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| committer | Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org> | 2025-10-15 05:16:32 -0700 |
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diff --git a/1092-h/1092-h.htm b/1092-h/1092-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5eaa14c --- /dev/null +++ b/1092-h/1092-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,2812 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html + PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> +<head> +<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=US-ASCII" /> +<title>The Description of Wales, by Geraldus Cambrensis</title> + <style type="text/css"> +/*<![CDATA[ XML blockout */ +<!-- + P { margin-top: .75em; + margin-bottom: .75em; + } + P.gutsumm { margin-left: 5%;} + P.poetry {margin-left: 3%; } + .GutSmall { font-size: 0.7em; } + H1, H2 { + text-align: center; + margin-top: 2em; + margin-bottom: 2em; + } + H3, H4, H5 { + text-align: center; + margin-top: 1em; + margin-bottom: 1em; + } + BODY{margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; + } + table { border-collapse: collapse; } +table {margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;} + td { vertical-align: top; border: 1px solid black;} + td p { margin: 0.2em; } + .blkquot {margin-left: 4em; margin-right: 4em;} /* block indent */ + + .smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} + + .pagenum {position: absolute; + left: 92%; + font-size: small; + text-align: right; + font-weight: normal; + color: gray; + } + img { border: none; } + img.dc { float: left; width: 50px; height: 50px; } + p.gutindent { margin-left: 2em; } + div.gapspace { height: 0.8em; } + div.gapline { height: 0.8em; width: 100%; border-top: 1px solid;} + div.gapmediumline { height: 0.3em; width: 40%; margin-left:30%; + border-top: 1px solid; } + div.gapmediumdoubleline { height: 0.3em; width: 40%; margin-left:30%; + border-top: 1px solid; border-bottom: 1px solid;} + div.gapshortdoubleline { height: 0.3em; width: 20%; + margin-left: 40%; border-top: 1px solid; + border-bottom: 1px solid; } + div.gapdoubleline { height: 0.3em; width: 50%; + margin-left: 25%; border-top: 1px solid; + border-bottom: 1px solid;} + div.gapshortline { height: 0.3em; width: 20%; margin-left:40%; + border-top: 1px solid; } + .citation {vertical-align: super; + font-size: .8em; + text-decoration: none;} + img.floatleft { float: left; + margin-right: 1em; + margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; } + img.floatright { float: right; + margin-left: 1em; margin-top: 0.5em; + margin-bottom: 0.5em; } + img.clearcenter {display: block; + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; margin-top: 0.5em; + margin-bottom: 0.5em} + --> + /* XML end ]]>*/ + </style> +</head> +<body> +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg eBook, The Description of Wales, by Geraldus +Cambrensis + + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most +other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions +whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of +the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at +www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have +to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. + + + + +Title: The Description of Wales + + +Author: Geraldus Cambrensis + + + +Release Date: February 9, 2015 [eBook #1092] +[This file was first posted on October 30, 1997] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-646-US (US-ASCII) + + +***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE DESCRIPTION OF WALES*** +</pre> +<p>Transcribed from the 1912 J. M. Dent edition by David Price, +email ccx074@pglaf.org</p> +<h1><span class="smcap">The Description of Wales</span><br /> +by<br /> +Gerald of Wales</h1> +<h2><a name="page145"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +145</span>FIRST PREFACE<br /> +<span class="GutSmall">TO STEPHEN LANGTON, ARCHBISHOP OF +CANTERBURY</span></h2> +<p>I, <span class="smcap">who</span>, at the expense of three +years’ labour, arranged, a short time ago, in three parts, +the Topography of Ireland, with a description of its natural +curiosities, and who afterwards, by two years’ study, +completed in two parts the Vaticinal History of its Conquest; and +who, by publishing the Itinerary of the Holy Man (Baldwin) +through Cambria, prevented his laborious mission from perishing +in obscurity, do now propose, in the present little work, to give +some account of this my native country, and to describe the +genius of its inhabitants, so entirely distinct from that of +other nations. And this production of my industry I have +determined to dedicate to you, illustrious Stephen, archbishop of +Canterbury, as I before ascribed to you my Itinerary; considering +you as a man no less distinguished by your piety, than +conspicuous for your learning; though so humble an offering may +possibly be unworthy the acceptance of a personage who, from his +eminence, deserves to be presented with works of the greatest +merit.</p> +<p>Some, indeed, object to this my undertaking, and, apparently +from motives of affection, compare me to a painter, who, rich in +colours, and like another Zeuxis, eminent in his art, is +endeavouring with all his skill and industry to give celebrity to +a cottage, or to some other contemptible object, whilst the world +is anxiously expecting from his hand a temple or a palace. +Thus they wonder that I, amidst the many great and striking +subjects <a name="page146"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +146</span>which the world presents, should choose to describe and +to adorn, with all the graces of composition, such remote corners +of the earth as Ireland and Wales.</p> +<p>Others again, reproaching me with greater severity, say, that +the gifts which have been bestowed upon me from above, ought not +to be wasted upon these insignificant objects, nor lavished in a +vain display of learning on the commendation of princes, who, +from their ignorance and want of liberality, have neither taste +to appreciate, nor hearts to remunerate literary +excellence. And they further add, that every faculty which +emanates from the Deity, ought rather to be applied to the +illustration of celestial objects, and to the exultation of his +glory, from whose abundance all our talents have been received; +every faculty (say they) ought to be employed in praising him +from whom, as from a perennial source, every perfect gift is +derived, and from whose bounty everything which is offered with +sincerity obtains an ample reward. But since excellent +histories of other countries have been composed and published by +writers of eminence, I have been induced, by the love I bear to +my country and to posterity, to believe that I should perform +neither an useless nor an unacceptable service, were I to unfold +the hidden merits of my native land; to rescue from obscurity +those glorious actions which have been hitherto imperfectly +described, and to bring into repute, by my method of treating it, +a subject till now regarded as contemptible.</p> +<p>What indeed could my feeble and unexercised efforts add to the +histories of the destruction of Troy, Thebes, or Athens, or to +the conquest of the shores of Latium? Besides, to do what +has been already done, is, in fact, to be doing nothing; I have, +therefore, thought it more eligible to apply my industry to the +arrangement of the history of my native country, hitherto almost +wholly overlooked by strangers; but interesting to my relations +and countrymen; and from these small beginnings to aspire by +degrees to works of a nobler cast. <a +name="page147"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 147</span>From these +inconsiderable attempts, some idea may be formed with what +success, should Fortune afford an opportunity, I am likely to +treat matters of greater importance. For although some +things should be made our principal objects, whilst others ought +not to be wholly neglected, I may surely be allowed to exercise +the powers of my youth, as yet untaught and unexperienced, in +pursuits of this latter nature, lest by habit I should feel a +pleasure in indolence and in sloth, the parent of vice.</p> +<p>I have therefore employed these studies as a kind of +introduction to the glorious treasures of that most excellent of +the sciences, which alone deserves the name of science; which +alone can render us wise to rule and to instruct mankind; which +alone the other sciences follow, as attendants do their +queen. Laying therefore in my youth the foundations of so +noble a structure, it is my intention, if God will assist me and +prolong my life, to reserve my maturer years for composing a +treatise upon so perfect, so sacred a subject: for according to +the poet,</p> +<blockquote><p style="text-align: center">“Ardua quippe +fides robustos exigit annos;”</p> +<p style="text-align: center">“The important concerns of +faith require a mind in its full vigour;”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>I may be permitted to indulge myself for a short time in other +pursuits; but in this I should wish not only to continue, but to +die.</p> +<p>But before I enter on this important subject, I demand a short +interval, to enable me to lay before the public my Treatise on +the Instruction of a Prince, which has been so frequently +promised, as well as the Description of Wales, which is now +before me, and the Topography of Britain.</p> +<p>Of all the British writers, Gildas alone appears to me (as +often as the course of my subject leads me to consult him) worthy +of imitation; for by committing to paper the things which he +himself saw and knew, and by declaring rather than describing the +desolation of his <a name="page148"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +148</span>country, he has compiled a history more remarkable for +its truth than for its elegance.</p> +<p>Giraldus therefore follows Gildas, whom he wishes he could +copy in his life and manners; becoming an imitator of his wisdom +rather than of his eloquence—of his mind rather than of his +writings—of his zeal rather than of his style—of his +life rather than of his language.</p> +<h2><a name="page149"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +149</span>SECOND PREFACE<br /> +<span class="GutSmall">TO THE SAME</span></h2> +<p><span class="smcap">When</span>, amidst various literary +pursuits, I first applied my mind to the compilation of history, +I determined, lest I should appear ungrateful to my native land, +to describe, to the best of my abilities, my own country and its +adjoining regions; and afterwards, under God’s guidance, to +proceed to a description of more distant territories. But +since some leading men (whom we have both seen and known) show so +great a contempt for literature, that they immediately shut up +within their book-cases the excellent works with which they are +presented, and thus doom them, as it were, to a perpetual +imprisonment; I entreat you, illustrious Prelate, to prevent the +present little work, which will shortly be delivered to you, from +perishing in obscurity. And because this, as well as my +former productions, though of no transcendent merit, may +hereafter prove to many a source of entertainment and +instruction, I entreat you generously to order it to be made +public, by which it will acquire reputation. And I shall +consider myself sufficiently rewarded for my trouble, if, +withdrawing for a while from your religious and secular +occupations, you would kindly condescend to peruse this book, or, +at least, give it an attentive hearing; for in times like these, +when no one remunerates literary productions, I neither desire +nor expect any other recompense. Not that it would appear +in any way inconsistent, however there exists among men of rank a +kind of conspiracy against authors, if a prelate so eminently +conspicuous for his <a name="page150"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 150</span>virtues, for his abilities, both +natural and acquired, for irreproachable morals, and for +munificence, should distinguish himself likewise by becoming the +generous and sole patron of literature. To comprise your +merits in a few words, the lines of Martial addressed to Trajan, +whilst serving under Dioclesian, may be deservedly applied to +you:</p> +<blockquote><p>“Laudari debes quoniam sub principe duro,<br +/> + Temporibusque malis, ausus es esse bonus.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>And those also of Virgil to Mecænas, which extol the +humanity of that great man:</p> +<blockquote><p>“Omnia cum possis tanto tam clarus amico,<br +/> +Te sensit nemo posse nocere tamen.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>Many indeed remonstrate against my proceedings, and those +particularly who call themselves my friends insist that, in +consequence of my violent attachment to study, I pay no attention +to the concerns of the world, or to the interests of my family; +and that, on this account, I shall experience a delay in my +promotion to worldly dignities; that the influence of authors, +both poets and historians, has long since ceased; that the +respect paid to literature vanished with literary princes; and +that in these degenerate days very different paths lead to +honours and opulence. I allow all this, I readily allow it, +and acquiesce in the truth. For the unprincipled and +covetous attach themselves to the court, the churchmen to their +books, and the ambitious to the public offices, but as every man +is under the influence of some darling passion, so the love of +letters and the study of eloquence have from my infancy had for +me peculiar charms of attraction. Impelled by this thirst +for knowledge, I have carried my researches into the mysterious +works of nature farther than the generality of my contemporaries, +and for the benefit of posterity have rescued from oblivion the +remarkable events of my own times. But this object was not +to be secured without an indefatigable, <a +name="page151"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 151</span>though at +the same time an agreeable, exertion; for an accurate +investigation of every particular is attended with much +difficulty. It is difficult to produce an orderly account +of the investigation and discovery of truth; it is difficult to +preserve from the beginning to the end a connected relation +unbroken by irrelevant matter; and it is difficult to render the +narration no less elegant in the diction, than instructive in its +matter, for in prosecuting the series of events, the choice of +happy expressions is equally perplexing, as the search after them +painful. Whatever is written requires the most intense +thought, and every expression should be carefully polished before +it be submitted to the public eye; for, by exposing itself to the +examination of the present and of future ages, it must +necessarily undergo the criticism not only of the acute, but also +of the dissatisfied, reader. Words merely uttered are soon +forgotten, and the admiration or disgust which they occasioned is +no more; but writings once published are never lost, and remain +as lasting memorials either of the glory or of the disgrace of +the author. Hence the observation of Seneca, that the +malicious attention of the envious reader dwells with no less +satisfaction on a faulty than on an elegant expression, and is as +anxious to discover what it may ridicule, as what it may commend; +as the poet also observes:</p> +<blockquote><p>“Discit enim citius meminitque libentius +illud<br /> +Quod quis deridet, quam quod probat et veneratur.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>Among the pursuits, therefore, most worthy of commendation, +this holds by no means the lowest rank; for history, as the moral +philosopher declares, “is the record of antiquity, the +testimony of ages, the light of truth, the soul of memory, the +mistress of conduct, and the herald of ancient times.”</p> +<p>This study is the more delightful, as it is more honourable to +produce works worthy of being quoted than to quote the works of +others; as it is more desirable to be <a name="page152"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 152</span>the author of compositions which +deserve to be admired than to be esteemed a good judge of the +writings of other men; as it is more meritorious to be the just +object of other men’s commendations than to be considered +an adept in pointing out the merits of others. On these +pleasing reflections I feed and regale myself; for I would rather +resemble Jerome than Croesus, and I prefer to riches themselves +the man who is capable of despising them. With these +gratifying ideas I rest contented and delighted, valuing +moderation more than intemperance, and an honourable sufficiency +more than superfluity; for intemperance and superfluity produce +their own destruction, but their opposite virtues never perish; +the former vanish, but the latter, like eternity, remain for +ever; in short, I prefer praise to lucre, and reputation to +riches.</p> +<h2><a name="page153"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +153</span>CONTENTS</h2> +<table> +<tr> +<td colspan="3"><p style="text-align: center">BOOK I</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span +class="GutSmall">CHAPTER</span></p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span +class="GutSmall">PAGE</span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">I.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Length and Breadth of Wales, the Nature of its Soil, and +the Three Remaining Tribes of Britons</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page155">155</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">II.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Of the Ancient Division of Wales into Three Parts</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page156">156</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">III.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Genealogy of the Princes of Wales</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page157">157</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">IV.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Cantreds—Royal Palaces—Cathedrals</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page158">158</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">V.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Mountains and Rivers of Wales</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page159">159</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">VI.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Concerning the Pleasantness and Fertility of Wales</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page163">163</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">VII.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Origin of the Names Cambria and Wales</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page164">164</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">VIII.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Concerning the Nature, Manners, and Dress, the Boldness, +Agility, and Courage, of this Nation</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page166">166</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">IX.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Their Sober Supper and Frugality</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page168">168</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">X.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Their Hospitality and Liberality</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page170">170</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">XI.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Concerning their cutting of their Hair, their Care of +their Teeth, and Shaving of their Beard</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page171">171</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">XII.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Their Quickness and Sharpness of Understanding</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page174">174</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">XIII.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Their Symphonies and Songs</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page175">175</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">XIV.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Their Wit and Pleasantry</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page177">177</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">XV.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Their Boldness and Confidence in Speaking</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page183">183</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">XVI.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Concerning the Soothsayers of this Nation, and Persons as +it were possessed</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page179">179</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">XVII.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Their Love of High Birth and Ancient Genealogy</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page183">183</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">XVIII.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Their Ancient Faith, Love of Christianity and Devotion</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page185">185</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="3"><p style="text-align: center"><a +name="page154"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 154</span>BOOK II</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">I.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Concerning the Inconstancy and Instability of this Nation, +and their Want of Reverence for Good Faith and Oaths</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page189">189</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">II.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Their living by Plunder, and Disregard of the Bonds of +Peace and Friendship</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page190">190</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">III.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Their Deficiency in Battle, and Base and Dishonourable +Flight</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page192">192</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">IV.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Their Ambitious Seizure of Lands, and Dissensions among +Brothers</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page193">193</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">V.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Their great Exaction, and Want of Moderation</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page194">194</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">VI.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Concerning the Crime of Incest, and the Abuse of Churches +by Succession and Participation</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page195">195</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">VII.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Their Sins, and the consequent Loss of Britain and of +Troy</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page196">196</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">VIII.</p> +</td> +<td><p>In what Manner this Nation is to be overcome</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page198">198</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">IX.</p> +</td> +<td><p>In what Manner Wales, when conquered, should be +governed</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page202">202</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">X.</p> +</td> +<td><p>In what Manner this Nation may resist and revolt</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page204">204</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<h2><a name="page155"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 155</span>BOOK +I</h2> +<h3>CHAPTER I<br /> +<span class="GutSmall">OF THE LENGTH AND BREADTH OF WALES, THE +NATURE OF ITS SOIL, AND THE THREE REMAINING TRIBES OF +BRITONS</span></h3> +<p><span class="smcap">Cambria</span>, which, by a corrupt and +common term, though less proper, is in modern times called Wales, +is about two hundred miles long and one hundred broad. The +length from Port Gordber <a name="citation155a"></a><a +href="#footnote155a" class="citation">[155a]</a> in Anglesey to +Port Eskewin <a name="citation155b"></a><a href="#footnote155b" +class="citation">[155b]</a> in Monmouthshire is eight days’ +journey in extent; the breadth from Porth Mawr, <a +name="citation155c"></a><a href="#footnote155c" +class="citation">[155c]</a> or the great Port of St. +David’s, to Ryd-helic, <a name="citation155d"></a><a +href="#footnote155d" class="citation">[155d]</a> which in Latin +means <i>Vadum salicis</i>, or the Ford of the Willow, and in +English is called Willow-forde, is four days’ +journey. It is a country very strongly defended by high +mountains, deep valleys, extensive woods, rivers, and marshes; +insomuch that from <a name="page156"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +156</span>the time the Saxons took possession of the island the +remnants of the Britons, retiring into these regions, could never +be entirely subdued either by the English or by the +Normans. Those who inhabited the southern angle of the +island, which took its name from the chieftain Corinæus, <a +name="citation156"></a><a href="#footnote156" +class="citation">[156]</a> made less resistance, as their country +was more defenceless. The third division of the Britons, +who obtained a part of Britany in Gaul, were transported thither, +not after the defeat of their nation, but long before, by king +Maximus, and, in consequence of the hard and continued warfare +which they underwent with him, were rewarded by the royal +munificence with those districts in France.</p> +<h3>CHAPTER II<br /> +<span class="GutSmall">OF THE ANCIENT DIVISION OF WALES INTO +THREE PARTS</span></h3> +<p><span class="smcap">Wales</span> was in ancient times divided +into three parts nearly equal, consideration having been paid, in +this division, more to the value than to the just quantity or +proportion of territory. They were Venedotia, now called +North Wales; Demetia, or South Wales, which in British is called +Deheubarth, that is, the southern part; and Powys, the middle or +eastern district. Roderic the Great, or Rhodri Mawr, who +was king over all Wales, was the cause of this division. He +had three sons, Mervin, Anarawt, and Cadell, amongst whom he +partitioned the whole principality. North Wales fell to the +lot of Mervin; Powys to Anarawt; and Cadell received <a +name="page157"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 157</span>the portion +of South Wales, together with the general good wishes of his +brothers and the people; for although this district greatly +exceeded the others in quantity, it was the least desirable from +the number of noble chiefs, or Uchelwyr, <a +name="citation157a"></a><a href="#footnote157a" +class="citation">[157a]</a> men of a superior rank, who inhabited +it, and were often rebellious to their lords, and impatient of +control. But Cadell, on the death of his brothers, obtained +the entire dominion of Wales, <a name="citation157b"></a><a +href="#footnote157b" class="citation">[157b]</a> as did his +successors till the time of Tewdwr, whose descendants, Rhys, son +of Tewdwr, Gruflydd, son of Rhys, and Rhys, son of Gruffydd, the +ruling prince in our time, enjoyed only (like the father) the +sovereignty over South Wales.</p> +<h3>CHAPTER III<br /> +<span class="GutSmall">GENEALOGY OF THE PRINCES OF +WALES</span></h3> +<p><span class="smcap">The</span> following is the generation of +princes of South Wales: Rhys, son of Gruffydd; Gruffydd, son of +Rhys; Rhys, son of Tewdwr; Tewdwr, son of Eineon; Eineon, son of +Owen; Owen, son of Howel Dda, or Howel the Good; Howel, son of +Cadell, son of Roderic the Great. Thus the princes of South +Wales derived their origin from Cadell, son of Roderic the +Great. The princes of North Wales descended from Mervin in +this manner: Llewelyn, son of Iorwerth; Iorwerth, son of Owen; +Owen, son of Gruffydd; Gruffydd, son of Conan; Conan, son of +Iago; Iago, son of Edoual; Edoual, son of Meyric; Meyric, son of +Anarawt (Anandhrec); Anarawt, son of Mervin, son of Roderic the +Great. Anarawt leaving no issue, the princes of Powys have +their own particular descent.</p> +<p>It is worthy of remark, that the Welsh bards and <a +name="page158"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 158</span>singers, or +reciters, have the genealogies of the aforesaid princes, written +in the Welsh language, in their ancient and authentic books; and +also retain them in their memory from Roderic the Great to B.M.; +<a name="citation158a"></a><a href="#footnote158a" +class="citation">[158a]</a> and from thence to Sylvius, Ascanius, +and Æneas; and from the latter produce the genealogical +series in a lineal descent, even to Adam.</p> +<p>But as an account of such long and remote genealogies may +appear to many persons trifling rather than historical, we have +purposely omitted them in our compendium.</p> +<h3>CHAPTER IV<br /> +<span class="GutSmall">HOW MANY CANTREDS, ROYAL PALACES, AND +CATHEDRALS THERE ARE IN WALES</span></h3> +<p><span class="smcap">South Wales</span> contains twenty-nine +cantreds; North Wales, twelve; Powys, six: many of which are at +this time in the possession of the English and Franks. For +the country now called Shropshire formerly belonged to Powys, and +the place where the castle of Shrewsbury stands bore the name of +Pengwern, or the head of the Alder Grove. There were three +royal seats in South Wales: Dinevor, in South Wales, removed from +Caerleon; Aberfraw, <a name="citation158b"></a><a +href="#footnote158b" class="citation">[158b]</a> in North Wales; +and Pengwern, in Powys.</p> +<p>Wales contains in all fifty-four cantreds. The word +<i>Cantref</i> is derived from <i>Cant</i>, a hundred, and +<i>Tref</i>, a village; <a name="page159"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 159</span>and means in the British and Irish +languages such a portion of land as contains a hundred vills.</p> +<p>There are four cathedral churches in Wales: St. David’s, +upon the Irish sea, David the archbishop being its patron: it was +in ancient times the metropolitan church, and the district only +contained twenty-four cantreds, though at this time only +twenty-three; for Ergengl, in English called Urchenfeld, <a +name="citation159a"></a><a href="#footnote159a" +class="citation">[159a]</a> is said to have been formerly within +the diocese of St. David’s, and sometimes was placed within +that of Landaff. The see of St. David’s had +twenty-five successive archbishops; and from the time of the +removal of the pall into France, to this day, twenty-two bishops; +whose names and series, as well as the cause of the removal of +the archiepiscopal pall, may be seen in our Itinerary. <a +name="citation159b"></a><a href="#footnote159b" +class="citation">[159b]</a></p> +<p>In South Wales also is situated the bishopric of Landaff, near +the Severn sea, and near the noble castle of Caerdyf; bishop +Teilo being its patron. It contains five cantreds, and the +fourth part of another, namely, Senghennyd.</p> +<p>In North Wales, between Anglesey and the Eryri mountains, is +the see of Bangor, under the patronage of Daniel, the abbot; it +contains about nine cantreds.</p> +<p>In North Wales also is the poor little cathedral of Llan-Elwy, +or St. Asaph, containing about six cantreds, to which Powys is +subject.</p> +<h3>CHAPTER V<br /> +<span class="GutSmall">OF THE TWO MOUNTAINS FROM WHICH THE NOBLE +RIVERS WHICH DIVIDE WALES SPRING</span></h3> +<p><span class="smcap">Wales</span> is divided and distinguished +by noble rivers, which derive their source from two ranges of +mountains, <a name="page160"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +160</span>the Ellennith, in South Wales, which the English call +Moruge, as being the heads of moors, or bogs; and Eryri, in North +Wales, which they call Snowdon, or mountains of snow; the latter +of which are said to be of so great an extent, that if all the +herds in Wales were collected together, they would supply them +with pasture for a considerable time. Upon them are two +lakes, one of which has a floating island; and the other contains +fish having only one eye, as we have related in our +Itinerary.</p> +<p>We must also here remark, that at two places in Scotland, one +on the eastern, and the other on the western ocean, the sea-fish +called mulvelli (mullets) have only the right eye.</p> +<p>The noble river Severn takes its rise from the Ellennith +mountains, and flowing by the castles of Shrewsbury and +Bridgenorth, through the city of Worcester, and that of +Gloucester, celebrated for its iron manufactories, falls into the +sea a few miles from the latter place, and gives its name to the +Severn Sea. This river was for many years the boundary +between Cambria and Loegria, or Wales and England; it was called +in British Hafren, from the daughter of Locrinus, who was drowned +in it by her step-mother; the aspirate being changed, according +to the Latin idiom, into S, as is usual in words derived from the +Greek, it was termed Sarina, as hal becomes <i>sal</i>; hemi, +<i>semi</i>; hepta, <i>septem</i>.</p> +<p>The river Wye rises in the same mountains of Ellennith, and +flows by the castles of Hay and Clifford, through the city of +Hereford, by the castles of Wilton and Goodrich, through the +forest of Dean, abounding with iron and deer, and proceeds to +Strigul castle, below which it empties itself into the sea, and +forms in modern times the boundary between England and +Wales. The Usk does not derive its origin from these +mountains, but from those of Cantref Bachan; it flows by the +castle of Brecheinoc, or Aberhodni, that is, the fall of the +river Hodni into the Usk (for Aber, in the British language, +signifies every place where two rivers unite their <a +name="page161"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 161</span>streams); +by the castles of Abergevenni and Usk, through the ancient city +of Legions, and discharges itself into the Severn Sea, not far +from Newport.</p> +<p>The river Remni flows towards the sea from the mountains of +Brecheinoc, having passed the castle and bridge of Remni. +From the same range of mountains springs the Taf, which pursues +its course to the episcopal see of Landaf (to which it gives its +name), and falls into the sea below the castle of Caerdyf. +The river Avon rushes impetuously from the mountains of +Glamorgan, between the celebrated Cistercian monasteries of +Margan and Neth; and the river Neth, descending from the +mountains of Brecheinoc, unites itself with the sea, at no great +distance from the castle of Neth; each of these rivers forming a +long tract of dangerous quicksands. From the same mountains +of Brecheinoc the river Tawe flows down to Abertawe, called in +English Swainsey. The Lochor joins the sea near the castle +of the same name; and the Wendraeth has its confluence near +Cydweli. The Tywy, another noble river, rises in the +Ellennith mountains, and separating the Cantref Mawr from the +Cantref Bachan, passes by the castle of Llanymddyfri, and the +royal palace and castle of Dinevor, strongly situated in the deep +recesses of its woods, by the noble castle of Caermarddin, where +Merlin was found, and from whom the city received its name, and +runs into the sea near the castle of Lhanstephan. The river +Taf rises in the Presseleu mountains, not far from the monastery +of Whitland, and passing by the castle of St. Clare, falls into +the sea near Abercorran and Talacharn. From the same +mountains flow the rivers Cleddeu, encompassing the province of +Daugleddeu, and giving it their name one passes by the castle of +Lahaden, and the other by Haverford, to the sea; and in the +British language they bear the name of Daugleddeu, or two +swords.</p> +<p>The noble river Teivi springs from the Ellennith mountains, in +the upper part of the Cantref Mawr and <a +name="page162"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 162</span>Caerdigan, +not far from the pastures and excellent monastery of Stratflur, +forming a boundary between Demetia and Caerdigan down to the +Irish channel; this is the only river in Wales that produces +beavers, an account of which is given in our Itinerary; and also +exceeds every other river in the abundance and delicacy of its +salmon. But as this book may fall into the hands of many +persons who will not meet with the other, I have thought it right +here to insert many curious and particular qualities relating to +the nature of these animals, how they convey their materials from +the woods to the river, with what skill they employ these +materials in constructing places of safety in the middle of the +stream, how artfully they defend themselves against the attack of +the hunters on the eastern and how on the western side; the +singularity of their tails, which partake more of the nature of +fish than flesh. For further particulars see the Itinerary. +<a name="citation162a"></a><a href="#footnote162a" +class="citation">[162a]</a></p> +<p>From the same mountains issues the Ystuyth, and flowing +through the upper parts of Penwedic, in Cardiganshire, falls into +the sea near the castle of Aberystuyth. From the snowy +mountains of Eryri flows the noble river Devi, <a +name="citation162b"></a><a href="#footnote162b" +class="citation">[162b]</a> dividing for a great distance North +and South Wales; and from the same mountains also the large river +Maw, <a name="citation162c"></a><a href="#footnote162c" +class="citation">[162c]</a> forming by its course the greater and +<a name="page163"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 163</span>smaller +tract of sands called the Traeth Mawr and the Traeth +Bachan. The Dissennith also, and the Arthro, flow through +Merionethshire and the land of Conan. The Conwy, springing +from the northern side of the Eryri mountains, unites its waters +with the sea under the noble castle of Deganwy. The Cloyd +rises from another side of the same mountain, and passes by the +castle of Ruthlan to the sea. The Doverdwy, called by the +English Dee, draws its source from the lake of Penmelesmere, and +runs through Chester, leaving the wood of Coleshulle, Basinwerk, +and a rich vein of silver in its neighbourhood, far to the right, +and by the influx of the sea forming a very dangerous quicksand; +thus the Dee makes the northern, and the river Wye the southern +boundary of Wales.</p> +<h3>CHAPTER VI<br /> +<span class="GutSmall">CONCERNING THE PLEASANTNESS AND FERTILITY +OF WALES</span></h3> +<p><span class="smcap">As</span> the southern part of Wales near +Cardiganshire, but particularly Pembrokeshire, is much +pleasanter, on account of its plains and sea-coast, so North +Wales is better defended by nature, is more productive of men +distinguished for bodily strength, and more fertile in the nature +of its soil; for, as the mountains of Eryri (Snowdon) could +supply pasturage for all the herds of cattle in Wales, if +collected together, so could the Isle of Mona (Anglesey) provide +a requisite quantity of corn for all the inhabitants: on which +account there is an old British proverb, “<i>Mon mam +Cymbry</i>,” that is, “Mona is the mother of +Wales.” Merionyth, and the land of <a +name="page164"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 164</span>Conan, is +the rudest and least cultivated region, and the least +accessible. The natives of that part of Wales excel in the +use of long lances, as those of Monmouthshire are distinguished +for their management of the bow. It is to be observed, that +the British language is more delicate and richer in North Wales, +that country being less intermixed with foreigners. Many, +however, assert that the language of Cardiganshire, in South +Wales, placed as it were in the middle and heart of Cambria, is +the most refined.</p> +<p>The people of Cornwall and the Armoricans speak a language +similar to that of the Britons; and from its origin and near +resemblance, it is intelligible to the Welsh in many instances, +and almost in all; and although less delicate and methodical, yet +it approaches, as I judge, more to the ancient British +idiom. As in the southern parts of England, and +particularly in Devonshire, the English language seems less +agreeable, yet it bears more marks of antiquity (the northern +parts being much corrupted by the irruptions of the Danes and +Norwegians), and adheres more strictly to the original language +and ancient mode of speaking; a positive proof of which may be +deduced from all the English works of Bede, Rhabanus, and king +Alfred, being written according to this idiom.</p> +<h3>CHAPTER VII<br /> +<span class="GutSmall">ORIGIN OF THE NAMES CAMBRIA AND +WALES</span></h3> +<p><span class="smcap">Cambria</span> was so called from Camber, +son of Brutus, for Brutus, descending from the Trojans, by his +grandfather, Ascanius, and father, Silvius, led the remnant of +the Trojans, who had long been detained in Greece, into this +western isle; and having reigned many years, and given his name +to the country and people, at his <a name="page165"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 165</span>death divided the kingdom of Wales +between his three sons. To his eldest son, Locrinus, he +gave that part of the island which lies between the rivers Humber +and Severn, and which from him was called Loegria. To his +second son, Albanactus, he gave the lands beyond the Humber, +which took from him the name of Albania. But to his +youngest son, Camber, he bequeathed all that region which lies +beyond the Severn, and is called after him Cambria; hence the +country is properly and truly called Cambria, and its inhabitants +Cambrians, or Cambrenses. Some assert that their name was +derived from <i>Cam</i> and <i>Græco</i>, that is, +distorted Greek, on account of the affinity of their languages, +contracted by their long residence in Greece; but this +conjecture, though plausible, is not well founded on truth.</p> +<p>The name of Wales was not derived from Wallo, a general, or +Wandolena, the queen, as the fabulous history of Geoffrey +Arthurius <a name="citation165a"></a><a href="#footnote165a" +class="citation">[165a]</a> falsely maintains, because neither of +these personages are to be found amongst the Welsh; but it arose +from a barbarian appellation. The Saxons, when they seized +upon Britain, called this nation, as they did all foreigners, +Wallenses; and thus the barbarous name remains to the people and +their country. <a name="citation165b"></a><a href="#footnote165b" +class="citation">[165b]</a></p> +<p>Having discoursed upon the quality and quantity of the land, +the genealogies of the princes, the sources of the rivers, and +the derivation of the names of this country, we shall now +consider the nature and character of the nation.</p> +<h3><a name="page166"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +166</span>CHAPTER VIII<br /> +<span class="GutSmall">CONCERNING THE NATURE, MANNERS, AND DRESS, +THE BOLDNESS, AGILITY, AND COURAGE, OF THIS NATION</span></h3> +<p><span class="smcap">This</span> people is light and active, +hardy rather than strong, and entirely bred up to the use of +arms; for not only the nobles, but all the people are trained to +war, and when the trumpet sounds the alarm, the husbandman rushes +as eagerly from his plough as the courtier from his court; for +here it is not found that, as in other places,</p> +<blockquote><p style="text-align: center">“Agricolis labor +actus in orbem,”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>returns; for in the months of March and April only the soil is +once ploughed for oats, and again in the summer a third time, and +in winter for wheat. Almost all the people live upon the +produce of their herds, with oats, milk, cheese, and butter; +eating flesh in larger proportions than bread. They pay no +attention to commerce, shipping, or manufactures, and suffer no +interruption but by martial exercises. They anxiously study +the defence of their country and their liberty; for these they +fight, for these they undergo hardships, and for these willingly +sacrifice their lives; they esteem it a disgrace to die in bed, +an honour to die in the field of battle; using the poet’s +expressions,—</p> + +<blockquote><p> “Procul +hinc avertite pacem,<br /> +Nobilitas cum pace perit.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>Nor is it wonderful if it degenerates, for the ancestors of +these men, the Æneadæ, rushed to arms in the cause of +liberty. It is remarkable that this people, though unarmed, +dares attack an armed foe; the infantry defy the cavalry, and by +their activity and courage generally prove victors. They +resemble in disposition and <a name="page167"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 167</span>situation those conquerors whom the +poet Lucan mentions:</p> +<blockquote><p>— —“Populi quos despicit +Arctos,<br /> +Felices errore suo, quos ille timorum<br /> +Maximus haud urget leti metus, inde ruendi<br /> +In ferrum, mens prona viris, amimæque capaces,<br /> +Mortis et ignavum redituræ parsere vitæ.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>They make use of light arms, which do not impede their +agility, small coats of mail, bundles of arrows, and long lances, +helmets and shields, and more rarely greaves plated with +iron. The higher class go to battle mounted on swift and +generous steeds, which their country produces; but the greater +part of the people fight on foot, on account of the marshy nature +and unevenness of the soil. The horsemen as their situation +or occasion requires, willingly serve as infantry, in attacking +or retreating; and they either walk bare-footed, or make use of +high shoes, roughly constructed with untanned leather. In +time of peace, the young men, by penetrating the deep recesses of +the woods, and climbing the tops of mountains, learn by practice +to endure fatigue through day and night; and as they meditate on +war during peace, they acquire the art of fighting by accustoming +themselves to the use of the lance, and by inuring themselves to +hard exercise.</p> +<p>In our time, king Henry II., in reply to the inquiries of +Emanuel, emperor of Constantinople, concerning the situation, +nature, and striking peculiarities of the British island, among +other remarkable circumstances mentioned the following: +“That in a certain part of the island there was a people, +called Welsh, so bold and ferocious that, when unarmed, they did +not fear to encounter an armed force; being ready to shed their +blood in defence of their country, and to sacrifice their lives +for renown; which is the more surprising, as the beasts of the +field over the whole face of the island became gentle, but these +desperate men could not be tamed. The wild animals, and +particularly the stags and hinds, <a name="page168"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 168</span>are so abundant, owing to the little +molestation they receive, that in our time, in the northern parts +of the island towards the Peak, <a name="citation168"></a><a +href="#footnote168" class="citation">[168]</a> when pursued by +the hounds and hunters, they contributed, by their numbers, to +their own destruction.”</p> +<h3>CHAPTER IX<br /> +<span class="GutSmall">OF THEIR SOBER SUPPER AND +FRUGALITY</span></h3> +<p><span class="smcap">Not</span> addicted to gluttony or +drunkenness, this people who incur no expense in food or dress, +and whose minds are always bent upon the defence of their +country, and on the means of plunder, are wholly employed in the +care of their horses and furniture. Accustomed to fast from +morning till evening, and trusting to the care of Providence, +they dedicate the whole day to business, and in the evening +partake of a moderate meal; and even if they have none, or only a +very scanty one, they patiently wait till the next evening; and, +neither deterred by cold nor hunger, they employ the dark and +stormy nights in watching the hostile motions of their +enemies.</p> +<h3>CHAPTER X<br /> +<span class="GutSmall">OF THEIR HOSPITALITY AND +LIBERALITY</span></h3> +<p><span class="smcap">No</span> one of this nation ever begs, +for the houses of all are common to all; and they consider +liberality and hospitality amongst the first virtues. So +much does hospitality here rejoice in communication, that it is +neither offered nor requested by travellers, who, on entering any +house, only deliver up their arms. When <a +name="page169"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 169</span>water is +offered to them, if they suffer their feet to be washed, they are +received as guests; for the offer of water to wash the feet is +with this nation an hospitable invitation. But if they +refuse the proffered service, they only wish for morning +refreshment, not lodging. The young men move about in +troops and families under the direction of a chosen leader. +Attached only to arms and ease, and ever ready to stand forth in +defence of their country, they have free admittance into every +house as if it were their own.</p> +<p>Those who arrive in the morning are entertained till evening +with the conversation of young women, and the music of the harp; +for each house has its young women and harps allotted to this +purpose. Two circumstances here deserve notice: that as no +nation labours more under the vice of jealousy than the Irish, so +none is more free from it than the Welsh: and in each family the +art of playing on the harp is held preferable to any other +learning. In the evening, when no more guests are expected, +the meal is prepared according to the number and dignity of the +persons assembled, and according to the wealth of the family who +entertains. The kitchen does not supply many dishes, nor +high-seasoned incitements to eating. The house is not +furnished with tables, cloths, or napkins. They study +nature more than splendour, for which reason, the guests being +seated in threes, instead of couples as elsewhere, <a +name="citation169a"></a><a href="#footnote169a" +class="citation">[169a]</a> they place the dishes before them all +at once upon rushes and fresh grass, in large platters or +trenchers. They also make use of a thin and broad cake of +bread, baked every day, such as in old writings was called +<i>lagana</i>; <a name="citation169b"></a><a href="#footnote169b" +class="citation">[169b]</a> and they <a name="page170"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 170</span>sometimes add chopped meat, with +broth. Such a repast was formerly used by the noble youth, +from whom this nation boasts its descent, and whose manners it +still partly imitates, according to the word of the poet:</p> +<blockquote><p style="text-align: center">“Heu! mensas +consumimus, inquit Iulus.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>While the family is engaged in waiting on the guests, the host +and hostess stand up, paying unremitting attention to everything, +and take no food till all the company are satisfied; that in case +of any deficiency, it may fall upon them. A bed made of +rushes, and covered with a coarse kind of cloth manufactured in +the country, called <i>brychan</i>, <a name="citation170"></a><a +href="#footnote170" class="citation">[170]</a> is then placed +along the side of the room, and they all in common lie down to +sleep; nor is their dress at night different from that by day, +for at all seasons they defend themselves from the cold only by a +thin cloak and tunic. The fire continues to burn by night +as well as by day, at their feet, and they receive much comfort +from the natural heat of the persons lying near them; but when +the under side begins to be tired with the hardness of the bed, +or the upper one to suffer from cold, they immediately leap up, +and go to the fire, which soon relieves them from both +inconveniences; and then returning to their couch, they expose +alternately their sides to the cold, and to the hardness of the +bed.</p> +<h3>CHAPTER XI<br /> +<span class="GutSmall">CONCERNING THEIR CUTTING OF THEIR HAIR, +THEIR CARE OF THEIR TEETH, AND SHAVING OF THEIR BEARD</span></h3> +<p><span class="smcap">The</span> men and women cut their hair +close round to the ears and eyes. The women, after the +manner of the <a name="page171"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +171</span>Parthians, cover their heads with a large white veil, +folded together in the form of a crown.</p> +<p>Both sexes exceed any other nation in attention to their +teeth, which they render like ivory, by constantly rubbing them +with green hazel and wiping with a woollen cloth. For their +better preservation, they abstain from hot meats, and eat only +such as are cold, warm, or temperate. The men shave all +their beard except the moustaches (<i>gernoboda</i>). This +custom is not recent, but was observed in ancient and remote +ages, as we find in the works of Julius Cæsar, who says, <a +name="citation171"></a><a href="#footnote171" +class="citation">[171]</a> “The Britons shave every part of +their body except their head and upper lip;” and to render +themselves more active, and avoid the fate of Absalon in their +excursions through the woods, they are accustomed to cut even the +hair from their heads; so that this nation more than any other +shaves off all pilosity. Julius also adds, that the +Britons, previous to an engagement, anointed their faces with a +nitrous ointment, which gave them so ghastly and shining an +appearance, that the enemy could scarcely bear to look at them, +particularly if the rays of the sun were reflected on them.</p> +<h3>CHAPTER XII<br /> +<span class="GutSmall">OF THEIR QUICKNESS AND SHARPNESS OF +UNDERSTANDING</span></h3> +<p><span class="smcap">These</span> people being of a sharp and +acute intellect, and gifted with a rich and powerful +understanding, excel in whatever studies they pursue, and are +more quick and cunning than the other inhabitants of a western +clime.</p> +<p>Their musical instruments charm and delight the ear <a +name="page172"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 172</span>with their +sweetness, are borne along by such celerity and delicacy of +modulation, producing such a consonance from the rapidity of +seemingly discordant touches, that I shall briefly repeat what is +set forth in our Irish Topography on the subject of the musical +instruments of the three nations. It is astonishing that in +so complex and rapid a movement of the fingers, the musical +proportions can be preserved, and that throughout the difficult +modulations on their various instruments, the harmony is +completed with such a sweet velocity, so unequal an equality, so +discordant a concord, as if the chords sounded together fourths +or fifths. They always begin from B flat, and return to the +same, that the whole may be completed under the sweetness of a +pleasing sound. They enter into a movement, and conclude it +in so delicate a manner, and play the little notes so sportively +under the blunter sounds of the base strings, enlivening with +wanton levity, or communicating a deeper internal sensation of +pleasure, so that the perfection of their art appears in the +concealment of it:</p> +<blockquote><p>“Si lateat, prosit;<br /> +— — ferat ars deprensa pudorem.”</p> +<p>“Art profits when concealed,<br /> +Disgraces when revealed.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>From this cause, those very strains which afford deep and +unspeakable mental delight to those who have skilfully penetrated +into the mysteries of the art, fatigue rather than gratify the +ears of others, who seeing, do not perceive, and hearing, do not +understand; and by whom the finest music is esteemed no better +than a confused and disorderly noise, and will be heard with +unwillingness and disgust.</p> +<p>They make use of three instruments, the harp, the pipe, and +the crwth or crowd (<i>chorus</i>). <a name="citation172"></a><a +href="#footnote172" class="citation">[172]</a></p> +<p><a name="page173"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 173</span>They +omit no part of natural rhetoric in the management of civil +actions, in quickness of invention, disposition, refutation, and +confirmation. In their rhymed songs and set speeches they +are so subtle and ingenious, that they produce, in their native +tongue, ornaments of wonderful and exquisite invention both in +the words and sentences. Hence arise those poets whom they +call Bards, of whom you will find many in this nation, endowed +with the above faculty, according to the poet’s +observation:</p> +<blockquote><p>“Plurima concreti fuderunt carmina +Bardi.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>But they make use of alliteration (<i>anominatione</i>) in +preference to all other ornaments of rhetoric, and that +particular kind which joins by consonancy the first letters or +syllables of words. So much do the English and Welsh +nations employ this ornament of words in all exquisite +composition, that no sentence is esteemed to be elegantly spoken, +no oration to be otherwise than uncouth and unrefined, unless it +be fully polished with the file of this figure. Thus in the +British tongue:</p> +<blockquote><p>“Digawn Duw da i unic.”</p> +<p>“Wrth bob crybwyll rhaïd pwyll parawd.” <a +name="citation173"></a><a href="#footnote173" +class="citation">[173]</a></p> +</blockquote> +<p><a name="page174"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 174</span>And +in English,</p> +<blockquote><p>“God is together gammen and +wisedom.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>The same ornament of speech is also frequent in the Latin +language. Virgil says,</p> +<blockquote><p>“Tales casus Cassandra canebat.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>And again, in his address to Augustus,</p> +<blockquote><p>“Dum dubitet natura marem, faceretve +puellam,<br /> +Natus es, o pulcher, pene puella, puer.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>This ornament occurs not in any language we know so frequently +as in the two first; it is, indeed, surprising that the French, +in other respects so ornamented, should be entirely ignorant of +this verbal elegance so much adopted in other languages. +Nor can I believe that the English and Welsh, so different and +adverse to each other, could designedly have agreed in the usage +of this figure; but I should rather suppose that it had grown +habitual to both by long custom, as it pleases the ear by a +transition from similar to similar sounds. Cicero, in his +book “On Elocution,” observes of such who know the +practice, not the art, “Other persons when they read good +orations or poems, approve of the orators or poets, not +understanding the reason why, being affected, they approve; +because they cannot know in what place, of what nature, nor how +that effect is caused which so highly delights them.”</p> +<h3>CHAPTER XIII<br /> +<span class="GutSmall">OF THEIR SYMPHONIES AND SONGS</span></h3> +<p><span class="smcap">In</span> their musical concerts they do +not sing in unison like the inhabitants of other countries, but +in many different <a name="page175"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +175</span>parts; so that in a company of singers, which one very +frequently meets with in Wales, you will hear as many different +parts and voices as there are performers, who all at length +unite, with organic melody, in one consonance and the soft +sweetness of B flat. In the northern district of Britain, +beyond the Humber, and on the borders of Yorkshire, the +inhabitants make use of the same kind of symphonious harmony, but +with less variety; singing only in two parts, one murmuring in +the base, the other warbling in the acute or treble. +Neither of the two nations has acquired this peculiarity by art, +but by long habit, which has rendered it natural and familiar; +and the practice is now so firmly rooted in them, that it is +unusual to hear a simple and single melody well sung; and, what +is still more wonderful, the children, even from their infancy, +sing in the same manner. As the English in general do not +adopt this mode of singing, but only those of the northern +countries, I believe that it was from the Danes and Norwegians, +by whom these parts of the island were more frequently invaded, +and held longer under their dominion, that the natives contracted +their mode of singing as well as speaking.</p> +<h3>CHAPTER XIV<br /> +<span class="GutSmall">THEIR WIT AND PLEASANTRY</span></h3> +<p><span class="smcap">The</span> heads of different families, in +order to excite the laughter of their guests, and gain credit by +their sayings, make use of great facetiousness in their +conversation; at one time uttering their jokes in a light, easy +manner, at another time, under the disguise of equivocation, +passing the severest censures. For the sake of explanation +I shall here subjoin a few examples. Tegeingl is the name +of a province in North Wales, over which David, son of <a +name="page176"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 176</span>Owen, had +dominion, and which had once been in the possession of his +brother. The same word also was the name of a certain woman +with whom, it was said, each brother had an intrigue, from which +circumstance arose this term of reproach, “To have +Tegeingl, after Tegeingl had been in possession of his +brother.”</p> +<p>At another time, when Rhys, son of Gruffydd, prince of South +Wales, accompanied by a multitude of his people, devoutly entered +the church of St. David’s, previous to an intended journey, +the oblations having been made, and mass solemnised, a young man +came to him in the church, and publicly declared himself to be +his son, threw himself at his feet, and with tears humbly +requested that the truth of this assertion might be ascertained +by the trial of the burning iron. Intelligence of this +circumstance being conveyed to his family and his two sons, who +had just gone out of the church, a youth who was present made +this remark: “This is not wonderful; some have brought +gold, and others silver, as offerings; but this man, who had +neither, brought what he had, namely, iron;” thus taunting +him with his poverty. On mentioning a certain house that +was strongly built and almost impregnable, one of the company +said, “This house indeed is strong, for if it should +contain food it could never be got at,” thus alluding both +to the food and to the house. In like manner, a person, +wishing to hint at the avaricious disposition of the mistress of +a house, said, “I only find fault with our hostess for +putting too little butter to her salt,” whereas the +accessory should be put to the principal; thus, by a subtle +transposition of the words, converting the accessory into the +principal, by making it appear to abound in quantity. Many +similar sayings of great men and philosophers are recorded in the +Saturnalia of Macrobius. When Cicero saw his son-in-law, +Lentulus, a man of small stature, with a long sword by his side: +“Who,” says he, “has girded my son-in-law to +that sword?” thus changing the accessary into the +principal. The same person, on seeing <a +name="page177"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 177</span>the +half-length portrait of his brother Quintus Cicero, drawn with +very large features and an immense shield, exclaimed, “Half +of my brother is greater than the whole!” When the +sister of Faustus had an intrigue with a fuller, “Is it +strange,” says he, “that my sister has a spot, when +she is connected with a fuller?” When Antiochus +showed Hannibal his army, and the great warlike preparations he +had made against the Romans, and asked him, “Thinkest thou, +O Hannibal, that these are sufficient for the +Romans?” Hannibal, ridiculing the unmilitary +appearance of the soldiers, wittily and severely replied, +“I certainly think them sufficient for the Romans, however +greedy;” Antiochus asking his opinion about the military +preparations, and Hannibal alluding to them as becoming a prey to +the Romans.</p> +<h3>CHAPTER XV<br /> +<span class="GutSmall">THEIR BOLDNESS AND CONFIDENCE IN +SPEAKING</span></h3> +<p><span class="smcap">Nature</span> hath given not only to the +highest, but also to the inferior, classes of the people of this +nation, a boldness and confidence in speaking and answering, even +in the presence of their princes and chieftains. The Romans +and Franks had the same faculty; but neither the English, nor the +Saxons and Germans, from whom they are descended, had it. +It is in vain urged, that this defect may arise from the state of +servitude which the English endured; for the Saxons and Germans, +who enjoy their liberty, have the same failing, and derive this +natural coldness of disposition from the frozen region they +inhabit; the English also, although placed in a distant climate, +still retain the exterior fairness of complexion and inward +coldness of disposition, as inseparable from their original and +natural character. The Britons, on <a +name="page178"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 178</span>the +contrary, transplanted from the hot and parched regions of +Dardania into these more temperate districts, as</p> +<blockquote><p style="text-align: center">“Cœlum non +animum mutant qui trans mare currunt,”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>still retain their brown complexion and that natural warmth of +temper from which their confidence is derived. For three +nations, remnants of the Greeks after the destruction of Troy, +fled from Asia into different parts of Europe, the Romans under +Æneas, the Franks under Antenor, and the Britons under +Brutus; and from thence arose that courage, that nobleness of +mind, that ancient dignity, that acuteness of understanding, and +confidence of speech, for which these three nations are so highly +distinguished. But the Britons, from having been detained +longer in Greece than the other two nations, after the +destruction of their country, and having migrated at a later +period into the western parts of Europe, retained in a greater +degree the primitive words and phrases of their native +language. You will find amongst them the names Oenus, +Resus, Æneas, Hector, Achilles, Heliodorus, Theodorus, +Ajax, Evander, Uliex, Anianus, Elisa, Guendolena, and many +others, bearing marks of their antiquity. It is also to be +observed, that almost all words in the British language +correspond either with the Greek or Latin, as +ὑδωζ, water, is called in British, dwr; +ἁλς, salt, in British, halen; +ονομα, eno, a name; +πεντε, pump, five; +δεκα, deg, ten. The Latins also +use the words frænum, tripos, gladius, lorica; the Britons, +froyn (ffrwyn), trepet (tribedd), cleddyf, and lluric (llurig); +unicus is made unic (unig); canis, can (cwn); and belua, +beleu.</p> +<h3><a name="page179"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +179</span>CHAPTER XVI<br /> +<span class="GutSmall">CONCERNING THE SOOTHSAYERS OF THIS NATION, +AND PERSONS AS IT WERE POSSESSED</span></h3> +<p><span class="smcap">There</span> are certain persons in +Cambria, whom you will find nowhere else, called Awenddyon, <a +name="citation179"></a><a href="#footnote179" +class="citation">[179]</a> or people inspired; when consulted +upon any doubtful event, they roar out violently, are rendered +beside themselves, and become, as it were, possessed by a +spirit. They do not deliver the answer to what is required +in a connected manner; but the person who skilfully observes +them, will find, after many preambles, and many nugatory and +incoherent, though ornamented speeches, the desired explanation +conveyed in some turn of a word: they are then roused from their +ecstasy, as from a deep sleep, and, as it were, by violence +compelled to return to their proper senses. After having +answered the questions, they do not recover till violently shaken +by other people; nor can they remember the replies they have +given. If consulted a second or third time upon the same +point, they will make use of expressions totally different; +perhaps they speak by the means of fanatic and ignorant +spirits. These gifts are usually conferred upon them in +dreams: some seem to have sweet milk or honey poured on their +lips; others fancy that a written schedule is applied to their +mouths and on awaking they publicly declare that they have +received this gift. Such is the saying of Esdras, +“The Lord said unto me, open thy mouth, and I opened my +mouth, and behold a cup full of water, whose colour was like +fire; and when I had drank it, my heart brought forth +understanding, and wisdom entered <a name="page180"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 180</span>into my breast.” They +invoke, during their prophecies, the true and living God, and the +Holy Trinity, and pray that they may not by their sins be +prevented from finding the truth. These prophets are only +found among the Britons descended from the Trojans. For +Calchas and Cassandra, endowed with the spirit of prophecy, +openly foretold, during the siege of Troy, the destruction of +that fine city; on which account the high priest, Helenus, +influenced by the prophetic books of Calchas, and of others who +had long before predicted the ruin of their country, in the first +year went over to the Greeks with the sons of Priam (to whom he +was high priest), and was afterwards rewarded in Greece. +Cassandra, daughter of king Priam, every day foretold the +overthrow of the city; but the pride and presumption of the +Trojans prevented them from believing her word. Even on the +very night that the city was betrayed, she clearly described the +treachery and the method of it:</p> +<blockquote><p style="text-align: center">“— tales +casus Cassandra canebat,”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>as in the same manner, during the existence of the kingdom of +the Britons, both Merlin Caledonius and Ambrosius are said to +have foretold the destruction of their nation, as well as the +coming of the Saxons, and afterwards that of the Normans; and I +think a circumstance related by Aulus Gellius worth inserting in +this place. On the day that Caius Cæsar and Cneius +Pompey, during the civil war, fought a pitched battle in +Thessalia, a memorable event occurred in that part of Italy +situated beyond the river Po. A priest named Cornelius, +honourable from his rank, venerable for his religion, and holy in +his manners, in an inspired moment proclaimed, “Cæsar +has conquered,” and named the day, the events, the mutual +attack, and the conflicts of the two armies. Whether such +things are exhibited by the spirit, let the reader more +particularly inquire; I do not assert they are the acts of a +Pythonic or a diabolic spirit; for as foreknowledge is the +property of God alone, so is it in his <a +name="page181"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 181</span>power to +confer knowledge of future events. There are differences of +gifts, says the Apostle, but one and the same spirit; whence +Peter, in his second Epistle, writes, “For the prophecy +came not in the old time by the will of man, but men spake as if +they were inspired by the Holy Ghost:” to the same effect +did the Chaldeans answer king Nebuchadonazar on the +interpretation of his dream, which he wished to extort from +them. “There is not,” say they, “a man +upon earth who can, O king, satisfactorily answer your question; +let no king therefore, however great or potent, make a similar +request to any magician, astrologer, or Chaldean; for it is a +rare thing that the king requireth, and there is none other that +can shew it before the king, except the Gods, whose dwelling is +not with flesh.” On this passage Jerome remarks, +“The diviners and all the learned of this world confess, +that the prescience of future events belongs to God alone; the +prophets therefore, who foretold things to come, spake by the +spirit of God. Hence some persons object, that, if they +were under the guidance of the Holy Spirit, they would sometimes +premise, “Thus saith the Lord God,” or make use of +some expression in the prophetic style; and as such a mode of +prophesying is not taken notice of by Merlin, and no mention is +made of his sanctity, devotion, or faith, many think that he +spake by a Pythonic spirit. To which I answer, that the +spirit of prophecy was given not only to the holy, but sometimes +to unbelievers and Gentiles, to Baal, to the sibyls, and even to +bad people, as to Caiaphas and Bela. On which occasion +Origen says: “Do not wonder, if he whom ye have mentioned +declares that the Scribes and Pharisees and doctors amongst the +Jews prophesied concerning Christ; for Caiaphas said: “It +is expedient for us that one man die for the people:” but +asserts at the same time, that because he was high priest for +that year, he prophesied. Let no man therefore be lifted +up, if he prophesies, if he merits prescience; for prophecies +shall fail, tongues shall cease, knowledge shall vanish <a +name="page182"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 182</span>away; and +now abideth, faith, hope, and charity: these three; but the +greatest of these is Charity, which never faileth. But +these bad men not only prophesied, but sometimes performed great +miracles, which others could not accomplish. John the +Baptist, who was so great a personage, performed no miracle, as +John the Evangelist testifies: “And many came to Jesus and +said, Because John wrought no signs,” etc. Nor do we +hear that the mother of God performed any miracle; we read in the +Acts of the Apostles, that the sons of Sheva cast out devils in +the name of Jesus, whom Paul preached; and in Matthew and Luke we +may find these words: “Many shall say unto me in that day, +Lord, Lord, have we not prophesied in thy name? and in thy name +have cast out devils? and in thy name done many wonderful works? +and then I will profess unto them, I never knew you.” +And in another place, John says: “Master, we saw a certain +man casting out devils in thy name, and forbade him, because he +followeth not with us.” But Jesus said: “Forbid +him not; no man can do a miracle in my name, and speak evil of +me; for whoever is not against me, is for me.”</p> +<p>Alexander of Macedon, a gentile, traversed the Caspian +mountains, and miraculously confined ten tribes within their +promontories, where they still remain, and will continue until +the coming of Elias and Enoch. We read, indeed, the +prophecies of Merlin, but hear nothing either of his sanctity or +his miracles. Some say, that the prophets, when they +prophesied, did not become frantic, as it is affirmed of Merlin +Silvestris, and others possessed, whom we have before +mentioned. Some prophesied by dreams, visions, and +enigmatical sayings, as Ezechiel and Daniel; others by acts and +words, as Noah, in the construction of the ark, alluded to the +church; Abraham, in the slaying of his son, to the passion of +Christ; and Moses by his speech, when he said, “A prophet +shall the Lord God raise up to you of your brethren; hear +him;” meaning Christ. Others have prophesied in a +more excellent <a name="page183"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +183</span>way by the internal revelation and inspiration of the +Holy Spirit, as David did when persecuted by Saul: “When +Saul heard that David had fled to Naioth (which is a hill in +Ramah, and the seat of the prophets), he sent messengers to take +him; and when they saw the company of the prophets prophesying, +and Samuel standing at their head, the Spirit of God came upon +the messengers of Saul, and they also prophesied; and he sent +messengers a second and again a third time, and they also +prophesied. And Saul enraged went thither also; and the +Spirit of God was upon him also, and he went on, and prophesied +until he came to Naioth, and he stripped off his royal vestments, +and prophesied with the rest for all that day and all that night; +whilst David and Samuel secretly observed what +passed.” Nor is it wonderful that those persons who +suddenly receive the Spirit of God, and so signal a mark of +grace, should for a time seem alienated from their earthly state +of mind.</p> +<h3>CHAPTER XVII<br /> +<span class="GutSmall">THEIR LOVE OF HIGH BIRTH AND ANCIENT +GENEALOGY</span></h3> +<p><span class="smcap">The</span> Welsh esteem noble birth and +generous descent above all things, <a name="citation183"></a><a +href="#footnote183" class="citation">[183]</a> and are, +therefore, more desirous of marrying into noble than rich +families. Even the <a name="page184"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 184</span>common people retain their +genealogy, and can not only readily recount the names of their +grandfathers and great-grandfathers, but even refer back to the +sixth or seventh generation, or beyond them, in this manner: +Rhys, son of Gruffydd, son of Rhys, son of Tewdwr, son of Eineon, +son of Owen, son of Howel, son of Cadell, son of Roderic Mawr, +and so on.</p> +<p>Being particularly attached to family descent, they revenge +with vehemence the injuries which may tend to the disgrace of +their blood; and being naturally of a vindictive and passionate +disposition, they are ever ready to avenge not only recent but +ancient affronts; they neither inhabit towns, villages, nor +castles, but lead a solitary life in the woods, on the borders of +which they do not erect sumptuous palaces, nor lofty stone +buildings, but content themselves with small huts made of the +boughs of trees twisted together, constructed with little labour +and expense, and sufficient to endure throughout the year. +They have neither orchards nor gardens, but gladly eat the fruit +of both when given to them. The greater part of their land +is laid down to pasturage; little is cultivated, a very small +quantity is ornamented with flowers, and a still smaller is +sown. They seldom yoke less than four oxen to their +ploughs; the driver walks before, but backwards, and when he +falls down, is frequently exposed to danger from the refractory +oxen. Instead of small sickles in mowing, they make use of +a moderate-sized piece of iron formed like a knife, with two +pieces of wood fixed loosely and flexibly to the head, which they +think a more expeditious instrument; but since</p> +<blockquote><p>“Segnius irritant animos demissa per +aures,<br /> +Quam quæ sunt oculis subjecta fidelibus,”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>their mode of using it will be better known by inspection than +by any description. The boats <a name="citation184"></a><a +href="#footnote184" class="citation">[184]</a> which they employ +<a name="page185"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 185</span>in +fishing or in crossing the rivers are made of twigs, not oblong +nor pointed, but almost round, or rather triangular, covered both +within and without with raw hides. When a salmon thrown +into one of these boats strikes it hard with his tail, he often +oversets it, and endangers both the vessel and its +navigator. The fishermen, according to the custom of the +country, in going to and from the rivers, carry these boats on +their shoulders; on which occasion that famous dealer in fables, +Bleddercus, who lived a little before our time, thus mysteriously +said: “There is amongst us a people who, when they go out +in search of prey, carry their horses on their backs to the place +of plunder; in order to catch their prey, they leap upon their +horses, and when it is taken, carry their horses home again upon +their shoulders.”</p> +<h3>CHAPTER XVIII<br /> +<span class="GutSmall">OF THE ANTIQUITY OF THEIR FAITH, THEIR +LOVE OF CHRISTIANITY AND DEVOTION</span></h3> +<p><span class="smcap">In</span> ancient times, and about two +hundred years before the overthrow of Britain, the Welsh were +instructed and confirmed in the faith by Faganus and Damianus, +sent into the island at the request of king Lucius by pope +Eleutherius, and from that period when Germanus of Auxerre, and +Lupus of Troyes, came over on account of the corruption which had +crept into the island by the invasion of the Saxons, but +particularly with a view of expelling the Pelagian heresy, +nothing heretical or contrary to the true faith was to be found +amongst the natives. But it is said that some parts of the +ardent doctrines are still retained. They give the first +piece broken off from every loaf of bread to the poor; they sit +down to dinner by three to a dish, in honour of the +Trinity. With extended arms and bowing head, they ask a +blessing of every monk or priest, or of every person <a +name="page186"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 186</span>wearing a +religious habit. But they desire, above all other nations, +the episcopal ordination and unction, by which the grace of the +spirit is given. They give a tenth of all their property, +animals, cattle, and sheep, either when they marry, or go on a +pilgrimage, or, by the counsel of the church, are persuaded to +amend their lives. This partition of their effects they +call the great tithe, two parts of which they give to the church +where they were baptised, and the third to the bishop of the +diocese. But of all pilgrimages they prefer that to Rome, +where they pay the most fervent adoration to the apostolic +see. We observe that they show a greater respect than other +nations to churches and ecclesiastical persons, to the relics of +saints, bells, holy books, and the cross, which they devoutly +revere; and hence their churches enjoy more than common +tranquillity. For peace is not only preserved towards all +animals feeding in churchyards, but at a great distance beyond +them, where certain boundaries and ditches have been appointed by +the bishops, in order to maintain the security of the +sanctuary. But the principal churches to which antiquity +has annexed the greater reverence extend their protection to the +herds as far as they can go to feed in the morning and return at +night. If, therefore, any person has incurred the enmity of +his prince, on applying to the church for protection, he and his +family will continue to live unmolested; but many persons abuse +this indemnity, far exceeding the indulgence of the canon, which +in such cases grants only personal safety; and from the places of +refuge even make hostile irruptions, and more severely harass the +country than the prince himself. Hermits and anchorites +more strictly abstinent and more spiritual can nowhere be found; +for this nation is earnest in all its pursuits, and neither worse +men than the bad, nor better than the good, can be met with.</p> +<p>Happy and fortunate indeed would this nation be, nay, +completely blessed, if it had good prelates and pastors, and but +one prince, and that prince a good one.</p> +<h2><a name="page187"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 187</span>BOOK +II</h2> +<h3><a name="page188"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +188</span>PREFACE</h3> +<p><span class="smcap">Having</span> in the former book clearly +set forth the character, manners, and customs of the British +nation, and having collected and explained everything which could +redound to its credit or glory; an attention to order now +requires that, in this second part, we should employ our pen in +pointing out those particulars in which it seems to transgress +the line of virtue and commendation; having first obtained leave +to speak the truth, without which history not only loses its +authority, but becomes undeserving of its very name. For +the painter who professes to imitate nature, loses his +reputation, if, by indulging his fancy, he represents only those +parts of the subject which best suit him.</p> +<p>Since, therefore, no man is born without faults, and he is +esteemed the best whose errors are the least, let the wise man +consider everything human as connected with himself; for in +worldly affairs there is no perfect happiness under heaven. +Evil borders upon good, and vices are confounded with virtues; as +the report of good qualities is delightful to a well-disposed +mind, so the relation of the contrary should not be +offensive. The natural disposition of this nation might +have been corrupted and perverted by long exile and poverty; for +as poverty extinguisheth many faults, so it often generates +failings that are contrary to virtue.</p> +<h3><a name="page189"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +189</span>CHAPTER I<br /> +<span class="GutSmall">OF THE INCONSTANCY AND INSTABILITY OF THIS +NATION, AND THEIR WANT OF REVERENCE FOR GOOD FAITH AND +OATHS</span></h3> +<p><span class="smcap">These</span> people are no less light in +mind than in body, and are by no means to be relied upon. +They are easily urged to undertake any action, and are as easily +checked from prosecuting it—a people quick in action, but +more stubborn in a bad than in a good cause, and constant only in +acts of inconstancy. They pay no respect to oaths, faith, +or truth; and so lightly do they esteem the covenant of faith, +held so inviolable by other nations, that it is usual to +sacrifice their faith for nothing, by holding forth the right +hand, not only in serious and important concerns, but even on +every trifling occasion, and for the confirmation of almost every +common assertion. They never scruple at taking a false oath +for the sake of any temporary emolument or advantage; so that in +civil and ecclesiastical causes, each party, being ready to swear +whatever seems expedient to its purpose, endeavours both to prove +and defend, although the venerable laws, by which oaths are +deemed sacred, and truth is honoured and respected, by favouring +the accused and throwing an odium upon the accuser, impose the +burden of bringing proofs upon the latter. But to a people +so cunning and crafty, this yoke is pleasant, and this burden is +light.</p> +<h3><a name="page190"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +190</span>CHAPTER II<br /> +<span class="GutSmall">THEIR LIVING BY PLUNDER, AND DISREGARD OF +THE BONDS OF PEACE AND FRIENDSHIP</span></h3> +<p><span class="smcap">This</span> nation conceives it right to +commit acts of plunder, theft, and robbery, not only against +foreigners and hostile nations, but even against their own +countrymen. When an opportunity of attacking the enemy with +advantage occurs, they respect not the leagues of peace and +friendship, preferring base lucre to the solemn obligations of +oaths and good faith; to which circumstance Gildas alludes in his +book concerning the overthrow of the Britons, actuated by the +love of truth, and according to the rules of history, not +suppressing the vices of his countrymen. “They are +neither brave in war, nor faithful in peace.” But +when Julius Cæsar, great as the world itself,</p> +<blockquote><p style="text-align: center">“Territa +quæsitis ostendit terga Britannis,”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>were they not brave under their leader Cassivellaunus? +And when Belinus and Brennus added the Roman empire to their +conquests? What were they in the time of Constantine, son +of our Helen? What, in the reign of Aurelius Ambrosius, +whom even Eutropius commends? What were they in the time of +our famous prince Arthur? I will not say fabulous. On +the contrary, they, who were almost subdued by the Scots and +Picts, often harassed with success the auxiliary Roman legions, +and exclaimed, as we learn from Gildas, “The barbarians +drove us to the sea, the sea drove us again back to the +barbarians; on one side we were subdued, on the other drowned, +and here we were put to death. Were they not,” says +he, “at that time brave and praiseworthy?” When +attacked and conquered by the Saxons, who originally had been +called in as stipendiaries <a name="page191"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 191</span>to their assistance, were they not +brave? But the strongest argument made use of by those who +accuse this nation of cowardice, is, that Gildas, a holy man, and +a Briton by birth, has handed down to posterity nothing +remarkable concerning them, in any of his historical works. +We promise, however, a solution of the contrary in our British +Topography, if God grants us a continuance of life.</p> +<p>As a further proof, it may be necessary to add, that from the +time when that illustrious prince of the Britons, mentioned at +the beginning of this book, totally exhausted the strength of the +country, by transporting the whole armed force beyond the seas; +that island, which had before been so highly illustrious for its +incomparable valour, remained for many subsequent years destitute +of men and arms, and exposed to the predatory attacks of pirates +and robbers. So distinguished, indeed, were the natives of +this island for their bravery, that, by their prowess, that king +subdued almost all Cisalpine Gaul, and dared even to make an +attack on the Roman empire.</p> +<p>In process of time, the Britons, recovering their long-lost +population and knowledge of the use of arms, re-acquired their +high and ancient character. Let the different æras be +therefore marked, and the historical accounts will accord. +With regard to Gildas, who inveighs so bitterly against his own +nation, the Britons affirm that, highly irritated at the death of +his brother, the prince of Albania, whom king Arthur had slain, +he wrote these invectives, and upon the same occasion threw into +the sea many excellent books, in which he had described the +actions of Arthur, and the celebrated deeds of his countrymen; +from which cause it arises, that no authentic account of so great +a prince is any where to be found.</p> +<h3><a name="page192"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +192</span>CHAPTER III<br /> +<span class="GutSmall">OF THEIR DEFICIENCY IN BATTLE, AND BASE +AND DISHONOURABLE FLIGHT</span></h3> +<p><span class="smcap">In</span> war this nation is very severe +in the first attack, terrible by their clamour and looks, filling +the air with horrid shouts and the deep-toned clangour of very +long trumpets; swift and rapid in their advances and frequent +throwing of darts. Bold in the first onset, they cannot +bear a repulse, being easily thrown into confusion as soon as +they turn their backs; and they trust to flight for safety, +without attempting to rally, which the poet thought reprehensible +in martial conflicts:</p> +<blockquote><p style="text-align: center">“Ignavum scelus +est tantum fuga;”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>and elsewhere—</p> +<blockquote><p style="text-align: center">“In vitium +culpæ ducit fuga, si caret arte.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>The character given to the Teutones in the Roman History, may +be applied to this people. “In their first attack +they are more than men, in the second, less than +women.” Their courage manifests itself chiefly in the +retreat, when they frequently return, and, like the Parthians, +shoot their arrows behind them; and, as after success and victory +in battle, even cowards boast of their courage, so, after a +reverse of fortune, even the bravest men are not allowed their +due claims of merit. Their mode of fighting consists in +chasing the enemy or in retreating. This light-armed +people, relying more on their activity than on their strength, +cannot struggle for the field of battle, enter into close +engagement, or endure long and severe actions, such as the poet +describes:</p> +<blockquote><p>“Jam clypeo clypeus, umbone repellitur +umbo,<br /> +Ense minax ensis, pede pes, et cuspide cuspis.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>Though defeated and put to flight on one day, they are <a +name="page193"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 193</span>ready to +resume the combat on the next, neither dejected by their loss, +nor by their dishonour; and although, perhaps, they do not +display great fortitude in open engagements and regular +conflicts, yet they harass the enemy by ambuscades and nightly +sallies. Hence, neither oppressed by hunger or cold, nor +fatigued by martial labours, nor despondent in adversity, but +ready, after a defeat, to return immediately to action, and again +endure the dangers of war; they are as easy to overcome in a +single battle, as difficult to subdue in a protracted war. +The poet Claudian thus speaks of a people similar in +disposition:—</p> +<blockquote><p>“Dum percunt, meminêre mali: si corda +parumper<br /> +Respirare sinas, nullo tot funera censu<br /> +Prætercunt, tantique levis jactura cruoris.”</p> +</blockquote> +<h3>CHAPTER IV<br /> +<span class="GutSmall">THEIR AMBITIOUS SEIZURE OF LANDS, AND +DISSENSIONS AMONG BROTHERS</span></h3> +<p><span class="smcap">This</span> nation is, above all others, +addicted to the digging up of boundary ditches, removing the +limits, transgressing landmarks, and extending their territory by +every possible means. So great is their disposition towards +this common violence, that they scruple not to claim as their +hereditary right, those lands which are held under lease, or at +will, on condition of planting, or by any other title, even +although indemnity had been publicly secured on oath to the +tenant by the lord proprietor of the soil. Hence arise +suits and contentions, murders and conflagrations, and frequent +fratricides, increased, perhaps, by the ancient national custom +of brothers dividing their property amongst each other. +Another heavy grievance also prevails; the princes entrust the +education of their children to the care of the principal <a +name="page194"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 194</span>men of +their country, each of whom, after the death of his father, +endeavours, by every possible means, to exalt his own charge +above his neighbours. From which cause great disturbances +have frequently arisen amongst brothers, and terminated in the +most cruel and unjust murders; and on which account friendships +are found to be more sincere between foster-brothers, than +between those who are connected by the natural ties of +brotherhood. It is also remarkable, that brothers shew more +affection to one another when dead, than when living; for they +persecute the living even unto death, but revenge the deceased +with all their power.</p> +<h3>CHAPTER V<br /> +<span class="GutSmall">THEIR GREAT EXACTION, AND WANT OF +MODERATION</span></h3> +<p><span class="smcap">Where</span> they find plenty, and can +exercise their power, they levy the most unjust exactions. +Immoderate in their love of food and intoxicating drink, they say +with the Apostle, “We are instructed both to abound, and to +suffer need;” but do not add with him, “becoming all +things to all men, that I might by all means save +some.” As in times of scarcity their abstinence and +parsimony are too severe, so, when seated at another man’s +table, after a long fasting, (like wolves and eagles, who, like +them, live by plunder, and are rarely satisfied,) their appetite +is immoderate. They are therefore penurious in times of +scarcity, and extravagant in times of plenty; but no man, as in +England, mortgages his property for the gluttonous gratification +of his own appetite. They wish, however, that all people +would join with them in their bad habits and expenses; as the +commission of crimes reduces to a level all those who are +concerned in the perpetration of them.</p> +<h3><a name="page195"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +195</span>CHAPTER VI<br /> +<span class="GutSmall">CONCERNING THE CRIME OF INCEST, AND THE +ABUSE OF CHURCHES BY SUCCESSION AND PARTICIPATION</span></h3> +<p><span class="smcap">The</span> crime of incest hath so much +prevailed, not only among the higher, but among the lower orders +of this people, that, not having the fear of God before their +eyes, they are not ashamed of intermarrying with their relations, +even in the third degree of consanguinity. They generally +abuse these dispensations with a view of appeasing those enmities +which so often subsist between them, because “their feet +are swift to shed blood;” and from their love of high +descent, which they so ardently affect and covet, they unite +themselves to their own people, refusing to intermarry with +strangers, and arrogantly presuming on their own superiority of +blood and family. They do not engage in marriage, until +they have tried, by previous cohabitation, the disposition, and +particularly the fecundity, of the person with whom they are +engaged. An ancient custom also prevails of hiring girls +from their parents at a certain price, and a stipulated penalty, +in case of relinquishing their connection.</p> +<p>Their churches have almost as many parsons and sharers as +there are principal men in the parish. The sons, after the +decease of their fathers, succeed to the ecclesiastical +benefices, not by election, but by hereditary right possessing +and polluting the sanctuary of God. And if a prelate should +by chance presume to appoint or institute any other person, the +people would certainly revenge the injury upon the institutor and +the instituted. With respect to these two excesses of +incest and succession, which took root formerly in Armorica, and +are not yet eradicated, Ildebert, bishop of Le Mans, in one of +his epistles, says, “that he was <a +name="page196"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 196</span>present +with a British priest at a council summoned with a view of +putting an end to the enormities of this nation:” hence it +appears that these vices have for a long time prevailed both in +Britany and Britain. The words of the Psalmist may not +inaptly be applied to them; “They are corrupt and become +abominable in their doings, there is none that doeth good, no, +not one: they are all gone out of the way, they are altogether +become abominable,” etc.</p> +<h3>CHAPTER VII<br /> +<span class="GutSmall">OF THEIR SINS, AND THE CONSEQUENT LOSS OF +BRITAIN AND OF TROY</span></h3> +<p><span class="smcap">Moreover</span>, through their sins, and +particularly that detestable and wicked vice of Sodom, as well as +by divine vengeance, they lost Britain as they formerly lost +Troy. For we read in the Roman history, that the emperor +Constantine having resigned the city and the Western empire to +the blessed Sylvester and his successors, with an intention of +rebuilding Troy, and there establishing the chief seat of the +Eastern Empire, heard a voice, saying, “Dost thou go to +rebuild Sodom?” upon which, he altered his intention, +turned his ships and standards towards Byzantium, and there +fixing his seat of empire, gave his own propitious name to the +city. The British history informs us, that Mailgon, king of +the Britons, and many others, were addicted to this vice; that +enormity, however, had entirely ceased for so long a time, that +the recollection of it was nearly worn out. But since that, +as if the time of repentance was almost expired, and because the +nation, by its warlike successes and acquisition of territory, +has in our times unusually increased in population and strength, +they boast in their turn, and most confidently and unanimously +affirm, that in a <a name="page197"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +197</span>short time their countrymen shall return to the island, +and, according to the prophecies of Merlin, the nation, and even +the name, of foreigners, shall be extinguished in the island, and +the Britons shall exult again in their ancient name and +privileges. But to me it appears far otherwise; for +since</p> +<blockquote><p>“Luxuriant animi rebus plerumque +secundis,<br /> +Nec facile est æqua commoda mente pati;”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>And because</p> +<blockquote><p>“Non habet unde suum paupertas pascat +amorem, . . .<br /> +Divitiis alitur luxuriosus amor.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>So that their abstinence from that vice, which in their +prosperity they could not resist, may be attributed more justly +to their poverty and state of exile than to their sense of +virtue. For they cannot be said to have repented, when we +see them involved in such an abyss of vices, perjury, theft, +robbery, rapine, murders, fratricides, adultery, and incest, and +become every day more entangled and ensnared in evil-doing; so +that the words of the prophet Hosea may be truly applied to them, +“There is no truth, nor mercy,” etc.</p> +<p>Other matters of which they boast are more properly to be +attributed to the diligence and activity of the Norman kings than +to their own merits or power. For previous to the coming of +the Normans, when the English kings contented themselves with the +sovereignty of Britain alone, and employed their whole military +force in the subjugation of this people, they almost wholly +extirpated them; as did king Offa, who by a long and extensive +dyke separated the British from the English; Ethelfrid also, who +demolished the noble city of Legions, <a +name="citation197"></a><a href="#footnote197" +class="citation">[197]</a> and put to death the monks of the +celebrated monastery at Banchor, who had been called in to +promote the success of the Britons by their prayers; and lastly +Harold, who himself on foot, with an army of light-armed +infantry, and conforming to the customary diet of the <a +name="page198"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 198</span>country, so +bravely penetrated through every part of Wales, that he scarcely +left a man alive in it; and as a memorial of his signal victories +many stones may be found in Wales bearing this +inscription:—“<span class="GutSmall">HIC VICTOR FUIT +HAROLDUS</span>”—“<span class="smcap">Here +harold conquered</span>.” <a name="citation198"></a><a +href="#footnote198" class="citation">[198]</a></p> +<p>To these bloody and recent victories of the English may be +attributed the peaceable state of Wales during the reigns of the +three first Norman kings; when the nation increased in +population, and being taught the use of arms and the management +of horses by the English and Normans (with whom they had much +intercourse, by following the court, or by being sent as +hostages), took advantage of the necessary attention which the +three succeeding kings were obliged to pay to their foreign +possessions, and once more lifting up their crests, recovered +their lands, and spurned the yoke that had formerly been imposed +upon them.</p> +<h3>CHAPTER VIII<br /> +<span class="GutSmall">IN WHAT MANNER THIS NATION IS TO BE +OVERCOME</span></h3> +<p><span class="smcap">The</span> prince who would wish to subdue +this nation, and govern it peaceably, must use this method. +He must be determined to apply a diligent and constant attention +to this purpose for one year at least; for a people who with a +collected force will not openly attack the enemy in the field, +nor wait to be besieged in castles, is not to be overcome at the +first onset, but to be worn out by prudent delay and +patience. Let him divide their strength, and by bribes and +promises endeavour to stir up one against the other, knowing the +spirit of hatred and envy <a name="page199"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 199</span>which generally prevails amongst +them; and in the autumn let not only the marches, but also the +interior part of the country be strongly fortified with castles, +provisions, and confidential families. In the meantime the +purchase of corn, cloth, and salt, with which they are usually +supplied from England, should be strictly interdicted; and +well-manned ships placed as a guard on the coast, to prevent +their importation of these articles from Ireland or the Severn +sea, and to facilitate the supply of his own army. +Afterwards, when the severity of winter approaches, when the +trees are void of leaves, and the mountains no longer afford +pasturage—when they are deprived of any hopes of plunder, +and harassed on every side by the repeated attacks of the +enemy—let a body of light-armed infantry penetrate into +their woody and mountainous retreats, and let these troops be +supported and relieved by others; and thus by frequent changes, +and replacing the men who are either fatigued or slain in battle, +this nation may be ultimately subdued; nor can it be overcome +without the above precautions, nor without great danger and loss +of men. Though many of the English hired troops may perish +in a day of battle, money will procure as many or more on the +morrow for the same service; but to the Welsh, who have neither +foreign nor stipendiary troops, the loss is for the time +irreparable. In these matters, therefore, as an artificer +is to be trusted in his trade, so attention is to be paid to the +counsel of those who, having been long conversant in similar +concerns, are become acquainted with the manners and customs of +their country, and whom it greatly interests, that an enemy, for +whom during long and frequent conflicts they have contracted an +implacable hatred, should by their assistance be either weakened +or destroyed. Happy should I have termed the borders of +Wales inhabited by the English, if their kings, in the government +of these parts, and in their military operations against the +enemy, had rather employed the marchers and barons of the +country, than adopted the <a name="page200"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 200</span>counsels and policy of the people of +Anjou and the Normans. In this, as well as in every other +military expedition, either in Ireland or in Wales, the natives +of the marches, from the constant state of warfare in which they +are engaged, and whose manners are formed from the habits of war, +are bold and active, skilful on horseback, quick on foot, not +nice as to their diet, and ever prepared when necessity requires +to abstain both from corn and wine. By such men were the +first hostile attacks made upon Wales as well as Ireland, and by +such men alone can their final conquest be accomplished. +For the Flemings, Normans, Coterells, and Bragmans, are good and +well-disciplined soldiers in their own country; but the Gallic +soldiery is known to differ much from the Welsh and Irish. +In their country the battle is on level, here on rough ground; +there in an open field, here in forests; there they consider +their armour as an honour, here as a burden; there soldiers are +taken prisoners, here they are beheaded; there they are ransomed, +here they are put to death. Where, therefore, the armies +engage in a flat country, a heavy and complex armour, made of +cloth and iron, both protects and decorates the soldier; but when +the engagement is in narrow defiles, in woods or marshes, where +the infantry have the advantage over the cavalry, a light armour +is preferable. For light arms afford sufficient protection +against unarmed men, by whom victory is either lost or won at the +first onset; where it is necessary that an active and retreating +enemy should be overcome by a certain proportional quantity of +moderate armour; whereas with a more complex sort, and with high +and curved saddles, it is difficult to dismount, more so to +mount, and with the greatest difficulty can such troops march, if +required, with the infantry. In order, therefore, that</p> +<blockquote><p style="text-align: center">“Singula +quæque locum teneant sortita decenter,”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>we maintain it is necessary to employ heavy-armed and strong +troops against men heavily armed, depending <a +name="page201"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 201</span>entirely +upon their natural strength, and accustomed to fight in an open +plain; but against light-armed and active troops, who prefer +rough ground, men accustomed to such conflicts, and armed in a +similar manner, must be employed. But let the cities and +fortresses on the Severn, and the whole territory on its western +banks towards Wales, occupied by the English, as well as the +provinces of Shropshire and Cheshire, which are protected by +powerful armies, or by any other special privileges and +honourable independence, rejoice in the provident bounty of their +prince. There should be a yearly examination of the warlike +stores, of the arms, and horses, by good and discreet men deputed +for that purpose, and who, not intent on its plunder and ruin, +interest themselves in the defence and protection of their +country. By these salutary measures, the soldiers, +citizens, and the whole mass of the people, being instructed and +accustomed to the use of arms, liberty may be opposed by liberty, +and pride be checked by pride. For the Welsh, who are +neither worn out by laborious burdens, nor molested by the +exactions of their lords, are ever prompt to avenge an +injury. Hence arise their distinguished bravery in the +defence of their country; hence their readiness to take up arms +and to rebel. Nothing so much excites, encourages, and +invites the hearts of men to probity as the cheerfulness of +liberty; nothing so much dejects and dispirits them as the +oppression of servitude. This portion of the kingdom, +protected by arms and courage, might be of great use to the +prince, not only in these or the adjacent parts, but, if +necessity required, in more remote regions; and although the +public treasury might receive a smaller annual revenue from these +provinces, yet the deficiency would be abundantly compensated by +the peace of the kingdom and the honour of its sovereign; +especially as the heavy and dangerous expenses of one military +expedition into Wales usually amount to the whole income among +from the revenues of the province.</p> +<h3><a name="page202"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +202</span>CHAPTER IX<br /> +<span class="GutSmall">IN WHAT MANNER WALES, WHEN CONQUERED, +SHOULD BE GOVERNED</span></h3> +<p><span class="smcap">As</span> therefore this nation is to be +subdued by resolution in the manner proposed, so when subdued, +its government must be directed by moderation, according to the +following plan. Let the care of it be committed to a man of +a firm and determined mind; who during the time of peace, by +paying due obedience to the laws, and respect to the government, +may render it firm and stable. For like other nations in a +barbarous state, this people, although they are strangers to the +principles of honour, yet above all things desire to be honoured; +and approve and respect in others that truth which they +themselves do not profess. Whenever the natural inconstancy +of their indisposition shall induce them to revolt, let +punishment instantly follow the offence; but when they shall have +submitted themselves again to order, and made proper amends for +their faults (as it is the custom of bad men to remember wrath +after quarrels), let their former transgression be overlooked, +and let them enjoy security and respect, as long as they continue +faithful. Thus, by mild treatment they will be invited to +obedience and the love of peace, and the thought of certain +punishment will deter them from rash attempts. We have +often observed persons who, confounding these matters, by +complaining of faults, depressing for services, flattering in +war, plundering in peace, despoiling the weak, paying respect to +revolters, by thus rendering all things confused, have at length +been confounded themselves. Besides, as circumstances which +are foreseen do less mischief, and as that state is happy which +thinks of war in the time of peace, let the wise man be upon his +guard, and prepared against the approaching <a +name="page203"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +203</span>inconveniences of war, by the construction of forts, +the widening of passes through woods, and the providing of a +trusty household. For those who are cherished and sustained +during the time of peace, are more ready to come forward in times +of danger, and are more confidently to be depended upon; and as a +nation unsubdued ever meditates plots under the disguise of +friendship, let not the prince or his governor entrust the +protection of his camp or capital to their fidelity. By the +examples of many remarkable men, some of whom have been cruelly +put to death, and others deprived of their castles and dignities, +through their own neglect and want of care, we may see, that the +artifices of a crafty and subdued nation are much more to be +dreaded than their open warfare; their good-will than their +anger, their honey than their gall, their malice than their +attack, their treachery than their aggression, and their +pretended friendship more than their open enmity. A prudent +and provident man therefore should contemplate in the misfortune +of others what he ought himself to avoid; correction taught by +example is harmless, as Ennodius <a name="citation203"></a><a +href="#footnote203" class="citation">[203]</a> says: “The +ruin of predecessors instructs those who succeed; and a former +miscarriage becomes a future caution.” If a +well-disposed prince should wish these great designs to be +accomplished without the effusion of blood, the marches, as we +before mentioned, must be put into a state of defence on all +sides, and all intercourse by sea and land interdicted; some of +the Welsh may be stirred up to deadly feuds, by means of +stipends, and by transferring the property of one person to +another; and thus worn out with hunger, and a want of the +necessaries of life, and harassed by frequent murders and +implacable enmities, they will at last be compelled to +surrender.</p> +<p>There are three things which ruin this nation, and prevent its +enjoying the satisfaction of a fruitful progeny. <a +name="page204"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 204</span>First, +because both the natural and legitimate sons endeavour to divide +the paternal inheritance amongst themselves; from which cause, as +we have before observed, continual fratricides take place. +Secondly, because the education of their sons is committed to the +care of the high-born people of the country, who, on the death of +their fathers, endeavour by all possible means to exalt their +pupil; from whence arise murders, conflagrations, and almost a +total destruction of the country. And, thirdly, because +from the pride and obstinacy of their disposition, they will not +(like other nations) subject themselves to the dominion of one +lord and king.</p> +<h3>CHAPTER X<br /> +<span class="GutSmall">IN WHAT MANNER THIS NATION MAY RESIST AND +REVOLT</span></h3> +<p><span class="smcap">Having</span> hitherto so partially and +elaborately spoken in favour of the English, and being equally +connected by birth with each nation, justice demands that we +should argue on both sides; let us therefore, at the close of our +work, turn our attention towards the Welsh, and briefly, but +effectually, instruct them in the art of resistance. If the +Welsh were more commonly accustomed to the Gallic mode of arming, +and depended more on steady fighting than on their agility; if +their princes were unanimous and inseparable in their defence; or +rather, if they had only one prince, and that a good one; this +nation situated in so powerful, strong, and inaccessible a +country, could hardly ever be completely overcome. If, +therefore, they would be inseparable, they would become +insuperable, being assisted by these three circumstances; a +country well defended by nature, a people both contented and +accustomed to live upon <a name="page205"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 205</span>little, a community whose nobles as +well as privates are instructed in the use of arms; and +especially as the English fight for power, the Welsh for liberty; +the one to procure gain, the other to avoid loss; the English +hirelings for money, the Welsh patriots for their country. +The English, I say, fight in order to expel the natural +inhabitants from the island, and secure to themselves the +possession of the whole; but the Welsh maintain the conflict, +that they, who have so long enjoyed the sovereignty of the whole +kingdom, may at least find a hiding place in the worst corner of +it, amongst woods and marshes; and, banished, as it were, for +their offences, may there in a state of poverty, for a limited +time, perform penance for the excesses they committed in the days +of their prosperity. For the perpetual remembrance of their +former greatness, the recollection of their Trojan descent, and +the high and continued majesty of the kingdom of Britain, may +draw forth many a latent spark of animosity, and encourage the +daring spirit of rebellion. Hence during the military +expedition which king Henry II. made in our days against South +Wales, an old Welshman at Pencadair, who had faithfully adhered +to him, being desired to give his opinion about the royal army, +and whether he thought that of the rebels would make resistance, +and what would be the final event of this war, replied, +“This nation, O king, may now, as in former times, be +harassed, and in a great measure weakened and destroyed by your +and other powers, and it will often prevail by its laudable +exertions; but it can never be totally subdued through the wrath +of man, unless the wrath of God shall concur. Nor do I +think, that any other nation than this of Wales, or any other +language, whatever may hereafter come to pass, shall, in the day +of severe examination before the Supreme Judge, answer for this +corner of the earth.”</p> +<h2>FOOTNOTES</h2> +<p><a name="footnote155a"></a><a href="#citation155a" +class="footnote">[155a]</a> Port Gordber, written +<i>Gordwr</i> by Humphrey Lhwyd in his Breviary of Britain, +probably a corruption from Gorddyar, a roaring, applied to the +sea, as Gorddyar môr, the roaring of the sea.</p> +<p><a name="footnote155b"></a><a href="#citation155b" +class="footnote">[155b]</a> The harbour, now known by the +name of Portscwit, (and recorded in the Triads as one of the +three passages or ferries in the Isle of Britain), is situated on +the Welsh side of the Bristol channel, at a short distance from +the lower passage.</p> +<p><a name="footnote155c"></a><a href="#citation155c" +class="footnote">[155c]</a> Port Mawr, or the large port, +is thus mentioned by Leland in his Itinerary, tom. v. pp. 28, +29:—“About a mile of is Port Mawre, where is a great +sande with a shorte estuary into the lande. And sum say +that there hath beene a castel at or aboute Port Mawr, but the +tokens be not very evidente.”</p> +<p><a name="footnote155d"></a><a href="#citation155d" +class="footnote">[155d]</a> Rhyd-helyg, or the Ford of the +Willow.—I imagine this place is Walford in Herefordshire, +near the banks of the river Wye.</p> +<p><a name="footnote156"></a><a href="#citation156" +class="footnote">[156]</a> Brutus, according to the fable, +in his way to Britain, met with a company of Trojans, who had +fled from Troy with Antenor and Corinæus at their head, who +submitted themselves to Brutus, and joined his company; which +Corinæus, being a very valiant man, rendered great service +to Brutus during his wars in Gaul and Britain; in return for +which, Brutus, having subdued the island, and divided it amongst +his people, gave Cornwall to Corinæus, who, as it is said, +called it after his own name, Cernyw.</p> +<p><a name="footnote157a"></a><a href="#citation157a" +class="footnote">[157a]</a> Uchelwyr, so called from +<i>Uchel</i>, high, and <i>gwr</i>, a man.</p> +<p><a name="footnote157b"></a><a href="#citation157b" +class="footnote">[157b]</a> This assertion is unfounded, if +we give credit to the Welsh Chronicle, which dates the death of +Cadell in 907, and that of Anarawdin in 913. [Howell Dda, +the son of Cadell, reunited Wales under one sovereign.]</p> +<p><a name="footnote158a"></a><a href="#citation158a" +class="footnote">[158a]</a> B.M.—This abbreviation, +which in every manuscript I have seen of Giraldus has been +construed into <i>Beatam Mariam</i>, and in many of them is +written <i>Beatam Virginem</i>, may with much greater propriety +be applied to <i>Belinus Magnus</i>, or Beli the Great, a +distinguished British King, to whom most of the British pedigrees +ascended; and because his name occurred so frequently in them it +was often written short, B.M., which some men, by mistake, +interpret <i>Beata Maria</i>.—(Sir R. C. H.)</p> +<p><a name="footnote158b"></a><a href="#citation158b" +class="footnote">[158b]</a> Aberfraw, a small town at the +conflux of the river Fraw and the sea, on the S.W. part of the +isle of Anglesey, and twelve miles S.E. of Holyhead.</p> +<p><a name="footnote159a"></a><a href="#citation159a" +class="footnote">[159a]</a> A great lordship in +Herefordshire, including the district between Hereford and +Monmouth, bordering on the river Wye.</p> +<p><a name="footnote159b"></a><a href="#citation159b" +class="footnote">[159b]</a> Book ii. chapter i.</p> +<p><a name="footnote162a"></a><a href="#citation162a" +class="footnote">[162a]</a> Book ii. c. 4.</p> +<p><a name="footnote162b"></a><a href="#citation162b" +class="footnote">[162b]</a> If by the mountains of Eryri we +are to understand the Snowdonian range of hills, our author has +not been quite accurate in fixing the source of the river Dovy, +which rises between Dynas-y-mowddu and Bala Lake, to the +southward of Mount Arran: from whence it pursues its course to +Mallwyd, and Machynlleth, below which place it becomes an +estuary, and the boundary between North and South Wales.</p> +<p><a name="footnote162c"></a><a href="#citation162c" +class="footnote">[162c]</a> Our author is again incorrect +in stating that the river Maw forms, by its course, the two +tracts of sands called Traeth Mawr and Traeth Bychan. This +river, from which Barmouth derives the name of Abermaw, and to +which Giraldus, in the fifth chapter of the second book of his +Itinerary, has given the epithet of <i>bifurcus</i>, runs far to +the southward of either of the Traeths. The Traeth Mawr, or +large sands, are formed by the impetuous torrents which descend +from Snowdon by Beddgelert, and pass under the Devil’s +Bridge at Pont Aberglasllyn, so called from the river Glasllyn; +and the Traeth Bychan, or little sands, are formed by numerous +streams which unite themselves in the vale of Festiniog, and +become an æstuary near the village of Maentwrog.</p> +<p><a name="footnote165a"></a><a href="#citation165a" +class="footnote">[165a]</a> Better known as Geoffrey of +Monmouth.</p> +<p><a name="footnote165b"></a><a href="#citation165b" +class="footnote">[165b]</a> The Anglo-Saxons called the +Britons <i>Wealhas</i>, from a word in their own language, which +signified literally foreigners; and hence we derive the modern +name Welsh.</p> +<p><a name="footnote168"></a><a href="#citation168" +class="footnote">[168]</a> The Peak, in Derbyshire.</p> +<p><a name="footnote169a"></a><a href="#citation169a" +class="footnote">[169a]</a> Sir R. C. Hoare has altogether +misunderstood the original here. It was the custom in the +middle ages to place the guests at table in pairs, and each two +persons ate out of one plate. Each couple was a +<i>mess</i>. At a later period, among the great the mess +consisted of four persons; but it appears that in Wales, at this +time, it was formed of three guests.</p> +<p><a name="footnote169b"></a><a href="#citation169b" +class="footnote">[169b]</a> “Bread, called +<i>Lagana</i>, was, I suppose, the sort of household bread, or +thin cake baked on an iron plate, called a griddle +(<i>gradell</i>), still common in Caermarthenshire, and called +<i>Bara Llech</i> and <i>Bara Llechan</i>, or griddle bread, from +being so baked.”—Owen. “<i>Laganum</i>, a +fritter or pancake, <i>Baranyiod</i>.”—<i>Lluyd</i>, +<i>Archaiology</i>, p. 75.</p> +<p><a name="footnote170"></a><a href="#citation170" +class="footnote">[170]</a> <i>Brychan</i>, in Lhuyd’s +Archaiology and Cornish Grammar, is spelt Bryccan, and +interpreted a blanket.</p> +<p><a name="footnote171"></a><a href="#citation171" +class="footnote">[171]</a> “Omnes vero se Britanni +vitro inficiunt, quod cæruleum efficit colorem, atque hoc +horridore sunt in pugna adspectu; capilloque sunt promisso, atque +omni parte corporis rasa, præter caput et labrum +superius.”—<i>Cæsar de Bello Gallico</i>, cap. +13, 14.</p> +<p><a name="footnote172"></a><a href="#citation172" +class="footnote">[172]</a> This instrument is generally +supposed to have been the origin of the violin, which was not +commonly known in England till the reign of Charles I. +Before this time the crwth was not probably confined to the +Principality, from the name of <i>Crowdero</i> in Hudibras; as +also from a fiddler being still called a <i>crowder</i> in some +parts of England, though he now plays on a violin instead of a +crwth.</p> +<p><a name="footnote173"></a><a href="#citation173" +class="footnote">[173]</a> These Welsh lines quoted by +Giraldus are selected from two different stanzas of moral verses, +called Eglynion y Clywed, the composition of some anonymous bard; +or probably the work of several:</p> +<blockquote><p>“A glyweisti a gant Dywyneg,<br /> +Milwr doeth detholedig;<br /> +Digawn Duw da i unig?</p> +<p>“Hast thou heard what was sung by Dywynic?<br /> +A wise and chosen warrior;<br /> +God will effect solace to the orphan.</p> +<p>“A glyweisti a gant Anarawd?<br /> +Milwr doniawg did lawd;<br /> +Rhaid wrth anmhwyll pwyll parawd.</p> +<p>“Hast thou heard what was sung by Anarawd?<br /> +A warrior endowed with many gifts;<br /> +With want of sense ready wit is necessary.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>Or, as Giraldus quotes it,</p> +<blockquote><p>“Wrth bob crybwll rhaid pwyll +parawd.”</p> +<p>“With every hint ready wit is necessary.”</p> +<p style="text-align: right"><i>Myvyvrian Archaiology</i>, page +172.</p> +</blockquote> +<p><a name="footnote179"></a><a href="#citation179" +class="footnote">[179]</a> Awenydhion, in a literal sense, +means persons inspired by the Muse, and is derived from Awen and +Awenydd, a poetical rapture, or the gift of poetry. It was +the appellation of the disciples, or candidates for the Bardic +Order; but the most general acceptation of the word was, Poets, +or Bards.</p> +<p><a name="footnote183"></a><a href="#citation183" +class="footnote">[183]</a> Genealogies were preserved as a +principle of necessity under the ancient British +constitution. A man’s pedigree was in reality his +title deed, by which he claimed his birthright in the +country. Every one was obliged to show his descent through +nine generations, in order to be acknowledged a free native, and +by this right he claimed his portion of land in the +community. He was affected with respect to legal process in +his collateral affinities through nine degrees. For +instance, every murder committed had a fine levied on the +relations of the murderer, divided into nine degrees; his brother +paying the greatest, and the ninth in affinity the least. +This fine was distributed in the same way among the relatives of +the victim. A person past the ninth descent formed a new +family. Every family was represented by its elder; and +these elders from every family were delegates to the national +council.—<i>Owen</i>.</p> +<p><a name="footnote184"></a><a href="#citation184" +class="footnote">[184]</a> The <i>naviculæ</i> +mentioned by Giraldus bear the modern name of <i>coracles</i>, +and are much used on the Welsh rivers for the taking of +salmon. Their name is derived probably from the Celtic word +<i>corawg</i>, which signifies a <i>ship</i>. They are +mentioned by the ancient writers.</p> +<p><a name="footnote197"></a><a href="#citation197" +class="footnote">[197]</a> By the city of Legions Chester +is here meant, not Caerleon.</p> +<p><a name="footnote198"></a><a href="#citation198" +class="footnote">[198]</a> Of the stones inscribed +“<span class="GutSmall">HIC VICTOR FUIT +HAROLDUS</span>”—“<span class="GutSmall">HERE +HAROLD CONQUERED</span>,” no original, I believe, remains +extant; but at the village of Trelech, in Monmouthshire, there is +a modern pedestal bearing the above inscription.—See the +description and engraving in Coxe’s Monmouthshire, p. +234.</p> +<p><a name="footnote203"></a><a href="#citation203" +class="footnote">[203]</a> In one MS. of Giraldus in the +British Museum, this name is written Ovidius.</p> +<p>***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE DESCRIPTION OF WALES***</p> +<pre> + + +***** This file should be named 1092-h.htm or 1092-h.zip****** + + +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: +http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/0/9/1092 + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will +be renamed. + +Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright +law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, +so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United +States without permission and without paying copyright +royalties. 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