or convulsed with intestine divisions, the United + States present the pleasing prospect of a nation governed by + mild and equal laws, generally satisfied with the possession + of their rights, neither envying the advantages nor fearing + the power of other nations, solicitous only for the + maintenance of order and justice and the preservation of + liberty, increasing daily in their attachment to a system of + government in proportion to their experience of its utility, + yielding a ready and general obedience to laws flowing from + the reason and resting on the only solid foundation—the + affections of the people. + </p> + <p> + It is with extreme regret that I shall be obliged to turn + your thoughts to other circumstances, which admonish us that + some of these felicities may not be lasting. But if the tide + of our prosperity is full and a reflux commencing, a vigilant + circumspection becomes us, that we may meet our reverses with + fortitude and extricate ourselves from their consequences + with all the skill we possess and all the efforts in our + power. + </p> + <p> + In giving to Congress information of the state of the Union + and recommending to their consideration such measures as + appear to me to be necessary or expedient, according to my + constitutional duty, the causes and the objects of the + present extraordinary session will be explained. + </p> + <p> + After the President of the United States received information + that the French Government had expressed serious discontents + at some proceedings of the Government of these States said to + affect the interests of France, he thought it expedient to + send to that country a new minister, fully instructed to + enter on such amicable discussions and to give such candid + explanations as might happily remove the discontents and + suspicions of the French Government and vindicate the conduct + of the United States. For this purpose he selected from among + his fellow-citizens a character whose integrity, talents, + experience, and services had placed him in the rank of the + most esteemed and respected in the nation. The direct object + of his mission was expressed in his letter of credence to the + French Republic, being "to maintain that good understanding + which from the commencement of the alliance had subsisted + between the two nations, and to efface unfavorable + impressions, banish suspicions, and restore that cordiality + which was at once the evidence and pledge of a friendly + union." And his instructions were to the same effect, + "faithfully to represent the disposition of the Government + and people of the United States (their disposition being + one), to remove jealousies and obviate complaints by shewing + that they were groundless, to restore that mutual confidence + which had been so unfortunately and injuriously impaired, and + to explain the relative interests of both countries and the + real sentiments of his own." + </p> + <p> + A minister thus specially commissioned it was expected would + have proved the instrument of restoring mutual confidence + between the two Republics. The first step of the French + Government corresponded with that expectation. A few days + before his arrival at Paris the French minister of foreign + relations informed the American minister then resident at + Paris of the formalities to be observed by himself in taking + leave, and by his successor preparatory to his reception. + These formalities they observed, and on the 9th of December + presented officially to the minister of foreign relations, + the one a copy of his letters of recall, the other a copy of + his letters of credence. + </p> + <p> + These were laid before the Executive Directory. Two days + afterwards the minister of foreign relations informed the + recalled American minister that the Executive Directory had + determined not to receive another minister plenipotentiary + from the United States until after the redress of grievances + demanded of the American Government, and which the French + Republic had a right to expect from it. The American minister + immediately endeavored to ascertain whether by refusing to + receive him it was intended that he should retire from the + territories of the French Republic, and verbal answers were + given that such was the intention of the Directory. For his + own justification he desired a written answer, but obtained + none until toward the last of January, when, receiving notice + in writing to quit the territories of the Republic, he + proceeded to Amsterdam, where he proposed to wait for + instruction from this Government. During his residence at + Paris cards of hospitality were refused him, and he was + threatened with being subjected to the jurisdiction of the + minister of police; but with becoming firmness he insisted on + the protection of the law of nations due to him as the known + minister of a foreign power. You will derive further + information from his dispatches, which will be laid before + you. + </p> + <p> + As it is often necessary that nations should treat for the + mutual advantage of their affairs, and especially to + accommodate and terminate differences, and as they can treat + only by ministers, the right of embassy is well known and + established by the law and usage of nations. The refusal on + the part of France to receive our minister is, then, the + denial of a right; but the refusal to receive him until we + have acceded to their demands without discussion and without + investigation is to treat us neither as allies nor as + friends, nor as a sovereign state. + </p> + <p> + With this conduct of the French Government it will be proper + to take into view the public audience given to the late + minister of the United States on his taking leave of the + Executive Directory. The speech of the President discloses + sentiments more alarming than the refusal of a minister, + because more dangerous to our independence and union, and at + the same time studiously marked with indignities toward the + Government of the United States. It evinces a disposition to + separate the people of the United States from the Government, + to persuade them that they have different affections, + principles, and interests from those of their fellow-citizens + whom they themselves have chosen to manage their common + concerns, and thus to produce divisions fatal to our peace. + Such attempts ought to be repelled with a decision which + shall convince France and the world that we are not a + degraded people, humiliated under a colonial spirit of fear + and sense of inferiority, fitted to be the miserable + instruments of foreign influence, and regardless of national + honor, character, and interest. + </p> + <p> + I should have been happy to have thrown a veil over these + transactions if it had been possible to conceal them; but + they have passed on the great theater of the world, in the + face of all Europe and America, and with such circumstances + of publicity and solemnity that they can not be disguised and + will not soon be forgotten. They have inflicted a wound in + the American breast. It is my sincere desire, however, that + it may be healed. + </p> + <p> + It is my sincere desire, and in this I presume I concur with + you and with our constituents, to preserve peace and + friendship with all nations; and believing that neither the + honor nor the interest of the United States absolutely forbid + the repetition of advances for securing these desirable + objects with France, I shall institute a fresh attempt at + negotiation, and shall not fail to promote and accelerate an + accommodation on terms compatible with the rights, duties, + interests, and honor of the nation. If we have committed + errors, and these can be demonstrated, we shall be willing to + correct them; if we have done injuries, we shall be willing + on conviction to redress them; and equal measures of justice + we have a right to expect from France and every other nation. + </p> + <p> + The diplomatic intercourse between the United States and + France being at present suspended, the Government has no + means of obtaining official information from that country. + Nevertheless, there is reason to believe that the Executive + Directory passed a decree on the 2d of March last + contravening in part the treaty of amity and commerce of + 1778, injurious to our lawful commerce and endangering the + lives of our citizens. A copy of this decree will be laid + before you. + </p> + <p> + While we are endeavoring to adjust all our differences with + France by amicable negotiation, the progress of the war in + Europe, the depredations on our commerce, the personal + injuries to our citizens, and the general complexion of + affairs render it my indispensable duty to recommend to your + consideration effectual measures of defense. + </p> + <p> + The commerce of the United States has become an interesting + object of attention, whether we consider it in relation to + the wealth and finances or the strength and resources of the + nation. With a seacoast of near 2,000 miles in extent, + opening a wide field for fisheries, navigation, and commerce, + a great portion of our citizens naturally apply their + industry and enterprise to these objects. Any serious and + permanent injury to commerce would not fail to produce the + most embarrassing disorders. To prevent it from being + undermined and destroyed it is essential that it receive an + adequate protection. + </p> + <p> + The naval establishment must occur to every man who considers + the injuries committed on our commerce, the insults offered + to our citizens, and the description of vessels by which + these abuses have been practiced. As the sufferings of our + mercantile and seafaring citizens can not be ascribed to the + omission of duties demandable, considering the neutral + situation of our country, they are to be attributed to the + hope of impunity arising from a supposed inability on our + part to afford protection. To resist the consequences of such + impressions on the minds of foreign nations and to guard + against the degradation and servility which they must finally + stamp on the American character is an important duty of + Government. + </p> + <p> + A naval power, next to the militia, is the natural defense of + the United States. The experience of the last war would be + sufficient to shew that a moderate naval force, such as would + be easily within the present abilities of the Union, would + have been sufficient to have baffled many formidable + transportations of troops from one State to another, which + were then practiced. Our seacoasts, from their great extent, + are more easily annoyed and more easily defended by a naval + force than any other. With all the materials our country + abounds; in skill our naval architects and navigators are + equal to any, and commanders and seamen will not be wanting. + </p> + <p> + But although the establishment of a permanent system of naval + defense appears to be requisite, I am sensible it can not be + formed so speedily and extensively as the present crisis + demands. Hitherto I have thought proper to prevent the + sailing of armed vessels except on voyages to the East + Indies, where general usage and the danger from pirates + appeared to render the permission proper. Yet the restriction + has originated solely from a wish to prevent collisions with + the powers at war, contravening the act of Congress of June, + 1794, and not from any doubt entertained by me of the policy + and propriety of permitting our vessels to employ means of + defense while engaged in a lawful foreign commerce. It + remains for Congress to prescribe such regulations as will + enable our seafaring citizens to defend themselves against + violations of the law of nations, and at the same time + restrain them from committing acts of hostility against the + powers at war. In addition to this voluntary provision for + defense by individual citizens, it appears to me necessary to + equip the frigates, and provide other vessels of inferior + force, to take under convoy such merchant vessels as shall + remain unarmed. + </p> + <p> + The greater part of the cruisers whose depredations have been + most injurious have been built and some of them partially + equipped in the United States. Although an effectual remedy + may be attended with difficulty, yet I have thought it my + duty to present the subject generally to your consideration. + If a mode can be devised by the wisdom of Congress to prevent + the resources of the United States from being converted into + the means of annoying our trade, a great evil will be + prevented. With the same view, I think it proper to mention + that some of our citizens resident abroad have fitted out + privateers, and others have voluntarily taken the command, or + entered on board of them, and committed spoliations on the + commerce of the United States. Such unnatural and iniquitous + practices can be restrained only by severe punishments. + </p> + <p> + But besides a protection of our commerce on the seas, I think + it highly necessary to protect it at home, where it is + collected in our most important ports. The distance of the + United States from Europe and the well-known promptitude, + ardor, and courage of the people in defense of their country + happily diminish the probability of invasion. Nevertheless, + to guard against sudden and predatory incursions the + situation of some of our principal seaports demands your + consideration. And as our country is vulnerable in other + interests besides those of its commerce, you will seriously + deliberate whether the means of general defense ought not to + be increased by an addition to the regular artillery and + cavalry, and by arrangements for forming a provisional army. + </p> + <p> + With the same view, and as a measure which, even in a time of + universal peace, ought not to be neglected, I recommend to + your consideration a revision of the laws for organizing, + arming, and disciplining the militia, to render that natural + and safe defense of the country efficacious. + </p> + <p> + Although it is very true that we ought not to involve + ourselves in the political system of Europe, but to keep + ourselves always distinct and separate from it if we can, yet + to effect this separation, early, punctual, and continual + information of the current chain of events and of the + political projects in contemplation is no less necessary than + if we were directly concerned in them. It is necessary, in + order to the discovery of the efforts made to draw us into + the vortex, in season to make preparations against them. + However we may consider ourselves, the maritime and + commercial powers of the world will consider the United + States of America as forming a weight in that balance of + power in Europe which never can be forgotten or neglected. It + would not only be against our interest, but it would be doing + wrong to one-half of Europe, at least, if we should + voluntarily throw ourselves into either scale. It is a + natural policy for a nation that studies to be neutral to + consult with other nations engaged in the same studies and + pursuits. At the same time that measures might be pursued + with this view, our treaties with Prussia and Sweden, one of + which is expired and the other near expiring, might be + renewed. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the House of Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + It is particularly your province to consider the state of the + public finances, and to adopt such measures respecting them + as exigencies shall be found to require. The preservation of + public credit, the regular extinguishment of the public debt, + and a provision of funds to defray any extraordinary expenses + will of course call for your serious attention. Although the + imposition of new burthens can not be in itself agreeable, + yet there is no ground to doubt that the American people will + expect from you such measures as their actual engagements, + their present security, and future interests demand. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and Gentlemen of the House of + Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + The present situation of our country imposes an obligation on + all the departments of Government to adopt an explicit and + decided conduct. In my situation an exposition of the + principles by which my Administration will be governed ought + not to be omitted. + </p> + <p> + It is impossible to conceal from ourselves or the world what + has been before observed, that endeavors have been employed + to foster and establish a division between the Government and + people of the United States. To investigate the causes which + have encouraged this attempt is not necessary; but to repel, + by decided and united councils, insinuations so derogatory to + the honor and aggressions so dangerous to the Constitution, + union, and even independence of the nation is an + indispensable duty. + </p> + <p> + It must not be permitted to be doubted whether the people of + the United States will support the Government established by + their voluntary consent and appointed by their free choice, + or whether, by surrendering themselves to the direction of + foreign and domestic factions, in opposition to their own + Government, they will forfeit the honorable station they have + hitherto maintained. + </p> + <p> + For myself, having never been indifferent to what concerned + the interests of my country, devoted the best part of my life + to obtain and support its independence, and constantly + witnessed the patriotism, fidelity, and perseverance of my + fellow-citizens on the most trying occasions, it is not for + me to hesitate or abandon a cause in which my heart has been + so long engaged. + </p> + <p> + Convinced that the conduct of the Government has been just + and impartial to foreign nations, that those internal + regulations which have been established by law for the + preservation of peace are in their nature proper, and that + they have been fairly executed, nothing will ever be done by + me to impair the national engagements, to innovate upon + principles which have been so deliberately and uprightly + established, or to surrender in any manner the rights of the + Government. To enable me to maintain this declaration I rely, + under God, with entire confidence on the firm and enlightened + support of the National Legislature and upon the virtue and + patriotism of my fellow-citizens. + </p> + <p class="r"> + JOHN ADAMS. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <h3> + ADDRESS OF THE SENATE TO JOHN ADAMS, PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED + STATES + </h3> + <p> + SIR: The Senate of the United States request you to accept + their acknowledgments for the comprehensive and interesting + detail you have given in your speech to both Houses of + Congress on the existing state of the Union. + </p> + <p> + While we regret the necessity of the present meeting of the + Legislature, we wish to express our entire approbation of + your conduct in convening it on this momentous occasion. + </p> + <p> + The superintendence of our national faith, honor, and dignity + being in a great measure constitutionally deposited with the + Executive, we observe with singular satisfaction the + vigilance, firmness, and promptitude exhibited by you in this + critical state of our public affairs, and from thence derive + an evidence and pledge of the rectitude and integrity of your + Administration. And we are sensible it is an object of + primary importance that each branch of the Government should + adopt a language and system of conduct which shall be cool, + just, and dispassionate, but firm, explicit, and decided. + </p> + <p> + We are equally desirous with you to preserve peace and + friendship with all nations, and are happy to be informed + that neither the honor nor interests of the United States + forbid advances for securing those desirable objects by + amicable negotiation with the French Republic. This method of + adjusting national differences is not only the most mild, but + the most rational and humane, and with governments disposed + to be just can seldom fail of success when fairly, candidly, + and sincerely used. + </p> + <p> + If we have committed errors and can be made sensible of them, + we agree with you in opinion that we ought to correct them, + and compensate the injuries which may have been consequent + thereon; and we trust the French Republic will be actuated by + the same just and benevolent principles of national policy. + </p> + <p> + We do therefore most sincerely approve of your determination + to promote and accelerate an accommodation of our existing + differences with that Republic by negotiation, on terms + compatible with the rights, duties, interests, and honor of + our nation. And you may rest assured of our most cordial + cooperation so far as it may become necessary in this + pursuit. + </p> + <p> + Peace and harmony with all nations is our sincere wish; but + such being the lot of humanity that nations will not always + reciprocate peaceable dispositions, it is our firm belief + that effectual measures of defense will tend to inspire that + national self-respect and confidence at <i>home</i> which is + the unfailing source of respectability <i>abroad</i>, to + check aggression and prevent war. + </p> + <p> + While we are endeavoring to adjust our differences with the + French Republic by amicable negotiation, the progress of the + war in Europe, the depredations on our commerce, the personal + injuries to our citizens, and the general complexion of + affairs prove to us your vigilant care in recommending to our + attention effectual measures of defense. + </p> + <p> + Those which you recommend, whether they relate to external + defense by permitting our citizens to arm for the purpose of + repelling aggressions on their commercial rights, and by + providing sea convoys, or to internal defense by increasing + the establishments of artillery and cavalry, by forming a + provisional army, by revising the militia laws, and + fortifying more completely our ports and harbors, will meet + our consideration under the influence of the same just regard + for the security, interest, and honor of our country which + dictated your recommendation. + </p> + <p> + Practices so unnatural and iniquitous as those you state, of + our own citizens converting their property and personal + exertions into the means of annoying our trade and injuring + their fellow-citizens, deserve legal severity commensurate + with their turpitude. + </p> + <p> + Although the Senate believe that the prosperity and happiness + of our country does not depend on general and extensive + political connections with European nations, yet we can never + lose sight of the propriety as well as necessity of enabling + the Executive, by sufficient and liberal supplies, to + maintain and even extend our foreign intercourse as + exigencies may require, reposing full confidence in the + Executive, in whom the Constitution has placed the powers of + negotiation. + </p> + <p> + We learn with sincere concern that attempts are in operation + to alienate the affections of our fellow-citizens from their + Government. Attempts so wicked, wherever they exist, can not + fail to excite our utmost abhorrence. A government chosen by + the people for their own safety and happiness, and calculated + to secure both, can not lose their affections so long as its + administration pursues the principles upon which it was + erected; and your resolution to observe a conduct just and + impartial to all nations, a sacred regard to our national + engagements, and not to impair the rights of our Government, + contains principles which can not fail to secure to your + Administration the support of the National Legislature to + render abortive every attempt to excite dangerous jealousies + among us, and to convince the world that our Government and + your administration of it can not be separated from the + affectionate support of every good citizen. And the Senate + can not suffer the present occasion to pass without thus + publicly and solemnly expressing their attachment to the + Constitution and Government of their country; and as they + hold themselves responsible to their constituents, their + consciences, and their God, it is their determination by all + their exertions to repel every attempt to alienate the + affections of the people from the Government, so highly + injurious to the honor, safety, and independence of the + United States. + </p> + <p> + We are happy, since our sentiments on the subject are in + perfect unison with yours, in this public manner to declare + that we believe the conduct of the Government has been just + and impartial to foreign nations, and that those internal + regulations which have been established for the preservation + of peace are in their nature proper and have been fairly + executed. + </p> + <p> + And we are equally happy in possessing an entire confidence + in your abilities and exertions in your station to maintain + untarnished the honor, preserve the peace, and support the + independence of our country, to acquire and establish which, + in connection with your fellow-citizens, has been the + virtuous effort of a principal part of your life. + </p> + <p> + To aid you in these arduous and honorable exertions, as it is + our duty so it shall be our faithful endeavor; and we flatter + ourselves, sir, that the proceedings of the present session + of Congress will manifest to the world that although the + United States love peace, they will be independent; that they + are sincere in their declarations to be just to the French + and all other nations, and expect the same in return. + </p> + <p> + If a sense of justice, a love of moderation and peace, shall + influence their councils, which we sincerely hope we shall + have just grounds to expect, peace and amity between the + United States and all nations will be preserved. + </p> + <p> + But if we are so unfortunate as to experience injuries from + any foreign power, and the ordinary methods by which + differences are amicably adjusted between nations shall be + rejected, the determination "not to surrender in any manner + the rights of the Government," being so inseparably connected + with the dignity, interest, and independence of our country, + shall by us be steadily and inviolably supported. + </p> + <p class="r"> + TH: JEFFERSON,<br> + <i>Vice-President of the United States and President of the + Senate</i>. + </p> + <p> + MAY 23, 1797. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <h3> + REPLY OF THE PRESIDENT. + </h3> + <p> + <i>Mr. Vice-President and Gentlemen of the Senate</i>: + </p> + <p> + It would be an affectation in me to dissemble the pleasure I + feel on receiving this kind address. + </p> + <p> + My long experience of the wisdom, fortitude, and patriotism + of the Senate of the United States enhances in my estimation + the value of those obliging expressions of your approbation + of my conduct, which are a generous reward for the past and + an affecting encouragement to constancy and perseverance in + future. + </p> + <p> + Our sentiments appear to be so entirely in unison that I can + not but believe them to be the rational result of the + understandings and the natural feelings of the hearts of + Americans in general on contemplating the present state of + the nation. + </p> + <p> + While such principles and affections prevail they will form + an indissoluble bond of union and a sure pledge that our + country has no essential injury to apprehend from any + portentous appearances abroad. In a humble reliance on Divine + Providence we may rest assured that while we reiterate with + sincerity our endeavors to accommodate all our differences + with France, the independence of our country can not be + diminished, its dignity degraded, or its glory tarnished by + any nation or combination of nations, whether friends or + enemies. + </p> + <p class="r"> + JOHN ADAMS. + </p> + <p> + MAY 24, 1797. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <h3> + ADDRESS OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES TO JOHN ADAMS, + PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES. + </h3> + <p> + SIR: The interesting details of those events which have + rendered the convention of Congress at this time + indispensable (communicated in your speech to both Houses) + has excited in us the strongest emotions. Whilst we regret + the occasion, we can not omit to testify our approbation of + the measure, and pledge ourselves that no considerations of + private inconvenience shall prevent on our part a faithful + discharge of the duties to which we are called. + </p> + <p> + We have constantly hoped that the nations of Europe, whilst + desolated by foreign wars or convulsed by intestine + divisions, would have left the United States to enjoy that + peace and tranquillity to which the impartial conduct of our + Government has entitled us, and it is now with extreme regret + we find the measures of the French Republic tending to + endanger a situation so desirable and interesting to our + country. + </p> + <p> + Upon this occasion we feel it our duty to express in the most + explicit manner the sensations which the present crisis has + excited, and to assure you of our zealous cooperation in + those measures which may appear necessary for our security or + peace. + </p> + <p> + Although it is the earnest wish of our hearts that peace may + be maintained with the French Republic and with all the + world, yet we never will surrender those rights which belong + to us as a nation; and whilst we view with satisfaction the + wisdom, dignity, and moderation which have marked the + measures of the Supreme Executive of our country in his + attempt to remove by candid explanations the complaints and + jealousies of France, we feel the full force of that + indignity which has been offered our country in the rejection + of its minister. No attempts to wound our rights as a + sovereign State will escape the notice of our constituents. + They will be felt with indignation and repelled with that + decision which shall convince the world that we are not a + degraded people; that we can never submit to the demands of a + foreign power without examination and without discussion. + </p> + <p> + Knowing as we do the confidence reposed by the people of the + United States in their Government, we can not hesitate in + expressing our indignation at any sentiments tending to + derogate from that confidence. Such sentiments, wherever + entertained, serve to evince an imperfect knowledge of the + opinions of our constituents. An attempt to separate the + people of the United States from their Government is an + attempt to separate them from themselves; and although + foreigners who know not the genius of our country may have + conceived the project, and foreign emissaries may attempt the + execution, yet the united efforts of our fellow-citizens will + convince the world of its impracticability. + </p> + <p> + Sensibly as we feel the wound which has been inflicted by the + transactions disclosed in your communications, yet we think + with you that neither the honor nor the interest of the + United States forbid the repetition of advances for + preserving peace; we therefore receive with the utmost + satisfaction your information that a fresh attempt at + negotiation will be instituted, and we cherish the hope that + a mutual spirit of conciliation, and a disposition on the + part of France to compensate for any injuries which may have + been committed upon our neutral rights, and on the part of + the United States to place France on grounds similar to those + of other countries in their relation and connection with us + (if any inequalities shall be found to exist), will produce + an accommodation compatible with the engagements, rights, + duties, and honor of the United States. Fully, however, + impressed with the uncertainty of the result, we shall + prepare to meet with fortitude any unfavorable events which + may occur, and to extricate ourselves from their consequences + with all the skill we possess and all the efforts in our + power. Believing with you that the conduct of the Government + has been just and impartial to foreign nations, that the laws + for the preservation of peace have been proper, and that they + have been fairly executed, the Representatives of the people + do not hesitate to declare that they will give their most + cordial support to the execution of principles so + deliberately and uprightly established. + </p> + <p> + The many interesting subjects which you have recommended to + our consideration, and which are so strongly enforced by this + momentous occasion, will receive every attention which their + importance demands, and we trust that, by the decided and + explicit conduct which will govern our deliberations, every + insinuation will be repelled which is derogatory to the honor + and independence of our country. + </p> + <p> + Permit us in offering this address to express our + satisfaction at your promotion to the first office in the + Government and our entire confidence that the preeminent + talents and patriotism which have placed you in this + distinguished situation will enable you to discharge its + various duties with satisfaction to yourself and advantage to + our common country. + </p> + <p> + JUNE 2, 1797. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <h3> + REPLY OF THE PRESIDENT. + </h3> + <p> + <i>Mr. Speaker and Gentlemen of the House of + Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + I receive with great satisfaction your candid approbation of + the convention of Congress, and thank you for your assurances + that the interesting subjects recommended to your + consideration shall receive the attention which their + importance demands, and that your cooperation may be expected + in those measures which may appear necessary for our security + or peace. + </p> + <p> + The declarations of the Representatives of this nation of + their satisfaction at my promotion to the first office in + this Government and of their confidence in my sincere + endeavors to discharge the various duties of it with + advantage to our common country have excited my most grateful + sensibility. + </p> + <p> + I pray you, gentlemen, to believe and to communicate such + assurance to our constituents that no event which I can + foresee to be attainable by any exertions in the discharge of + my duties can afford me so much cordial satisfaction as to + conduct a negotiation with the French Republic to a removal + of prejudices, a correction of errors, a dissipation of + umbrages, an accommodation of all differences, and a + restoration of harmony and affection to the mutual + satisfaction of both nations. And whenever the legitimate + organs of intercourse shall be restored and the real + sentiments of the two Governments can be candidly + communicated to each other, although strongly impressed with + the necessity of collecting ourselves into a manly posture of + defense, I nevertheless entertain an encouraging confidence + that a mutual spirit of conciliation, a disposition to + compensate injuries and accommodate each other in all our + relations and connections, will produce an agreement to a + treaty consistent with the engagements, rights, duties, and + honor of both nations. + </p> + <p class="r"> + JOHN ADAMS. + </p> + <p> + JUNE 3, 1797. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <h2> + SPECIAL MESSAGES. + </h2> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>May 26, 1797</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate</i>: + </p> + <p> + I lay before you, for your consideration and advice, a treaty + of perpetual peace and friendship between the United States + of America and the Bey and subjects of Tripoli, of Barbary, + concluded at Tripoli on the 4th day of November, 1796. + </p> + <p class="r"> + JOHN ADAMS. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>May 31, 1797</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate</i>: + </p> + <p> + I nominate General Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, of South + Carolina, Francis Dana, chief justice of the State of + Massachusetts, and General John Marshall, of Virginia, to be + jointly and severally envoys extraordinary and ministers + plenipotentiary to the French Republic. + </p> + <p> + After mature deliberation on the critical situation of our + relations with France, which have long engaged my most + serious attention, I have determined on these nominations of + persons to negotiate with the French Republic to dissipate + umbrages, to remove prejudices, to rectify errors, and adjust + all differences by a treaty between the two powers. + </p> + <p> + It is in the present critical and singular circumstances of + great importance to engage the confidence of the great + portions of the Union in the characters employed and the + measures which may be adopted. I have therefore thought it + expedient to nominate persons of talents and integrity, long + known and intrusted in the three great divisions of the + Union, and at the same time, to provide against the cases of + death, absence, indisposition, or other impediment, to invest + any one or more of them with full powers. + </p> + <p class="r"> + JOHN ADAMS. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>June 12, 1797</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and Gentlemen of the House of + Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + I have received information from the commissioner appointed + on the part of the United States, pursuant to the third + article of our treaty with Spain, that the running and + marking of the boundary line between the colonies of East and + West Florida and the territory of the United States have been + delayed by the officers of His Catholic Majesty, and that + they have declared their intention to maintain his + jurisdiction, and to suspend the withdrawing his troops from + the military posts they occupy within the territory of the + United States until the two Governments shall, by + negotiation, have settled the meaning of the second article + respecting the withdrawing of the troops, garrisons, or + settlements of either party in the territory of the + other—that is, whether, when the Spanish garrisons + withdraw, they are to leave the works standing or to demolish + them—and until, by an additional article to the treaty, + the real property of the inhabitants shall be secured, and, + likewise, until the Spanish officers are sure the Indians + will be pacific. The two first questions, if to be determined + by negotiation, might be made subjects of discussion for + years, and as no limitation of time can be prescribed to the + other, a certainty in the opinion of the Spanish officers + that the Indians will be pacific, it will be impossible to + suffer it to remain an obstacle to the fulfillment of the + treaty on the part of Spain. + </p> + <p> + To remove the first difficulty, I have determined to leave it + to the discretion of the officers of His Catholic Majesty + when they withdraw his troops from the forts within the + territory of the United States, either to leave the works + standing or to demolish them; and to remove the second I + shall cause an assurance to be published and to be + particularly communicated to the minister of His Catholic + Majesty and to the governor of Louisiana that the settlers or + occupants of the lands in question shall not be disturbed in + their possessions by the troops of the United States, but, on + the contrary, that they shall be protected in all their + lawful claims; and to prevent or remove every doubt on this + point it merits the consideration of Congress whether it will + not be expedient immediately to pass a law giving positive + assurances to those inhabitants who, by fair and regular + grants or by occupancy, have obtained legal titles or + equitable claims to lands in that country prior to the final + ratification of the treaty between the United States and + Spain on the 25th of April, 1796. + </p> + <p> + This country is rendered peculiarly valuable by its + inhabitants, who are represented to amount to nearly 4,000, + generally well affected and much attached to the United + States, and zealous for the establishment of a government + under their authority. + </p> + <p> + I therefore recommend to your consideration the expediency of + erecting a government in the district of the Natchez similar + to that established for the territory northwest of the river + Ohio, but with certain modifications relative to titles or + claims of land, whether of individuals or companies, or to + claims of jurisdiction of any individual State. + </p> + <p class="r"> + JOHN ADAMS. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>June 22, 1797</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the House of Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + Immediately after I had received your resolution of the 10th + of June, requesting a report respecting the depredations + committed on the commerce of the United States since the 1st + of October, 1796, specifying the name of the vessel taken, + where bound to or from, species of lading, the value (when it + can be ascertained) of the vessel and cargo taken, and by + what power captured, particularizing those which have been + actually condemned, together with the proper documents to + ascertain the same, I directed a collection to be made of all + such information as should be found in the possession of the + Government; in consequence of which the Secretary of State + has made the report and the collection of documents which + accompany this message, and are now laid before the House of + Representatives in compliance with their desire. + </p> + <p class="r"> + JOHN ADAMS. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>June 23, 1797</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and of the House of + Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + The Dey of Algiers has manifested a predilection for + American-built vessels, and in consequence has desired that + two vessels might be constructed and equipped as cruisers + according to the choice and taste of Captain O'Brien. The + cost of two such vessels built with live oak and cedar, and + coppered, with guns and all other equipments complete, is + estimated at $45,000. The expense of navigating them to + Algiers may perhaps be compensated by the freight of the + stores with which they may be loaded on account of our + stipulations by treaty with the Dey. + </p> + <p> + A compliance with the Dey's request appears to me to be of + serious importance. He will repay the whole expense of + building and equipping the two vessels, and as he has + advanced the price of our peace with Tripoli, and become + pledged for that of Tunis, the United States seem to be under + peculiar obligations to provide this accommodation, and I + trust that Congress will authorize the advance of money + necessary for that purpose. + </p> + <p> + It also appears to be of importance to place at Algiers a + person as consul in whose integrity and ability much + confidence may be placed, to whom a considerable latitude of + discretion should be allowed, for the interest of the United + States in relation to their commerce. That country is so + remote as to render it impracticable for the consul to ask + and receive instructions in sudden emergencies. He may + sometimes find it necessary to make instant engagements for + money or its equivalent, to prevent greater expenses or more + serious evils. We can hardly hope to escape occasions of + discontent proceeding from the Regency or arising from the + misconduct or even the misfortunes of our commercial vessels + navigating in the Mediterranean Sea, and unless the causes of + discontent are speedily removed the resentment of the Regency + may be exerted with precipitation on our defenseless citizens + and their property, and thus, occasion a tenfold expense to + the United States. For these reasons it appears to me to be + expedient to vest the consul at Algiers with a degree of + discretionary power which can be requisite in no other + situation; and to encourage a person deserving the public + confidence to accept so expensive and responsible a + situation, it appears indispensable to allow him a handsome + salary. I should confer on such a consul a superintending + power over the consulates for the States of Tunis and + Tripoli, especially in respect to pecuniary engagements, + which should not be made without his approbation. + </p> + <p> + While the present salary of $2,000 a year appears adequate to + the consulates of Tunis and Tripoli, twice that sum probably + will be requisite for Algiers. + </p> + <p class="r"> + JOHN ADAMS. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>July 3, 1797</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and Gentlemen of the House of + Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + The whole of the intelligence which has for some time past + been received from abroad, the correspondences between this + Government and the ministers of the belligerent powers + residing here, and the advices from the officers of the + United States, civil and military, upon the frontiers all + conspire to shew in a very strong light the critical + situation of our country. That Congress might be enabled to + form a more perfect judgment of it and of the measures + necessary to be taken, I have directed the proper officers to + prepare such collections of extracts from the public + correspondences as might afford the clearest information. The + reports made to me from the Secretary of State and the + Secretary of War, with a collection of documents from each of + them, are now communicated to both Houses of Congress. I have + desired that the message, reports, and documents may be + considered as confidential merely that the members of both + Houses of Congress may be apprised of their contents before + they should be made public. As soon as the two Houses shall + have heard them, I shall submit to their discretion the + publication of the whole, or any such parts of them as they + shall judge necessary or expedient for the public good. + </p> + <p class="r"> + JOHN ADAMS. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <h2> + PROCLAMATION. + </h2> + <h3> + BY JOHN ADAMS, THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. + </h3> + <h4> + A PROCLAMATION. + </h4> + <p> + Whereas an act of the Congress of the United States was + passed on the 9th day of February, 1793, entitled "An act + regulating foreign coins, and for other purposes," in which + it was enacted "that foreign gold and silver coins shall pass + current as money within the United States and be a legal + tender for the payment of all debts and demands" at the + several and respective rates therein stated; and that "at the + expiration of three years next ensuing the time when the + coinage of gold and silver agreeably to the act intituled "An + act establishing a mint and regulating the coins of the + United States" shall commence at the Mint of the United + States (which time shall be announced by the proclamation of + the President of the United States), all foreign gold coins + and all foreign silver coins, except Spanish milled dollars + and parts of such dollars, shall cease to be a legal tender + as aforesaid: + </p> + <p> + Now, therefore, I, the said John Adams, President of the + United States, hereby proclaim, announce, and give notice to + all whom it may concern that, agreeably to the act last above + mentioned, the coinage of silver at the Mint of the United + States commenced on the 15th day of October, 1794, and the + coinage of gold on the 31st day of July, 1795; and that + consequently, in conformity to the act first above mentioned, + all foreign silver coins, except Spanish milled dollars and + parts of such dollars, will cease to pass current as money + within the United States and to be a legal tender for the + payment of any debts or demands after the 15th day of October + next, and all foreign gold coins will cease to pass current + as money within the United States and to be a legal tender as + aforesaid for the payment of any debts or demands after the + 31st day of July, which will be A.D. 1798. + </p> + <p> + In testimony whereof I have caused the seal of the United + States to be affixed to these presents, and signed the same + with my hand. + </p> + <p> + [SEAL.] + </p> + <p> + Done at Philadelphia, the 22d day of July, A.D. 1797, and of + the Independence of the United States the twenty-second. + </p> + <p class="r"> + JOHN ADAMS. + </p> + <p> + <br> + By the President:<br> + TIMOTHY PICKERING,<br> + <i>Secretary of State</i>. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <h2> + FIRST ANNUAL ADDRESS. + </h2> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>November 22, 1797</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and Gentlemen of the House of + Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + I was for some time apprehensive that it would be necessary, + on account of the contagious sickness which afflicted the + city of Philadelphia, to convene the National Legislature at + some other place. This measure it was desirable to avoid, + because it would occasion much public inconvenience and a + considerable public expense and add to the calamities of the + inhabitants of this city, whose sufferings must have excited + the sympathy of all their fellow-citizens. Therefore, after + taking measures to ascertain the state and decline of the + sickness, I postponed my determination, having hopes, now + happily realized, that, without hazard to the lives or health + of the members, Congress might assemble at this place, where + it was next by law to meet. I submit, however, to your + consideration whether a power to postpone the meeting of + Congress, without passing the time fixed by the Constitution + upon such occasions, would not be a useful amendment to the + law of 1794. + </p> + <p> + Although I can not yet congratulate you on the + reestablishment of peace in Europe and the restoration of + security to the persons and properties of our citizens from + injustice and violence at sea, we have, nevertheless, + abundant cause of gratitude to the source of benevolence and + influence for interior tranquillity and personal security, + for propitious seasons, prosperous agriculture, productive + fisheries, and general improvements, and, above all, for a + rational spirit of civil and religious liberty and a calm but + steady determination to support our sovereignty, as well as + our moral and our religious principles, against all open and + secret attacks. + </p> + <p> + Our envoys extraordinary to the French Republic + embarked—-one in July, the other early in + August—to join their colleague in Holland. I have + received intelligence of the arrival of both of them in + Holland, from whence they all proceeded on their journeys to + Paris within a few days of the 19th of September. Whatever + may be the result of this mission, I trust that nothing will + have been omitted on my part to conduct the negotiation to a + successful conclusion, on such equitable terms as may be + compatible with the safety, honor, and interest of the United + States. Nothing, in the meantime, will contribute so much to + the preservation of peace and the attainment of justice as a + manifestation of that energy and unanimity of which on many + former occasions the people of the United States have given + such memorable proofs, and the exertion of those resources + for national defense which a beneficent Providence has kindly + placed within their power. + </p> + <p> + It may be confidently asserted that nothing has occurred + since the adjournment of Congress which renders inexpedient + those precautionary measures recommended by me to the + consideration of the two Houses at the opening of your late + extraordinary session. If that system was then prudent, it is + more so now, as increasing depredations strengthen the + reasons for its adoption. + </p> + <p> + Indeed, whatever may be the issue of the negotiation with + France, and whether the war in Europe is or is not to + continue, I hold it most certain that permanent tranquillity + and order will not soon be obtained. The state of society has + so long been disturbed, the sense of moral and religious + obligations so much weakened, public faith and national honor + have been so impaired, respect to treaties has been so + diminished, and the law of nations has lost so much of its + force, while pride, ambition, avarice, and violence have been + so long unrestrained, there remains no reasonable ground on + which to raise an expectation that a commerce without + protection or defense will not be plundered. + </p> + <p> + The commerce of the United States is essential, if not to + their existence, at least to their comfort, their growth, + prosperity, and happiness. The genius, character, and habits + of the people are highly commercial. Their cities have been + formed and exist upon commerce. Our agriculture, fisheries, + arts, and manufactures are connected with and depend upon it. + In short, commerce has made this country what it is, and it + can not be destroyed or neglected without involving the + people in poverty and distress. Great numbers are directly + and solely supported by navigation. The faith of society is + pledged for the preservation of the rights of commercial and + seafaring no less than of the other citizens. Under this view + of our affairs, I should hold myself guilty of a neglect of + duty if I forbore to recommend that we should make every + exertion to protect our commerce and to place our country in + a suitable posture of defense as the only sure means of + preserving both. + </p> + <p> + I have entertained an expectation that it would have been in + my power at the opening of this session to have communicated + to you the agreeable information of the due execution of our + treaty with His Catholic Majesty respecting the withdrawing + of his troops from our territory and the demarcation of the + line of limits, but by the latest authentic intelligence + Spanish garrisons were still continued within our country, + and the running of the boundary line had not been commenced. + These circumstances are the more to be regretted as they can + not fail to affect the Indians in a manner injurious to the + United States. Still, however, indulging the hope that the + answers which have been given will remove the objections + offered by the Spanish officers to the immediate execution of + the treaty, I have judged it proper that we should continue + in readiness to receive the posts and to run the line of + limits. Further information on this subject will be + communicated in the course of the session. + </p> + <p> + In connection with this unpleasant state of things on our + western frontier it is proper for me to mention the attempts + of foreign agents to alienate the affections of the Indian + nations and to excite them to actual hostilities against the + United States. Great activity has been exerted by those + persons who have insinuated themselves among the Indian + tribes residing within the territory of the United States to + influence them to transfer their affections and force to a + foreign nation, to form them into a confederacy, and prepare + them for war against the United States. Although measures + have been taken to counteract these infractions of our + rights, to prevent Indian hostilities, and to preserve entire + their attachment to the United States, it is my duty to + observe that to give a better effect to these measures and to + obviate the consequences of a repetition of such practices a + law providing adequate punishment for such offenses may be + necessary. + </p> + <p> + The commissioners appointed under the fifth article of the + treaty of amity, commerce, and navigation between the United + States and Great Britain to ascertain the river which was + truly intended under the name of the river St. Croix + mentioned in the treaty of peace, met at Passamaquoddy Bay in + October, 1796, and viewed the mouths of the rivers in + question and the adjacent shores and islands, and, being of + opinion that actual surveys of both rivers to their sources + were necessary, gave to the agents of the two nations + instructions for that purpose, and adjourned to meet at + Boston in August. They met, but the surveys requiring more + time than had been supposed, and not being then completed, + the commissioners again adjourned, to meet at Providence, in + the State of Rhode Island, in June next, when we may expect a + final examination and decision. + </p> + <p> + The commissioners appointed in pursuance of the sixth article + of the treaty met at Philadelphia in May last to examine the + claims of British subjects for debts contracted before the + peace and still remaining due to them from citizens or + inhabitants of the United States. Various causes have + hitherto prevented any determinations, but the business is + now resumed, and doubtless will be prosecuted without + interruption. + </p> + <p> + Several decisions on the claims of citizens of the United + States for losses and damages sustained by reason of + irregular and illegal captures or condemnations of their + vessels or other property have been made by the commissioners + in London comformably to the seventh article of the treaty. + The sums awarded by the commissioners have been paid by the + British Government. A considerable number of other claims, + where costs and damages, and not captured property, were the + only objects in question, have been decided by arbitration, + and the sums awarded to the citizens of the United States + have also been paid. + </p> + <p> + The commissioners appointed agreeably to the twenty-first + article of our treaty with Spain met at Philadelphia in the + summer past to examine and decide on the claims of our + citizens for losses they have sustained in consequence of + their vessels and cargoes having been taken by the subjects + of His Catholic Majesty during the late war between Spain and + France. Their sittings have been interrupted, but are now + resumed. + </p> + <p> + The United States being obligated to make compensation for + the losses and damages sustained by British subjects, upon + the award of the commissioners acting under the sixth article + of the treaty with Great Britain, and for the losses and + damages sustained by British subjects by reason of the + capture of their vessels and merchandise taken within the + limits and jurisdiction of the United States and brought into + their ports, or taken by vessels originally armed in ports of + the United States, upon the awards of the commissioners + acting under the seventh article of the same treaty, it is + necessary that provision be made for fulfilling these + obligations. + </p> + <p> + The numerous captures of American vessels by the cruisers of + the French Republic and of some by those of Spain have + occasioned considerable expenses in making and supporting the + claims of our citizens before their tribunals. The sums + required for this purpose have in divers instances been + disbursed by the consuls of the United States. By means of + the same captures great numbers of our seamen have been + thrown ashore in foreign countries, destitute of all means of + subsistence, and the sick in particular have been exposed to + grievous sufferings. The consuls have in these cases also + advanced moneys for their relief. For these advances they + reasonably expect reimbursements from the United States. + </p> + <p> + The consular act relative to seamen requires revision and + amendment. The provisions for their support in foreign + countries and for their return are found to be inadequate and + ineffectual. Another provision seems necessary to be added to + the consular act. Some foreign vessels have been discovered + sailing under the flag of the United States and with forged + papers. It seldom happens that the consuls can detect this + deception, because they have no authority to demand an + inspection of the registers and sea letters. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the House of Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + It is my duty to recommend to your serious consideration + those objects which by the Constitution are placed + particularly within your sphere—the national debts and + taxes. + </p> + <p> + Since the decay of the feudal system, by which the public + defense was provided for chiefly at the expense of + individuals, the system of loans has been introduced, and as + no nation can raise within the year by taxes sufficient sums + for its defense and military operations in time of war, the + sums loaned and debts contracted have necessarily become the + subjects of what have been called funding systems. The + consequences arising from the continual accumulation of + public debts in other countries ought to admonish us to be + careful to prevent their growth in our own. The national + defense must be provided for as well as the support of + Government; but both should be accomplished as much as + possible by immediate taxes, and as little as possible by + loans. + </p> + <p> + The estimates for the service of the ensuing year will by my + direction be laid before you. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and Gentlemen of the House of + Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + We are met together at a most interesting period. The + situations of the principal powers of Europe are singular and + portentous. Connected with some by treaties and with all by + commerce, no important event there can be indifferent to us. + Such circumstances call with peculiar importunity not less + for a disposition to unite in all those measures on which the + honor, safety, and prosperity of our country depend than for + all the exertions of wisdom and firmness. + </p> + <p> + In all such measures you may rely on my zealous and hearty + concurrence. + </p> + <p class="r"> + JOHN ADAMS. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <h3> + ADDRESS OF THE SENATE TO JOHN ADAMS, PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED + STATES. + </h3> + <p> + THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES. + </p> + <p> + SIR: The communications you thought proper to make in your + speech to both Houses of Congress on the opening of their + present session afford additional proofs of the attention, + integrity, and firmness which have always marked your + official character. + </p> + <p> + We can not but approve of the measures you had taken to + ascertain the state and decline of the contagious sickness + which has so lately afflicted the city of Philadelphia, and + the pleasing circumstance that Congress is now assembled at + that place without hazard to the health of its members + evinces the propriety of your having postponed a + determination to convene the National Legislature at another + place. We shall take into consideration the law of 1794 on + this subject, and will readily concur in any amendment which + may be deemed expedient. + </p> + <p> + It would have given us much pleasure to have received your + congratulations on the reestablishment of peace in Europe and + the restoration of security to the persons and property of + our citizens from injustice and violence at sea; but though + these events, so desirable to our country and the world, have + not taken place, yet we have abundant cause of gratitude to + the Great Disposer of Human Events for interior tranquillity + and personal security, for propitious seasons, prosperous + agriculture, productive fisheries, and general improvement, + and, above all, for a rational spirit of civil and religious + liberty and a calm but steady determination to support our + sovereignty against all open and secret attacks. + </p> + <p> + We learn with satisfaction that our envoys extraordinary to + the French Republic had safely arrived in Europe and were + proceeding to the scene of negotiation, and whatever may be + the result of the mission, we are perfectly satisfied that + nothing on your part has been omitted which could in any way + conduce to a successful conclusion of the negotiation upon + terms compatible with the safety, honor, and interest of the + United States; and we are fully convinced that in the + meantime a manifestation of that unanimity and energy of + which the people of the United States have given such + memorable proofs and a proper exertion of those resources of + national defense which we possess will essentially contribute + to the preservation of peace and the attainment of justice. + </p> + <p> + We think, sir, with you that the commerce of the United + States is essential to the growth, comfort, and prosperity of + our country, and that the faith of society is pledged for the + preservation of the rights of commercial and seafaring no + less than of other citizens. And even if our negotiation with + France should terminate favorably and the war in Europe + cease, yet the state of society which unhappily prevails in + so great a portion of the world and the experience of past + times under better circumstances unite in warning us that a + commerce so extensive and which holds out so many temptations + to lawless plunderers can never be safe without protection; + and we hold ourselves obliged by every tie of duty which + binds us to our constituents to promote and concur in such + measures of marine defense as may convince our merchants and + seamen that their rights are not sacrificed nor their + injuries forgotten. + </p> + <p> + We regret that, notwithstanding the clear and explicit terms + of the treaty between the United States and His Catholic + Majesty, the Spanish garrisons are not yet withdrawn from our + territory nor the running of the boundary line commenced. The + United States have been faithful in the performance of their + obligations to Spain, and had reason to expect a compliance + equally prompt on the part of that power. We still, however, + indulge the hope that the convincing answers which have been + given to the objections stated by the Spanish officers to the + immediate execution of the treaty will have their proper + effect, and that this treaty, so mutually beneficial to the + contracting parties, will be finally observed with good + faith. We therefore entirely approve of your determination to + continue in readiness to receive the posts and to run the + line of partition between our territory and that of the King + of Spain. + </p> + <p> + Attempts to alienate the affections of the Indians, to form + them into a confederacy, and to excite them to actual + hostility against the United States, whether made by foreign + agents or by others, are so injurious to our interests at + large and so inhuman with respect to our citizens inhabiting + the adjacent territory as to deserve the most exemplary + punishment, and we will cheerfully afford our aid in framing + a law which may prescribe a punishment adequate to the + commission of crimes so heinous. + </p> + <p> + The several objects you have pointed out to the attention of + the Legislature, whether they regard our internal or external + relations, shall receive from us that consideration which + they merit, and we will readily concur in all such measures + as may be necessary either to enable us to fulfill our + engagements at home or to cause ourselves to be respected + abroad; and at this portentous period, when the powers of + Europe with whom we are connected by treaty or commerce are + in so critical a situation, and when the conduct of some of + those powers toward the United States is so hostile and + menacing, the several branches of the Government are, in our + opinion, called upon with peculiar importunity to unite, and + by union not only to devise and carry into effect those + measures on which the safety and prosperity of our country + depend, but also to undeceive those nations who, regarding us + as a weak and divided people, have pursued systems of + aggression inconsistent with a state of peace between + independent nations. And, sir, we beg leave to assure you + that we derive a singular consolation from the reflection + that at such a time the executive part of our Government has + been committed to your hands, for in your integrity, talents, + and firmness we place the most entire confidence. + </p> + <p class="r"> + JACOB READ,<br> + <i>President of the Senate pro tempore</i>. + </p> + <p> + NOVEMBER 27, 1797. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <h3> + REPLY OF THE PRESIDENT. + </h3> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>November 28, 1797</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate:</i> + </p> + <p> + I thank you for this address. + </p> + <p> + When, after the most laborious investigation and serious + reflection, without partial considerations or personal + motives, measures have been adopted or recommended, I can + receive no higher testimony of their rectitude than the + approbation of an assembly so independent, patriotic, and + enlightened as the Senate of the United States. + </p> + <p> + Nothing has afforded me more entire satisfaction than the + coincidence of your judgment with mine in the opinion of the + essential importance of our commerce and the absolute + necessity of a maritime defense. What is it that has drawn to + Europe the superfluous riches of the three other quarters of + the globe but a marine? What is it that has drained the + wealth of Europe itself into the coffers of two or three of + its principal commercial powers but a marine? + </p> + <p> + The world has furnished no example of a flourishing commerce + without a maritime protection, and a moderate knowledge of + man and his history will convince anyone that no such prodigy + ever can arise. A mercantile marine and a military marine + must grow up together; one can not long exist without the + other. + </p> + <p class="r"> + JOHN ADAMS. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <h3> + ADDRESS OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES TO JOHN ADAMS, + PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES. + </h3> + <p> + SIR: While our sympathy is excited by the recent sufferings + of the citizens of Philadelphia, we participate in the + satisfaction which you are pleased to express that the + duration of the late calamity was so limited as to render + unnecessary the expense and inconvenience that would have + been incident to the convention of Congress in another place; + and we shall readily attend to every useful amendment of the + law which contemplates the event of contagious sickness at + the seat of Government. + </p> + <p> + In lamenting the increase of the injuries offered to the + persons and property of our citizens at sea we gratefully + acknowledge the continuance of interior tranquillity and the + attendant blessings of which you remind us as alleviations of + these fatal effects of injustice and violence. + </p> + <p> + Whatever may be the result of the mission to the French + Republic, your early and uniform attachment to the interest + of our country, your important services in the struggle for + its independence, and your unceasing exertions for its + welfare afford no room to doubt of the sincerity of your + efforts to conduct the negotiation to a successful conclusion + on such terms as may be compatible with the safety, honor, + and interest of the United States. We have also a firm + reliance upon the energy and unanimity of the people of these + States in the assertion of their rights, and on their + determination to exert upon all proper occasions their ample + resources in providing for the national defense. + </p> + <p> + The importance of commerce and its beneficial influence upon + agriculture, arts, and manufactures have been verified in the + growth and prosperity of our country. It is essentially + connected with the other great interests of the community; + they must flourish and decline together; and while the + extension of our navigation and trade naturally excites the + jealousy and tempts the avarice of other nations, we are + firmly persuaded that the numerous and deserving class of + citizens engaged in these pursuits and dependent on them for + their subsistence has a strong and indisputable claim to our + support and protection. + </p> + <p> + The delay of the Spanish officers to fulfill the treaty + existing with His Catholic Majesty is a source of deep + regret. We learn, however, with satisfaction that you still + indulge hopes of removing the objections which have been made + to its execution, and that you have continued in readiness to + receive the posts. Disposed to perform with fidelity our + national engagements, nothing shall be wanting on our part to + obtain the same justice from others which we exercise toward + them. + </p> + <p> + Our abhorrence can not be too strongly expressed of the + intrigues of foreign agents to alienate the affections of the + Indians and to rouse them to acts of hostility against the + United States. No means in our power should be omitted of + providing for the suppression of such cruel practices and for + the adequate punishment of their atrocious authors. + </p> + <p> + Upon the other interesting subjects noticed in your address + we shall bestow the requisite attention. To preserve + inviolable the public faith by providing for the due + execution of our treaties, to indemnify those who may have + just claims to retribution upon the United States for + expenses incurred in defending the property and relieving the + necessities of our unfortunate fellow-citizens, to guard + against evasions of the laws intended to secure advantages to + the navigation of our own vessels, and especially to prevent + by all possible means an unnecessary accumulation of the + public debt, are duties which we shall endeavor to keep in + view and discharge with assiduity. + </p> + <p> + We regard with great anxiety the singular and portentous + situation of the principal powers of Europe. It were devoutly + to be wished that the United States, remote from this seat of + war and discord, unambitious of conquests, respecting the + rights of other nations, and desirous merely to avail + themselves of their natural resources, might be permitted to + behold the scenes which desolate that quarter of the globe + with only those sympathetic emotions which are natural to the + lovers of peace and friends of the human race. But we are led + by events to associate with these feelings a sense of the + dangers which menace our security and peace. We rely upon + your assurances of a zealous and hearty concurrence in such + measures as may be necessary to avert these dangers, and + nothing on our part shall be wanting to repel them which the + honor, safety, and prosperity of our country may require. + </p> + <p> + NOVEMBER 28, 1797. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <h3> + REPLY OF THE PRESIDENT. + </h3> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>November 29, 1797</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the House of Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + I receive this address from the House of Representatives of + the United States with peculiar pleasure. + </p> + <p> + Your approbation of the meeting of Congress in this city and + of those other measures of the Executive authority of + Government communicated in my address to both Houses at the + opening of the session afford me great satisfaction, as the + strongest desire of my heart is to give satisfaction to the + people and their Representatives by a faithful discharge of + my duty. + </p> + <p> + The confidence you express in the sincerity of my endeavors + and in the unanimity of the people does me much honor and + gives me great joy. + </p> + <p> + I rejoice in that harmony which appears in the sentiments of + all the branches of the Government on the importance of our + commerce and our obligations to defend it, as well as in all + the other subjects recommended to your consideration, and + sincerely congratulate you and our fellow-citizens at large + on this appearance, so auspicious to the honor, interest, and + happiness of the nation. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <h2> + SPECIAL MESSAGES. + </h2> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>December 6, 1797</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate</i>: + </p> + <p> + Isaac Smith, esq., who was appointed, with the advice and + consent of the Senate, to hold a treaty with the Seneca + Nation of Indians, to superintend the purchase of a parcel of + their land under a right of preemption derived from the State + of Massachusetts, and situated within the State of New York, + having declined that service, Jeremiah Wadsworth, esq., was + appointed during your recess to hold a treaty, which has + terminated in a deed of bargain and sale, herewith submitted + to your consideration. + </p> + <p> + It being represented to me that the immediate investment in + bank stock of the moneys which are to be the consideration of + this deed might be attended with considerable loss to the + Indians by raising the market price of that article, it is + suggested whether it would not be expedient that the + ratification should be made conclusive and binding on the + parties only after the President shall be satisfied that the + investment of the moneys has been made conformably to the + intention of the treaty. + </p> + <p class="r"> + JOHN ADAMS. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>December 13, 1797</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and Gentlemen of the House of + Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + I lay before you the copy of a letter from the judges of the + Supreme Court of the United States, representing the + inconvenience arising from altering the time of holding the + circuit court for the State of Delaware from April to June, + and desiring that the existing law may be altered by + restoring the spring session of the circuit court in Delaware + to the 27th of April. + </p> + <p class="r"> + JOHN ADAMS. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>December 30, 1797</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and Gentlemen of the House of + Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + In compliance with the desire of the two Houses of Congress, + expressed in their resolution of the 2d of March, 1797, that + some speedy and effectual means might be adopted of obtaining + information from the States of Connecticut, New Jersey, + Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, and + South Carolina whether they have ratified the amendment + proposed by Congress to the Constitution concerning the + suability of States, and if they have, to obtain proper + evidences, measures have been taken and information and + evidences obtained the particulars of which will appear in + the report from the Secretary of State made by my direction + on the 28th day of this month, and now presented to the two + Houses for their consideration. + </p> + <p class="r"> + JOHN ADAMS. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>January 5, 1798</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and Gentlemen of the House of + Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + The Secretary for the Department of War on the 30th day of + December last made a representation to me of the situation of + affairs in his office, which I now transmit to the Senate and + House of Representatives, and recommend to their + consideration and decision. + </p> + <p class="r"> + JOHN ADAMS. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>January 8, 1798</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate</i>: + </p> + <p> + The situation of affairs between some of the citizens of the + United States and the Cherokee Indians has evinced the + propriety of holding a treaty with that nation to extinguish + by purchase their right to certain parcels of land and to + adjust and settle other points relative to the safety and + conveniency of our citizens. With this view I nominate Fisher + Ames, of Dedham, in the State of Massachusetts; Bushrod + Washington, of Richmond, in the State of Virginia, and Alfred + Moore, of North Carolina, to be commissioners of the United + States with full powers to hold conferences and conclude a + treaty with the Cherokee Nation of Indians for the purposes + before mentioned. + </p> + <p class="r"> + JOHN ADAMS. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>January 17, 1798</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and Gentlemen of the House of + Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + I have now an opportunity of transmitting to Congress a + report of the Secretary of State, with a copy of an act of + the legislature of the State of Kentucky consenting to the + ratification of the amendment of the Constitution of the + United States proposed by Congress in their resolution of the + 2d day of December, 1793, relative to the suability of + States. This amendment, having been adopted by three-fourths + of the several States, may now be declared to be a part of + the Constitution of the United States. + </p> + <p class="r"> + JOHN ADAMS. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>January 17, 1798</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and Gentlemen of the House of + Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + The situation of affairs between the United States and the + Cherokee Indians having evinced the expediency of a treaty + with that nation for the promotion of justice to them, as + well as of the interests and convenience of our citizens, I + have nominated and, by and with the advice and consent of the + Senate, appointed commissioners to hold conferences and + conclude a treaty as early as the season of the year and the + convenience of the parties will admit. + </p> + <p> + As we know very well by experience such negotiations can not + be carried on without considerable expenses, I recommend to + your consideration the propriety of making an appropriation + at this time for defraying such as may be necessary for + holding and concluding a treaty. + </p> + <p> + That you may form your judgments with greater facility, I + shall direct the proper officer to lay before you an estimate + of such articles and expenses as may be thought + indispensable. + </p> + <p class="r"> + JOHN ADAMS. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>January 18, 1798</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and Gentlemen of the House of + Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + A representation has been made to me by the judge of the + Pennsylvania district of the United States of certain + inconveniences and disagreeable circumstances which have + occurred in the execution of the law passed on the 28th day + of May, 1796, entitled "An act for the relief of persons + imprisoned for debt," as well as of certain doubts which have + been raised concerning its construction. This representation, + together with a report of the Attorney-General on the same + subject, I now transmit to Congress for their consideration, + that if any amendments or explanations of that law should be + thought advisable they may be adopted. + </p> + <p class="r"> + JOHN ADAMS. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>January 23, 1798</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and Gentlemen of the House of + Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + At the commencement of this session of Congress I proposed in + the course of it to communicate to both Houses further + information concerning the situation of our affairs in the + territories of the United States situated on the Mississippi + River and in its neighborhood; our intercourse with the + Indian nations; our relations with the Spanish Government, + and the conduct of their officers and agents. This + information will be found in a report of the Secretary of + State and the documents attending it, which I now present to + the Senate and House of Representatives. + </p> + <p class="r"> + JOHN ADAMS. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>February 2, 1798</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and Gentlemen of the House of + Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + I have received from our minister in London two acts of the + Parliament of Great Britain, one passed on the 4th of July, + 1797, entitled "An act for carrying into execution the treaty + of amity, commerce, and navigation concluded between His + Majesty and the United States of America," the other passed + on the 19th day of July, 1797, entitled "An act for + regulating the trade to be carried on with the British + possessions in India by the ships of nations in amity with + His Majesty." These acts have such connections with the + commercial and political interests of the United States that + it is proper they should be communicated to Congress. I have + accordingly transmitted copies of them with this message. + </p> + <p class="r"> + JOHN ADAMS. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>February 5, 1798</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and Gentlemen of the House of + Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + I have received a letter from His Excellency Charles + Pinckney, esq., governor of the State of South Carolina, + dated the 22d of October, 1797, inclosing a number of + depositions of witnesses to several captures and outrages + committed within and near the limits of the United States by + a French privateer belonging to Cape Francois, or Monte + Christo, called the <i>Vertitude</i> or <i>Fortitude</i>, and + commanded by a person of the name of Jordan or Jourdain, and + particularly upon an English merchant ship named the + <i>Oracabissa</i>, which he first plundered and then burned, + with the rest of her cargo, of great value, within the + territory of the United States, in the harbor of Charleston, + on the 17th day of October last, copies of which letter and + depositions, and also of several other depositions relative + to the same subject, received from the collector of + Charleston, are herewith communicated. + </p> + <p> + Whenever the channels of diplomatical communication between + the United States and France shall be opened, I shall demand + satisfaction for the insult and reparation for the injury. + </p> + <p> + I have transmitted these papers to Congress not so much for + the purpose of communicating an account of so daring a + violation of the territory of the United States as to show + the propriety and necessity of enabling the Executive + authority of Government to take measures for protecting the + citizens of the United States and such foreigners as have a + right to enjoy their peace and the protection of their laws + within their limits in that as well as some other harbors + which are equally exposed. + </p> + <p class="r"> + JOHN ADAMS. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>February 12, 1798</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and Gentlemen of the House of + Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + In obedience to the law, I now present to both Houses of + Congress my annual account of expenditures from the + contingent fund during the year 1797, by which it appears + that on the 1st day of January last there remained in the + Treasury a balance of $15,494.24 subject to future + dispositions of Government. + </p> + <p class="r"> + JOHN ADAMS. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>February 18, 1798</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the House of Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + In the report of the Secretary of State and the documents + herewith transmitted will be found such information as is in + our possession of the losses recovered by the citizens of the + United States under the treaty made with Great Britain, which + are now presented to the House of Representatives in + compliance with their request in their resolution of the 1st + of this month. + </p> + <p class="r"> + JOHN ADAMS. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>February 20, 1798</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and Gentlemen of the House of + Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + In obedience to the law of the United States of the 3d of + March, 1797, entitled "An act authorizing an expenditure and + making an appropriation for the prosecution of the claims of + certain citizens of the United States for property captured + by the belligerent powers," I submit to Congress the account + exhibited to me by the Secretary of State with his report of + the 17th of this month. + </p> + <p class="r"> + JOHN ADAMS. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>February 21, 1798</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate</i>: + </p> + <p> + Having received the original treaty concluded between the + United States and the Government of Tunis, I lay it before + the Senate of the United States whether they advise and + consent to its ratification. + </p> + <p class="r"> + JOHN ADAMS. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>February 23, 1798</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and Gentlemen of the House of + Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + The inclosed memorial from the commissioners appointed under + an act of the United States entitled "An act for establishing + the temporary and permanent seat of the Government of the + United States," representing the situation and circumstances + of the city of Washington, I take this opportunity to present + to both Houses of the Legislature and recommend to their + consideration. Alexander White, esq., one of those + commissioners, is now in this city, and will be able to give + to Congress, or any of their committees, any explanation or + further information which the subject may require. + </p> + <p class="r"> + JOHN ADAMS. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>March 5, 1798</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and Gentlemen of the House of + Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + The first dispatches from our envoys extraordinary since + their arrival at Paris were received at the Secretary of + State's office at a late hour last evening. They are all in a + character which will require some days to be deciphered, + except the last, which is dated the 8th of January, 1798. The + contents of this letter are of so much importance to be + immediately made known to Congress and to the public, + especially to the mercantile part of our fellow-citizens, + that I have thought it my duty to communicate them to both + Houses without loss of time. + </p> + <p class="r"> + JOHN ADAMS. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>March 12, 1798</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate</i>: + </p> + <p> + Insinuations having been repeatedly made in the name of the + Court of Sweden of an inclination to renew the connection + between the United States and that power, I sent, in the + recess of the Senate, to our minister at Berlin a full power + to negotiate that business, with such alterations as might be + agreeable to both parties; but as that commission, if not + renewed with the advice and consent of the Senate, will + expire with the present session of Congress, I now nominate + John Quincy Adams to be a commissioner with full powers to + negotiate a treaty of amity and commerce with His Majesty the + King of Sweden. + </p> + <p class="r"> + JOHN ADAMS. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>March 19, 1798</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and Gentlemen of the House of + Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + The dispatches from the envoys extraordinary of the United + States to the French Republic, which were mentioned in my + message to both Houses of Congress of the 5th instant, have + been examined and maturely considered. + </p> + <p> + While I feel a satisfaction in informing you that their + exertions for the adjustment of the differences between the + two nations have been sincere and unremitted, it is incumbent + on me to declare that I perceive no ground of expectation + that the objects of their mission can be accomplished on + terms compatible with the safety, the honor, or the essential + interests of the nation. + </p> + <p> + This result can not with justice be attributed to any want of + moderation on the part of this Government, or to any + indisposition to forego secondary interests for the + preservation of peace. Knowing it to be my duty, and + believing it to be your wish, as well as that of the great + body of the people, to avoid by all reasonable concessions + any participation in the contentions of Europe, the powers + vested in our envoys were commensurate with a liberal and + pacific policy and that high confidence which might justly be + reposed in the abilities, patriotism, and integrity of the + characters to whom the negotiation was committed. After a + careful review of the whole subject, with the aid of all the + information I have received, I can discern nothing which + could have insured or contributed to success that has been + omitted on my part, and nothing further which can be + attempted consistently with maxims for which our country has + contended at every hazard, and which constitute the basis of + our national sovereignty. + </p> + <p> + Under these circumstances I can not forbear to reiterate the + recommendations which have been formerly made, and to exhort + you to adopt with promptitude, decision, and unanimity such + measures as the ample resources of the country afford for the + protection of our seafaring and commercial citizens, for the + defense of any exposed portions of our territory, for + replenishing our arsenals, establishing foundries and + military manufactures, and to provide such efficient revenue + as will be necessary to defray extraordinary expenses and + supply the deficiencies which may be occasioned by + depredations on our commerce. + </p> + <p> + The present state of things is so essentially different from + that in which instructions were given to the collectors to + restrain vessels of the United States from sailing in an + armed condition that the principle on which those orders were + issued has ceased to exist. I therefore deem it proper to + inform Congress that I no longer conceive myself justifiable + in continuing them, unless in particular cases where there + may be reasonable ground of suspicion that such vessels are + intended to be employed contrary to law. + </p> + <p> + In all your proceedings it will be important to manifest a + zeal, vigor, and concert in defense of the national rights + proportioned to the danger with which they are threatened. + </p> + <p class="r"> + JOHN ADAMS. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>April 3, 1798</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and Gentlemen of the House of + Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + In compliance with the request of the House of + Representatives expressed in their resolution of the 2d of + this month, I transmit to both Houses those instructions to + and dispatches from the envoys extraordinary of the United + States to the French Republic which were mentioned in my + message of the 19th of March last, omitting only some names + and a few expressions descriptive of the persons. + </p> + <p> + I request that they may be considered in confidence until the + members of Congress are fully possessed of their contents and + shall have had opportunity to deliberate on the consequences + of their publication, after which time I submit them to your + wisdom. + </p> + <p class="r"> + JOHN ADAMS. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>April 12, 1798</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate</i>: + </p> + <p> + A treaty with the Mohawk Nation of Indians has by accident + lain long neglected. It was executed under the authority of + the Honorable Isaac Smith, a commissioner of the United + States. I now submit it to the Senate for their + consideration. + </p> + <p class="r"> + JOHN ADAMS. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>May 3, 1798</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate</i>: + </p> + <p> + His Excellency John Jay, esq., governor of New York, has + informed me that the Oneida tribe of Indians have proposed to + sell a part of their land to the said State, and that the + legislature at their late session authorized the purchase, + and to accomplish this object the governor has desired that a + commissioner may be appointed to hold a treaty with the + Oneida tribe of Indians, at which the agents of the State of + New York may agree with them on the terms of the purchase. I + therefore nominate Joseph Hopkinson, esq., of Pennsylvania, + to be the commissioner to hold a treaty with the said Oneida + tribe of Indians for the purpose above mentioned. + </p> + <p class="r"> + JOHN ADAMS. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>June 21, 1798</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and Gentlemen of the House of + Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + While I congratulate you on the arrival of General Marshall, + one of our late envoys extraordinary to the French Republic, + at a place of safety, where he is justly held in honor, I + think it my duty to communicate to you a letter received by + him from Mr. Gerry, the only one of the three who has not + received his congé. This letter, together with another + from the minister of foreign relations to him of the 3d of + April, and his answer of the 4th, will shew the situation in + which he remains—his intentions and prospects. + </p> + <p> + I presume that before this time he has received fresh + instructions (a copy of which accompanies this message) to + consent to no loans, and therefore the negotiation may be + considered at an end. + </p> + <p> + I will never send another minister to France without + assurances that he will be received, respected, and honored + as the representative of a great, free, powerful, and + independent nation. + </p> + <p class="r"> + JOHN ADAMS. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>June 27, 1798</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and Gentlemen of the House of + Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + I have received a letter from His Excellency Thomas Mifflin, + governor of Pennsylvania, inclosing some documents which I + judge it my duty to lay before Congress without loss of time. + </p> + <p> + As my opinion coincides entirely with that of his excellency + the governor, I recommend the subject to the consideration of + both Houses of Congress, whose authority alone appears to me + adequate to the occasion. + </p> + <p class="r"> + JOHN ADAMS. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>July 2, 1798</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate</i>: + </p> + <p> + I nominate George Washington, of Mount Vernon, to be + Lieutenant-General and Commander in Chief of all the armies + raised or to be raised in the United States. + </p> + <p class="r"> + JOHN ADAMS. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>July 13, 1798</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate</i>: + </p> + <p> + A resolution of both Houses of Congress authorizing an + adjournment on Monday, the 16th of this month, has been laid + before me. Sensible of the severity of the service in so long + a session, it is with great reluctance that I find myself + obliged to offer any consideration which may operate against + the inclinations of the members; but certain measures of + Executive authority which will require the consideration of + the Senate, and which can not be matured, in all probability, + before Monday or Tuesday, oblige me to request of the Senate + that they would continue their session until Wednesday or + Thursday. + </p> + <p class="r"> + JOHN ADAMS. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>July 17, 1798</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate</i>: + </p> + <p> + Believing that the letter received this morning from General + Washington will give high satisfaction to the Senate, I + transmit them a copy of it, and congratulate them and the + public on this great event—the General's acceptance of + his appointment as Lieutenant-General and Commander in Chief + of the Army. + </p> + <p class="r"> + JOHN ADAMS. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + MOUNT VERNON, <i>July 13, 1798</i>. + </p> + <p> + JOHN ADAMS,<br> + <i>President of the United States</i>. + </p> + <p> + DEAR SIR: I had the honor, on the evening of the 11th + instant, to receive from the hands of the Secretary of War + your favor of the 7th, announcing that you had, with the + advice and consent of the Senate, appointed me + "Lieutenant-General and Commander in Chief of all the armies + raised or to be raised for the service of the United States." + </p> + <p> + I can not express how greatly affected I am at this new proof + of public confidence and the highly flattering manner in + which you have been pleased to make the communication. At the + same time I must not conceal from you my earnest wish that + the choice had fallen upon a man less declined in years and + better qualified to encounter the usual vicissitudes of war. + </p> + <p> + You know, sir, what calculation I had made relative to the + probable course of events on my retiring from office, and the + determination I had consoled myself with of closing the + remnant of my days in my present peaceful abode. You will + therefore be at no loss to conceive and appreciate the + sensations I must have experienced to bring my mind to any + conclusion that would pledge me, at so late a period of life, + to leave scenes I sincerely love to enter upon the boundless + field of public action, incessant trouble, and high + responsibility. + </p> + <p> + It was not possible for me to remain ignorant of or + indifferent to recent transactions. The conduct of the + Directory of France toward our country, their insidious + hostility to its Government, their various practices to + withdraw the affections of the people from it, the evident + tendency of their acts and those of their agents to + countenance and invigorate opposition, their disregard of + solemn treaties and the laws of nations, their war upon our + defenseless commerce, their treatment of our ministers of + peace, and their demands amounting to tribute could not fail + to excite in me corresponding sentiments with those my + countrymen have so generally expressed in their affectionate + addresses to you. Believe me, sir, no one can more cordially + approve of the wise and prudent measures of your + Administration. They ought to inspire universal confidence, + and will no doubt, combined with the state of things, call + from Congress such laws and means as will enable you to meet + the full force and extent of the crisis. + </p> + <p> + Satisfied, therefore, that you have sincerely wished and + endeavored to avert war, and exhausted to the last drop the + cup of reconciliation, we can with pure hearts appeal to + Heaven for the justice of our cause, and may confidently + trust the final result to that kind Providence who has + heretofore and so often signally favored the people of these + United States. + </p> + <p> + Thinking in this manner, and feeling how incumbent it is upon + every person, of every description, to contribute at all + times to his country's welfare, and especially in a moment + like the present, when everything we hold dear and sacred is + so seriously threatened, I have finally determined to accept + the commission of Commander in Chief of the armies of the + United States, with the reserve only that I shall not be + called into the field until the Army is in a situation to + require my presence or it becomes indispensable by the + urgency of circumstances. + </p> + <p> + In making this reservation I beg it to be understood that I + do not mean to withhold any assistance to arrange and + organize the Army which you may think I can afford. I take + the liberty also to mention that I must decline having my + acceptance considered as drawing after it any immediate + charge upon the public, or that I can receive any emoluments + annexed to the appointment before entering into a situation + to incur expense. + </p> + <p> + The Secretary of War being anxious to return to the seat of + Government, I have detained him no longer than was necessary + to a full communication upon the several points he had in + charge. + </p> + <p> + With very great respect and consideration, I have the honor + to be, dear sir, your most obedient and humble servant, + </p> + <p> + G'o. WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <h2> + PROCLAMATIONS. + </h2> + <h3> + BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. + </h3> + <h4> + A PROCLAMATION. + </h4> + <p> + As the safety and prosperity of nations ultimately and + essentially depend on the protection and the blessing of + Almighty God, and the national acknowledgment of this truth + is not only an indispensable duty which the people owe to + Him, but a duty whose natural influence is favorable to the + promotion of that morality and piety without which social + happiness can not exist nor the blessings of a free + government be enjoyed; and as this duty, at all times + incumbent, is so especially in seasons of difficulty or of + danger, when existing or threatening calamities, the just + judgments of God against prevalent iniquity, are a loud call + to repentance and reformation; and as the United States of + America are at present placed in a hazardous and afflictive + situation by the unfriendly disposition, conduct, and demands + of a foreign power, evinced by repeated refusals to receive + our messengers of reconciliation and peace, by depredations + on our commerce, and the infliction of injuries on very many + of our fellow-citizens while engaged in their lawful business + on the seas—under these considerations it has appeared + to me that the duty of imploring the mercy and benediction of + Heaven on our country demands at this time a special + attention from its inhabitants. + </p> + <p> + I have therefore thought fit to recommend, and I do hereby + recommend, that Wednesday, the 9th day of May next, be + observed throughout the United States as a day of solemn + humiliation, fasting, and prayer; that the citizens of these + States, abstaining on that day from their customary worldly + occupations, offer their devout addresses to the Father of + Mercies agreeably to those forms or methods which they have + severally adopted as the most suitable and becoming; that all + religious congregations do, with the deepest humility, + acknowledge before God the manifold sins and transgressions + with which we are justly chargeable as individuals and as a + nation, beseeching Him at the same time, of His infinite + grace, through the Redeemer of the World, freely to remit all + our offenses, and to incline us by His Holy Spirit to that + sincere repentance and reformation which may afford us reason + to hope for his inestimable favor and heavenly benediction; + that it be made the subject of particular and earnest + supplication that our country may be protected from all the + dangers which threaten it; that our civil and religious + privileges may be preserved inviolate and perpetuated to the + latest generations; that our public councils and magistrates + may be especially enlightened and directed at this critical + period; that the American people may be united in those bonds + of amity and mutual confidence and inspired with that vigor + and fortitude by which they have in times past been so highly + distinguished and by which they have obtained such invaluable + advantages; that the health of the inhabitants of our land + may be preserved, and their agriculture, commerce, fisheries, + arts, and manufactures be blessed and prospered; that the + principles of genuine piety and sound morality may influence + the minds and govern the lives of every description of our + citizens, and that the blessings of peace, freedom, and pure + religion may be speedily extended to all the nations of the + earth. + </p> + <p> + And finally, I recommend that on the said day the duties of + humiliation and prayer be accompanied by fervent thanksgiving + to the Bestower of Every Good Gift, not only for His having + hitherto protected and preserved the people of these United + States in the independent enjoyment of their religious and + civil freedom, but also for having prospered them in a + wonderful progress of population, and for conferring on them + many and great favors conducive to the happiness and + prosperity of a nation. + </p> + <p> + [SEAL.] + </p> + <p> + Given under my hand and the seal of the United States of + America, at Philadelphia, this 23d day of March, A.D. 1798, + and of the Independence of the said States the twenty-second. + </p> + <p class="r"> + JOHN ADAMS. + </p> + <p> + <br> + By the President:<br> + TIMOTHY PICKERING,<br> + <i>Secretary of State</i>. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <center> + [From C.R. Adams's Works of John Adams, Vol. IX, p. 170.] + </center> + <h3> + PROCLAMATION. + </h3> + <p class="r"> + JULY 13, 1798. + </p> + <p> + The citizen Joseph Philippe Letombe having heretofore + produced to the President of the United States his commission + as consul-general of the French Republic within the United + States of America, and another commission as consul of the + French Republic at Philadelphia; and, in like manner, the + citizen Rosier having produced his commission as vice-consul + of the French Republic at New York; and the citizen Arcambal + having produced his commission as vice-consul of the French + Republic at Newport; and citizen Theodore Charles Mozard + having produced his commission as consul of the French + Republic within the States of New Hampshire, Massachusetts, + and Rhode Island; and the President of the United States + having thereupon granted an exequatur to each of the French + citizens above named, recognizing them in their respective + consular offices above mentioned, and declaring them + respectively free to exercise and enjoy such functions, + powers, and privileges as are allowed to a consul-general, + consuls, and vice-consuls of the French Republic by their + treaties, conventions, and laws in that case made and + provided; and the Congress of the United States, by their act + passed the 7th day of July, 1798, having declared "that the + United States are of right freed and exonerated from the + stipulations of the treaties and of the consular convention + heretofore concluded between the United States and France, + and that the same shall not henceforth be regarded as legally + obligatory on the Government or citizens of the United + States," and by a former act, passed the 13th day of May, + 1798, the Congress of the United States having "suspended the + commercial intercourse between the United States and France + and the dependencies thereof," which commercial intercourse + was the direct and chief object of the consular + establishment; and + </p> + <p> + Whereas actual hostilities have long been practiced on the + commerce of the United States by the cruisers of the French + Republic under the orders of its Government, which orders + that Government refuses to revoke or relax; and hence it has + become improper any longer to allow the consul-general, + consuls, and vice-consuls of the French Republic above named, + or any of its consular persons or agents heretofore admitted + in these United States, any longer to exercise their consular + functions: + </p> + <p> + These are therefore to declare that I do no longer recognize + the said citizen Letombe as consul-general or consul, nor the + said citizens Rosier and Arcambal as vice-consuls, nor the + said citizen Mozard as consul of the French Republic in any + part of these United States, nor permit them or any other + consular persons or agents of the French Republic heretofore + admitted in the United States to exercise their functions as + such; and I do hereby wholly revoke the exequaturs heretofore + given to them respectively, and do declare them absolutely + null and void from this day forward. + </p> + <p> + In testimony whereof, etc. + </p> + <p class="r"> + JOHN ADAMS. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <h2> + SECOND ANNUAL ADDRESS. + </h2> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>December 8, 1798</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and Gentlemen of the House of + Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + While with reverence and resignation we contemplate the + dispensations of Divine Providence in the alarming and + destructive pestilence with which several of our cities and + towns have been visited, there is cause for gratitude and + mutual congratulations that the malady has disappeared and + that we are again permitted to assemble in safety at the seat + of Government for the discharge of our important duties. But + when we reflect that this fatal disorder has within a few + years made repeated ravages in some of our principal + seaports, and with increased malignancy, and when we consider + the magnitude of the evils arising from the interruption of + public and private business, whereby the national interests + are deeply affected, I think it my duty to invite the + Legislature of the Union to examine the expediency of + establishing suitable regulations in aid of the health laws + of the respective States; for these being formed on the idea + that contagious sickness may be communicated through the + channels of commerce, there seems to be a necessity that + Congress, who alone can regulate trade, should frame a system + which, while it may tend to preserve the general health, may + be compatible with the interests of commerce and the safety + of the revenue. + </p> + <p> + While we think on this calamity and sympathize with the + immediate sufferers, we have abundant reason to present to + the Supreme Being our annual oblations of gratitude for a + liberal participation in the ordinary blessings of His + providence. To the usual subjects of gratitude I can not omit + to add one of the first importance to our well-being and + safety; I mean that spirit which has arisen in our country + against the menaces and aggression of a foreign nation. A + manly sense of national honor, dignity, and independence has + appeared which, if encouraged and invigorated by every branch + of the Government, will enable us to view undismayed the + enterprises of any foreign power and become the sure + foundation of national prosperity and glory. + </p> + <p> + The course of the transactions in relation to the United + States and France which have come to my knowledge during your + recess will be made the subject of a future communication. + That communication will confirm the ultimate failure of the + measures which have been taken by the Government of the + United States toward an amicable adjustment of differences + with that power. You will at the same time perceive that the + French Government appears solicitous to impress the opinion + that it is averse to a rupture with this country, and that it + has in a qualified manner declared itself willing to receive + a minister from the United States for the purpose of + restoring a good understanding. It is unfortunate for + professions of this kind that they should be expressed in + terms which may countenance the inadmissible pretension of a + right to prescribe the qualifications which a minister from + the United States should possess, and that while France is + asserting the existence of a disposition on her part to + conciliate with sincerity the differences which have arisen, + the sincerity of a like disposition on the part of the United + States, of which so many demonstrative proofs have been + given, should even be indirectly questioned. It is also + worthy of observation that the decree of the Directory + alleged to be intended to restrain the depredations of French + cruisers on our commerce has not given, and can not give, any + relief. It enjoins them to conform to all the laws of France + relative to cruising and prizes, while these laws are + themselves the sources of the depredations of which we have + so long, so justly, and so fruitlessly complained. + </p> + <p> + The law of France enacted in January last, which subjects to + capture and condemnation neutral vessels and their cargoes if + any portion of the latter are of British fabric or produce, + although the entire property belong to neutrals, instead of + being rescinded has lately received a confirmation by the + failure of a proposition for its repeal. While this law, + which, is an unequivocal act of war on the commerce of the + nations it attacks, continues in force those nations can see + in the French Government only a power regardless of their + essential rights, of their independence and sovereignty; and + if they possess the means they can reconcile nothing with + their interest and honor but a firm resistance. + </p> + <p> + Hitherto, therefore, nothing is discoverable in the conduct + of France which ought to change or relax our measures of + defense. On the contrary, to extend and invigorate them is + our true policy. We have no reason to regret that these + measures have been thus far adopted and pursued, and in + proportion as we enlarge our view of the portentous and + incalculable situation of Europe we shall discover new and + cogent motives for the full development of our energies and + resources. + </p> + <p> + But in demonstrating by our conduct that we do not fear war + in the necessary protection of our rights and honor we shall + give no room to infer that we abandon the desire of peace. An + efficient preparation for war can alone insure peace. It is + peace that we have uniformly and perseveringly cultivated, + and harmony between us and France may be restored at her + option. But to send another minister without more determinate + assurances that he would be received would be an act of + humiliation to which the United States ought not to submit. + It must therefore be left with France (if she is indeed + desirous of accommodation) to take the requisite steps. The + United States will steadily observe the maxims by which they + have hitherto been governed. They will respect the sacred + rights of embassy; and with a sincere disposition on the part + of France to desist from hostility, to make reparation for + the injuries heretofore inflicted on our commerce, and to do + justice in future, there will be no obstacle to the + restoration of a friendly intercourse. In making to you this + declaration I give a pledge to France and the world that the + Executive authority of this country still adheres to the + humane and pacific policy which has invariably governed its + proceedings, in conformity with the wishes of the other + branches of the Government and of the people of the United + States. But considering the late manifestations of her policy + toward foreign nations, I deem it a duty deliberately and + solemnly to declare my opinion that whether we negotiate with + her or not, vigorous preparations for war will be alike + indispensable. These alone will give to us an equal treaty + and insure its observance. + </p> + <p> + Among the measures of preparation which appear expedient, I + take the liberty to recall your attention to the naval + establishment. The beneficial effects of the small naval + armament provided under the acts of the last session are + known and acknowledged. Perhaps no country ever experienced + more sudden and remarkable advantages from any measure of + policy than we have derived from the arming for our maritime + protection and defense. We ought without loss of time to lay + the foundation for an increase of our Navy to a size + sufficient to guard our coast and protect our trade. Such a + naval force as it is doubtless in the power of the United + States to create and maintain would also afford to them the + best means of general defense by facilitating the safe + transportation of troops and stores to every part of our + extensive coast. To accomplish this important object, a + prudent foresight requires that systematical measures be + adopted for procuring at all times the requisite timber and + other supplies. In what manner this shall be done I leave to + your consideration. + </p> + <p> + I will now advert, gentlemen, to some matters of less moment, + but proper to be communicated to the National Legislature. + </p> + <p> + After the Spanish garrisons had evacuated the posts they + occupied at the Natchez and Walnut Hills the commissioner of + the United States commenced his observations to ascertain the + point near the Mississippi which terminated the northernmost + part of the thirty-first degree of north latitude. From + thence he proceeded to run the boundary line between the + United States and Spain. He was afterwards joined by the + Spanish commissioner, when the work of the former was + confirmed, and they proceeded together to the demarcation of + the line. Recent information renders it probable that the + Southern Indians, either instigated to oppose the demarcation + or jealous of the consequences of suffering white people to + run a line over lands to which the Indian title had not been + extinguished, have ere this time stopped the progress of the + commissioners; and considering the mischiefs which may result + from continuing the demarcation in opposition to the will of + the Indian tribes, the great expense attending it, and that + the boundaries which the commissioners have actually + established probably extend at least as far as the Indian + title has been extinguished, it will perhaps become expedient + and necessary to suspend further proceedings by recalling our + commissioner. + </p> + <p> + The commissioners appointed in pursuance of the fifth article + of the treaty of amity, commerce, and navigation between the + United States and His Britannic Majesty to determine what + river was truly intended under the name of the river St. + Croix mentioned in the treaty of peace, and forming a part of + the boundary therein described, have finally decided that + question. On the 25th of October they made their declaration + that a river called Scoodiac, which falls into Passamaquoddy + Bay at its northwestern quarter, was the true St. Croix + intended in the treaty of peace, as far as its great fork, + where one of its streams comes from the westward and the + other from the northward, and that the latter stream is the + continuation of the St. Croix to its source. This decision, + it is understood, will preclude all contention among + individual claimants, as it seems that the Scoodiac and its + northern branch bound the grants of land which have been made + by the respective adjoining Governments. A subordinate + question, however, it has been suggested, still remains to be + determined. Between the mouth of the St. Croix as now settled + and what is usually called the Bay of Fundy lie a number of + valuable islands. The commissioners have not continued the + boundary line through any channel of these islands, and + unless the bay of Passamaquoddy be a part of the Bay of Fundy + this further adjustment of boundary will be necessary. But it + is apprehended that this will not be a matter of any + difficulty. + </p> + <p> + Such progress has been made in the examination and decision + of cases of captures and condemnations of American vessels + which were the subject of the seventh article of the treaty + of amity, commerce, and navigation between the United States + and Great Britain that it is supposed the commissioners will + be able to bring their business to a conclusion in August of + the ensuing year. + </p> + <p> + The commissioners acting under the twenty-fifth article of + the treaty between the United States and Spain have adjusted + most of the claims of our citizens for losses sustained in + consequence of their vessels and cargoes having been taken by + the subjects of His Catholic Majesty during the late war + between France and Spain. + </p> + <p> + Various circumstances have concurred to delay the execution + of the law for augmenting the military establishment, among + these the desire of obtaining the fullest information to + direct the best selection of officers. As this object will + now be speedily accomplished, it is expected that the raising + and organizing of the troops will proceed without obstacle + and with effect. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the House of Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + I have directed an estimate of the appropriations which will + be necessary for the service of the ensuing year to be laid + before you, accompanied with a view of the public receipts + and expenditures to a recent period. It will afford you + satisfaction to infer the great extent and solidity of the + public resources from the prosperous state of the finances, + notwithstanding the unexampled embarrassments which have + attended commerce. When you reflect on the conspicuous + examples of patriotism and liberality which have been + exhibited by our mercantile fellow-citizens, and how great a + proportion of the public resources depends on their + enterprise, you will naturally consider whether their + convenience can not be promoted and reconciled with the + security of the revenue by a revision of the system by which + the collection is at present regulated. + </p> + <p> + During your recess measures have been steadily pursued for + effecting the valuations and returns directed by the act of + the last session, preliminary to the assessment and + collection of a direct tax. No other delays or obstacles have + been experienced except such as were expected to arise from + the great extent of our country and the magnitude and novelty + of the operation, and enough has been accomplished to assure + a fulfillment of the views of the Legislature. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and Gentlemen of the House of + Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + I can not close this address without once more adverting to + our political situation and inculcating the essential + importance of uniting in the maintenance of our dearest + interests; and I trust that by the temper and wisdom of your + proceedings and by a harmony of measures we shall secure to + our country that weight and respect to which it is so justly + entitled. + </p> + <p class="r"> + JOHN ADAMS. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <h3> + ADDRESS OF THE SENATE TO JOHN ADAMS, PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED + STATES. + </h3> + <p> + The PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES. + </p> + <p> + SIR: The Senate of the United States join you in thanks to + Almighty God for the removal of the late afflicting + dispensations of His providence and for the patriotic spirit + and general prosperity of our country. Sympathy for the + sufferings of our fellow-citizens from disease and the + important interests of the Union demand of the National + legislature a ready cooperation with the State governments in + the use of such means as seem best calculated to prevent the + return of this fatal calamity. + </p> + <p> + Although we have sincerely wished that an adjustment of our + differences with the Republic of France might be effected on + safe and honorable terms, yet the information you have given + us of the ultimate failure of the negotiation has not + surprised us. In the general conduct of that Republic we have + seen a design of universal influence incompatible with the + self-government and destructive of the independence of other + States. In its conduct toward these United States we have + seen a plan of hostility pursued with unremitted constancy, + equally disregarding the obligations of treaties and the + rights of individuals. We have seen two embassies, formed for + the purpose of mutual explanations and clothed with the most + extensive and liberal powers, dismissed without recognition + and even without a hearing. The Government of France has not + only refused to repeal but has recently enjoined the + observance of its former edict respecting merchandise of + British fabric or produce the property of neutrals, by which + the interruption of our lawful commerce and the spoliation of + the property of our citizens have again received a public + sanction. These facts indicate no change of system or + disposition; they speak a more intelligible language than + professions of solicitude to avoid a rupture, however + ardently made. But if, after the repeated proofs we have + given of a sincere desire for peace, these professions should + be accompanied by insinuations implicating the integrity with + which it has been pursued; if, neglecting and passing by the + constitutional and authorized agents of the Government, they + are made through the medium of individuals without public + character or authority, and, above all, if they carry with + them a claim to prescribe the political qualifications of the + minister of the United States to be employed in the + negotiation, they are not entitled to attention or + consideration, but ought to be regarded as designed to + separate the people from their Government and to bring about + by intrigue that which open force could not effect. + </p> + <p> + We are of opinion with you, sir, that there has nothing yet + been discovered in the conduct of France which can justify a + relaxation of the means of defense adopted during the last + session of Congress, the happy result of which is so strongly + and generally marked. If the force by sea and land which the + existing laws authorize should be judged inadequate to the + public defense, we will perform the indispensable duty of + bringing forward such other acts as will effectually call + forth the resources and force of our country. + </p> + <p> + A steady adherence to this wise and manly policy, a proper + direction of the noble spirit of patriotism which has arisen + in our country, and which ought to be cherished and + invigorated by every branch of the Government, will secure + our liberty and independence against all open and secret + attacks. + </p> + <p> + We enter on the business of the present session with an + anxious solicitude for the public good, and shall bestow that + consideration on the several objects pointed out in your + communication which they respectively merit. + </p> + <p> + Your long and important services, your talents and firmness, + so often displayed in the most trying times and most critical + situations, afford a sure pledge of a zealous cooperation in + every measure necessary to secure us justice and respect, + </p> + <p class="r"> + JOHN LAURANCE,<br> + <i>President of the Senate pro tempore</i>. + </p> + <p> + DECEMBER 11, 1798. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <h3> + REPLY OF THE PRESIDENT. + </h3> + <p class="r"> + DECEMBER 12, 1798. + </p> + <p> + <i>To the Senate of the United States</i>. + </p> + <p> + GENTLEMEN: I thank you for this address, so conformable to + the spirit of our Constitution and the established character + of the Senate of the United States for wisdom, honor, and + virtue. + </p> + <p> + I have seen no real evidence of any change of system or + disposition in the French Republic toward the United States. + Although the officious interference of individuals without + public character or authority is not entitled to any credit, + yet it deserves to be considered whether that temerity and + impertinence of individuals affecting to interfere in public + affairs between France and the United States, whether by + their secret correspondence or otherwise, and intended to + impose upon the people and separate them from their + Government, ought not to be inquired into and corrected. + </p> + <p> + I thank you, gentlemen, for your assurances that you will + bestow that consideration on the several objects pointed out + in my communication which they respectively merit. + </p> + <p> + If I have participated in that understanding, sincerity, and + constancy which have been displayed by my fellow-citizens and + countrymen in the most trying times and critical situations, + and fulfilled my duties to them, I am happy. The testimony of + the Senate of the United States in my favor is an high and + honorable reward, which receives, as it merits, my grateful + acknowledgments. My zealous cooperation in measures necessary + to secure us justice and consideration may be always depended + on. + </p> + <p class="r"> + JOHN ADAMS. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <h3> + ADDRESS OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES TO JOHN ADAMS, + PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES. + </h3> + <p> + JOHN ADAMS,<br> + <i>President of the United States</i>. + </p> + <p> + SIR: The House of Representatives unite with you in deploring + the effects of the desolating malady by which the seat of + Government and other parts of our country have recently been + visited. In calling our attention to the fatality of its + repeated ravages and inviting us to consider the expediency + of exercising our constitutional powers in aid of the health + laws of the respective States, your recommendation is + sanctioned by the dictates of humanity and liberal policy. On + this interesting subject we feel the necessity of adopting + every wise expedient for preventing a calamity so distressing + to individual sufferers and so prejudicial to our national + commerce. + </p> + <p> + That our finances are in a prosperous state notwithstanding + the commercial derangements resulting from this calamity and + from external embarrassments is a satisfactory manifestation + of the great extent and solidity of the public resources. + Connected with this situation of our fiscal concerns, the + assurance that the legal provisions for obtaining revenue by + direct taxation will fulfill the views of the Legislature is + peculiarly acceptable. + </p> + <p> + Desirous as we are that all causes of hostility may be + removed by the amicable adjustment of national differences, + we learn with satisfaction that in pursuance of our treaties + with Spain and with Great Britain advances have been made for + definitively settling the controversies relative to the + southern and northeastern limits of the United States. With + similar sentiments have we received your information that the + proceedings under commissions authorized by the same treaties + afford to a respectable portion of our citizens the prospect + of a final decision on their claims for maritime injuries + committed by subjects of those powers. + </p> + <p> + It would be the theme of mutual felicitation were we assured + of experiencing similar moderation and justice from the + French Republic, between which and the United States + differences have unhappily arisen; but this is denied us by + the ultimate failure of the measures which have been taken by + this Government toward an amicable adjustment of those + differences and by the various inadmissible pretensions on + the part of that nation. + </p> + <p> + The continuing in force the decree of January last, to which + you have more particularly pointed our attention, ought of + itself to be considered as demonstrative of the real + intentions of the French Government. That decree proclaims a + predatory warfare against the unquestionable rights of + neutral commerce which with our means of defense our interest + and our honor command us to repel. It therefore now becomes + the United States to be as determined in resistance as they + have been patient in suffering and condescending in + negotiation. + </p> + <p> + While those who direct the affairs of France persist in the + enforcement of decrees so hostile to our essential rights, + their conduct forbids us to confide in any of their + professions of amity. + </p> + <p> + As, therefore, the conduct of France hitherto exhibits + nothing which ought to change or relax our measures of + defense, the policy of extending and invigorating those + measures demands our sedulous attention. The sudden and + remarkable advantages which this country has experienced from + a small naval armament sufficiently prove the utility of its + establishment. As it respects the guarding of our coast, the + protection of our trade, and the facility of safely + transporting the means of territorial defense to every part + of our maritime frontier, an adequate naval force must be + considered as an important object of national policy. Nor do + we hesitate to adopt the opinion that, whether negotiations + with France are resumed or not, vigorous preparations for war + will be alike indispensable. + </p> + <p> + In this conjuncture of affairs, while with you we recognize + our abundant cause of gratitude to the Supreme Disposer of + Events for the ordinary blessings of Providence, we regard as + of high national importance the manifestation in our country + of a magnanimous spirit of resistance to foreign domination. + This spirit merits to be cherished and invigorated by every + branch of Government as the estimable pledge of national + prosperity and glory. + </p> + <p> + Disdaining a reliance on foreign protection, wanting no + foreign guaranty of our liberties, resolving to maintain our + national independence against every attempt to despoil us of + this inestimable treasure, we confide under Providence in the + patriotism and energies of the people of these United States + for defeating the hostile enterprises of any foreign power. + </p> + <p> + To adopt with prudent foresight such systematical measures as + may be expedient for calling forth those energies wherever + the national exigencies may require, whether on the ocean or + on our own territory, and to reconcile with the proper + security of revenue the convenience of mercantile enterprise, + on which so great a proportion of the public resources + depends, are objects of moment which shall be duly regarded + in the course of our deliberations. + </p> + <p> + Fully as we accord with you in the opinion that the United + States ought not to submit to the humiliation of sending + another minister to France without previous assurances + sufficiently determinate that he will be duly accredited, we + have heard with cordial approbation the declaration of your + purpose steadily to observe those maxims of humane and + pacific policy by which the United States have hitherto been + governed. While it is left with France to take the requisite + steps for accommodation, it is worthy the Chief Magistrate of + a free people to make known to the world that justice on the + part of France will annihilate every obstacle to the + restoration of a friendly intercourse, and that the Executive + authority of this country will respect the sacred rights of + embassy. At the same time, the wisdom and decision which have + characterized your past Administration assure us that no + illusory professions will seduce you into any abandonment of + the rights which belong to the United States as a free and + independent nation. + </p> + <p> + December 13, 1798. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <h3> + REPLY OF THE PRESIDENT. + </h3> + <p class="r"> + DECEMBER 14, 1798. + </p> + <p> + <i>To the House of Representatives of the United States of + America</i>. + </p> + <p> + GENTLEMEN: My sincere acknowledgments are due to the House of + Representatives of the United States for this excellent + address so consonant to the character of representatives of a + great and free people. The judgment and feelings of a nation, + I believe, were never more truly expressed by their + representatives than those of our constituents by your + decided declaration that with our means of defense our + interest and honor command us to repel a predatory warfare + against the unquestionable rights of neutral commerce; that + it becomes the United States to be as determined in + resistance as they have been patient in suffering and + condescending in negotiation; that while those who direct the + affairs of France persist in the enforcement of decrees so + hostile to our essential rights their conduct forbids us to + confide in any of their professions of amity; that an + adequate naval force must be considered as an important + object of national policy, and that, whether negotiations + with France are resumed or not, vigorous preparations for war + will be alike indispensable. + </p> + <p> + The generous disdain you so coolly and deliberately express + of a reliance on foreign protection, wanting no foreign + guaranty of our liberties, resolving to maintain our national + independence against every attempt to despoil us of this + inestimable treasure, will meet the full approbation of every + sound understanding and exulting applauses from the heart of + every faithful American. + </p> + <p> + I thank you, gentlemen, for your candid approbation of my + sentiments on the subject of negotiation and for the + declaration of your opinion that the policy of extending and + invigorating our measures of defense and the adoption with + prudent foresight of such systematical measures as may be + expedient for calling forth the energies of our country + wherever the national exigencies may require, whether on the + ocean or on our own territory, will demand your sedulous + attention. + </p> + <p> + At the same time, I take the liberty to assure you it shall + be my vigilant endeavor that no illusory professions shall + seduce me into any abandonment of the rights which belong to + the United States as a free and independent nation. + </p> + <p class="r"> + JOHN ADAMS. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <h2> + SPECIAL MESSAGES. + </h2> + <p class="r"> + JANUARY 8, 1799. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the House of Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + In compliance with your desire expressed in your resolution + of the 2d of this month, I lay before you an extract of a + letter from George C. Moreton, acting consul of the United + States at The Havannah, dated the 13th of November, 1798, to + the Secretary of State, with a copy of a letter from him to + L. Tresevant and William Timmons, esquires, with their + answer. + </p> + <p> + Although your request extends no further than such + information as has been received, yet it may be a + satisfaction to you to know that as soon as this intelligence + was communicated to me circular orders were given by my + direction to all the commanders of our vessels of war, a copy + of which is also herewith transmitted. I also directed this + intelligence and these orders to be communicated to His + Britannic Majesty's envoy extraordinary and minister + plenipotentiary to the United States and to our minister + plenipotentiary to the Court of Great Britain, with + instructions to him to make the proper representation to that + Government upon this subject. + </p> + <p> + It is but justice to say that this is the first instance of + misbehavior of any of the British officers toward our vessels + of war that has come to my knowledge. According to all the + representations that I have seen, the flag of the United + States and their officers and men have been treated by the + civil and military authority of the British nation in Nova + Scotia, the West India islands, and on the ocean with uniform + civility, politeness, and friendship. I have no doubt that + this first instance of misconduct will be readily corrected. + </p> + <p class="r"> + JOHN ADAMS. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + JANUARY 15, 1799. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate</i>: + </p> + <p> + I transmit to you the treaty between the United States and + the Cherokee Indians, signed near Tellico on the 2d day of + October, 1798, for your consideration. I have directed the + Secretary of War to lay before you the journal of the + commissioners and a copy of their instructions. + </p> + <p class="r"> + JOHN ADAMS. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + JANUARY 18, 1799. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and Gentlemen of the House of + Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + The communication relative to our affairs with France alluded + to in my address to both Houses at the opening of the session + is contained in the sheets which accompany this. A report of + the Secretary of State, containing some observations on them, + will be sent to Congress on Monday. + </p> + <p class="r"> + JOHN ADAMS. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + JANUARY 28, 1799. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and Gentlemen of the House of + Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + An edict of the Executive Directory of the French Republic of + the 29th of October, 1798, inclosed in a letter from our + minister plenipotentiary in London of the 16th of November, + is of so much importance that it can not be too soon + communicated to you and the public. + </p> + <p class="r"> + JOHN ADAMS. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + FEBRUARY 6, 1799. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate</i>: + </p> + <p> + In consequence of intimations from the Court of Russia to our + minister plenipotentiary at the Court of Great Britain of the + desire of that power to have a treaty of amity and commerce + with the United States, and that the negotiation might be + conducted in London, I nominate Rufus King, our minister + plenipotentiary at the Court of Great Britain, to be a + minister plenipotentiary for the special purpose of + negotiating with any minister of equal rank and powers a + treaty of amity and commerce between the United States and + the Emperor of all the Russias. + </p> + <p class="r"> + JOHN ADAMS. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>February 15, 1799</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the House of Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + In pursuance of the request in your resolve of yesterday, I + lay before you such information as I have received touching a + suspension of the arrêt of the French Republic, + communicated to your House by my message of the 28th of + January last. But if the execution of that arrêt be + suspended, or even if it were repealed, it should be + remembered that the arrêt of the Executive Directory of + the 2d of March, 1797, remains in force, the third article of + which subjects, explicitly and exclusively, American seamen + to be treated as pirates if found on board ships of the + enemies of France. + </p> + <p class="r"> + JOHN ADAMS. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + FEBRUARY 18, 1799. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate</i>: + </p> + <p> + I transmit to you a document which seems to be intended to be + a compliance with a condition mentioned at the conclusion of + my message to Congress of the 21st of June last. + </p> + <p> + Always disposed and ready to embrace every plausible + appearance of probability of preserving or restoring + tranquillity, I nominate William Vans Murray, our minister + resident at The Hague, to be minister plenipotentiary of the + United States to the French Republic. + </p> + <p> + If the Senate shall advise and consent to his appointment, + effectual care shall be taken in his instructions that he + shall not go to France without direct and unequivocal + assurances from the French Government, signified by their + minister of foreign relations, that he shall be received in + character, shall enjoy the privileges attached to his + character by the law of nations, and that a minister of equal + rank, title, and powers shall be appointed to treat with him, + to discuss and conclude all controversies between the two + Republics by a new treaty. + </p> + <p class="r"> + JOHN ADAMS. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <center> + [Translation.] + </center> + <p class="r"> + PARIS, <i>the 7th Vendémiaire of the 7th Year of the + French Republic, One and Indivisible</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>The Minister of Exterior Relations to Citizen Pichon, + Secretary of Legation of the French Republic near the + Batavian Republic</i>: + </p> + <p> + I have received successively, Citizen, your letters of the + 22d and 27th Fructidor [8th and 13th September]. They afford + me more and more reason to be pleased with the measure you + have adopted, to detail to me your conversations with Mr. + Murray. These conversations, at first merely friendly, have + acquired consistency by the sanction I have given to them by + my letter of the 11th Fructidor. I do not regret that you + have trusted to Mr. Murray's honor a copy of my letter. It + was intended for you only, and contains nothing but what is + conformable to the intentions of Government. I am thoroughly + convinced that should explanations take place with confidence + between the two Cabinets, irritation would cease, a crowd of + misunderstandings would disappear, and the ties of friendship + would be the more strongly united as each party would + discover the hand which sought to disunite them. But I will + not conceal from you that your letters of the 2d and 3d + Vendémiaire, just received, surprised me much. What + Mr. Murray is still dubious of has been very explicitly + declared, even before the President's message to Congress of + the 3d Messidor [21st June] last was known in France. I had + written it to Mr. Gerry, namely, on the 24th Messidor and 4th + Thermidor; I did repeat it to him before he sat out. A whole + paragraph of my letter to you of the 11th Fructidor, of which + Mr. Murray has a copy, is devoted to develop still more the + fixed determination of the French Government. According to + these bases, you were right to assert that whatever + plenipotentiary the Government of the United States might + send to France to put an end to the existing differences + between the two countries would be undoubtedly received with + the respect due to the representative of a free, independent, + and powerful nation. + </p> + <p> + I can not persuade myself, Citizen, that the American + Government need any further declarations from us to induce + them, in order to renew the negotiations, to adopt such + measures as would be suggested to them by their desire to + bring the differences to a peaceable end. If + misunderstandings on both sides have prevented former + explanations from reaching that end, it is presumable that, + those misunderstandings being done away, nothing henceforth + will bring obstacles to the reciprocal dispositions. The + President's instructions to his envoys at Paris, which I have + only known by the copy given you by Mr. Murray, and received + by me the 21st Messidor [9th July], announce, if they contain + the whole of the American Government's intentions, + dispositions which could only have added to those which the + Directory has always entertained; and, notwithstanding the + posterior acts of that Government, notwithstanding the + irritating and almost hostile measures they have adopted, the + Directory has manifested its perseverance in the sentiments + which are deposited both in my correspondence with Mr. Gerry + and in my letter to you of the 11th Fructidor, and which I + have hereinbefore repeated in the most explicit manner. + Carry, therefore, Citizen, to Mr. Murray those positive + expressions in order to convince him of our sincerity, and + prevail upon him to transmit them to his Government. + </p> + <p> + I presume, Citizen, that this letter will find you at The + Hague; if not, I ask it may be sent back to you at Paris. + </p> + <p> + Salute and fraternity, + </p> + <p class="r"> + CH: MAU: TALLEYRAND. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + FEBRUARY 25, 1799. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate</i>: + </p> + <p> + The proposition of a fresh negotiation with France in + consequence of advances made by the French Government has + excited so general an attention and so much conversation as + to have given occasion to many manifestations of the public + opinion, from which it appears to me that a new modification + of the embassy will give more general satisfaction to the + legislature and to the nation, and perhaps better answer the + purposes we have in view. + </p> + <p> + It is upon this supposition and with this expectation that I + now nominate Oliver Ellsworth, esq., Chief Justice of the + United States; Patrick Henry, esq., late governor of + Virginia, and William Vans Murray, esq., our minister + resident at The Hague, to be envoys extraordinary and + ministers plenipotentiary to the French Republic, with full + powers to discuss and settle by a treaty all controversies + between the United States and France. + </p> + <p> + It is not intended that the two former of these gentlemen + shall embark for Europe until they shall have received from + the Executive Directory assurances, signified by their + secretary of foreign relations, that they shall be received + in character, that they shall enjoy all the prerogatives + attached to that character by the law of nations, and that a + minister or ministers of equal powers shall be appointed and + commissioned to treat with them. + </p> + <p class="r"> + JOHN ADAMS. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + MARCH 2, 1799. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and Gentlemen of the House of + Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + Judging it of importance to the public that the Legislature + should be informed of the gradual progress of their maritime + resources, I transmit to Congress a statement of the vessels, + with their tonnage, warlike force, and complement of men, to + which commissions as private armed vessels have been issued + since the 9th day of July last. + </p> + <p class="r"> + JOHN ADAMS. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <h2> + PROCLAMATIONS. + </h2> + <center> + [From C. F. Adams's Works of John Adams, Vol. IX, p. 172.] + </center> + <h3> + PROCLAMATION. + </h3> + <p class="r"> + MARCH 6, 1799. + </p> + <p> + As no truth is more clearly taught in the Volume of + Inspiration, nor any more fully demonstrated by the + experience of all ages, than that a deep sense and a due + acknowledgment of the governing providence of a Supreme Being + and of the accountableness of men to Him as the searcher of + hearts and righteous distributer of rewards and punishments + are conducive equally to the happiness and rectitude of + individuals and to the well-being of communities; as it is + also most reasonable in itself that men who are made capable + of social acts and relations, who owe their improvements to + the social state, and who derive their enjoyments from it, + should, as a society, make their acknowledgments of + dependence and obligation to Him who hath endowed them with + these capacities and elevated them in the scale of existence + by these distinctions; as it is likewise a plain dictate of + duty and a strong sentiment of nature that in circumstances + of great urgency and seasons of imminent danger earnest and + particular supplications should be made to Him who is able to + defend or to destroy; as, moreover, the most precious + interests of the people of the United States are still held + in jeopardy by the hostile designs and insidious acts of a + foreign nation, as well as by the dissemination among them of + those principles, subversive of the foundations of all + religious, moral, and social obligations, that have produced + incalculable mischief and misery in other countries; and as, + in fine, the observance of special seasons for public + religious solemnities is happily calculated to avert the + evils which we ought to deprecate and to excite to the + performance of the duties which we ought to discharge by + calling and fixing the attention of the people at large to + the momentous truths already recited, by affording + opportunity to teach and inculcate them by animating devotion + and giving to it the character of a national act: + </p> + <p> + For these reasons I have thought proper to recommend, and I + do hereby recommend accordingly, that Thursday, the 25th day + of April next, be observed throughout the United States of + America as a day of solemn humiliation, fasting, and prayer; + that the citizens on that day abstain as far as may be from + their secular occupations, devote the time to the sacred + duties of religion in public and in private; that they call + to mind our numerous offenses against the Most High God, + confess them before Him with the sincerest penitence, implore + His pardoning mercy, through the Great Mediator and Redeemer, + for our past transgressions, and that through the grace of + His Holy Spirit we may be disposed and enabled to yield a + more suitable obedience to His righteous requisitions in time + to come; that He would interpose to arrest the progress of + that impiety and licentiousness in principle and practice so + offensive to Himself and so ruinous to mankind; that He would + make us deeply sensible that "righteousness exalteth a + nation, but sin is a reproach to any people;" that He would + turn us from our transgressions and turn His displeasure from + us; that He would withhold us from unreasonable discontent, + from disunion, faction, sedition, and insurrection; that He + would preserve our country from the desolating sword; that He + would save our cities and towns from a repetition of those + awful pestilential visitations under which they have lately + suffered so severely, and that the health of our inhabitants + generally may be precious in His sight; that He would favor + us with fruitful seasons and so bless the labors of the + husbandman as that there may be food in abundance for man and + beast; that He would prosper our commerce, manufactures, and + fisheries, and give success to the people in all their lawful + industry and enterprise; that He would smile on our colleges, + academies, schools, and seminaries of learning, and make them + nurseries of sound science, morals, and religion; that He + would bless all magistrates, from the highest to the lowest, + give them the true spirit of their station, make them a + terror to evil doers and a praise to them that do well; that + He would preside over the councils of the nation at this + critical period, enlighten them to a just discernment of the + public interest, and save them from mistake, division, and + discord; that He would make succeed our preparations for + defense and bless our armaments by land and by sea; that He + would put an end to the effusion of human blood and the + accumulation of human misery among the contending nations of + the earth by disposing them to justice, to equity, to + benevolence, and to peace; and that he would extend the + blessings of knowledge, of true liberty, and of pure and + undefiled religion throughout the world. + </p> + <p> + And I do also recommend that with these acts of humiliation, + penitence, and prayer fervent thanksgiving to the Author of + All Good be united for the countless favors which He is still + continuing to the people of the United States, and which + render their condition as a nation eminently happy when + compared with the lot of others. + </p> + <p> + Given, etc, + </p> + <p class="r"> + JOHN ADAMS. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <h3> + BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. + </h3> + <h4> + A PROCLAMATION. + </h4> + <p> + Whereas combinations to defeat the execution of the laws for + the valuation of lands and dwelling houses within the United + States have existed in the counties of Northampton, + Montgomery, and Bucks, in the State of Pennsylvania, and have + proceeded in a manner subversive of the just authority of the + Government, by misrepresentations, to render the laws odious, + by deterring the public officers of the United States to + forbear the execution of their functions, and by openly + threatening their lives; and + </p> + <p> + Whereas the endeavors of the well-affected citizens, as well + as of the executive officers, to conciliate a compliance with + those laws have failed of success, and certain persons in the + county of Northampton aforesaid have been hardy enough to + perpetrate certain acts which I am advised amount to treason, + being overt acts of levying war against the United States, + the said persons, exceeding one hundred in number and armed + and arrayed in a warlike manner, having, on the 7th day of + this present month of March, proceeded to the house of + Abraham Lovering, in the town of Bethlehem, and there + compelled William Nichols, marshal of the United States in + and for the district of Pennsylvania, to desist from the + execution of certain legal process in his hands to be + executed, and having compelled him to discharge and set at + liberty certain persons whom he had arrested by virtue of + criminal process duly issued for offenses against the United + States, and having impeded and prevented the commissioner and + the assessors, appointed in conformity with the laws + aforesaid, in the county of Northampton aforesaid, by threats + and personal injury, from executing the said laws, avowing as + the motives of these illegal and treasonable proceedings an + intention to prevent by force of arms the execution of the + said laws and to withstand by open violence the lawful + authority of the Government of the United States; and + </p> + <p> + Whereas by the Constitution and laws of the United States I + am authorized, whenever the laws of the United States shall + be opposed or the execution thereof obstructed in any State + by combinations too powerful to be suppressed by the ordinary + course of judicial proceedings or by the powers vested in the + marshals, to call forth military force to suppress such + combinations and to cause the laws to be duly executed; and + </p> + <p> + Whereas it is in my judgment necessary to call forth military + force in order to suppress the combinations aforesaid and to + cause the laws aforesaid to be duly executed, and I have + accordingly determined so to do, under the solemn conviction + that the essential interests of the United States demand it: + </p> + <p> + Wherefore I, John Adams, President of the United States, do + hereby command all persons being insurgents as aforesaid, and + all others whom it may concern, on or before Monday next, + being the 18th day of this present month, to disperse and + retire peaceably to their respective abodes; and I do + moreover warn all persons whomsoever against aiding, + abetting, or comforting the perpetrators of the aforesaid + treasonable acts; and I do require all officers and others, + good and faithful citizens, according to their respective + duties and the laws of the land, to exert their utmost + endeavors to prevent and suppress such dangerous and unlawful + proceedings. + </p> + <p> + In testimony whereof I have caused the seal of the United + States of America to be affixed to these presents, and signed + the same with my hand. + </p> + <p> + [SEAL.] + </p> + <p> + Done at the city of Philadelphia, the 12th day of March, A.D. + 1799, and of the Independence of the said United States of + America the twenty-third. + </p> + <p class="r"> + JOHN ADAMS. + </p> + <p> + <br> + By the President:<br> + TIMOTHY PICKERING,<br> + <i>Secretary of State</i>. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <center> + [From, a broadside in the archives of the Department of + State.] + </center> + <h3> + BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. + </h3> + <h4> + A PROCLAMATION. + </h4> + <p> + Whereas by an act of the Congress of the United States passed + the 9th day of February last, entitled "An act further to + suspend the commercial intercourse between the United States + and France and the dependencies thereof," it is provided that + at any time after the passing of this act it shall be lawful + for the President of the United States, if he shall deem it + expedient and consistent with the interests of the United + States, by his order to remit and discontinue for the time + being the restraints and prohibitions by the said act + imposed, either with respect to the French Republic or to any + island, port, or place belonging to the said Republic with + which a commercial intercourse may safely be renewed, and + also to revoke such order whenever, in his opinion, the + interest of the United States shall require; and he is + authorized to make proclamation thereof accordingly; and + </p> + <p> + Whereas the arrangements which have been made at St. Domingo + for the safety of the commerce of the United States and for + the admission of American vessels into certain ports of that + island do, in my opinion, render it expedient and for the + interest of the United States to renew a commercial + intercourse with such ports: + </p> + <p> + Therefore I, John Adams, President of the United States, by + virtue of the powers vested in me by the above-recited act, + do hereby remit and discontinue the restraints and + prohibitions therein contained within the limits and under + the regulations here following, to wit: + </p> + <p> + 1. It shall be lawful for vessels which have departed or may + depart from the United States to enter the ports of Cape + François and Port Republicain, formerly called + Port-au-Prince, in the said island of St. Domingo, on and + after the 1st day of August next. + </p> + <p> + 2. No vessel shall be cleared for any other port in St. + Domingo than Cape François and Port Republicain. + </p> + <p> + 3. It shall be lawful for vessels which shall enter the said + ports of Cape François and Port Republicain after the + 31st day of July next to depart from thence to any other port + in said island between Monte Christi on the north and Petit + Goave on the west; provided it be done with the consent of + the Government of St. Domingo and pursuant to certificates or + passports expressing such consent, signed by the + consul-general of the United States or consul residing at the + port of departure. + </p> + <p> + 4. All vessels sailing in contravention of these regulations + will be out of the protection of the United States and be, + moreover, liable to capture, seizure, and confiscation. + </p> + <p> + [SEAL.] + </p> + <p> + Given under my hand and the seal of the United States, at + Philadelphia, the 26th day of June, A.D. 1799, and of the + Independence of the said States the twenty-third. + </p> + <p class="r"> + JOHN ADAMS. + </p> + <p> + <br> + By the President:<br> + TIMOTHY PICKERING,<br> + <i>Secretary of State</i>. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <h2> + THIRD ANNUAL ADDRESS. + </h2> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>December 3, 1799</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and Gentlemen of the House of + Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + It is with peculiar satisfaction that I meet the Sixth + Congress of the United States of America. Coming from all + parts of the Union at this critical and interesting period, + the members must be fully possessed of the sentiments and + wishes of our constituents. + </p> + <p> + The flattering prospects of abundance from the labors of the + people by land and by sea; the prosperity of our extended + commerce, notwithstanding interruptions occasioned by the + belligerent state of a great part of the world; the return of + health, industry, and trade to those cities which have lately + been afflicted with disease, and the various and inestimable + advantages, civil and religious, which, secured under our + happy frame of government, are continued to us unimpaired, + demand of the whole American people sincere thanks to a + benevolent Deity for the merciful dispensations of His + providence. + </p> + <p> + But while these numerous blessings are recollected, it is a + painful duty to advert to the ungrateful return which has + been made for them by some of the people in certain counties + of Pennsylvania, where, seduced by the arts and + misrepresentations of designing men, they have openly + resisted the law directing the valuation of houses and lands. + Such defiance was given to the civil authority as rendered + hopeless all further attempts by judicial process to enforce + the execution of the law, and it became necessary to direct a + military force to be employed, consisting of some companies + of regular troops, volunteers, and militia, by whose zeal and + activity, in cooperation with the judicial power, order and + submission were restored and many of the offenders arrested. + Of these, some have been convicted of misdemeanors, and + others, charged with various crimes, remain to be tried. + </p> + <p> + To give due effect to the civil administration of Government + and to insure a just execution of the laws, a revision and + amendment of the judiciary system is indispensably necessary. + In this extensive country it can not but happen that numerous + questions respecting the interpretation of the laws and the + rights and duties of officers and citizens must arise. On the + one hand, the laws should be executed; on the other, + individuals should be guarded from oppression. Neither of + these objects is sufficiently assured under the present + organization of the judicial department. I therefore + earnestly recommend the subject to your serious + consideration. + </p> + <p> + Persevering in the pacific and humane policy which had been + invariably professed and sincerely pursued by the Executive + authority of the United States, when indications were made on + the part of the French Republic of a disposition to + accommodate the existing differences between the two + countries, I felt it to be my duty to prepare for meeting + their advances by a nomination of ministers upon certain + conditions which the honor of our country dictated, and which + its moderation had given it a right to prescribe. The + assurances which were required of the French Government + previous to the departure of our envoys have been given + through their minister of foreign relations, and I have + directed them to proceed on their mission to Paris. They have + full power to conclude a treaty, subject to the + constitutional advice and consent of the Senate. The + characters of these gentlemen are sure pledges to their + country that nothing incompatible with its honor or interest, + nothing inconsistent with our obligations of good faith or + friendship to any other nation, will be stipulated. + </p> + <p> + It appearing probable from the information I received that + our commercial intercourse with some ports in the island of + St. Domingo might safely be renewed, I took such steps as + seemed to me expedient to ascertain that point. The result + being satisfactory, I then, in conformity with the act of + Congress on the subject, directed the restraints and + prohibitions of that intercourse to be discontinued on terms + which were made known by proclamation. Since the renewal of + this intercourse our citizens trading to those ports, with + their property, have been duly respected, and privateering + from those ports has ceased. + </p> + <p> + In examining the claims of British subjects by the + commissioners at Philadelphia, acting under the sixth article + of the treaty of amity, commerce, and navigation with Great + Britain, a difference of opinion on points deemed essential + in the interpretation of that article has arisen between the + commissioners appointed by the United States and the other + members of that board, from which the former have thought it + their duty to withdraw. It is sincerely to be regretted that + the execution of an article produced by a mutual spirit of + amity and justice should have been thus unavoidably + interrupted. It is, however, confidently expected that the + same spirit of amity and the same sense of justice in which + it originated will lead to satisfactory explanations. In + consequence of the obstacles to the progress of the + commission in Philadelphia, His Britannic Majesty has + directed the commissioners appointed by him under the seventh + article of the treaty relating to the British captures of + American vessels to withdraw from the board sitting in + London, but with the express declaration of his determination + to fulfill with punctuality and good faith the engagements + which His Majesty has contracted by his treaty with the + United States, and that they will be instructed to resume + their functions whenever the obstacles which impede the + progress of the commission at Philadelphia shall be removed. + It being in like manner my sincere determination, so far as + the same depends on me, that with equal punctuality and good + faith the engagements contracted by the United States in + their treaties with His Britannic Majesty shall be fulfilled, + I shall immediately instruct our minister at London to + endeavor to obtain the explanations necessary to a just + performance of those engagements on the part of the United + States. With such dispositions on both sides, I can not + entertain a doubt that all difficulties will soon be removed + and that the two boards will then proceed and bring the + business committed to them respectively to a satisfactory + conclusion. + </p> + <p> + The act of Congress relative to the seat of the Government of + the United States requiring that on the first Monday of + December next it should be transferred from Philadelphia to + the District chosen for its permanent seat, it is proper for + me to inform you that the commissioners appointed to provide + suitable buildings for the accommodation of Congress and of + the President and of the public offices of the Government + have made a report of the state of the buildings designed for + those purposes in the city of Washington, from which they + conclude that the removal of the seat of Government to that + place at the time required will be practicable and the + accommodation satisfactory. Their report will be laid before + you. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the House of Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + I shall direct the estimates of the appropriations necessary + for the service of the ensuing year, together with an account + of the revenue and expenditure, to be laid before you. During + a period in which a great portion of the civilized world has + been involved in a war unusually calamitous and destructive, + it was not to be expected that the United States could be + exempted from extraordinary, burthens. Although the period is + not arrived when the measures adopted to secure our country + against foreign attacks can be renounced, yet it is alike + necessary for the honor of the Government and the + satisfaction of the community that an exact economy should be + maintained. I invite you, gentlemen, to investigate the + different branches of the public expenditure. The examination + will lead to beneficial retrenchments or produce a conviction + of the wisdom of the measures to which the expenditure + relates. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and Gentlemen of the House of + Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + At a period like the present, when momentous changes are + occurring and every hour is preparing new and great events in + the political world, when a spirit of war is prevalent in + almost every nation with whose affairs the interests of the + United States have any connection, unsafe and precarious + would be our situation were we to neglect the means of + maintaining our just rights. The result of the mission to + France is uncertain; but however it may terminate, a steady + perseverance in a system of national defense commensurate + with our resources and the situation of our country is an + obvious dictate of wisdom; for, remotely as we are placed + from the belligerent nations, and desirous as we are, by + doing justice to all, to avoid offense to any, nothing short + of the power of repelling aggressions will secure to our + country a rational prospect of escaping the calamities of war + or national degradation. As to myself, it is my anxious + desire so to execute the trust reposed in me as to render the + people of the United States prosperous and happy. I rely with + entire confidence on your cooperation in objects equally your + care, and that our mutual labors will serve to increase and + confirm union among our fellow-citizens and an unshaken + attachment to our Government. + </p> + <p class="r"> + JOHN ADAMS. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <h3> + ADDRESS OF THE SENATE TO JOHN ADAMS, PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED + STATES. + </h3> + <p> + The PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES: + </p> + <p> + Accept, sir, the respectful acknowledgments of the Senate of + the United States for your speech delivered to both Houses of + Congress at the opening of the present session. + </p> + <p> + While we devoutly join you in offering our thanks to Almighty + God for the return of health to our cities and for the + general prosperity of the country, we can not refrain from + lamenting that the arts and calumnies of factious, designing + men have excited open rebellion a second time in + Pennsylvania, and thereby compelled the employment of a + military force to aid the civil authority in the execution of + the laws. We rejoice that your vigilance, energy, and + well-timed exertions have crushed so daring an opposition and + prevented the spreading of such treasonable combinations. The + promptitude and zeal displayed by the troops called to + suppress this insurrection deserve our highest commendation + and praise, and afford a pleasing proof of the spirit and + alacrity with which our fellow-citizens are ready to maintain + the authority of our excellent Government. + </p> + <p> + Knowing as we do that the United States are sincerely anxious + for a fair and liberal execution of the treaty of amity, + commerce, and navigation entered into with Great Britain, we + learn with regret that the progress of adjustment has been + interrupted by a difference of opinion among the + commissioners. We hope, however, that the justice, the + moderation, and the obvious interests of both parties will + lead to satisfactory explanations, and that the business will + then go forward to an amicable close of all differences and + demands between the two countries. We are fully persuaded + that the Legislature of the United States will cheerfully + enable you to realize your assurances of performing on our + part all engagements under our treaties with punctuality and + the most scrupulous good faith. + </p> + <p> + When we reflect upon the uncertainty of the result of the + late mission to France and upon the uncommon nature, extent, + and aspect of the war now raging in Europe, which affects + materially our relations with the powers at war, and which + has changed the condition of their colonies in our + neighborhood, we are of opinion with you that it would be + neither wise nor safe to relax our measures of defense or to + lessen any of our preparations to repel aggression. + </p> + <p> + Our inquiries and attention shall be carefully directed to + the various other important subjects which you have + recommended to our consideration, and from our experience of + your past Administration we anticipate with the highest + confidence your strenuous cooperation in all measures which + have a tendency to promote and extend our national interests + and happiness. + </p> + <p class="r"> + SAMUEL LIVERMORE,<br> + <i>President of the Senate pro tempore</i>. + </p> + <p> + DECEMBER 9, 1799. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <h3> + REPLY OF THE PRESIDENT. + </h3> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>December 10, 1799</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate</i>: + </p> + <p> + I thank you for this address. I wish you all possible success + and satisfaction in your deliberations on the means which + have a tendency to promote and extend our national interests + and happiness, and I assure you that in all your measures + directed to those great objects you may at all times rely + with the highest confidence on my cordial cooperation. + </p> + <p> + The praise of the Senate, so judiciously conferred on the + promptitude and zeal of the troops called to suppress the + insurrection, as it falls from so high authority, must make a + deep impression, both as a terror to the disobedient and an + encouragement of such as do well. + </p> + <p class="r"> + JOHN ADAMS. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <h3> + ADDRESS OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES TO JOHN ADAMS, + PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES + </h3> + <p> + The PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES. + </p> + <p> + SIR: While the House of Representatives contemplate the + flattering prospects of abundance from the labors of the + people by land and by sea, the prosperity of our extended + commerce notwithstanding the interruptions occasioned by the + belligerent state of a great part of the world, the return of + health, industry, and trade to those cities which have lately + been afflicted with disease, and the various and inestimable + advantages, civil and religious, which, secured under our + happy frame of Government, are continued to us unimpaired, we + can not fail to offer up to a benevolent Deity our sincere + thanks for these the merciful dispensations of His protecting + providence. + </p> + <p> + That any portion of the people of America should permit + themselves, amid such numerous blessings, to be seduced by + the arts and misrepresentations of designing men into an open + resistance of a law of the United States can not be heard + without deep and serious regret. Under a Constitution where + the public burthens can only be imposed by the people + themselves for their own benefit and to promote their own + objects, a hope might well have been indulged that the + general interest would have been too well understood and the + general welfare too highly prized to have produced in any of + our citizens a disposition to hazard so much felicity by the + criminal effort of a part to oppose with lawless violence the + will of the whole. While we lament that depravity which could + produce a defiance of the civil authority and render + indispensable the aid of the military force of the nation, + real consolation is to be derived from the promptness and + fidelity with which that aid was afforded. That zealous and + active cooperation with the judicial power of the volunteers + and militia called into service, which has restored order and + submission to the laws, is a pleasing evidence of the + attachment of our fellow-citizens to their own free + Government, and of the truly patriotic alacrity with which + they will support it. + </p> + <p> + To give due effect to the civil administration of Government + and to insure a just execution of the laws are objects of + such real magnitude as to secure a proper attention to your + recommendation of a revision and amendment of the judiciary + system. + </p> + <p> + Highly approving as we do the pacific and humane policy which + has been invariably professed and sincerely pursued by the + Executive authority of the United States, a policy which our + best interests enjoined, and of which honor has permitted the + observance, we consider as the most unequivocal proof of your + inflexible perseverance in the same well-chosen system your + preparation to meet the first indications on the part of the + French Republic of a disposition to accommodate the existing + differences between the two countries by a nomination of + ministers, on certain conditions which the honor of our + country unquestionably dictated, and which its moderation had + certainly given it a right to prescribe. When the assurances + thus required of the French Government, previous to the + departure of our envoys, had been given through their + minister of foreign relations, the direction that they should + proceed on their mission was on your part a completion of the + measure, and manifests the sincerity with which it was + commenced. We offer up our fervent prayers to the Supreme + Ruler of the Universe for the success of their embassy, and + that it may be productive of peace and happiness to our + common country. The uniform tenor of your conduct through a + life useful to your fellow-citizens and honorable to yourself + gives a sure pledge of the sincerity with which the avowed + objects of the negotiation will be pursued on your part, and + we earnestly pray that similar dispositions may be displayed + on the part of France. The differences which unfortunately + subsist between the two nations can not fail in that event to + be happily terminated. To produce this end, to all so + desirable, firmness, moderation, and union at home + constitute, we are persuaded, the surest means. The character + of the gentlemen you have deputed, and still more the + character of the Government which deputes them, are safe + pledges to their country that nothing incompatible with its + honor or interest, nothing inconsistent with our obligations + of good faith or friendship to any other nation, will be + stipulated. + </p> + <p> + We learn with pleasure that our citizens, with their + property, trading to those ports of St. Domingo with which + commercial intercourse has been renewed have been duly + respected, and that privateering from those ports has ceased. + </p> + <p> + With you we sincerely regret that the execution of the sixth + article of the treaty of amity, commerce, and navigation with + Great Britain, an article produced by a mutual spirit of + amity and justice, should have been unavoidably interrupted. + We doubt not that the same spirit of amity and the same sense + of justice in which it originated will lead to satisfactory + explanations, and we hear with approbation that our minister + at London will be immediately instructed to obtain them. + While the engagements which America has contracted by her + treaty with Great Britain ought to be fulfilled with that + scrupulous punctuality and good faith to which our Government + has ever so tenaciously adhered, yet no motive exists to + induce, and every principle forbids us to adopt, a + construction which might extend them beyond the instrument by + which they are created. We cherish the hope that the + Government of Great Britain will disclaim such extension, and + by cordially uniting with that of the United States for the + removal of all difficulties will soon enable the boards + appointed under the sixth and seventh articles of our treaty + with that nation to proceed and bring the business committed + to them respectively to a satisfactory conclusion. + </p> + <p> + The buildings for the accommodation of Congress and of the + President and for the public offices of the Government at its + permanent seat being in such a state as to admit of a removal + to that District by the time prescribed by the act of + Congress, no obstacle, it is presumed, will exist to a + compliance with the law. + </p> + <p> + With you, sir, we deem the present period critical and + momentous. The important changes which are occurring, the new + and great events which are every hour preparing in the + political world, the spirit of war which is prevalent in + almost every nation with whose affairs the interests of the + United States have any connection, demonstrate how unsafe and + precarious would be our situation should we neglect the means + of maintaining our just rights. Respecting, as we have ever + done, the rights of others, America estimates too correctly + the value of her own and has received evidence too complete + that they are only to be preserved by her own vigilance ever + to permit herself to be seduced by a love of ease or by other + considerations into that deadly disregard of the means of + self-defense which could only result from a carelessness as + criminal as it would be fatal concerning the future destinies + of our growing Republic. The result of the mission to France + is indeed, sir, uncertain. It depends not on America alone. + The most pacific temper will not always insure peace. We + should therefore exhibit a system of conduct as indiscreet as + it would be new in the history of the world if we considered + the negotiation happily terminated because we have attempted + to commence it, and peace restored because we wish its + restoration. But, sir, however this mission may terminate, a + steady perseverance in a system of national defense + commensurate with our resources and the situation of our + country is an obvious dictate of duty. Experience, the parent + of wisdom and the great instructor of nations, has + established the truth of your position, that, remotely as we + are placed from the belligerent nations and desirous as we + are, by doing justice to all, to avoid offense to any, yet + nothing short of the power of repelling aggressions will + secure to our country a rational prospect of escaping the + calamities of war or national degradation. + </p> + <p> + In the progress of the session we shall take into our serious + consideration the various and important matters recommended + to our attention. + </p> + <p> + A life devoted to the service of your country, talents and + integrity which have so justly acquired and so long retained + the confidence and affection of your fellow-citizens, attest + the sincerity of your declaration that it is your anxious + desire so to execute the trust reposed in you as to render + the people of the United States prosperous and happy. + </p> + <p> + DECEMBER 9, 1799. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <h3> + REPLY OF THE PRESIDENT. + </h3> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>December 10, 1799</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the House of Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + This very respectful address from the Representatives of the + people of the United States, at their first assembly after a + fresh election, under the strong impression of the public + opinion and national sense, at this interesting and singular + crisis of our public affairs, has excited my sensibility and + receives my sincere and grateful acknowledgments. + </p> + <p> + As long as we can maintain with harmony and affection the + honor of our country consistently with its peace, externally + and internally, while that is attainable, or in war when that + becomes necessary, assert its real independence and + sovereignty, and support the constitutional energies and + dignity of its Government, we may be perfectly sure, under + the smiles of Divine Providence, that we shall effectually + promote and extend our national interest and happiness. + </p> + <p> + The applause of the Senate and House of Representatives, so + justly bestowed upon the volunteers and militia for their + zealous and active cooperation with the judicial power, which + has restored order and submission to the laws, as it comes + with peculiar weight and propriety from the Legislature, can + not fail to have an extensive and permanent effect for the + support of Government upon all those ingenuous minds who + receive delight from the approving and animating voice of + their country. + </p> + <p class="r"> + JOHN ADAMS. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <h2> + SPECIAL MESSAGES. + </h2> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>December 5, 1799</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and Gentlemen of the House of + Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + I transmit to Congress certain documents which have relation + to the communications made on Tuesday, on the subjects of the + insurrection in Pennsylvania, the renewal of commerce with + St. Domingo, and the mission to the French Republic. + </p> + <p class="r"> + JOHN ADAMS. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>December 6, 1799</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate</i>: + </p> + <p> + I lay before you, for your consideration, a treaty of amity + and commerce between the United States and the King of + Prussia, signed by their ministers on the 11th of July last. + </p> + <p class="r"> + JOHN ADAMS. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>December 19, 1799</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and Gentlemen of the House of + Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + The letter herewith transmitted will inform you that it has + pleased Divine Providence to remove from this life our + excellent fellow-citizen, George Washington, by the purity of + his character and a long series of services to his country + rendered illustrious through the world. It remains for an + affectionate and grateful people, in whose hearts he can + never die, to pay suitable honors to his memory. + </p> + <p class="r"> + JOHN ADAMS. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + MOUNT VERNON, <i>December 15, 1799</i>. + </p> + <p> + The PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES. + </p> + <p> + SIR: It is with inexpressible grief that I have to announce + to you the death of the great and good General Washington. He + died last evening between 10 and 11 o'clock, after a short + illness of about twenty hours. His disorder was an + inflammatory sore throat, which proceeded from a cold of + which he made but little complaint on Friday. On Saturday + morning about 3 o'clock he became ill. Dr. Craik attended him + in the morning, and Dr. Dick, of Alexandria, and Dr. Brown, + of Port Tobacco, were soon after called in. Every medical + assistance was offered, but without the desired effect. His + last scene corresponded with the whole tenor of his life; not + a groan nor a complaint escaped him in extreme distress. With + perfect resignation and in full possession of his reason, he + closed his well-spent life. + </p> + <p> + I have the honor to be, with the highest respect, sir, your + most obedient and very humble servant, + </p> + <p class="r"> + TOBIAS LEAR. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + The Senate, having resolved to wait on the President of the + United States "to condole with him on the distressing event + of the death of General George Washington," proceeded to the + house of the President, when the President of the Senate, in + their name, presented the address which had previously been + agreed to, as follows: + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + The PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES: + </p> + <p> + The Senate of the United States respectfully take leave, sir, + to express to you their deep regret for the loss their + country sustains in the death of General George Washington. + </p> + <p> + This event, so distressing to all our fellow-citizens, must + be peculiarly heavy to you, who have long been associated + with him in deeds of patriotism. Permit us, sir, to mingle + our tears with yours. On this occasion it is manly to weep. + To lose such a man at such a crisis is no common calamity to + the world. Our country mourns her father. The Almighty + Disposer of Human Events has taken from us our greatest + benefactor and ornament. It becomes us to submit with + reverence to Him who maketh darkness His pavilion. + </p> + <p> + With patriotic pride we review the life of our Washington and + compare him with those of other countries who have been + preeminent in fame. Ancient and modern names are diminished + before him. Greatness and guilt have too often been allied, + but his fame is whiter than it is brilliant. The destroyers + of nations stood abashed at the majesty of his virtue. It + reproved the intemperance of their ambition and darkened the + splendor of victory. The scene is closed, and we are no + longer anxious lest misfortune should sully his glory. He has + traveled on to the end of his journey and carried with him an + increasing weight of honor. He has deposited it safely, where + misfortune can not tarnish it, where malice can not blast it. + Favored of Heaven, he departed without exhibiting the + weakness of humanity. Magnanimous in death, the darkness of + the grave could not obscure his brightness. + </p> + <p> + Such was the man whom we deplore. Thanks to God, his glory is + consummated. Washington yet lives on earth in his spotless + example; his spirit is in Heaven. + </p> + <p> + Let his countrymen consecrate the memory of the heroic + general, the patriotic statesman, and the virtuous sage. Let + them teach their children never to forget that the fruit of + his labors and his example are their inheritance. + </p> + <p class="r"> + SAMUEL LIVERMORE,<br> + <i>President of the Senate pro tempore</i>. + </p> + <p> + DECEMBER 23, 1799. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + To which the President replied as follows: + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>December 23, 1799</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate</i>: + </p> + <p> + I receive with the most respectful and affectionate + sentiments in this impressive address the obliging + expressions of your regard for the loss our country has + sustained in the death of her most esteemed, beloved, and + admired citizen. + </p> + <p> + In the multitude of my thoughts and recollections on this + melancholy event you will permit me only to say that I have + seen him in the days of adversity, in some of the scenes of + his deepest distress and most trying perplexities; I have + also attended him in his highest elevation and most + prosperous felicity, with uniform admiration of his wisdom, + moderation, and constancy. + </p> + <p> + Among all our original associates in that memorable league of + the continent in 1774, which first expressed the sovereign + will of a free nation in America, he was the only one + remaining in the General Government. Although with a + constitution more enfeebled than his at an age when he + thought it necessary to prepare for retirement, I feel myself + alone bereaved of my last brother; yet I derive a strong + consolation from the unanimous disposition which appears in + all ages and classes to mingle their sorrows with mine on + this common calamity to the world. + </p> + <p> + The life of our Washington can not suffer by comparison with + those of other countries who have been most celebrated and + exalted by fame. The attributes and decorations of royalty + could have only served to eclipse the majesty of those + virtues which made him, from being a modest citizen, a more + resplendent luminary. + </p> + <p> + Misfortune, had he lived, could hereafter have sullied his + glory only with those superficial minds who, believing that + characters and actions are marked by success alone, rarely + deserve to enjoy it. Malice could never blast his honor, and + envy made him a singular exception to her universal rule. For + himself, he had lived enough to life and to glory. For his + fellow-citizens, if their prayers could have been answered, + he would have been immortal. For me, his departure is at a + most unfortunate moment. Trusting, however, in the wise and + righteous dominion of Providence over the passions of men and + the results of their councils and actions, as well as over + their lives, nothing remains for me but humble resignation. + </p> + <p> + His example is now complete, and it will teach wisdom and + virtue to magistrates, citizens, and men, not only in the + present age, but in future generations as long as our history + shall be read. If a Trajan found a Pliny, a Marcus Aurelius + can never want biographers, eulogists, or historians. + </p> + <p class="r"> + JOHN ADAMS. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + The House of Representatives having resolved unanimously to + wait on the President of the United States '"in condolence of + this national calamity," the Speaker, attended by the House, + withdrew to the house of the President, when the Speaker + addressed the President as follows: + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + SIR: The House of Representatives, penetrated with a sense of + the irreparable loss sustained by the nation in the death of + that great and good man, the illustrious and beloved + Washington, wait on you, sir, to express their condolence on + this melancholy and distressing event. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + To which the President replied as follows: + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>December 19, 1799</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the House of Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + I receive with great respect and affection the condolence of + the House of Representatives on the melancholy and affecting + event in the death of the most illustrious and beloved + personage which this country ever produced. I sympathize with + you, with the nation, and with good men through the world in + this irreparable loss sustained by us all. + </p> + <p class="r"> + JOHN ADAMS. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>December 31, 1799</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate</i>: + </p> + <p> + I nominate Timothy Pickering, Secretary of State; Oliver + Wolcott, Secretary of the Treasury, and Samuel Sitgreaves, + esq., of Pennsylvania, to be commissioners to adjust and + determine, with commissioners appointed under the legislative + authority of the State of Georgia, all interfering claims of + the United States and that State to territories situate west + of the river Chatahouchee, north of the thirty-first degree + of north latitude, and south of the cession made to the + United States by South Carolina; and also to receive any + proposals for the relinquishment or cession of the whole or + any part of the other territory claimed by the State of + Georgia, and out of the ordinary jurisdiction thereof, + according to the law of the United States of the 7th of + April, 1798. + </p> + <p class="r"> + JOHN ADAMS. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>January 6, 1800</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and Gentlemen of the House of + Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + In compliance with the request in one of the resolutions of + Congress of the 21st of December last, I transmitted a copy + of these resolutions, by my secretary, Mr. Shaw, to Mrs. + Washington, assuring her of the profound respect Congress + will ever bear to her person and character, of their + condolence in the late afflicting dispensation of Providence, + and entreating her assent to the interment of the remains of + General George Washington in the manner expressed in the + first resolution. As the sentiments of that virtuous lady, + not less beloved by this nation than she is at present + greatly afflicted, can never be so well expressed as in her + own words, I transmit to Congress her original letter. + </p> + <p> + It would be an attempt of too much delicacy to make any + comments upon it, but there can be no doubt that the nation + at large, as well as all the branches of the Government, will + be highly gratified by any arrangement which may diminish the + sacrifice she makes of her individual feelings. + </p> + <p class="r"> + JOHN ADAMS. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + MOUNT VERNON, <i>December 31, 1799</i>. + </p> + <p> + The PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES. + </p> + <p> + SIR: While I feel with keenest anguish the late dispensation + of Divine Providence, I can not be insensible to the mournful + tributes of respect and veneration which are paid to the + memory of my dear deceased husband; and as his best services + and most anxious wishes were always devoted to the welfare + and happiness of his country, to know that they were truly + appreciated and gratefully remembered affords no + inconsiderable consolation. + </p> + <p> + Taught by the great example which I have so long had before + me never to oppose my private wishes to the public will, I + must consent to the request made by Congress, which you have + had the goodness to transmit to me; and in doing this I need + not, I can not, say what a sacrifice of individual feeling I + make to a sense of public duty. + </p> + <p> + With grateful acknowledgments and unfeigned thanks for the + personal respect and evidences of condolence expressed by + Congress and yourself, I remain, very respectfully, sir, your + most obedient, humble servant, + </p> + <p class="r"> + MARTHA WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>January 13, 1800</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and Gentlemen of the House of + Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + A report made to me on the 5th of this month by the Secretary + of War contains various matters in which the honor and safety + of the nation are deeply interested. I transmit it, + therefore, to Congress and recommend it to their serious + consideration. + </p> + <p class="r"> + JOHN ADAMS. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>January 14, 1800</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the House of Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + As the inclosed letter from a member of your House received + by me in the night of Saturday, the 11th instant, relates to + the privileges of the House, which, in my opinion, ought to + be inquired into in the House itself, if anywhere, I have + thought proper to submit the whole letter and its tendencies + to your consideration without any other comments on its + matter or style; but as no gross impropriety of conduct on + the part of persons holding commissions in the Army or Navy + of the United States ought to pass without due animadversion, + I have directed the Secretary of War and the Secretary of the + Navy to investigate the conduct complained of and to report + to me without delay such a statement of facts as will enable + me to decide on the course which duty and justice shall + appear to prescribe. + </p> + <p class="r"> + JOHN ADAMS. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>January 23, 1800</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and Gentlemen of the House of + Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + I transmit to Congress for the information of the members a + report of the Secretary of State of the 9th instant, a letter + from Matthew Clarkson, esq., to him of the 2d, and a list of + the claims adjusted by the commissioners under the + twenty-first article of our treaty with Spain. + </p> + <p class="r"> + JOHN ADAMS. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>February 14, 1800</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the House of Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + I transmit herewith a copy of the laws enacted by the + governor and judges of the Mississippi Territory, for the + inspection of Congress. There being but this one copy, I must + request the House, when they have made the requisite + examination, to send it to the Senate. + </p> + <p class="r"> + JOHN ADAMS. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <h2> + PROCLAMATIONS. + </h2> + <center> + [From C. F. Adams's Works of John Adams, Vol. IX, p. 177.] + </center> + <h3> + PROCLAMATION. + </h3> + <p class="r"> + MAY 9, 1800. + </p> + <p> + Whereas by an act of Congress of the United States passed the + 27th day of February last, entitled "An act further to + suspend the commercial intercourse between the United States + and France and the dependencies thereof," it is enacted that + at any time after the passing of the said act it shall be + lawful for the President of the United States, by his order, + to remit and discontinue for the time being, whenever he + shall deem it expedient and for the interest of the United + States, all or any of the restraints and prohibitions imposed + by the said act in respect to the territories of the French + Republic, or to any island, port, or place belonging to the + said Republic with which, in his opinion, a commercial + intercourse may be safely renewed, and to make proclamation + thereof accordingly; and it is also thereby further enacted + that the whole of the island of Hispaniola shall, for the + purposes of the said act, be considered as a dependence of + the French Republic; and + </p> + <p> + Whereas the circumstances of certain ports and places of the + said island not comprised in the proclamation of the 26th day + of June, 1799, are such that I deem it expedient and for the + interest of the United States to remit and discontinue the + restraints and prohibitions imposed by the said act in + respect to those ports and places in order that a commercial + intercourse with the same may be renewed: + </p> + <p> + Therefore I, John Adams, President of the United States, by + virtue of the powers vested in me as aforesaid, do hereby + remit and discontinue the restraints and prohibitions imposed + by the act aforesaid in respect to all the ports and places + in the said island of Hispaniola from Monte Christi on the + north, round by the eastern end thereof as far as the port of + Jacmel on the south, inclusively. And it shall henceforth be + lawful for vessels of the United States to enter and trade at + any of the said ports and places, provided it be done with + the consent of the Government of St. Domingo. And for this + purpose it is hereby required that such vessels first enter + the port of Cape Francois or Port Republicain, in the said + island, and there obtain the passports of the said + Government, which shall also be signed by the consul-general + or consul of the United States residing at Cape + François or Port Republicain, permitting such vessel + to go thence to the other ports and places of the said island + hereinbefore mentioned and described. Of all which the + collectors of the customs and all other officers and citizens + of the United States are to take due notice and govern + themselves. + </p> + <p> + In testimony, etc. + </p> + <p class="r"> + JOHN ADAMS. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <center> + [From Annals of Congress, Seventh Congress, second session, + 1552.] + </center> + <h3> + PROCLAMATION. + </h3> + <h4> + BY JOHN ADAMS, PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. + </h4> + <p> + Whereas the late wicked and treasonable insurrection against + the just authority of the United States of sundry persons in + the counties of Northampton, Montgomery, and Bucks, in the + State of Pennsylvania, in the year 1799, having been speedily + suppressed without any of the calamities usually attending + rebellion; whereupon peace, order, and submission to the laws + of the United States were restored in the aforesaid counties, + and the ignorant, misguided, and misinformed in the counties + have returned to a proper sense of their duty, whereby it is + become unnecessary for the public good that any future + prosecutions should be commenced or carried on against any + person or persons by reason of their being concerned in the + said insurrection: + </p> + <p> + Wherefore be it known that I, John Adams, President of the + United States of America, have granted, and by these presents + do grant, a full, free, and absolute pardon to all and every + person or persons concerned in the said insurrection, + excepting as hereinafter excepted, of all treasons, + misprisions of treason, felonies, misdemeanors, and other + crimes by them respectively done or committed against the + United States in either of the said counties before the 12th + day of March, in the year 1799, excepting and excluding + therefrom every person who now standeth indicted or convicted + of any treason, misprision of treason, or other offense + against the United States, whereby remedying and releasing + unto all persons, except as before excepted, all pains and + penalties incurred, or supposed to be incurred, for or on + account of the premises. + </p> + <p> + [SEAL.] + </p> + <p> + Given under my hand and the seal of the United States of + America, at the city of Philadelphia, this 21st day of May, + A.D. 1800, and of the Independence of the said States the + twenty-fourth. + </p> + <p class="r"> + JOHN ADAMS. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <h3> + BY JOHN ADAMS, PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. + </h3> + <h4> + A PROCLAMATION. + </h4> + <p> + Whereas by an act of the Congress of the United States passed + on the 27th day of February last, entitled "An act further to + suspend the commercial intercourse between the United States + and France and the dependencies thereof," it is enacted "that + at any time after the passing of the said act it shall be + lawful for the President of the United States, by his order, + to remit and discontinue for the time being, whenever he + shall deem it expedient and for the interest of the United + States, all or any of the restraints and prohibitions imposed + by the said act in respect to the territories of the French + Republic, or to any island, port, or place belonging to the + said Republic with which, in his opinion, a commercial + intercourse may be safely renewed, and to make proclamation + thereof accordingly;" and it is also thereby further enacted + that the whole of the island of Hispaniola shall, for the + purposes of the said act, be considered as a dependence of + the French Republic; and + </p> + <p> + Whereas the circumstances of the said islands are such that, + in my opinion, a commercial intercourse may safely be renewed + with every part thereof, under the limitations and + restrictions hereinafter mentioned: + </p> + <p> + Therefore I, John Adams, President of the United States, by + virtue of the powers vested in me as aforesaid, do hereby + remit and discontinue the restraints and prohibitions imposed + by the act aforesaid in respect to every part of the said + island, so that it shall be lawful for vessels of the United + States to trade at any of the ports and places thereof, + provided it be done with the consent of the Government of St. + Domingo; and for this purpose it is hereby required that such + vessels first clear for and enter the port of Cape + Français or Port Republicain, in the said island, and + there obtain the passports of the said Government, which + shall also be signed by the consul-general of the United + States, or their consul residing at Cape Français, or + their consul residing at Port Republicain, permitting such + vessels to go thence to the other ports and places of the + said island. Of all which the collectors of the customs and + all other officers and citizens of the United States are to + take due notice and govern themselves accordingly. + </p> + <p> + [SEAL.] + </p> + <p> + Given under my hand and the seal of the United States of + America, at the city of Washington, this 6th day of + September, A.D. 1800, and of the Independence of the said + States the twenty-fifth. + </p> + <p class="r"> + JOHN ADAMS. + </p> + <p> + <br> + By the President:<br> + J. MARSHALL,<br> + <i>Secretary of State</i>. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <h2> + FOURTH ANNUAL ADDRESS. + </h2> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>November 22, 1800</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and Gentlemen of the House of + Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + Immediately after the adjournment of Congress at their last + session in Philadelphia I gave directions, in compliance with + the laws, for the removal of the public offices, records, and + property. These directions have been executed, and the public + officers have since resided and conducted the ordinary + business of the Government in this place. + </p> + <p> + I congratulate the people of the United States on the + assembling of Congress at the permanent seat of their + Government, and I congratulate you, gentlemen, on the + prospect of a residence not to be changed. Although there is + cause to apprehend that accommodations are not now so + complete as might be wished, yet there is great reason to + believe that this inconvenience will cease with the present + session. + </p> + <p> + It would be unbecoming the representatives of this nation to + assemble for the first time in this solemn temple without + looking up to the Supreme Ruler of the Universe and imploring + His blessing. + </p> + <p> + May this territory be the residence of virtue and happiness! + In this city may that piety and virtue, that wisdom and + magnanimity, that constancy and self-government, which + adorned the great character whose name it bears be forever + held in veneration! Here and throughout our country may + simple manners, pure morals, and true religion flourish + forever! + </p> + <p> + It is with you, gentlemen, to consider whether the local + powers over the District of Columbia vested by the + Constitution in the Congress of the United States shall be + immediately exercised. If in your opinion this important + trust ought now to be executed, you can not fail while + performing it to take into view the future probable situation + of the territory for the happiness of which you are about to + provide. You will consider it as the capital of a great + nation advancing with unexampled rapidity in arts, in + commerce, in wealth, and in population, and possessing within + itself those energies and resources which, if not thrown away + or lamentably misdirected, will secure to it a long course of + prosperity and self-government. + </p> + <p> + In compliance with a law of the last session of Congress, the + officers and soldiers of the temporary army have been + discharged. It affords real pleasure to recollect the + honorable testimony they gave of the patriotic motives which + brought them into the service of their country, by the + readiness and regularity with which they returned to the + station of private citizens. + </p> + <p> + It is in every point of view of such primary importance to + carry the laws into prompt and faithful execution, and to + render that part of the administration of justice which the + Constitution and laws devolve on the Federal courts as + convenient to the people as may consist with their present + circumstances, that I can not omit once more to recommend to + your serious consideration the judiciary system of the United + States. No subject is more interesting than this to the + public happiness, and to none can those improvements which + may have been suggested by experience be more beneficially + applied. + </p> + <p> + A treaty of amity and commerce with the King of Prussia has + been concluded and ratified. The ratifications have been + exchanged, and I have directed the treaty to be promulgated + by proclamation. + </p> + <p> + The difficulties which suspended the execution of the sixth + article of our treaty of amity, commerce, and navigation with + Great Britain have not yet been removed. The negotiation on + this subject is still depending. As it must be for the + interest and honor of both nations to adjust this difference + with good faith, I indulge confidently the expectation that + the sincere endeavors of the Government of the United States + to bring it to an amicable termination will not be + disappointed. + </p> + <p> + The envoys extraordinary and ministers plenipotentiary from + the United States to France were received by the First Consul + with the respect due to their character, and three persons + with equal powers were appointed to treat with them. Although + at the date of the last official intelligence the negotiation + had not terminated, yet it is to be hoped that our efforts to + effect an accommodation will at length meet with a success + proportioned to the sincerity with which they have been so + often repeated. + </p> + <p> + While our best endeavors for the preservation of harmony with + all nations will continue to be used, the experience of the + world and our own experience admonish us of the insecurity of + trusting too confidently to their success. We can not, + without committing a dangerous imprudence, abandon those + measures of self-protection which are adapted to our + situation and to which, notwithstanding our pacific policy, + the violence and injustice of others may again compel us to + resort While our vast extent of seacoast, the commercial and + agricultural habits of our people, the great capital they + will continue to trust on the ocean, suggest the system of + defense which will be most beneficial to ourselves, our + distance from Europe and our resources for maritime strength + will enable us to employ it with effect. Seasonable and + systematic arrangements, so far as our resources will + justify, for a navy adapted to defensive war, and which may + in case of necessity be quickly brought into use, seem to be + as much recommended by a wise and true economy as by a just + regard for our future tranquillity, for the safety of our + shores, and for the protection of our property committed to + the ocean. + </p> + <p> + The present Navy of the United States, called suddenly into + existence by a great national exigency, has raised us in our + own esteem, and by the protection afforded to our commerce + has effected to the extent of our expectations the objects + for which it was created. + </p> + <p> + In connection with a navy ought to be contemplated the + fortification of some of our principal seaports and harbors. + A variety of considerations, which will readily suggest + themselves, urge an attention to this measure of precaution. + To give security to our principal ports considerable sums + have already been expended, but the works remain incomplete. + It is for Congress to determine whether additional + appropriations shall be made in order to render competent to + the intended purposes the fortifications which have been + commenced. + </p> + <p> + The manufacture of arms within the United States still + invites the attention of the National Legislature. At a + considerable expense to the public this manufacture has been + brought to such a state of maturity as, with continued + encouragement, will supersede the necessity of future + importations from foreign countries. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the House of Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + I shall direct the estimates of the appropriations necessary + for the ensuing year, together with an account of the public + revenue and expenditure to a late period, to be laid before + you. I observe with much satisfaction that the product of the + revenue during the present year has been more considerable + than during any former equal period. This result affords + conclusive evidence of the great resources of this country + and of the wisdom and efficiency of the measures which have + been adopted by Congress for the protection of commerce and + preservation of public credit. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and Gentlemen of the House of + Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + As one of the grand community of nations, our attention is + irresistibly drawn to the important scenes which surround us. + If they have exhibited an uncommon portion of calamity, it is + the province of humanity to deplore and of wisdom to avoid + the causes which may have produced it. If, turning our eyes + homeward, we find reason to rejoice at the prospect which + presents itself; if we perceive the interior of our country + prosperous, free, and happy; if all enjoy in safety, under + the protection of laws emanating only from the general will, + the fruits of their own labor, we ought to fortify and cling + to those institutions which have been the source of such real + felicity and resist with unabating perseverance the progress + of those dangerous innovations which may diminish their + influence. + </p> + <p> + To your patriotism, gentlemen, has been confided the + honorable duty of guarding the public interests; and while + the past is to your country a sure pledge that it will be + faithfully discharged, permit me to assure you that your + labors to promote the general happiness will receive from me + the most zealous cooperation. + </p> + <p class="r"> + JOHN ADAMS. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <h3> + ADDRESS OF THE SENATE TO JOHN ADAMS, PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED + STATES. + </h3> + <p> + The PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES. + </p> + <p> + SIR: Impressed with the important truth that the hearts of + rulers and people are in the hand of the Almighty, the Senate + of the United States most cordially join in your invocations + for appropriate blessings upon the Government and people of + this Union. + </p> + <p> + We meet you, sir, and the other branch of the National + Legislature in the city which is honored by the name of our + late hero and sage, the illustrious Washington, with + sensations and emotions which exceed our power of + description. + </p> + <p> + While we congratulate ourselves on the convention of the + Legislature at the permanent seat of Government, and ardently + hope that permanence and stability may be communicated as + well to the Government itself as to its seat, our minds are + irresistibly led to deplore the death of him who bore so + honorable and efficient a part in the establishment of both. + Great indeed would have been our gratification if his sum of + earthly happiness had been completed by seeing the Government + thus peaceably convened at this place; but we derive + consolation from a belief that the moment in which we were + destined to experience the loss we deplore was fixed by that + Being whose counsels can not err, and from a hope that since + in this seat of Government, which bears his name, his earthly + remains will be deposited, the members of Congress, and all + who inhabit the city, with these memorials before them, will + retain his virtues in lively recollection, and make his + patriotism, morals, and piety models for imitation. And + permit us to add, sir, that it is not among the least of our + consolations that you, who have been his companion and friend + from the dawning of our national existence, and trained in + the same school of exertion to effect our independence, are + still preserved by a gracious Providence in health and + activity to exercise the functions of Chief Magistrate. + </p> + <p> + The question whether the local powers over the District of + Columbia, vested by the Constitution in the Congress of the + United States, shall be immediately exercised is of great + importance, and in deliberating upon it we shall naturally be + led to weigh the attending circumstances and every probable + consequence of the measures which may be proposed. + </p> + <p> + The several subjects for legislative consideration contained + in your speech to both Houses of Congress shall receive from + the Senate all the attention which they can give, when + contemplating those objects, both in respect to their + national importance and the additional weight that is given + them by your recommendation. + </p> + <p> + We deprecate with you, sir, all spirit of innovation from + whatever quarter it may arise, which may impair the sacred + bond that connects the different parts of this Empire, and we + trust that, under the protection of Divine Providence the + wisdom and virtue of the citizens of the United States will + deliver our national compact unimpaired to a grateful + posterity. + </p> + <p> + From past experience it is impossible for the Senate of the + United States to doubt of your zealous cooperation with the + Legislature in every effort to promote the general happiness + and tranquillity of the Union. + </p> + <p> + Accept, sir, our warmest wishes for your health and + happiness. + </p> + <p class="r"> + JOHN E. HOWARD,<br> + <i>President of the Senate pro tempore</i>. + </p> + <p> + NOVEMBER 25, 1800. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <h3> + REPLY OF THE PRESIDENT. + </h3> + <p class="r"> + CITY OF WASHINGTON, <i>November 26, 1800</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Mr. President and Gentlemen of the Senate</i>: + </p> + <p> + For this excellent address, so respectful to the memory of my + illustrious predecessor, which I receive from the Senate of + the United States at this time and in this place with + peculiar satisfaction, I pray you to accept of my unfeigned + acknowledgments. With you I ardently hope that permanence and + stability will be communicated as well to the Government + itself as to its beautiful and commodious seat. With you I + deplore the death of that hero and sage who bore so honorable + and efficient a part in the establishment of both. Great + indeed would have been my gratification if his sum of earthly + happiness had been completed by seeing the Government thus + peaceably convened at this place, himself at its head; but + while we submit to the decisions of Heaven, whose councils + are inscrutable to us, we can not but hope that the members + of Congress, the officers of Government, and all who inhabit + the city or the country will retain his virtues in lively + recollection and make his patriotism, morals, and piety + models for imitation. + </p> + <p> + I thank you, gentlemen, for your assurance that the several + subjects for legislative consideration recommended in my + communication to both Houses shall receive from the Senate a + deliberate and candid attention. + </p> + <p> + With you, gentlemen, I sincerely deprecate all spirit of + innovation which may weaken the sacred bond that connects the + different parts of this nation and Government, and with you I + trust that under the protection of Divine Providence the + wisdom and virtue of our citizens will deliver our national + compact unimpaired to a free, prosperous, happy, and grateful + posterity. To this end it is my fervent prayer that in this + city the foundations of wisdom may be always opened and the + streams of eloquence forever flow. Here may the youth of this + extensive country forever look up without disappointment, not + only to the monuments and memorials of the dead, but to the + examples of the living, in the members of Congress and + officers of Government, for finished models of all those + virtues, graces, talents, and accomplishments which + constitute the dignity of human nature and lay the only + foundation for the prosperity or duration of empires. + </p> + <p class="r"> + JOHN ADAMS. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <h3> + ADDRESS OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES TO JOHN ADAMS, + PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES. + </h3> + <p> + JOHN ADAMS,<br> + <i>President of the United States</i>. + </p> + <p> + SIR: The House of Representatives have received with great + respect the communication which you have been pleased to make + to the two Houses of Congress at the commencement of the + present session. + </p> + <p> + The final establishment of the seat of National Government, + which has now taken place, within the District of Columbia is + an event of no small importance in the political transactions + of our country, and we cordially unite our wishes with yours + that this Territory may be the residence of happiness and + virtue. + </p> + <p> + Nor can we on this occasion omit to express a hope that the + spirit which animated the great founder of this city may + descend to future generations, and that the wisdom, + magnanimity, and steadiness which marked the events of his + public life may be imitated in all succeeding ages. + </p> + <p> + A consideration of those powers which have been vested in + Congress over the District of Columbia will not escape our + attention, nor shall we forget that in exercising these + powers a regard must be had to those events which will + necessarily attend the capital of America. + </p> + <p> + The cheerfulness and regularity with which the officers and + soldiers of the temporary army have returned to the condition + of private citizens is a testimony clear and conclusive of + the purity of those motives which induced them to engage in + the public service, and will remain a proof on all future + occasions that an army of soldiers drawn from the citizens of + our country deserve our confidence and respect. + </p> + <p> + No subject can be more important than that of the judiciary, + which you have again recommended to our consideration, and it + shall receive our early and deliberate attention. + </p> + <p> + The Constitution of the United States having confided the + management of our foreign negotiations to the control of the + Executive power, we cheerfully submit to its decisions on + this important subject; and in respect to the negotiations + now pending with France, we sincerely hope that the final + result may prove as fortunate to our country as the most + ardent mind can wish. + </p> + <p> + So long as a predatory war is carried on against our commerce + we should sacrifice the interests and disappoint the + expectations of our constituents should we for a moment relax + that system of maritime defense which has resulted in such + beneficial effects. At this period it is confidently believed + that few persons can be found within the United States who do + not admit that a navy, well organized, must constitute the + natural and efficient defense of this country against all + foreign hostility. + </p> + <p> + The progress which has been made in the manufacture of arms + leaves no doubt that the public patronage has already placed + this country beyond all necessary dependence on foreign + markets for an article so indispensable for defense, and + gives us assurances that, under the encouragement which + Government will continue to extend to this important object, + we shall soon rival foreign countries not only in the number + but in the quality of arms completed from our own + manufactories. + </p> + <p> + Few events could have been more pleasing to our constituents + than that great and rapid increase of revenue which has + arisen from permanent taxes. Whilst this event explains the + great and increasing resources of our country, it carries + along with it a proof which can not be resisted that those + measures of maritime defense which were calculated to meet + our enemy upon the ocean, and which have produced such + extensive protection to our commerce, were founded in wisdom + and policy. The mind must, in our opinion, be insensible to + the plainest truths which can not discern the elevated ground + on which this policy has placed our country. That national + spirit which alone could vindicate our common rights has been + roused, and those latent energies which had not been fully + known were unfolded and brought into view, and our + fellow-citizens were prepared to meet every event which + national honor or national security could render necessary. + Nor have its effects been much less important in other + respects. + </p> + <p> + Whilst many of the nations of the earth have been + impoverished and depopulated by internal commotions and + national contests, our internal peace has not been materially + impaired; our commerce has extended, under the protection of + our infant Navy, to every part of the globe; wealth has + flowed without intermission into our seaports, and the labors + of the husbandman have been rewarded by a ready market for + the productions of the soil. + </p> + <p> + Be assured, sir, that the various and important subjects + recommended to our consideration shall receive our early and + deliberate attention; and, confident of your cooperation in + every measure which may be calculated to promote the general + interest, we shall endeavor on our part to testify by our + industry and dispatch the zeal and sincerity with which we + regard the public good + </p> + <p> + NOVEMBER 26, 1800. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <h3> + REPLY OF THE PRESIDENT. + </h3> + <p class="r"> + WASHINGTON, <i>November 27, 1800</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Mr. Speaker and Gentlemen of the House of + Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + Compelled by the habits of a long life, as well as by all the + principles of society and government which I could ever + understand and believe, to consider the great body of the + people as the source of all legitimate authority no less than + of all efficient power, it is impossible for me to receive + this address from the immediate Representatives of the + American people at this time and in this place without + emotions which it would be improper to express if any + language could convey them. + </p> + <p> + May the spirit which animated the great founder of this city + descend to future generations, and may the wisdom, + magnanimity, and steadiness which marked the events of his + public life be imitated in all succeeding ages. + </p> + <p> + I thank you, gentlemen, for your assurance that the judiciary + system shall receive your deliberate attention. + </p> + <p> + With you, gentlemen, I sincerely hope that the final result + of the negotiations now pending with France may prove as + fortunate to our country as they have been commenced with + sincerity and prosecuted with deliberation and caution. With + you I cordially agree that so long as a predatory war is + carried on against our commerce we should sacrifice the + interests and disappoint the expectations of our constituents + should we for a moment relax that system of maritime defense + which has resulted in such beneficial effects. With you I + confidently believe that few persons can be found within the + United States who do not admit that a navy, well organized, + must constitute the natural and efficient defense of this + country against all foreign hostility. + </p> + <p> + Those who recollect the distress and danger to this country + in former periods from the want of arms must exult in the + assurance from their Representatives that we shall soon rival + foreign countries not only in the number but in the quality + of arms completed from our own manufactories. + </p> + <p> + With you, gentlemen, I fully agree that the great increase of + revenue is a proof that the measures of maritime defense were + founded in wisdom. This policy has raised us in the esteem of + foreign nations. That national spirit and those latent + energies which had not been and are not yet fully known to + any were not entirely forgotten by those who had lived long + enough to see in former times their operation and some of + their effects. Our fellow-citizens were undoubtedly prepared + to meet every event which national honor or national security + could render necessary. These, it is to be hoped, are secured + at the cheapest and easiest rate; if not, they will be + secured at more expense. + </p> + <p> + I thank you, gentlemen, for your assurance that the various + subjects recommended to your consideration shall receive your + deliberate attention. No further evidence is wanting to + convince me of the zeal and sincerity with which the House of + Representatives regard the public good. + </p> + <p> + I pray you, gentlemen, to accept of my best wishes for your + health and happiness. + </p> + <p class="r"> + JOHN ADAMS. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <h2> + SPECIAL MESSAGES. + </h2> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>December 15, 1800</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate</i>: + </p> + <p> + I transmit to the Senate, for their consideration and + decision, a convention, both in English and French, between + the United States of America and the French Republic, signed + at Paris on the 30th day of September last by the respective + plenipotentiaries of the two powers. I also transmit to the + Senate three manuscript volumes containing the journal of our + envoys. + </p> + <p class="r"> + JOHN ADAMS. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>January 7, 1801</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and Gentlemen of the House of + Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + I transmit to both Houses of Congress, for their information + and consideration, copies of laws enacted by the governor and + judges of the Mississippi Territory from the 30th of June + until the 31st of December, A.D. 1799. + </p> + <p class="r"> + JOHN ADAMS. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>January 17, 1801</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and Gentlemen of the House of + Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + I have received from Elias Boudinot, esq., Director of the + Mint of the United States, a report of the 2d of January, + representing the state of it, together with an abstract of + the coins struck at the Mint from the 1st of January to the + 31st of December, 1800; an abstract of the expenditures of + the Mint from the 1st of January to the 31st of December, + inclusive; a statement of gain on copper coined at the Mint + from the 1st of January to the 31st of December, 1800, and a + certificate from Joseph Richardson, assayer of the Mint, + ascertaining the value of Spanish milled doubloons in + proportion to the gold coins of the United States to be no + more than 84 cents and 424/500 parts of a cent for 1 + pennyweight, or 28 grains and 24256/84848 parts of a grain to + one dollar. These papers I transmit to Congress for their + consideration, + </p> + <p class="r"> + JOHN ADAMS. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>January 21, 1801</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate</i>: + </p> + <p> + In compliance with your request, signified in your resolution + of the 20th day of this month, I transmit you a report made + to me by the Secretary of State on the same day, a letter of + our late envoys to him of the 4th of October last, an extract + of a letter from our minister plenipotentiary in London to + him of the 22d of November last, and an extract of another + letter from the minister to the Secretary of the 31st of + October last. + </p> + <p> + The reasoning in the letter of our late envoys to France is + so fully supported by the writers on the law of nations, + particularly by Vattel, as well as by his great masters, + Grotius and Puffendorf, that nothing is left to be desired to + settle the point that if there be a collision between two + treaties made with two different powers the more ancient has + the advantage, for no engagement contrary to it can be + entered into in the treaty afterwards made; and if this last + be found in any case incompatible with the more ancient one + its execution is considered as impossible, because the person + promising had not the power of acting contrary to his + antecedent engagement. Although our right is very clear to + negotiate treaties according to our own ideas of right and + justice, honor and good faith, yet it must always be a + satisfaction to know that the judgment of other nations with + whom we have connection coincides with ours, and that we have + no reason to apprehend that any disagreeable questions and + discussions are likely to arise. The letters from Mr. King + will therefore be read by the Senate with particular + satisfaction. + </p> + <p> + The inconveniences to public officers and the mischiefs to + the public arising from the publication of the dispatches of + ministers abroad are so numerous and so obvious that I + request of the Senate that these papers, especially the + letters from Mr. King, be considered in close confidence. + </p> + <p class="r"> + JOHN ADAMS. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>January 30, 1801</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and Gentlemen of the House of + Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + I transmit to Congress for their consideration a letter from + William Thornton, Alexander White, and William Cranch, + esquires, commissioners of the city of Washington, with a + representation of the affairs of the city made by them to the + President of the United States, dated 28th of January, 1801, + accompanied with a series of documents marked from A to H, + inclusively. + </p> + <p class="r"> + JOHN ADAMS. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>February 16, 1801</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and Gentlemen of the House of + Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + I wish to know the pleasure of Congress and request their + direction concerning the disposition of the property of the + United States now in my possession; whether I shall deliver + it into the hands of the heads of Departments, or of the + commissioners of the city of Washington, or of a committee of + Congress, or to any other persons Congress may appoint, to be + delivered into the hands of my successor, or whether I shall + present it myself to the President of the United States on + the 4th of March next. Any of these modes will be agreeable + to me. + </p> + <p class="r"> + JOHN ADAMS. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>February 20, 1801</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and Gentlemen of the House of + Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + I transmit to Congress a report received this morning from + Elias Boudinot, esq., Director of the Mint, dated February + 13, 1801, which will require the attention and decision of + Congress before the close of the session. + </p> + <p class="r"> + JOHN ADAMS. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>March 2, 1801</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate</i>: + </p> + <p> + I have considered the advice and consent of the Senate to the + ratification of the convention with France under certain + conditions. Although it would have been more conformable to + my own judgment and inclination to have agreed to that + instrument unconditionally, yet as in this point I found I + had the misfortune to differ in opinion from so high a + constitutional authority as the Senate, I judged it more + consistent with the honor and interest of the United States + to ratify it under the conditions prescribed than not at all. + I accordingly nominated Mr. Bayard minister plenipotentiary + to the French Republic, that he might proceed without delay + to Paris to negotiate the exchange of ratifications; but as + that gentleman has declined his appointment, for reasons + equally applicable to every other person suitable for the + service, I shall take no further measures relative to this + business, and leave the convention, with all the documents, + in the Office of State, that my successor may proceed with + them according to his wisdom. + </p> + <p class="r"> + JOHN ADAMS. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <h2> + PROCLAMATION. + </h2> + <p class="r"> + JANUARY 30, 1801. + </p> + <p> + <i>To the Senators of the United States, respectively</i>. + </p> + <p> + SIR: It appearing to me proper and necessary for the public + service that the Senate of the United States should be + convened on Wednesday, the 4th of March next, you are desired + to attend in the Chamber of the Senate on that day, at 10 + o'clock in the forenoon, to receive and act upon any + communications which the President of the United States may + then lay before you touching their interests, and to do and + consider all other things which may be proper and necessary + for the public service for the Senate to do and consider. + </p> + <p class="r"> + JOHN ADAMS,<br> + <i>President of the United States</i>. + </p> + + <div>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 10894 ***</div> +</body> +</html> + |