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+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 1170 ***
+
+
+
+
+ANABASIS
+
+By Xenophon
+
+Translation by H. G. Dakyns
+
+
+
+
+          Dedicated To
+          Rev. B. Jowett, M.A.
+          Master of Balliol College
+          Regius Professor of Greek in the University of Oxford
+
+
+
+          Xenophon the Athenian was born 431 B.C. He was a
+          pupil of Socrates. He marched with the Spartans,
+          and was exiled from Athens. Sparta gave him land
+          and property in Scillus, where he lived for many
+          years before having to move once more, to settle
+          in Corinth. He died in 354 B.C.
+
+          The Anabasis is his story of the march to Persia
+          to aid Cyrus, who enlisted Greek help to try and
+          take the throne from Artaxerxes, and the ensuing
+          return of the Greeks, in which Xenophon played a
+          leading role. This occurred between 401 B.C. and
+          March 399 B.C.
+
+
+
+
+PREPARER'S NOTE
+
+This was typed from Dakyns' series, "The Works of Xenophon," a
+four-volume set. The complete list of Xenophon's works (though
+there is doubt about some of these) is:
+
+     Work                                   Number of books
+
+     The Anabasis                                         7
+     The Hellenica                                        7
+     The Cyropaedia                                       8
+     The Memorabilia                                      4
+     The Symposium                                        1
+     The Economist                                        1
+     On Horsemanship                                      1
+     The Sportsman                                        1
+     The Cavalry General                                  1
+     The Apology                                          1
+     On Revenues                                          1
+     The Hiero                                            1
+     The Agesilaus                                        1
+     The Polity of the Athenians and the Lacedaemonians   2
+
+Text in brackets "{}" is my transliteration of Greek text into
+English using an Oxford English Dictionary alphabet table. The
+diacritical marks have been lost.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ANABASIS
+
+BY
+
+XENOPHON
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ANABASIS
+
+
+
+BOOK I
+
+
+
+
+I.
+
+
+Darius and Parysatis had two sons: the elder was named Artaxerxes, and  1
+the younger Cyrus. Now, as Darius lay sick and felt that the end of
+life drew near, he wished both his sons to be with him. The elder, as
+it chanced, was already there, but Cyrus he must needs send for from
+the province over which he had made him satrap, having appointed him
+general moreover of all the forces that muster in the plain of the
+Castolus. Thus Cyrus went up, taking with him Tissaphernes as his
+friend, and accompanied also by a body of Hellenes, three hundred
+heavy armed men, under the command of Xenias the Parrhasian (1).
+
+ (1) Parrhasia, a district and town in the south-west of Arcadia.
+
+Now when Darius was dead, and Artaxerxes was established in the
+kingdom, Tissaphernes brought slanderous accusations against Cyrus
+before his brother, the king, of harbouring designs against him. And
+Artaxerxes, listening to the words of Tissaphernes, laid hands upon
+Cyrus, desiring to put him to death; but his mother made intercession
+for him, and sent him back again in safety to his province. He then,
+having so escaped through peril and dishonour, fell to considering,
+not only how he might avoid ever again being in his brother's power,
+but how, if possible, he might become king in his stead. Parysatis,
+his mother, was his first resource; for she had more love for Cyrus
+than for Artaxerxes upon his throne. Moreover Cyrus's behaviour
+towards all who came to him from the king's court was such that, when
+he sent them away again, they were better friends to himself than to    5
+the king his brother. Nor did he neglect the barbarians in his own
+service; but trained them, at once to be capable as warriors and
+devoted adherents of himself. Lastly, he began collecting his Hellenic
+armament, but with the utmost secrecy, so that he might take the king
+as far as might be at unawares.
+
+The manner in which he contrived the levying of the troops was as
+follows: First, he sent orders to the commandants of garrisons in the
+cities (so held by him), bidding them to get together as large a body
+of picked Peloponnesian troops as they severally were able, on the
+plea that Tissaphernes was plotting against their cities; and truly
+these cities of Ionia had originally belonged to Tissaphernes, being
+given to him by the king; but at this time, with the exception of
+Miletus, they had all revolted to Cyrus. In Miletus, Tissaphernes,
+having become aware of similar designs, had forestalled the
+conspirators by putting some to death and banishing the remainder.
+Cyrus, on his side, welcomed these fugitives, and having collected an
+army, laid siege to Miletus by sea and land, endeavouring to reinstate
+the exiles; and this gave him another pretext for collecting an
+armament. At the same time he sent to the king, and claimed, as being
+the king's brother, that these cities should be given to himself
+rather than that Tissaphernes should continue to govern them; and in
+furtherance of this end, the queen, his mother, co-operated with him,
+so that the king not only failed to see the design against himself,
+but concluded that Cyrus was spending his money on armaments in order
+to make war on Tissaphernes. Nor did it pain him greatly to see the
+two at war together, and the less so because Cyrus was careful to
+remit the tribute due to the king from the cities which belonged to
+Tissaphernes.
+
+A third army was being collected for him in the Chersonese, over
+against Abydos, the origin of which was as follows: There was a
+Lacedaemonian exile, named Clearchus, with whom Cyrus had become
+associated. Cyrus admired the man, and made him a present of ten
+thousand darics (2). Clearchus took the gold, and with the money raised  9
+an army, and using the Chersonese as his base of operations, set to
+work to fight the Thracians north of the Hellespont, in the interests
+of the Hellenes, and with such happy result that the Hellespontine
+cities, of their own accord, were eager to contribute funds for the
+support of his troops. In this way, again, an armament was being
+secretly maintained for Cyrus.
+
+ (2) A Persian gold coin = 125.55 grains of gold.
+
+Then there was the Thessalian Aristippus, Cyrus's friend (3), who,
+under pressure of the rival political party at home, had come to Cyrus
+and asked him for pay for two thousand mercenaries, to be continued
+for three months, which would enable him, he said, to gain the upper
+hand of his antagonists. Cyrus replied by presenting him with six
+months' pay for four thousand mercenaries--only stipulating that
+Aristippus should not come to terms with his antagonists without final
+consultation with himself. In this way he secured to himself the
+secret maintenance of a fourth armament.
+
+ (3) Lit. "guest-friend." Aristippus was, as we learn from the "Meno"
+    of Plato, a native of Larisa, of the family of the Aleuadae, and a
+    pupil of Gorgias. He was also a lover of Menon, whom he appears to
+    have sent on this expedition instead of himself.
+
+Further, he bade Proxenus, a Boeotian, who was another friend, get
+together as many men as possible, and join him in an expedition which
+he meditated against the Pisidians (4), who were causing annoyance to
+his territory. Similarly two other friends, Sophaenetus the
+Stymphalian (5), and Socrates the Achaean, had orders to get together
+as many men as possible and come to him, since he was on the point of
+opening a campaign, along with Milesian exiles, against Tissaphernes.
+These orders were duly carried out by the officers in question.
+
+ (4) Lit. "into the country of the Pisidians."
+
+ (5) Of Stymphalus in Arcadia.
+
+
+
+
+II
+
+But when the right moment seemed to him to have come, at which he       1
+should begin his march into the interior, the pretext which he put
+forward was his desire to expel the Pisidians utterly out of the
+country; and he began collecting both his Asiatic and his Hellenic
+armaments, avowedly against that people. From Sardis in each direction
+his orders sped: to Clearchus, to join him there with the whole of his
+army; to Aristippus, to come to terms with those at home, and to
+despatch to him the troops in his employ; to Xenias the Arcadian, who
+was acting as general-in-chief of the foreign troops in the cities, to
+present himself with all the men available, excepting only those who
+were actually needed to garrison the citadels. He next summoned the
+troops at present engaged in the siege of Miletus, and called upon the
+exiles to follow him on his intended expedition, promising them that
+if he were successful in his object, he would not pause until he had
+reinstated them in their native city. To this invitation they
+hearkened gladly; they believed in him; and with their arms they
+presented themselves at Sardis. So, too, Xenias arrived at Sardis with
+the contingent from the cities, four thousand hoplites; Proxenus,
+also, with fifteen hundred hoplites and five hundred light-armed
+troops; Sophaenetus the Stymphalian, with one thousand hoplites;
+Socrates the Achaean, with five hundred hoplites; while the Megarion
+Pasion came with three hundred hoplites and three hundred peltasts (1).
+This latter officer, as well as Socrates, belonged to the force
+engaged against Miletus. These all joined him at Sardis.
+
+ (1) "Targeteers" armed with a light shield instead of the larger one
+    of the hoplite, or heavy infantry soldier. Iphicrates made great
+    use of this arm at a later date.
+
+But Tissaphernes did not fail to note these proceedings. An equipment
+so large pointed to something more than an invasion of Pisidia: so he
+argued; and with what speed he might, he set off to the king, attended
+by about five hundred horse. The king, on his side, had no sooner
+heard from Tissaphernes of Cyrus's great armament, than he began to
+make counter-preparations.
+
+Thus Cyrus, with the troops which I have named, set out from Sardis,
+and marched on and on through Lydia three stages, making
+two-and-twenty parasangs (2), to the river Maeander. That river is two
+hundred feet (3) broad, and was spanned by a bridge consisting of seven
+boats. Crossing it, he marched through Phrygia a single stage, of
+eight parasangs, to Colossae, an inhabited city (4), prosperous and      6
+large. Here he remained seven days, and was joined by Menon the
+Thessalian, who arrived with one thousand hoplites and five hundred
+peltasts, Dolopes, Aenianes, and Olynthians. From this place he
+marched three stages, twenty parasangs in all, to Celaenae, a populous
+city of Phrygia, large and prosperous. Here Cyrus owned a palace and a
+large park (5) full of wild beasts, which he used to hunt on horseback,
+whenever he wished to give himself or his horses exercise. Through the
+midst of the park flows the river Maeander, the sources of which are
+within the palace buildings, and it flows through the city of
+Celaenae. The great king also has a palace in Celaenae, a strong
+place, on the sources of another river, the Marsyas, at the foot of
+the acropolis. This river also flows through the city, discharging
+itself into the Maeander, and is five-and-twenty feet broad. Here is
+the place where Apollo is said to have flayed Marsyas, when he had
+conquered him in the contest of skill. He hung up the skin of the
+conquered man, in the cavern where the spring wells forth, and hence
+the name of the river, Marsyas. It was on this site that Xerxes, as
+tradition tells, built this very palace, as well as the citadel of
+Celaenae itself, on his retreat from Hellas, after he had lost the
+famous battle. Here Cyrus remained for thirty days, during which
+Clearchus the Lacedaemonian arrived with one thousand hoplites and
+eight hundred Thracian peltasts and two hundred Cretan archers. At the
+same time, also, came Sosis the Syracusian with three thousand
+hoplites, and Sophaenetus the Arcadian (6) with one thousand hoplites;
+and here Cyrus held a review, and numbered his Hellenes in the park,
+and found that they amounted in all to eleven thousand hoplites and
+about two thousand peltasts.
+
+ (2) The Persian "farsang" = 30 stades, nearly 1 league, 3 1/2 statute
+    miles, though not of uniform value in all parts of Asia.
+
+ (3) "Two plethra": the plethron = about 101 English feet.
+
+ (4) Lit. "inhabited," many of the cities of Asia being then as now
+    deserted, but the suggestion is clearly at times "thickly
+    inhabited," "populous."
+
+ (5) Lit. "paradise," an oriental word = park or pleasure ground.
+
+ (6) Perhaps this should be Agias the Arcadian, as Mr. Macmichael
+    suggests. Sophaenetus has already been named above.
+
+From this place he continued his march two stages--ten parasangs--to    10
+the populous city of Peltae, where he remained three days; while
+Xenias, the Arcadian, celebrated the Lycaea (7) with sacrifice, and
+instituted games. The prizes were headbands of gold; and Cyrus himself
+was a spectator of the contest. From this place the march was
+continued two stages--twelve parasangs--to Ceramon-agora, a populous
+city, the last on the confines of Mysia. Thence a march of three
+stages--thirty parasangs--brought him to Caystru-pedion (8), a populous
+city. Here Cyrus halted five days; and the soldiers, whose pay was now
+more than three months in arrear, came several times to the palace
+gates demanding their dues; while Cyrus put them off with fine words
+and expectations, but could not conceal his vexation, for it was not
+his fashion to stint payment, when he had the means. At this point
+Epyaxa, the wife of Syennesis, the king of the Cilicians, arrived on a
+visit to Cyrus; and it was said that Cyrus received a large gift of
+money from the queen. At this date, at any rate, Cyrus gave the army
+four months' pay. The queen was accompanied by a bodyguard of
+Cilicians and Aspendians; and, if report speaks truly, Cyrus had
+intimate relations with the queen.
+
+ (7) The Lycaea, an Arcadian festival in honour of Zeus {Arcaios}, akin
+    to the Roman Lupercalia, which was originally a shepherd festival,
+    the introduction of which the Romans ascribe to the Arcadian
+    Evander.
+
+ (8) Lit. "plain of the Cayster," like Ceramon-agora, "the market of
+    the Ceramians" above, the name of a town.
+
+From this place he marched two stages--ten parasangs--to Thymbrium, a
+populous city. Here, by the side of the road, is the spring of Midas,
+the king of Phrygia, as it is called, where Midas, as the story goes,
+caught the satyr by drugging the spring with wine. From this place he
+marched two stages--ten parasangs--to Tyriaeum, a populous city. Here
+he halted three days; and the Cilician queen, according to the popular
+account, begged Cyrus to exhibit his armament for her amusement. The
+latter being only too glad to make such an exhibition, held a review
+of the Hellenes and barbarians in the plain. He ordered the Hellenes
+to draw up their lines and post themselves in their customary battle
+order, each general marshalling his own battalion. Accordingly they
+drew up four-deep. The right was held by Menon and those with him; the  15
+left by Clearchus and his men; the centre by the remaining generals
+with theirs. Cyrus first inspected the barbarians, who marched past in
+troops of horses and companies of infantry. He then inspected the
+Hellenes; driving past them in his chariot, with the queen in her
+carriage. And they all had brass helmets and purple tunics, and
+greaves, and their shields uncovered (9).
+
+ (9) I.e. ready for action, c.f. "bayonets fixed".
+
+After he had driven past the whole body, he drew up his chariot in
+front of the centre of the battle-line, and sent his interpreter
+Pigres to the generals of the Hellenes, with orders to present arms
+and to advance along the whole line. This order was repeated by the
+generals to their men; and at the sound of the bugle, with shields
+forward and spears in rest, they advanced to meet the enemy. The pace
+quickened, and with a shout the soldiers spontaneously fell into a
+run, making in the direction of the camp. Great was the panic of the
+barbarians. The Cilician queen in her carriage turned and fled; the
+sutlers in the marketing place left their wares and took to their
+heels; and the Hellenes meanwhile came into camp with a roar of
+laughter. What astounded the queen was the brilliancy and order of the
+armament; but Cyrus was pleased to see the terror inspired by the
+Hellenes in the hearts of the Asiatics.
+
+From this place he marched on three stages--twenty parasangs--to
+Iconium, the last city of Phrygia, where he remained three days.
+Thence he marched through Lycaonia five stages--thirty parasangs. This
+was hostile country, and he gave it over to the Hellenes to pillage.
+At this point Cyrus sent back the Cilician queen to her own country by
+the quickest route; and to escort her he sent the soldiers of Menon,
+and Menon himself. With the rest of the troops he continued his march
+through Cappadocia four stages--twenty-five parasangs--to Dana, a
+populous city, large and flourishing. Here they halted three days,
+within which interval Cyrus put to death, on a charge of conspiracy, a
+Persian nobleman named Megaphernes, a wearer of the royal purple; and
+along with him another high dignitary among his subordinate
+commanders.
+
+From this place they endeavoured to force a passage into Cilicia. Now   21
+the entrance was by an exceedingly steep cart-road, impracticable for
+an army in face of a resisting force; and report said that Syennesis
+was on the summit of the pass guarding the approach. Accordingly they
+halted a day in the plain; but next day came a messenger informing
+them that Syenesis had left the pass; doubtless, after perceiving that
+Menon's army was already in Cilicia on his own side of the mountains;
+and he had further been informed that ships of war, belonging to the
+Lacedaemonians and to Cyrus himself, with Tamos on board as admiral,
+were sailing round from Ionia to Cilicia. Whatever the reason might
+be, Cyrus made his way up into the hills without let or hindrance, and
+came in sight of the tents where the Cilicians were on guard. From
+that point he descended gradually into a large and beautiful plain
+country, well watered, and thickly covered with trees of all sorts and
+vines. This plain produces sesame plentifully, as also panic and
+millet and barley and wheat; and it is shut in on all sides by a steep
+and lofty wall of mountains from sea to sea. Descending through this
+plain country, he advanced four stages--twenty-five parasangs--to
+Tarsus, a large and prosperous city of Cilicia. Here stood the palace
+of Syennesis, the king of the country; and through the middle of the
+city flows a river called the Cydnus, two hundred feet broad. They
+found that the city had been deserted by its inhabitants, who had
+betaken themselves, with Syennesis, to a strong place on the hills.
+All had gone, except the tavern-keepers. The sea-board inhabitants of
+Soli and Issi also remained. Now Epyaxa, Syennesis's queen, had
+reached Tarsus five days in advance of Cyrus. During their passage
+over the mountains into the plain, two companies of Menon's army were
+lost. Some said they had been cut down by the Cilicians, while engaged
+on some pillaging affair; another account was that they had been left
+behind, and being unable to overtake the main body, or discover the
+route, had gone astray and perished. However it was, they numbered one
+hundred hoplites; and when the rest arrived, being in a fury at the
+destruction of their fellow soldiers, they vented their spleen by
+pillaging the city of Tarsus and the palace to boot. Now when Cyrus
+had marched into the city, he sent for Syennesis to come to him; but    26
+the latter replied that he had never yet put himself into the hands of
+any one who was his superior, nor was he willing to accede to the
+proposal of Cyrus now; until, in the end, his wife persuaded him, and
+he accepted pledges of good faith. After this they met, and Syennesis
+gave Cyrus large sums in aid of his army; while Cyrus presented him
+with the customary royal gifts--to wit, a horse with a gold bit, a
+necklace of gold, a gold bracelet, and a gold scimitar, a Persian
+dress, and lastly, the exemption of his territory from further
+pillage, with the privilege of taking back the slaves that had been
+seized, wherever they might chance to come upon them.
+
+
+
+
+III
+
+At Tarsus Cyrus and his army halted for twenty days; the soldiers       1
+refusing to advance further, since the suspicion ripened in their
+minds, that the expedition was in reality directed against the king;
+and as they insisted, they had not engaged their services for that
+object. Clearchus set the example of trying to force his men to
+continue their march; but he had no sooner started at the head of his
+troops than they began to pelt him and his baggage train, and
+Clearchus had a narrow escape of being stoned to death there and then.
+Later on, when he perceived that force was useless, he summoned an
+assembly of his own men; and for a long while he stood and wept, while
+the men gazed in silent astonishment. At last he spoke as follows:
+"Fellow soldiers, do not marvel that I am sorely distressed on account
+of the present troubles. Cyrus has been no ordinary friend to me. When
+I was in banishment he honoured me in various ways, and made me also a
+present of ten thousand darics. These I accepted, but not to lay them
+up for myself for private use; not to squander them in pleasure, but
+to expend them on yourselves. And, first of all, I went to war with
+the Thracians, and with you to aid, I wreaked vengeance on them in
+behalf of Hellas; driving them out of the Chersonese, when they wanted
+to deprive its Hellenic inhabitants of their lands. But as soon as
+Cyrus summoned me, I took you with me and set out, so that, if my
+benefactor had any need of me, I might requite him for the good
+treatment I myself had received at his hands.... But since you are
+not minded to continue the march with me, one of two things is left to  5
+me to do; either I must renounce you for the sake of my friendship
+with Cyrus, or I must go with you at the cost of deceiving him.
+Whether I am about to do right or not, I cannot say, but I choose
+yourselves; and, whatever betide, I mean to share your fate. Never
+shall it be said of me by any one that, having led Greek troops
+against the barbarians (1), I betrayed the Hellenes, and chose the
+friendship of the barbarian. No! since you do not choose to obey and
+follow me, I will follow after you. Whatever betide, I will share your
+fate. I look upon you as my country, my friends, my allies; with you I
+think I shall be honoured, wherever I be; without you I do not see how
+I can help a friend or hurt a foe. My decision is taken. Wherever you
+go, I go also."
+
+ (1) Lit. "into the country of the barbarian."
+
+Such were his words. But the soldiers, not only his own, but the rest
+also, when they heard what he said, and how he had scouted the idea of
+going up to the great king's palace (2), expressed their approval; and
+more than two thousand men deserted Xenias and Pasion, and took their
+arms and baggage-train, and came and encamped with Clearchus. But
+Cyrus, in despair and vexation at this turn of affairs, sent for
+Clearchus. He refused to come; but, without the knowledge of the
+soldiers, sent a message to Cyrus, bidding him keep a good heart, for
+that all would arrange itself in the right way; and bade him keep on
+sending for him, whilst he himself refused to go. After that he got
+together his own men, with those who had joined him, and of the rest
+any who chose to come, and spoke as follows: "Fellow soldiers, it is
+clear that the relations of Cyrus to us are identical with ours to
+him. We are no longer his soldiers, since we have ceased to follow
+him; and he, on his side, is no longer our paymaster. He, however, no
+doubt considers himself wronged by us; and though he goes on sending
+for me, I cannot bring myself to go to him: for two reasons, chiefly
+from a sense of shame, for I am forced to admit to myself that I have
+altogether deceived him; but partly, too, because I am afraid of his
+seizing me and inflicting a penalty on the wrongs which he conceives    11
+that I have done him. In my opinion, then, this is no time for us to
+go to sleep and forget all about ourselves, rather it is high time to
+deliberate on our next move; and as long as we do remain here, we had
+better bethink us how we are to abide in security; or, if we are
+resolved to turn our backs at once, what will be the safest means of
+retreat; and, further, how we are to procure supplies, for without
+supplies there is no profit whatsoever in the general or the private
+soldier. The man with whom we have to deal is an excellent friend to
+his friends, but a very dangerous enemy to his foes. And he is backed
+by a force of infantry and cavalry and ships such as we all alike very
+well see and know, since we can hardly be said to have posted
+ourselves at any great distance from him. If, then, any one has a
+suggestion to make, now is the time to speak." With these words he
+ceased.
+
+ (2) Or "how he insisted that he was not going up."
+
+Then various speakers stood up; some of their own motion to propound
+their views; others inspired by Clearchus to dilate on the hopeless
+difficulty of either staying, or going back without the goodwill of
+Cyrus. One of these, in particular, with a make-believe of anxiety to
+commence the homeward march without further pause, called upon them
+instantly to choose other generals, if Clearchus were not himself
+prepared to lead them back: "Let them at once purchase supplies" (the
+market being in the heart of the Asiatic camp), "let them pack up
+their baggage: let them," he added, "go to Cyrus and ask for some
+ships in order to return by sea: if he refused to give them ships, let
+them demand of him a guide to lead them back through a friendly
+district; and if he would not so much as give them a guide, they could
+but put themselves, without more ado, in marching order, and send on a
+detachment to occupy the pass--before Cyrus and the Cilicians, whose
+property," the speaker added, "we have so plentifully pillaged, can
+anticipate us." Such were the remarks of that speaker; he was followed
+by Clearchus, who merely said: "As to my acting personally as general
+at this season, pray do not propose it: I can see numerous obstacles
+to my doing so. Obedience, in the fullest, I can render to the man of   15
+your choice, that is another matter: and you shall see and know that I
+can play my part, under command, with the best of you."
+
+After Clearchus another spokesman stood up, and proceeded to point out
+the simplicity of the speaker, who proposed to ask for vessels, just
+as if Cyrus were minded to renounce the expedition and sail back
+again. "And let me further point out," he said, "what a simple-minded
+notion it is to beg a guide of the very man whose designs we are
+marring. If we can trust any guide whom Cyrus may vouchsafe to us, why
+not order Cyrus at once to occupy the pass on our behoof? For my part,
+I should think twice before I set foot on any ships that he might give
+us, for fear lest he should sink them with his men-of-war; and I
+should equally hesitate to follow any guide of his: he might lead us
+into some place out of which we should find it impossible to escape. I
+should much prefer, if I am to return home against the will of Cyrus
+at all, to give him the slip, and so begone: which indeed is
+impossible. But these schemes are simply nonsensical. My proposal is
+that a deputation of fit persons, with Clearchus, should go to Cyrus:
+let them go to Cyrus and ask him: what use he proposes to make of us?
+and if the business is at all similar to that on which he once before
+employed a body of foreigners--let us by all means follow: let us show
+that we are the equals of those who accompanied him on his march up
+formerly. But if the design should turn out to be of larger import
+than the former one--involving more toil and more danger--we should
+ask him, either to give us good reasons for following his lead, or
+else consent to send us away into a friendly country. In this way,
+whether we follow him, we shall do so as friends, and with heart and
+soul, or whether we go back, we shall do so in security. The answer to
+this shall be reported to us here, and when we have heard it, we will
+advise as to our best course."
+
+This resolution was carried, and they chose and sent a deputation with
+Clearchus, who put to Cyrus the questions which had been agreed upon
+by the army. Cyrus replied as follows: That he had received news that
+Abrocomas, an enemy of his, was posted on the Euphrates, twelve stages  20
+off; his object was to march against this aforesaid Abrocomas: and if
+he were still there, he wished to inflict punishment on him, "or if he
+be fled" (so the reply concluded), "we will there deliberate on the
+best course." The deputation received the answer and reported it to
+the soldiers. The suspicion that he was leading them against the king
+was not dispelled; but it seemed best to follow him. They only
+demanded an increase of pay, and Cyrus promised to give them half as
+much again as they had hitherto received--that is to say, a daric and
+a half a month to each man, instead of a daric. Was he really leading
+them to attack the king? Not even at this moment was any one apprised
+of the fact, at any rate in any open and public manner.
+
+
+
+
+IV
+
+From this point he marched two stages--ten parasangs--to the river      1
+Psarus, which is two hundred feet broad, and from the Psarus he
+marched a single stage--five parasangs--to Issi, the last city in
+Cilicia. It lies on the seaboard--a prosperous, large and flourishing
+town. Here they halted three days, and here Cyrus was joined by his
+fleet. There were thirty-five ships from Peloponnesus, with the
+Lacedaemonian admiral Pythagoras on board. These had been piloted from
+Ephesus by Tamos the Egyptian, who himself had another fleet of
+twenty-five ships belonging to Cyrus. These had formed Tamos's
+blockading squadron at Miletus, when that city sided with
+Tissaphernes; he had also used them in other military services
+rendered to Cyrus in his operations against that satrap. There was a
+third officer on board the fleet, the Lacedaemonian Cheirisophus, who
+had been sent for by Cyrus, and had brought with him seven hundred
+hoplites, over whom he was to act as general in the service of Cyrus.
+The fleet lay at anchor opposite Cyrus's tent. Here too another
+reinforcement presented itself. This was a body of four hundred
+hoplites, Hellenic mercenaries in the service of Abrocomas, who         3
+deserted him for Cyrus, and joined in the campaign against the king.
+
+From Issi, he marched a single stage--five parasangs--to the gates of
+Cilicia and Syria. This was a double fortress: the inner and nearer
+one, which protects Cilicia, was held by Syennesis and a garrison of
+Cilicians; the outer and further one, protecting Syria, was reported
+to be garrisoned by a body of the king's troops. Through the gap
+between the two fortresses flows a river named the Carsus, which is a
+hundred feet broad, and the whole space between was scarcely more than
+six hundred yards. To force a passage here would be impossible, so
+narrow was the pass itself, with the fortification walls stretching
+down to the sea, and precipitous rocks above; while both fortresses
+were furnished with gates. It was the existence of this pass which had
+induced Cyrus to send for the fleet, so as to enable him to lead a
+body of hoplites inside and outside the gates; and so to force a
+passage through the enemy, if he were guarding the Syrian gate, as he
+fully expected to find Abrocomas doing with a large army. This,
+however, Abrocomas had not done; but as soon as he learnt that Cyrus
+was in Cilicia, he had turned round and made his exit from Phoenicia,
+to join the king with an army amounting, as report said, to three
+hundred thousand men.
+
+From this point Cyrus pursued his march, through Syria a single
+stage--five parasangs--to Myriandus, a city inhabited by Phoenicians,
+on the sea-coast. This was a commercial port, and numerous merchant
+vessels were riding at anchor in the harbour. Here they halted seven
+days, and here Xenias the Arcadian general, and Pasion the Megarian
+got on board a trader, and having stowed away their most valuable
+effects, set sail for home; most people explained the act as the
+outcome of a fit of jealousy, because Cyrus had allowed Clearchus to
+retain their men, who had deserted to him, in hopes of returning to
+Hellas instead of marching against the king; when the two had so
+vanished, a rumour spread that Cyrus was after them with some ships of
+war, and some hoped the cowards might be caught, others pitied them,
+if that should be their fate.
+
+But Cyrus summoned the generals and addressed them: "Xenias and         8
+Pasion," he said, "have taken leave of us; but they need not flatter
+themselves that in so doing they have stolen into hiding. I know where
+they are gone; nor will they owe their escape to speed; I have
+men-of-war to capture their craft, if I like. But heaven help me! if I
+mean to pursue them: never shall it be said of me, that I turn people
+to account as long as they stay with me, but as soon as they are
+minded to be off, I seize and maltreat them, and strip them of their
+wealth. Not so! let them go with the consciousness that our behaviour
+to them is better than theirs to us. And yet I have their children and
+wives safe under lock and key in Tralles; but they shall not be
+deprived even of these. They shall receive them back in return for
+their former goodness to me." So he spoke, and the Hellenes, even
+those who had been out of heart at the thought of marching up the
+country, when they heard of the nobleness of Cyrus, were happier and
+more eager to follow him on his path.
+
+After this Cyrus marched onwards four stages--twenty parasangs--to the
+river Chalus. That river is a hundred feet broad, and is stocked with
+tame fish which the Syrians regard as gods, and will not suffer to be
+injured--and so too the pigeons of the place. The villages in which
+they encamped belonged to Parysatis, as part of her girdle money (1).
+From this point he marched on five stages--thirty parasangs--to the
+sources of the river Dardas, which is a hundred feet broad. Here stood
+the palace of Belesys, the ruler of Syria, with its park--which was a
+very large and beautiful one, and full of the products of all the
+seasons in their course. But Cyrus cut down the park and burnt the
+palace. Thence he marched on three stages--fifteen parasangs--to the
+river Euphrates, which is nearly half a mile broad. A large and         11
+flourishing city, named Thapsacus, stands on its banks. Here they
+halted five days, and here Cyrus sent for the generals of the
+Hellenes, and told them that the advance was now to be upon Babylon,
+against the great king; he bade them communicate this information to
+the soldiers and persuade them to follow. The generals called an
+assembly, and announced the news to the soldiers. The latter were
+indignant and angry with the generals, accusing them of having kept
+secret what they had long known; and refused to go, unless such a
+bribe of money were given them as had been given to their
+predecessors, when they went up with Cyrus to the court of his father,
+not as now to fight a battle, but on a peaceful errand--the visit of a
+son to his father by invitation. The demand was reported to Cyrus by
+the generals, and he undertook to give each man five silver minae as
+soon as Babylon was reached, and their pay in full, until he had
+safely conveyed them back to Ionia again. In this manner the Hellenic
+force were persuaded--that is to say, the majority of them. Menon,
+indeed, before it was clear what the rest of the soldiers would
+do--whether, in fact they would follow Cyrus or not--collected his own
+troops apart and made them the following speech; "Men," he said, "if
+you will listen to me, there is a method by which, without risk or
+toil, you may win the special favour of Cyrus beyond the rest of the
+soldiers. You ask what it is I would have you to do? I will tell you.
+Cyrus at this instant is begging the Hellenes to follow him to attack
+the king. I say then: Cross the Euphrates at once, before it is clear
+what answer the rest will make; if they vote in favour of following,
+you will get the credit of having set the example, and Cyrus will be
+grateful to you. He will look upon you as being the heartiest in his
+cause; he will repay, as of all others he best knows how; while, if
+the rest vote against crossing, we shall go back again; but as the
+sole adherents, whose fidelity he can altogether trust, it is you whom
+Cyrus will turn to account, as commandants of garrisons or captains of
+companies. You need only ask him for whatever you want, and you will
+get it from him, as being the friends of Cyrus."
+
+ (1) Cf. Plat. "Alcib." i. 123 B. "Why, I have been informed by a
+    credible person, who went up to the king (at Susa), that he passed
+    through a large tract of excellent land, extending for nearly a
+    day's journey, which the people of the country called the queen's
+    girdle, and another which they called her veil," etc. Olympiodorus
+    and the Scholiast both think that Plato here refers to Xenophon
+    and this passage of the "Anabasis." Grote thinks it very probable
+    that Plato had in his mind Xenophon (either his "Anabasis" or
+    personal communications with him).
+
+The men heard and obeyed, and before the rest had given their answer,
+they were already across. But when Cyrus perceived that Menon's troops  16
+had crossed, he was well pleased, and he sent Glus to the division in
+question, with this message: "Soldiers, accept my thanks at present;
+eventually you shall thank me. I will see to that, or my name is not
+Cyrus." The soldiers therefore could not but pray heartily for his
+success; so high their hopes ran. But to Menon, it was said, he sent
+gifts with lordly liberality. This done, Cyrus proceeded to cross; and
+in his wake followed the rest of the armament to a man. As they
+forded, never a man was wetted above the chest: nor ever until this
+moment, said the men of Thapascus, had the river been so crossed on
+foot, boats had always been required; but these, at the present time,
+Abrocomas, in his desire to hinder Cyrus from crossing, had been at
+pains to burn. Thus the passage was looked upon as a thing miraculous;
+the river had manifestly retired before the face of Cyrus, like a
+courtier bowing to his future king. From this place he continued his
+march through Syria nine stages--fifty parasangs--and they reached the
+river Araxes. Here were several villages full of corn and wine; in
+which they halted three days, and provisioned the army.
+
+
+
+
+V
+
+Thence he marched on through Arabia, keeping the Euphrates on the       1
+right, five desert stages--thirty-five parasangs. In this region the
+ground was one long level plain, stretching far and wide like the sea,
+full of absinth; whilst all the other vegetation, whether wood or
+reed, was sweet scented like spice or sweet herb; there were no trees;
+but there was wild game of all kinds--wild asses in greatest
+abundance, with plenty of ostriches; besides these, there were
+bustards and antelopes. These creatures were occasionally chased by
+the cavalry. The asses, when pursued, would run forward a space, and
+then stand still--their pace being much swifter than that of horses;
+and as soon as the horses came close, they went through the same
+performance. The only way to catch them was for the riders to post
+themselves at intervals, and to hunt them in relays, as it were. The
+flesh of those they captured was not unlike venison, only more tender.
+No one was lucky enough to capture an ostrich. Some of the troopers
+did give chase, but it had soon to be abandoned; for the bird, in its
+effort to escape, speedily put a long interval between itself and its   3
+pursuers; plying its legs at full speed, and using its wings the while
+like a sail. The bustards were not so hard to catch when started
+suddenly; for they only take short flights, like partridges, and are
+soon tired. Their flesh is delicious.
+
+As the army wended its way through this region, they reached the river
+Mascas, which is one hundred feet in breadth. Here stood a big
+deserted city called Corsote, almost literally environed by the
+stream, which flows round it in a circle. Here they halted three days
+and provisioned themselves. Thence they continued their march thirteen
+desert stages--ninety parasangs--with the Euphrates still on their
+right, until they reached the Gates. On these marches several of the
+baggage animals perished of hunger, for there was neither grass nor
+green herb, or tree of any sort; but the country throughout was
+barren. The inhabitants make their living by quarrying millstones on
+the river banks, which they work up and take to Babylon and sell,
+purchasing corn in exchange for their goods. Corn failed the army, and
+was not to be got for money, except in the Lydian market open in
+Cyrus's Asiatic army; where a kapithe of wheat or barley cost four
+shekels; the shekel being equal to seven and a half Attic obols,
+whilst the kapithe is the equivalent of two Attic choeneces (1), dry
+measure, so that the soldiers subsisted on meat alone for the whole
+period. Some of the stages were very long, whenever they had to push
+on to find water or fodder; and once they found themselves involved in
+a narrow way, where the deep clay presented an obstacle to the
+progress of the wagons. Cyrus, with the nobles about him, halted to
+superintend the operation, and ordered Glus and Pigres to take a body
+of barbarians and to help in extricating the wagons. As they seemed to
+be slow about the business, he turned round angrily to the Persian
+nobles and bade them lend a hand to force the wagons out. Then, if
+ever, what goes to constitute one branch of good discipline, was to be
+witnessed. Each of those addressed, just where he chanced to be         8
+standing, threw off his purple cloak, and flung himself into the work
+with as much eagerness as if it had been a charge for victory. Down a
+steep hill side they flew, with their costly tunics and embroidered
+trousers--some with the circlets round their necks, and bracelets on
+their arms--in an instant, they had sprung into the miry clay, and in
+less time than one could have conceived, they had landed the wagons
+safe on terra firma.
+
+ (1) The choenix = about 1 quart (or, according to others, 1 1/2 pint).
+    It was the minimum allowance of corn for a man, say a slave, per
+    diem. The Spartan was allowed at the public table 2 choenices a
+    day.
+
+Altogether it was plain that Cyrus was bent on pressing on the march,
+and averse to stoppages, except where he halted for the sake of
+provisioning or some other necessary object; being convinced that the
+more rapidly he advanced, the less prepared for battle would he find
+the king; while the slower his own progress, the larger would be the
+hostile army which he would find collected. Indeed, the attentive
+observer could see, at a glance, that if the king's empire was strong
+in its extent of territory and the number of inhabitants, that
+strength is compensated by an inherent weakness, dependent upon the
+length of roads and the inevitable dispersion of defensive forces,
+where an invader insists upon pressing home the war by forced marches.
+
+On the opposite side of the Euphrates to the point reached on one of
+these desert stages, was a large and flourishing city named Charmande.
+From this town the soldiers made purchases of provisions, crossing the
+river on rafts, in the following fashion: They took the skins which
+they used as tent coverings, and filled them with light grass; they
+then compressed and stitched them tightly together by the ends, so
+that the water might not touch the hay. On these they crossed and got
+provisions: wine made from the date-nut, and millet or panic-corn, the
+common staple of the country. Some dispute or other here occurred
+between the soldiers of Menon and Clearchus, in which Clearchus
+sentenced one of Menon's men, as the delinquent, and had him flogged.
+The man went back to his own division and told them. Hearing what had
+been done to their comrade, his fellows fretted and fumed, and were
+highly incensed against Clearchus. The same day Clearchus visited the
+passage of the river, and after inspecting the market there, was
+returning with a few followers, on horseback, to his tent, and had to   12
+pass through Menon's quarters. Cyrus had not yet come up, but was
+riding up in the same direction. One of Menon's men, who was splitting
+wood, caught sight of Clearchus as he rode past, and aimed a blow at
+him with his axe. The aim took no effect; when another hurled a stone
+at him, and a third, and then several, with shouts and hisses.
+Clearchus made a rapid retreat to his own troops, and at once ordered
+them to get under arms. He bade his hoplites remain in position with
+their shields resting against their knees, while he, at the head of
+his Thracians and horsemen, of which he had more than forty in his
+army--Thracians for the most part--advanced against Menon's soldiers,
+so that the latter, with Menon himself, were panic-stricken, and ran
+to seize their arms; some even stood riveted to the spot, in
+perplexity at the occurrence. Just then Proxenus came up from behind,
+as chance would have it, with his division of hoplites, and without a
+moment's hesitation marched into the open space between the rival
+parties, and grounded arms; then he fell to begging Clearchus to
+desist. The latter was not too well pleased to hear his trouble mildly
+spoken of, when he had barely escaped being stoned to death; and he
+bade Proxenus retire and leave the intervening space open. At this
+juncture Cyrus arrived and inquired what was happening. There was no
+time for hesitation. With his javelins firmly grasped in his hands he
+galloped up--escorted by some of his faithful bodyguard, who were
+present--and was soon in the midst, exclaiming: "Clearchus, Proxenus,
+and you other Hellenes yonder, you know not what you do. As surely as
+you come to blows with one another, our fate is sealed--this very day
+I shall be cut to pieces, and so will you: your turn will follow close
+on mine. Let our fortunes once take an evil turn, and these barbarians
+whom you see around will be worse foes to us than those who are at
+present serving the king." At these words Clearchus came to his
+senses. Both parties paused from battle, and retired to their
+quarters: order reigned.
+
+
+
+
+VI
+
+As they advanced from this point (opposite Charmande), they came upon   1
+the hoof-prints and dung of horses at frequent intervals. It looked
+like the trail of some two thousand horses. Keeping ahead of the army,
+these fellows burnt up the grass and everything else that was good for
+use. Now there was a Persian, named Orontas; he was closely related to
+the king by birth: and in matters pertaining to war reckoned among the
+best of Persian warriors. Having formerly been at war with Cyrus, and
+afterwards reconciled to him, he now made a conspiracy to destroy him.
+he made a proposal to Cyrus: if Cyrus would furnish him with a
+thousand horsemen, he would deal with these troopers, who were burning
+down everything in front of them; he would lay an ambuscade and cut
+them down, or he would capture a host of them alive; in any case, he
+would put a stop to their aggressiveness and burnings; he would see to
+it that they did not ever get a chance of setting eyes on Cyrus's army
+and reporting its advent to the king. The proposal seemed plausible to
+Cyrus, who accordingly authorised Orontas to take a detachment from
+each of the generals, and be gone. He, thinking that he had got his
+horsemen ready to his hand, wrote a letter to the king, announcing
+that he would ere long join him with as many troopers as he could
+bring; he bade him, at the same time, instruct the royal cavalry to
+welcome him as a friend. The letter further contained certain
+reminders of his former friendship and fidelity. This despatch he
+delivered into the hands of one who was a trusty messenger, as he
+thought; but the bearer took and gave it to Cyrus. Cyrus read it.
+Orontas was arrested. Then Cyrus summoned to his tent seven of the
+noblest Persians among his personal attendants, and sent orders to the
+Hellenic generals to bring up a body of hoplites. These troops were to
+take up a position round his tent. This the generals did; bringing up
+about three thousand hoplites. Clearchus was also invited inside, to
+assist at the court-martial; a compliment due to the position he held
+among the other generals, in the opinion not only of Cyrus, but also
+of the rest of the court. When he came out, he reported the
+circumstances of the trial (as to which, indeed, there was no mystery)
+to his friends. He said that Cyrus opened the inquiry with these
+words: "I have invited you hither, my friends, that I may take advice
+with you, and carry out whatever, in the sight of God and man, it is
+right for me to do, as concerning the man before you, Orontas. The      6
+prisoner was, in the first instance, given to me by my father, to be
+my faithful subject. In the next place, acting, to use his own words,
+under the orders of my brother, and having hold of the acropolis of
+Sardis, he went to war with me. I met war with war, and forced him to
+think it more prudent to desist from war with me: whereupon we shook
+hands, exchanging solemn pledges. After that," and at this point Cyrus
+turned to Orontas, and addressed him personally--"after that, did I do
+you any wrong?" Answer, "Never." Again another question: "Then later
+on, having received, as you admit, no injury from me, did you revolt
+to the Mysians and injure my territory, as far as in you lay?"--"I
+did," was the reply. "Then, once more having discovered the limits of
+your power, did you flee to the altar of Artemis, crying out that you
+repented? and did you thus work upon my feelings, that we a second
+time shook hands and made interchange of solemn pledges? Are these
+things so?" Orontas again assented. "Then what injury have you
+received from me," Cyrus asked, "that now for the third time, you have
+been detected in a treasonous plot against me?"--"I must needs do so,"
+he answered. Then Cyrus put one more question: "But the day may come,
+may it not, when you will once again be hostile to my brother, and a
+faithful friend to myself?" The other answered: "Even if I were, you
+could never be brought to believe it, Cyrus."
+
+At this point Cyrus turned to those who were present and said: "Such
+has been the conduct of the prisoner in the past: such is his language
+now. I now call upon you, and you first, Clearchus, to declare your
+opinion--what think you?" And Clearchus answered: "My advice to you is
+to put this man out of the way as soon as may be, so that we may be
+saved the necessity of watching him, and have more leisure, as far as
+he is concerned, to requite the services of those whose friendship is
+sincere."--"To this opinion," he told us, "the rest of the court
+adhered." After that, at the bidding of Cyrus, each of those present,   10
+in turn, including the kinsmen of Orontas, took him by the girdle;
+which is as much as to say, "Let him die the death," and then those
+appointed led him out; and they who in old days were wont to do
+obeisance to him, could not refrain, even at that moment, from bowing
+down before him, albeit they knew he was being led forth to death.
+
+After they had conducted him to the tent of Artapates, the trustiest
+of Cyrus's wand-bearers, none set eyes upon him ever again, alive or
+dead. No one, of his own knowledge, could declare the manner of his
+death; though some conjectured one thing and some another. No tomb to
+mark his resting-place, either then or since, was ever seen.
+
+
+
+
+VII
+
+From this place Cyrus marched through Babylonia three stages--twelve    1
+parasangs. Now, on the third stage, about midnight, Cyrus held a
+review of the Hellenes and Asiatics in the plain, expecting that the
+king would arrive the following day with his army to offer battle. He
+gave orders to Clearchus to take command of the right wing, and to
+Menon the Thessalian of the left, while he himself undertook to the
+disposition of his own forces in person. After the review, with the
+first approach of day, deserters from the great king arrived, bringing
+Cyrus information about the royal army. Then Cyrus summoned the
+generals and captains of the Hellenes, and held a council of war to
+arrange the plan of battle. He took this opportunity also to address
+the following words of compliment and encouragement to the meeting:
+"Men of Hellas," he said, "it is certainly not from dearth of
+barbarians to fight my battles that I put myself at your head as my
+allies; but because I hold you to be better and stronger than many
+barbarians. That is why I took you. See then that you prove yourselves
+to be men worthy of the liberty which you possess, and which I envy
+you. Liberty--it is a thing which, be well assured, I would choose in
+preference to all my other possessions, multiplied many times. But I
+would like you to know into what sort of struggle you are going: learn
+its nature from one who knows. Their numbers are great, and they come
+on with much noise; but if you can hold out against these two things,
+I confess I am ashamed to think, what a sorry set of folk you will      4
+find the inhabitants of this land to be. But you are men, and brave
+you must be, being men: it is agreed; then if you wish to return home,
+any of you, I undertake to send you back, in such sort that your
+friends at home shall envy you; but I flatter myself I shall persuade
+many of you to accept what I will offer you here, in lieu of what you
+left at home."
+
+Here Gaulites, a Samian exile, and a trusty friend of Cyrus, being
+present, exclaimed: "Ay, Cyrus, but some say you can afford to make
+large promises now, because you are in the crisis of impending danger;
+but let matters go well with you, will you recollect? They shake their
+heads. Indeed, some add that, even if you did recollect, and were ever
+so willing, you would not be able to make good all your promises, and
+repay." When Cyrus heard that, he answered: "You forget, sirs, my
+father's empire stretches southwards to a region where men cannot
+dwell by reason of the heat, and northwards to a region uninhabitable
+through cold; but all the intervening space is mapped out in satrapies
+belonging to my brother's friends: so that if the victory be ours, it
+will be ours also to put our friends in possession in their room. On
+the whole my fear is, not that I may not have enough to give to each
+of my friends, but lest I may not have friends enough on whom to
+bestow what I have to give, and to each of you Hellenes I will give a
+crown of gold."
+
+So they, when they heard these words, were once more elated than ever
+themselves, and spread the good news among the rest outside. And there
+came into his presence both the generals and some of the other
+Hellenes also, claiming to know what they should have in the event of
+victory; and Cyrus satisfied the expectations of each and all, and so
+dismissed them. Now the advice and admonition of all who came into
+conversation with him was, not to enter the battle himself, but to
+post himself in rear of themselves; and at this season Clearchus put a
+question to him: "But do you think that your brother will give battle   9
+to you, Cyrus?" and Cyrus answered: "Not without a battle, be assured,
+shall the prize be won; if he be the son of Darius and Parysatis, and
+a brother of mine."
+
+In the final arming for battle at this juncture, the numbers were as
+follows: Of Hellenes there were ten thousand four hundred heavy
+infantry with two thousand five hundred targeteers, while the
+barbarians with Cyrus reached a total of one hundred thousand. He had
+too about twenty scythe-chariots. The enemy's forces were reported to
+number one million two hundred thousand, with two hundred
+scythe-chariots, besides which he had six thousand cavalry under
+Artagerses. These formed the immediate vanguard of the king himself.
+The royal army was marshalled by four generals or field-marshals, each
+in command of three hundred thousand men. Their names were Abrocomas,
+Tissaphernes, Gobryas, and Arbaces. (But of this total not more than
+nine hundred thousand were engaged in the battle, with one hundred and
+fifty scythe-chariots; since Abrocomas, on his march from Phoenicia,
+arrived five days too late for the battle.) Such was the information
+brought to Cyrus by deserters who came in from the king's army before
+the battle, and it was corroborated after the battle by those of the
+enemy who were taken prisoners.
+
+From this place Cyrus advanced one stage--three parasangs--with the
+whole body of his troops, Hellenic and barbarian alike in order of
+battle. He expected the king to give battle the same day, for in the
+middle of this day's march a deep sunk trench was reached, thirty feet
+broad, and eighteen feet deep. The trench was carried inland through
+the plain, twelve parasang's distance, to the wall of Media (1).  (Here
+are canals, flowing from the river Tigris; they are four in number,
+each a hundred feet broad, and very deep, with corn ships plying upon   15
+them; they empty themselves into the Euphrates, and are at intervals
+of one parasang apart, and are spanned by bridges.)
+
+ (1) For "the wall of Media" see Grote, "Hist. of Greece," vol. ix. p.
+    87 and foll. note 1 (1st ed.), and various authorities there
+    quoted or referred to. The next passage enclosed in  () may
+    possibly be a commentator's or editor's note, but, on the whole, I
+    have thought it best to keep the words in the text instead of
+    relegating them, as heretofore, to a note. Perhaps some future
+    traveller may clear up all difficulties.
+
+Between the Euphrates and the trench was a narrow passage, twenty feet
+only in breadth. The trench itself had been constructed by the great
+king upon hearing of Cyrus's approach, to serve as a line of defence.
+Through this narrow passage then Cyrus and his army passed, and found
+themselves safe inside the trench. So there was no battle to be fought
+with the king that day; only there were numerous unmistakable traces
+of horse and infantry in retreat. Here Cyrus summoned Silanus, his
+Ambraciot soothsayer, and presented him with three thousand darics;
+because eleven days back, when sacrificing, he had told him that the
+king would not fight within ten days, and Cyrus had answered: "Well,
+then, if he does not fight within that time, he will not fight at all;
+and if your prophecy comes true, I promise you ten talents." So now,
+that the ten days were passed, he presented him with the above sum.
+
+But as the king had failed to hinder the passage of Cyrus's army at
+the trench, Cyrus himself and the rest concluded that he must have
+abandoned the idea of offering battle, so that next day Cyrus advanced
+with less than his former caution. On the third day he was conducting
+the march, seated in his carriage, with only a small body of troops
+drawn up in front of him. The mass of the army was moving on in no
+kind of order: the soldiers having consigned their heavy arms to be
+carried in the wagons or on the backs of beasts.
+
+
+
+
+VIII
+
+It was already about full market time (1) and the halting-place at       1
+which the army was to take up quarters was nearly reached, when
+Pategyas, a Persian, a trusty member of Cyrus's personal staff, came
+galloping up at full speed on his horse, which was bathed in sweat,
+and to every one he met he shouted in Greek and Persian, as fast as he
+could ejaculate the words: "The king is advancing with a large army
+ready for battle." Then ensued a scene of wild confusion. The Hellenes
+and all alike were expecting to be attacked on the instant, and before
+they could form their lines. Cyrus sprang from his carriage and donned
+his corselet; then leaping on to his charger's back, with the javelins
+firmly clutched, he passed the order to the rest, to arm themselves
+and fall into their several ranks.
+
+ (1) I.e. between 9 and 10 A.M.
+
+The orders were carried out with alacrity; the ranks shaped
+themselves. Clearchus held the right wing resting on the Euphrates,
+Proxenus was next, and after him the rest, while Menon with his troops
+held the Hellenic left. Of the Asiatics, a body of Paphlagonian
+cavalry, one thousand strong, were posted beside Clearchus on the
+right, and with them stood the Hellenic peltasts. On the left was
+Ariaeus, Cyrus's second in command, and the rest of the barbarian
+host. Cyrus was with his bodyguard of cavalry about six hundred
+strong, all armed with corselets like Cyrus, and cuirasses and
+helmets; but not so Cyrus: he went into battle with head
+unhelmeted (2). So too all the horses with Cyrus wore forehead-pieces
+and breast-pieces, and the troopers carried short Hellenic swords.
+
+ (2) The MSS. add, "to expose oneself to the risks of war bareheaded
+    is, it is said, a practice common to the Persians," which I regard
+    as a commentator's note, if not an original marginal note of some
+    early editor, possibly of the author himself. The "Cyropaedeia" is
+    full of such comments, "pieces justificatives" inserted into the
+    text.
+
+It was now mid-day, and the enemy was not yet in sight; but with the
+approach of afternoon was seen dust like a white cloud, and after a
+considerable interval a black pall as it were spread far and high
+above the plain. As they came nearer, very soon was seen here and
+there a glint of bronze and spear-points; and the ranks could plainly
+be distinguished. On the left were troopers wearing white cuirasses.
+That is Tissaphernes in command, they said, and next to these a body
+of men bearing wicker-shields, and next again heavy-armed infantry,
+with long wooden shields reaching to the feet. These were the
+Egyptians, they said, and then other cavalry, other bowmen; all were
+in national divisions, each nation marching in densely-crowded          10
+squares. And all along their front was a line of chariots at
+considerable intervals from one another--the famous scythe-chariots,
+as they were named--having their scythes fitted to the axle-trees and
+stretching out slantwise, while others protruded under the
+chariot-seats, facing the ground, so as to cut through all they
+encountered. The design was to let them dash full speed into the ranks
+of the Hellenes and cut them through.
+
+Curiously enough the anticipation of Cyrus, when at the council of war
+he admonished the Hellenes not to mind the shouting of the Asiatics,
+was not justified. Instead of shouting, they came on in deep silence,
+softly and slowly, with even tread. At this instant, Cyrus, riding
+past in person, accompanied by Pigres, his interpreter, and three or
+four others, called aloud to Clearchus to advance against the enemy's
+centre, for there the king was to be found: "And if we strike home at
+this point," he added, "our work is finished." Clearchus, though he
+could see the compact body at the centre, and had been told by Cyrus
+that the king lay outside the Hellenic left (for, owing to numerical
+superiority, the king, while holding his own centre, could well
+overlap Cyrus's extreme left), still hesitated to draw off his right
+wing from the river, for fear of being turned on both flanks; and he
+simply replied, assuring Cyrus that he would take care all went well.
+
+At this time the barbarian army was evenly advancing, and the Hellenic
+division was still riveted to the spot, completing its formation as
+the various contingents came up. Cyrus, riding past at some distance
+from the lines, glanced his eye first in one direction and then in the
+other, so as to take a complete survey of friends and foes; when
+Xenophon the Athenian, seeing him, rode up from the Hellenic quarter
+to meet him, asking him whether he had any orders to give. Cyrus,
+pulling up his horse, begged him to make the announcement generally
+known that the omens from the victims, internal and external alike,
+were good (3). While he was still speaking, he heard a confused murmur   16
+passing through the ranks, and asked what it meant. The other replied
+that it was the watchword being passed down for the second time. Cyrus
+wondered who had given the order, and asked what the watchword was. On
+being told it was "Zeus our Saviour and Victory," he replied, "I
+accept it; so let it be," and with that remark rode away to his own
+position. And now the two battle lines were no more than three or four
+furlongs apart, when the Hellenes began chanting the paean, and at the
+same time advanced against the enemy.
+
+ (3) I.e. the omens from inspecting the innards of the victims, and the
+    omens from the acts and movements of the victims.
+
+But with the forward movement a certain portion of the line curved
+onwards in advance, with wave-like sinuosity, and the portion left
+behind quickened to a run; and simultaneously a thrilling cry burst
+from all lips, like that in honour of the war-god--eleleu! eleleu! and
+the running became general. Some say they clashed their shields and
+spears, thereby causing terror to the horses (4); and before they had
+got within arrowshot the barbarians swerved and took to flight. And
+now the Hellenes gave chase with might and main, checked only by
+shouts to one another not to race, but to keep their ranks. The
+enemy's chariots, reft of their charioteers, swept onwards, some
+through the enemy themselves, others past the Hellenes. They, as they
+saw them coming, opened a gap and let them pass. One fellow, like some
+dumbfoundered mortal on a racecourse, was caught by the heels, but
+even he, they said, received no hurt, nor indeed, with the single
+exception of some one on the left wing who was said to have been
+wounded by an arrow, did any Hellene in this battle suffer a single
+hurt.
+
+ (4) Some critics regard this sentence as an editor's or commentator's
+    note.
+
+Cyrus, seeing the Hellene's conquering, as far as they at any rate
+were concerned, and in hot pursuit, was well content; but in spite of
+his joy and the salutations offered him at that moment by those about   21
+him, as though he were already king, he was not led away to join in
+the pursuit, but keeping his squadron of six hundred horsemen in close
+order, waited and watched to see what the king himself would do. The
+king, he knew, held the centre of the Persian army. Indeed it is the
+fashion for the Asiatic monarch to occupy that position during action,
+for this twofold reason: he holds the safest place, with his troops on
+either side of him, while, if he has occasion to despatch any
+necessary rider along the lines, his troops will receive the message
+in half the time. The king accordingly on this occasion held the
+centre of his army, but for all that, he was outside Cyrus's left
+wing; and seeing that no one offered him battle in front, nor yet the
+troops in front of him, he wheeled as if to encircle the enemy. It was
+then that Cyrus, in apprehension lest the king might get round to the
+rear and cut to pieces the Hellenic body, charged to meet him.
+Attacking with his six hundred, he mastered the line of troops in
+front of the king, and put to flight the six thousand, cutting down,
+as is said, with his own hand their general, Artagerses.
+
+But as soon as the rout commenced, Cyrus's own six hundred themselves,
+in the ardour of pursuit, were scattered, with the exception of a
+handful who were left with Cyrus himself--chiefly his table
+companions, so-called. Left alone with these, he caught sight of the
+king, and the close throng about him. Unable longer to contain
+himself, with a cry, "I see the man," he rushed at him and dealt a
+blow at his chest, wounding him through the corselet. This, according
+to the statement of Ctesias the surgeon (5), who further states that he
+himself healed the wound. As Cyrus delivered the blow, some one struck
+him with a javelin under the eye severely; and in the struggle which
+then ensued between the king and Cyrus and those about them to protect
+one or other, we have the statement of Ctesias as to the number slain   27
+on the king's side, for he was by his side. On the other, Cyrus
+himself fell, and eight of his bravest companions lay on the top of
+him. The story says that Artapes, the trustiest among his
+wand-wearers, when he saw that Cyrus had fallen to the ground, leapt
+from his horse and threw his arms about him. Then, as one account
+says, the king bade one slay him as a worthy victim to his brother:
+others say that Artapates drew his scimitar and slew himself by his
+own hand. A golden scimitar it is true, he had; he wore also a collar
+and bracelets and the other ornaments such as the noblest Persians
+wear; for his kindliness and fidelity had won him honours at the hands
+of Cyrus.
+
+ (5) "Ctesias, the son of Ctesiochus, was a physician of Cnidos.
+    Seventeen years of his life were passed at the court of Persia,
+    fourteen in the service of Darios, three in that of Artaxerxes; he
+    returned to Greece in 398 B.C.," and "was employed by Artaxerxes
+    in diplomatic services." See Mure; also Ch. Muller, for his life
+    and works. He wrote (1) a history on Persian affairs in three
+    parts--Assyrian, Median, Persian--with a chapter "On Tributes;"
+    (2) a history of Indian affairs (written in the vein of Sir John
+    Maundeville, Kt.); (3) a Periplus; (4) a treatise on Mountains;
+    (5) a treatise on Rivers.
+
+
+
+
+IX
+
+So died Cyrus; a man the kingliest (1) and most worthy to rule of all    1
+the Persians who have lived since the elder Cyrus: according to the
+concurrent testimony of all who are reputed to have known him
+intimately. To begin from the beginning, when still a boy, and whilst
+being brought up with his brother and the other lads, his unrivalled
+excellence was recognised. For the sons of the noblest Persians, it
+must be known, are brought up, one and all, at the king's portals.
+Here lessons of sobriety and self-control may largely be laid to
+heart, while there is nothing base or ugly for eye or ear to feed
+upon. There is the daily spectacle ever before the boys of some
+receiving honour from the king, and again of others receiving
+dishonour; and the tale of all this is in their ears, so that from
+earliest boyhood they learn how to rule and to be ruled.
+
+ (1) The character now to be drawn is afterwards elaborated into the
+    Cyrus of the Cyropaedeia.
+
+In this courtly training Cyrus earned a double reputation; first he
+was held to be a paragon of modesty among his fellows, rendering an
+obedience to his elders which exceeded that of many of his own
+inferiors; and next he bore away the palm for skill in horsemanship
+and for love of the animal itself. Nor less in matters of war, in the
+use of the bow and the javelin, was he held by men in general to be at  5
+once the aptest of learners and the most eager practiser. As soon as
+his age permitted, the same pre-eminence showed itself in his fondness
+for the chase, not without a certain appetite for perilous adventure
+in facing the wild beasts themselves. Once a bear made a furious rush
+at him (2), and without wincing he grappled with her, and was pulled
+from his horse, receiving wounds the scars of which were visible
+through life; but in the end he slew the creature, nor did he forget
+him who first came to his aid, but made him enviable in the eyes of
+many.
+
+ (2) The elder Cyrus, when a boy, kills not a bear but a boar.
+
+After he had been sent down by his father to be satrap of Lydia and
+Great Phrygia and Cappadocia, and had been appointed general of the
+forces, whose business it is to muster in the plain of the Castolus,
+nothing was more noticeable in his conduct than the importance which
+he attached to the faithful fulfilment of every treaty or compact or
+undertaking entered into with others. He would tell no lies to any
+one. Thus doubtless it was that he won the confidence alike of
+individuals and of the communities entrusted to his care; or in case
+of hostility, a treaty made with Cyrus was a guarantee sufficient to
+the combatant that he would suffer nothing contrary to its terms.
+Therefore, in the war with Tissaphernes, all the states of their own
+accord chose Cyrus in lieu of Tissaphernes, except only the men of
+Miletus, and these were only alienated through fear of him, because he
+refused to abandon their exiled citizens; and his deeds and words bore
+emphatic witness to his principle: even if they were weakened in
+number or in fortune, he would never abandon those who had once become
+his friends.
+
+He made no secret of his endeavour to outdo his friends and his foes
+alike in reciprocity of conduct. The prayer has been attributed to
+him, "God grant I may live along enough to recompense my friends and
+requite my foes with a strong arm." However this may be, no one, at
+least in our days, ever drew together so ardent a following of
+friends, eager to lay at his feet their money, their cities, their own
+lives and persons; nor is it to be inferred from this that he suffered
+the malefactor and the wrongdoer to laugh him to scorn; on the          13
+contrary, these he punished most unflinchingly. It was no rare sight
+to see on the well-trodden highways, men who had forfeited hand or
+foot or eye; the result being that throughout the satrapy of Cyrus any
+one, Hellene or barbarian, provided he were innocent, might fearlessly
+travel wherever he pleased, and take with him whatever he felt
+disposed. However, as all allowed, it was for the brave in war that he
+reserved especial honour. To take the first instance to hand, he had a
+war with the Pisidians and Mysians. Being himself at the head of an
+expedition into those territories, he could observe those who
+voluntarily encountered risks; these he made rulers of the territory
+which he subjected, and afterwards honoured them with other gifts. So
+that, if the good and brave were set on a pinnacle of fortune, cowards
+were recognised as their natural slaves; and so it befell that Cyrus
+never had lack of volunteers in any service of danger, whenever it was
+expected that his eye would be upon them.
+
+So again, wherever he might discover any one ready to distinguish
+himself in the service of uprightness, his delight was to make this
+man richer than those who seek for gain by unfair means. On the same
+principle, his own administration was in all respects uprightly
+conducted, and, in particular, he secured the services of an army
+worthy of the name. Generals, and subalterns alike, came to him from
+across the seas, not merely to make money, but because they saw that
+loyalty to Cyrus was a more profitable investment than so many pounds
+a month. Let any man whatsoever render him willing service, such
+enthusiasm was sure to win its reward. And so Cyrus could always
+command the service of the best assistants, it was said, whatever the
+work might be.
+
+Or if he saw any skilful and just steward who furnished well the
+country over which he ruled, and created revenues, so far from robbing
+him at any time, to him who had, he delighted to give more. So that
+toil was a pleasure, and gains were amassed with confidence, and least
+of all from Cyrus would a man conceal the amount of his possessions,
+seeing that he showed no jealousy of wealth openly avowed, but his      19
+endeavour was rather to turn to account the riches of those who kept
+them secret. Towards the friends he had made, whose kindliness he
+knew, or whose fitness as fellow-workers with himself, in aught which
+he might wish to carry out, he had tested, he showed himself in turn
+an adept in the arts of courtesy. Just in proportion as he felt the
+need of this friend or that to help him, so he tried to help each of
+them in return in whatever seemed to be their heart's desire.
+
+Many were the gifts bestowed on him, for many and diverse reasons; no
+one man, perhaps, ever received more; no one, certainly, was ever more
+ready to bestow them upon others, with an eye ever to the taste of
+each, so as to gratify what he saw to be the individual requirement.
+Many of these presents were sent to him to serve as personal
+adornments of the body or for battle; and as touching these he would
+say, "How am I to deck myself out in all these? to my mind a man's
+chief ornament is the adornment of nobly-adorned friends." Indeed,
+that he should triumph over his friends in the great matters of
+welldoing is not surprising, seeing that he was much more powerful
+than they, but that he should go beyond them in minute attentions, and
+in an eager desire to give pleasure, seems to me, I must confess, more
+admirable. Frequently when he had tasted some specially excellent
+wine, he would send the half remaining flagon to some friend with a
+message to say: "Cyrus says, this is the best wine he has tasted for a
+long time, that is his excuse for sending it to you. He hopes you will
+drink it up to-day with a choice party of friends." Or, perhaps, he
+would send the remainder of a dish of geese, half loaves of bread, and
+so forth, the bearer being instructed to say: "This is Cyrus's
+favourite dish, he hopes you will taste it yourself." Or, perhaps,
+there was a great dearth of provender, when, through the number of his
+servants and his own careful forethought, he was enabled to get
+supplies for himself; at such times he would send to his friends in
+different parts, bidding them feed their horses on his hay, since it
+would not do for the horses that carried his friends to go starving.
+Then, on any long march or expedition, where the crowd of lookers-on    28
+would be large, he would call his friends to him and entertain them
+with serious talk, as much as to say, "These I delight to honour."
+
+So that, for myself, and from all that I can hear, I should be
+disposed to say that no one, Greek or barbarian, was ever so beloved.
+In proof of this, I may cite the fact that, though Cyrus was the
+king's vassal and slave, no one ever forsook him to join his master,
+if I may except the attempt of Orontas, which was abortive. That man,
+indeed, had to learn that Cyrus was closer to the heart of him on
+whose fidelity he relied than he himself was. On the other hand, many
+a man revolted from the king to Cyrus, after they went to war with one
+another; nor were these nobodies, but rather persons high in the
+king's affection; yet for all that, they believed that their virtues
+would obtain a reward more adequate from Cyrus than from the king.
+Another great proof at once of his own worth and of his capacity
+rightly to discern all loyal, loving and firm friendship is afforded
+by an incident which belongs to the last moment of his life. He was
+slain, but fighting for his life beside him fell also every one of his
+faithful bodyguard of friends and table-companions, with the sole
+exception of Ariaeus, who was in command of the cavalry on the left,
+and he no sooner perceived the fall of Cyrus than he betook himself to
+flight, with the whole body of troops under his lead.
+
+
+
+
+X
+
+Then the head of Cyrus and his right hand were severed from the body.   1
+But the king and those about him pursued and fell upon the Cyreian
+camp, and the troops of Ariaeus no longer stood their ground, but fled
+through their own camp back to the halting-place of the night
+before--a distance of four parasangs, it was said. So the king and
+those with him fell to ravaging right and left, and amongst other
+spoil he captured the Phocaean woman, who was a concubine of Cyrus,
+witty and beautiful, if fame speaks correctly. The Milesian, who was
+the younger, was also seized by some of the king's men; but, letting
+go her outer garment, she made good her escape to the Hellenes, who
+had been left among the camp followers on guard. These fell at once     3
+into line and put to the sword many of the pillagers, though they lost
+some men themselves; they stuck to the place and succeeded in saving
+not only that lady, but all else, whether chattels or human beings,
+which lay within their reach.
+
+At this point the king and the Hellenes were something like three
+miles apart; the one set were pursuing their opponents just as if
+their conquest had been general; the others were pillaging as merrily
+as if their victory were already universal. But when the Hellenes
+learnt that the king and his troops were in the baggage camp; and the
+king, on his side, was informed by Tissaphernes that the Hellenes were
+victorious in their quarter of the field, and had gone forward in
+pursuit, the effect was instantaneous. The king massed his troops and
+formed into line. Clearchus summoned Proxenus, who was next him, and
+debated whether to send a detachment or to go in a body to the camp to
+save it.
+
+Meanwhile the king was seen again advancing, as it seemed, from the
+rear; and the Hellenes, turning right about, prepared to receive his
+attack then and there. But instead of advancing upon them at that
+point, he drew off, following the line by which he had passed earlier
+in the day, outside the left wing of his opponent, and so picked up in
+his passage those who had deserted to the Hellenes during the battle,
+as also Tissaphernes and his division. The latter had not fled in the
+first shock of the encounter; he had charged parallel to the line of
+the Euphrates into the Greek peltasts, and through them. But charge as
+he might, he did not lay low a single man. On the contrary, the
+Hellenes made a gap to let them through, hacking them with their
+swords and hurling their javelins as they passed. Episthenes of
+Amphipolis was in command of the peltasts, and he showed himself a
+sensible man, it was said. Thus it was that Tissaphernes, having got
+through haphazard, with rather the worst of it, failed to wheel round
+and return the way he came, but reaching the camp of the Hellenes,      8
+there fell in with the king; and falling into order again, the two
+divisions advanced side by side.
+
+When they were parallel with the (original) left wing of the Hellenes,
+fear seized the latter lest they might take them in flank and enfold
+them on both sides and cut them down. In this apprehension they
+determined to extend their line and place the river on their rear. But
+while they deliberated, the king passed by and ranged his troops in
+line to meet them, in exactly the same position in which he had
+advanced to offer battle at the commencement of the engagement. The
+Hellenes, now seeing them in close proximity and in battle order, once
+again raised the paean and began the attack with still greater
+enthusiasm than before: and once again the barbarians did not wait to
+receive them, but took to flight, even at a greater distance than
+before. The Hellenes pressed the pursuit until they reached a certain
+village, where they halted, for above the village rose a mound, on
+which the king and his party rallied and reformed; they had no
+infantry any longer, but the crest was crowded with cavalry, so that
+it was impossible to discover what was happening. They did see, they
+said, the royal standard, a kind of golden eagle, with wings extended,
+perched on a bar of wood and raised upon a lance.
+
+But as soon as the Hellenes again moved onwards, the hostile cavalry
+at once left the hillock--not in a body any longer, but in
+fragments--some streaming from one side, some from another; and the
+crest was gradually stripped of its occupants, till at last the
+company was gone. Accordingly, Clearchus did not ascend the crest, but
+posting his army at its base, he sent Lycius of Syracuse and another
+to the summit, with orders to inspect the condition of things on the
+other side, and to report results. Lycius galloped up and
+investigated, bringing back news that they were fleeing might and
+main. Almost at that instant the sun sank beneath the horizon. There
+the Hellenes halted; they grounded arms and rested, marvelling the
+while that Cyrus was not anywhere to be seen, and that no messenger
+had come from him. For they were in complete ignorance of his death,
+and conjectured that either he had gone off in pursuit, or had pushed
+forward to occupy some point. Left to themselves, they now
+deliberated, whether they should stay where they were and have the
+baggage train brought up, or should return to camp. They resolved to
+return, and about supper time reached the tents. Such was the
+conclusion of this day.
+
+They found the larger portion of their property pillaged, eatables and
+drinkables alike, not excepting the wagons laden with corn and wine,
+which Cyrus had prepared in case of some extreme need overtaking the
+expedition, to divide among the Hellenes. There were four hundred of
+these wagons, it was said, and these had now been ransacked by the
+king and his men; so that the greater number of the Hellenes went
+supperless, having already gone without their breakfasts, since the
+king had appeared before the usual halt for breakfast. Accordingly, in
+no better plight than this they passed the night.
+
+
+
+
+BOOK II
+
+     (In the previous book will be found a full account of the
+     method by which Cyrus collected a body of Greeks when
+     meditating an expedition against his brother Artaxerxes; as
+     also of various occurrences on the march up; of the battle
+     itself, and of the death of Cyrus; and lastly, a description
+     of the arrival of the Hellenes in camp after the battle, and
+     as to how they betook themselves to rest, none suspecting
+     but what they were altogether victorious and that Cyrus
+     lived.)
+
+
+
+
+I
+
+With the break of day the generals met, and were surprised that Cyrus   1
+should not have appeared himself, or at any rate have sent some one to
+tell them what to do. Accordingly, they resolved to put what they had
+together, to get under arms, and to push forward until they effected
+junction with Cyrus. Just as they were on the point of starting, with
+the rising sun came Procles the ruler of Teuthrania. He was a
+descendant of Damaratus (1) the Laconian, and with him also came Glus
+the son of Tamos. These two told them, first, that Cyrus was dead;
+next, that Ariaeus had retreated with the rest of the barbarians to
+the halting-place whence they had started at dawn on the previous day;
+and wished to inform them that, if they were minded to come, he would
+wait for this one day, but on the morrow he should return home again
+to Ionia, whence he came.
+
+ (1) The Spartan king who was deposed in B.C. 491, whereupon he fled to
+    King Darius, and settled in south-western Mysia. See Herod. vi.
+    50, 61-70. We shall hear more of his descendant, Procles, the
+    ruler of Teuthrania, in the last chapter of this work.
+
+When they heard these tidings, the generals were sorely distressed; so  4
+too were the rest of the Hellenes when they were informed of it. Then
+Clearchus spoke as follows: "Would that Cyrus were yet alive! But
+since he is dead, take back this answer to Ariaeus, that we, at any
+rate, have conquered the king; and, as you yourselves may see, there
+is not a man left in the field to meet us. Indeed, had you not
+arrived, we should ere this have begun our march upon the king. Now,
+we can promise to Ariaeus that, if he will join us here, we will place
+him on the king's throne. Surely to those who conquer empire
+pertains." With these words he sent back the messengers and with them
+he sent Cheirisophus the Laconian, and Menon the Thessalian. That was
+what Menon himself wished, being, as he was, a friend and intimate of
+Ariaeus, and bound by mutual ties of hospitality. So these set off,
+and Clearchus waited for them.
+
+The soldiers furnished themselves with food  (and drink) as best they
+might--falling back on the baggage animals, and cutting up oxen and
+asses. There was no lack of firewood; they need only step forward a
+few paces from the line where the battle was fought, and they would
+find arrows to hand in abundance, which the Hellenes had forced the
+deserters from the king to throw away. There were arrows and wicker
+shields also, and the huge wooden shields of the Egyptians. There were
+many targets also, and empty wagons left to be carried off. Here was a
+store which they were not slow to make use of to cook their meat and
+serve their meals that day.
+
+It was now about full market hour (2) when heralds from the king and
+Tissaphernes arrived. These were barbarians with one exception. This
+was a certain Phalinus, a Hellene who lived at the court of
+Tissaphernes, and was held in high esteem. He gave himself out to be a
+connoisseur of tactics and the art of fighting with heavy arms. These
+were the men who now came up, and having summoned the generals of the
+Hellenes, they delivered themselves of the following message: "The
+great king having won the victory and slain Cyrus, bids the Hellenes
+to surrender their arms; to betake themselves to the gates of the
+king's palace, and there obtain for themselves what terms they can."
+That was what the heralds said, and the Hellenes listened with heavy    9
+hearts; but Clearchus spoke, and his words were few; "Conquerors do
+not, as a rule, give up their arms"; then turning to the others he
+added, "I leave it to you, my fellow-generals, to make the best and
+noblest answer, that ye may, to these gentlemen. I will rejoin you
+presently." At the moment an official had summoned him to come and
+look at the entrails which had been taken out, for, as it chanced, he
+was engaged in sacrificing. As soon as he was gone, Cleanor the
+Arcadian, by right of seniority, answered: "They would sooner die than
+give up their arms." Then Proxenus the Theban said: "For my part, I
+marvel if the king demands our arms as our master, or for the sake of
+friendship merely, as presents. If as our master, why need he ask for
+them rather than come and take them? But if he would fain wheedle us
+out of them by fine speeches, he should tell us what the soldiers will
+receive in turn for such kindness." In answer to him Phalinus said:
+"The king claims to have conquered, because he has put Cyrus to death;
+and who is there now to claim the kingdom as against himself? He
+further flatters himself that you also are in his power, since he
+holds you in the heart of his country, hemmed in by impassable rivers;
+and he can at any moment bring against you a multitude so vast that
+even if leave were given to rise and slay you could not kill them."
+After him Theopompus (3) the Athenian spoke. "Phalinus," he said, "at
+this instant, as you yourself can see, we have nothing left but our
+arms and our valour. If we keep the former we imagine we can make use
+of the latter; but if we deliver up our arms we shall presently be
+robbed of our lives. Do not suppose then that we are going to give up
+to you the only good things which we possess. We prefer to keep them;
+and by their help we will do battle with you for the good things which
+are yours." Phalinus laughed when he heard those words, and said:       13
+"Spoken like a philosopher, my fine young man, and very pretty
+reasoning too; yet, let me tell you, your wits are somewhat scattered
+if you imagine that your valour will get the better of the king's
+power." There were one or two others, it was said, who with a touch of
+weakness in their tone or argument, made answer: "They had proved good
+and trusty friends to Cyrus, and the king might find them no less
+valuable. If he liked to be friends with them, he might turn them to
+any use that pleased his fancy, say for a campaign against Egypt.
+Their arms were at his service; they would help to lay that country at
+his feet."
+
+ (2) 10 A.M.
+
+ (3) So the best MSS. Others read "Xenophon," which Kruger maintains to
+    be the true reading. He suggests that "Theopompus" may have crept
+    into the text from a marginal note of a scholiast, "Theopompus"
+    (the historian) "gives the remark to Proxenus."
+
+Just then Clearchus returned, and wished to know what answer they had
+given. The words were barely out of his mouth before Phalinus
+interrupting, answered: "As for your friends here, one says one thing
+and one another; will you please give us your opinion"; and he
+replied: "The sight of you, Phalinus, caused me much pleasure; and not
+only me, but all of us, I feel sure; for you are a Hellene even as we
+are--every one of us whom you see before you. In our present plight we
+would like to take you into our counsel as to what we had better do
+touching your proposals. I beg you then solemnly, in the sight of
+heaven--do you tender us such advice as you shall deem best and
+worthiest, and such as shall bring you honour of after time, when it
+will be said of you how once on a time Phalinus was sent by the great
+king to bid certain Hellenes yield up their arms, and when they had
+taken him into their counsel, he gave them such and such advice. You
+know that whatever advice you do give us cannot fail to be reported in
+Hellas."
+
+Clearchus threw out these leading remarks in hopes that this man, who
+was the ambassador from the king, might himself be led to advise them
+not to give up their arms, in which case the Hellenes would be still
+more sanguine and hopeful. But, contrary to his expectation, Phalinus
+turned round and said: "I say that if you have one chance, one hope in
+ten thousand to wage a war with the king successfully, do not give up
+your arms. That is my advice. If, however, you have no chance of
+escape without the king's consent, then I say save yourselves in the
+only way you can." And Clearchus answered: "So, then, that is your      20
+deliberate view? Well, this is our answer, take it back. We conceive
+that in either case, whether we are expected to be friends with the
+king, we shall be worth more as friends if we keep our arms than if we
+yield them to another; or whether we are to go to war, we shall fight
+better with them than without." And Phalinus said: "That answer we
+will repeat; but the king bade me tell you this besides, 'Whilst you
+remain here there is truce; but one step forward or one step back, the
+truce ends; there is war.' Will you then please inform us as to that
+point also? Are you minded to stop and keep truce, or is there to be
+war? What answer shall I take from you?" And Clearchus replied: "Pray
+answer that we hold precisely the same views on this point as the
+king."--"How say you the same views?" asked Phalinus. Clearchus made
+answer: "As long as we stay here there is truce, but a step forward or
+a step backward, the truce ends; there is war." The other again asked:
+"Peace or war, what answer shall I make?" Clearchus returned answer
+once again in the same words: "Truce if we stop, but if we move
+forwards or backwards war." But what he was minded really to do, that
+he refused to make further manifest.
+
+
+
+
+II
+
+Phalinus and those that were with him turned and went. But the          1
+messengers from Ariaeus, Procles and Cheirisophus came back. As to
+Menon, he stayed behind with Ariaeus, They brought back this answer
+from Ariaeus: "'There are many Persians,' he says, 'better than
+himself who will not suffer him to sit upon the king's throne; but if
+you are minded to go back with him, you must join him this very night,
+otherwise he will set off himself to-morrow on the homeward route.'"
+And Clearchus said: "It had best stand thus between us then. If we
+come, well and good, be it as you propose; but if we do not come, do
+whatsoever you think most conducive to your interests." And so he kept
+these also in the dark as to his real intention.
+
+After this, when the sun was already sinking, he summoned the generals
+and officers, and made the following statement: "Sirs, I sacrificed
+and found the victims unfavourable to an advance against the king.
+After all, it is not so surprising perhaps, for, as I now learn,
+between us and the king flows the river Tigris, navigable for big       3
+vessels, and we could not possibly cross it without boats, and boats
+we have none. On the other hand, to stop here is out of the question,
+for there is no possibility of getting provisions. However, the
+victims were quite agreeable to us joining the friends of Cyrus. This
+is what we must do then. Let each go away and sup on whatever he has.
+At the first sound of the bugle to turn in, get kit and baggage
+together; at the second signal, place them on the baggage animals; and
+at the third, fall in and follow the lead, with the baggage animals on
+the inside protected by the river, and the troops outside." After
+hearing the orders, the generals and officers retired, and did as they
+were bid; and for the future Clearchus led, and the rest followed in
+obedience to his orders, not that they had expressly chosen him, but
+they saw that he alone had the sense and wisdom requisite in a
+general, while the rest were inexperienced (1).
+
+ (1) The MSS. add the words, "The total distance of the route, taking
+    Ephesus in Ionia as the starting point up to the field of battle,
+    consisted of 93 stages, 535 parasangs, or 16,050 furlongs; from
+    the battle-field to Babylon (reckoned a three days' journey) would
+    have been another 360 stades," which may well be an editor's or
+    commentator's marginal note.
+
+Here, under cover of the darkness which descended, the Thracian
+Miltocythes, with forty horsemen and three hundred Thracian infantry,
+deserted to the king; but the rest of the troops--Clearchus leading
+and the rest following in accordance with the orders promulgated--took
+their departure, and about midnight reached their first stage, having
+come up with Ariaeus and his army. They grounded arms just as they
+stood in rank, and the generals and officers of the Hellenes met in
+the tent of Ariaeus. There they exchanged oaths--the Hellenes on the
+one side and Ariaeus with his principal officers on the other--not to
+betray one another, but to be true to each other as allies. The
+Asiatics further solemnly pledged themselves by oath to lead the way
+without treachery. The oaths were ratified by the sacrifice of a bull,
+a wolf (2), a boar, and a ram over a shield. The Hellenes dipped a
+sword, the barbarians a lance, into the blood of the victims.
+
+ (2) It is a question whether the words "a wolf" ought not to be
+    omitted.
+
+As soon as the pledge was taken, Clearchus spoke: "And now, Ariaeus,"
+he said, "since you and we have one expedition in prospect, will you    10
+tell us what you think about the route; shall we return the way we
+came, or have you devised a better?" He answered: "To return the same
+way is to perish to a man by hunger; for at this moment we have no
+provisions whatsoever. During the seventeen last stages, even on our
+way hither, we could extract nothing from the country; or, if there
+was now and again anything, we passed over and utterly consumed it. At
+this time our project is to take another and a longer journey
+certainly, but we shall not be in straits for provisions. The earliest
+stages must be very long, as long as we can make them; the object is
+to put as large a space as possible between us and the royal army;
+once we are two or three days' journey off, the danger is over. The
+king will never overtake us. With a small army he will not dare to dog
+our heels, and with a vast equipment he will lack the power to march
+quickly. Perhaps he, too, may even find a scarcity of provisions.
+There," said he, "you asked for my opinion, see, I have given it."
+
+Here was a plan of the campaign, which was equivalent to a stampede:
+helter-skelter they were to run away, or get into hiding somehow; but
+fortune proved a better general. For as soon as it was day they
+recommenced the journey, keeping the sun on their right, and
+calculating that with the westering rays they would have reached
+villages in the territory of Babylonia, and in this hope they were not
+deceived. While it was yet afternoon, they thought they caught sight
+of some of the enemy's cavalry; and those of the Hellenes who were not
+in rank ran to their ranks; and Ariaeus, who was riding in a wagon to
+nurse a wound, got down and donned his cuirass, the rest of his party
+following his example. Whilst they were arming themselves, the scouts,
+who had been sent forward, came back with the information that they
+were not cavalry but baggage animals grazing. It was at once clear to
+all that they must be somewhere in the neighbourhood of the king's
+encampment. Smoke could actually be seen rising, evidently from
+villages not far ahead. Clearchus hesitated to advance upon the enemy,
+knowing that the troops were tired and hungry; and indeed it was
+already late. On the other hand he had no mind either to swerve from
+his route--guarding against any appearance of flight. Accordingly he    16
+marched straight as an arrow, and with sunset entered the nearest
+villages with his vanguard and took up quarters.
+
+These villages had been thoroughly sacked and dismantled by the royal
+army--down to the very woodwork and furniture of the houses. Still,
+the vanguard contrived to take up their quarters in some sort of
+fashion; but the rear division, coming up in the dark, had to bivouac
+as best they could, one detachment after another; and a great noise
+they made, with hue and cry to one another, so that the enemy could
+hear them; and those in their immediate proximity actually took to
+their heels, left their quarters, and decamped, as was plain enough
+next morning, when not a beast was to be seen, nor sign of camp or
+wreath of smoke anywhere in the neighbourhood. The king, as it would
+appear, was himself quite taken aback by the advent of the army; as he
+fully showed by his proceedings next day.
+
+During the progress of this night the Hellenes had their turn of
+scare--a panic seized them, and there was a noise and clatter, hardly
+to be explained except by the visitation of some sudden terror. But
+Clearchus had with him the Eleian Tolmides, the best herald of his
+time; him he ordered to proclaim silence, and then to give out this
+proclamation of the generals: "Whoever will give any information as to
+who let an ass into the camp shall receive a talent of silver in
+reward." On hearing this proclamation the soldiers made up their minds
+that their fear was baseless, and their generals safe and sound. At
+break of day Clearchus gave the order to the Hellenes to get under
+arms in line of battle, and take up exactly the same position as they
+held on the day of the battle.
+
+
+
+
+III
+
+And now comes the proof of what I stated above--that the king was       1
+utterly taken aback by the sudden apparition of the army; only the day
+before, he had sent and demanded the surrender of their arms--and now,
+with the rising sun, came heralds sent by him to arrange a truce.
+These, having reached the advanced guard, asked for the generals. The
+guard reported their arrival; and Clearchus, who was busy inspecting
+the ranks, sent back word to the heralds that they must await his
+leisure. Having carefully arranged the troops so that from every side
+they might present the appearance of a compact battle line without a    3
+single unarmed man in sight, he summoned the ambassadors, and himself
+went forward to meet them with the soldiers, who for choice
+accoutrement and noble aspect were the flower of his force; a course
+which he had invited the other generals also to adopt.
+
+And now, being face to face with the ambassadors, he questioned them
+as to what their wishes were. They replied that they had come to
+arrange a truce, and were persons competent to carry proposals from
+the king to the Hellenes and from the Hellenes to the king. He
+returned answer to them: "Take back word then to your master, that we
+need a battle first, for we have had no breakfast; and he will be a
+brave man who will dare mention the word 'truce' to Hellenes without
+providing them with breakfast." With this message the heralds rode
+off, but were back again in no time, which was a proof that the king,
+or some one appointed by him to transact the business, was hard by.
+They reported that "the message seemed reasonable to the king; they
+had now come bringing guides who, if a truce were arranged, would
+conduct them where they would get provisions." Clearchus inquired
+"whether the truce was offered to the individual men merely as they
+went and came, or to all alike." "To all," they replied, "until the
+king receives your final answer." When they had so spoken, Clearchus,
+having removed the ambassadors, held a council; and it was resolved to
+make a truce at once, and then quietly to go and secure provisions;
+and Clearchus said: "I agree to the resolution; still I do not propose
+to announce it at once, but to wile away time till the ambassadors
+begin to fear that we have decided against the truce; though I
+suspect," he added, "the same fear will be operative on the minds of
+our soldiers also." As soon as the right moment seemed to have
+arrived, he delivered his answer in favour of the truce, and bade the
+ambassadors at once conduct them to the provisions.
+
+So these led the way; and Clearchus, without relaxing precaution, in
+spite of having secured a truce, marched after them with his army in
+line and himself in command of the rearguard. Over and over again they
+encountered trenches and conduits so full of water that they could not  10
+be crossed without bridges; but they contrived well enough for these
+by means of trunks of palm trees which had fallen, or which they cut
+down for the occasion. And here Clearchus's system of superintendence
+was a study in itself; as he stood with a spear in his left hand and a
+stick in the other; and when it seemed to him there was any dawdling
+among the parties told off to the work, he would pick out the right
+man and down would come the stick; nor, at the same time, was he above
+plunging into the mud and lending a hand himself, so that every one
+else was forced for very shame to display equal alacrity. The men told
+off for the business were the men of thirty years of age; but even the
+elder men, when they saw the energy of Clearchus, could not resist
+lending their aid also. What stimulated the haste of Clearchus was the
+suspicion in his mind that these trenches were not, as a rule, so full
+of water, since it was not the season to irrigate the plain; and he
+fancied that the king had let the water on for the express purpose of
+vividly presenting to the Hellenes the many dangers with which their
+march was threatened at the very start.
+
+Proceeding on their way they reached some villages, where their guides
+indicated to them that they would find provisions. They were found to
+contain plenty of corn, and wine made from palm dates, and an
+acidulated beverage extracted by boiling from the same fruit. As to
+the palm nuts or dates themselves, it was noticeable that the sort
+which we are accustomed to see in Hellas were set aside for the
+domestic servants; those put aside for the masters are picked
+specimens, and are simply marvellous for their beauty and size,
+looking like great golden lumps of amber; some specimens they dried
+and preserved as sweetmeats. Sweet enough they were as an
+accompaniment of wine, but apt to give headache. Here, too, for the
+first time in their lives, the men tasted the brain (1) of the palm. No
+one could help being struck by the beauty of this object, and the
+peculiarity of its delicious flavour; but this, like the dried fruits,
+was exceedingly apt to give headache. When this cabbage or brain has
+been removed from the palm the whole tree withers from top to bottom.
+
+ (1) I.e. the cabbage-like crown.
+
+In these villages they remained three days, and a deputation from the   17
+great king arrived--Tissaphernes and the king's brother-in-law and
+three other Persians--with a retinue of many slaves. As soon as the
+generals of the Hellenes had presented themselves, Tissaphernes opened
+the proceedings with the following speech, through the lips of an
+interpreter: "Men of Hellas, I am your next-door neighbour in Hellas.
+Therefore was it that I, when I saw into what a sea of troubles you
+were fallen, regarded it as a godsend, if by any means I might obtain,
+as a boon from the king, the privilege of bringing you back in safety
+to your own country: and that, I take it, will earn me gratitude from
+you and all Hellas. In this determination I preferred my request to
+the king; I claimed it as a favour which was fairly my due; for was it
+not I who first announced to him the hostile approach of Cyrus? who
+supported that announcement by the aid I brought; who alone among the
+officers confronted with the Hellenes in battle did not flee, but
+charged right through and united my troops with the king inside your
+camp, where he was arrived, having slain Cyrus; it was I, lastly, who
+gave chase to the barbarians under Cyrus, with the help of those here
+present with me at this moment, which are also among the trustiest
+followers of our lord the king. Now, I counsel you to give a moderate
+answer, so that it may be easier for me to carry out my design, if
+haply I may obtain from him some good thing on your behalf."
+
+Thereupon the Hellenes retired and took counsel. Then they answered,
+and Clearchus was their spokesman: "We neither mustered as a body to
+make war against the king, nor was our march conducted with that
+object. But it was Cyrus, as you know, who invented many and divers
+pretexts, that he might take you off your guard, and transport us
+hither. Yet, after a while, when we saw that he was in sore straits,
+we were ashamed in the sight of God and man to betray him, whom we had
+permitted for so long a season to benefit us. But now that Cyrus is
+dead, we set up no claim to his kingdom against the king himself;
+there is neither person nor thing for the sake of which we would care   23
+to injure the king's country; we would not choose to kill him if we
+could, rather we would march straight home, if we were not molested;
+but, God helping us, we will retaliate on all who injure us. On the
+other hand, if any be found to benefit us, we do not mean to be
+outdone in kindly deeds, as far as in us lies."
+
+So he spoke, and Tissaphernes listened and replied: "That answer will
+I take back to the king and bring you word from him again. Until I
+come again, let the truce continue, and we will furnish you with a
+market." All next day he did not come back, and the Hellenes were
+troubled with anxieties, but on the third day he arrived with the news
+that he had obtained from the king the boon he asked; he was permitted
+to save the Hellenes, though there were many gainsayers who argued
+that it was not seemly for the king to let those who had marched
+against him depart in peace. And at last he said: "You may now, if you
+like, take pledges from us, that we will make the countries through
+which you pass friendly to you, and will lead you back without
+treachery into Hellas, and will furnish you with a market; and
+wherever you cannot purchase, we will permit you to take provisions
+from the district. You, on your side, must swear that you will march
+as through a friendly country, without damage--merely taking food and
+drink wherever we fail to supply a market--or, if we afford a market,
+you shall only obtain provisions by paying for them." This was agreed
+to, and oaths and pledges exchanged between them--Tissaphernes and the
+king's brother-in-law upon the one side, and the generals and officers
+of the Hellenes on the other. After this Tissaphernes said: "And now I
+go back to the king; as soon as I have transacted what I have a mind
+to, I will come back, ready equipped, to lead you away to Hellas, and
+to return myself to my own dominion."
+
+
+
+
+IV
+
+After these things the Hellenes and Ariaeus waited for Tissaphernes,    1
+being encamped close to one another: for more than twenty days they
+waited, during which time there came visitors to Ariaeus, his brother
+and other kinsfolk. To those under him came certain other Persians,
+encouraging them and bearing pledges to some of them from the king
+himself--that he would bear no grudge against them on account of the
+part they bore in the expedition against him with Cyrus, or for aught
+else of the things which were past. Whilst these overtures were being
+made, Ariaeus and his friends gave manifest signs of paying less
+attention to the Hellenes, so much so that, if for no other reason,
+the majority of the latter were not well pleased, and they came to
+Clearchus and the other generals, asking what they were waiting for.
+"Do we not know full well," they said, "that the king would give a
+great deal to destroy us, so that other Hellenes may take warning and
+think twice before they march against the king. To-day it suits his
+purpose to induce us to stop here, because his army is scattered; but
+as soon as he has got together another armament, attack us most
+certainly he will. How do we know he is not at this moment digging
+away at trenches, or running up walls, to make our path impassable. It
+is not to be supposed that he will desire us to return to Hellas with
+a tale how a handful of men like ourselves beat the king at his own
+gates, laughed him to scorn, and then came home again." Clearchus
+replied: "I too am keenly aware of all this; but I reason thus: if we
+turn our backs now, they will say, we mean war and are acting contrary
+to the truce, and then what follows? First of all, no one will furnish
+us with a market or means of providing ourselves with food. Next, we
+shall have no one to guide us; moreover, such action on our part will
+be a signal to Ariaeus to hold aloof from us, so that not a friend
+will be left to us; even those who were formerly our friends will now
+be numbered with our enemies. What other river, or rivers, we may find
+we have to cross, I do not know; but this we know, to cross the
+Euphrates in face of resistance is impossible. You see, in the event
+of being driven to an engagement, we have no cavalry to help us, but
+with the enemy it is the reverse--not only the most, but the best of
+his troops are cavalry, so that if we are victorious, we shall kill no
+one, but if we are defeated, not a man of us can escape. For my part,
+I cannot see why the king, who has so many advantages on his side, if   7
+he desires to destroy us, should swear oaths and tender solemn pledges
+merely in order to perjure himself in the sight of heaven, to render
+his word worthless and his credit discreditable the wide world over."
+These arguments he propounded at length.
+
+Meanwhile Tissaphernes came back, apparently ready to return home; he
+had his own force with him, and so had Orontas, who was also present,
+his. The latter brought, moreover, his bride with him, the king's
+daughter, whom he had just wedded. The journey was now at length
+fairly commenced. Tissaphernes led the way, and provided a market.
+They advanced, and Ariaeus advanced too, at the head of Cyrus's
+Asiatic troops, side by side with Tissaphernes and Orontas, and with
+these two he also pitched his camp. The Hellenes, holding them in
+suspicion, marched separately with the guides, and they encamped on
+each occasion a parasang apart, or rather less; and both parties kept
+watch upon each other as if they were enemies, which hardly tended to
+lull suspicion; and sometimes, whilst foraging for wood and grass and
+so forth on the same ground, blows were exchanged, which occasioned
+further embitterments. Three stages they had accomplished ere they
+reached the wall of Media, as it is called, and passed within it. It
+was built of baked bricks laid upon bitumen. It was twenty feet broad
+and a hundred feet high, and the length of it was said to be twenty
+parasangs. It lies at no great distance from Babylon.
+
+From this point they marched two stages--eight parasangs--and crossed
+two canals, the first by a regular bridge, the other spanned by a
+bridge of seven boats. These canals issued from the Tigris, and from
+them a whole system of minor trenches was cut, leading over the
+country, large ones to begin with, and then smaller and smaller, till
+at last they become the merest runnels, like those in Hellas used for
+watering millet fields. They reached the river Tigris. At this point
+there was a large and thickly populated city named Sittace, at a        13
+distance of fifteen furlongs from the river. The Hellenes accordingly
+encamped by the side of that city, near a large and beautiful park,
+which was thick with all sorts of trees.
+
+The Asiatics had crossed the Tigris, but somehow were entirely hidden
+from view. After supper, Proxenus and Xenophon were walking in front
+of the place d'armes, when a man came up and demanded of the advanced
+guard where he could find Proxenus or Clearchus. He did not ask for
+Menon, and that too though he came from Ariaeus, who was Menon's
+friend. As soon as Proxenus had said: "I am he, whom you seek," the
+man replied: "I have been sent by Ariaeus and Artaozus, who have been
+trusty friends to Cyrus in past days, and are your well-wishers. They
+warn you to be on your guard, in case the barbarians attack you in the
+night. There is a large body of troops in the neighbouring park. They
+also warn you to send and occupy the bridge over the Tigris, since
+Tissaphernes is minded to break it down in the night, if he can, so
+that you may not cross, but be caught between the river and the
+canal." On hearing this they took the man to Clearchus and acquainted
+him with his statement. Clearchus, on his side, was much disturbed,
+and indeed alarmed at the news. But a young fellow who was present (1),
+struck with an idea, suggested that the two statements were
+inconsistent; as to the contemplated attack and the proposed
+destruction of the bridge. Clearly, the attacking party must either
+conquer or be worsted: if they conquer, what need of their breaking
+down the bridge? "Why! if there were half a dozen bridges," said he,
+"we should not be any the more able to save ourselves by flight--there
+would be no place to flee to; but, in the opposite case, suppose we
+win, with the bridge broken down, it is they who will not be able to
+save themselves by flight; and, what is worse for them, not a single
+soul will be able to bring them succour from the other side, for all
+their numbers, since the bridge will be broken down."
+
+ (1) Possibly Xenophon himself.
+
+Clearchus listened to the reasoning, and then he asked the messenger,
+"How large the country between the Tigris and the canal might be?" "A   21
+large district," he replied, "and in it are villages and cities
+numerous and large." Then it dawned upon them: the barbarians had sent
+the man with subtlety, in fear lest the Hellenes should cut the bridge
+and occupy the island territory, with the strong defences of the
+Tigris on the one side and of the canal on the other; supplying
+themselves with provisions from the country so included, large and
+rich as it was, with no lack of hands to till it; in addition to
+which, a harbour of refuge and asylum would be found for any one, who
+was minded to do the king a mischief.
+
+After this they retired to rest in peace, not, however, neglecting to
+send a guard to occupy the bridge in spite of all, and there was no
+attack from any quarter whatsoever; nor did any of the enemy's people
+approach the bridges: so the guards were able to report next morning.
+But as soon as it was morning, they proceeded to cross the bridge,
+which consisted of thirty-seven vessels, and in so doing they used the
+utmost precaution possible; for reports were brought by some of the
+Hellenes with Tissaphernes that an attempt was to be made to attack
+them while crossing. All this turned out to be false, though it is
+true that while crossing they did catch sight of Glus watching, with
+some others, to see if they crossed the river; but as soon as he had
+satisfied himself on that point, he rode off and was gone.
+
+From the river Tigris they advanced four stages--twenty parasangs--to
+the river Physcus, which is a hundred feet broad and spanned by a
+bridge. Here lay a large and populous city named Opis, close to which
+the Hellenes were encountered by the natural brother of Cyrus and
+Artaxerxes, who was leading a large army from Susa and Ecbatana to
+assist the king. He halted his troops and watched the Helleens march
+past. Clearchus led them in column two abreast: and from time to time
+the vanguard came to a standstill, just so often and just so long the
+effect repeated itself down to the hindmost man: halt! halt! halt!
+along the whole line: so that even to the Hellenes themselves their
+army seemed enormous; and the Persian was fairly astonished at the
+spectacle.
+
+From this place they marched through Media six desert stages--thirty    27
+parasangs--to the villages of Parysatis, Cyrus's and the king's
+mother. These Tissaphernes, in mockery of Cyrus, delivered over to the
+Hellenes to plunder, except that the folk in them were not to be made
+slaves. They contained much corn, cattle, and other property. From
+this place they advanced four desert stages--twenty parasangs--keeping
+the Tigris on the left. On the first of these stages, on the other
+side of the river, lay a large city; it was a well-to-do place named
+Caenae, from which the natives used to carry across loaves and cheeses
+and wine on rafts made of skins.
+
+
+
+
+V
+
+After this they reached the river Zapatas (1), which is four hundred     1
+feet broad, and here they halted three days. During the interval
+suspicions were rife, though no act of treachery displayed itself.
+Clearchus accordingly resolved to bring to an end these feelings of
+mistrust, before they led to war. Consequently, he sent a messenger to
+the Persian to say that he desired an interview with him; to which the
+other readily consented. As soon as they were met, Clearchus spoke as
+follows: "Tissaphernes," he said, "I do not forget that oaths have
+been exchanged between us, and right hands shaken, in token that we
+will abstain from mutual injury; but I can see that you watch us
+narrowly, as if we were foes; and we, seeing this, watch you narrowly
+in return. But as I fail to discover, after investigation, that you
+are endeavouring to do us a mischief--and I am quite sure that nothing
+of the sort has ever entered our heads with regard to you--the best
+plan seemed to me to come and talk the matter over with you, so that,
+if possible, we might dispel the mutual distrust on either side. For I
+have known people ere now, the victims in some cases of calumny, or
+possibly of mere suspicion, who in apprehension of one another and
+eager to deal the first blow, have committed irreparable wrong against
+those who neither intended nor so much as harboured a thought of
+mischief against them. I have come to you under a conviction that such  6
+misunderstandings may best be put a stop to by personal intercourse,
+and I wish to instruct you plainly that you are wrong in mistrusting
+us. The first and weightiest reason is that the oaths, which we took
+in the sight of heaven, are a barrier to mutual hostility. I envy not
+the man whose conscience tells him that he has disregarded these! For
+in a war with heaven, by what swiftness of foot can a man escape?--in
+what quarter find refuge?--in what darkness slink away and be hid?--to
+what strong fortress scale and be out of reach? Are not all things in
+all ways subject to the gods? is not their lordship over all alike
+outspread? As touching the gods, therefore, and our oaths, that is how
+I view this matter. To their safe keeping we consigned the friendship
+which we solemnly contracted. But turning to matters human, you I look
+upon as our greatest blessing in this present time. With you every
+path is plain to us, every river passable, and of provisions we shall
+know no stint. But without you, all our way is through darkness; for
+we known nothing concerning it, every river will be an obstacle, each
+multitude a terror; but, worst terror of all, the vast wilderness, so
+full of endless perplexity. Nay, if in a fit of madness we murdered
+you, what then? in slaying our benefactor should we not have
+challenged to enter the lists against us a more formidable antagonist
+in the king himself? Let me tell you, how many high hopes I should rob
+myself of, were I to take in hand to do you mischief.
+
+ (1) The Greater Zab, which flows into the Tigris near a town now
+    called Senn, with which most travellers identify Caenae.
+
+"I coveted the friendship of Cyrus; I believed him to be abler than
+any man of his day to benefit those whom he chose; but to-day I look
+and, behold, it is you who are in his place; the power which belonged   11
+to Cyrus and his territory are yours now. You have them, and your own
+satrapy besides, safe and sound; while the king's power, which was a
+thorn in the side of Cyrus, is your support. This being so, it would
+be madness not to wish to be your friend. But I will go further and
+state to you the reasons of my confidence, that you on your side will
+desire our friendship. I know that the Mysians are a cause of trouble
+to you, and I flatter myself that with my present force I could render
+them humbly obedient to you. This applies to the Pisidians also; and I
+am told there are many other such tribes besides. I think I can deal
+with them all; they shall cease from being a constant disturbance to
+your peace and prosperity. Then there are the Egyptians (2). I know
+your anger against them to-day is very great. Nor can I see what
+better force you will find to help you in chastising them than this
+which marches at my back to-day. Again, if you seek the friendship of
+any of your neighbours round, there shall be no friend so great as
+you; if any one annoys you, with us as your faithful servitors you
+shall belord it over him; and such service we will render you, not as
+hirelings merely for pay's sake, but for the gratitude which we shall
+rightly feel to you, to whom we owe our lives. As I dwell on these
+matters, I confess, the idea of your feeling mistrust of us is so
+astonishing, that I would give much to discover the name of the man,
+who is so clever of speech that he can persuade you that we harbour
+designs against you." Clearchus ended, and Tissaphernes responded
+thus--
+
+ (2) We learn from Diodorus Siculus, xiv. 35, that the Egyptians had
+    revolted from the Persians towards the end of the reign of Darius.
+
+"I am glad, Clearchus, to listen to your sensible remarks; for with
+the sentiments you hold, if you were to devise any mischief against
+me, it could only be out of malevolence to yourself. But if you
+imagine that you, on your side, have any better reason to mistrust the
+king and me, than we you, listen to me in turn, and I will undeceive
+you. I ask you, does it seem to you that we lack the means, if we had
+the will, to destroy you? have we not horsemen enough, or infantry, or
+whatever other arm you like, whereby we may be able to injure you,
+without risk of suffering in return? or, possibly, do we seem to you    17
+to lack the physical surroundings suitable for attacking you? Do you
+not see all these great plains, which you find it hard enough to
+traverse even when they are friendly? and all yonder great mountain
+chains left for you to cross, which we can at any time occupy in
+advance and render impassable? and all those rivers, on whose banks we
+can deal craftily by you, checking and controlling and choosing the
+right number of you whom we care to fight! Nay, there are some which
+you will not be able to cross at all, unless we transport you to the
+other side.
+
+"And if at all these points we were worsted, yet 'fire,' as they say,
+'is stronger than the fruit of the field': we can burn it down and
+call up famine in arms against you; against which you, for all your
+bravery, will never be able to contend. Why then, with all these
+avenues of attack, this machinery of war, open to us, not one of which
+can be turned against ourselves, why should we select from among them
+all that method, which alone in the sight of God is impious and of man
+abominable? Surely it belongs to people altogether without resources,
+who are helplessly struggling in the toils of fate, and are villains
+to boot, to seek accomplishment of their desires by perjury to heaven
+and faithlessness to their fellows. We are not so unreasoning,
+Clearchus, nor so foolish.
+
+"Why, when we had it in our power to destroy you, did we not proceed
+to do it? Know well that the cause of this was nothing less than my
+passion to prove myself faithful to the Hellenes, and that, as Cyrus
+went up, relying on a foreign force attracted by payment, I in turn
+might go down strong in the same through service rendered. Various
+ways in which you Hellenes may be useful to me you yourself have
+mentioned, but there is one still greater. It is the great king's
+privilege alone to wear the tiara upright upon his head, yet in your
+presence it may be given to another mortal to wear it upright, here,
+upon his heart."
+
+Throughout this speech he seemed to Clearchus to be speaking the
+truth, and he rejoined: "Then are not those worthy of the worst         24
+penalties who, in spite of all that exists to cement our friendship,
+endeavour by slander to make us enemies?" "Even so," replied
+Tissaphernes, "and if your generals and captains care to come in some
+open and public way, I will name to you those who tell me that you are
+plotting against me and the army under me." "Good," replied Clearchus.
+"I will bring all, and I will show you, on my side, the source from
+which I derive my information concerning you."
+
+After this conversation Tissaphernes, with kindliest expression,
+invited Clearchus to remain with him at the time, and entertained him
+at dinner. Next day Clearchus returned to the camp, and made no secret
+of his persuasion that he at any rate stood high in the affections of
+Tissaphernes, and he reported what he had said, insisting that those
+invited ought to go to Tissaphernes, and that any Hellene convicted of
+calumnious language ought to be punished, not only as traitors
+themselves, but as disaffected to their fellow-countrymen. The
+slanderer and traducer was Menon; so, at any rate, he suspected,
+because he knew that he had had meetings with Tissaphernes whilst he
+was with Ariaeus, and was factiously opposed to himself, plotting how
+to win over the whole army to him, as a means of winning the good
+graces of Tissaphernes. But Clearchus wanted the entire army to give
+its mind to no one else, and that refractory people should be put out
+of the way. Some of the soldiers protested: the captains and generals
+had better not all go; it was better not to put too much confidence in
+Tissaphernes. But Clearchus insisted so strongly that finally it was
+arranged for five generals to go and twenty captains. These were
+accompanied by about two hundred of the other soldiers, who took the
+opportunity of marketing.
+
+On arrival at the doors of Tissaphernes's quarters the generals were
+summoned inside. They were Proxenus the Boeotian, Menon the
+Thessalian, Agias the Arcadian, Clearchus the Laconian, and Socrates
+the Achaean; while the captains remained at the doors. Not long after
+that, at one and the same signal, those within were seized and those
+without cut down; after which some of the barbarian horsemen galloped
+over the plain, killing every Hellene they encountered, bond or free.   32
+The Hellenes, as they looked from the camp, viewed that strange
+horsemanship with surprise, and could not explain to themselves what
+it all meant, until Nicarchus the Arcadian came tearing along for bare
+life with a wound in the belly, and clutching his protruding entrails
+in his hands. He told them all that had happened. Instantly the
+Hellenes ran to their arms, one and all, in utter consternation, and
+fully expecting that the enemy would instantly be down upon the camp.
+However, they did not all come; only Ariaeus came, and Artaozus and
+Mithridates, who were Cyrus's most faithful friends; but the
+interpreter of the Hellenes said he saw and recognised the brother of
+Tissaphernes also with them. They had at their back other Persians
+also, armed with cuirasses, as many as three hundred. As soon as they
+were within a short distance, they bade any general or captain of the
+Hellenes who might be there to approach and hear a message from the
+king. After this, two Hellene generals went out with all precaution.
+These were Cleanor the Orchomenian (3), and Sophaenetus the
+Stymphalion, attended by Xenophon the Athenian, who went to learn news
+of Proxenus. Cheirisophus was at the time away in a village with a
+party gathering provisions. As soon as they had halted within earshot,
+Ariaeus said: "Hellenes, Clearchus being shown to have committed
+perjury and to have broken the truce, has suffered the penalty, and he
+is dead; but Proxenus and Menon, in return for having given
+information of his treachery, are in high esteem and honour. As to
+yourselves, the king demands your arms. He claims them as his, since
+they belonged to Cyrus, who was his slave." To this the Hellenes made
+answer by the mouth of Cleanor of Orchomenus, their spokesman, who
+said, addressing Ariaeus: "Thou villain, Ariaeus, and you the rest of
+you, who were Cyrus's friends, have you no shame before God or man,
+first to swear to us that you have the same friends and the same
+enemies as we ourselves, and then to turn and betray us, making common
+cause with Tissaphernes, that most impious and villainous of men? With
+him you have murdered the very men to whom you gave your solemn word
+and oath, and to the rest of us turned traitors; and, having so done,   39
+you join hand with our enemies to come against us." Ariaeus answered:
+"There is no doubt but that Clearchus has been known for some time to
+harbour designs against Tissaphernes and Orontas, and all of us who
+side with them." Taking up this assertion, Xenophon said: "Well, then,
+granting that Clearchus broke the truce contrary to our oaths, he has
+his deserts, for perjurers deserve to perish; but where are Proxenus
+and Menon, our generals and your good friends and benefactors, as you
+admit? Send them back to us. Surely, just because they are friends of
+both parites, they will try to give us the best advice for you and for
+us."
+
+At this, the Asiatics stood discussing with one another for a long
+while, and then they went away without vouchsafing a word.
+
+
+
+
+VI
+
+The generals who were thus seized were taken up to the king and there   1
+decapitated. The first of these, Clearchus, was a thorough soldier,
+and a true lover of fighting. This is the testimony of all who knew
+him intimately. As long as the war between the Lacedaemonians and
+Athenians lasted, he could find occupation at home; but after the
+peace, he persuaded his own city that the Thracians were injuring the
+Hellenes, and having secured his object, set sail, empowered by the
+ephorate to make war upon the Thracians north of the Chersonese and
+Perinthus. But he had no sooner fairly started than, for some reason
+or other, the ephors changed their minds, and endeavoured to bring him
+back again from the isthmus. Thereupon he refused further obedience,
+and went off with sails set for the Hellespont. In consequence he was
+condemned to death by the Spartan authorities for disobedience to
+orders; and now, finding himself an exile, he came to Cyrus. Working
+on the feelings of that prince, in language described elsewhere, he
+received from his entertainer a present of ten thousand darics. Having
+got this money, he did not sink into a life of ease and indolence, but
+collected an army with it, carried on war against the Thracians, and    5
+conquered them in battle, and from that date onwards harried and
+plundered them with war incessantly, until Cyrus wanted his army;
+whereupon he at once went off, in hopes of finding another sphere of
+warfare in his company.
+
+These, I take it, were the characteristic acts of a man whose
+affections are set on warfare. When it is open to him to enjoy peace
+with honour, no shame, no injury attached, still he prefers war; when
+he may live at home at ease, he insists on toil, if only it may end in
+fighting; when it is given to him to keep his riches without risk, he
+would rather lessen his fortune by the pastime of battle. To put it
+briefly, war was his mistress; just as another man will spend his
+fortune on a favourite, or to gratify some pleasure, so he chose to
+squander his substance on soldiering.
+
+But if the life of a soldier was a passion with him, he was none the
+less a soldier born, as herein appears; danger was a delight to him;
+he courted it, attacking the enemy by night or by day; and in
+difficulties he did not lose his head, as all who ever served in a
+campaign with him would with one consent allow. A good solder! the
+question arises, Was he equally good as a commander? It must be
+admitted that, as far as was compatible with his quality of temper, he
+was; none more so. Capable to a singular degree of devising how his
+army was to get supplies, and of actually getting them, he was also
+capable of impressing upon those about him that Clearchus must be
+obeyed; and that he brought about by the very hardness of his nature.
+With a scowling expression and a harshly-grating voice, he chastised
+with severity, and at times with such fury, that he was sorry
+afterwards himself for what he had done. Yet it was not without
+purpose that he applied the whip; he had a theory that there was no
+good to be got out of an unchastened army. A saying of his is recorded
+to the effect that the soldier who is to mount guard and keep his
+hands off his friends, and be ready to dash without a moment's
+hesitation against the foe--must fear his commander more than the
+enemy. Accordingly, in any strait, this was the man whom the soldiers
+were eager to obey, and they would have no other in his place. The      11
+cloud which lay upon his brow, at those times lit up with brightness;
+his face became radiant, and the old sternness was so charged with
+vigour and knitted strength to meet the foe, that it savoured of
+salvation, not of cruelty. But when the pinch of danger was past, and
+it was open to them to go and taste subordination under some other
+officer, many forsook him. So lacking in grace of manner was he; but
+was ever harsh and savage, so that the feeling of the soldiers towards
+him was that of schoolboys to a master. In other words, though it was
+not his good fortune ever to have followers inspired solely by
+friendship or goodwill, yet those who found themselves under him,
+either by State appointment or through want, or other arch necessity,
+yielded him implicit obedience. From the moment that he led them to
+victory, the elements which went to make his soldiers efficient were
+numerous enough. There was the feeling of confidence in facing the
+foe, which never left them, and there was the dread of punishment at
+his hands to keep them orderly. In this way and to this extent he knew
+how to rule; but to play a subordinate part himself he had no great
+taste; so, at any rate, it was said. At the time of his death he must
+have been about fifty years of age.
+
+Proxenus, the Boeotian, was of a different temperament. It had been
+the dream of his boyhood to become a man capable of great
+achievements. In obedience to this passionate desire it was, that he
+paid his fee to Gorgias of Leontini (1). After enojoying that teacher's
+society, he flattered himself that he must be at once qualified to
+rule; and while he was on friendly terms with the leaders of the age,
+he was not to be outdone in reciprocity of service (2). In this mood he  17
+threw himself into the projects of Cyrus, and in return expected to
+derive from this essay the reward of a great name, large power, and
+wide wealth. But for all that he pitched his hopes so high, it was
+none the less evident that he would refuse to gain any of the ends he
+set before him wrongfully. Righteously and honourably he would obtain
+them, if he might, or else forego them. As a commander he had the art
+of leading gentlemen, but he failed to inspire adequately either
+respect for himself or fear in the soldiers under him. Indeed, he
+showed a more delicate regard for his soldiers than his subordinates
+for him, and he was indisputably more apprehensive of incurring their
+hatred than they were of losing their fidelity. The one thing needful
+to real and recognised generalship was, he thought, to praise the
+virtuous and to withhold praise from the evildoer. It can be easily
+understood, then, that of those who were brought in contact with him,
+the good and noble indeed were his well-wishers; but he laid himself
+open to the machinations of the base, who looked upon him as a person
+to be dealt with as they liked. At the time of his death he was only
+thirty years of age.
+
+ (1) The famous rhetorician of Leontini, 485-380 B.C. His fee was 100
+    minae.
+
+ (2) Proxenus, like Cyrus, is to some extent a prototype of the Cyrus
+    of the "Cyropaedia." In other words, the author, in delineating
+    the portrait of his ideal prince, drew from the recollection of
+    many princely qualities observed by him in the characters of many
+    friends. Apart from the intrinsic charm of the story, the
+    "Anabasis" is interesting as containing the raw material of
+    experience and reflection which "this young scholar or
+    philosopher," our friend, the author, will one day turn to
+    literary account.
+
+As to Menon the Thessalian (3), the mainspring of his action was
+obvious; what he sought after insatiably was wealth. Rule he sought
+after only as a stepping-stone to larger spoils. Honours and high
+estate he craved for simply that he might extend the area of his
+gains; and if he studied to be on friendly terms with the powerful, it
+was in order that he might commit wrong with impunity. The shortest
+road to the achievement of his desires lay, he thought, through false
+swearing, lying, and cheating; for in his vocabulary simplicity and
+truth were synonyms of folly. Natural affection he clearly entertained
+for nobody. If he called a man his friend it might be looked upon as    23
+certain that he was bent on ensnaring him. Laughter at an enemy he
+considered out of place, but his whole conversation turned upon the
+ridicule of his associates. In like manner, the possessions of his
+foes were secure from his designs, since it was no easy task, he
+thought, to steal from people on their guard; but it was his
+particular good fortune to have discovered how easy it is to rob a
+friend in the midst of his security. If it were a perjured person or a
+wrongdoer, he dreaded him as well armed and intrenched; but the
+honourable and the truth-loving he tried to practise on, regarding
+them as weaklings devoid of manhood. And as other men pride themselves
+on piety and truth and righteousness, so Menon prided himself on a
+capacity for fraud, on the fabrication of lies, on the mockery and
+scorn of friends. The man who was not a rogue he ever looked upon as
+only half educated. Did he aspire to the first place in another man's
+friendship, he set about his object by slandering those who stood
+nearest to him in affection. He contrived to secure the obedience of
+his solders by making himself an accomplice in their misdeeds, and the
+fluency with which he vaunted his own capacity and readiness for
+enormous guilt was a sufficient title to be honoured and courted by
+them. Or if any one stood aloof from him, he set it down as a
+meritorious act of kindness on his part that during their intercourse
+he had not robbed him of existence.
+
+ (3) For a less repulsive conception of Menon's character, however
+    unhistorical, see Plato's "Meno," and Prof. Jowlett's
+    Introduction, "Plato," vol. i. p. 265: "He is a Thessalian
+    Alcibiades, rich and luxurious--a spoilt child of fortune."
+
+As to certain obscure charges brought against his character, these may
+certainly be fabrications. I confine myself to the following facts,
+which are known to all. He was in the bloom of youth when he procured
+from Aristippus the command of his mercenaries; he had not yet lost
+that bloom when he became exceedingly intimate with Ariaeus, a
+barbarian, whose liking for fair young men was the explanation; and
+before he had grown a beard himself, he had contracted a similar
+relationship with a bearded favourite named Tharypas. When his
+fellow-generals were put to death on the plea that they had marched
+with Cyrus against the king, he alone, although he had shared their
+conduct, was exempted from their fate. But after their deaths the
+vengeance of the king fell upon him, and he was put to death, not like  29
+Clearchus and the others by what would appear to be the speediest of
+deaths--decapitation--but, as report says, he lived for a year in pain
+and disgrace and died the death of a felon.
+
+Agias the Arcadian and Socrates the Achaean were both among the
+sufferers who were put to death. To the credit, be it said, of both,
+no one ever derided either as cowardly in war: no one ever had a fault
+to find with either on the score of friendship. They were both about
+thirty-five years of age.
+
+
+
+
+
+BOOK III
+
+ (In the preceding pages of the narrative will be found a full
+account, not only of the doings of the Hellenes during the
+advance of Cyrus till the date of the battle, but of the
+incidents which befell them after Cyrus' death at the
+commencement of the retreat, while in company with
+Tissaphernes during the truce.)
+
+
+
+
+I
+
+After the generals had been seized, and the captains and soldiers who   1
+formed their escort had been killed, the Hellenes lay in deep
+perplexity--a prey to painful reflections. Here were they at the
+king's gates, and on every side environing them were many hostile
+cities and tribes of men. Who was there now to furnish them with a
+market? Separated from Hellas by more than a thousand miles, they had
+not even a guide to point the way. Impassable rivers lay athwart their
+homeward route, and hemmed them in. Betrayed even by the Asiatics, at
+whose side they had marched with Cyrus to the attack, they were left
+in isolation. Without a single mounted trooper to aid them in pursuit:
+was it not perfectly plain that if they won a battle, their enemies
+would escape to a man, but if they were beaten themselves, not one
+soul of them would survive?
+
+Haunted by such thoughts, and with hearts full of despair, but few of
+them tasted food that evening; but few of them kindled even a fire,
+and many never came into camp at all that night, but took their rest
+where each chanced to be. They could not close their eyes for very
+pain and yearning after their fatherlands or their parents, the wife
+or child whom they never expected to look upon again. Such was the
+plight in which each and all tried to seek repose.
+
+Now there was in that host a certain man, an Athenian (1), Xenophon,
+who had accompanied Cyrus, neither as a general, nor as an officer,
+nor yet as a private soldier, but simply on the invitation of an old
+friend, Proxenus. This old friend had sent to fetch him from home,
+promising, if he would come, to introduce him to Cyrus, "whom," said
+Proxenus, "I consider to be worth my fatherland and more to me."
+
+ (1) The reader should turn to Grote's comments on the first appearance
+    of Xenophon. He has been mentioned before, of course, more than
+    once before; but he now steps, as the protagonist, upon the scene,
+    and as Grote says: "It is in true Homeric vein, and in something
+    like Homeric language, that Xenophon (to whom we owe the whole
+    narrative of the expedition) describes his dream, or the
+    intervention of Oneiros, sent by Zeus, from which this renovating
+    impulse took its rise."
+
+Xenophon having read the letter, consulted Socrates the Athenian,
+whether he should accept or refuse the invitation. Socrates, who had a
+suspicion that the State of Athens might in some way look askance at
+my friendship with Cyrus, whose zealous co-operation with the
+Lacedaemonians against Athens in the war was not forgotten, advised
+Xenophon to go to Delphi and there to consult the god as to the
+desirability of such a journey. Xenophon went and put the question to
+Apollo, to which of the gods he must pray and do sacrifice, so that he
+might best accomplish his intended journey and return in safety, with
+good fortune. Then Apollo answered him: "To such and such gods must
+thou do sacrifice," and when he had returned home he reported to
+Socrates the oracle. But he, when he heard, blamed Xenophon that he
+had not, in the first instance, inquired of the god, whether it were
+better for him to go or to stay, but had taken on himself to settle
+that point affirmatively, by inquiring straightway, how he might best   7
+perform the journey. "Since, however," continued Socrates, "you did so
+put the question, you should do what the god enjoined." Thus, and
+without further ado, Xenophon offered sacrifice to those whom the god
+had named, and set sail on his voyage. He overtook Proxenus and Cyrus
+at Sardis, when they were just ready to start on the march up country,
+and was at once introduced to Cyrus. Proxenus eagerly pressed him to
+stop--a request which Cyrus with like ardour supported, adding that as
+soon as the campaign was over he would send him home. The campaign
+referred to was understood to be against the Pisidians. That is how
+Xenophon came to join the expedition, deceived indeed, though not by
+Proxenus, who was equally in the dark with the rest of the Hellenes,
+not counting Clearchus, as to the intended attack upon the king. Then,
+though the majority were in apprehension of the journey, which was not
+at all to their minds, yet, for very shame of one another and Cyrus,
+they continued to follow him, and with the rest went Xenophon.
+
+And now in this season of perplexity, he too, with the rest, was in
+sore distress, and could not sleep; but anon, getting a snatch of
+sleep, he had a dream. It seemed to him in a vision that there was a
+storm of thunder and lightning, and a bolt fell on his father's house,
+and thereupon the house was all in a blaze. He sprung up in terror,
+and pondering the matter, decided that in part the dream was good: in
+that he had seen a great light from Zeus, whilst in the midst of toil
+and danger. But partly too he feared it, for evidently it had come
+from Zeus the king. And the fire kindled all around--what could that
+mean but that he was hemmed in by various perplexities, and so could
+not escape from the country of the king? The full meaning, however, is
+to be discovered from what happened after the dream.
+
+This is what took place. As soon as he was fully awake, the first
+clear thought which came into his head was, Why am I lying here? The
+night advances; with the day, it is like enough, the enemy will be
+upon us. If we are to fall into the hands of the king, what is left us
+but to face the most horrible of sights, and to suffer the most         13
+fearful pains, and then to die, insulted, an ignominious death? To
+defend ourselves--to ward off that fate--not a hand stirs: no one is
+preparing, none cares; but here we lie, as though it were time to rest
+and take our ease. I too! what am I waiting for? a general to
+undertake the work? and from what city? am I waiting till I am older
+mysef and of riper age? older I shall never be, if to-day I betray
+myself to my enemies.
+
+Thereupon he got up, and called together first Proxenus's officers;
+and when they were met, he said: "Sleep, sirs, I cannot, nor can you,
+I fancy, nor lie here longer, when I see in what straits we are. Our
+enemy, we may be sure, did not open war upon us till he felt he had
+everything amply ready; yet none of us shows a corresponding anxiety
+to enter the lists of battle in the bravest style.
+
+"And yet, if we yield ourselves and fall into the king's power, need
+we ask what our fate will be? This man, who, when his own brother, the
+son of the same parents, was dead, was not content with that, but
+severed head and hand from the body, and nailed them to a cross. We,
+then, who have not even the tie of blood in our favour, but who
+marched against him, meaning to make a slave of him instead of a
+king--and to slay him if we could: what is likely to be our fate at
+his hands? Will he not go all lengths so that, by inflicting on us the
+extreme of ignominy and torture, he may rouse in the rest of mankind a
+terror of ever marching against him any more? There is no question but
+that our business is to avoid by all means getting into his clutches.
+
+"For my part, all the while the truce lasted, I never ceased pitying
+ourselves and congratulating the king and those with him, as, like a
+helpless spectator, I surveyed the extent and quality of their
+territory, the plenteousness of their provisions, the multitude of
+their dependants, their cattle, their gold, and their apparel. And
+then to turn and ponder the condition of our soldiers, without part or
+lot in these good things, except we bought it; few, I knew, had any
+longer the wherewithal to buy, and yet our oath held us down, so that
+we could not provide ourselves otherwise than by purchase. I say, as I  21
+reasoned thus, there were times when I dreaded the truce more than I
+now dread war.
+
+"Now, however, that they have abruptly ended the truce, there is an
+end also to their own insolence and to our suspicion. All these good
+things of theirs are now set as prizes for the combatants. To
+whichsoever of us shall prove the better men, will they fall as
+guerdons; and the gods themselves are the judges of the strife. The
+gods, who full surely will be on our side, seeing it is our enemies
+who have taken their names falsely; whilst we, with much to lure us,
+yet for our oath's sake, and the gods who were our witnesses, sternly
+held aloof. So that, it seems to me, we have a right to enter upon
+this contest with much more heart than our foes; and further, we are
+possessed of bodies more capable than theirs of bearing cold and heat
+and labour; souls too we have, by the help of heaven, better and
+braver; nay, the men themselves are more vulnerable, more mortal, than
+ourselves, if so be the gods vouchsafe to give us victory once again.
+
+"Howbeit, for I doubt not elsewhere similar reflections are being
+made, whatsoever betide, let us not, in heaven's name, wait for others
+to come and challenge us to noble deeds; let us rather take the lead
+in stimulating the rest to valour. Show yourselves to be the bravest
+of officers, and among generals, the worthiest to command. For myself,
+if you choose to start forwards on this quest, I will follow; or, if
+you bid me lead you, my age shall be no excuse to stand between me and
+your orders. At least I am of full age, I take it, to avert misfortune
+from my own head."
+
+Such were the speaker's words; and the officers, when they heard, all,
+with one exception, called upon him to put himself at their head. This
+was a certain Apollonides there present, who spoke in the Boeotian
+dialect. This man's opinion was that it was mere nonsense for any one
+to pretend they could obtain safety otherwise than by an appeal to the
+king, if he had skill to enforce it; and at the same time he began to
+dilate on the difficulties. But Xenophon cut him short. "O most
+marvellous of men! though you have eyes to see, you do not perceive;
+though you have ears to hear, you do not recollect. You were present    27
+with the rest of us now here when, after the death of Cyrus, the king,
+vaunting himself on that occurrence, sent dictatorially to bid us lay
+down our arms. But when we, instead of giving up our arms, put them on
+and went and pitched our camp near him, his manner changed. It is hard
+to say what he did not do, he was so at his wit's end, sending us
+embassies and begging for a truce, and furnishing provisions the
+while, until he had got it. Or to take the contrary instance, when
+just now, acting precisely on your principles, our generals and
+captains went, trusting to the truce, unarmed to a conference with
+them, what came of it? what is happening at this instant? Beaten,
+goaded with pricks, insulted, poor souls, they cannot even die: though
+death, I ween, would be very sweet. And you, who know all this, how
+can you say that it is mere nonsense to talk of self-defence? how can
+you bid us go again and try the arts of persuasion? In my opinion,
+sirs, we ought not to admit this fellow to the same rank with
+ourselves; rather ought we to deprive him of his captaincy, and load
+him with packs and treat him as such. The man is a disgrace to his own
+fatherland and the whole of Hellas, that, being a Hellene, he is what
+he is."
+
+Here Agasias the Stymphalian broke in, exclaiming: "Nay, this fellow
+has no connection either with Boeotia or with Hellas, none whatever. I
+have noted both his ears bored like a Lydian's." And so it was. Him
+then they banished. But the rest visited the ranks, and wherever a
+general was left, they summoned the general; where he was gone, the
+lieutenant-general; and where again the captain alone was left, the
+captain. As soon as they were all met, they seated themselves in front
+of the place d'armes: the assembled generals and officers, numbering
+about a hundred. It was nearly midnight when this took place.
+
+Thereupon Hieronymous the Eleian, the eldest of Proxenus's captains,
+commenced speaking as follows: "Generals and captains, it seemed right
+to us, in view of the present crisis, ourselves to assemble and to
+summon you, that we might advise upon some practicable course. Would
+you, Xenophon, repeat what you said to us?"
+
+Thereupon Xenophon spoke as follows: "We all know only too well, that   34
+the king and Tissaphernes have seized as many of us as they could, and
+it is clear they are plotting to destroy the rest of us if they can.
+Our business is plain: it is to do all we can to avoid getting into
+the power of the barbarians; rather, if we can, we will get them into
+our power. Rely upon this then, all you who are here assembled, now is
+your great opportunity. The soldiers outside have their eyes fixed
+upon you; if they think that you are faint-hearted, they will turn
+cowards; but if you show them that you are making your own
+preparations to attack the enemy, and setting an example to the
+rest--follow you, be assured, they will: imitate you they will. May
+be, it is but right and fair that you should somewhat excel them, for
+you are generals, you are commanders of brigades or regiments; and if,
+while it was peace, you had the advantage in wealth and position, so
+now, when it is war, you are expected to rise superior to the common
+herd--to think for them, to toil for them, whenever there be need.
+
+"At this very moment you would confer a great boon on the army, if you
+made it your business to appoint generals and officers to fill the
+places of those that are lost. For without leaders nothing good or
+noble, to put it concisely, was ever wrought anywhere; and in military
+matters this is absolutely true; for if discipline is held to be of
+saving virtue, the want of it has been the ruin of many ere now. Well,
+then! when you have appointed all the commanders necessary, it would
+only be opportune, I take it, if you were to summon the rest of the
+soldiers and speak some words of encouragement. Even now, I daresay
+you noticed yourselves the crestfallen air with which they came into
+camp, the despondency with which they fell to picket duty, so that,
+unless there is a change for the better, I do not know for what
+service they will be fit; whether by night, if need were, or even by
+day. The thing is to get them to turn their thoughts to what they mean
+to do, instead of to what they are likely to suffer. Do that, and
+their spirits will soon revive wonderfully. You know, I need hardly
+remind you, it is not numbers or strength that gives victory in war;
+but, heaven helping them, to one or other of two combatants it is       42
+given to dash with stouter hearts to meet the foe, and such onset, in
+nine cases out of ten, those others refuse to meet. This observation,
+also, I have laid to heart, that they, who in matters of war seek in
+all ways to save their lives, are just they who, as a rule, die
+dishonourably; whereas they who, recognising that death is the common
+lot and destiny of all men, strive hard to die nobly: these more
+frequently, as I observe, do after all attain to old age, or, at any
+rate, while life lasts, they spend their days more happily. This
+lesson let all lay to heart this day, for we are just at such a crisis
+of our fate. Now is the season to be brave ourselves, and to stimulate
+the rest by our example."
+
+With these words he ceased; and after him, Cheirisophus said:
+"Xenophon, hitherto I knew only so much of you as that you were, I
+heard, an Athenian, but now I must commend you for your words and for
+your conduct. I hope that there may be many more like you, for it
+would prove a public blessing." Then turning to the officers: "And
+now," said he, "let us waste no time; retire at once, I beg you, and
+choose leaders where you need them. After you have made your
+elections, come back to the middle of the camp, and bring the newly
+appointed officers. After that, we will there summon a general meeting
+of the soldiers. Let Tolmides, the herald," he added, "be in
+attendance." With these words on his lips he got up, in order that
+what was needful might be done at once without delay. After this the
+generals were chosen. These were Timasion the Dardanian, in place of
+Clearchus; Xanthicles, an Achaean, in place of Socrates; Cleanor, an
+Arcadian, in place of Agias; Philesius, an Achaean, in place of Menon;
+and in place of Proxenus, Xenophon the Athenian.
+
+
+
+
+II
+
+By the time the new generals had been chosen, the first faint glimmer   1
+of dawn had hardly commenced, as they met in the centre of the camp,
+and resolved to post an advance guard and to call a general meeting of
+the soldiers. Now, when these had come together, Cheirisophus the
+Lacedaemonian first rose and spoke as follows: "Fellow-soldiers, the
+present posture of affairs is not pleasant, seeing that we are robbed
+of so many generals and captains and soldiers; and more than that, our  2
+former allies, Ariaeus and his men, have betrayed us; still, we must
+rise above our circumstances to prove ourselves brave men, and not
+give in, but try to save ourselves by glorious victory if we can; or,
+if not, at least to die gloriously, and never, while we have breath in
+our bodies, fall into the hands of our enemies. In which latter case,
+I fear, we shall suffer things, which I pray the gods may visit rather
+upon those we hate."
+
+At this point Cleanor the Ochomenian stood up and spoke as follows:
+"You see, men, the perjury and the impiety of the king. You see the
+faithlessness of Tissaphernes, professing that he was next-door
+neighbour to Hellas, and would give a good deal to save us, in
+confirmation of which he took an oath to us himself, he gave us the
+pledge of his right hand, and then, with a lie upon his lips, this
+same man turned round and arrested our generals. He had no reverence
+even for Zeus, the god of strangers; but, after entertaining Clearchus
+at his own board as a friend, he used his hospitality to delude and
+decoy his victims. And Ariaeus, whom we offered to make king, with
+whom we exchanged pledges not to betray each other, even this man,
+without a particle of fear of the gods, or respect for Cyrus in his
+grave, though he was most honoured by Cyrus in lifetime, even he has
+turned aside to the worst foes of Cyrus, and is doing his best to
+injure the dead man's friends. Them may the gods requite as they
+deserve! But we, with these things before our eyes, will not any more
+be cheated and cajoled by them; we will make the best fight we can,
+and having made it, whatever the gods think fit to send, we will
+accept."
+
+After him Xenophon arose; he was arrayed for war in his bravest
+apparel (1): "For," said he to himself, "if the gods grant victory, the
+finest attire will match with victory best; or if I must needs die,
+then for one who has aspired to the noblest, it is well there should
+be some outward correspondence between his expectation and his end."
+He began his speech as follows: "Cleanor has spoken of the perjury and  8
+faithlessness of the barbarians, and you yourselves know them only too
+well, I fancy. If then we are minded to enter a second time into terms
+of friendship with them, with the experience of what our generals, who
+in all confidence entrusted themselves to their power, have suffered,
+reason would we should feel deep despondency. If, on the other hand,
+we purpose to take our good swords in our hands and to inflict
+punishment on them for what they have done, and from this time forward
+will be on terms of downright war with them, then, God helping, we
+have many a bright hope of safety." The words were scarcely spoken
+when someone sneezed (2), and with one impulse the soldiers bowed in
+worship; and Xenophon proceeded: "I propose, sirs, since, even as we
+spoke of safety, an omen from Zeus the Saviour has appeared, we vow a
+vow to sacrifice to the Saviour thank-offerings for safe deliverance,
+wheresoever first we reach a friendly country; and let us couple with
+that vow another of individual assent, that we will offer to the rest
+of the gods 'according to our ability.' Let all those who are in
+favour of this proposal hold up their hands." They all held up their
+hands, and there and then they vowed a vow and chanted the battle
+hymn. But as soon as these sacred matters were duly ended, he began
+once more thus: "I was saying that many and bright are the hopes we
+have of safety. First of all, we it is who confirm and ratify the
+oaths we take by heaven, but our enemies have taken false oaths and
+broken the truce, contrary to their solemn word. This being so, it is
+but natural that the gods should be opposed to our enemies, but with
+ourselves allied; the gods, who are able to make the great ones
+quickly small, and out of sore perplexity can save the little ones
+with ease, what time it pleases them. In the next place, let me recall
+to your minds the dangers of our own forefathers, that you may see and  11
+know that bravery is your heirloom, and that by the aid of the gods
+brave men are rescued even out of the midst of sorest straits." So was
+it when the Persians came, and their attendant hosts (3), with a very
+great armament, to wipe out Athens from the face of the earth--the men
+of Athens had the heart to withstand them and conquered them. Then
+they vowed to Artemis that for every man they slew of the enemy, they
+would sacrifice to the goddess goats so many; and when they could not
+find sufficient for the slain, they resolved to offer yearly five
+hundred; and to this day they perform that sacrifice. And at a
+somewhat later date, when Xerxes assembled his countless hosts and
+marched upon Hellas, then (4) too our fathers conquered the forefathers
+of our foes by land and by sea.
+
+ (1) So it is said of the Russian General Skobelef, that he had a
+    strange custom of going into battle in his cleanest uniform,
+    perfumed, and wearing a diamond-hilted sword, "in order that," as
+    he said, "he might die in his best attire."
+
+ (2) For this ancient omen see "Odyssey," xvii. 541: "Even as she
+    spake, and Telemachus sneezed loudly, and around the roof rung
+    wondrously. And Penelope laughed."... "Dost thou not mark how
+    my son has sneezed a blessing on all my words?"
+
+ (3) See Herod. vi. 114; the allusion is to the invasion of Greeze by
+    Datis and Artaphernes, and to their defeat at Marathon, B.C. 490.
+    "Heredotus estimates the number of those who fell on the Persian
+    side at 6400 men: the number of Athenian dead is accurately known,
+    since all were collected for the last solemn obsequies--they were
+    192."--Grote, "Hist. of Greece," vol. v. p. 475.
+
+ (4) Then = at Salamis, B.C. 480, and at Plataea and Mycale, B.C. 479,
+    on the same day.
+
+"And proofs of these things are yet to be seen in trophies; but the
+greatest witness of all is the freedom of our cities--the liberty of
+that land in which you were born and bred. For you call no man master
+or lord; you bow your heads to none save to the gods alone. Such were
+your forefathers, and their sons are ye. Think not I am going to say
+that you put to shame in any way your ancestry--far from it. Not many
+days since, you too were drawn up in battle face to face with these
+true descendants of their ancestors, and by the help of heaven you
+conquered them, though they many times outnumbered you. At that time,
+it was to win a throne for Cyrus that you showed your bravery; to-day,
+when the struggle is for your own salvation, what is more natural than
+that you should show yourselves braver and more zealous still. Nay, it
+is very meet and right that you should be more undaunted still to-day
+to face the foe. The other day, though you had not tested them, and
+before your eyes lay their immeasurable host, you had the heart to go
+against them with the spirit of your fathers. To-day you have made      16
+trial of them, and knowing that, however many times your number, they
+do not care to await your onset, what concern have you now to be
+afraid of them?
+
+"Nor let any one suppose that herein is a point of weakness, in that
+Cyrus's troops, who before were drawn up by your side, have now
+deserted us, for they are even worse cowards still than those we
+worsted. At any rate they have deserted us, and sought refuge with
+them. Leaders of the forlorn hope of flight--far better is it to have
+them brigaded with the enemy than shoulder to shoulder in our ranks.
+But if any of you is out of heart to think that we have no cavalry,
+while the enemy have many squadrons to command, lay to heart this
+doctrine, that ten thousand horse only equal ten thousand men upon
+their backs, neither less nor more. Did any one ever die in battle
+from the bite or kick of a horse? It is the men, the real swordsmen,
+who do whatever is done in battles. In fact we, on our stout shanks,
+are better mounted than those cavalry fellows; there they hang on to
+their horses' necks in mortal dread, not only of us, but of falling
+off; while we, well planted upon earth, can deal far heavier blows to
+our assailants, and aim more steadily at who we will. There is one
+point, I admit, in which their cavalry have the whip-hand of us; it is
+safer for them than it is for us to run away.
+
+"May be, however, you are in good heart about the fighting, but
+annoyed to think that Tissaphernes will not guide us any more, and
+that the king will not furnish us with a market any longer. Now,
+consider, is it better for us to have a guide like Tissaphernes, whom
+we know to be plotting against us, or to take our chance of the stray
+people whom we catch and compel to guide us, who will know that any
+mistake made in leading us will be a sad mistake for their own lives?
+Again, is it better to be buying provisions in a market of their
+providing, in scant measure and at high prices, without even the money
+to pay for them any longer; or, by right of conquest, to help
+ourselves, applying such measure as suits our fancy best?
+
+"Or again, perhaps you admit that our present position is not without
+its advantages, but you feel sure that the rivers are a difficulty,
+and think that you were never more taken in than when you crossed       22
+them; if so, consider whether, after all, this is not perhaps the most
+foolish thing which the barbarians have done. No river is impassable
+throughout; whatever difficulties it may present at some distance from
+its source, you need only make your way up to the springhead, and
+there you may cross it without wetting more than your ankles. But,
+granted that the rivers do bar our passage, and that guides are not
+forthcoming, what care we? We need feel no alarm for all that. We have
+heard of the Mysians, a people whom we certainly cannot admit to be
+better than ourselves; and yet they inhabit numbers of large and
+prosperous cities in the king's own country without asking leave. The
+Pisidians are an equally good instance, or the Lycaonians. We have
+seen with our own eyes how they fare: seizing fortresses down in the
+plains, and reaping the fruits of these men's territory. As to us, I
+go so far as to assert, we ought never to have let it be seen that we
+were bent on getting home: at any rate, not so soon; we should have
+begun stocking and furnishing ourselves, as if we fully meant to
+settle down for life somewhere or other hereabouts. I am sure that the
+king would be thrice glad to give the Mysians as many guides as they
+like, or as many hostages as they care to demand, in return for a safe
+conduct out of his country; he would make carriage roads for them, and
+if they preferred to take their departure in coaches and four, he
+would not say them nay. So too, I am sure, he would be only too glad
+to accommodate us in the same way, if he saw us preparing to settle
+down here. But, perhaps, it is just as well that we did not stop; for
+I fear, if once we learn to live in idleness and to batten in luxury
+and dalliance with these tall and handsome Median and Persian women
+and maidens, we shall be like the Lotus-eaters (5), and forget the road
+home altogether.
+
+ (5) See "Odyssey," ix. 94, "ever feeding on the Lotus and forgetful of
+    returning."
+
+"It seems to me that it is only right, in the first instance, to make
+an effort to return to Hellas and to revisit our hearths and homes, if
+only to prove to other Hellenes that it is their own faults if they
+are poor and needy (6), seeing it is in their power to give to those     26
+now living a pauper life at home a free passage hither, and convert
+them into well-to-do burghers at once. Now, sirs, is it not clear that
+all these good things belong to whoever has strength to hold them?
+
+ (6) Here seems to be the germ--unless, indeed, the thought had been
+    conceived above--here at any rate the first conscious expression
+    of the colonisation scheme, of which we shall hear more below, in
+    reference to Cotyora; the Phasis; Calpe. It appears again fifty
+    years later in the author's pamphlet "On Revenues," chapters i.
+    and vi. For the special evils of the fourth century B.C., and the
+    growth of pauperism between B.C. 401 and 338, see Jebb, "Attic
+    Orators," vol i. p. 17.
+
+"Let us look another matter in the face. How are we to march most
+safely? or where blows are needed, how are we to fight to the best
+advantage? That is the question.
+
+"The first thing which I recommend is to burn the wagons we have got,
+so that we may be free to march wherever the army needs, and not,
+practically, make our baggage train our general. And, next, we should
+throw our tents into the bonfire also: for these again are only a
+trouble to carry, and do not contribute one grain of good either for
+fighting or getting provisions. Further, let us get rid of all
+superfluous baggage, save only what we require for the sake of war, or
+meat and drink, so that as many of us as possible may be under arms,
+and as few as possible doing porterage. I need not remind you that, in
+case of defeat, the owners' goods are not their own; but if we master
+our foes, we will make them our baggage bearers.
+
+"It only rests for me to name the one thing which I look upon as the
+greatest of all. You see, the enemy did not dare to bring war to bear
+upon us until they had first seized our generals; they felt that
+whilst our rulers were there, and we obeyed them, they were no match
+for us in war; but having got hold of them, they fully expected that
+the consequent confusion and anarchy would prove fatal to us. What
+follows? This: Officers and leaders ought to be more vigilant ever
+than their predecessors; subordinates still more orderly and obedient
+to those in command now than even they were to those who are gone. And
+you should pass a resolution that, in case of insubordination, any one  31
+who stands by is to aid the officer in chastising the offender. So the
+enemy will be mightily deceived; for on this day they will behold ten
+thousand Clearchuses instead of one, who will not suffer one man to
+play the coward. And now it is high time I brought my remarks to an
+end, for may be the enemy will be here anon. Let those who are in
+favour of these proposals confirm them with all speed, that they may
+be realised in fact; or if any other course seem better, let not any
+one, even though he be a private soldier, shrink from proposing it.
+Our common safety is our common need."
+
+After this Cheirisophus spoke. He said: "If there is anything else to
+be done, beyond what Xenophon has mentioned, we shall be able to carry
+it out presently; but with regard to what he has already proposed, it
+seems to me the best course to vote upon the matters at once. Those
+who are in favour of Xenophon's proposals, hold up their hands." They
+all held them up. Xenophon rose again and said: "Listen, sirs, while I
+tell you what I think we have need of besides. It is clear that we
+must march where we can get provisions. Now, I am told there are some
+splendid villages not more than two miles and a half distant. I should
+not be surprised, then, if the enemy were to hang on our heels and dog
+us as we retire, like cowardly curs which rush out at the passer-by
+and bite him if they can, but when you turn upon them they run away.
+Such will be their tactics, I take it. It may be safer, then, to march
+in a hollow square, so as to place the baggage animals and our mob of
+sutlers in greater security. It will save time to make the
+appointments at once, and to settle who leads the square and directs
+the vanguard; who will take command of the two flanks, and who of the
+rearguard; so that, when the enemy appears, we shall not need to
+deliberate, but can at once set in motion the machinery in existence.
+
+"If any one has any better plan, we need not adopt mine; but if not,
+suppose Cheirisophus takes the lead, as he is a Lacedaemonian, and the
+two eldest generals take in charge the two wings respectively, whilst
+Timasion and I, the two youngest, will for the present guard the rear.  37
+For the rest, we can but make experiment of this arrangement, and
+alter it with deliberation, as from time to time any improvement
+suggests itself. If any one has a better plan to propose, let him do
+so."... No dissentient voice was heard. Accordingly he said: "Those
+in favour of this resolution, hold up their hands." The resolution was
+carried. "And now," said he, "it would be well to separate and carry
+out what we have decreed. If any of you has set his heart on seeing
+his friends again, let him remember to prove himself a man; there is
+no other way to achieve his heart's wish. Or is mere living an object
+with any of you, strive to conquer; if to slay is the privilege of
+victory, to die is the doom of the defeated. Or perhaps to gain money
+and wealth is your ambition, strive again for mastery; have not
+conquerors the double gain of keeping what is their own, whilst they
+seize the possessions of the vanquished?"
+
+
+
+
+III
+
+The speaking was ended; they got up and retired; then they burnt the    1
+wagons and the tents, and after sharing with one another what each
+needed out of their various superfluities, they threw the remnant into
+the fire. Having done that, they proceeded to make their breakfasts.
+While they were breakfasting, Mithridates came with about thirty
+horsemen, and summoning the generals within earshot, he thus addressed
+them: "Men of Hellas, I have been faithful to Cyrus, as you know well,
+and to-day I am your well-wisher; indeed, I am here spending my days
+in great fear: if then I could see any salutory course in prospect, I
+should be disposed to join you with all my retainers. Please inform
+me, then, as to what you propose, regarding me as your friend and
+well-wisher, anxious only to pursue his march in your company." The
+generals held council, and resolved to give the following answer,
+Cheirisophus acting as spokesman: "We have resolved to make our way
+through the country, inflicting the least possible damage, provided we
+are allowed a free passage homewards; but if any one tries to hinder    3
+us, he will have to fight it out with us, and we shall bring all the
+force in our power to bear." Thereat Mithridates set himself to prove
+to them that their deliverance, except with the king's good pleasure,
+was hopeless. Then the meaning of his mission was plain. He was an
+agent in disguise; in fact, a relation of Tissaphernes was in
+attendance to keep a check on his loyalty. After that, the generals
+resolved that it would be better to proclaim open war, without truce
+or herald, as long as they were in the enemy's country; for they used
+to come and corrupt the soldiers, and they were even successful with
+one officer--Nicarchus (1), an Arcadian, who went off in the night with
+about twenty men.
+
+ (1) Can this be the same man whose escape is so graphically described
+    above?
+
+After this, they breakfasted and crossed the river Zapatas, marching
+in regular order, with the beasts and mob of the army in the middle.
+They had not advanced far on their route when Mithridates made his
+appearance again, with about a couple of hundred horsemen at his back,
+and bowmen and slingers twice as many, as nimble fellows as a man
+might hope to see. He approached the Hellenes as if he were friendly;
+but when they had got fairly to close quarters, all of a sudden some
+of them, whether mounted or on foot, began shooting with their bows
+and arrows, and another set with slings, wounding the men. The
+rearguard of the Hellenes suffered for a while severely without being
+able to retaliate, for the Cretans had a shorter range than the
+Persians, and at the same time, being light-armed troops, they lay
+cooped up within the ranks of the heavy infantry, while the javelin
+men again did not shoot far enough to reach the enemy's slingers. This
+being so, Xenophon thought there was nothing for it but to charge, and
+charge they did; some of the heavy and light infantry, who were
+guarding the rear, with him; but for all their charging they did not
+catch a single man.
+
+The dearth of cavalry told against the Hellenes; nor were their
+infantry able to overhaul the enemy's infantry, with the long start
+they had, and considering the shortness of the race, for it was out of
+the question to pursue them far from the main body of the army. On the  10
+other hand, the Asiatic cavalry, even while fleeing, poured volleys of
+arrows behind their backs, and wounded the pursuers; while the
+Hellenes must fall back fighting every step of the way they had
+measured in the pursuit; so that by the end of that day they had not
+gone much more than three miles; but in the late afternoon they
+reached the villages.
+
+Here there was a return of the old despondency. Cheirisophus and the
+eldest of the generals blamed Xenophon for leaving the main body to
+give chase and endangering himself thereby, while he could not damage
+the enemy one whit the more. Xenophon admitted that they were right in
+blaming him: no better proof of that was wanted than the result. "The
+fact is," he added, "I was driven to pursue; it was too trying to look
+on and see our men suffer so badly, and be unable to retaliate.
+However, when we did charge, there is no denying the truth of what you
+say; we were not a whit more able to injure the enemy, while we had
+considerable difficulty in beating a retreat ourselves. Thank heaven
+they did not come upon us in any great force, but were only a handful
+of men; so that the injury they did us was not large, as it might have
+been; and at least it has served to show us what we need. At present
+the enemy shoot and sling beyond our range, so that our Cretan archers
+are no match for them; our hand-throwers cannot reach as far; and when
+we pursue, it is not possible to push the pursuit to any great
+distance from the main body, and within the short distance no
+foot-soldier, however fleet of foot, could overtake another
+foot-soldier who has a bow-shot the start of him. If, then, we are to
+exclude them from all possibility of injuring us as we march, we must
+get slingers as soon as possible and cavalry. I am told there are in
+the army some Rhodians, most of whom, they say, know how to sling, and
+their missile will reach even twice as far as the Persian slings
+(which, on account of their being loaded with stones as big as one's
+fist, have a comparatively short range; but the Rhodians are skilled
+in the use of leaden bullets (2)). Suppose, then, we investigate and     18
+find out first of all who among them possess slings, and for these
+slings offer the owner the money value; and to another, who will plait
+some more, hand over the money price; and for a third, who will
+volunteer to be enrolled as a slinger, invent some other sort of
+privilege, I think we shall soon find people to come forward capable
+of helping us. There are horses in the army I know; some few with
+myself, others belonging to Clearchus's stud, and a good many others
+captured from the enemy, used for carrying baggage. Let us take the
+pick of these, supplying their places by ordinary baggage animals, and
+equipping the horses for cavalry. I should not wonder if our troopers
+gave some annoyance to these fugitives."
+
+ (2) These words sound to me like an author's note, parenthetically,
+    and perhaps inadvertently, inserted into the text. It is an
+    "aside" to the reader, which in a modern book would appear as a
+    footnote.
+
+These proposals were carried, and that night two hundred slingers were
+enrolled, and next day as many as fifty horse and horsemen passed
+muster as duly qualified; buff jackets and cuirasses were provided for
+them, and a commandant of cavalry appointed to command--Lycius, the
+son of Polystratus, by name, an Athenian.
+
+
+
+
+IV
+
+That day they remained inactive, but the next they rose earlier than    1
+usual, and set out betimes, for they had a ravine to cross, where they
+feared the enemy might attack them in the act of crossing. When they
+were across, Mithridates appeared again with one thousand horse, and
+archers and slingers to the number of four thousand. This whole body
+he had got by request from Tissaphernes, and in return he undertook to
+deliver up the Hellenes to Tissaphernes. He had grown contemptuous
+since his late attack, when, with so small a detachment, he had done,
+as he thought, a good deal of mischief, without the slightest loss to
+himself.
+
+When the Hellenes were not only right across, but had got about a mile
+from the ravine, Mithridates also crossed with his forces. An order
+had been passed down the lines, what light infantry and what heavy
+infantry were to take part in the pursuit; and the cavalry were
+instructed to follow up the pursuit with confidence, as a considerable  3
+support was in their rear. So, when Mithridates had come up with them,
+and they were well within arrow and sling shot, the bugle sounded the
+signal to the Hellenes; and immediately the detachment under orders
+rushed to close quarters, and the cavalry charged. There the enemy
+preferred not to wait, but fled towards the ravine. In this pursuit
+the Asiatics lost several of their infantry killed, and of their
+cavalry as many as eighteen were taken prisoners in the ravine. As to
+those who were slain the Hellenes, acting upon impulse, mutilated
+their bodies, by way of impressing their enemy with as frightful an
+image as possible.
+
+So fared the foe and so fell back; but the Hellenes, continuing their
+march in safety for the rest of that day, reached the river Tigris.
+Here they came upon a large deserted city, the name of which was
+Larissa (1): a place inhabited by the Medes in days of old; the breadth
+of its walls was twenty-five feet, and the height of them a hundred,
+and the circuit of the whole two parasangs. It was built of
+clay-bricks, supported on a stone basis twenty feet high. This city
+the king of the Persians (2) besieged, what time the Persians strove to
+snatch their empire from the Medes, but he could in no wise take it;
+then a cloud hid the face of the sun and blotted out the light
+thereof, until the inhabitants were gone out of the city, and so it
+was taken. By the side of this city there was a stone pyramid in
+breadth a hundred feet, and in height two hundred feet; in it were
+many of the barbarians who had fled for refuge from the neighbouring
+villages.
+
+ (1) Larissa, on the side of the modern Nimrud (the south-west corner,
+    as is commonly supposed, of Nineveh). The name is said to mean
+    "citadel," and is given to various Greek cities (of which several
+    occur in Xenophon).
+
+ (2) I.e. Cyrus the Great.
+
+From this place they marched one stage of six parasangs to a great
+deserted fortress  (which lay over against the city), and the name of
+that city was Mespila (3). The Medes once dwelt in it. The basement was  10
+made of polished stone full of shells; fifty feet was the breadth of
+it, and fifty feet the height; and on this basement was reared a wall
+of brick, the breadth whereof was fifty feet and the height thereof
+four hundred; and the circuit of the wall was six parasangs. Hither,
+as the story goes, Medea (4), the king's wife, betook herself in flight
+what time the Medes lost their empire at the hands of the Persians. To
+this city also the king of the Pesians laid siege, but could not take
+it either by length of days or strength of hand. But Zeus sent
+amazement on the inhabitants thereof, and so it was taken.
+
+ (3) Opposite Mosul, the north-west portion of the ancient Nineveh,
+    about eighteen miles above Larissa. The circuit of Nineveh is said
+    to have been about fifty-six miles. It was overthrown by Cyrus in
+    B.C. 558.
+
+ (4) The wife of Astyages, the last king of Media. Some think "the wall
+    of Media" should be "Medea's wall," constructed in the period of
+    Queen Nitocris, B.C. 560.
+
+From this place they marched one stage--four parasangs. But, while
+still on this stage, Tissaphernes made his appearance. He had with him
+his own cavalry and a force belonging to Orontas, who had the king's
+daughter to wife; and there were, moreover, with them the Asiatics
+whom Cyrus had taken with him on his march up; together with those
+whom the king's brother had brought as a reinforcement to the king;
+besides those whom Tissaphernes himself had received as a gift from
+the king, so that the armament appeared to be very great. When they
+were close, he halted some of his regiments at the rear and wheeled
+others into position on either flank, but hesitated to attack, having
+no mind apparently to run any risks, and contenting himself with an
+order to his slingers to sling and his archers to shoot. But when the
+Rhodian slingers and the bowmen (5), posted at intervals, retaliated,
+and every shot told (for with the utmost pains to miss it would have
+been hard to do so under the circumstanecs), then Tissaphernes with
+all speed retired out of range, the other regiments following suit;
+and for the rest of the day the one party advanced and the other
+followed. But now the Asiatics had ceased to be dangerous with their
+sharpshooting. For the Rhodians could reach further than the Persian    16
+slingers, or, indeed, than most of the bowmen. The Persian bows are of
+great size, so that the Cretans found the arrows which were picked up
+serviceable, and persevered in using their enemies' arrows, and
+practised shooting with them, letting them fly upwards to a great
+height (6). There were also plenty of bowstrings found in the
+villages--and lead, which they turned to account for their slings. As
+a result of this day, then, the Hellenes chancing upon some villages
+had no sooner encamped than the barbarians fell back, having had
+distinctly the worst of it in the skirmishing.
+
+ (5) The best MSS read {Skuthai}, Scythians; if this is correct, it is
+    only the technical name for "archers." Cf. Arrian, "Tact." ii. 13.
+    The police at Athens were technically so called, as being composed
+    of Scythian slaves. Cf. Aristoph. "Thesm." 1017.
+
+ (6) I.e., in practising, in order to get the maximum range they let
+    fly the arrows, not horizontally, but up into the air. Sir W.
+    Raleigh (Hist. of the World, III. x. 8) says that Xenophon
+    "trained his archers to short compass, who had been accustomed to
+    the point blank," but this is surely not Xenophon's meaning.
+
+The next day was a day of inaction: they halted and took in supplies,
+as there was much corn in the villages; but on the day following, the
+march was continued through the plain (of the Tigris), and
+Tissaphernes still hung on their skirts with his skirmishers. And now
+it was that the Hellenes discovered the defect of marching in a square
+with an enemy following. As a matter of necessity, whenever the wings
+of an army so disposed draw together, either where a road narrows, or
+hills close in, or a bridge has to be crossed, the heavy infantry
+cannot help being squeezed out of their ranks, and march with
+difficulty, partly from actual pressure, and partly from the general
+confusion that ensues. Or, supposing the wings are again extended, the
+troops have hardly recovered from their former distress before they
+are pulled asunder, and there is a wide space between the wings, and
+the men concerned lose confidence in themselves, especially with an
+enemy close behind. What happened, when a bridge had to be crossed or
+other passage effected, was, that each unit of the force pressed on in
+anxiety to get over first, and at these moments it was easy for the
+enemy to make an attack. The generals accordingly, having recognised
+the defect, set about curing it. To do so, they made six lochi, or
+divisions of a hundred men apiece, each of which had its own set of
+captains and under-officers in command of half and quarter companies.   21
+It was the duty of these new companies, during a march, whenever the
+flanks needed to close in, to fall back to the rear, so as to
+disencumber the wings. This they did by wheeling clear of them. When
+the sides of the oblong again extended, they filled up the
+interstices, if the gap were narrow, by columns of companies, if
+broader, by columns of half-companies, or, if broader still, by
+columns of quarter-companies, so that the space between was always
+filled up. If again it were necessary to effect a passage by bridge or
+otherwise, there was no confusion, the several companies crossing in
+turns; or, if the occasion arose to form in line of battle, these
+companies came up to the front and fell in (7).
+
+ (7) In the passage above I have translated {lokhoi} companies, and, as
+    usual, {lokhagoi} captains. The half company is technically called
+    a pentecostys, and a quarter company an enomoty, and the officers
+    in charge of them respectively penteconter and enomotarch. These
+    would be equivalent nearly to our subalterns and sergeants, and in
+    the evolutions described would act as guides and markers in charge
+    of their sections. Grote thinks there were six companies formed on
+    each flank--twelve in all. See "Hist. of Greece," vol. ix. p. 123,
+    note (1st ed.)
+
+In this way they advanced four stages, but ere the fifth was
+completed, they came in sight of a palace of some sort, with villages
+clustered round it; they could further see that the road leading to
+this place pursued its course over high undulating hillocks, the spur
+of the mountain range, under which lay the village. These knolls were
+a welcome sight to the Hellenes, naturally enough, as the enemy were
+cavalry. However, when they had issued from the plain and ascended the
+first crest, and were in the act of descending it so as to mount the
+next, at this juncture the barbarians came upon them. From the high
+ground down the sheer steep they poured a volley of darts,
+slingstones, and arrows, which they discharged "under the lash (8),"
+wounding many, until they got the better of the Hellenic light troops,
+and drove them for shelter behind the heavy infantry, so that this day
+that arm was altogether useless, huddling in the mob of sutlers, both   26
+slingers and archers alike.
+
+ (8) I.e. the Persian leaders were seen flogging their men to the
+    attack. Cf. Herod. vii. 22. 3.
+
+But when the Hellenes, being so pressed, made an attempt to pursue,
+they could barely scale to the summit, being heavy-armed troops, while
+the enemy as lightly sprung away; and they suffered similarly in
+retiring to join the rest of the army. And then, on the second hill,
+the whole had to be gone through again; so that when it came to the
+third hillock, they determined not to move the main body of troops
+from their position until they had brought up a squadron of light
+infantry from the right flank of the square to a point on the mountain
+range. When this detachment were once posted above their pursuers, the
+latter desisted from attacking the main body in its descent, for fear
+of being cut off and finding themselves between two assailants. Thus
+the rest of the day they moved on in two divisions: one set keeping to
+the road by the hillocks, the other marching parallel on the higher
+level along the mountains; and thus they reached the villages and
+appointed eight surgeons to attend to the many wounded.
+
+Here they halted three days for the sake of the wounded chiefly, while
+a further inducement was the plentiful supply of provisions which they
+found, wheat and wine, and large stores of barley laid up for horses.
+These supplies had been collected by the ruling satrap of the country.
+On the fourth day they began their descent into the plain; but when
+Tissaphernes overtook them, necessity taught them to camp in the first
+village they caught sight of, and give over the attempt of marching
+and fighting simultaneously, as so many were hors de combat, being
+either on the list of wounded themselves, or else engaged in carrying
+the wounded, or laden with the heavy arms of those so occupied. But
+when they were once encamped, and the barbarians, advancing upon the
+village, made an attempt to harass them with their sharp-shooters, the
+superiority of the Hellenes was pronounced. To sustain a running fight
+with an enemy constantly attacking was one thing; to keep him at arm's
+length from a fixed base of action another: and the difference was
+much in their favour.
+
+But when it was late afternoon, the time had come for the enemy to      34
+withdraw, since the habit of the barbarian was never to encamp within
+seven or eight miles of the Hellenic camp. This he did in apprehension
+of a night attack, for a Persian army is good for nothing at night.
+Their horses are haltered, and, as a rule, hobbled as well, to prevent
+their escaping, as they might if loose; so that, if any alarm occurs,
+the trooper has to saddle and bridle his horse, and then he must put
+on his own cuirass, and then mount--all which performances are
+difficult at night and in the midst of confusion. For this reason they
+always encamped at a distance from the Hellenes.
+
+When the Hellenes perceived that they were preparing to retire, and
+that the order was being given, the herald's cry, "Pack up for
+starting," might be heard before the enemy was fairly out of earshot.
+For a while the Asiatics paused, as if unwilling to be gone; but as
+night closed in, off they went, for it did not suit their notions of
+expediency to set off on a march and arrive by night. And now, when
+the Hellenes saw that they were really and clearly gone, they too
+broke up their camp and pursued their march till they had traversed
+seven and a half miles. Thus the distance between the two armies grew
+to be so great, that the next day the enemy did not appear at all, nor
+yet on the third day; but on the fourth the barbarians had pushed on
+by a forced night march and occupied a commanding position on the
+right, where the Hellenes had to pass. It was a narrow mountain
+spur (9) overhanging the descent into the plain.
+
+ (9) Lit. "a mere nail tip."
+
+But when Cheirisophus saw that this ridge was occupied, he summoned
+Xenophon from the rear, bidding him at the same time to bring up
+peltasts to the front. That Xenophon hesitated to do, for Tissaphernes
+and his whole army were coming up and were well within sight.
+Galloping up to the front himself, he asked: "Why do you summon me?"
+The other answered him: "The reason is plain; look yonder; this crest
+which overhangs our descent has been occupied. There is no passing,     39
+until we have dislodged these fellows; why have you not brought up the
+light infantry?" Xenophon explained: he had not thought it desirable
+to leave the rear unprotected, with an enemy appearing in the field of
+view. "However, it is time," he added, "to decide how we are to
+dislodge these fellows from the crest." At this moment his eye fell on
+the peak of the mountain, rising immediately above their army, and he
+could see an approach leading from it to the crest in question where
+the enemy lay. He exclaimed: "The best thing we can do, Cheirisophus,
+is to make a dash at the height itself, and with what speed we may. If
+we take it, the party in command of the road will never be able to
+stop. If you like, stay in command of the army, and I will go; or, if
+you prefer, do you go to the mountain, and I will stay here."--"I
+leave it to you," Cheirisophus answered, "to choose which you like
+best." Xenophon remarking, "I am the younger," elected to go; but he
+stipulated for a detachment from the front to accompany him, since it
+was a long way to fetch up troops from the rear. Accordingly
+Cheirisophus furnished him with the light infantry from the front,
+reoccupying their place by those from the centre. He also gave him, to
+form part of the detachment, the three hundred of the picked corps (10)
+under his own command at the head of the square.
+
+ (10) Some think that these three hundred are three of the detached
+    companies described above; others, that they were a picked corps
+    in attendance on the commander-in-chief.
+
+They set out from the low ground with all the haste imaginable. But
+the enemy in position on the crest no sooner perceived their advance
+upon the summit of the pass than they themselves set off full tilt in
+a rival race for the summit too. Hoarse were the shouts of the
+Hellenic troops as the men cheered their companions forwards, and
+hoarse the answering shouts from the troops of Tissaphernes, urging on
+theirs. Xenophon, mounted on his charger, rode beside his men, and
+roused their ardour the while. "Now for it, brave sirs; bethink you
+that this race is for Hellas!--now or never!--to find your boys, your
+wives; one small effort, and the rest of the march we shall pursue in
+peace, without ever a blow to strike; now for it." But Soteridas the
+Sicyonian said: "We are not on equal terms, Xenophon; you are mounted   47
+on a horse; I can hardly get along with my shield to carry;" and he,
+on hearing the reproach, leapt from his horse. In another instant he
+had pushed Soteridas from the ranks, snatched from him his shield, and
+begun marching as quickly as he might under the circumstances, having
+his horseman's cuirass to carry as well, so that he was sore pressed;
+but he continued to cheer on the troops: exhorting those in front to
+lead on and the men toiling behind to follow up (11). Soteridas was not
+spared by the rest of the men. They gave him blows, they pelted him,
+they showered him with abuse, till they compelled him to take back his
+shield and march on; and the other, remounting, led them on horseback
+as long as the footing held; but when the ground became too steep, he
+left his horse and pressed forward on foot, and so they found
+themselves on the summit before the enemy.
+
+ (11) Some MSS. "and the men behind to pass him by, as he could but ill
+    keep up the pace."
+
+
+
+
+V
+
+There and then the barbarians turned and fled as best they might, and   1
+the Hellenes held the summit, while the troops with Tissaphernes and
+Ariaeus turned aside and disappeared by another road. The main body
+with Cheirisophus made its way down into the plain and encamped in a
+village filled with good things of divers sorts. Nor did this village
+stand alone; there were others not a few in this plain of the Tigris
+equally overflowing with plenty. It was now afternoon; and all of a
+sudden the enemy came in sight on the plain, and succeeded in cutting
+down some of the Hellenes belonging to parties who were scattered over
+the flat land in quest of spoil. Indeed, many herds of cattle had been
+caught whilst being conveyed across to the other side of the river.
+And now Tissaphernes and his troops made an attempt to burn the
+villages, and some of the Hellenes were disposed to take the matter
+deeply to heart, being apprehensive that they might not know where to
+get provisions if the enemy burnt the villages.
+
+Cheirisophus and his men were returning from their sally of defence
+when Xenophon and his party descended, and the latter rode along the    4
+ranks as the rescuing party came up, and greeted them thus: "Do you
+not see, men of Hellas, they admit that the country is now ours; what
+they stipulated against our doing when they made the treaty, viz. that
+we were not to fire the king's country, they are now themselves
+doing--setting fire to it as if it were not their own. But we will be
+even with them; if they leave provisions for themselves anywhere,
+there also shall they see us marching;" and, turning to Cheirisophus,
+he added: "But it strikes me, we should sally forth against these
+incendiaries and protect our country." Cheirisophus retorted: "That is
+not quite my view; I say, let us do a little burning ourselves, and
+they will cease all the quicker."
+
+When they had got back to the villages, while the rest were busy about
+provisions, the generals and officers met: and here there was deep
+despondency. For on the one side were exceedingly high mountains; on
+the other a river of such depth that they failed to reach the bottom
+with their spears. In the midst of their perplexities, a Rhodian came
+up with a proposal, as follows: "I am ready, sirs to carry you across,
+four thousand heavy infantry at a time; if you will furnish me with
+what I need and give me a talent into the bargain for my pains." When
+asked, "What shall you need?" he replied: "Two thousand wine-skins. I
+see there are plenty of sheep and goats and asses. They have only to
+be flayed, and their skins inflated, and they will readily give us a
+passage. I shall want also the straps which you use for the baggage
+animals. With these I shall couple the skins to one another; then I
+shall moor each skin by attaching stones and letting them down like
+anchors into the water. Then I shall carry them across, and when I
+have fastened the links at both ends, I shall place layers of wood on
+them and a coating of earth on the top of that. You will see in a
+minute that there's no danger of your drowning, for every skin will be
+able to support a couple of men without sinking, and the wood and
+earth will prevent your slipping off."
+
+The generals thought it a pretty invention enough, but its realisation
+impracticable, for on the other side were masses of cavalry posted and
+ready to bar the passage; who, to begin with, would not suffer the      12
+first detachment of crossers to carry out any item of the programme.
+
+Under these circumstances, the next day they turned right about face,
+and began retracing their steps in the direction of Babylon to the
+unburnt villages, having previously set fire to those they left, so
+that the enemy did not ride up to them, but stood and stared, all
+agape to see in what direction the Hellenes would betake themselves
+and what they were minded to do. Here, again, while the rest of the
+soldiers were busy about provisions, the generals and officers met in
+council, and after collecting the prisoners together, submitted them
+to a cross-examination touching the whole country round, the names,
+and so forth, of each district.
+
+The prisoners informed them that the regions south, through which they
+had come, belonged to the district towards Babylon and Media; the road
+east led to Susa and Ecbatana, where the king is said to spend summer
+and spring; crossing the river, the road west led to Lydia and Ionia;
+and the part through the mountains facing towards the Great Bear, led,
+they said, to the Carduchians (1). They were a people, so said the
+prisoners, dwelling up on the hills, addicted to war, and not subject
+to the king; so much so that once, when a royal army one hundred and
+twenty thousand strong had invaded them, not a man came back, owing to
+the intricacies of the country. Occasionally, however, they made truce
+or treaty with the satrap in the plain, and, for the nonce, there
+would be intercourse: "they will come in and out amongst us," "and we
+will go in and out amongst them," said the captives.
+
+ (1) See Dr. Kiepert, "Man. Anc. Geog." (Mr. G. A. Macmillan) iv. 47.
+    The Karduchians or Kurds belong by speech to the Iranian stock,
+    forming in fact their farthest outpost to the west, little given
+    to agriculture, but chiefly to the breeding of cattle. Their name,
+    pronounced Kardu by the ancient Syrians and Assyrians, Kordu by
+    the Armenians (plural Kordukh), first appears in its narrower
+    sense in western literature in the pages of the eye-witness
+    Xenophon as {Kardoukhoi}. Later writers knew of a small kingdom
+    here at the time of the Roman occupation, ruled by native princes,
+    who after Tigranes II (about 80 B.C.) recognised the overlordship
+    of the Armenian king. Later it became a province of the Sassanid
+    kingdom, and as such was in 297 A.D. handed over among the
+    regiones transtigritanae to the Roman empire, but in 364 was again
+    ceded to Persia.
+
+After hearing these statements, the generals seated apart those who     17
+claimed to have any special knowledge of the country in any direction;
+they put them to sit apart without making it clear which particular
+route they intended to take. Finally the resolution to which they came
+was that they must force a passage through the hills into the
+territory of the Kurds; since, according to what their informants told
+them, when they had once passed these, they would find themselves in
+Armenia--the rich and large territory governed by Orontas; and from
+Armenia, it would be easy to proceed in any direction whatever.
+Thereupon they offered sacrifice, so as to be ready to start on the
+march as soon as the right moment appeared to have arrived. Their
+chief fear was that the high pass over the mountains must be occupied
+in advance: and a general order was issued, that after supper every
+one should get his kit together for starting, and repose, in readiness
+to follow as soon as the word of command was given.
+
+
+
+
+
+BOOK IV
+
+ (In the preceding portion of the narrative a full account is
+given of the incidents of the march up to the battle, and of
+the occurrences after the battle during the truce which was
+established between the king and the Hellenes, who marched up
+with Cyrus, and thirdly, of the fighting to which the Hellenes
+were exposed, after the king and Tissaphernes had broken the
+treaty, while a Persian army hung on their rear. Having
+finally reached a point at which the Tigris was absolutely
+impassable owing to its depth and breadth, while there was no
+passage along the bank itself, and the Carduchian hills hung
+sheer over the river, the generals took the resolution above
+mentioned of forcing a passage through the mountains. The
+information derived from the prisoners taken along the way led
+them to believe that once across the Carduchian mountains they
+would have the choice either of crossing the Tigris--if they
+liked to do so--at its sources in Armenia, or of going round
+them, if so they preferred. Report further said that the
+sources of the Euphrates also were not far from those of the
+Tigris, and this is actually the case. The advance into the
+country of the Carduchians was conducted with a view partly to
+secrecy, and partly to speed, so as to effect their entry
+before the enemy could occupy the passes.)
+
+
+
+
+I
+
+It was now about the last watch, and enough of the night remained to    1
+allow them to cross the valley under cover of darkness; when, at the
+word of command, they rose and set off on their march, reaching the
+mountains at daybreak. At this stage of the march Cheirisophus, at the
+head of his own division, with the whole of the light troops, led the
+van, while Xenophon followed behind with the heavy infantry of the
+rearguard, but without any light troops, since there seemed to be no
+danger of pursuit or attack from the rear, while they were making
+their way up hill. Cheirisophus reached the summit without any of the   6
+enemy perceiving him. Then he led on slowly, and the rest of the army
+followed, wave upon wave, cresting the summit and descending into the
+villages which nestled in the hollows and recesses of the hills.
+
+Thereupon the Carduchians abandoned their dwelling places, and with
+their wives and children fled to the mountains; so there was plenty of
+provisions to be got for the mere trouble of taking, and the
+homesteads too were well supplied with a copious store of bronze
+vessels and utensils which the Hellenes kept their hands off,
+abstaining at the same time from all pursuit of the folk themselves,
+gently handling them, in hopes that the Carduchians might be willing
+to give them friendly passage through their country, since they too
+were enemies of the king: only they helped themselves to such
+provisions as fell in their way, which indeed was a sheer necessity.
+But the Carduchians neither gave ear, when they called to them, nor
+showed any other friendly sign; and now, as the last of the Hellenes
+descended into the villages from the pass, they were already in the
+dark, since, owing to the narrowness of the road, the whole day had
+been spent in the ascent and descent. At that instant a party of the
+Carduchians, who had collected, made an attack on the hindmost men,
+killing some and wounding others with stones and arrows--though it was
+quite a small body who attacked. The fact was, the approach of the
+Hellenic army had taken them by surprise; if, however, they had
+mustered in larger force at this time, the chances are that a large
+portion of the army would have been annihilated. As it was, they got
+into quarters, and bivouacked in the villages that night, while the
+Carduchians kept many watch-fires blazing in a circle on the
+mountains, and kept each other in sight all round.
+
+But with the dawn the generals and officers of the Hellenes met and
+resolved to proceed, taking only the necessary number of stout baggage
+animals, and leaving the weaklings behind. They resolved further to
+let go free all the lately-captured slaves in the host; for the pace
+of the march was necessarily rendered slow by the quantity of animals
+and prisoners, and the number of non-combatants in attendance on these  13
+was excessive, while, with such a crowd of human beings to satisfy,
+twice the amount of provisions had to be procured and carried. These
+resolutions passed, they caused a proclamation by herald to be made
+for their enforcement.
+
+When they had breakfasted and the march recommenced, the generals
+planted themselves a little to one side in a narrow place, and when
+they found any of the aforesaid slaves or other property still
+retained, they confiscated them. The soldiers yielded obedience,
+except where some smuggler, prompted by desire of a good-looking boy
+or woman, managed to make off with his prize. During this day they
+contrived to get along after a fashion, now fighting and now resting.
+But on the next day they were visited by a great storm, in spite of
+which they were obliged to continue the march, owing to insufficiency
+of provisions. Cheirisophus was as usual leading in front, while
+Xenophon headed the rearguard, when the enemy began a violent and
+sustained attack. At one narrow place after another they came up quite
+close, pouring in volleys of arrows and slingstones, so that the
+Hellenes had no choice but to make sallies in pursuit and then again
+recoil, making but very little progress. Over and over again Xenophon
+would send an order to the front to slacken pace, when the enemy were
+pressing their attack severely. As a rule, when the word was so passed
+up, Cheirisophus slackened; but sometimes instead of slackening,
+Cheirisophus quickened, sending down a counter-order to the rear to
+follow on quickly. It was clear that there was something or other
+happening, but there was no time to go to the front and discover the
+cause of the hurry. Under the circumstances the march, at any rate in
+the rear, became very like a rout, and here a brave man lost his life,
+Cleonymus the Laconian, shot with an arrow in the ribs right through
+shield and corselet, as also Basias, an Arcadian, shot clean through
+the head.
+
+As soon as they reached a halting-place, Xenophon, without more ado,
+came up to Cheirisophus, and took him to task for not having waited,
+"whereby," he said, "we were forced to fight and flee at the same       19
+moment; and now it has cost us the lives of two fine fellows; they are
+dead, and we were not able to pick up their bodies or bury them."
+Cheirisophus answered: "Look up there," pointing as he spoke to the
+mountain, "do you see how inaccessible it all is? only this one road,
+which you see, going straight up, and on it all that crowd of men who
+have seized and are guarding the single exit. That is why I hastened
+on, and why I could not wait for you, hoping to be beforehand with
+them yonder in seizing the pass: the guides we have got say there is
+no other way." And Xenophon replied: "But I have got two prisoners
+also; the enemy annoyed us so much that we laid an ambuscade for them,
+which also gave us time to recover our breaths; we killed some of
+them, and did our best to catch one or two alive--for this very
+reason--that we might have guides who knew the country, to depend
+upon."
+
+The two were brought up at once and questioned separately: "Did they
+know of any other road than the one visible?" The first said no; and
+in spite of all sorts of terrors applied to extract a better
+answer--"no," he persisted. When nothing could be got out of him, he
+was killed before the eyes of his fellow. This latter then explained:
+"Yonder man said, he did not know, because he has got a daughter
+married to a husband in those parts. I can take you," he added, "by a
+good road, practicable even for beasts." And when asked whether there
+was any point on it difficult to pass, he replied that there was a col
+which it would be impossible to pass unless it were occupied in
+advance.
+
+Then it was resolved to summon the officers of the light infantry and
+some of those of the heavy infantry, and to acquaint them with the
+state of affairs, and ask them whether any of them were minded to
+distinguish themselves, and would step forward as volunteers on an
+expedition. Two or three heavy infantry soldiers stepped forward at
+once--two Arcadians, Aristonymus of Methydrium, and Agasias of
+Stymphalus--and in emulation of these, a third, also an Arcadian,
+Callimachus from Parrhasia, who said he was ready to go, and would get
+volunteers from the whole army to join him. "I know," he added, "there  27
+will be no lack of youngsters to follow where I lead." After that they
+asked, "Were there any captains of light infantry willing to accompany
+the expedition?" Aristeas, a Chian, who on several occasions proved
+his usefulness to the army on such service, volunteered.
+
+
+
+
+II
+
+It was already late afternoon, when they ordered the storming party to  1
+take a snatch of food and set off; then they bound the guide and
+handed him over to them. The agreement was, that if they succeeded in
+taking the summit they were to guard the position that night, and at
+daybreak to give a signal by bugle. At this signal the party on the
+summit were to attack the enemy in occupation of the visible pass,
+while the generals with the main body would bring up their succours;
+making their way up with what speed they might. With this
+understanding, off they set, two thousand strong; and there was a
+heavy downpour of rain, but Xenophon, with his rearguard, began
+advancing to the visible pass, so that the enemy might fix his
+attention on this road, and the party creeping round might, as much as
+possible, elude observation. Now when the rearguard, so advancing, had
+reached a ravine which they must cross in order to strike up the
+steep, at that instant the barbarians began rolling down great
+boulders, each a wagon load (1), some larger, some smaller; against the
+rocks they crashed and splintered flying like slingstones in every
+direction--so that it was absolutely out of the question even to
+approach the entrance of the pass. Some of the officers finding
+themselves baulked at this point, kept trying other ways, nor did they
+desist till darkness set in; and then, when they thought they would
+not be seen retiring, they returned to supper. Some of them who had
+been on duty in the rearguard had had no breakfast (it so happened).
+However, the enemy never ceased rolling down their stones all through
+the night, as was easy to infer from the booming sound.
+
+ (1) I.e. several ton weight.
+
+The party with the guide made a circuit and surprised the enemy's
+guards seated round their fire, and after killing some, and driving
+out the rest, took their places, thinking that they were in possession
+of the height. As a matter of fact they were not, for above them lay a  6
+breast-like hill (2) skirted by the narrow road on which they had found
+the guards seated. Still, from the spot in question there was an
+approach to the enemy, who were seated on the pass before mentioned.
+
+ (2) Or, "mamelon."
+
+Here then they passed the night, but at the first glimpse of dawn they
+marched stealthily and in battle order against the enemy. There was a
+mist, so that they could get quite close without being observed. But
+as soon as they caught sight of one another, the trumpet sounded, and
+with a loud cheer they rushed upon the fellows, who did not wait their
+coming, but left the road and made off; with the loss of only a few
+lives however, so nimble were they. Cheirisophus and his men, catching
+the sound of the bugle, charged up by the well-marked road, while
+others of the generals pushed their way up by pathless routes, where
+each division chanced to be; the men mounting as they were best able,
+and hoisting one another up by means of their spears; and these were
+the first to unite with the party who had already taken the position
+by storm. Xenophon, with the rearguard, followed the path which the
+party with the guide had taken, since it was easiest for the beasts of
+burthen; one half of his men he had posted in rear of the baggage
+animals; the other half he had with himself. In their course they
+encountered a crest above the road, occupied by the enemy, whom they
+must either dislodge or be themselves cut off from the rest of the
+Hellenes. The men by themselves could have taken the same route as the
+rest, but the baggage animals could not mount by any other way than
+this.
+
+Here then, with shouts of encouragement to each other, they dashed at
+the hill with their storming columns, not from all sides, but leaving
+an avenue of escape for the enemy, if he chose to avail himself of it.
+For a while, as the men scrambled up where each best could, the
+natives kept up a fire of arrows and darts, yet did not receive them
+at close quarters, but presently left the position in flight. No
+sooner, however, were the Hellenes safely past this crest, than they
+came in sight of another in front of them, also occupied, and deemed
+it advisable to storm it also. But now it struck Xenophon that if they  13
+left the ridge just taken unprotected in their rear, the enemy might
+re-occupy it and attack the baggage animals as they filed past,
+presenting a long extended line owing to the narrowness of the road by
+which they made their way. To obviate this, he left some officers in
+charge of the ridge--Cephisodorus, son of Cephisophon, an Athenian;
+Amphicrates, the son of Amphidemus, an Athenian; and Archagoras, an
+Argive exile--while he in person with the rest of the men attacked the
+second ridge; this they took in the same fashion, only to find that
+they had still a third knoll left, far the steepest of the three. This
+was none other than the mamelon mentioned as above the outpost, which
+had been captured over their fire by the volunteer storming party in
+the night. But when the Hellenes were close, the natives, to the
+astonishment of all, without a struggle deserted the knoll. It was
+conjectured that they had left their position from fear of being
+encircled and besieged, but the fact was that they, from their higher
+ground, had been able to see what was going on in the rear, and had
+all made off in this fashion to attack the rearguard.
+
+So then Xenophon, with the youngest men, scaled up to the top, leaving
+orders to the rest to march on slowly, so as to allow the hindmost
+companies to unite with them; they were to advance by the road, and
+when they reached the level to ground arms (3). Meanwhile the Argive
+Archagoras arrived, in full flight, with the announcement that they
+had been dislodged from the first ridge, and that Cephisodorus and
+Amphicrates were slain, with a number of others besides, all in fact
+who had not jumped down the crags and so reached the rearguard. After
+this achievement the barbarians came to a crest facing the mamelon,
+and Xenophon held a colloquy with them by means of an interpreter, to
+negotiate a truce, and demanded back the dead bodies. These they
+agreed to restore if he would not burn their houses, and to these
+terms Xenophon agreed. Meanwhile, as the rest of the army filed past,
+and the colloquy was proceeding, all the people of the place had time
+to gather gradually, and the enemy formed; and as soon as the Hellenes
+began to descend from the mamelon to join the others where the troops
+were halted, on rushed the foe, in full force, with hue and cry. They   20
+reached the summit of the mamelon from which Xenophon was descending,
+and began rolling down crags. One man's leg was crushed to pieces.
+Xenophon was left by his shield-bearer, who carried off his shield,
+but Eurylochus of Lusia (4), an Arcadian hoplite, ran up to him, and
+threw his shield in front to protect both of them; so the two together
+beat a retreat, and so too the rest, and joined the serried ranks of
+the main body.
+
+ (3) To take up position.
+
+ (4) I.e. of Lusi (or Lusia), a town (or district) in Northern Arcadia.
+
+After this the whole Hellenic force united, and took up their quarters
+there in numerous beautiful dwellings, with an ample store of
+provisions, for there was wine so plentiful that they had it in
+cemented cisterns. Xenophon and Cheirisophus arranged to recover the
+dead, and in return restored the guide; afterwards they did everything
+for the dead, according to the means at their disposal, with the
+customary honours paid to good men.
+
+Next day they set off without a guide; and the enemy, by keeping up a
+continuous battle and occupying in advance every narrow place,
+obstructed passage after passage. Accordingly, whenever the van was
+obstructed, Xenophon, from behind, made a dash up the hills and broke
+the barricade, and freed the vanguard by endeavouring to get above the
+obstructing enemy. Whenever the rear was the point attacked,
+Cheirisophus, in the same way, made a detour, and by endeavouring to
+mount higher than the barricaders, freed the passage for the rear
+rank; and in this way, turn and turn about, they rescued each other,
+and paid unflinching attention to their mutual needs. At times it
+happened that, the relief party having mounted, encountered
+considerable annoyance in their descent from the barbarians, who were
+so agile that they allowed them to come up quite close, before they
+turned back, and still escaped, partly no doubt because the only
+weapons they had to carry were bows and slings.
+
+They were, moreover, excellent archers, using bows nearly three cubits
+long and arrows more than two cubits. When discharging the arrow, they
+draw the string by getting a purchase with the left foot planted        28
+forward on the lower end of the bow. The arrows pierced through shield
+and cuirass, and the Hellenes, when they got hold of them, used them
+as javelins, fitting them to their thongs. In these districts the
+Cretans were highly serviceable. They were under the command of
+Stratocles, a Cretan.
+
+
+
+
+III
+
+During this day they bivouacked in the villages which lie above the     1
+plain of the river Centrites (1), which is about two hundred feet
+broad. It is the frontier river between Armenia and the country of the
+Carduchians. Here the Hellenes recruited themselves, and the sight of
+the plain filled them with joy, for the river was but six or seven
+furlongs distant from the mountains of the Carduchians. For the moment
+then they bivouacked right happily; they had their provisions, they
+had also many memories of the labours that were now passed; seeing
+that the last seven days spent in traversing the country of the
+Carduchians had been one long continuous battle, which had cost them
+more suffering than the whole of their troubles at the hands of the
+king and Tissaphernes put together. As though they were truly quit of
+them for ever, they laid their heads to rest in sweet content.
+
+ (1) I.e. the Eastern Tigris.
+
+But with the morrow's dawn they espied horsemen at a certain point
+across the river, armed cap-a-pie, as if they meant to dispute the
+passage. Infantry, too, drawn up in line upon the banks above the
+cavalry, threatened to prevent them debouching into Armenia. These
+troops were Armenian and Mardian and Chaldaean mercenaries belonging
+to Orontas and Artuchas. The last of the three, the Chaldaeans, were
+said to be a free and brave set of people. They were armed with long
+wicker shields and lances. The banks before named on which they were
+drawn up were a hundred yards or more distant from the river, and the
+single road which was visible was one leading upwards and looking like
+a regular artificially constructed highway. At this point the Hellenes
+endeavoured to cross, but on their making the attempt the water proved  6
+to be more than breast-deep, and the river bed was rough with great
+slippery stones, and as to holding their arms in the water, it was out
+of the question--the stream swept them away--or if they tried to carry
+them over the head, the body was left exposed to the arrows and other
+missiles; accordingly they turned back and encamped there by the bank
+of the river.
+
+At the point where they had themselves been last night, up on the
+mountains, they could see the Carduchians collected in large numbers
+and under arms. A shadow of deep despair again descended on their
+souls, whichever way they turned their eyes--in front lay the river so
+difficult to ford; over, on the other side, a new enemy threatening to
+bar the passage; on the hills behind, the Carduchians ready to fall
+upon their rear should they once again attempt to cross. Thus for this
+day and night they halted, sunk in perplexity. But Xenophon had a
+dream. In his sleep he thought that he was bound in fetters, but
+these, of their own accord, fell from off him, so that he was loosed,
+and could stretch his legs as freely as he wished (2). So at the first
+glimpse of daylight he came to Cheirisophus and told him that he had
+hopes that all things would go well, and related to him his dream.
+
+ (2) It is impossible to give the true sense and humour of the passage
+    in English, depending, as it does, on the double meaning of
+    {diabainein} (1) to cross (a river), (2) to stride or straddle (of
+    the legs). The army is unable to cross the Centrites; Xenophon
+    dreams that he is fettered, but the chains drop off his legs and
+    he is able to stride as freely as ever; next morning the two young
+    men come to him with the story how they have found themselves able
+    to walk cross the river instead of having to swim it. It is
+    obvious to Xenophon that the dream is sent from Heaven.
+
+The other was well pleased, and with the first faint gleam of dawn the
+generals all were present and did sacrifice; and the victims were
+favourable in the first essay. Retiring from the sacrifice, the
+generals and officers issued an order to the troops to take their
+breakfasts; and while Xenophon was taking his, two young men came
+running up to him, for every one knew that, breakfasting or supping,
+he was always accessible, or that even if asleep any one was welcome
+to awaken him who had anything to say bearing on the business of war.   10
+What the two young men had at this time to say was that they had been
+collecting brushwood for fire, and had presently espied on the
+opposite side, in among some rocks which came down to the river's
+brink, an old man and some women and little girls depositing, as it
+would appear, bags of clothes in a cavernous rock. When they saw them,
+it struck them that it was safe to cross; in any case the enemy's
+cavalry could not approach at this point. So they stripped naked,
+expecting to have to swim for it, and with their long knives in their
+hands began crossing, but going forward crossed without being wet up
+to the fork. Once across they captured the clothes, and came back
+again.
+
+Accordingly Xenophon at once poured out a libation himself, and bade
+the two young fellows fill the cup and pray to the gods, who showed to
+him this vision and to them a passage, to bring all other blessings
+for them to accomplishment. When he had poured out the libation, he at
+once led the two young men to Cheirisophus, and they repeated to him
+their story. Cheirisophus, on hearing it, offered libations also, and
+when they had performed them, they sent a general order to the troops
+to pack up ready for starting, while they themselves called a meeting
+of the generals and took counsel how they might best effect a passage,
+so as to overpower the enemy in front without suffering any loss from
+the men behind. And they resolved that Cheirisophus should lead the
+van and cross with half the army, the other half still remaining
+behind under Xenophon, while the baggage animals and the mob of
+sutlers were to cross between the two divisions.
+
+When all was duly ordered the move began, the young men pioneering
+them, and keeping the river on their left. It was about four furlongs'
+march to the crossing, and as they moved along the bank, the squadrons
+of cavalry kept pace with them on the opposite side.
+
+But when they had reached a point in a line with the ford, and the
+cliff-like banks of the river, they grounded arms, and first
+Cheirisophus himself placed a wreath upon his brows, and throwing off   17
+his cloak (3), resumed his arms, passing the order to all the rest to
+do the same, and bade the captains form their companies in open order
+in deep columns, some to left and some to right of himself. Meanwhile
+the soothsayers were slaying a victim over the river, and the enemy
+were letting fly their arrows and slingstones; but as yet they were
+out of range. As soon as the victims were favourable, all the soldiers
+began singing the battle hymn, and with the notes of the paean mingled
+the shouting of the men accompanied by the shriller chant of the
+women, for there were many women (4) in the camp.
+
+ (3) Or, "having doffed it," i.e. the wreath, an action which the
+    soldiers would perform symbolically, if Grote is right in his
+    interpretation of the passage, "Hist. of Greece," vol. ix. p. 137.
+
+ (4) Lit. "comrade-women."
+
+So Cheirisophus with his detachment stepped in. But Xenophon, taking
+the most active-bodied of the rearguard, began running back at full
+speed to the passage facing the egress into the hills of Armenia,
+making a feint of crossing at that point to intercept their cavalry on
+the river bank. The enemy, seeing Cheirisophus's detachment easily
+crossing the stream, and Xenophon's men racing back, were seized with
+the fear of being intercepted, and fled at full speed in the direction
+of the road which emerges from the stream. But when they were come
+opposite to it they raced up hill towards their mountains. Then
+Lycius, who commanded the cavalry, and Aeschines, who was in command
+of the division of light infantry attached to Cheirisophus, no sooner
+saw them fleeing so lustily than they were after them, and the
+soldiers shouted not to fall behind (5), but to follow them right up to
+the mountains. Cheirisophus, on getting across, forbore to pursue the
+cavalry, but advanced by the bluffs which reached to the river to
+attack the enemy overhead. And these, seeing their own cavalry
+fleeing, seeing also the heavy infantry advancing upon them, abandoned
+the heights above the river.
+
+ (5) Or, "to stick tight to them and not to be outdone"; or, as others
+    understand, "the (infantry) soldiers clamoured not to be left
+    behind, but to follow them up into the mountains."
+
+Xenophon, as soon as he saw that things were going well on the other    24
+side, fell back with all speed to join the troops engaged in crossing,
+for by this time the Carduchians were well in sight, descending into
+the plain to attack their rear.
+
+Cheirisophus was in possession of the higher ground, and Lycius, with
+his little squadron, in an attempt to follow up the pursuit, had
+captured some stragglers of their baggage-bearers, and with them some
+handsome apparel and drinking-cups. The baggage animals of the
+Hellenes and the mob of non-combatants were just about to cross, when
+Xenonphon turned his troops right about to face the Carduchians.
+Vis-a-vis he formed his line, passing the order to the captains each
+to form his company into sections, and to deploy them into line by the
+left, the captains of companies and lieutenants in command of sections
+to advance to meet the Carduchians, while the rear leaders would keep
+their position facing the river. But when the Carduchians saw the
+rearguard so stript of the mass, and looking now like a mere handful
+of men, they advanced all the more quickly, singing certain songs the
+while. Then, as matters were safe with him, Cheirisophus sent back the
+peltasts and slingers and archers to join Xenophon, with orders to
+carry out his instructions. They were in the act of recrossing, when
+Xenophon, who saw their intention, sent a messenger across, bidding
+them wait there at the river's brink without crossing; but as soon as
+he and his detachment began to cross they were to step in facing him
+in two flanking divisions right and left of them, as if in the act of
+crossing; the javelin men with their javelins on the thong, and the
+bowmen with their arrows on the string; but they were not to advance
+far into the stream. The order passed to his own men was: "Wait till
+you are within sling-shot, and the shield rattles, then sound the
+paean and charge the enemy. As soon as he turns, and the bugle from
+the river sounds for 'the attack,' you will face about to the right,
+the rear rank leading, and the whole detachment falling back and
+crossing the river as quickly as possible, every one preserving his
+original rank, so as to avoid tramelling one another: the bravest man
+is he who gets to the other side first."
+
+The Carduchians, seeing that the remnant left was the merest handful    30
+(for many even of those whose duty it was to remain had gone off in
+their anxiety to protect their beasts of burden, or their personal
+kit, or their mistresses), bore down upon them valorously, and opened
+fire with slingstones and arrows. But the Hellenes, raising the battle
+hymn, dashed at them at a run, and they did not await them; armed well
+enough for mountain warfare, and with a view to sudden attack followed
+by speedy flight, they were not by any means sufficiently equipped for
+an engagement at close quarters. At this instant the signal of the
+bugle was heard. Its notes added wings to the flight of the
+barbarians, but the Hellenes turned right about in the opposite
+direction, and betook themselves to the river with what speed they
+might. Some of the enemy, here a man and there another, perceived, and
+running back to the river, let fly their arrows and wounded a few; but
+the majority, even when the Hellenes were well across, were still to
+be seen pursuing their flight. The detachment which came to meet
+Xenophon's men, carried away by their valour, advanced further than
+they had need to, and had to cross back again in the rear of
+Xenophon's men, and of these too a few were wounded.
+
+
+
+
+IV
+
+The passage effected, they fell into line about mid-day, and marched    1
+through Armenian territory, one long plain with smooth rolling
+hillocks, not less than five parasangs in distance; for owing to the
+wars of this people with the Carduchians there were no villages near
+the river. The village eventually reached was large, and possessed a
+palace belonging to the satrap, and most of the houses were crowned
+with turrets; provisions were plentiful.
+
+From this village they marched two stages--ten parasangs--until they
+had surmounted the sources of the river Tigris; and from this point
+they marched three stages--fifteen parasangs--to the river Teleboas.
+This was a fine stream, though not large, and there were many
+villages about it. The district was named Western Armenia. The
+lieutenant-governor of it was Tiribazus, the king's friend, and
+whenever the latter paid a visit, he alone had the privilege of
+mounting the king upon his horse. This officer rode up to the Hellenes
+with a body of cavalry, and sending forward an interpreter, stated
+that he desired a colloquy with the leaders. The generals resolved to   5
+hear what he had to say; and advancing on their side to within
+speaking distance, they demanded what he wanted. He replied that he
+wished to make a treaty with them, in accordance with which he on his
+side would abstain from injuring the Hellenes, if they would not burn
+his houses, but merely take such provisions as they needed. This
+proposal satisfied the generals, and a treaty was made on the terms
+suggested.
+
+From this place they marched three stages--fifteen parasangs--through
+plain country, Tiribazus the while keeping close behind with his own
+forces more than a mile off. Presently they reached a palace with
+villages clustered round about it, which were full of supplies in
+great variety. But while they were encamping in the night, there was a
+heavy fall of snow, and in the morning it was resolved to billet out
+the different regiments, with their generals, throughout the villages.
+There was no enemy in sight, and the proceeding seemed prudent, owing
+to the quantity of snow. In these quarters they had for provisions all
+the good things there are--sacrificial beasts, corn, old wines with an
+exquisite bouquet, dried grapes, and vegetables of all sorts. But some
+of the stragglers from the camp reported having seen an army, and the
+blaze of many watchfires in the night. Accordingly the generals
+concluded that it was not prudent to separate their quarters in this
+way, and a resolution was passed to bring the troops together again.
+After that they reunited, the more so that the weather promised to be
+fine with a clear sky; but while they lay there in open quarters,
+during the night down came so thick a fall of snow that it completely
+covered up the stacks of arms and the men themselves lying down. It
+cramped and crippled the baggage animals; and there was great
+unreadiness to get up, so gently fell the snow as they lay there warm
+and comfortable, and formed a blanket, except where it slipped off the
+sleepers' shoulders; and it was not until Xenophon roused himself to
+get up, and, without his cloak on (1), began to split wood, that
+quickly first one and then another got up, and taking the log away      12
+from him, fell to splitting. Thereat the rest followed suit, got up,
+and began kindling fire and oiling their bodies, for there was a
+scented unguent to be found there in abundance, which they used
+instead of oil. It was made from pig's fat, sesame, bitter almonds,
+and turpentine. There was a sweet oil also to be found, made of the
+same ingredients.
+
+ (1) Or, as we should say, "in his shirt sleeves." Doubtless he lay
+    with his {imation} or cloak loosely wrapped round him; as he
+    sprang to his feet he would throw it off, or it would fall off,
+    and with the simple inner covering of the {khiton} to protect him,
+    and arms free, he fell to chopping the wood, only half clad.
+
+After this it was resolved that they must again separate their
+quarters and get under cover in the villages. At this news the
+soldiers, with much joy and shouting, rushed upon the covered houses
+and the provisions; but all who in their blind folly had set fire to
+the houses when they left them before, now paid the penalty in the
+poor quarters they got. From this place one night they sent off a
+party under Democrates, a Temenite (2), up into the mountains, where
+the stragglers reported having seen watchfires. The leader selected
+was a man whose judgement might be depended upon to verify the truth
+of the matter. With a happy gift to distinguish between fact and
+fiction, he had often been successfully appealed to. He went and
+reported that he had seen no watchfires, but he had got a man, whom he
+brought back with him, carrying a Persian bow and quiver, and a
+sagaris or battleaxe like those worn by the Amazons. When asked "from
+what country he came," the prisoner answered that he was "a Persian,
+and was going from the army of Tiribazus to get provisions." They next
+asked him "how large the army was, and for what object it had been
+collected." His answer was that "it consisted of Tiribazus at the head
+of his own forces, and aided by some Chalybian and Taochian
+mercenaries. Tiribazus had got it together," he added, "meaning to
+attack the Hellenes on the high mountain pass, in a defile which was
+the sole passage."
+
+ (2) Reading {Temeniten}, i.e. a native of Temenus, a district of
+    Syracuse; al. {Temniten}, i.e. from Temnus in the Aeolid; al.
+    {Temeniten}, i.e. from Temenum in the Argolid.
+
+When the generals heard this news, they resolved to collect the
+troops, and they set off at once, taking the prisoner to act as guide,
+and leaving a garrison behind with Sophaenetus the Stymphalian in       19
+command of those who remained in the camp. As soon as they had begun
+to cross the hills, the light infantry, advancing in front and
+catching sight of the camp, did not wait for the heavy infantry, but
+with a loud shout rushed upon the enemy's entrenchment. The natives,
+hearing the din and clatter, did not care to stop, but took rapidly to
+their heels. But, for all their expedition, some of them were killed,
+and as many as twenty horses were captured, with the tent of
+Tiribazus, and its contents, silver-footed couches and goblets,
+besides certain persons styling themselves the butlers and bakers. As
+soon as the generals of the heavy infantry division had learnt the
+news, they resolved to return to the camp with all speed, for fear of
+an attack being made on the remnant left behind. The recall was
+sounded and the retreat commenced; the camp was reached the same day.
+
+
+
+
+V
+
+The next day it was resolved that they should set off with all          1
+possible speed, before the enemy had time to collect and occupy the
+defile. Having got their kit and baggage together, they at once began
+their march through deep snow with several guides, and, crossing the
+high pass the same day on which Tiribazus was to have attacked them,
+got safely into cantonments. From this point they marched three desert
+stages--fifteen parassangs--to the river Euphrates, and crossed it in
+water up to the waist. The sources of the river were reported to be at
+no great distance. From this place they marched through deep snow over
+a flat country three stages--fifteen parasangs (1). The last of these
+marches was trying, with the north wind blowing in their teeth, drying
+up everything and benumbing the men. Here one of the seers suggested
+to them to do sacrifice to Boreas, and sacrifice was done. The effect
+was obvious to all in the diminished fierceness of the blast. But
+there was six feet of snow, so that many of the baggage animals and
+slaves were lost, and about thirty of the men themselves.
+
+ (1) Al. "ten," al. "five."
+
+They spent the whole night in kindling fire; for there was fortunately
+no dearth of wood at the halting-place; only those who came late into
+camp had no wood. Accordingly those who had arrived a good while and    5
+had kindled fires were not for allowing these late-comers near the
+fires, unless they would in return give a share of their corn or of
+any other victuals they might have. Here then a general exchange of
+goods was set up. Where the fire was kindled the snow melted, and
+great trenches formed themselves down to the bare earth, and here it
+was possible to measure the depth of the snow.
+
+Leaving these quarters, they marched the whole of the next day over
+snow, and many of the men were afflicted with "boulimia" (or
+hunger-faintness). Xenophon, who was guarding the rear, came upon some
+men who had dropt down, and he did not know what ailed them; but some
+one who was experienced in such matters suggested to him that they had
+evidently got boulimia; and if they got something to eat, they would
+revive. Then he went the round of the baggage train, and laying an
+embargo on any eatables he could see, doled out with his own hands, or
+sent off other able-bodied agents to distribute to the sufferers, who
+as soon as they had taken a mouthful got on their legs again and
+continued the march.
+
+On and on they marched, and about dusk Cheirisophus reached a village,
+and surprised some women and girls who had come from the village to
+fetch water at the fountain outside the stockade. These asked them who
+they were. The interpreters answered for them in Persian: "They were
+on their way from the king to the satrap;" in reply to which the women
+gave them to understand that the satrap was not at home, but was away
+a parasang farther on. As it was late they entered with the
+water-carriers within the stockade to visit the headman of the
+village. Accordingly Cheirisophus and as many of the troops as were
+able got into cantonments there, while the rest of the soldiers--those
+namely who were unable to complete the march--had to spend the night
+out, without food and without fire; under the circumstances some of
+the men perished.
+
+On the heels of the army hung perpetually bands of the enemy,
+snatching away disabled baggage animals and fighting with each other
+over the carcases. And in its track not seldom were left to their fate
+disabled soldiers, struck down with snow-blindness or with toes         12
+mortified by frostbite. As to the eyes, it was some alleviation
+against the snow to march with something black before them; for the
+feet, the only remedy was to keep in motion without stopping for an
+instant, and to loose the sandal at night. If they went to sleep with
+the sandals on, the thong worked into the feet, and the sandals were
+frozen fast to them. This was partly due to the fact that, since their
+old sandals had failed, they wore untanned brogues made of
+newly-flayed ox-hides. It was owing to some such dire necessity that a
+party of men fell out and were left behind, and seeing a black-looking
+patch of ground where the snow had evidently disappeared, they
+conjectured it must have been melted; and this was actually so, owing
+to a spring of some sort which was to be seen steaming up in a dell
+close by. To this they had turned aside and sat down, and were loth to
+go a step further. But Xenophon, with his rearguard, perceived them,
+and begged and implored them by all manner of means not to be left
+behind, telling them that the enemy were after them in large packs
+pursuing; and he ended by growing angry. They merely bade him put a
+knife to their throats; not one step farther would they stir. Then it
+seemed best to frighten the pursuing enemy if possible, and prevent
+their falling upon the invalids. It was already dusk, and the pursuers
+were advancing with much noise and hubbub, wrangling and disputing
+over their spoils. Then all of a sudden the rearguard, in the
+plenitude of health and strength (2), sprang up out of their lair and
+run upon the enemy, whilst those weary wights (3) bawled out as loud as
+their sick throats could sound, and clashed their spears against their
+shields; and the enemy in terror hurled themselves through the snow
+into the dell, and not one of them ever uttered a sound again.
+
+ (2) Hug, after Rehdantz, would omit the words "in the plenitude of
+    health and strength."
+
+ (3) Or, "the invalids."
+
+Xenophon and his party, telling the sick folk that next day people
+would come for them, set off, and before they had gone half a mile
+they fell in with some soldiers who had laid down to rest on the snow
+with their cloaks wrapped round them, but never a guard was
+established, and they made them get up. Their explanation was that      19
+those in front would not move on. Passing by this group he sent
+forward the strongest of his light infantry in advance, with orders to
+find out what the stoppage was. They reported that the whole army lay
+reposing in such fashion. That being so, Xenophon's men had nothing
+for it but to bivouac in the open air also, without fire and
+supperless, merely posting what pickets they could under the
+circumstances. But as soon as it drew towards day, Xenophon despatched
+the youngest of his men to the sick folk behind, with orders to make
+them get up and force them to proceed. Meanwhile Cheirisophus had sent
+some of his men quartered in the village to enquire how they fared in
+the rear; they were overjoyed to see them, and handed over the sick
+folk to them to carry into camp, while they themselves continued their
+march forward, and ere twenty furlongs were past reached the village
+in which Cheirisophus was quartered. As soon as the two divisions were
+met, the resolution was come to that it would be safe to billet the
+regiments throughout the villages; Cheirisophus remained where he was,
+while the rest drew lots for the villages in sight, and then, with
+their several detachments, marched off to their respective
+destinations.
+
+It was here that Polycrates, an Athenian and captain of a company,
+asked for leave of absence--he wished to be off on a quest of his own;
+and putting himself at the head of the active men of the division, he
+ran to the village which had been allotted to Xenophon. He surprised
+within it the villagers with their headman, and seventeen young horses
+which were being reared as a tribute for the king, and, last of all,
+the headman's own daughter, a young bride only eight days wed. Her
+husband had gone off to chase hares, and so he escaped being taken
+with the other villagers. The houses were underground structures with
+an aperture like the mouth of a well by which to enter, but they were
+broad and spacious below. The entrance for the beasts of burden was
+dug out, but the human occupants descended by a ladder. In these
+dwellings were to be found goats and sheep and cattle, and cocks and
+hens, with their various progeny. The flocks and herds were all reared
+under cover upon green food. There were stores within of wheat and
+barley and vegetables, and wine made from barley in great big bowls;    26
+the grains of barley malt lay floating in the beverage up to the lip
+of the vessel, and reeds lay in them, some longer, some shorter,
+without joints; when you were thirsty you must take one of these into
+your mouth, and suck. The beverage without admixture of water was very
+strong, and of a delicious flavour to certain palates, but the taste
+must be acquired.
+
+Xenophon made the headman of the village his guest at supper, and bade
+him keep a good heart; so far from robbing him of his children, they
+would fill his house full of good things in return for what they took
+before they went away; only he must set them an example, and discover
+some blessing or other for the army, until they found themselves with
+another tribe. To this he readily assented, and with the utmost
+cordiality showed them the cellar where the wine was buried. For this
+night then, having taken up their several quarters as described, they
+slumbered in the midst of plenty, one and all, with the headman under
+watch and ward, and his children with him safe in sight.
+
+But on the following day Xenophon took the headman and set off to
+Cheirisophus, making a round of the villages, and at each place
+turning in to visit the different parties. Everywhere alike he found
+them faring sumptuously and merry-making. There was not a single
+village where they did not insist on setting a breakfast before them,
+and on the same table were spread half a dozen dishes at least, lamb,
+kid, pork, veal, fowls, with various sorts of bread, some of wheat and
+some of barley. When, as an act of courtesy, any one wished to drink
+his neighbour's health, he would drag him to the big bowl, and when
+there, he must duck his head and take a long pull, drinking like an
+ox. The headman, they insisted everywhere, must accept as a present
+whatever he liked to have. But he would accept nothing, except where
+he espied any of his relations, when he made a point of taking them
+off, him or her, with himself.
+
+When they reached Cheirisophus they found a similar scene. There too    33
+the men were feasting in their quarters, garlanded with whisps of hay
+and dry grass, and Armenian boys were playing the part of waiters in
+barbaric costumes, only they had to point out by gesture to the boys
+what they were to do, like deaf and dumb. After the first formalities,
+when Cheirisophus and Xenophon had greeted one another like bosom
+friends, they interrogated the headman in common by means of the
+Persian-speaking interpreter. "What was the country?" they asked: he
+replied, "Armenia." And again, "For whom are the horses being bred?"
+"They are tribute for the king," he replied. "And the neighbouring
+country?" "Is the land of the Chalybes," he said; and he described the
+road which led to it. So for the present Xenophon went off, taking the
+headman back with him to his household and friends. He also made him a
+present of an oldish horse which he had got; he had heard that the
+headman was a priest of the sun, and so he could fatten up the beast
+and sacrifice him; otherwise he was afraid it might die outright, for
+it had been injured by the long marching. For himself he took his pick
+of the colts, and gave a colt apiece to each of his fellow-generals
+and officers. The horses here were smaller than the Persian horses,
+but much more spirited. It was here too that their friend the headman
+explained to them, how they should wrap small bags or sacks around the
+feet of the horses and other cattle when marching through the snow,
+for without such precautions the creatures sank up to their bellies.
+
+
+
+
+VI
+
+When a week had passed, on the eighth day Xenophon delivered over the   1
+guide (that is to say, the village headman) to Cheirisophus. He left
+the headman's household safe behind in the village, with the exception
+of his son, a lad in the bloom of youth. This boy was entrusted to
+Episthenes of Amphipolis to guard; if the headman proved himself a
+good guide, he was to take away his son also at his departure. They
+finally made his house the repository of all the good things they
+could contrive to get together; then they broke up their camp and
+commenced to march, the headman guiding them through the snow
+unfettered. When they had reached the third stage Cheirisophus flew     2
+into a rage with him, because he had not brought them to any villages.
+The headman pleaded that there were none in this part. Cheirisophus
+struck him, but forgot to bind him, and the end of it was that the
+headman ran away in the night and was gone, leaving his son behind
+him. This was the sole ground of difference between Cheirisophus and
+Xenophon during the march, this combination of ill-treatment and
+neglect in the case of the guide. As to the boy, Episthenes conceived
+a passion for him, and took him home with him, and found in him the
+most faithful of friends.
+
+After this they marched seven stages at the rate of five parasangs a
+day, to the banks of the river Phasis (1), which is a hundred feet
+broad: and thence they marched another couple of stages, ten
+parasangs; but at the pass leading down into the plain there appeared
+in front of them a mixed body of Chalybes and Taochians and
+Phasianians. When Cheirisophus caught sight of the enemy on the pass
+at a distance of about three or four miles, he ceased marching, not
+caring to approach the enemy with his troops in column, and he passed
+down the order to the others: to deploy their companies to the front,
+that the troops might form into line. As soon as the rearguard had
+come up, he assembled the generals and officers, and addressed them:
+"The enemy, as you see, are in occupation of the mountain pass, it is
+time we should consider how we are to make the best fight to win it.
+My opinion is, that we should give orders to the troops to take their
+morning meal, whilst we deliberate whether we should cross the
+mountains to-day or to-morrow." "My opinion," said Cleanor, "is, that
+as soon as we have breakfasted, we should arm for the fight and attack
+the enemy, without loss of time, for if we fritter away to-day, the
+enemy who are now content to look at us, will grow bolder, and with
+their growing courage, depend upon it, others more numerous will join
+them."
+
+ (1) Probably a tributary of the Araxes = modern Pasin-Su.
+
+After him Xenophon spoke: "This," he said, "is how I see the matter;
+if fight we must, let us make preparation to sell our lives dearly,
+but if we desire to cross with the greatest ease, the point to
+consider is, how we may get the fewest wounds and throw away the
+smallest number of good men. Well then, that part of the mountain       11
+which is visible stretches nearly seven miles. Where are the men
+posted to intercept us? except at the road itself, they are nowhere to
+be seen. It is much better to try if possible to steal a point of this
+desert mountain unobserved, and before they know where we are, secure
+the prize, than to fly at a strong position and an enemy thoroughly
+prepared. Since it is much easier to march up a mountain without
+fighting than to tramp along a level when assailants are at either
+hand; and provided he has not to fight, a man will see what lies at
+his feet much more plainly even at night than in broad daylight in the
+midst of battle; and a rough road to feet that roam in peace may be
+pleasanter than a smooth surface with the bullets whistling about your
+ears (2). Nor is it so impossible, I take it, to steal a march, since
+it is open to us to go by night, when we cannot be seen, and to fall
+back so far that they will never notice us. In my opinion, however, if
+we make a feint of attacking here, we shall find the mountain chain
+all the more deserted elsewhere, since the enemy will be waiting for
+us here in thicker swarm.
+
+ (2) Or, more lit., "with the head a mark for missiles."
+
+"But what right have I to be drawing conclusions about stealing in
+your presence, Cheirisophus? for you Lacedaemonians, as I have often
+been told, you who belong to the 'peers,' practise stealing from your
+boyhood up; and it is no disgrace but honourable rather to steal,
+except such things as the law forbids; and in order, I presume, to
+stimulate your sense of secretiveness, and to make you master thieves,
+it is lawful for you further to get a whipping if you are caught. Now
+then you have a fine opportunity of displaying your training. But take
+care we are not caught stealing over the mountain, or we shall catch
+it ourselves." "For all that," retorted Cheirisophus, "I have heard
+that you Athenians are clever hands at stealing the public moneys; and
+that too though there is a fearful risk for the person so employed;
+but, I am told, it is your best men who are addicted to it; if it is
+your best men who are thought worthy to rule. So it is a fine
+opportunity for yourself also, Xenophon, to exhibit your education."    17
+"And I," replied Xenophon, "am ready to take the rear division, as
+soon as we have supped, and seize the mountain chain. I have already
+got guides, for the light troops laid an ambuscade, and seized some of
+the cut-purse vagabonds who hung on our rear. I am further informed by
+them that the mountain is not inaccessible, but is grazed by goats and
+cattle, so that if we can once get hold of any portion of it, there
+will be no difficulty as regards our animals--they can cross. As to
+the enemy, I expect they will not even wait for us any longer, when
+they once see us on a level with themselves on the heights, for they
+do not even at present care to come down and meet us on fair ground."
+Cheirisophus answered: "But why should you go and leave your command
+in the rear? Send others rather, unless a band of volunteers will
+present themselves." Thereupon Aristonymus the Methydrian came forward
+with some heavy infantry, and Nicomachus the Oetean with another body
+of light troops, and they made an agreement to kindle several
+watch-fires as soon as they held the heights. The arrangements made,
+they breakfasted; and after breakfast Cheirisophus advanced the whole
+army ten furlongs closer towards the enemy, so as to strengthen the
+impression that he intended to attack them at that point.
+
+But as soon as they had supped and night had fallen, the party under
+orders set off and occupied the mountain, while the main body rested
+where they were. Now as soon as the enemy perceived that the mountain
+was taken, they banished all thought of sleep, and kept many
+watch-fires blazing throughout the night. But at break of day
+Cheirisophus offered sacrifice, and began advancing along the road,
+while the detachment which held the mountain advanced pari passu by
+the high ground. The larger mass of the enemy, on his side, remained
+still on the mountain-pass, but a section of them turned to confront
+the detachment on the heights. Before the main bodies had time to draw
+together, the detachment on the height came to close quarters, and the
+Hellenes were victorious and gave chase. Meanwhile the light division
+of the Hellenes, issuing from the plain, were rapidly advancing
+against the serried lines of the enemy, whilst Cheirisophus followed
+up with his heavy infantry at quick march. But the enemy on the road    25
+no sooner saw their higher division being worsted than they fled, and
+some few of them were slain, and a vast number of wicker shields were
+taken, which the Hellenes hacked to pieces with their short swords and
+rendered useless. So when they had reached the summit of the pass,
+they sacrificed and set up a trophy, and descending into the plain,
+reached villages abounding in good things of every kind.
+
+
+
+
+VII
+
+After this they marched into the country of the Taochians five          1
+stages--thirty parasangs--and provisions failed; for the Taochians
+lived in strong places, into which they had carried up all their
+stores. Now when the army arrived before one of these strong places--a
+mere fortress, without city or houses, into which a motley
+crowd of men and women and numerous flocks and herds were
+gathered--Cheirisophus attacked at once. When the first regiment fell
+back tired, a second advanced, and again a third, for it was
+impossible to surround the place in full force, as it was encircled by
+a river. Presently Xenophon came up with the rearguard, consisting of
+both light and heavy infantry, whereupon Cheirisophus halted him with
+the words: "In the nick of time you have come; we must take this
+place, for the troops have no provisions, unless we take it."
+Thereupon they consulted together, and to Xenophon's inquiry, "What it
+was which hindered their simply walking in?" Cheirisophus replied,
+"There is just this one narrow approach which you see, but when we
+attempt to pass it by they roll down volleys of stones from yonder
+overhanging crag," pointing up, "and this is the state in which you
+find yourself, if you chance to be caught;" and he pointed to some
+poor fellows with their legs or ribs crushed to bits. "But when they
+have expended their ammunition," said Xenophon, "there is nothing
+else, is there, to hinder our passing? Certainly, except yonder
+handful of fellows, there is no one in front of us that we can see;
+and of them, only two or three apparently are armed, and the distance
+to be traversed under fire is, as your eyes will tell you, about one
+hundred and fifty feet as near as can be, and of this space the first
+hundred is thickly covered with great pines at intervals; under cover
+of these, what harm can come to our men from a pelt of stones, flying   6
+or rolling? So then, there is only fifty feet left to cross, during a
+lull of stones." "Ay," said Cheirisophus, "but with our first attempt
+to approach the bush a galling fire of stones commences." "The very
+thing we want," said the other, "for they will use up their ammunition
+all the quicker; but let us select a point from which we shall have
+only a brief space to run across, if we can, and from which it will be
+easier to get back, if we wish."
+
+Thereupon Cheirisophus and Xenophon set out with Callimachus the
+Parrhasian, the captain in command of the officers of the rearguard
+that day; the rest of the captains remained out of danger. That done,
+the next step was for a party of about seventy men to get away under
+the trees, not in a body, but one by one, every one using his best
+precaution; and Agasis the Stymphalian, and Aristonymous the
+Methydrian, who were also officers of the rearguard, were posted as
+supports outside the trees; for it was not possible for more than a
+single company to stand safely within the trees. Here Callimachus hit
+upon a pretty contrivance--he ran forward from the tree under which he
+was posted two or three paces, and as soon as the stones came
+whizzing, he retired easily, but at each excursion more than ten
+wagon-loads of rocks were expended. Agasias, seeing how Callimachus
+was amusing himself, and the whole army looking on as spectators, was
+seized with the fear that he might miss his chance of being first to
+run the gauntlet of the enemy's fire and get into the place. So,
+without a word of summons to his neighbour, Aristonymous, or to
+Eurylochus of Lusia, both comrades of his, or to any one else, off he
+set on his own account, and passed the whole detachment. But
+Callimachus, seeing him tearing past, caught hold of his shield by the
+rim, and in the meantime Aristonymous the Methydrian ran past both,
+and after him Eurylochus of Lusia; for they were one and all aspirants
+to valour, and in that high pursuit, each was the eager rival of the
+rest. So in this strife of honour, the three of them took the
+fortress, and when they had once rushed in, not a stone more was
+hurled from overhead.
+
+And here a terrible spectacle displayed itself: the women first cast
+their infants down the cliff, and then they cast themselves after       13
+their fallen little ones, and the men likewise. In such a scene,
+Aeneas the Stymphalian, an officer, caught sight of a man with a fine
+dress about to throw himself over, and seized hold of him to stop him;
+but the other caught him to his arms, and both were gone in an instant
+headlong down the crags, and were killed. Out of this place the merest
+handful of human beings were taken prisoners, but cattle and asses in
+abundance and flocks of sheep.
+
+From this place they marched through the Chalybes (1) seven stages,
+fifty parasangs. These were the bravest men whom they encountered on
+the whole march, coming cheerily to close quarters with them. They
+wore linen cuirasses reaching to the groin, and instead of the
+ordinary "wings" or basques, a thickly-plaited fringe of cords. They
+were also provided with greaves and helmets, and at the girdle a short
+sabre, about as long as the Laconian dagger, with which they cut the
+throats of those they mastered, and after severing the head from the
+trunk they would march along carrying it, singing and dancing, when
+they drew within their enemy's field of view. They carried also a
+spear fifteen cubits long, lanced at one end (2). This folk stayed in
+regular townships, and whenever the Hellenes passed by they invariably
+hung close on their heels fighting. They had dwelling-places in their
+fortresses, and into them they had carried up their supplies, so that
+the Hellenes could get nothing from this district, but supported
+themselves on the flocks and herds they had taken from the Taochians.
+After this the Hellenes reached the river Harpasus, which was four
+hundred feet broad. Hence they marched through the Scythenians four
+stages--twenty parasangs--through a long level country to more
+villages, among which they halted three days, and got in supplies.
+
+ (1) These are the Armeno-Chalybes, so called by Pliny in
+    contradistinction to another mountain tribe in Pontus so named,
+    who were famous for their forging, and from whom steel received
+    its Greek name {khalups}. With these latter we shall make
+    acquaintance later on.
+
+ (2) I.e. with a single point or spike only, the Hellenic spear having
+    a spike at the butt end also.
+
+Passing on from thence in four stages of twenty parasangs, they         19
+reached a large and prosperous well-populated city, which went by the
+name of Gymnias (3), from which the governor of the country sent them a
+guide to lead them through a district hostile to his own. This guide
+told them that within five days he would lead them to a place from
+which they would see the sea, "and," he added, "if I fail of my word,
+you are free to take my life." Accordingly he put himself at their
+head; but he no sooner set foot in the country hostile to himself than
+he fell to encouraging them to burn and harry the land; indeed his
+exhortations were so earnest, it was plain that it was for this he had
+come, and not out of the good-will he bore the Hellenes.
+
+ (3) Gymnias is supposed (by Grote, "Hist. of Greece," vol. ix. p. 161)
+    to be the same as that which is now called Gumisch-Kana--perhaps
+    "at no great distance from Baibut," Tozer, "Turkish Armenia," p.
+    432. Others have identified it with Erzeroum, others with Ispir.
+
+On the fifth day they reached the mountain, the name of which was
+Theches (4). No sooner had the men in front ascended it and caught
+sight of the sea than a great cry arose, and Xenophon, in the
+rearguard, catching the sound of it, conjectured that another set of
+enemies must surely be attacking in front; for they were followed by
+the inhabitants of the country, which was all aflame; indeed the
+rearguard had killed some and captured others alive by laying an
+ambuscade; they had taken also about twenty wicker shields, covered
+with the raw hides of shaggy oxen.
+
+ (4) Some MSS. give "the sacred mountain." The height in question has
+    been identified with "the ridge called Tekieh-Dagh to the east of
+    Gumisch-Kana, nearer to the sea than that place" (Grote, ib. p.
+    162), but the exact place from which they caught sight of the sea
+    has not been identified as yet, and other mountain ranges have
+    been suggested.
+
+But as the shout became louder and nearer, and those who from time to
+time came up, began racing at the top of their speed towards the
+shouters, and the shouting continually recommenced with yet greater
+volume as the numbers increased, Xenophon settled in his mind that
+something extraordinary must have happened, so he mounted his horse,
+and taking with him Lycius and the cavalry, he galloped to the rescue.
+Presently they could hear the soldiers shouting and passing on the
+joyful word, "The sea! the sea!"
+
+Thereupon they began running, rearguard and all, and the baggage        24
+animals and horses came galloping up. But when they had reached the
+summit, then indeed they fell to embracing one another--generals and
+officers and all--and the tears trickled down their cheeks. And on a
+sudden, some one, whoever it was, having passed down the order, the
+soldiers began bringing stones and erecting a great cairn, whereon
+they dedicated a host of untanned skins, and staves, and captured
+wicker shields, and with his own hand the guide hacked the shields to
+pieces, inviting the rest to follow his example. After this the
+Hellenes dismissed the guide with a present raised from the common
+store, to wit, a horse, a silver bowl, a Persian dress, and ten
+darics; but what he most begged to have were their rings, and of these
+he got several from the soldiers. So, after pointing out to them a
+village where they would find quarters, and the road by which they
+would proceed towards the land of the Macrones, as evening fell, he
+turned his back upon them in the night and was gone.
+
+
+
+
+VIII
+
+From this point the Hellenes marched through the country of the         1
+Macrones three stages--ten parasangs, and on the first day they
+reached the river, which formed the boundary between the land of the
+Macrones and the land of the Scythenians. Above them, on their right,
+they had a country of the sternest and ruggedest character, and on
+their left another river, into which the frontier river discharges
+itself, and which they must cross. This was thickly fringed with trees
+which, though not of any great bulk, were closely packed. As soon as
+they came up to them, the Hellenes proceeded to cut them down in their
+haste to get out of the place as soon as possible. But the Macrones,
+armed with wicker shields and lances and hair tunics, were already
+drawn up to receive them opposite the crossing. They were cheering one
+another on, and kept up a steady pelt of stones into the river, though
+they failed to reach the other side or do any harm.
+
+At this juncture one of the light infantry came up to Xenophon; he had
+been, he said, a slave at Athens, and he wished to tell him that he
+recognised the speech of these people. "I think," said he, "that this
+must be my native country, and if there is no objection I will have a
+talk with them." "No objection at all," replied Xenophon, "pray talk    5
+to them, and ask them first, who they are." In answer to this question
+they said, "they were Macrones." "Well, then," said he, "ask them why
+they are drawn up in battle and want to fight with us." They answered,
+"Because you are invading our country." The generals bade him say: "If
+so, it is with not intention certainly of doing it or you any harm:
+but we have been at war with the king, and are now returning to
+Hellas, and all we want is to reach the sea." The others asked, "Were
+they willing to give them pledges to that effect?" They replied: "Yes,
+they were ready to give and receive pledges to that effect." Then the
+Macrones gave a barbaric lance to the Hellenes, and the Hellenes a
+Hellenic lance to them: "for these," they said, "would serve as
+pledges," and both sides called upon the gods to witness.
+
+After the pledges were exchanged, the Macrones fell to vigorously
+hewing down trees and constructing a road to help them across,
+mingling freely with the Hellenes and fraternising in their midst, and
+they afforded them as good as market as they could, and for three days
+conducted them on their march, until they had brought them safely to
+the confines of the Colchians. At this point they were confronted by a
+great mountain chain, which however was accessible, and on it the
+Colchians were drawn up for battle. In the first instance, the
+Hellenes drew up opposite in line of battle, as though they were
+minded to assault the hill in that order; but afterwards the generals
+determined to hold a council of war, and consider how to make the
+fairest fight.
+
+Accordingly Xenophon said: "I am not for advancing in line, but advise
+to form companies by columns. To begin with, the line," he urged,
+"would be scattered and thrown into disorder at once; for we shall
+find the mountain full of inequalities, it will be pathless here and
+easy to traverse there. The mere fact of first having formed in line,
+and then seeing the line thrown into disorder, must exercise a
+disheartening effect. Again, if we advance several deep, the enemy
+will none the less overlap us, and turn their superfluous numbers to
+account as best they like; while, if we march in shallow order, we may
+fully expect our line to be cut through and through by the thick rain   11
+of missiles and rush of men, and if this happen anywhere along the
+line, the whole line will equally suffer. No; my notion is to form
+columns by companies, covering ground sufficient with spaces between
+the companies to allow the last companies of each flank to be outside
+the enemy's flanks. Thus we shall with our extreme companies be
+outside the enemy's line, and the best men at the head of their
+columns will lead the attack, and every company will pick its way
+where the ground is easy; also it will be difficult for the enemy to
+force his way into the intervening spaces, when there are companies on
+both sides; nor will it be easy for him to cut in twain any individual
+company marching in column. If, too, any particular company should be
+pressed, the neighbouring company will come to the rescue, or if at
+any point any single company succeed in reaching the height, from that
+moment not one man of the enemy will stand his ground."
+
+This proposal was carried, and they formed into columns by
+companies (1). Then Xenophon, returning from the right wing to the
+left, addressed the soldiers. "Men," he said, "these men whom you see
+in front of you are the sole obstacles still interposed between us and
+the haven of our hopes so long deferred. We will swallow them up
+whole, without cooking (2), if we can."
+
+ (1) For this formation, see "The Retreat of the Ten Thousand; a
+    military study for all time," by Lieut.-General J. L. Vaughan,
+    C.B.
+
+ (2) Or, "we will gobble them up raw." He is thinking of the Homeric
+    line ("Iliad", iv. 35) "Perchance wert thou to enter within the
+    gates and long walls and devour Priam raw, and Priam's sons and
+    all the Trojans, then mightest thou assuage thine anger."--Leaf.
+
+The several divisions fell into position, the companies were formed
+into columns, and the result was a total of something like eighty
+companies of heavy infantry, each company consisting on an average of
+a hundred men. The light infantry and bowmen were arranged in three
+divisions--two outside to support the left and the right respectively,
+and the third in the centre--each division consisting of about six
+hundred men (3).
+
+ (3) This suggests 1800 as the total of the peltasts, 8000 as the total
+    of the hoplites, but the companies were probably not limited to
+    100, and under "peltasts" were probably included other light
+    troops.
+
+Before starting, the generals passed the order to offer prayer; and     16
+with the prayer and battle hymn rising from their lips they commenced
+their advance. Cheirisophus and Xenophon, and the light infantry with
+them, advanced outside the enemy's line to right and left, and the
+enemy, seeing their advance, made an effort to keep parallel and
+confront them, but in order to do so, as he extended partly to right
+and partly to left, he was pulled to pieces, and there was a large
+space or hollow left in the centre of his line. Seeing them separate
+thus, the light infantry attached to the Arcadian battalion, under
+command of Aeschines, an Arcarnanian, mistook the movement for flight,
+and with a loud shout rushed on, and these were the first to scale the
+mountain summit; but they were closely followed up by the Arcadian
+heavy infantry, under command of Cleanor of Orchomenus.
+
+When they began running in that way, the enemy stood their ground no
+longer, but betook themselves to flight, one in one direction, one in
+another, and the Hellenes scaled the hill and found quarters in
+numerous villages which contained supplies in abundance. Here,
+generally speaking, there was nothing to excite their wonderment, but
+the numbers of bee-hives were indeed astonishing, and so were certain
+properties of the honey (4). The effect upon the soldiers who tasted
+the combs was, that they all went for the nonce quite off their heads,
+and suffered from vomiting and diarrhoea, with a total inability to
+stand steady on their legs. A small dose produced a condition not
+unlike violent drunkenness, a large one an attack very like a fit of
+madness, and some dropped down, apparently at death's door. So they
+lay, hundreds of them, as if there had been a great defeat, a prey to
+the cruellest despondency. But the next day, none had died; and almost
+at the same hour of the day at which they had eaten they recovered
+their senses, and on the third or fourth day got on their legs again
+like convalescents after a severe course of medical treatment.
+
+ (4) "Modern travellers attest the existence, in these regions, of
+    honey intoxicating and poisonous.... They point out the Azalea
+    Pontica as the flower from which the bees imbibe this peculiar
+    quality."--Grote, "Hist. of Greece," vol. ix. p. 155.
+
+From this place they marched on two stages--seven parasangs--and        22
+reached the sea at Trapezus (5), a populous Hellenic city on the Euxine
+Sea, a colony of the Sinopeans, in the territory of the Colchians.
+Here they halted about thirty days in the villages of the Colchians,
+which they used as a base of operations to ravage the whole territory
+of Colchis. The men of Trapezus supplied the army with a market,
+entertained them, and gave them, as gifts of hospitality, oxen and
+wheat and wine. Further, they negotiated with them in behalf of their
+neighbours the Colchians, who dwelt in the plain for the most part,
+and from this folk also came gifts of hospitality in the shape of
+cattle. And now the Hellenes made preparation for the sacrifice which
+they had vowed, and a sufficient number of cattle came in for them to
+offer thank-offerings for safe guidance to Zeus the Saviour, and to
+Heracles (6), and to the other gods, according to their vows. They
+instituted also a gymnastic contest on the mountain side, just where
+they were quartered, and chose Dracontius, a Spartan (who had been
+banished from home when a lad, having unintentionally slain another
+boy with a blow of his dagger), to superintend the course, and be
+president of the games.
+
+ (5) Trebizond.
+
+ (6) Or, "to sacrifice to Zeus the Preserver, and to Heracles
+    thank-offerings for safe guidance," Heracles "the conductor"
+    having special sympathy with wanderers.
+
+As soon as the sacrifices were over, they handed over the hides of the
+beasts to Dracontius, and bade him lead the way to his racecourse. He
+merely waved his hand and pointed to where they were standing, and
+said, "There, this ridge is just the place for running, anywhere,
+everywhere." "But how," it was asked, "will they manage to wrestle on
+the hard scrubby ground?" "Oh! worse knocks for those who are thrown,"
+the president replied. There was a mile race for boys, the majority
+being captive lads; and for the long race more than sixty Cretans
+competed; there was wrestling, boxing, and the pankration (7).
+Altogether it was a beautiful spectacle. There was a large number of
+entries, and the emulation, with their companions, male and female,     27
+standing as spectators, was immense. There was horse-racing also; the
+riders had to gallop down a steep incline to the sea, and then turn
+and come up again to the altar, and on the descent more than half
+rolled head over heels, and then back they came toiling up the
+tremendous steep, scarcely out of a walking pace. Loud were the
+shouts, the laughter, and the cheers.
+
+ (7) The pankration combined both wrestling and boxing.
+
+
+
+
+
+BOOK V
+
+ (In the preceding portion of the narrative a detailed account
+is given of all that the Hellenes did, and how they fared on
+the march up with Cyrus; and also of all that befell them on
+their march subsequently, until they reached the seaboard of
+the Euxine Sea, or Pontus, and the Hellenic city of Trapezus,
+where they duly offered the sacrifice for safe deliverance
+which they had vowed to offer as soon as they set foot on a
+friendly soil.)
+
+
+
+
+I
+
+After this they met and took counsel concerning the remainder of the    1
+march. The first speaker was Antileon of Thurii. He rose and said:
+"For my part, sirs, I am weary by this time of getting kit together
+and packing up for a start, of walking and running and carrying heavy
+arms, and of tramping along in line, or mounting guard, and doing
+battle. The sole desire I now have is to cease from all these pains,
+and for the future, since here we have the sea before us, to sail on
+and on, 'stretched out in sleep,' like Odysseus, and so to find myself
+in Hellas." When they heard these remarks, the soldiers showed their
+approval with loud cries of "well said," and then another spoke to the
+same effect, and then another, and indeed all present. Then
+Cheirisophus got up and said: "I have a friend, sirs, who, as good hap
+will have it, is now high admiral, Anaxibius. If you like to send me
+to him, I think I can safely promise to return with some men-of-war
+and other vessels which will carry us. All you have to do, if you are
+really minded to go home by sea, is to wait here till I come. I will
+be back ere long." The soldiers were delighted at these words, and      4
+voted that Cheirisophus should set sail on his mission without delay.
+
+After him, Xenophon got up, and spoke as follows: "Cheirisophus, it is
+agreed, sets out in search of vessels, and we are going to await him.
+Let me tell you what, in my opinion, it is reasonable to do while we
+are waiting. First of all, we must provide ourselves with necessaries
+from hostile territory, for there is not a sufficient market, nor, if
+there were, have we, with a few solitary exceptions, the means of
+purchase. Now, the district is hostile, so that if you set off in
+search of provisions without care and precaution, the chances are that
+many of us will be lost. To meet this risk, I propose that we should
+organise foraging parties to capture provisions, and, for the rest,
+not roam about the country at random. The organisation of the matter
+should be left to us." (The resolution was passed.) "Please listen to
+another proposal;" he continued: "Some of you, no doubt, will be going
+out to pillage. It will be best, I think, that whoever does so should
+in each case before starting inform us of his intent, and in what
+direction he means to go, so that we may know the exact number of
+those who are out and of those who stop behind. Thus we shall be able
+to help in preparing and starting the expedition where necessary; and
+in case of aid or reinforcements being called for, we shall know in
+what direction to proceed; or, again, if the attempt is to be
+undertaken by raw or less expert hands, we may throw in the weight of
+our experience and advice by endeavouring to discover the strength of
+those whom they design to attack." This proposal was also carried.
+"Here is another point," he continued, "to which I would draw your
+attention. Our enemies will not lack leisure to make raids upon us:
+nor is it unnatural, that they should lay plots for us; for we have
+appropriated what is theirs; they are seated over us ever on the
+watch. I propose then that we should have regular outposts round the
+camp. If we take it in succession to do picket and outlook duty, the
+enemy will be less able to harry us. And here is another point for
+your observation; supposing we knew for certain that Cheirisophus must
+return with a sufficient number of vessels, there would be no need of   10
+the remark, but as that is still problematical, I propose that we
+should try to get together vessels on the spot also. If he comes and
+finds us already provided for here, we shall have more ships than we
+need, that is all; while, if he fails to bring them, we shall have the
+local supply to fall back upon. I see ships sailing past perpetually,
+so we have only to ask the loan of some war-ships from the men of
+Trapezus, and we can bring them into port, and safeguard them with
+their rudders unshipped, until we have enough to carry us. By this
+course I think we shall not fail of finding the means of transport
+requisite." That resolution was also passed. He proceeded: "Consider
+whether you think it equitable to support by means of a general fund
+the ships' companies which we so impress, while they wait here for our
+benefit, and to agree upon a fare, on the principle of repaying
+kindnesses in kind." That too was passed. "Well then," said he, "in
+case, after all, our endeavours should not be crowned with success,
+and we find that we have not vessels enough, I propose that we should
+enjoin on the cities along the seaboard the duty of constructing and
+putting in order the roads, which we hear are impassable. They will be
+only too glad to obey, no doubt, out of mere terror and their desire
+to be rid of us."
+
+This last proposal was met by loud cries and protestations against the
+idea of going by land at all. So, perceiving their infatuation, he did
+not put the question to the vote, but eventually persuaded the cities
+voluntarily to construct roads by the suggestion, "If you get your
+roads in good order, we shall all the sooner be gone." They further
+got a fifty-oared galley from the Trapezuntines, and gave the command
+of it to Dexippus, a Laconian, one of the perioeci (1). This man
+altogether neglected to collect vessels on the offing, but slunk off
+himself, and vanished, ship and all, out of Pontus. Later on, however,
+he paid the penalty of his misdeeds. He became involved in some
+meddling and making in Thrace at the court of Seuthes, and was put to
+death by the Laconian Nicander. They also got a thirty-oared galley,
+the command of which was entrusted to Polycrates, an Athenian, and      16
+that officer brought into harbour to the camp all the vessels he could
+lay his hands on. If these were laden, they took out the freights and
+appointed guards to keep an eye on their preservation, whilst they
+used the ships themselves for transport service on the coast. While
+matters stood at this point, the Hellenes used to make forays with
+varying success; sometimes they captured prey and sometimes they
+failed. On one occasion Cleanetus led his own and another company
+against a strong position, and was killed himself, with many others of
+his party.
+
+ (1) A native of the country parts of Laconia.
+
+
+
+
+II
+
+The time came when it was no longer possible to capture provisions,     1
+going and returning to the camp in one day. In consequence of this,
+Xenophon took some guides from the Trapezuntines and led half the army
+out against the Drilae, leaving the other half to guard the camp. That
+was necessary, since the Colchians, who had been ousted from their
+houses, were assembled thickly, and sat eyeing them from the heights
+above; on the other hand the Trapezuntines, being friendly to the
+native inhabitants, were not for leading the Hellenes to places where
+it was easy to capture provisions. But against the Drilae, from whom
+they personally suffered, they would lead them with enthusiasm, up
+into mountainous and scarcely accessible fortresses, and against the
+most warlike people of any in the Pontus.
+
+But when the Hellenes had reached the uplands, the Drilae set fire to
+all their fastnesses which they thought could be taken easily, and
+beat a retreat; and except here and there a stray pig or bullock or
+other animal which had escaped the fire there was nothing to capture;
+but there was one fastness which served as their metropolis: into this
+the different streams of people collected; round it ran a tremendously
+deep ravine, and the approaches to the place were difficult. So the
+light infantry ran forward five or six furlongs in advance of the
+heavy infantry, and crossed the ravine; and seeing quantities of sheep
+and other things, proceeded to attack the place. Close at their heels
+followed a number of those who had set out on the foray armed with
+spears, so that the storming party across the ravine amounted to more
+than two thousand. But, finding that they could not take the place by   5
+a coup-de-main, as there was a trench running round it, mounded up
+some breadth, with a stockade on the top of the earthwork and a
+close-packed row of wooden bastions, they made an attempt to run back,
+but the enemy fell upon them from the rear. To get away by a sudden
+rush was out of the question, since the descent from the fortress into
+the ravine only admitted of moving in single file. Under the
+circumstances they sent to Xenophon, who was in command of the heavy
+infantry. The messenger came and delivered his message: "There is a
+fastness choke full of all sorts of stores, but we cannot take it, it
+is too strong; nor can we easily get away; the enemy rush out and
+deliver battle, and the return is difficult."
+
+On hearing this, Xenophon pushed forward his heavy infantry to the
+edge of the ravine, and there ordered them to take up a position,
+while he himself with the officers crossed over to determine whether
+it were better to withdraw the party already across, or to bring over
+the heavy infantry also, on the supposition that the fortress might be
+taken. In favour of the latter opinion it was agreed that the retreat
+must cost many lives, and the officers were further disposed to think,
+they could take the place. Xenophon consented, relying on the victims,
+for the seers had announced, that there would be a battle, but that
+the result of the expedition would be good. So he sent the officers to
+bring the heavy troops across, while he himself remained, having drawn
+off all the light infantry and forbidden all sharp-shooting at long
+range. As soon as the heavy infantry had arrived, he ordered each
+captain to form his company, in whatever way he hoped to make it most
+effective in the coming struggle. Side by side together they stood,
+these captains, not for the first time to-day competitors for the
+award of manly virtue. While they were thus employed, he--the
+general--was engaged in passing down his order along the ranks of the
+light infantry and archers respectively to march with the javelin on
+its thong and the arrow to the string, ready at the word "shoot" to
+discharge their missiles, while the light troops were to have their
+wallets well stocked with slingstones; lastly, he despatched his        12
+adjutants to see to the proper carrying out of these orders.
+
+And now the preparations were complete: the officers and lieutenants
+and all others claiming to be peers of these, were drawn up in their
+several places. With a glance each was able to command the rest in the
+crescent-like disposition which the ground invited. Presently the
+notes of the battle hymn arose, the clarion spoke, and with a
+thrilling cry in honour of the warrior-god, commenced a rush of the
+heavy infantry at full speed under cover of a storm of missiles,
+lances, arrows, bullets, but most of all stones hurled from the hand
+with ceaseless pelt, while there were some who brought firebrands to
+bear. Overwhelmed by this crowd of missiles, the enemy left their
+stockades and their bastion towers, which gave Agasias the Stymphalian
+and Philoxenus of Pellene a chance not to be missed; laying aside
+their heavy arms, up they went in bare tunics only, and one hauled
+another up, and meantime another had mounted, and the place was taken,
+as they thought. Then the peltasts and light troops rushed in and
+began snatching what each man could. Xenophon the while, posted at the
+gates, kept back as many of the hoplites as he could, for there were
+other enemies now visible on certain strong citadel heights; and after
+a lapse of no long time a shout arose within, and the men came running
+back, some still clutching what they had seized; and presently here
+and there a wounded man; and mighty was the jostling about the
+portals. To the questions which were put to them the outpouring
+fugitives repeated the same story: there was a citadel within and
+enemies in crowds were making savage sallies and beating the fellows
+inside.
+
+At that Xenophon ordered Tolmides the herald to proclaim: "Enter all
+who are minded to capture aught." In poured the surging multitude, and
+the counter-current of persons elbowing their passage in prevailed
+over the stream of those who issued forth, until they beat back and
+cooped up the enemy within the citadel again. So outside the citadel
+everything was sacked and pillaged by the Hellenes, and the heavy
+infantry took up their position, some about the stockades, others       19
+along the road leading up to the citadel. Xenophon and the officers
+meantime considered the possibility of taking the citadel, for if so,
+their safety was assured; but if otherwise, it would be very difficult
+to get away. As the result of their deliberations they agreed that the
+place was impregnable. Then they began making preparations for the
+retreat. Each set of men proceeded to pull down the palisading which
+faced themselves; further, they sent away all who were useless or who
+had enough to do to carry their burdens, with the mass of the heavy
+infantry accompanying them; the officers in each case leaving behind
+men whom they could severally depend on.
+
+But as soon as they began to retreat, out rushed upon them from within
+a host of fellows, armed with wicker shields and lances, greaves and
+Paphlagonian helmets. Others might be seen scaling the houses on this
+side and that of the road leading into the citadel. Even pursuit in
+the direction of the citadel was dangerous, since the enemy kept
+hurling down on them great beams from above, so that to stop and to
+make off were alike dangerous, and night approaching was full of
+terrors. But in the midst of their fighting and their despair some god
+gave them a means of safety. All of a sudden, by whatsoever hand
+ignited, a flame shot up; it came from a house on the right hand, and
+as this gradually fell in, the people from the other houses on the
+right took to their heels and fled.
+
+Xenophon, laying this lesson of fortune to heart, gave orders to set
+fire to the left-hand houses also, which being of wood burned quickly,
+with the result that the occupants of these also took to flight. The
+men immediately at their front were the sole annoyance now, and these
+were safe to fall upon them as they made their exit and in their
+descent. Here then the word was passed for all who were out of range
+to bring up logs of wood and pile them between themselves and the
+enemy, and when there was enough of these they set them on fire; they
+also fired the houses along the trench-work itself, so as to occupy
+the attention of the enemy. Thus they got off, though with difficulty,
+and escaped from the place by putting a fire between them and the       27
+enemy; and the whole city was burnt down, houses, turrets, stockading,
+and everything belonging to it except the citadel.
+
+Next day the Hellenes were bent on getting back with the provisions;
+but as they dreaded the descent to Trapezus, which was precipitous and
+narrow, they laid a false ambuscade, and a Mysian, called after the
+name of his nation (Mysus) (1), took ten of the Cretans and halted in
+some thick brushy ground, where he made a feint of endeavouring to
+escape the notice of the enemy. The glint of their light shields,
+which were of brass, now and again gleamed through the brushwood. The
+enemy, seeing it all through the thicket, were confirmed in their
+fears of an ambuscade. But the army meanwhile was quietly making its
+descent; and when it appeared that they had crept down far enough, the
+signal was given to the Mysian to flee as fast as he could, and he,
+springing up, fled with his men. The rest of the party, that is the
+Cretans, saying, "We are caught if we race," left the road and plunged
+into a wood, and tumbling and rolling down the gullies were saved. The
+Mysian, fleeing along the road, kept crying for assistance, which they
+sent him, and picked him up wounded. The party of rescue now beat a
+retreat themselves with their face to the foe, exposed to a shower of
+missiles, to which some of the Cretan bowmen responded with their
+arrows. In this way they all reached the camp in safety.
+
+ (1) Lit. "{Musos} (Mysus), a Mysian by birth, and {Musos} (Mysus) by
+    name."
+
+
+
+
+III
+
+Now when Cheirisophus did not arrive, and the supply of ships was       1
+insufficient, and to get provisions longer was impossible, they
+resolved to depart. On board the vessels they embarked the sick, and
+those above forty years of age, with the boys and women, and all the
+baggage which the solders were not absolutely forced to take for their
+own use. The two eldest generals, Philesius and Sophaenetus, were put
+in charge, and so the party embarked, while the rest resumed their
+march, for the road was now completely constructed. Continuing their
+march that day and the next, on the third they reached Cerasus, a
+Hellenic city on the sea, and a colony of Sinope, in the country of
+the Colchians. Here they halted ten days, and there was a review and
+numbering of the troops under arms, when there were found to be eight   3
+thousand six hundred men. So many had escaped; the rest had perished
+at the hands of the enemy, or by reason of the snow, or else disease.
+
+At this time and place they divided the money accruing from the
+captives sold, and a tithe selected for Apollo and Artemis of the
+Ephesians was divided between the generals, each of whom took a
+portion to guard for the gods, Neon the Asinaean (1) taking on behalf
+of Cheirisophus.
+
+ (1) I.e. of Asine, perhaps the place named in Thuc. iv. 13, 54; vi. 93
+    situated on the western side of the Messenian bay. Strabo,
+    however, speaks of another Asine near Gytheum, but possibly means
+    Las. See Arnold's note to Thuc. iv. 13, and Smith's "Dict. Geog.
+    (s.v.)"
+
+Out of the portion which fell to Xenophon he caused a dedicatory
+offering to Apollo to be made and dedicated among the treasures of the
+Athenians at Delphi (2). It was inscribed with his own name and that of
+Proxenus, his friend, who was killed with Clearchus. The gift for
+Artemis of the Ephesians was, in the first instance, left behind by
+him in Asia at the time when he left that part of the world himself
+with Agesilaus on the march into Boeotia (3). He left it behind in
+charge of Megabyzus, the sacristan of the goddess, thinking that the
+voyage on which he was starting was fraught with danger. In the event
+of his coming out of it alive, he charged Megabyzus to restore to him
+the deposit; but should any evil happen to him, then he was to cause
+to be made and to dedicate on his behalf to Artemis, whatsoever thing
+he thought would be pleasing to the goddess.
+
+ (2) Cf. Herod. i. 14; Strabo. ix. 420 for such private treasuries at
+    Delphi.
+
+ (3) I.e. in the year B.C. 394. The circumstances under which Agesilaus
+    was recalled from Asia, with the details of his march and the
+    battle of Coronea, are described by Xenophon in the fourth book of
+    the "Hellenica."
+
+In the days of his banishment, when Xenophon was now established by
+the Lacedaemonians as a colonist in Scillus (4), a place which lies on   7
+the main road to Olympia, Megabyzus arrived on his way to Olympia as a
+spectator to attend the games, and restored to him the deposit.
+Xenophon took the money and bought for the goddess a plot of ground at
+a point indicated to him by the oracle. The plot, it so happened, had
+its own Selinus river flowing through it, just as at Ephesus the river
+Selinus flows past the temple of Artemis, and in both streams fish and
+mussels are to be found. On the estate at Scillus there is hunting and
+shooting of all the beasts of the chase that are.
+
+ (4) Scillus, a town of Triphylia, a district of Elis. In B.C. 572 the
+    Eleians had razed Pisa and Scillus to the ground. But between B.C.
+    392 and 387 the Lacedaemonians, having previously (B.C. 400,
+    "Hell." III. ii. 30) compelled the Eleians to renounce their
+    supremacy over their dependent cities, colonised Scillus and
+    eventually gave it to Xenophon, then an exile from Athens.
+    Xenophon resided here from fifteen to twenty years, but was, it is
+    said, expelled from it by the Eleians soon after the battle of
+    Leuctra, in B.C. 371.--"Dict. Geog. (s.v.)" The site of the place,
+    and of Xenophon's temple, is supposed to be in the neighbourhood
+    of the modern village of Chrestena, or possibly nearer Mazi. To
+    reach Olympia, about 2 1/2 miles distant, one must cross the
+    Alpheus.
+
+Here with the sacred money he built an altar and a temple, and ever
+after, year by year, tithed the fruits of the land in their season and
+did sacrifice to the goddess, while all the citizens and neighbours,
+men and women, shared in the festival. The goddess herself provided
+for the banqueters meat and loaves and wine and sweetmeats, with
+portions of the victims sacrificed from the sacred pasture, as also of
+those which were slain in the chase; for Xenophon's own lads, with the
+lads of the other citizens, always made a hunting excursion against
+the festival day, in which any grown men who liked might join. The
+game was captured partly from the sacred district itself, partly from
+Pholoe (5), pigs and gazelles and stags. The place lies on the direct
+road from Lacedaemon to Olympia, about twenty furlongs from the temple
+of Zeus in Olympia, and within the sacred enclosure there is
+meadow-land and wood-covered hills, suited to the breeding of pigs and
+goats and cattle and horses, so that even the sumpter animals of the
+pilgrims passing to the feast fare sumptuously. The shrine is girdled
+by a grove of cultivated trees, yielding dessert fruits in their
+season. The temple itself is a facsimile on a small scale of the great
+temple at Ephesus, and the image of the goddess is like the golden
+statue at Ephesus, save only that it is made, not of gold, but of
+cypress wood. Beside the temple stands a column bearing this
+inscription:--THE PLACE IS SACRED TO ARTEMIS. HE WHO HOLDS IT AND
+ENJOYS THE FRUITS OF IT IS BOUND TO SACRIFICE YEARLY A TITHE OF THE     13
+PRODUCE. AND FROM THE RESIDUE THEREOF TO KEEP IN REPAIR THE SHRINE. IF
+ANY MAN FAIL IN AUGHT OF THIS THE GODDESS HERSELF WILL LOOK TO IT THAT
+THE MATTER SHALL NOT SLEEP.
+
+ (5) Pholoe. This mountain (north of the Alpheus) is an offshoot of
+    Erymanthus, crossing the Pisatis from east to west, and separating
+    the waters of the Peneus and the Ladon from those of the Alpheus
+    --"Dict. Geog." (Elis).
+
+
+
+
+IV
+
+
+From Cerasus they continued the march, the same portion of the troops   1
+being conveyed by sea as before, and the rest marching by land. When
+they had reached the frontiers of the Mossynoecians (1) they sent to
+him Timesitheus the Trapezuntine, who was the proxenos (2) of the
+Mossynoecians, to inquire whether they were to pass through their
+territory as friends or foes. They, trusting in their strongholds,
+replied that they would not give them passage. It was then that
+Timesitheus informed them that the Mossynoecians on the farther side
+of the country were hostile to these members of the tribe; and it was
+resolved to invite the former to make an alliance, if they wished it.
+So Timesitheus was sent, and came back with their chiefs. On their
+arrival there was a conference of the Mossynoecian chiefs and the
+generals of the Hellenes, and Xenophon made a speech which Timesitheus
+interpreted. He said: "Men of the Mossynoecians, our desire is to
+reach Hellas in safety; and since we have no vessels we must needs go
+by foot, but these people who, as we hear, are your enemies, prevent
+us. Will you take us for your allies? Now is your chance to exact
+vengeance for any wrong, which they at any time may have put upon you,
+and for the future they will be your subjects; but if you send us
+about our business, consider and ask yourselves from what quarter will
+you ever again obtain so strong a force to help you?" To this the
+chief of the Mossynoecians made answer:--that the proposal was in
+accordance with their wishes and they welcomed the alliance. "Good,"
+said Xenophon, "but to what use do you propose to put us, if we become
+your allies? And what will you in turn be able to do to assist our
+passage?" They replied: "We can make an incursion into this country
+hostile to yourselves and us, from the opposite side, and also send     10
+you ships and men to this place, who will aid you in fighting and
+conduct you on the road."
+
+ (1) I.e. dwellers in mossyns, or wooden towers. See Herod. iii. 94;
+    vii. 78. Cf. also Strabo, xi. 41.
+
+ (2) Or, "consul."
+
+On this understanding, they exchanged pledges and were gone. The next
+day they returned, bringing three hundred canoes, each hollowed out of
+a single trunk. There were three men in each, two of whom disembarked
+and fell into rank, whilst the third remained. Then the one set took
+the boats and sailed back again, whilst the other two-thirds who
+remained marshalled themselves in the following way. They stood in
+rows of about a hundred each, like the rows of dancers in a chorus,
+standing vis-a-vis to one another, and all bearing wicker shields,
+made of white oxhide, shaggy, and shaped like an ivy leaf; in the
+right hand they brandished a javelin about six cubits long, with a
+lance in front, and rounded like a ball at the butt end of the shaft.
+
+Their bodies were clad in short frocks, scarcely reaching to the knees
+and in texture closely resembling that of a linen bedclothes' bag; on
+their heads they wore leathern helmets just like the Paphlagonian
+helmet, with a tuft of hair in the middle, as like a tiara in shape as
+possible. They carried moreover iron battle-axes. Then one of them
+gave, as it were, the key-note and started, while the rest, taking up
+the strain and the step, followed singing and marking time. Passing
+through the various corps and heavy armed battalions of the Hellenes,
+they marched straight against the enemy, to what appeared the most
+assailable of his fortresses. It was situated in front of the city, or
+mother city, as it is called, which latter contains the high citadel
+of the Mossynoecians. This citadel was the real bone of contention,
+the occupants at any time being acknowledged as the masters of all the
+other Mossynoecians. The present holders (so it was explained) had no
+right to its possession; for the sake of self-aggrandisement they had
+seized what was really common property.
+
+Some of the Hellenes followed the attacking party, not under the
+orders of the generals, but for the sake of plunder. As they advanced,
+the enemy for a while kept quiet; but as they got near the place, they  16
+made a sortie and routed them, killing several of the barbarians as
+well as some of the Hellenes who had gone up with them; and so pursued
+them until they saw the Hellenes advancing to the rescue. Then they
+turned round and made off, first cutting off the heads of the dead men
+and flaunting them in the face of the Hellenes and of their own
+private foes, dancing the while and singing in a measured strain. But
+the Hellenes were much vexed to think that their foes had only been
+rendered bolder, while the Hellenes who had formed part of the
+expedition had turned tail and fled, in spite of their numbers; a
+thing which had not happened previously during the whole expedition.
+So Xenophon called a meeting of the Hellenes and spoke as follows:
+"Soldiers, do not in any wise be cast down by what has happened, be
+sure that good no less than evil will be the result; for to begin
+with, you now know certainly that those who are going to guide us are
+in very deed hostile to those with whom necessity drives us to
+quarrel; and, in the next place, some of our own body, these Hellenes
+who have made so light of orderly array and conjoint action with
+ourselves, as though they must needs achieve in the company of
+barbarians all they could with ourselves, have paid the penalty and
+been taught a lesson, so that another time they will be less prone to
+leave our ranks. But you must be prepared to show these friendly
+barbarians that you are of a better sort, and prove to the enemy that
+battle with the undisciplined is one thing, but with men like
+yourselves another."
+
+Accordingly they halted, as they were, that day. Next day they
+sacrificed and finding the victims favourable, they breakfasted,
+formed the companies into columns, and with their barbarians arranged
+in similar order on their left, began their march. Between the
+companies were the archers only slightly retired behind the front of
+the heavy infantry, on account of the enemy's active light troops, who
+ran down and kept up volleys of stones. These were held in check by
+the archers and peltasts; and steadily step by step the mass marched
+on, first to the position from which the barbarians and those with
+them had been driven two days back, and where the enemy were now drawn  23
+up to meet them. Thus it came to pass that the barbarians first
+grappled with the peltasts and maintained the battle until the heavy
+infantry were close, when they turned and fled. The peltasts followed
+without delay, and pursued them right up to their city, while the
+heavy troops in unbroken order followed. As soon as they were up at
+the houses of the capital, there and then the enemy, collecting all
+together in one strong body, fought valiantly, and hurled their
+javelins, or else clenched their long stout spears, almost too heavy
+for a man to wield, and did their best to ward off the attack at close
+quarters.
+
+But when the Hellenes, instead of giving way, kept massing together
+more thickly, the barbarians fled from this place also, and in a body
+deserted the fortress. Their king, who sat in his wooden tower or
+mossyn, built on the citadel (there he sits and there they maintain
+him, all at the common cost, and guard him narrowly), refused to come
+forth, as did also those in the fortress first taken, and so were
+burnt to a cinder where they were, their mossyns, themselves, and all.
+The Hellenes, pillaging and ransacking these places, discovered in the
+different houses treasures and magazines of loaves, pile upon pile,
+"the ancestral stores," as the Mossynoecians told them; but the new
+corn was laid up apart with the straw-stalk and ear together, and this
+was for the most part spelt. Slices of dolphin were another discovery,
+in narrow-necked jars, all properly salted and pickled; and there was
+blubber of dolphin in vessels, which the Mossynoecians used precisely
+as the Hellenes use oil. Then there were large stores of nuts on the
+upper floor, the broad kind without a division (3). This was also a
+chief article of food with them--boiled nuts and baked loaves. Wine
+was also discovered. This, from its rough, dry quality, tasted sharp
+when drunk pure, but mixed with water was sweet and fragrant.
+
+ (3) I.e. "chestnuts."
+
+The Hellenes breakfasted and then started forward on their march,
+having first delivered the stronghold to their allies among the
+Mossynoecians. As for the other strongholds belonging to tribes allied
+with their foes, which they passed en route, the most accessible were
+either deserted by their inhabitants or gave in their adhesion          30
+voluntarily. The following description will apply to the majority of
+them: the cities were on an average ten miles apart, some more, some
+less; but so elevated is the country and intersected by such deep
+clefts that if they chose to shout across to one another, their cries
+would be heard from one city to another. When, in the course of their
+march, they came upon a friendly population, these would entertain
+them with exhibitions of fatted children belonging to the wealthy
+classes, fed up on boiled chestnuts until they were as white as white
+can be, of skin plump and delicate, and very nearly as broad as they
+were long, with their backs variegated and their breasts tattooed with
+patterns of all sorts of flowers. They sought after the women in the
+Hellenic army, and would fain have laid with them openly in broad
+daylight, for that was their custom. The whole community, male and
+female alike, were fair-complexioned and white-skinned.
+
+It was agreed that this was the most barbaric and outlandish people
+that they had passed through on the whole expedition, and the furthest
+removed from the Hellenic customs, doing in a crowd precisely what
+other people would prefer to do in solitude, and when alone behaving
+exactly as others would behave in company, talking to themselves and
+laughing at their own expense, standing still and then again capering
+about, wherever they might chance to be, without rhyme or reason, as
+if their sole business were to show off to the rest of the world.
+
+
+
+
+V
+
+Through this country, friendly or hostile as the chance might be, the   1
+Hellenes marched, eight stages in all, and reached the Chalybes. These
+were a people few in number, and subject to the Mossynoecians. Their
+livelihood was for the most part derived from mining and forging iron.
+
+Thence they came to the Tibarenians. The country of the Tibarenians
+was far more level, and their fortresses lay on the seaboard and were
+less strong, whether by art or nature. The generals wanted to attack
+these places, so that the army might get some pickings, and they would
+not accept the gifts of hospitality which came in from the              2
+Tibarenians, but bidding them wait till they had taken counsel, they
+proceeded to offer sacrifice. After several abortive attempts, the
+seers at last pronounced an opinion that the gods in no wise
+countenanced war. Then they accepted the gifts of hospitality, and
+marching through what was now recognised as a friendly country, in two
+days reached Cotyora, a Hellenic city, and a colony of Sinope, albeit
+situated in the territory of the Tibarenians (1).
+
+ (1) The MSS. here read, "Up to this point the expedition was conducted
+    on land, and the distance traversed on foot from the battle-field
+    near Babylon down to Cotyora amounted to one hundred and
+    twenty-two stages--that is to say, six hundred and twenty
+    parasangs, or eighteen thousand stades, or if measured in time, an
+    eight months' march." The words are probably the note of some
+    editor or commentator, though it is quite likely that the author
+    himself may have gone through such calculations and even have
+    inserted them as a note to his text.
+
+Here they halted forty-five days, during which they first of all
+sacrificed to the gods, and instituted processions, each set of the
+Hellenes according to their several tribes, with gymnastic contests.
+Provisions they got in meanwhile, partly from Paphlagonia, partly from
+the estates of the Cotyorites, for the latter would neither provide
+them a market nor receive their sick within their walls.
+
+Meanwhile ambassadors arrived from Sinope, full of fears, not only for
+the Cotyorites and their city, which belonged to Sinope, and brought
+in tribute, but also for the territory which, as they had heard, was
+being pillaged. Accordingly they came to the camp and made a speech.
+Hecatonymus, who was reported to be a clever orator, acted as their
+spokesman: "Soldiers," he said, "the city of the Sinopeans has sent us
+to offer you, as Hellenes, our compliments and congratulations on your
+victories over the barbarians; and next, to express our joyful
+satisfaction that you have surmounted all those terrible sufferings of
+which we have heard, and have reached this place in safety. As
+Hellenes we claim to receive at your hands, as fellow-Hellenes,
+kindness and not harm. We have certainly not ourselves set you an
+example heretofore of evil treatment. Now the Cotyorites are our
+colonists. It was we who gave them this country to dwell in, having     10
+taken it from the barbarians; for which reason also they, with the men
+of Cerasus and Trapezus, pay us an appointed tribute. So that,
+whatever mischief you inflict on the men of Cotyora, the city of
+Sinope takes as personal to herself. At the present time we hear that
+you have made forcible entry into their city, some of you, and are
+quartered in the houses, besides taking forcibly from the Cotyorite
+estates whatever you need, by hook and by crook. Now against these
+things we enter protest. If you mean to go on so doing, you will drive
+us to make friends with Corylas and the Paphlagonians, or any one else
+we can find."
+
+To meet these charges Xenophon, on behalf of the soldiers, rose and
+said: "As to ourselves, men of Sinope, having got so far, we are well
+content to have saved our bodies and our arms. Indeed it was
+impossible at one and the same moment to keep our enemies at bay and
+to despoil them of their goods and chattels. And now, since we have
+reached Hellenic cities, how has it fared with us? At Trapezus they
+gave us a market, and we paid for our provisions at a fair market
+price. In return for the honour they did us, and the gifts of
+hospitality they gave the army, we requited them with honour. Where
+the barbarian was friendly to them, we stayed our hands from injury;
+or under their escort, we did damage to their enemies to the utmost of
+our power. Ask them, what sort of people they found us. They are here,
+some of them, to answer for themselves. Their fellow-citizens and the
+state of Trapezus, for friendship's sake, have sent them with us to
+act as our guides.
+
+"But wherever we come, be it foreign or Hellenic soil, and find no
+market for provisions, we are wont to help ourselves, not out of
+insolence but from necessity. There have been tribes like the
+Carduchians, the Taochians, the Chaldaeans, which, albeit they were
+not subject to the great king, yet were no less formidable than
+independent. These we had to bring over by our arms. The necessity of
+getting provisions forced us; since they refused to offer us a market.
+Whereas some other folk, like the Macrones, in spite of their being
+barbarians, we regarded as our friends, simply because they did
+provide us with the best market in their power, and we took no single   18
+thing of theirs by force. But, to come to these Cotyorites, whom you
+claim to be your people, if we have taken aught from them, they have
+themselves to blame, for they did not deal with us as friends, but
+shut their gates in our faces. They would neither welcome us within
+nor furnish us with a market without. The only justification they
+alleged was that your governor (2) had authorised this conduct.
+
+ (2) Lit. "harmost". The term, denoting properly a governor of the
+    islands and foreign cities sent out by the Lacedaemonians during
+    their supremacy, came, it would seem, to be adopted by other Greek
+    communities under somewhat similar circumstances. Cotyora receives
+    a harmost from her mother-city, Sinope. For the Greek colonies
+    here mentioned, see Kiepert's "Man. Anct. Geog." (Engl. tr., Mr.
+    G. A. Macmillan), p. 63.
+
+"As to your assertion," he continued, turning to Hecatonymus, "that we
+have got in by force and have taken up quarters, this is what we did.
+We requested them to receive our sick and wounded under cover; and
+when they refused to open their gates, we walked in where the place
+itself invited us. All the violence we have committed amounts to this,
+that our sick folk are quartered under cover, paying for their
+expenses, and we keep a sentry at the gates, so that our sick and
+wounded may not lie at the mercy of your governor, but we may have it
+in our power to remove them whenever we like. The rest of us, you
+observe, are camping under the canopy of heaven, in regular rank and
+file, and we are ready to requite kindness with kindness, but to repel
+evil vigorously. And as for your threat," he said, once again turning
+to the spokesman, "that you will, if it suits you, make alliance with
+Corylas and the Paphlagonians to attack us, for our part, we have no
+objection to fighting both sets of you, if so be we must; we have
+already fought others many times more numerous than you. Besides, 'if
+it suits us,' as you put it, to make the Paphlagonian our friend
+(report says that he has a hankering after your city and some other
+places on the seaboard), we can enhance the value of our friendship by
+helping to win for him what he covets."
+
+Thereupon the ambassadors showed very plainly their annoyance with
+Hecatonymus, on account of the style of his remarks, and one of them
+stept forward to explain that their intention in coming was not at all
+to raise a war, but on the contrary to demonstrate their friendliness.  24
+"And if you come to Sinope itself," the speaker continued, "we will
+welcome you there with gifts of hospitality. Meanwhile we will enjoin
+upon the citizens of this place to give you what they can; for we can
+see that every word of what you say is true." Thereupon the Cotyorites
+sent gifts of hospitality, and the generals of the Hellenes
+entertained the ambassadors of the Sinopeans. Many and friendly were
+the topics of conversation; freely flowed the talk on things in
+general; and, in particular, both parties were able to make inquiries
+and satisfy their curiosity concerning the remaining portion of the
+march.
+
+
+
+
+VI
+
+Such was the conclusion of that day. On the following day the generals  1
+summoned an assembly of the soldiers, when it was resolved to invite
+the men of Sinope, and to take advice with them touching the remainder
+of the journey. In the event of their having to continue it on foot,
+the Sinopeans through their acquaintance with Paphlagonia would be
+useful to them; while, if they had to go by sea, the services of the
+same people would be at a premium; for who but they could furnish
+ships sufficient for the army? Accordingly, they summoned their
+ambassadors, and took counsel with them, begging them, on the strength
+of the sacred ties which bind Hellenes to Hellenes, to inaugurate the
+good reception they had spoken of, by present kindliness and their
+best advice.
+
+Hecatonymus rose and wished at once to offer an apology with regard to
+what he had said about the possibility of making friends with the
+Paphlagonians. "The words were not intended," he said, "to convey a
+threat, as though they were minded to go to war with the Hellenes, but
+as meaning rather: albeit we have it in our power to be friendly with
+the barbarians, we will choose the Hellenes." Then, being urged to aid
+them by some advice, with a pious ejaculation, he commenced: "If I
+bestow upon you the best counsel I am able, God grant that blessings
+in abundance may descend on me; but if the contrary, may evil betide    4
+me! 'Sacred counsel (1),' as the saying goes--well, sirs, if ever the
+saying held, it should hold I think to-day; when, if I be proved to
+have given you good counsel, I shall not lack panegyrists, or if evil,
+your imprecations will be many-tongued.
+
+ (1) Cf. Plato, "Theages," 122.
+
+"As to trouble, I am quite aware, we shall have much more trouble if
+you are conveyed by sea, for we must provide the vessels; whereas, if
+you go by land, all the fighting will evolve on you. Still, let come
+what may, it behoves me to state my views. I have an intimate
+acquaintance with the country of the Paphlagonians and their power.
+The country possesses the two features of hill and vale, that is to
+say, the fairest plains and the highest mountains. To begin with the
+mountains, I know the exact point at which you must make your entry.
+It is precisely where the horns of a mountain tower over both sides of
+the road. Let the merest handful of men occupy these and they can hold
+the pass with ease; for when that is done not all the enemies in the
+world could effect a passage. I could point out the whole with my
+finger, if you like to send any one with me to the scene.
+
+"So much for the mountain barrier. But the next thing I know is that
+there are plains and a cavalry which the barbarians themselves hold to
+be superior to the entire cavalry of the great king. Why, only the
+other day these people refused to present themselves to the summons of
+the king; their chief is too proud for that.
+
+"But now, supposing you were able to seize the mountain barrier, by
+stealth, or expedition, before the enemy could stop you; supposing
+further, you were able to win an engagement in the plain against not
+only their cavalry but their more than one hundred and twenty thousand
+infantry--you will only find yourself face to face with rivers, a
+series of them. First the Thermodon, three hundred feet broad, which I
+take it will be difficult to pass, especially with a host of foes in
+front and another following behind. Next comes the Iris river, three
+hundred feet broad; and thirdly, the Halys, at least two furlongs
+broad, which you could not possibly cross without vessels, and who is
+going to supply you with vessels? In the same way too the Parthenius    9
+is impassable, which you will reach if you cross the Halys. For my
+part, then, I consider the land-journey, I will not say difficult, but
+absolutely impossible for you. Whereas if you go by sea, you can coast
+along from here to Sinope, and from Sinope to Heraclea. From Heraclea
+onwards there is no difficulty, whether by land or by sea; for there
+are plenty of vessels at Heraclea."
+
+After he had finished his remarks, some of his hearers thought they
+detected a certain bias in them. He would not have spoken so, but for
+his friendship with Corylas, whose official representative he was.
+Others guessed he had an itching palm, and that he was hoping to
+receive a present for his "sacred advice." Others again suspected that
+his object was to prevent their going by foot and doing some mischief
+to the country of the Sinopeans. However that might be, the Hellenes
+voted in favour of continuing the journey by sea. After this Xenophon
+said: "Sinopeans, the army has chosen that method of procedure which
+you advise, and thus the matter stands. If there are sure to be
+vessels enough to make it impossible for a single man to be left
+behind, go by sea we will; but if part of us are to be left while part
+go by sea, we will not set foot on board the vessels. One fact we
+plainly recognise, strength is everything to us. So long as we have
+the mastery, we shall be able to protect ourselves and get provisions;
+but if we are once caught at the mercy of our foes, it is plain, we
+shall be reduced to slavery." On hearing this the ambassadors bade
+them send an embassy, which they did, to wit, Callimachus the
+Arcadian, and Ariston the Athenian, and Samolas the Achaean.
+
+So these set off, but meanwhile a thought shaped itself in the mind of
+Xenophon, as there before his eyes lay that vast army of Hellene
+hoplites, and that other array of peltasts, archers, and slingers,
+with cavalry to boot, and all in a state of thorough efficiency from
+long practice, hardened veterans, and all collected in Pontus, where
+to raise so large a force would cost a mint of money. Then the idea
+dawned upon him: how noble an opportunity to acquire new territory and  15
+power for Hellas, by the founding of a colony--a city of no mean size,
+moreover, said he to himself, as he reckoned up their own numbers--and
+besides themselves a population planted on the shores of Pontus.
+Thereupon he summoned Silanus the Ambraciot, the soothsayer of Cyrus
+above mentioned, and before breathing a syllable to any of the
+soldiers, he consulted the victims by sacrifice.
+
+But Silanus, in apprehension lest these ideas might embody themselves,
+and the army be permanently halted at some point or other, set a tale
+going among the men, to the effect that Xenophon was minded to detain
+the army and found a city in order to win himself a name and acquire
+power, Silanus himself being minded to reach Hellas with all possible
+speed, for the simple reason that he had still got the three thousand
+darics presented to him by Cyrus on the occasion of the sacrifice when
+he hit the truth so happily about the ten days. Silanus's story was
+variously received, some few of the soldiers thinking it would be an
+excellent thing to stay in that country; but the majority were
+strongly averse. The next incident was that Timasion the Dardanian,
+with Thorax the Boeotian, addressed themselves to some Heracleot and
+Sinopean traders who had come to Cotyora, and told them that if they
+did not find means to furnish the army with pay sufficient to keep
+them in provisions on the homeward voyage, all that great force would
+most likely settle down permanently in Pontus. "Xenophon has a pet
+idea," they continued, "which he urges upon us. We are to wait until
+the ships come, and then we are suddenly to turn round to the army and
+say: 'Soldiers, we now see the straits we are in, unable to keep
+ourselves in provisions on the return voyage, or to make our friends
+at home a little present at the end of our journey. But if you like to
+select some place on the inhabited seaboard of the Black Sea which may
+take your fancy and there put in, this is open to you to do. Those who
+like to go home, go; those who care to stay here, stay. You have got    20
+vessels now, so that you can make a sudden pounce upon any point you
+choose.'"
+
+The merchants went off with this tale and reported it to every city
+they came to in turn, nor did they go alone, but Timasion the
+Dardanian sent a fellow-citizen of his own, Eurymachus, with the
+Boeotian Thorax, to repeat the same story. So when it reached the ears
+of the men of Sinope and the Heracleots, they sent to Timasion and
+pressed him to accept of a gratuity, in return for which he was to
+arrange for the departure of the troops. Timasion was only too glad to
+hear this, and he took the opportunity when the soldiers were convened
+in meeting to make the following remarks: "Soldiers," he said, "do not
+set your thoughts on staying here; let Hellas, and Hellas only, be the
+object of your affection, for I am told that certain persons have been
+sacrificing on this very question, without saying a word to you. Now I
+can promise you, if you once leave these waters, to furnish you with
+regular monthly pay, dating from the first of the month, at the rate
+of one cyzicene (2) a head per month. I will bring you to the Troad,
+from which part I am an exile, and my own state is at your service.
+They will receive me with open arms. I will be your guide personally,
+and I will take you to places where you will get plenty of money. I
+know every corner of the Aeolid, and Phrygia, and the Troad, and
+indeed the whole satrapy of Pharnabazus, partly because it is my
+birthplace, partly from campaigns in that region with Clearchus and
+Dercylidas (3)."
+
+ (2) A cyzicene stater = twenty-eight silver drachmae of Attic money
+    B.C. 335, in the time of Demosthenes; but, like the daric, this
+    gold coin would fluctuate in value relatively to silver. It
+    contained more grains of gold than the daric.
+
+ (3) Of Dercylidas we hear more in the "Hellenica." In B.C. 411 he was
+    harmost at Abydos; in B.C. 399 he superseded Thimbron in Asia
+    Minor; and was himself superseded by Agesilaus in B.C. 396.
+
+No sooner had he ceased than up got Thorax the Boeotian. This was a
+man who had a standing battle with Xenophon about the generalship of
+the army. What he said was that, if they once got fairly out of the
+Euxine, there was the Chersonese, a beautiful and prosperous country,
+where they could settle or not, as they chose. Those who liked could
+stay; and those who liked could return to their homes; how ridiculous   25
+then, when there was so much territory in Hellas and to spare, to be
+poking about (4) in the land of the barbarian. "But until you find
+yourselves there," he added, "I, no less than Timasion, can guarantee
+you regular pay." This he said, knowing what promises had been made
+Timasion by the men of Heraclea and Sinope to induce them to set sail.
+
+ (4) The word {masteuein} occurs above, and again below, and in other
+    writings of our author. It is probably Ionic or old Attic, and
+    occurs in poetry.
+
+Meanwhile Xenophon held his peace. Then up got Philesius and Lycon,
+two Achaeans: "It was monstrous," they said, "that Xenophon should be
+privately persuading people to stop there, and consulting the victims
+for that end, without letting the army into the secret, or breathing a
+syllable in public about the matter." When it came to this, Xenophon
+was forced to get up, and speak as follows: "Sirs, you are well aware
+that my habit is to sacrifice at all times; whether in your own behalf
+or my own, I strive in every thought, word, and deed to be directed as
+is best for yourselves and for me. And in the present instance my sole
+object was to learn whether it were better even so much as to broach
+the subject, and so take action, or to have absolutely nothing to do
+with the project. Now Silanus the soothsayer assured me by his answer
+of what was the main point: 'the victims were favourable.' No doubt
+Silanus knew that I was not unversed myself in his lore, as I have so
+often assisted at the sacrifice; but he added that there were symptoms
+in the victims of some guile or conspiracy against me. That was a
+happy discovery on his part, seeing that he was himself conspiring at
+the moment to traduce me before you; since it was he who set the tale
+going that I had actually made up my mind to carry out these projects
+without procuring your consent. Now, for my part, if I saw that you     30
+were in any difficulties, I should set myself to discover how you
+might capture a city, on the understanding of course that all who
+wished might sail away at once, leaving those who did not wish, to
+follow at a later date, with something perhaps in their pockets to
+benefit their friends at home. Now, however, as I see that the men of
+Heraclea and Sinope are to send you ships to assist you to sail away,
+and more than one person guarantees to give you regular monthly pay,
+it is, I admit, a rare chance to be safely piloted to the haven of our
+hopes, and at the same time to receive pay for our preservation. For
+myself I have done with that dream, and to those, who came to me to
+urge these projects, my advice is to have done with them. In fact,
+this is my view. As long as you stay together united as to-day, you
+will command respect and procure provisions; for might certainly
+exercises a right over what belongs to the weaker. But once broken up,
+with your force split into bits, you will neither be able to get
+subsistence, nor indeed will you get off without paying dearly for it.
+In fact, my resolution coincides precisely with yours. It is that we
+should set off for Hellas, and if any one stops behind, or is caught
+deserting before the whole army is in safety, let him be judged as an
+evil-doer. Pray let all who are in favour of this proposition hold up
+their hands."
+
+They all held them up; only Silanus began shouting and vainly striving
+to maintain the right of departure for all who liked to depart. But
+the soldiers would not suffer him, threatening him that if he were
+himself caught attempting to run away they would inflict the aforesaid
+penalty. After this, when the Heracleots learned that the departure by
+sea was resolved upon, and that the measure itself emanated from
+Xenophon, they sent the vessels indeed; but as to the money which they
+had promised to Timasion and Thorax as pay for the soldiers, they were
+not as good as their word, in fact they cheated them both. Thus the
+two who had guaranteed regular monthly pay were utterly confounded,
+and stood in terror of the soldiers. What they did then, was to take
+to them the other generals to whom they had communicated their former
+transactions (that is to say, all except Neon the Asniaean, who, as
+lieutenant-general, was acting for Cheirisophus during his continued
+absence). This done they came in a body to Xenophon and said that       36
+their views were changed. As they had now got the ships, they thought
+it best to sail to the Phasis, and seize the territory of the Phasians
+(whose present king was a descendant of Aeetes (5)). Xenophon's reply
+was curt:--Not one syllable would he have to say himself to the army
+in this matter, "But," he added, "if you like, you can summon an
+assembly and have your say." Thereupon Timasion the Dardanian set
+forth as his opinion:--It were best to hold no parliament at present,
+but first to go and conciliate, each of them, his own officers. Thus
+they went away and proceeded to execute their plans.
+
+ (5) Aeetes is the patronym of the kings of Colchis from mythical times
+    onwards; e.g. Medea was the daughter of Aeetes.
+
+
+
+
+VII
+
+Presently the soldiers came to learn what was in course of agitation,   1
+and Neon gave out that Xenophon had persuaded the other generals to
+adopt his views, and had a plan to cheat the soldiers and take them
+back to the Phasis. The soldiers were highly indignant; meetings were
+held; little groups gathered ominously; and there seemed an alarming
+probability that they would repeat the violence with which they had
+lately treated the heralds of the Colchians and the clerks of the
+market; when all who did not save themselves by jumping into the sea
+were stoned to death. So Xenophon, seeing what a storm was brewing,
+resolved to anticipate matters so far as to summon a meeting of the
+men without delay, and thus prevent their collecting of their own
+accord, and he ordered the herald to announce an assembly. The voice
+of the herald was no sooner heard than they rushed with great
+readiness to the place of meeting. Then Xenophon, without accusing the
+generals of having come to him, made the following speech: "I hear
+that a charge is brought against me. It is I apparently who am going
+to cheat you and carry you off to Phasis. I beg you by all that is
+holy to listen to me; and if there be found any guilt in me, let me
+not leave this place till I have paid the penalty of my misdoing; but
+if my accusers are found guilty, treat them as they deserve. I
+presume, sirs, you know where the sun rises and where he sets, and
+that he who would go to Hellas must needs journey towards the sunset;
+whereas he who seeks the land of the barbarian must contrariwise fix    6
+his face towards the dawn. Now is that a point in which a man might
+hope to cheat you? Could any one make you believe that the sun rises
+here and sets there, or that he sets here and rises there? And
+doubtless you know this too, that it is Boreas, the north wind, who
+bears the mariner out of Pontus towards Hellas, and the south wind
+inwards towards the Phasis, whence the saying--
+
+      "'When the North wind doth blow
+        Home to Hellas we will go (1).'
+
+ (1) Whether this was a local saying or a proverb I cannot say. The
+    words have a poetical ring about them: "When Borrhas blows, fair
+    voyages to Hellas."
+
+"He would be a clever fellow who could befool you into embarking with
+a south wind blowing. That sounds all very well, you think, only I may
+get you on board during a calm. Granted, but I shall be on board my
+one ship, and you on board another hundred at least, and how am I to
+constrain you to voyage with me against your will, or by what cajolery
+shall I carry you off? But I will imagine you so far befooled and
+bewitched by me, that I have got you to the Phasis; we proceed to
+disembark on dry land. At last it will come out, that wherever you
+are, you are not in Hellas, and the inventor of the trick will be one
+sole man, and you who have been caught by it will number something
+like ten thousand with swords in your hands. I do not know how a man
+could better ensure his own punishment than by embarking on such a
+policy with regards to himself and you.
+
+"Nay, these tales are the invention of silly fellows who are jealous
+of the honour you bestow on me. A most uncalled-for jealousy! Do I
+hinder any of them from speaking any word of import in his power? of
+striking a blow in your behalf and his own, if that is his choice? or,
+finally, of keeping his eyes and ears open to secure your safety? What
+is it? In your choice of leaders do I stand in the way of any one, is
+that it? Let him step forward, I yield him place; he shall be your
+general; only he must prove that he has your good at heart.
+
+"For myself, I have done; but for yourselves, if any of you conceive    11
+either that he himself could be the victim of a fraud, or that he
+could victimise any one else in such a thing as this, let him open his
+lips and explain to us how. Take your time, but when you have sifted
+the matter to your hearts' content, do not go away without suffering
+me to tell you of something which I see looming. If it should burst
+upon us and prove in fact anything like what it gives signs of being
+now, it is time for us to take counsel for ourselves and see that we
+do not prove ourselves to be the worst and basest of men in the sight
+of gods and men, be they friends or be they foes." The words moved the
+curiosity of the soldiers. They marvelled what this matter might be,
+and bade him explain. Thereupon he began again: "You will not have
+forgotten certain places in the hills--barbaric fastnesses, but
+friendly to the Cerasuntines--from which people used to come down and
+sell us large cattle and other things which they possessed, and if I
+mistake not, some of you went to the nearest of these places and made
+purchases in the market and came back again. Clearetus the captain
+learnt of this place, that it was but a little one and unguarded. Why
+should it be guarded since it was friendly? so the folk thought. Thus
+he stole upon it in the dead of night, and meant to sack it without
+saying a word to any of us. His design was, if he took the place, not
+to return again to the army, but to mount a vessel which, with his
+messmates on board her, was sailing past at the time, and stowing away
+what he had seized, to set sail and begone beyond the Euxine. All this
+had been agreed upon and arranged with his comrades on board the
+vessel, as I now discover. Accordingly, he summoned to his side all
+whom he could persuade, and set off at their head against the little
+place. But dawn overtook him on his march. The men collected out of
+their strongholds, and whether from a distance or close quarters, made
+such a fight that they killed Clearetus and a good many of the rest,
+and only a few of them got safe back to Cerasus.
+
+"These things took place on the day on which we started to come hither
+on foot; while some of those who were to go by sea were still at
+Cerasus, not having as yet weighed anchor. After this, according to     17
+what the Cerasuntines state, there arrived three inhabitants of the
+place which had been attacked; three elderly men, seeking an interview
+with our public assembly. Not finding us, they addressed themselves to
+the men of Cerasus, and told them, they were astonished that we should
+have thought it right to attack them; however, when, as the
+Cerasuntines assert, they had assured them that the occurrence was not
+authorised by public consent, they were pleased, and proposed to sail
+here, not only to state to us what had occurred, but to offer that
+those who were interested should take up and bury the bodies of the
+slain.
+
+"But among the Hellenes still at Cerasus were some of those who had
+escaped. They found out in which direction the barbarians were minded
+to go, and not only had the face themselves to pelt them with stones,
+but vociferously encouraged their neighbours to do the same. The three
+men--ambassadors, mark you--were slain, stoned to death. After this
+occurrence, the men of Cerasus came to us and reported the affair, and
+we generals, on being informed, were annoyed at what had taken place,
+and took counsel with the Cerasuntines how the dead bodies of the
+Hellenes might be buried. While seated in conclave outside the camp,
+we suddenly were aware of a great hubbub. We heard cries: 'Cut them
+down!' 'Shoot them!' 'Stone them!' and presently we caught sight of a
+mass of people racing towards us with stones in their hands, and
+others picking them up. The Cerasuntines, naturally enough,
+considering the incident they had lately witnessed, retired in terror
+to their vessels, and, upon my word, some of us did not feel too
+comfortable. All I could do was to go to them and inquire what it all
+meant. Some of them had not the slightest notion, although they had
+stones in their hands, but chancing on some one who was better
+informed, I was told by him that 'the clerks of the market were
+treating the army most scandalously.' Just then some one got sight of
+the market clerk, Zelarchus, making his way off towards the sea, and
+lifted up his voice aloud, and the rest responding to the cry as if a   24
+wild boar or a stag had been started, they rushed upon him.
+
+"The Cerasuntines, seeing a rush in their direction, thought that,
+without a doubt, it was directed against themselves, and fled with all
+speed and threw themselves into the sea, in which proceeding they were
+imitated by some few of our own men, and all who did not know how to
+swim were drowned. But now, what do you think of their case, these men
+of Cerasus? They had done no wrong. They were simply afraid that some
+madness had seized us, like that to which dogs are liable.
+
+"I say then, if proceedings like this are to be the order of the day,
+you had better consider what the ultimate condition of the army is
+like to be. As a body you will not have it in your power to undertake
+war against whom you like, or to conclude peace. But in private any
+one who chooses will conduct the army on any quest which takes his
+fancy. And when ambassadors come to you to demand peace, or whatever
+it may be, officious people will put them to death and prevent your
+hearing the proposals which brought them to you. The next step will be
+that those whom you as a body may choose as generals will be of no
+account; but any one who likes to elect himself general, and will
+adopt the formula 'Shoot him! shoot him!' will be competent to cut
+down whomsoever he pleases untried, be it general or private soldier,
+if only he have sufficient followers, as was the case just now. But
+just consider what these self-appointed generals have achieved for
+you. Zelarchus, the clerk of the market, may possibly have done you a
+wrong; if so, he has sailed off and is gone without paying you any
+penalty; or he may be guiltless, in which case we have driven him from
+the army in terror of perishing unjustly without a trial. While those
+who stoned the ambassadors have contrived so cleverly that we alone of
+all Hellenes cannot approach Cerasus safely without a strong force,
+and the corpses which the very men who slew them themselves invited us
+to bury, we cannot now pick up with safety even under a flag of truce.
+Who indeed would care to carry a flag of truce, or go as a herald with  30
+the blood of heralds upon his hands? All we could do was to implore
+the Cerasuntines to bury them.
+
+"If then you approve of such doings, have a resolution passed to that
+effect, so that, with a prospect of like occurrences in the future, a
+man may privately set up a guard and do his best to fix his tent where
+he can find a strong position with a commanding site. If, however,
+these seem to you to be the deeds rather of wild beasts than of human
+beings, bethink you of some means by which to stay them; or else, in
+heaven's name, how shall we do sacrifice to the gods gladly, with
+impious deeds to answer for? or how shall we, who lay the knife to
+each other's throats, give battle to our enemies? What friendly city
+will receive us when they see rampant lawlessness in our midst? Who
+will have the courage to afford us a market, when we prove our
+worthlessness in these weightiest concerns? and what becomes of the
+praise we expect to win from the mouths of men? who will vouchsafe it
+to us, if this is our behaviour? Should we not ourselves bestow the
+worst of names on the perpetrators of like deeds?"
+
+After this they rose, and, as one man, proposed that the ringleaders
+in these matters should be punished; and that for the future, to set
+an example of lawlessness should be forbidden. Every such ringleader
+was to be prosecuted on the capital charge; the generals were to bring
+all offenders to the bar of justice; prosecutions for all other
+misdemeanours committed since the death of Cyrus were to be
+instituted; and they ended by constituting the officers into a board
+of dicasts (2); and upon the strong representation of Xenophon, with
+the concurrence of the soothsayers, it was resolved to purify the
+army, and this purification was made.
+
+ (2) I.e. a board of judges or jurors.
+
+
+
+
+VIII
+
+It was further resolved that the generals themselves should undergo a   1
+judicial examination in reference to their conduct in past time. In
+course of investigation, Philesius and Xanthicles respectively were
+condemned to pay a sum of twenty minae, to meet a deficiency to that
+amount incurred during the guardianship of the cargoes of the
+merchantmen. Sophaenetus was fined ten minae for inadequate performance
+of his duty as one of the chief officers selected. Against Xenophon a
+charge was brought by certain people, who asserted that they had been
+beaten by him, and framed the indictment as one of personal outrage
+with violence (1). Xenophon got up and demanded that the first speaker
+should state "where and when it was he had received these blows." The
+other, so challenged, answered, "When we were perishing of cold and
+there was a great depth of snow." Xenophon said: "Upon my word, with
+weather such as you describe, when our provisions had run out, when
+the wine could not even be smelt, when numbers were dropping down dead
+beat, so acute was the suffering, with the enemy close on our heels;
+certainly, if at such a season as that I was guilty of outrage, I
+plead guilty to being a more outrageous brute than the ass, which is
+too wanton, they say, to feel fatigue. Still, I wish you would tell
+us," said he, "what led to my striking you. Did I ask you for
+something and, on your refusing it to me, did I proceed to beat you?
+Was it a debt, for which I demanded payment? or a quarrel about some
+boy or other? Was I the worse for liquor, and behaving like a
+drunkard?" When the man met each of these questions with a negative,
+he questioned him further: "Are you a heavy infantry soldier?" "No,"
+said he. "A peltast, then?" "No, nor yet a peltast"; but he had been
+ordered by his messmates to drive a mule, although he was a free man.   5
+Then at last he recognised him, and inquired: "Are you the fellow who
+carried home the sick man?" "Yes, I am," said he, "thanks to your
+driving; and you made havoc of my messmates' kit." "Havoc!" said
+Xenophon: "Nay, I distributed it; some to one man, some to another to
+carry, and bade them bring the things safely to me; and when I got
+them back I delivered them all safely to you, and you, on your side,
+had rendered an account to me of the man. Let me tell you," he
+continued, turning to the court, "what the circumstances were; it is
+worth hearing:--
+
+ (1) See the "Dict. of Antiq." 622 a. HYBREOS GRAPHE. In the case of
+    common assaults as opposed to indecent assault, the prosecution
+    seems to have been allowable only when the object of a wanton
+    attack was a free person. Cf. Arist. "Rhet." ii. 24.
+
+"A man was left behind from inability to proceed farther; I recognised
+the poor fellow sufficiently to see that he was one of ours, and I
+forced you, sir, to carry him to save his life. For if I am not much
+mistaken, the enemy were close at our heels?" The fellow assented to
+this. "Well then," said Xenophon, "after I had sent you forward, I
+overtook you again, as I came up with the rearguard; you were digging
+a trench with intent to bury the man; I pulled up and said something
+in commendation; as we stood by the poor fellow twitched his leg, and
+the bystanders all cried out, 'Why, the man's alive!' Your remark was:
+'Alive or not as he likes, I am not going to carry him' Then I struck
+you. Yes! you are right, for it looked very much as if you knew him to
+be alive." "Well," said he, "was he any the less dead when I reported
+him to you?" "Nay," retorted Xenophon, "by the same token we shall all
+one day be dead, but that is no reason why meantime we should all be
+buried alive?" Then there was a general shout: "If Xenophon had given
+the fellow a few more blows, it might have been better." The others
+were now called upon to state the grounds on which they had been
+beaten in each case; but when they refused to get up, he proceeded to
+state them himself.
+
+"I confess, sirs, to having struck certain men for failure in
+discipline. These were men who were quite content to owe their safety
+to us. Whilst the rest of the world marched on in rank and did
+whatever fighting had to be done, they preferred to leave the ranks,
+and rush forward to loot and enrich themselves at our expense. Now, if  13
+this conduct were to be the rule, general ruin would be the result. I
+do not deny that I have given blows to this man or the other who
+played the poltroon and refused to get up, helplessly abandoning
+himself to the enemy; and so I forced them to march on. For once in
+the severe wintry weather I myself happened to sit down for a long
+time, whilst waiting for a party who were getting their kit together,
+and I discovered how difficult it was to get up again and stretch
+one's legs. After this personal experience, whenever I saw any one
+else seated in slack and lazy mood, I tried to spur him on. The mere
+movement and effort to play the man caused warmth and moisture,
+whereas it was plain that sitting down and keeping quiet helped the
+blood to freeze and the toes to mortify, calamities which really
+befell several of the men, as you yourselves are aware.
+
+"I can imagine a third case, that of some straggler stopping behind,
+merely to rest for rest's sake, and hindering you in front and us
+behind alike from pressing on the march. If he got a blow with the
+fist from me it saved him a thrust with the lance from the enemy. In
+fact, the opportunity they enjoy to-day of taking vengeance on me for
+any treatment which I put upon them wrongfully, is derived from their
+salvation then; whereas, if they had fallen into the enemy's hands,
+let them ask themselves for what outrage, however great, they could
+expect to get satisfaction now. My defence," he continued, "is simple:
+if I chastised any one for his own good, I claim to suffer the same
+penalties as parents pay their children or masters their boys. Does
+not the surgeon also cauterise and cut us for our good? But if you
+really believe that these acts are the outcome of wanton insolence, I
+beg you to observe that although to-day, thank God! I am heartier than
+formerly, I wear a bolder front now than then, and I drink more wine,
+yet I never strike a soul; no, for I see that you have reached smooth
+water. When storm arises, and a great sea strikes the vessel
+amidships, a mere shake of the head will make the look-out man furious
+with the crew in the forecastle, or the helmsman with the men in the
+stern sheets, for at such a crisis even a slight slip may ruin
+everything. But I appeal to your own verdict, already recorded, in      21
+proof that I was justified in striking these men. You stood by, sirs,
+with swords, not voting tablets, in your hands, and it was in your
+power to aid the fellows if you liked; but, to speak the honest truth,
+you neither aided them nor did you join me in striking the disorderly.
+In other words, you enabled any evilly-disposed person among them to
+give rein to his wantonness by your passivity. For if you will be at
+pains to investigate, you will find that those who were then most
+cowardly are the ringleaders to-day in brutality and outrage.
+
+"There is Boiscus the boxer, a Thessalian, what a battle he fought
+then to escape carrying his shield! so tired was he, and to-day I am
+told he has stripped several citizens of Cotyora of the clothes on
+their backs. If then you are wise, you will treat this personage in a
+way the contrary to that in which men treat dogs. A savage dog is tied
+up on the day and loosed at night, but if you are wise you will tie
+this fellow up at night and only let him loose in the day.
+
+"But really," he added, "it does surprise me with what keenness you
+remember and recount the times when I incurred the hatred of some one;
+but some other occasions when I eased the burden of winter and storm
+for any of you, or beat off an enemy, or helped to minister to you in
+sickness and want, not a soul of you remembers these. Or when for any
+noble deed done by any of you I praised the doer, and according to my
+ability did honour to this brave man or that; these things have
+slipped from your memories, and are clean forgotten. Yet it were
+surely more noble, just, and holy, sweeter and kindlier to treasure
+the memory of good rather than of evil."
+
+He ended, and then one after another of the assembly got up and began
+recalling incidents of the kind suggested, and things ended not so
+unpleasantly after all.
+
+
+
+
+
+BOOK VI
+
+
+
+
+I
+
+After this, whilst waiting, they lived partly on supplies from the      1
+market, partly on the fruit of raids into Paphlagonia. The
+Paphlagonians, on their side, showed much skill in kidnapping
+stragglers, wherever they could lay hands on them, and in the night
+time tried to do mischief to those whose quarters were at a distance
+from the camp. The result was that their relations to one another were
+exceedingly hostile, so much so that Corylas, who was the chief of
+Paphlagonia at that date, sent ambassadors to the Hellenes, bearing
+horses and fine apparel, and charged with a proposal on the part of
+Corylas to make terms with the Hellenes on the principle of mutual
+forbearance from injuries. The generals replied that they would
+consult with the army about the matter. Meanwhile they gave them a
+hospitable reception, to which they invited certain members of the
+army whose claims were obvious. They sacrificed some of the captive
+cattle and other sacrificial beasts, and with these they furnished
+forth a sufficiently festal entertainment, and reclining on their
+truckle beds, fell to eating and drinking out of beakers made of horn
+which they happened to find in the country.
+
+But as soon as the libation was ended and they had sung the hymn, up
+got first some Thracians, who performed a dance under arms to the
+sound of a pipe, leaping high into the air with much nimbleness, and
+brandishing their swords, till at last one man struck his fellow, and
+every one thought he was really wounded, so skilfully and artistically  6
+did he fall, and the Paphlagonians screamed out. Then he that gave the
+blow stripped the other of his arms, and marched off chanting the
+"Sitalcas (1)," whilst others of the Thracians bore off the other, who
+lay as if dead, though he had not received even a scratch.
+
+ (1) I.e. the national Thracian hymn; for Sitalcas the king, a national
+    hero, see Thuc. ii. 29.
+
+After this some Aenianians (2) and Magnesians got up and fell to
+dancing the Carpaea, as it is called, under arms. This was the manner
+of the dance: one man lays aside his arms and proceeds to drive a yoke
+of oxen, and while he drives he sows, turning him about frequently, as
+though he were afraid of something; up comes a cattle-lifter, and no
+sooner does the ploughman catch sight of him afar, than he snatches up
+his arms and confronts him. They fight in front of his team, and all
+in rhythm to the sound of the pipe. At last the robber binds the
+countryman and drives off the team. Or sometimes the cattle-driver
+binds the robber, and then he puts him under the yoke beside the oxen,
+with his two hands tied behind his back, and off he drives.
+
+ (2) The Aenianians, an Aeolian people inhabiting the upper valley of
+    the Sperchius (the ancient Phthia); their capital was Hypata.
+    These men belonged to the army collected by Menon, the Thessalian.
+    So, doubtless, did the Magnesians, another Aeolian tribe occupying
+    the mountainous coast district on the east of Thessaly. See
+    Kiepert's "Man. Anct. Geog." (Macmillan's tr.), chap. vi.. 161,
+    170.
+
+After this a Mysian came in with a light shield in either hand and
+danced, at one time going through a pantomime, as if he were dealing
+with two assailants at once; at another plying his shields as if to
+face a single foe, and then again he would whirl about and throw
+somersaults, keeping the shields in his hands, so that it was a
+beautiful spectacle. Last of all he danced the Persian dance, clashing
+the shields together, crouching down on one knee and springing up
+again from earth; and all this he did in measured time to the sound of
+the flute. After him the Mantineans stepped upon the stage, and some
+other Arcadians also stood up; they had accoutred themselves in all
+their warlike finery. They marched with measured tread, pipes playing,
+to the tune of the 'warrior's march (3)'; the notes of the paean rose,   11
+lightly their limbs moved in dance, as in solemn procession to the
+holy gods. The Paphlagonians looked upon it as something truly strange
+that all these dances should be under arms; and the Mysians, seeing
+their astonishment persuaded one of the Arcadians who had got a
+dancing girl to let him introduce her, which he did after dressing her
+up magnificently and giving her a light shield. When, lithe of limb,
+she danced the Pyrrhic (4), loud clapping followed; and the
+Paphlagonians asked, "If these women fought by their side in battle?"
+to which they answered, "To be sure, it was the women who routed the
+great King, and drove him out of camp." So ended the night.
+
+ (3) See Plato, "Rep." 400 B, for this "war measure"; also Aristoph.
+    "Clouds," 653.
+
+ (4) For this famous dance, supposed to be of Doric (Cretan or Spartan)
+    origin, see Smith's "Dict. of Antiquities," "Saltatio"; also Guhl
+    and Koner, "The Life of the Greeks and Romans," Eng. tr.
+
+But next day the generals introduced the embassy to the army, and the
+soldiers passed a resolution in the sense proposed: between themselves
+and the Paphlagonians there was to be a mutual abstinence from
+injuries. After this the ambassadors went on their way, and the
+Hellenes, as soon as it was thought that sufficient vessels had
+arrived, went on board ship, and voyaged a day and a night with a fair
+breeze, keeping Paphlagonia on their left. And on the following day,
+arriving at Sinope, they came to moorings in the harbour of Harmene,
+near Sinope (5). The Sinopeans, though inhabitants of Paphlagonia, are
+really colonists of the Milesians. They sent gifts of hospitality to
+the Hellenes, three thousand measures of barley with fifteen hundred
+jars of wine. At this place Cheirisophus rejoined them with a
+man-of-war. The soldiers certainly expected that, having come, he
+would have brought them something, but he brought them nothing, except
+complimentary phrases, on the part of Anaxibius, the high admiral, and
+the rest, who sent them their congratulations, coupled with a promise
+on the part of Anaxibius that, as soon as they were outside the
+Euxine, pay would be forthcoming.
+
+ (5) Harmene, a port of Sinope, between four and five miles (fifty
+    stades) west of that important city, itself a port town. See
+    Smith, "Dict. Geog.," "Sinope"; and Kiepert, op. cit. chap. iv.
+    60.
+
+At Harmene the army halted five days; and now that they seemed to be    17
+so close to Hellas, the question how they were to reach home not
+empty-handed presented itself more forcibly to their minds than
+heretofore. The conclusion they came to was to appoint a single
+general, since one man would be better able to handle the troops, by
+night or by day, than was possible while the generalship was divided.
+If secrecy were desirable, it would be easier to keep matters dark, or
+if again expedition were an object, there would be less risk of
+arriving a day too late, since mutual explanations would be avoided,
+and whatever approved itself to the single judgement would at once be
+carried into effect, whereas previously the generals had done
+everything in obedience to the opinion of the majority.
+
+With these ideas working in their minds, they turned to Xenophon, and
+the officers came to him and told him that this was how the soldiers
+viewed matters; and each of them, displaying a warmth of kindly
+feeling, pressed him to accept the office. Xenophon partly would have
+liked to do so, in the belief that by so doing he would win to himself
+a higher repute in the esteem of his friends, and that his name would
+be reported to the city written large; and by some stroke of fortune
+he might even be the discoverer of some blessing to the army
+collectively.
+
+These and the like considerations elated him; he had a strong desire
+to hold the supreme command. But then again, as he turned the matter
+over, the conviction deepened in his mind that the issue of the future
+is to every man uncertain; and hence there was the risk of perhaps
+losing such reputation has he had already acquired. He was in sore
+straights, and, not knowing how to decide, it seemed best to him to
+lay the matter before heaven. Accordingly, he led two victims to the
+altar and made sacrifice to Zeus the King, for it was he and no other
+who had been named by the oracle at Delphi, and his belief was that
+the vision which he had beheld when he first essayed to undertake the
+joint administration of the army was sent to him by that god. He also
+recalled to mind a circumstance which befell him still earlier, when    23
+setting out from Ephesus to associate himself with Cyrus (6);--how an
+eagle screamed on his right hand from the east, and still remained
+perched, and the soothsayer who was escorting him said that it was a
+great and royal omen (7); indicating glory and yet suffering; for the
+punier race of birds only attack the eagle when seated. "Yet," added
+he, "it bodes not gain in money; for the eagle seizes his food, not
+when seated, but on the wing."
+
+ (6) Cf. "Cyrop." II. i. 1; an eagle appears to Cyrus on the frontiers
+    of Persia, when about to join his uncle Cyaxares, king of Media,
+    on his expedition against the Assyrian.
+
+ (7) It is important to note that the Greek word {oionos}, a solitary
+    or lone-flying bird, also means an omen. "It was a mighty bird and
+    a mighty omen."
+
+Thus Xenophon sacrificed, and the god as plainly as might be gave him
+a sign, neither to demand the generalship, nor, if chosen, to accept
+the office. And that was how the matter stood when the army met, and
+the proposal to elect a single leader was unanimous. After this
+resolution was passed, they proposed Xenophon for election, and when
+it seemed quite evident that they would elect him, if he put the
+question to the vote, he got up and spoke as follows:--
+
+"Sirs, I am but mortal, and must needs be happy to be honoured by you.
+I thank you, and am grateful, and my prayer is that the gods may grant
+me to be an instrument of blessing to you. Still, when I consider it
+closer, thus, in the presence of a Lacedaemonian, to be preferred by
+you as general, seems to me but ill conducive either to your interests
+or to mine, since you will the less readily obtain from them hereafter
+anything you may need, while for myself I look upon acceptance as even
+somewhat dangerous. Do I not see and know with what persistence these
+Lacedaemonians prosecuted the war till finally they forced our State
+to acknowledge the leadership of Lacedaemon? This confession once
+extorted from their antagonists, they ceased warring at once, and the
+siege of the city was at an end. If, with these facts before my eyes,
+I seem to be doing all I can to neutralise their high self-esteem, I
+cannot escape the reflection that personally I may be taught wisdom by
+a painful process. But with your own idea that under a single general
+there will be less factiousness than when there were many, be assured   29
+that in choosing some other than me you will not find me factious. I
+hold that whosoever sets up factious opposition to his leader
+factiously opposes his own safety. While if you determine to choose
+me, I should not be surprised were that choice to entail upon you and
+me the resentment of other people."
+
+After those remarks on Xenophon's part, many more got up, one after
+another, insisting on the propriety of his undertaking the command.
+One of them, Agasias the Stymphalian, said: It was really ridiculous,
+if things had come to this pass that the Lacedeamonians are to fly
+into a rage because a number of friends have met together to dinner,
+and omitted to choose a Lacedaemonian to sit at the head of the table.
+"Really, if that is how matters stand," said he, "I do not see what
+right we have to be officers even, we who are only Arcadians." That
+sally brought down the plaudits of the assembly; and Xenophon, seeing
+that something more was needed, stepped forward again and spoke,
+"Pardon, sirs," he said, "let me make a clean breast of it. I swear to
+you by all the gods and goddesses; verily and indeed, I no sooner
+perceived your purpose, than I consulted the victims, whether it was
+better for you to entrust this leadership to me, and for me to
+undertake it, or the reverse. And the gods vouchsafed a sign to me so
+plain that even a common man might understand it, and perceive that
+from such sovereignty I must needs hold myself aloof."
+
+Under these circumstances they chose Cheirisophus, who, after his
+election, stepped forward and said: "Nay, sirs, be well assured of
+this, that had you chosen some one else, I for my part should not have
+set up factious opposition. As to Xenophon, I believe you have done
+him a good turn by not appointing him; for even now Dexippus has gone
+some way in traducing him to Anaxibius, as far as it lay in his power
+to do so, and that, in spite of my attempts to silence him. What he
+said was that he believed Xenophon would rather share the command of
+Clearchus's army with Timasion, a Dardanian, than with himself, a
+Laconian. But," continued Cheirisophus, "since your choice has fallen   33
+upon me, I will make it my endeavour to do you all the good in my
+power; so make your preparations to weigh anchor to-morrow; wind and
+weather permitting, we will voyage to Heraclea; every one must
+endeavour, therefore, to put in at that port; and for the rest we will
+consult, when we are come thither."
+
+
+
+
+II
+
+The next day they weighed anchor and set sail from Harmene with a fair  1
+breeze, two days' voyage along the coast.  (As they coasted along they
+came in sight of Jason's beach (1), where, as the story says, the ship
+Argo came to moorings; and then the mouths of the rivers, first the
+Thermodon, then the Iris, then the Halys, and next to it the
+Parthenius.) Coasting past  (the latter), they reached Heraclea (2), a
+Hellenic city and a colony of the Megarians, situated in the territory
+of the Mariandynians. So they came to anchorage off the Acherusian
+Chersonese, where Heracles (3) is said to have descended to bring up
+the dog Cerberus, at a point where they still show the marks of his
+descent, a deep cleft more than two furlongs down. Here the Heracleots
+sent the Hellenes, as gifts of hospitality, three thousand measures of
+barley and two thousand jars of wine, twenty beeves and one hundred
+sheep. Through the flat country here flows the Lycus river, as it is
+called, about two hundred feet in breadth.
+
+ (1) I have left this passage in the text, although it involves, at
+    first sight, a topographical error on the part of whoever wrote
+    it, and Hug and other commentators regard it as spurious. Jason's
+    beach (the modern Yasoun Bouroun) and the three first-named rivers
+    lie between Cotyora and Sinope. Possibly the author, or one of his
+    editors, somewhat loosely inserted a recapitulatory note
+    concerning the scenery of this coasting voyage at this point. "By
+    the way, I ought to have told you that as they coasted along,"
+    etc.
+
+ (2) One of the most powerful of commercial cities, distinguished as
+    Pontica (whence, in the middle ages, Penteraklia), now Eregli. It
+    was one of the older Greek settlements, and, like Kalchedon (to
+    give that town its proper name), a Megaro-Doric colony. See
+    Kiepert, op. cit. chap. iv. 62.
+
+ (3) According to another version of the legend Heracles went down to
+    bring up Cerberus, not here, but at Taenarum.
+
+The soldiers held a meeting, and took counsel about the remainder of
+the journey: should they make their exit from the Pontus by sea or by
+land? and Lycon the Achaean got up and said: "I am astonished, sirs,
+that the generals do not endeavour to provide us more efficiently with
+provisions. These gifts of hospitality will not afford three days'      4
+victuals for the army; nor do I see from what region we are to provide
+ourselves as we march. My proposal, therefore, is to demand of the
+Heracleots at least three thousand cyzicenes." Another speaker
+suggested, "not less than ten thousand. Let us at once, before we
+break up this meeting, send ambassadors to the city and ascertain
+their answer to the demand and take counsel accordingly." Thereupon
+they proceeded to put up as ambassadors, first and foremost
+Cheirisophus, as he had been chosen general-in-chief; others also
+named Xenophon.
+
+But both Cheirisophus and Xenophon stoutly declined, maintaining both
+alike that they could not compel a Hellenic city, actually friendly,
+to give anything which they did not spontaneously offer. So, since
+these two appeared to be backward, the soldiers sent Lycon the
+Achaean, Callimachus the Parrhasian, and Agasias the Stymphalian.
+These three went and announced the resolutions passed by the army.
+Lycon, it was said, even went so far as to threaten certain
+consequences in case they refused to comply. The Heracleots said they
+would deliberate; and, without more ado, they got together their goods
+and chattels from their farms and fields outside, and dismantled the
+market outside and transferred it within, after which the gates were
+closed, and arms appeared at the battlements of the walls.
+
+At that check, the authors of these tumultuary measures fell to
+accusing the generals, as if they had marred the proceeding; and the
+Arcadians and Archaeans banded together, chiefly under the auspices of
+the two ringleaders, Callimachus the Parrhasian and Lycon the Achaean.
+The language they held was to this effect: It was outrageous that a
+single Athenian and a Lacedaemonian, who had not contributed a soldier
+to the expedition, should rule Peloponnesians; scandalous that they
+themselves should bear the toils whilst others pocketed the spoils,
+and that too though the preservation of the army was due to
+themselves; for, as every one must admit, to the Arcadians and          10
+Achaeans the credit of that achievement was due, and the rest of the
+army went for nothing (which was indeed so far true that the Arcadians
+and Achaeans did form numerically the larger half of the whole army).
+What then did common sense suggest? Why, that they, the Arcadians and
+Achaeans, should make common cause, choose generals for themselves
+independently, continue the march, and try somewhat to better their
+condition. This proposal was carried. All the Arcadians and Achaeans
+who chanced to be with Cheirisophus left him and Xenophon, setting up
+for themselves and choosing ten generals of their own. These ten, it
+was decreed, were to put into effect such measures as approved
+themselves to the majority. Thus the absolute authority vested in
+Cheirisophus was terminated there and then, within less than a week of
+his appointment.
+
+Xenophon, however was minded to prosecute the journey in their
+company, thinking that this would be a safer plan than for each to
+start on his own account. But Neon threw in his weight in favour of
+separate action. "Every one for himself," he said, for he had heard
+from Cheirisophus that Cleander, the Spartan governor-general at
+Byzantium, talked of coming to Calpe Haven with some war vessels.
+Neon's advice was due to his desire to secure a passage home in these
+war vessels for themselves and their soldiers, without allowing any
+one else to share in their good-fortune. As for Cheirisophus, he was
+at once so out of heart at the turn things had taken, and soured with
+the whole army, that he left it to his subordinate, Neon, to do just
+what he liked. Xenophon, on his side, would still have been glad to be
+quit of the expedition and sail home; but on offering sacrifice to
+Heracles the Leader, and seeking advice, whether it were better and
+more desirable to continue the march in charge of the soldiers who had
+remained faithful, or to take his departure, the god indicated to him
+by the victims that he should adopt the former course.
+
+In this way the army was now split up into three divisions (4). First,
+the Arcadians and Achaeans, over four thousand five hundred men, all
+heavy infantry. Secondly, Cheirisophus and his men, viz. one thousand   16
+four hundred heavy infantry and the seven hundred peltasts, or
+Clearchus's Thracians. Thirdly, Xenophon's division of one thousand
+seven hundred heavy infantry, and three hundred peltasts; but then he
+alone had the cavalry--about forty troopers.
+
+ (4) The total now amounted to 8640 and over.
+
+The Arcadians, who had bargained with the Heracleots and got some
+vessels from them, were the first to set sail; they hoped, by pouncing
+suddenly on the Bithynians, to make as large a haul as possible. With
+that object they disembarked at Calpe Haven (5), pretty nearly at the
+middle point in Thrace. Cheirisophus setting off straight from
+Heraclea, commenced a land march through the country; but having
+entered into Thrace, he preferred to cling to the seaboard, health and
+strength failing him. Xenophon, lastly, took vessels, and disembarking
+on the confines of Thrace and the Heracleotid, pushed forward through
+the heart of the country (6).
+
+ (5) The Haven of Calpe = Kirpe Liman or Karpe in the modern maps. The
+    name is interesting as being also the ancient name of the rock
+    fortress of Gibraltar.
+
+ (6) Some MSS. here read, "In the prior chapter will be found a
+    description of the manner in which the absolute command of
+    Cheirisophus was abruptly terminated and the army of the Hellenes
+    broken up. The sequel will show how each of these divisions
+    fared." The passage is probably one of those commentators' notes,
+    with which we are now familiar.
+
+
+
+
+III
+
+The Arcadians, disembarking under cover of night at Calpe Haven,        1
+marched against the nearest villages about thirty furlongs from the
+sea; and as soon as it was light, each of the ten generals led his
+company to attack one village, or if the village were large, a couple
+of companies advanced under their combined generals. They further
+agreed upon a certain knoll, where they were all eventually to
+assemble. So sudden was their attack that they seized a number of
+captives and enclosed a multitude of small cattle. But the Thracians
+who escaped began to collect again; for being light-armed troops they
+had slipped in large numbers through the hands of the heavy infantry;
+and now that they were got together they first attacked the company of
+the Arcadian general, Smicres, who had done his work and was retiring
+to the appointed meeting-place, driving along a large train of
+captives and cattle. For a good while the Hellenes maintained a
+running fight (1); but at the passage of a gorge the enemy routed them,  5
+slaying Smicres himself and those with him to a man. The fate of
+another company under command of Hegesander, another of the ten, was
+nearly as bad; only eight men escaped, Hegesander being one of them.
+The remaining captains eventually met, some with somewhat to show for
+their pains, others empty-handed.
+
+ (1) Lit. "marched and fought," as did the forlorn hope under Sir C.
+    Wilson making its way from Abu Klea to the Nile in Jan. 1885.
+
+The Thracians, having achieved this success, kept up a continual
+shouting and clatter of conversation to one another during the night;
+but with day-dawn they marshalled themselves right round the knoll on
+which the Hellenes were encamped--both cavalry in large numbers and
+light-armed troops--while every minute the stream of new-comers grew
+greater. Then they commenced an attack on the heavy infantry in all
+security, for the Hellenes had not a single bowman, javelin-man, or
+mounted trooper amongst them; while the enemy rushed forward on foot
+or galloped up on horseback and let fly their javelins. It was vain to
+attempt to retaliate, so lightly did they spring back and escape; and
+ever the attack renewed itself from every point, so that on one side
+man after man was wounded, on the other not a soul was touched; the
+result being that they could not stir from their position, and the
+Thracians ended by cutting them off even from their water. In their
+despair they began to parley about a truce, and finally various
+concessions were made and terms agreed to between them; but the
+Thracians would not hear of giving hostages in answer to the demand of
+the Hellenes; at that point the matter rested. So fared it with the
+Arcadians.
+
+As to Cheirisophus, that general prosecuted his march along the         10
+seaboard, and without check reached Calpe Haven. Xenophon advanced
+through the heart of the country; and his cavalry pushing on in front,
+came upon some old men pursuing their road somewither, who were
+brought to him, and in answer to his question, whether they had caught
+sight of another Hellenic army anywhere, told him all that had already
+taken place, adding that at present they were being besieged upon a
+knoll with all the Thracians in close circle round them. Thereupon he
+kept the old men under strict guard to serve as guides in case of
+need; next, having appointed outposts, he called a meeting of the
+soldiers, and addressed them: "Soldiers, some of the Arcadians are
+dead and the rest are being besieged upon a certain knoll. Now my own
+belief is, that if they are to perish, with their deaths the seal is
+set to our own fate: since we must reckon with an enemy at once
+numerous and emboldened. Clearly our best course is to hasten to their
+rescue, if haply we may find them still alive, and do battle by their
+side rather than suffer isolation, confronting danger single-handed.
+
+"Let us then at once push forward as far as may seem opportune till
+supper-time, and then encamp. As long as we are marching, let
+Timasion, with the cavalry, gallop on in front, but without losing
+sight of us; and let him examine all closely in front, so that nothing
+may escape our observation." (At the same time too, he sent out some
+nimble fellows of the light-armed troops to the flanks and to the high
+tops, who were to give a signal if they espied anything anywhere;
+ordering them to burn everything inflammable which lay in their path.)
+"As for ourselves," he continued, "we need not look to find cover in
+any direction; for it is a long step back to Heraclea and a long leap
+across to Chrysopolis, and the enemy is at the door. The shortest road
+is to Calpe Haven, where we suppose Cheirisophus, if safe, to be; but
+then, when we get there, at Calpe Haven there are no vessels for us to
+sail away in; and if we stop here, we have not provisions for a single
+day. Suppose the beleaguered Arcadians left to their fate, we shall
+find it but a sorry alternative to run the gauntlet with
+Cheirisophus's detachment alone; better to save them if we can, and     17
+with united forces work out our deliverance in common. But if so, we
+must set out with minds prepared, since to-day either a glorious death
+awaits us or the achievement of a deed of noblest emprise in the
+rescue of so many Hellene lives. Maybe it is God who leads us thus,
+God who chooses to humble the proud boaster, boasting as though he
+were exceedingly wise, but for us, the beginning of whose every act is
+by heaven's grace, that same God reserves a higher grade of honour.
+One duty I would recall to you, to apply your minds to the execution
+of the orders with promptitude."
+
+With these words he led the way. The cavalry, scattering as far in
+advance as was prudent, wherever they set foot, set fire. The peltasts
+moving parallel on the high ground were similarly employed, burning
+everything combustible they could discover. While the main army,
+wherever they came upon anything which had accidentally escaped,
+completed the work, so that the whole country looked as if it were
+ablaze; and the army might easily pass for a larger one. When the hour
+had come, they turned aside to a knoll and took up quarters; and there
+they espied the enemy's watch-fires. He was about forty furlongs
+distant. On their side also they kindled as many watch-fires as
+possible; but as soon as they had dined the order was passed to quench
+all the fires. So during the night they posted guards and slept. But
+at daybreak they offered prayers to the gods, and drawing up in order
+of battle, began marching with what speed they might. Timasion and the
+cavalry, who had the guides with them, and were moving on briskly in
+front, found themselves without knowing it at the very knoll upon
+which the Hellenes had been beleaguered. But no army could they
+discover, whether of friend or foe; only some starveling old women and
+men, with a few sheep and oxen which had been left behind. This news
+they reported to Xenophon and the main body. At first the marvel was
+what had happened; but ere long they found out by inquiries from the
+folk who had been left behind, that the Thracians had set off
+immediately after sundown, and were gone; the Hellenes had waited till
+morning before they made off, but in what direction, they could not     23
+say.
+
+On hearing this, Xenophon's troops first breakfasted, and then getting
+their kit together began their march, desiring to unite with the rest
+at Calpe's Haven without loss of time. As they continued their march,
+they came across the track of the Arcadians and Achaeans along the
+road to Calpe, and both divisions arriving eventually at the same
+place, were overjoyed to see one another again, and they embraced each
+other like brothers. Then the Arcadians inquired of Xenophon's
+officers--why they had quenched the watch-fires? "At first," said
+they, "when we lost sight of your watch-fires, we expected you to
+attack the enemy in the night; and the enemy, so at least we imagined,
+must have been afraid of that and so set off. The time at any rate at
+which they set off would correspond. But when the requisite time had
+elapsed and you did not come, we concluded that you must have learnt
+what was happening to us, and in terror had made a bolt for it to the
+seaboard. We resolved not to be left behind by you; and that is how we
+also came to march hither."
+
+
+
+
+IV
+
+During this day they contented themselves with bivouacking there on     1
+the beach at the harbour. The place which goes by the name of Calpe
+Haven is in Asiatic Thrace, the name given to a region extending from
+the mouth of the Euxine all the way to Heraclea, which lies on the
+right hand as you sail into the Euxine. It is a long day's voyage for
+a war-ship, using her three banks of oars, from Byzantium to Heraclea,
+and between these two there is not a single Hellenic or friendly city,
+but only these Bithynian Thracians, who have a bad reputation for the
+savagery with which they treat any Hellenes cast ashore by shipwreck
+or otherwise thrown into their power.
+
+Now the haven of Calpe lies exactly midway, halving the voyage between
+Byzantium and Heraclea. It is a long promontory running out into the
+sea; the seaward portion being a rocky precipice, at no point less
+than twenty fathoms high; but on the landward side there is a neck      3
+about four hundred feet wide; and the space inside the neck is capable
+of accommodating ten thousand inhabitants, and there is a haven
+immediately under the crag with a beach facing the west. Then there is
+a copious spring of fresh water flowing on the very marge of the sea
+commanded by the stronghold. Again, there is plenty of wood of various
+sorts; but most plentiful of all, fine shipbuilding timber down to the
+very edge of the sea. The upland stretches into the heart of the
+country for twenty furlongs at least. It is good loamy soil, free from
+stones. For a still greater distance the seaboard is thickly grown
+with large timber trees of every description. The surrounding country
+is beautiful and spacious, containing numerous well populated
+villages. The soil produces barley and wheat, and pulse of all sorts,
+millet and sesame, figs in ample supply, with numerous vines producing
+sweet wines, and indeed everything else except olives. Such is the
+character of the country.
+
+The tents were pitched on the seaward-facing beach, the soldiers being
+altogether averse to camping on ground which might so easily be
+converted into a city. Indeed, their arrival at the place at all
+seemed very like the crafty design of some persons who were minded to
+form a city. The aversion was not unnatural, since the majority of the
+soldiers had not left their homes on so long a voyage from scantiness
+or subsistence, but attracted by the fame of Cyrus's virtues; some of
+them bringing followers, while others had expended money on the
+expedition. And amongst them was a third set who had run away from
+fathers and mothers; while a different class had left children behind,
+hoping to return to them with money or other gains. Other people with
+Cyrus won great success, they were told (1); why should it not be so
+with them? Being persons then of this description, the one longing of
+their hearts was to reach Hellas safely.
+
+ (1) I.e. "his society was itself a passport to good fortune."
+
+It was on the day after their meeting that Xenophon sacrificed as a
+preliminary to a military expedition; for it was needful to march out
+in search of provisions, besides which he designed burying the dead.    9
+As soon as the victims proved favourable they all set out, the
+Arcadians following with the rest. The majority of the dead, who had
+lain already five days, they buried just where they had fallen, in
+groups; to remove their bodies now would have been impossible. Some
+few, who lay off the roads, they got together and buried with what
+splendour they could, considering the means in their power. Others
+they could not find, and for these they erected a great cenotaph (2),
+and covered it with wreaths. When it was all done, they returned home
+to camp. At that time they supped, and went to rest.
+
+ (2) "Cenotaph", i.e. "an empty tomb." The word is interesting as
+    occurring only in Xenophon, until we come to the writers of the
+    common dialect. Compare "hyuscyamus," hogbean, our henbane, which
+    we also owe to Xenophon. "Oecon." i. 13, see Sauppe, "Lexil. Xen."
+    s.vv.
+
+Next day there was a general meeting of the soldiers, collected
+chiefly by Agasias the Stymphalian, a captain, and Hieronymus, an
+Eleian, also a captain, and other seniors of the Arcadians; and they
+passed a resolution that, for the future, whoever revived the idea of
+breaking up the army should be punished by death. And the army, it was
+decided, would now resume its old position under the command of its
+former generals. Though Cheirisophus, indeed, had already died under
+medical treatment for fever (3); and Neon the Asinaean had taken his
+place.
+
+ (3) This I take to be the meaning of the words, which are necessarily
+    ambiguous, since {pharmakon}, "a drug," also means "poison." Did
+    Cheirisophus conceivably die of fever brought on by some poisonous
+    draught? or did he take poison whilst suffering from fever? or did
+    he die under treatment?
+
+After these resolutions Xenophon got up and said: "Soldiers, the
+journey must now, I presume, be conducted on foot; indeed, this is
+clear, since we have no vessels; and we are driven to commence it at
+once, for we have no provisions if we stop. We then," he continued,
+"will sacrifice, and you must prepare yourselves to fight now, if
+ever, for the spirit of the enemy has revived."
+
+Thereupon the generals sacrificed, in the presence of the Arcadian
+seer, Arexion; for Silanus the Ambraciot had chartered a vessel at
+Heraclea and made his escape ere this. Sacrificing with a view to       13
+departure, the victims proved unfavourable to them. Accordingly they
+waited that day. Certain people were bold enough to say that Xenophon,
+out of his desire to colonise the place, had persuaded the seer to say
+that the victims were unfavourable to departure. Consequently he
+proclaimed by herald next morning that any one who liked should be
+present at the sacrifice; or if he were a seer he was bidden to be
+present and help to inspect the victims. Then he sacrificed, and there
+were numbers present; but though the sacrifice on the question of
+departure was repeated as many as three times, the victims were
+persistently unfavourable. Thereat the soldiers were in high dudgeon,
+for the provisions they had brought with them had reached the lowest
+ebb, and there was no market to be had.
+
+Consequently there was another meeting, and Xenophon spoke again:
+"Men," said he, "the victims are, as you may see for yourselves, not
+yet favourable to the march; but meanwhile, I can see for myself that
+you are in need of provisions; accordingly we must narrow the
+sacrifice to the particular point." Some one got up and said:
+"Naturally enough the victims are unfavourable, for, as I learnt from
+some one on a vessel which arrived here yesterday by accident,
+Cleander, the governor at Byzantium, intends coming here with ships
+and men-of-war." Thereat they were all in favour of stopping; but they
+must needs go out for provisions, and with this object he again
+sacrificed three times, and the victims remained adverse. Things had
+now reached such a pass that the men actually came to Xenophon's tent
+to proclaim that they had no provisions. His sole answer was that he
+would not lead them out till the victims were favourable.
+
+So again the next day he sacrificed; and nearly the whole army, so
+strong was the general anxiety, flocked round the victims; and now the
+very victims themselves failed. So the generals, instead of leading
+out the army, called the men together. Xenophon, as was incumbent on
+him, spoke: "It is quite possible that the enemy are collected in a
+body, and we shall have to fight. If we were to leave our baggage in
+the strong place" (pointing overhead) "and sally forth prepared for
+battle, the victims might favour us." But the soldiers, on hearing      22
+this proposal, cried out, "No need to take us inside that place;
+better sacrifice with all speed." Now sheep there were none any
+longer. So they purchased oxen from under a wagon and sacrificed; and
+Xenophon begged Cleanor the Arcadian to superintend the sacrifice on
+his behalf, in case there might be some change now. But even so there
+was no improvement.
+
+Now Neon was general in place of Cheirisophus, and seeing the men
+suffering so cruelly from want, he was willing to do them a good turn.
+So he got hold of some Heracleot or other who said he knew of villages
+close by from which they could get provisions, and proclaimed by
+herald: "If any one liked to come out and get provisions, be it known
+that he, Neon, would be their leader." So out came the men with
+spears, and wine skins and sacks and other vessels--two thousand
+strong in all. But when they had reached the villages and began to
+scatter for the purpose of foraging, Pharnabazus's cavalry were the
+first to fall upon them. They had come to the aid of the Bithynians,
+wishing, if possible, in conjunction with the latter, to hinder the
+Hellenes from entering Phrygia. These troopers killed no less than
+five hundred of the men; the rest fled for the lives up into the hill
+country.
+
+News of the catastrophe was presently brought into camp by one of
+those who had escaped, and Xenophon, seeing that the victims had not
+been favourable on that day, took a wagon bullock, in the absence of
+other sacrificial beasts, offered it up, and started for the rescue,
+he and the rest under thirty years of age to the last man. Thus they
+picked up the remnant of Neon's party and returned to camp. It was now
+about sunset; and the Hellenes in deep despondency were making their
+evening meal, when all of a sudden, through bush and brake, a party of
+Bithynians fell upon the pickets, cutting down some and chasing the
+rest into camp. In the midst of screams and shouts the Hellenes ran to
+their arms, one and all; yet to pursue or move the camp in the night
+seemed hardly safe, for the ground was thickly grown with bush; all
+they could do was to strengthen the outposts and keep watch under arms
+the livelong night.
+
+
+
+
+V
+
+And so they spent the night, but with day-dawn the generals led the     1
+way into the natural fastness, and the others picked up their arms and
+baggage and followed the lead. Before the breakfast-hour arrived, they
+had fenced off with a ditch the only side on which lay ingress into
+the place, and had palisaded off the whole, leaving only three gates.
+Anon a ship from Heraclea arrived bringing barleymeal, victim animals,
+and wine.
+
+Xenophon was up betimes, and made the usual offering before starting
+on an expedition, and at the first victim the sacrifice was
+favourable. Just as the sacrifice ended, the seer, Arexion the
+Parrhasian, caught sight of an eagle, which boded well, and bade
+Xenophon lead on. So they crossed the trench and grounded arms. Then
+proclamation was made by herald for the soldiers to breakfast and
+start on an expedition under arms; the mob of sutlers and the captured
+slaves would be left in camp. Accordingly the mass of the troops set
+out. Neon alone remained; for it seemed best to leave that general and
+his men to guard the contents of the camp. But when the officers and
+soldiers had left them in the lurch, they were so ashamed to stop in
+camp while the rest marched out, that they too set out, leaving only
+those above five-and-forty years of age.
+
+These then stayed, while the rest set out on the march. Before they
+had gone two miles, they stumbled upon dead bodies, and when they had
+brought up the rear of the column in a line with the first bodies to
+be seen, they began digging graves and burying all included in the
+column from end to end. After burying the first batch, they advanced,
+and again bringing the rear even with the first unburied bodies which
+appeared, they buried in the same way all which the line of troops
+included. Finally, reaching the road that led out of the villages
+where the bodies lay thick together, they collected them and laid them
+in a common grave.
+
+It was now about midday, when pushing forward the troops up to the
+villages without entering them, they proceeded to seize provisions,
+laying hands on everything they could set eyes on under cover of their  7
+lines; when suddenly they caught sight of the enemy cresting certain
+hillocks in front of them, duly marshalled in line--a large body of
+cavalry and infantry. It was Spithridates and Rhathines, sent by
+Pharnabazus with their force at their backs. As soon as the enemy
+caught sight of the Hellenes, they stood still, about two miles
+distant. Then Arexion the seer sacrificed, and at the first essay the
+victims were favourable. Whereupon Xenophon addressed the other
+generals: "I would advise, sirs, that we should detach one or more
+flying columns to support our main attack, so that in case of need at
+any point we may have reserves in readiness to assist our main body,
+and the enemy, in the confusion of battle, may find himself attacking
+the unbroken lines of troops not hitherto engaged." These views
+approved themselves to all. "Do you then," said he, "lead on the
+vanguard straight at the enemy. Do not let us stand parleying here,
+now that we have caught sight of him and he of us. I will detach the
+hindmost companies in the way we have decided upon and follow you."
+After that they quietly advanced, and he, withdrawing the rear-rank
+companies in three brigades consisting of a couple of hundred men
+apiece, commissioned the first on the right to follow the main body at
+the distance of a hundred feet. Samolas the Achaean was in command of
+this brigade. The duty of the second, under the command of Pyrrhias
+the Arcadian, was to follow in the centre. The last was posted on the
+left, with Phrasias, an Athenian, in command. As they advanced, the
+vanguard reached a large and difficult woody glen, and halted, not
+knowing whether the obstacle needed to be crossed or not. They passed
+down the word for the generals and officers to come forward to the
+front. Xenophon, wondering what it was that stopped the march, and
+presently hearing the above order passed along the ranks, rode up with
+all speed. As soon as they were met, Sophaenetus, as the eldest
+general, stated his opinion that the question, whether a gully of that
+kind ought to be crossed or not, was not worth discussing. Xenophon,
+with some ardour, retorted: "You know, sirs, I have not been in the
+habit hitherto of introducing you to danger which you might avoid. It
+is not your reputation for courage surely that is at stake, but your    14
+safe return home. But now the matter stands thus: It is impossible to
+retire from this point without a battle; if we do not advance against
+the enemy ourselves, he will follow us as soon as we have turned our
+backs and attack us. Consider, then; is it better to go and meet the
+foe with arms advanced, or with arms reversed to watch him as he
+assails us on our rear? You know this at any rate, that to retire
+before an enemy has nothing glorious about it, whereas attack
+engenders courage even in a coward. For my part, I would rather at any
+time attack with half my men than retreat with twice the number. As to
+these fellows, if we attack them, I am sure you do not really expect
+them to await us; though, if we retreat, we know for certain they will
+be emboldened to pursue us. Nay, if the result of crossing is to place
+a difficult gully behind us when we are on the point of engaging,
+surely that is an advantage worth seizing. At least, if it were left
+to me, I would choose that everything should appear smooth and
+passable to the enemy, which may invite retreat; but for ourselves we
+may bless the ground which teaches us that except in victory we have
+no deliverance. It astonishes me that any one should deem this
+particular gully a whit more terrible than any of the other barriers
+which we have successfully passed. How impassable was the plain, had
+we failed to conquer their cavalry! how insurmountable the mountains
+already traversed by us, with all their peltasts in hot pursuit at our
+heels! Nay, when we have safely reached the sea, the Pontus will
+present a somewhat formidable gully, when we have neither vessels to
+convey us away nor corn to keep us alive whilst we stop. But we shall
+no sooner be there than we must be off again to get provisions. Surely
+it is better to fight to-day after a good breakfast than to-morrow on
+an empty stomach. Sirs, the offerings are favourable to us, the omens
+are propitious, the victims more than promising; let us attack the
+enemy! Now that they have had a good look at us, these fellows must
+not be allowed to enjoy their dinners or choose a camp at their own
+sweet will."
+
+After that the officers bade him lead on. None gainsaid, and he led
+the way. His orders were to cross the gully, where each man chanced to  22
+find himself. By this method, as it seemed to him, the troops would
+more quickly mass themselves on the far side than was possible, if
+they defiled along (1) the bridge which spanned the gully. But once
+across he passed along the line and addressed the troops: "Sirs, call
+to mind what by help of the gods you have already done. Bethink you of
+the battles you have won at close quarters with the foe; of the fate
+which awaits those who flee before their foes. Forget not that we
+stand at the very doors of Hellas. Follow in the steps of Heracles,
+our guide, and cheer each the other onwards by name. Sweet were it
+surely by some brave and noble word or deed, spoken or done this day,
+to leave the memory of oneself in the hearts of those one loves."
+
+ (1) Lit. "had they wound off thread by thread"; the metaphor is from
+    unwinding a ball of wool.
+
+These words were spoken as he rode past, and simultaneously he began
+leading on the troops in battle line; and, placing the peltasts on
+either flank of the main body, they moved against the enemy. Along the
+line the order had sped "to keep their spears at rest on the right
+shoulder until the bugle signal; then lower them for the charge, slow
+march, and even pace, no one to quicken into a run." Lastly, the
+watchword was passed, "Zeus the Saviour, Heracles our Guide." The
+enemy waited their approach, confident in the excellence of his
+position; but as they drew closer the Hellene light troops, with a
+loud alala! without waiting for the order, dashed against the foe. The
+latter, on their side, came forward eagerly to meet the charge, both
+the cavalry and the mass of the Bithynians; and these turned the
+peltasts. But when with counter-wave the phalanx of the heavy infantry
+rapidly advancing, faced them, and at the same time the bugle sounded,
+and the battle hymn rose from all lips, and after this a loud cheer
+rose, and at the same instant they couched their spears;--at this
+conjuncture the enemy no longer welcomed them, but fled. Timasion with
+his cavalry followed close, and, considering their scant numbers, they
+did great execution. It was the left wing of the enemy, in a line with
+which the Hellene cavalry were posted, that was so speedily scattered.
+But the right, which was not so hotly pursued, collected upon a knoll;  28
+and when the Hellenes saw them standing firm, it seemed the easiest
+and least dangerous course to go against them at once. Raising the
+battle hymn, they straightway fell upon them, but the others did not
+await their coming. Thereupon the peltasts gave chase until the right
+of the enemy was in its turn scattered, though with slight loss in
+killed; for the enemy's cavalry was numerous and threatening.
+
+But when the Hellenes saw the cavalry of Pharnabazus still standing in
+compact order, and the Bithynian horsemen massing together as if to
+join it, and like spectators gazing down from a knoll at the
+occurrences below; though weary, they determined to attack the enemy
+as best they could, and not suffer him to recover breath with reviving
+courage. So they formed in compact line and advanced. Thereupon the
+hostile cavalry turned and fled down the steep as swiftly as if they
+had been pursued by cavalry. In fact they sought the shelter of a
+gully, the existence of which was unknown to the Hellenes. The latter
+accordingly turned aside too soon and gave up the chase, for it was
+too late. Returning to the point where the first encounter took place
+they erected a trophy, and went back to the sea about sunset. It was
+something like seven miles to camp.
+
+
+
+
+VI
+
+After this the enemy confined themselves to their own concerns, and     1
+removed their households and property as far away as possible. The
+Hellenes, on their side, were still awaiting the arrival of Cleander
+with the ships of war and transports, which ought to be there soon. So
+each day they went out with the baggage animals and slaves and
+fearlessly brought in wheat and barley, wine and vegetables, millet
+and figs; since the district produced all good things, the olive alone
+excepted. When the army stayed in camp to rest, pillaging parties were
+allowed to go out, and those who went out appropriated the spoils; but
+when the whole army went out, if any one went off apart and seized      2
+anything, it was voted to be public property. Ere long there was an
+ample abundance of supplies of all sorts, for marketables arrived from
+Hellenic cities on all sides, and marts were established. Mariners
+coasting by, and hearing that a city was being founded and that there
+was a harbour, were glad to put in. Even the hostile tribes dwelling
+in the neighbourhood presently began to send envoys to Xenophon. It
+was he who was forming the place into a city, as they understood, and
+they would be glad to learn on what terms they might secure his
+friendship. He made a point of introducing these visitors to the
+soldiers.
+
+Meanwhile Cleander arrived with two ships of war, but not a single
+transport. At the moment of his arrival, as it happened, the army had
+taken the field, and a separate party had gone off on a pillaging
+expedition into the hills and had captured a number of small cattle.
+In thir apprehension of being deprived of them, these same people
+spoke to Dexippus (this was the same man who had made off from
+Trapezus with the fifty-oared galley), and urged him to save their
+sheep for them. "Take some for yourself," said they, "and give the
+rest back to us." So, without more ado, he drove off the soldiers
+standing near, who kept repeating that the spoil was public property.
+Then off he went to Cleander. "Here is an attempt," said he, "at
+robbery." Cleander bade him to bring up the culprit to him. Dexippus
+seized on some one, and was for haling him to the Spartan governor.
+Just then Agasias came across him and rescued the man, who was a
+member of his company; and the rest of the soldiers present set to
+work to stone Dexippus, calling him "traitor." Things looked so ill
+that a number of the crew of the ships of war took fright and fled to
+the sea, and with the rest Cleander himself. Xenophon and the other
+generals tried to hold the men back, assuring Cleander that the affair
+signified nothing at all, and that the origin of it was a decree pased
+by the army. That was to blame, if anything. But Cleander, goaded by
+Dexippus, and personally annoyed at the fright which he had
+experienced, threatened to sail away and publish an interdict against
+them, forbidding any city to receive them, as being public enemies.     9
+For at this date the Lacedaemonians held sway over the whole Hellenic
+world.
+
+Thereat the affair began to wear an ugly look, and the Hellenes begged
+and implored Cleander to reconsider his intention. He replied that he
+would be as good as his word, and that nothing should stop him, unless
+the man who set the example of stoning, with the other who rescued the
+prisoner, were given up to him. Now, one of the two whose persons were
+thus demanded--Agasias--had been a friend to Xenophon throughout; and
+that was just why Dexippus was all the more anxious to accuse him. In
+their perplexity the generals summoned a full meeting of the soldiers,
+and some speakers were disposed to make very light of Cleander and set
+him at naught. But Xenophon took a more serious view of the matter; he
+rose and addressed the meeting thus: "Soldiers, I cannot say that I
+feel disposed to make light of this business, if Cleander be allowed
+to go away, as he threatens to do, in his present temper towards us.
+There are Hellenic cities close by; but then the Lacedaemonians are
+the lords of Hellas, and they can, any one of them, carry out whatever
+they like in the cities. If then the first thing this Lacedaemonian
+does is to close the gates of Byzantium, and next to pass an order to
+the other governors, city by city, not to receive us because we are a
+set of lawless ruffians disloyal to the Lacedaemonians; and if,
+further, this report of us should reach the ears of their admiral,
+Anaxibius, to stay or to sail away will alike be difficult. Remember,
+the Lacedaemonians at the present time are lords alike on land and on
+sea. For the sake then of a single man, or for two men's sake, it is
+not right that the rest of us should be debarred from Hellas; but
+whatever they enjoin we must obey. Do not the cities which gave us
+birth yield them obedience also? For my own part, inasmuch as
+Dexippus, I believe, keeps telling Cleander that Agasias would never
+have done this had not I, Xenophon, bidden him, I absolve you of all
+complicity, and Agasias too, if Agasias himself states that I am in
+any way a prime mover in this matter. If I have set the fashion of
+stone-throwing or any other sort of violence I condemn myself--I say
+that I deserve the extreme penalty, and I will submit to undergo it. I  15
+further say that if any one else is accused, that man is bound to
+surrender himself to Cleander for judgement, for by this means you
+will be absolved entirely from the accusation. But as the matter now
+stands, it is cruel that just when we were aspiring to win praise and
+honour throughout Hellas, we are destined to sink below the level of
+the rest of the world, banned from the Hellenic cities whose common
+name we boast."
+
+After him Agasias got up, and said, "I swear to you, sirs, by the gods
+and goddesses, verily and indeed, neither Xenophon nor any one else
+among you bade me rescue the man. I saw an honest man--one of my own
+company--being taken up by Dexippus, the man who betrayed you, as you
+know full well. That I could not endure; I rescued him, I admit the
+fact. Do not you deliver me up. I will surrender myself, as Xenophon
+suggests, to Cleander to pass what verdict on me he thinks right. Do
+not, for the sake of such a matter, make foes of the Lacedaemonians;
+rather God grant that (1) each of you may safely reach the goal of his
+desire. Only do you choose from among yourselves and send with me to
+Cleander those who, in case of any omission on my part, may by their
+words and acts supply what is lacking." Thereupon the army granted him
+to choose for himself whom he would have go with him and to go; and he
+at once chose the generals. After this they all set off to
+Cleander--Agasias and the generals and the man who had been rescued by
+Agasias--and the generals spoke as follows: "The army has sent us to
+you, Cleander, and this is their bidding: 'If you have fault to find
+with all, they say, you ought to pass sentence on all, and do with
+them what seems best; or if the charge is against one man or two, or
+possibly several, what they expect of these people is to surrender
+themselves to you for judgement.' Accordingly, if you lay anything to
+the charge of us generals, here we stand at your bar. Or do you impute
+the fault to some one not here? tell us whom. Short of flying in the
+face of our authority, there is no one who will absent himself."
+
+ (1) Reading with the best MSS., {sozoisthe}. Agasias ends his sentence
+    with a prayer. Al. {sozesthe}, "act so that each," etc.
+
+At this point Agasias stepped forward and said: "It was I, Cleander,    21
+who rescued the man before you yonder from Dexippus, when the latter
+was carrying him off, and it was I who gave the order to strike
+Dexippus. My plea is that I know the prisoner to be an honest man. As
+to Dexippus, I know that he was chosen by the army to command a
+fifty-oared galley, which we had obtained by request from the men of
+Trapezus for the express purpose of collecting vessels to carry us
+safely home. But this same Dexippus betrayed his fellow-soldiers, with
+whom he had been delivered from so many perils, and made off into
+hiding like a runaway slave, whereby we have robbed the Trapezuntines
+of their frigate, and must needs appear as knaves in their eyes for
+this man's sake. As to ourselves, as far as he could, he has ruined
+us; for, like the rest of us, he had heard how all but impossible it
+was for us to retreat by foot across the rivers and to reach Hellas in
+safety. That is the stamp of man whom I robbed of his prey. Now, had
+it been you yourself who carried him off, or one of your emissaries,
+or indeed any one short of a runaway from ourselves, be sure that I
+should have acted far otherwise. Be assured that if you put me to
+death at this time you are sacrificing a good, honest man for the sake
+of a coward and a scamp."
+
+When he had listened to these remarks, Cleander replied that if such
+had been the conduct of Dexippus, he could not congratulate him. "But
+still," he added, turning to the generals, "were Dexippus ever so
+great a scamp he ought not to suffer violence; but in the language of
+your own demand he was entitled to a fair trial, and so to obtain his
+deserts. What I have to say at present therefore is: leave your friend
+here and go your way, and when I give the order be present at the
+trial. I have no further charge against the army or any one, since the
+prisoner himself admits that he rescued the man." Then the man who had
+been rescued said: "In behalf of myself, Cleander, if possibly you
+think that I was being taken up for some misdeed, it is not so; I
+neither struck nor shot; I merely said, 'The sheep are public
+property;' for it was a resolution of the soldiers that whenever the
+army went out as a body any booty privately obtained was to be public
+property. That was all I said, and thereupon yonder fellow seized me    28
+and began dragging me off. He wanted to stop our mouths, so that he
+might have a share of the things himself, and keep the rest for these
+buccaneers, contrary to the ordinance." In answer to that Cleander
+said: "Very well, if that is your disposition you can stay behind too,
+and we will take your case into consideration also."
+
+Thereupon Cleander and his party proceeded to breakfast; but Xenophon
+collected the army in assembly, and advised their sending a deputation
+to Cleander to intercede in behalf of the men. Accordingly it was
+resolved to send some generals and officers with Dracontius the
+Spartan, and of the rest those who seemed best fitted to go. The
+deputation was to request Cleander by all means to release the two
+men. Accordingly Xenophon came and addressed him thus: "Cleander, you
+have the men; the army has bowed to you and assented to do what you
+wished with respect to these two members of their body and themselves
+in general. But now they beg and pray you to give up these two men,
+and not to put them to death. Many a good service have these two
+wrought for our army in past days. Let them but obtain this from you,
+and in return the army promises that, if you will put yourself at
+their head and the gracious gods approve, they will show you how
+orderly they are, how apt to obey their general, and, with heaven's
+help, to face their foes unflinchingly. They make this further request
+to you, that you will present yourself and take command of them and
+make trial of them. 'Test us ourselves,' they say, 'and test Dexippus,
+what each of us is like, and afterwards assign to each his due.'" When
+Cleander heard these things, he answered: "Nay, by the twin gods, I
+will answer you quickly enough. Here I make you a present of the two
+men, and I will as you say present myself, and then, if the gods
+vouchsafe, I will put myself at your head and lead you into Hellas.
+Very different is your language from the tale I used to hear
+concerning you from certain people, that you wanted to withdraw the
+army from allegiance to the Lacedaemonians."
+
+After this the deputation thanked him and retired, taking with them
+the two men; then Cleander sacrificed as a preliminary to marching and
+consorted friendlily with Xenophon, and the two struck up an alliance.  35
+When the Spartan saw with what good discipline the men carried out
+their orders, he was still more anxious to become their leader.
+However, in spite of sacrifices repeated on three successive days, the
+victims steadily remained unfavourable. So he summoned the generals
+and said to them: "The victims smile not on me, they suffer me not to
+lead you home; but be not out of heart at that. To you it is given, as
+it would appear, to bring your men safe home. Forwards then, and for
+our part, whenever you come yonder, we will bestow on you as warm a
+welcome as we may."
+
+Then the soldiers resolved to make him a present of the public cattle,
+which he accepted, but again gave back to them. So he sailed away; but
+the soldiers made division of the corn which they had collected and of
+the other captured property, and commenced their homeward march
+through the territory of the Bithynians.
+
+At first they confined themselves to the main road; but not chancing
+upon anything whereby they might reach a friendly territory with
+something in their pockets for themselves, they resolved to turn sharp
+round, and marched for one day and night in the opposite direction. By
+this proceeding they captured many slaves and much small cattle; and
+on the sixth day reached Chrysopolis in Chalcedonia (2). Here they
+halted seven days while they disposed of their booty by sale.
+
+ (2) The name should be written "Calchedonia." The false form drove out
+    the more correct, probably through a mispronunciation, based on a
+    wrong derivation, at some date long ago. The sites of Chrysopolis
+    and Calchedon correspond respectively to the modern Scutari and
+    Kadikoi.
+
+
+
+
+
+BOOK VII
+
+ (In the earlier portion of the narrative will be found a
+detailed history of the fortunes of the Hellenes during their
+march up country with Cyrus down to the date of the battle;
+and, subsequently to his death, until they reached the Euxine;
+as also of all their doings in their efforts to escape from
+the Euxine, partly by land marches and partly under sail by
+sea, until they found themselves outside the mouth of the
+Black Sea (south of the Bosphorus) at Chrysopolis in Asia.)
+
+
+
+
+I
+
+At this point Pharnabazus, who was afraid that the army might           1
+undertake a campaign against his satrapy, sent to Anaxibius, the
+Spartan high admiral, who chanced to be in Byzantium, and begged him
+to convey the army out of Asia, undertaking to comply with his wishes
+in every respect. Anaxibius accordingly sent to summon the generals
+and officers to Byzantium, and promised that the soldiers should not
+lack pay for service, if they crossed the strait. The officers said
+that they would deliberate and return an answer. Xenophon individually
+informed them that he was about to quit the army at once, and was only
+anxious to set sail. Anaxibius pressed him not to be in so great a
+hurry: "Cross over with the rest," he said, "and then it will be time
+enough to think about quitting the army." This the other undertook to
+do.
+
+Now Seuthes the Thracian sent Medosades and begged Xenophon to use his
+influence to get the army across. "Tell Xenophon, if he will do his
+best for me in this matter, he will not regret it." Xenophon answered:
+"The army is in any case going to cross; so that, as far as that is
+concerned, Seuthes is under no obligation to me or to any one else;     6
+but as soon as it is once across, I personally shall be quit of it.
+Let Seuthes, therefore, as far as he may deem consistent with
+prudence, apply to those who are going to remain and will have a voice
+in affairs."
+
+After this the whole body of troops crossed to Byzantium. But
+Anaxibius, instead of proceeding to give pay, made proclamation that,
+"The soldiers were to take up their arms and baggage and go forth," as
+if all he wished were to ascertain their numbers and bid them
+god-speed at the same moment. The soldiers were not well pleased at
+that, because they had no money to furnish themselves with provisions
+for the march; and they sluggishly set about getting their baggage
+together. Xenophon meanwhile, being on terms of intimacy with the
+governor, Cleander, came to pay his host a final visit, and bid him
+adieu, being on the point of setting sail. But the other protested;
+"Do not do so, or else," said he, "you will be blamed, for even now
+certain people are disposed to hold you to account because the army is
+so slow in getting under weigh." The other answered, "Nay, I am not to
+blame for that. It is the men themselves, who are in want of
+provisions; that is why they are out of heart at their exodus." "All
+the same," he replied, "I advise you to go out, as if you intended to
+march with them, and when you are well outside, it will be time enough
+to take yourself off." "Well then," said Xenophon, "we will go and
+arrange all this with Anaxibius." They went and stated the case to the
+admiral, who insisted that they must do as he had said, and march out,
+bag and baggage, by the quickest road; and as an appendix to the
+former edict, he added, "Any one absenting himself from the review and
+the muster will have himself to blame for the consequences." This was
+peremptory. So out marched, the generals first, and then the rest; and
+now, with the exception of here a man and there, they were all
+outside; it was a "clean sweep"; and Eteonicus stood posted near the
+gates, ready to close them, as soon as the men were fairly out, and to
+thrust in the bolt pin.
+
+Then Anaxibius summoned the generals and captains, and addressed them:
+"Provisions you had better get from the Thracian villages; you will     13
+find plenty of barley, wheat, and other necessaries in them; and when
+you have got them, off with you to the Chersonese, where Cyniscus will
+take you into his service." Some of the soldiers overheard what was
+said, or possibly one of the officers was the medium of communication;
+however it was, the news was handed on to the army. As to the
+generals, their immediate concern was to try and gain some information
+as to Seuthes: "Was he hostile or friendly? also, would they have to
+march through the Sacred mountain (1), or round about through the
+middle of Thrace?"
+
+ (1) So the mountain-range is named which runs parallel to the
+    Propontis (Sea of Marmora) from lat. 41 degrees N. circa to lat.
+    40 degrees 30'; from Bisanthe (Rhodosto) to the neck of the
+    Chersonese (Gallipoli).
+
+While they were discussing these points, the soldiers snatched up
+their arms and made a rush full speed at the gates, with the intention
+of getting inside the fortification again. But Eteonicus and his men,
+seeing the heavy infantry coming up at a run promptly closed the gates
+and thrust in the bolt pin. Then the soldiers fell to battering the
+gates, exclaiming that it was iniquitous to thrust them forth in this
+fashion into the jaws of their enemies. "If you do not of your own
+accord open the gates," they cried, "we will split them in half"; and
+another set rushed down to the sea, and so along the break-water and
+over the wall into the city; while a third set, consisting of those
+few who were still inside, having never left the city, seeing the
+affair at the gates, severed the bars with axes and flung the portals
+wide open; and the rest came pouring in.
+
+Xenophon, seeing what was happening, was seized with alarm lest the
+army betake itself to pillage, and ills incurable be wrought to the
+city, to himself, and to the soldiers. Then he set off, and, plunging
+into the throng, was swept through the gates with the crowd. The
+Byzantines no sooner saw the soldiers forcibly rushing in than they
+left the open square, and fled, some to the shipping, others to their
+homes, while those already indoors came racing out, and some fell to
+dragging down their ships of war, hoping possibly to be safe on board
+these; while there was not a soul who doubted but that the city was     19
+taken, and that they were all undone. Eteonicus made a swift retreat
+to the citadel. Anaxibius ran down to the sea, and, getting on board a
+fisherman's smack, sailed round to the acropolis, and at once sent off
+to fetch over the garrison troops from Chalcedon, since those already
+in the acropolis seemed hardly sufficient to keep the men in check.
+
+The soldiers, catching sight of Xenophon, threw themselves upon him,
+crying: "Now, Xenophon, is the time to prove yourself a man. You have
+got a city, you have got triremes, you have got money, you have got
+men; to-day, if you only chose, you can do us a good turn, and we will
+make you a great man." He replied: "Nay, I like what you say, and I
+will do it all; but if that is what you have set your hearts on, fall
+into rank and take up position at once." This he said, wishing to
+quiet them, and so passed the order along the lines himself, while
+bidding the rest to do the same: "Take up position; stand easy." But
+the men themselves, by a species of self-marshalling, fell into rank,
+and were soon formed, the heavy infantry eight deep, while the light
+infantry had run up to cover either wing. The Thracian Square, as it
+is called, is a fine site for manouvering, being bare of buildings and
+level. As soon as the arms were stacked and the men's tempers cooled,
+Xenophon called a general meeting of the soldiers, and made the
+following speech:--
+
+"Soldiers, I am not surprised at your wrath, or that you deem it
+monstrous treatment so to be cheated; but consider what will be the
+consequences if we gratify our indignation, and in return for such
+deception, avenge ourselves on the Lacedaemonians here present, and
+plunder an innocent city. We shall be declared enemies of the
+Lacedaemonians and their allies; and what sort of war that will be, we
+need not go far to conjecture. I take it, you have not forgotten some
+quite recent occurrences. We Athenians entered into war against the
+Lacedaemonians and their allies with a fleet consisting of not less
+than three hundred line-of-battle ships, including those in dock as
+well as those afloat. We had vast treasures stored up in the city, and
+a yearly income which, derived from home or foreign sources, amounted
+to no less than a thousand talents. Our empire included all the         27
+islands, and we were possessed of numerous cities both in Asia and in
+Europe. Amongst others, this very Byzantium, where we are now, was
+ours; and yet in the end we were vanquished, as you all very well
+know.
+
+"What, must we anticipate, will now be our fate? The Lacedaemonians
+have not only their old allies, but the Athenians and those who were
+at that time allies of Athens are added to them. Tissaphernes and all
+the rest of the Asiatics on the seaboard are our foes, not to speak of
+our arch-enemy, the king himself, up yonder, whom we came to deprive
+of his empire, and to kill, if possible. I ask then, with all these
+banded together against us, is there any one so insensate as to
+imagine that we can survive the contest? For heaven's sake, let us not
+go mad or loosely throw away our lives in war with our own native
+cities--nay, our own friends, our kith and our kin; for in one or
+other of the cities they are all included. Every city will march
+against us, and not unjustly, if, after refusing to hold one single
+barbarian city by right of conquest, we seize the first Hellenic city
+that we come to and make it a ruinous heap. For my part, my prayer is
+that before I see such things wrought by you, I, at any rate, may lie
+ten thousand fathoms under ground! My counsel to you, as Hellenes, is
+to try and obtain your just rights, through obedience to those who
+stand at the head of Hellas; and if so be that you fail in those
+demands, why, being more sinned against than sinning, need we rob
+ourselves of Hellas too? At present, I propose that we should send to
+Anaxibius and tell him that we have made an entrance into the city,
+not meditating violence, but merely to discover if he and his will
+show us any good; for if so, it is well; but of otherwise, at least we
+will let him see that he does not shut the door upon us as dupes and
+fools. We know the meaning of discipline; we turn our backs and go."
+
+This resolution was passed, and they sent Hieronymus an Eleian, with
+two others, Eurylochus an Arcadian and Philesius an Achaean, to
+deliver the message. So these set off on their errand. But while the
+soldiers were still seated in conclave, Coeratadas, of Thebes,          33
+arrived. He was a Theban not in exile, but with a taste for
+generalship, who made it his business to see if any city or nation
+were in need of his services. Thus, on the present occasion, he
+presented himself, and begged to state that he was ready to put
+himself at their head, and lead them into the Delta of Thrace (2), as
+it is called, where they would find themselves in a land of plenty;
+but until they got there, he would provide them with meat and drink
+enough and to spare. While they were still listening to this tale, the
+return message from Anaxibius came. His answer was: "The discipline,
+they had spoken of, was not a thing they would regret; indeed he would
+report their behaviour to the authorities at home; and for himself, he
+would take advice and do the best he could for them."
+
+ (2) The exact locality, so called, is not known; doubtless it lay
+    somewhere between Byzantium and Salmydessus, possibly at Declus
+    (mod. Derkos); or possibly the narrow portion of Thrace between
+    the Euxine, Bosphorus, and Propontis went by this name. See note
+    in Pretor ad. loc., and "Dict. Geog." "Thracia."
+
+Thereupon the soldiers accepted Coeratadas as their general, and
+retired without the walls. Their new general undertook to present
+himself to the troops next day with sacrificial beasts and a
+soothsayer, with eatables also and drinkables for the army. Now, as
+soon as they were gone out, Anaxibius closed the gates and issued a
+proclamation to the effect that "any of the soldiers caught inside
+should be knocked down to the hammer and sold at once." Next day,
+Coeratadas arrived with the victims and the soothsayer. A string of
+twenty bearers bearing barleymeal followed at his heels, succeeded by
+other twenty carrying wine, and three laden with a supply of olives,
+and two others carrying, the one about as much garlic as a single man
+could lift, and the other a similar load of onions. These various
+supplies he set down, apparently for distribution, and began to
+sacrifice.
+
+Now Xenophon sent to Cleander, begging him to arrange matters so that
+he might be allowed to enter the walls, with a view to starting from
+Byzantium on his homeward voyage. Cleander came, and this is what he    39
+said: "I have come; but I was barely able to arrange what you want.
+Anaxibius insisted: 'It was not convenient that Xenophon should be
+inside while the soldiers are close to the walls without; the
+Byzantines at sixes and sevens moreover; and no love lost between the
+one party of them and the other.' Still, he ended by bidding you to
+come inside, if you were really minded to leave the town by sea with
+himself." Accordingly Xenophon bade the soldiers good-bye, and
+returned with Cleander within the walls.
+
+To return to Coeratadas. The first day he failed to get favourable
+signs at the sacrifice, and never a dole of rations did he make to the
+soldiers. On the second day the victims were standing ready near the
+altar, and so was Coeratadas, with chaplet crowned, all ready to
+sacrifice, when up comes Timasion the Dardanian, with Neon the
+Asinaean, and Cleanor of Orchomenus, forbidding Coeratadas to
+sacrifice: "He must understand there was an end to his generalship,
+unless he gave them provisions." The other bade them measure out the
+supplies, "Pray, dole them out." But when he found that he had a good
+deal short of a single day's provisions for each man, he picked up his
+paraphernalia of sacrifice and withdrew. As to being general, he would
+have nothing more to say to it.
+
+
+
+
+II
+
+Now these five were left--Neon the Asinaean, Phryniscus the Achaean,    1
+Philesius the Achaean, Xanthicles the Achaean, Timasion the
+Dardanian--at the head of the army, and they pushed on to some
+villages of the Thracians facing Byzantium, and there encamped. Now
+the generals could not agree. Cleanor and Phryniscus wished to march
+to join Seuthes, who had worked upon their feelings by presenting one
+with a horse and the other with a woman to wife. But Neon's object was
+to come to the Chersonese: "When we are under the wing of the
+Lacedaemonians," he thought, "I shall step to the front and command
+the whole army."
+
+Timasion's one ambition was to cross back again into Asia, hoping to
+be reinstated at home and end his exile. The soldiers shared the
+wishes of the last general. But, as time dragged on, many of the men
+sold their arms at different places and set sail as best they could;
+others  (actually gave away their arms, some here, some there, and (1))   3
+became absorbed in the cities. One man rejoiced. This was Anaxibius,
+to whom the break-up of the army was a blessing. "That is the way," he
+said to himself, "I can best gratify Pharnabazus."
+
+ (1) The MSS. give the words so rendered--{oi de kai  (didontes ta opla
+    kata tous khorous)}, which some critics emend {diadidontes},
+    others bracket as suspected, others expunge.
+
+But Anaxibius, while prosecuting his voyage from Byzantium, was met at
+Cyzicus by Aristarchus, the new governor, who was to succeed Cleander
+at Byzantium; and report said that a new admiral, Polus, if he had not
+actually arrived, would presently reach the Hellespont and relieve
+Anaxibius. The latter sent a parting injunction to Aristarchus to be
+sure and sell all the Cyreian soldiers he could lay hands on still
+lingering in Byzantium; for Cleander had not sold a single man of
+them; on the contrary, he had made it his business to tend the sick
+and wounded, pitying them, and insisting on their being received in
+the houses. Aristarchus changed all that, and was no sooner arrived in
+Byzantium than he sold no less than four hundred of them. Meanwhile
+Anaxibius, on his coasting voyage, reached Parium, and, according to
+the terms of their agreement, he sent to Pharnabazus. But the latter,
+learning that Aristarchus was the new governor at Byzantim, and that
+Anixibius had ceased to be admiral, turned upon him a cold shoulder,
+and set out concocting the same measures concerning the Cyreian army
+with Aristarchus, as he had lately been at work upon with Anaxibius.
+
+Anaxibius thereupon summoned Xenophon and bade him, by every manner of
+means, sail to the army with the utmost speed, and keep it together.
+"He was to collect the scattered fragments and march them down to
+Perinthus, and thence convey them across to Asia without loss of
+time." And herewith he put a thirty-oared galley at his service, and
+gave him a letter of authority and an officer to accompany him, with
+an order to the Perinthians "to escort Xenophon without delay on
+horseback to the army." So it was that Xenophon sailed across and
+eventually reached the army. The soldiers gave him a joyous welcome,
+and would have been only too glad to cross from Thrace into Asia under
+his leadership.
+
+But Seuthes, hearing that Xenophon had arrived, sent Medosades again,   10
+by sea to meet him, and begged him to bring the army to him; and
+whatever he thought would make his speech persuasive, he was ready to
+promise him. But the other replied, that none of these things were
+open to him to do; and with this answer Medosades departed, and the
+Hellenes proceeded to Perinthus. Here on arrival Neon withdrew his
+troops and encamped apart, having about eight hundred men; while the
+remainder of the army lay in one place under the walls of Perinthus.
+
+After this, Xenophon set himself to find vessels, so as to lose no
+time in crossing. But in the interval Aristarchus, the governor from
+Byzantium, arrived with a couple of war-ships, being moved to do so by
+Pharnabazus. To make doubly sure, he first forbade the skippers and
+shipmasters to carry the troops across, and then he visited the camp
+and informed the soldiers that their passage into Asia was forbidden.
+Xenophon replied that he was acting under the orders of Anaxibius, who
+had sent him thither for this express purpose; to which Aristarchus
+retorted, "For the matter of that, Anaxibius is no longer admiral, and
+I am governor in this quarter; if I catch any of you at sea, I will
+sink you." With these remarks he retired within the walls of
+Perinthus.
+
+Next day, he sent for the generals and officers of the army. They had
+already reached the fortification walls, when some one brought word to
+Xenophon that if he set foot inside, he would be seized, and either
+meet some ill fate there or more likely be delivered up to
+Pharnabazus. On hearing this Xenophon sent forward the rest of the
+party, but for himself pleaded that there was a sacrifice which he
+wished to offer. In this way he contrived to turn back and consult the
+victims, "Would the gods allow him to try and bring the army over to
+Seuthes?" On the one hand it was plain that the idea of crossing over
+to Asia in the face of this man with his ships of war, who meant to
+bar the passage, was too dangerous. Nor did he altogether like the
+notion of being blocked up in the Chersonese with an army in dire need
+of everything; where, besides being at the beck and call of the         15
+governor of the place, they would be debarred from the necessities of
+life.
+
+While Xenophon was thus employed, the generals and officers came back
+with a message from Aristarchus, who had told them they might retire
+for the present, but in the afternoon he would expect them. The former
+suspicions of a plot had now ripened to a certainty. Xenophon meantime
+had ascertained that the victims were favourable to his project. He
+personally, and the army as a whole, might with safety proceed to
+Seuthes, they seemed to say. Accordingly, he took with him Polycrates,
+the Athenian captain, and from each of the generals, not including
+Neon, some one man whom they could in each case trust, and in the
+night they set off to visit the army of Seuthes, sixty furlongs
+distant.
+
+As they approached, they came upon some deserted watch-fires, and
+their first impression was that Seuthes had shifted his position; but
+presently perceiving a confused sound (the voices of Seuthes' people
+signalling to one another), the explanation dawned on him: Seuthes
+kept his watch-fires kindled in front of, instead of behind, his night
+pickets, in order that the outposts, being in the dark, might escape
+notice, their numbers and position thus being a mystery; whilst any
+party approaching from the outside, so far from escaping notice,
+would, through the glare of the fire, stand out conspicuously.
+Perceiving how matters stood, Xenophon sent forward his interpreter,
+who was one of the party, and bade him inform Seuthes that Xenophon
+was there and craved conference with him. The others asked if he were
+an Athenian from the army yonder, and no sooner had the interpreter
+replied, "Yes, the same," than up they leapt and galloped off; and in
+less time than it takes to tell a couple of hundred peltasts had come
+up who seized and carried off Xenophon and those with him and brought
+them to Seuthes. The latter was in a tower right well guarded, and
+there were horses round it in a circle, standing all ready bitted and
+bridled; for his alarm was so great that he gave his horses their
+provender during the day (2), and during the nights he kept watch and    21
+ward with the brutes thus bitted and bridled. It was stated in
+explanation that in old days an ancestor of his, named Teres, had been
+in this very country with a large army, several of whom he had lost at
+the hands of the native inhabitants, besides being robbed of his
+baggage train. The inhabitants of the country are Thynians, and they
+are reputed to be far the most warlike set of fighters--especially at
+night.
+
+ (2) I.e. "instead of letting them graze."
+
+When they drew near, Seuthes bade Xenophon enter, and bring with him
+any two he might choose. As soon as they were inside, they first
+greeted one another warmly, and then, according to the Thracian
+custom, pledged themselves in bowls of wine. There was further present
+at the elbow of Seuthes, Medosades, who on all occasions acted as his
+ambassador-in-chief. Xenophon took the initiative and spoke as
+follows: "You have sent to me, Seuthes, once and again. On the first
+occasion you sent Medosades yonder, to Chalcedon, and you begged me to
+use my influence in favour of the army crossing over from Asia. You
+promised me, in return for this conduct on my part, various
+kindnesses; at least that is what Medosades stated"; and before
+proceeding further he turned to Medosades and asked, "Is not that so?"
+The other assented. "Again, on a second occasion, the same Medosades
+came when I had crossed over from Parium to rejoin the army; and he
+promised me that if I would bring you the army, you would in various
+respects treat me as a friend and brother. He said especially with
+regard to certain seaboard places of which you are the owner and lord,
+that you were minded to make me a present of them." At this point he
+again questioned Medosades, "Whether the words attributed to him were
+exact?" and Medosades once more fully assented. "Come now," proceeded
+Xenophon, "recount what answer I made you, and first at Chalcedon."
+"You answered that the army was, in any case, about to cross over to
+Byzantium; and as far as that went, there was no need to pay you or
+any one else anything; and for yourself, you added, that once across
+you were minded to leave the army, which thing came to pass even as
+you said." "Well! what did I say," he asked, "at your next visit, when  28
+you came to me in Selybria?" "You said that the proposal was
+impossible; you were all going to Perinthus to cross into Asia."
+"Good," said Xenophon, "and in spite of it all, at the present moment,
+here I am myself, and Phryniscus, one of my colleagues, and Polycrates
+yonder, a captain; and outside, to represent the other generals (all
+except Neon the Laconian), the trustiest men they could find to send.
+So that if you wish to give these transactions the seal of still
+greater security, you have nothing to do but to summon them also; and
+do you, Polycrates, go and say from me, that I bid them leave their
+arms outside, and you can leave your own sword outside before you
+enter with them on your return."
+
+When Seuthes had heard so far, he interposed: "I should never mistrust
+an Athenian, for we are relatives already (3), I know; and the best of
+friends, I believe, we shall be." After that, as soon as the right men
+entered, Xenophon first questioned Seuthes as to what use he intended
+to make of the army, and he replied as follows: "Maesades was my
+father; his sway extended over the Melanditae, the Thynians, and the
+Tranipsae. Then the affairs of the Odrysians took a bad turn, and my
+father was driven out of this country, and later on died himself of
+sickness, leaving me to be brought up as an orphan at the court of
+Medocus, the present king. But I, when I had grown to man's estate,
+could not endure to live with my eyes fixed on another's board. So I
+seated myself on the seat by him as a suppliant, and begged him to
+give me as many men as he could spare, that I might wreak what
+mischief I could on those who had driven us forth from our land; that
+thus I might cease to live in dependence upon another's board, like a
+dog watching his master's hand. In answer to my petition, he gave me    34
+the men and the horses which you will see at break of day, and
+nowadays I live with these, pillaging my own ancestral land. But if
+you would join me, I think, with the help of heaven, we might easily
+recover my empire. That is what I want of you." "Well then," said
+Xenophon, "supposing we came, what should you be able to give us? the
+soldiers, the officers, and the generals? Tell us that these witnesses
+may report your answer." And he promised to give "to the common
+soldiers a cyzicene (4), to a captain twice as much, and to a general
+four times as much, with as much land as ever they liked, some yoke of
+oxen, and a fortified place upon the seaboard." "But now supposing,"
+said Xenophon, "we fail of success, in spite of our endeavours;
+suppose any intimidation on the part of the Lacedaemonians should
+arise; will you receive into your country any of us who may seek to
+find a refuge with you?" He answered: "Nay, not only so, but I shall
+look upon you as my brothers, entitled to share my seat, and the joint
+possessors of all the wealth which we may be able to acquire. And to
+you yourself, O Xenophon! I will give my daughter, and if you have a
+daughter, I will buy her in Thracian fashion; and I will give you
+Bisanthe as a dwelling-place, which is the fairest of all my
+possessions on the seaboard (5)."
+
+ (3) Tradition said that the Thracians and Athenians were connected,
+    through the marriage of a former prince Tereus (or Teres) with
+    Procne, the daughter of Pandion. This old story, discredited by
+    Thucydides, ii. 29, is referred to in Arist. "Birds," 368 foll.
+    The Birds are about to charge the two Athenian intruders, when
+    Epops, king of the Birds, formerly Tereus, king of Thrace, but
+    long ago transformed into a hoopoe, intercedes in behalf of two
+    men, {tes emes gunaikos onte suggene kai phuleta}, "who are of my
+    lady's tribe and kin." As a matter of history, the Athenians had
+    in the year B.C. 431 made alliance with Sitalces, king of the
+    Odrysians (the son of Teres, the first founder of their empire),
+    and made his son, Sadocus, an Athenian citizen. Cf. Thuc. ib.;
+    Arist. Acharnians, 141 foll.
+
+ (4) A cyzicene monthly is to be understood.
+
+ (5) Bisanthe, one of the Ionic colonies founded by Samos, with the
+    Thracian name Rhaedestus (now Rodosto), strongly placed so as to
+    command the entrance into the Sacred mountain.
+
+
+
+
+III
+
+After listening to these proposals, they gave and accepted pledges of   1
+good faith; and so the deputation rode off. Before day they were back
+again in camp, and severally rendered a report to those who sent them.
+At dawn Aristarchus again summoned the generals and officers, but the
+latter resolved to have done with the visit to Aristarchus, and to
+summon a meeting of the army. In full conclave the soldiers met, with
+the exception of Neon's men, who remained about ten furlongs off. When
+they were met together Xenophon rose, and made the following
+announcement: "Men, Aristarchus with his ships of war hinders us from
+sailing where we fain would go; it is not even safe to set foot on      3
+board a vessel. But if he hinders us here, he hastens us there. 'Be
+off to the Chersonese,' says he, 'force a passage through the Sacred
+mountain.' If we master it and succeed in getting to that place, he
+has something in store for us. He promises that he will not sell you
+any more, as he did at Byzantium; you shall not be cheated again; you
+shall have pay; he will no longer, as now, suffer you to remain in
+want of provisions. That is his proposal. But Seuthes says that if you
+will go to him he will treat you well. What you have now to consider
+is, whether you will stay to debate this question, or leave its
+settlement till we have gone up into a land of provisions. If you ask
+me my opinion, it is this: Since here we have neither money to buy,
+nor leave to take without money what we need, why should we not go up
+into these villages where the right to help ourselves is conferred by
+might? There, unhampered by the want of bare necessaries, you can
+listen to what this man and the other wants of you and choose
+whichever sounds best. Let those," he added, "who agree to this, hold
+up their hands." They all held them up. "Retire then," said he, "and
+get your kit together, and at the word of command, follow your
+leader."
+
+After this, Xenophon put himself at the head and the rest followed.
+Neon, indeed, and other agents from Aristarchus tried to turn them
+from their purpose, but to their persuasions they turned a deaf ear.
+They had not advanced much more than three miles, when Seuthes met
+them; and Xenophon, seeing him, bade him ride up. He wished to tell
+him what they felt to be conducive to their interests, and in the
+presence of as many witnesses as possible. As soon as he had
+approached, Xenophon said: "We are going where the troops will have
+enough to live upon; when we are there, we will listen to you and to
+the emissaries of the Laconian, and choose between you both whatever
+seems best. If then you will lead us where provisions are to be got in
+plenty, we shall feel indebted to you for your hospitality." And
+Seuthes answered: "For the matter of that, I know many villages,
+close-packed and stocked with all kinds of provisions, just far enough  9
+off to give you a good appetite for your breakfasts." "Lead on then!"
+said Xenophon. When they had reached the villages in the afternoon,
+the soldiers met, and Seuthes made the following speech: "My request
+to you, sirs, is that you will take the field with me, and my promise
+to you is that I will give every man of you a cyzicene, and to the
+officers and generals at the customary rate; besides this I will
+honour those who show special merit. Food and drink you shall get as
+now for yourselves from the country; but whatever is captured, I shall
+claim to have myself, so that by distribution of it I may provide you
+with pay. Let them flee, let them creep into hiding-places, we shall
+be able to pursue after them, we will track them out; or if they
+resist, along with you we will endeavour to subdue them to our hands."
+Xenophon inquired: "And how far from the sea shall you expect the army
+to follow you?" "Nowhere more than seven days' journey," he answered,
+"and in many places less."
+
+After this, permission was given for all who wished to speak, and many
+spoke, but ever to one and the same tune: "What Seuthes said, was very
+right. It was winter, and for a man to sail home, even if he had the
+will to do so, was impossible. On the other hand, to continue long in
+a friendly country, where they must depend upon what they could
+purchase, was equally beyond their power. If they were to wear away
+time and support life in a hostile country, it was safer to do so with
+Seuthes than by themselves, not to speak of all these good things; but
+if they were going to get pay into the bargain, that indeed was a
+godsend." To complete the proceedings, Xenophon said: "If any one
+opposes the measure, let him state his views; if not, let the officer
+put the proposition to the vote." No one opposed; they put it to the
+vote, and the resolution was carried; and without loss of time, he
+informed Seuthes that they would take the field with him.
+
+After this the troops messed in their separate divisions, but the
+generals and officers were invited by Seuthes to dinner at a
+neighbouring village which was in his possession. When they were at
+the doors, and on the point of stepping in to dinner, they were met by  16
+a certain Heracleides, of Maronea (1). He came up to each guest,
+addressing himself particularly to those who, as he conjectured, ought
+to be able to make a present to Seuthes. He addressed himself first to
+some Parians who were there to arrange a friendship with Medocus, the
+king of the Odrysians, and were bearers of presents to the king and to
+his wife. Heracleides reminded them: "Medocus is up country twelve
+days' journey from the sea; but Seuthes, now that he has got this
+army, will be lord on the sea-coast; as your neighbour, then, he is
+the man to do you good or do you ill. If you are wise, you will give
+him whatever he askes of you. On the whole, it will be laid out at
+better interest than if you have it to Medocus, who lives so far off."
+That was his mode of persuasion in their case. Next he came to
+Timasion the Dardanian, who, some one had told him, was the happy
+possessor of certain goblets and oriental carpets. What he said to him
+was: "It is customary when people are invited to dinner by Seuthes for
+the guests to make him a present; now if he should become a great
+person in these parts, he will be able to restore you to your native
+land, or to make you a rich man here." Such were the solicitations
+which he applied to each man in turn whom he accosted. Presently he
+came to Xenophon and said: "You are at once a citizen of no mean city,
+and with Seuthes also your own name is very great. Maybe you expect to
+obtain a fort or two in this country, just as others of your
+countrymen have done (2), and territory. It is only right and proper
+therefore that you should honour Seuthes in the most magnificent
+style. Be sure, I give this advice out of pure friendliness, for I
+know that the greater the gift that you are ready to bestow on him,
+the better the treatment you will receive at his hands." Xenophon, on
+hearing this, was in a sad dilemma, for he had brought with him, when
+he crossed from Parium, nothing but one boy and just enough to pay his
+travelling expenses.
+
+ (1) A Greek colony in Thrace. Among Asiatico-Ionian colonies were
+    Abdera, founded by Teos, and Maroneia, celebrated for its wine,
+    founded by Chios about 540 B.C.--Kiepert, "Man. Anct. Geog." viii.
+    182.
+
+ (2) Notably Alcibiades, who possessed two or three such fortresses.
+
+As soon as the company, consisting of the most powerful Thracians       21
+there present, with the generals and captains of the Hellenes, and any
+embassy from a state which might be there, had arrived, they were
+seated in a circle, and the dinner was served. Thereupon three-legged
+stools were brought in and placed in front of the assembled guests.
+They were laden with pieces of meat, piled up, and there were huge
+leavened-loaves fastened on to the pieces of meat with long skewers.
+The tables, as a rule, were set beside the guests at intervals. That
+was the custom; and Seuthes set the fashion of the performance. He
+took up the loaves which lay by his side and broke them into little
+pieces, and then threw the fragments here to one and there to another
+as seemed to him good; and so with the meat likewise, leaving for
+himself the merest taste. Then the rest fell to following the fashion
+set them, those that is who had tables placed beside them.
+
+Now there was an Arcadian, Arystas by name, a huge eater; he soon got
+tired of throwing the pieces about, and seized a good three-quarters
+loaf in his two hands, placed some pieces of meat upon his knees, and
+proceeded to discuss his dinner. Then beakers of wine were brought
+round, and every one partook in turn; but when the cupbearer came to
+Arystas and handed him the bowl, he looked up, and seeing that
+Xenophon had done eating: "Give it him," quoth he, "he is more at
+leisure. I have something better to do at present." Seuthes, hearing a
+remark, asked the cupbearer what was said, and the cupbearer, who knew
+how to talk Greek, explained. Then followed a peal of laughter.
+
+When the drinking had advanced somewhat, in came a Thracian with a
+white horse, who snatched the brimming bowl and said: "Here's a health
+to thee, O Seuthes! Let me present thee with this horse. Mounted on
+him, thou shalt capture whom thou choosest to pursue, or retiring from
+battle, thou shalt not dread the foe." He was followed by one who
+brought in a boy, and presented him in proper style with "Here's a
+health to thee, O Seuthes!" A third had "clothes for his wife."
+Timasion, the Dardanian, pledged Seuthes, and presented a silver
+bowl (3) and a carpet worth ten minae. Gnesippus, an Athenian, got up    28
+and said: "It was a good old custom, and a fine one too, that those
+who had, should give to the king for honour's sake, but to those who
+had not, the king should give; whereby, my lord," he added, "I too may
+one day have the wherewithal to give thee gifts and honour." Xenophon
+the while was racking his brains what he was to do; he was not the
+happier because he was seated in the seat next Seuthes as a mark of
+honour; and Heracleides bade the cupbearer hand him the bowl. The wine
+had perhaps a little mounted to his head; he rose, and manfully seized
+the cup, and spoke: "I also, Seuthes, have to present you with myself
+and these my dear comrades to be your trusty friends, and not one of
+them against his will. They are more ready, one and all, still more
+than I, to be your friends. Here they are; they ask nothing from you
+in return, rather they are forward to labour in your behalf; it will
+be their pleasure to bear the brunt of battle in voluntary service.
+With them, God willing, you will gain vast territory; you will recover
+what was once your forefathers'; you will win for yourself new lands;
+and not lands only, but horses many, and of men a multitude, and many
+a fair dame besides. You will not need to seize upon them in robber
+fashion; it is your friends here who, of their own accord, shall take
+and bring them to you, they shall lay them at your feet as gifts." Up
+got Seuthes and drained with him the cup, and with him sprinkled the
+last drops fraternally (4).
+
+ (3) Or rather "saucer" ({phiale}).
+
+ (4) For the Thracian custom, vide Suidas, s.v. {kataskedazein}.
+
+At this stage entered musicians blowing upon horns such as they use
+for signal calls, and trumpeting on trumpets, made of raw oxhide,
+tunes and airs, like the music of the double-octave harp (5). Seuthes
+himself got up and shouted, trolling forth a war song; then he sprang
+from his place and leapt about as though he would guard himself
+against a missile, in right nimble style. Then came in a set of clowns
+and jesters.
+
+ (5) Or, "magadis." This is said to have been one of the most perfect
+    instruments. It comprised two full octaves, the left hand playing
+    the same notes as the right an octave lower. Guhl and Koner, p.
+    203, Engl. transl. See also "Dict. Antiq." "Musica"; and Arist.
+    "Polit." xix. 18, {Dia ti e dia pason sumphonia adetai mone;
+    magasizousi gar tauten, allen de oudemian}, i.e. "since no
+    interval except the octave ({dia pason}) could be 'magidised' (the
+    effect of any other is well known to be intolerable), therefore no
+    other interval was employed at all."
+
+But when the sun began to set, the Hellenes rose from their seats. It   33
+was time, they said, to place the night sentinels and to pass the
+watchword; further, they begged of Seuthes to issue an order that none
+of the Thracians were to enter the Hellenic camp at night, "since
+between your Thracian foes and our Thracian friends there might be
+some confusion." As they sallied forth, Seuthes rose to accompany
+them, like the soberest of men. When they were outside, he summoned
+the generals apart and said: "Sirs, our enemies are not aware as yet
+of our alliance. If, therefore, we attack them before they take
+precautions not to be caught, or are prepared to repel assault, we
+shall make a fine haul of captives and other stock." The generals
+fully approved of these views, and bade him lead on. He answered:
+"Prepare and wait; as soon as the right time comes I will be with you.
+I shall pick up the peltasts and yourselves, and with the help of the
+gods, I will lead on." "But consider one point," urged Xenophon; "if
+we are to march by night, is not the Hellenic fashion best? When
+marching in the daytime that part of the army leads the van which
+seems best suited to the nature of the country to be traversed--heavy
+or light infantry, or cavalry; but by night our rule is that the
+slowest arm should take the lead. Thus we avoid the risk of being
+pulled to pieces: and it is not so easy for a man to give his
+neighbour the slip without intending, whereas the scattered fragments
+of an army are apt to fall foul of one another, and to cause damage or
+incur it in sheer ignorance." To this Seuthes replied: "You reason
+well, and I will adopt your custom. I will furnish you with guides
+chosen from the oldest experts of the country, and I will myself
+follow with the cavalry in the rear; it will not take me long, if need
+be, to present myself at the front." Then, for kinship's sake, they
+chose "Athenaia (6)" as their watchword. With this, they turned and
+sought repose.
+
+ (6) "Our Lady of Athens."
+
+It was about midnight when Seuthes presented himself with his cavalry
+troopers armed with corselets, and his light infantry under arms. As    40
+soon as he had handed over to them the promised guides, the heavy
+infantry took the van, followed by the light troops in the centre,
+while the cavalry brought up the rear. At daybreak Seuthes rode up to
+the front. He complimented them on their method: so often had he
+himself, while marching by night with a mere handful of men, been
+separated with his cavalry from his infantry. "But now," said he, "we
+find ourselves at dawn of day all happily together, just as we ought
+to be. Do you wait for me here," he proceeded, "and recruit
+yourselves. I will take a look round and rejoin you." So saying he
+took a certain path over hill and rode off. As soon as he had reached
+deep snow, he looked to see whether there were footprints of human
+beings leading forward or in the opposite direction; and having
+satisfied himself that the road was untrodden, back he came,
+exclaiming: "God willing, sirs, it will be all right; we shall fall on
+the fellows, before they know where they are. I will lead on with the
+cavalry; so that if we catch sight of any one, he shall not escape and
+give warning to the enemy. Do you follow, and if you are left behind,
+keep to the trail of the horses. Once on the other side of the
+mountains, we shall find ourselves in numerous thriving villages."
+
+By the middle of the day he had already gained the top of the pass and
+looked down upon the villages below. Back he came riding to the heavy
+infantry and said: "I will at once send off the cavalry into the plain
+below, and the peltasts too, to attack the villages. Do you follow
+with what speed you may, so that in case of resistance you may lend us
+your aid." Hearing this, Xenophon dismounted, and the other asked:
+"Why do you dismount just when speed is the thing we want?" The other
+answered: "But you do not want me alone, I am sure. The hoplites will
+run all the quicker and more cheerily if I lead them on foot."
+
+Thereupon Seuthes went off, and Timasion with him, taking the Hellene
+squadron of something like forty troopers. Then Xenophon passed the
+order: the active young fellows up to thirty years of age from the
+different companies to the front; and off with these he went himself,
+bowling along (7); while Cleanor led the other Hellenes. When they had   46
+reached the villages, Seuthes, with about thirty troopers, rode up,
+exclaiming: "Well, Xenophon, this is just what you said! the fellows
+are caught, but now look here. My cavalry have gone off unsupported;
+they are scattered in pursuit, one here, one there, and upon my word,
+I am more than half afraid the enemy will collect somewhere and do
+them a mischief. Some of us must remain in the villages, for they are
+swarming with human beings." "Well then," said Xenophon, "I will seize
+the heights with the men I have with me, and do you bid Cleanor extend
+his line along the level beside the villages." When they had done so,
+there were enclosed--of captives for the slave market, one thousand;
+of cattle, two thousand; and of other small cattle, ten thousand. For
+the time being they took up quarters there.
+
+ (7) {etropkhaze}, a favourite word with our author. Herodotus uses it;
+    so does Aristot.; so also Polybius; but the Atticists condemn it,
+    except of course in poetry.
+
+
+
+
+IV
+
+But the next day Seuthes burnt the villages to the ground; he left not  1
+a single house, being minded to inspire terror in the rest of his
+enemies, and to show them what they also were to expect, if they
+refused obedience; and so he went back again. As to the booty, he sent
+off Heracliedes to Perinthus to dispose of it, with a view to future
+pay for the soldiers. But for himself he encamped with the Hellenes in
+the lowland country of the Thynians, the natives leaving the flats and
+betaking themselves in flight to the uplands.
+
+There was deep snow, and cold so intense that the water brought in for
+dinner and the wine within the jars froze; and many of the Hellenes
+had their noses and ears frost-bitten. Now they came to understand why
+the Thracians wear fox-skin caps on their heads and about their ears;
+and why, on the same principle, they are frocked not only about the
+chest and bust but so as to cover the loins and thighs as well; and
+why on horseback they envelop themselves in long shawls which reach
+down to the feet, instead of the ordinary short rider's cloak. Seuthes
+sent off some of the prisoners to the hills with a message to say that
+if they did not come down to their homes, and live quietly and obey
+him, he would burn down their villages and their corn, and leave them   5
+to perish with hunger. Thereupon down they came, women and children
+and the older men; the younger men preferred to quarter themselves in
+the villages on the skirts of the hills. On discovering this, Seuthes
+bade Xenophon take the youngest of the heavy infantry and join him on
+an expedition. They rose in the night, and by daybreak had reached the
+villages; but the majority of the inhabitants made good their escape,
+for the hills were close at hand. Those whom he did catch, Seuthes
+unsparingly shot down.
+
+Now there was a certain Olynthian, named Episthenes; he was a great
+lover of boys, and seeing a handsome lad, just in the bloom of youth,
+and carrying a light shield, about to be slain, he ran up to Xenophon
+and supplicated him to rescue the fair youth. Xenophon went to Seuthes
+and begged him not to put the boy to death. He explained to him the
+disposition of Episthenes; how he had once enrolled a company, the
+only qualification required being that of personal beauty; and with
+these handsome young men at his side there were none so brave as he.
+Seuthes put the question, "Would you like to die on his behalf,
+Episthenes?" whereat the other stretched out his neck, and said,
+"Strike, if the boy bids you, and will thank his preserver." Seuthes,
+turning to the boy, asked, "Shall I smite him instead of you?" The boy
+shook his head, imploring him to slay neither the one nor the other,
+whereupon Episthenes caught the lad in his arms, exclaiming, "It is
+time you did battle with me, Seuthes, for my boy; never will I yield
+him up," and Seuthes laughed: "what must be must," and so consented.
+
+In these villages he decided that they must bivouac, so that the men
+on the mountains might be still further deprived of subsistence.
+Stealthily descending he himself found quarters in the plain; while
+Xenophon with his picked troops encamped in the highest village on the
+skirts of the hills,; and the rest of the Hellenes hard by, among the
+highland Thracians (1), as they are called.
+
+ (1) Cf. "Highlanders."
+
+After this, not many days had idly slipt away before the Thracians
+from the mountains came down and wished to arrange with Seuthes for     12
+terms of truce and hostages. Simultaneously came Xenophon and informed
+Seuthes that they were camped in bad quarters, with the enemy next
+door; "it would be pleasanter too," he added, "to bivouac in a strong
+position in the open, than under cover on the edge of destruction."
+The other bade him take heart and pointed to some of their hostages,
+as much as to say "Look there!" Parties also from the mountaineers
+came down and pleaded with Xenophon himself, to help arrange a truce
+for them. This he agreed to do, bidding them to pluck up heart, and
+assuring them that they would meet with no mischief, if they yielded
+obedience to Seuthes. All their parleying, however, was, as it turned
+out, merely to get a closer inspection of things. This happened in the
+day, and in the following night the Thynians descended from the hill
+country and made an attack. In each case, the guide was the master of
+the house attacked; otherwise it would have taxed their powers to
+discover the houses in the dark, which, for the sake of their flocks
+and herds, were palisaded all round with great stockades. As soon as
+they had reached the doors of any particular house, the attack began,
+some hurling in their spears, others belabouring with their clubs,
+which they carried, it was said, for the purpose of knocking off the
+lance points from the shaft. Others were busy setting the place on
+fire; and they kept calling Xenophon by name: "Come out, Xenophon, and
+die like a man, or we will roast you alive inside."
+
+By this time too the flames were making their appearance through the
+roof, and Xenophon and his followers were within, with their coats of
+mail on, and big shields, swords, and helmets. Then Silanus, a
+Macistian (2), a youth of some eighteen years, signalled on the
+trumpet; and in an instant, out they all leapt with their drawn
+swords, and the inmates of other quarters as well. The Thracians took
+to their heels, according to their custom, swinging their light
+shields round their backs. As they leapt over the stockade some were
+captured, hanging on the top with their shields caught in the palings;
+others missed the way out, and so were slain; and the Hellenes chased
+them hotly, till they were outside the village.
+
+ (2) "Of Macistus," a town in the Triphylia near Scillus.
+
+A party of Thynians turned back, and as the men ran past in bold        18
+relief against a blazing house, they let fly a volley of javelins, out
+of the darkness into the glare, and wounded two captains, Hieronymus,
+an Euodean (3), and Theogenes, a Locrian. No one was killed, only the
+clothes and baggage of some of the men were consumed in the flames.
+Presently up came Seuthes to the rescue with seven troopers, the first
+to hand, and his Thracian trumpeteer by his side. Seeing that
+something had happened, he hastened to the rescue, and ever the while
+his bugler wound his horn, which music added terror to the foe.
+Arrived at length, he greeted them with outstretched hand, exclaiming,
+"I thought to find you all dead men."
+
+ (3) If this is the same man as Hieronymus of Elis, who has been
+    mentioned two or three times already, possibly the word {Euodea}
+    points to some town or district of Elis; or perhaps the text is
+    corrupt.
+
+After that, Xenophon begged him to hand over the hostages to himself,
+and if so disposed, to join him on an expedition to the hills, or if
+not, to let him go alone. Accordingly the next day Seuthes delivered
+up the hostages. They were men already advanced in years, but the pick
+of the mountaineers, as they themselves gave out. Not merely did
+Seuthes do this, but he came himself, with his force at his back (and
+by this time he had treble his former force, for many of the
+Odrysians, hearing of his proceedings, came down to join in the
+campaign); and the Thynians, espying from the mountains the vast array
+of heavy infantry and light infantry and cavalry, rank upon rank, came
+down and supplicated him to make terms. "They were ready," they
+professed, "to do all that he demanded; let him take pledges of their
+good faith." So Seuthes summoned Xenophon and explained their
+proposals, adding that he should make no terms with them, if Xenophon
+wished to punish them for their night attack. The latter replied: "For
+my part, I should think their punishment is great enough already, if
+they are to be slaves instead of free men; still," he added, "I advise
+you for the future to take as hostages those who are most capable of
+doing mischief, and to let the old men abide in peace at home." So to
+a man they gave in their adhesion in that quarter of the country.
+
+
+
+
+V
+
+Crossing over in the direction of the Thracians above Byzantium, they   1
+reached the Delta, as it is called. Here they were no longer in the
+territory of the Maesades, but in the country of Teres the Odrysian
+ (an ancient worthy (1)). Here Heracleides met them with the proceeds of
+the spoil, and Seuthes picked out three pairs of mules (there were
+only three, the other teams being oxen); then he summoned Xenophon and
+bade him take them, and divide the rest between the generals and
+officers, to which Xenophon replied that for himself, he was content
+to receive his share another time, but added: "Make a present of these
+to my friends here, the generals who have served with me, and to the
+officers." So of the pairs of mules Timasion the Dardanian received
+one, Cleanor the Orchomenian one, and Phryniscus the Achaean one. The
+teams of oxen were divided among the officers. Then Seuthes proceeded
+to remit pay due for the month already passed, but all he could give
+was the equivalent of twenty days. Heracleides insisted that this was
+all he had got by his trafficking. Whereupon Xenophon with some warmth
+exclaimed: "Upon my word, Heracleides, I do not think you care for
+Seuthes' interest as you should. If you did, you have been at pains to
+bring back the full amount of the pay, even if you had had to raise a
+loan to do so, and, if by no other means, by selling the coat off your
+own back."
+
+ (1) See above re previous Teres. The words "an ancient worthy" may
+    possibly be an editor's or commentator's note.
+
+What he said annoyed Heracleides, who was afraid of being ousted from
+the friendship of Seuthes, and from that day forward he did his best
+to calumniate Xenophon before Seuthes. The soldiers, on their side,
+laid the blame of course on Xenophon: "Where was their pay?" and
+Seuthes was vexed with him for persistently demanding it for them. Up
+to this date he had frequently referred to what he would do when he
+got to the seaboard again; how he intended to hand over to him
+Bisanthe, Ganos, and Neontichos (2). But from this time forward he
+never mentioned one of them again. The slanderous tongue of
+Heracleides had whispered him:--it was not safe to hand over fortified  8
+towns to a man with a force at his back.
+
+ (2) For Bisanthe see above. Ganos, a little lower down the coast, with
+    Neontichos once belonged to Alcibiades, if we may believe
+    Cornelius Nepos, "Alc." vii. 4, and Plutarch, "Alc." c. 36. See
+    above.
+
+Consequently Xenophon fell to considering what he ought to do as
+regards marching any further up the country; and Heracleides
+introduced the other generals to Seuthes, urging them to say that they
+were quite as well able to lead the army as Xenophon, and promising
+them that within a day or two they should have full pay for two
+months, and he again implored them to continue the campaign with
+Seuthes. To which Timasion replied that for his part he would continue
+no campaign without Xenophon; not even if they were to give him pay
+for five months; and what Timasion said, Phryniscus and Cleanor
+repeated; the views of all three coincided.
+
+Seuthes fell to upbraiding Heracleides in round terms. "Why had he not
+invited Xenophon with the others?" and presently they invited him, but
+by himself alone. He, perceiving the knavery of Heracleides, and that
+his object was to calumniate him with the other generals, presented
+himself; but at the same time he took care to bring all the generals
+and the officers. After their joint consent had been secured, they
+continued the campaign. Keeping the Pontus on their right, they passed
+through the millet-eating (3) Thracians, as they are called, and
+reached Salmydessus. This is a point at which many trading vessels
+bound for the Black Sea run aground and are wrecked, owing to a sort
+of marshy ledge or sandbank which runs out for a considerable distance
+into the sea (4). The Thracians, who dwell in these parts, have set up
+pillars as boundary marks, and each set of them has the pillage of its
+own flotsom and jetsom; for in old days, before they set up these
+landmarks, the wreckers, it is said, used freely to fall foul of and
+slay one another. Here was a rich treasure trove, of beds and boxes     14
+numberless, with a mass of written books, and all the various things
+which mariners carry in their wooden chests. Having reduced this
+district, they turned round and went back again. By this time the army
+of Seuthes had grown to be considerably larger than the Hellenic army;
+for on the one hand, the Odrysians flocked down in still larger
+numbers, and on the other, the tribes which gave in their adhesion
+from time to time were amalgamated with his armament. They got into
+quarters on the flat country above Selybria at about three miles (5)
+distance from the sea. As to pay, not a penny was as yet forthcoming,
+and the soldiers were cruelly disaffected to Xenophon, whilst Seuthes,
+on his side, was no longer so friendlily disposed. If Xenophon ever
+wished to come face to face with him, want of leisure or some other
+difficulty always seemed to present itself.
+
+ (3) Or, "the Melinophagi."
+
+ (4) See, for a description of this savage coast, Aesch. "Prom." vinc.
+    726, etc.--
+
+"{trakheia pontou Salmudesia gnathos
+ekhthroxenos nautaisi, metruia neon.}"
+
+"The rugged Salmudesian jaw of the Black Sea,
+Inhospitable to sailors, stepmother of ships."
+
+But the poet is at fault in his geography, since he connects "the
+Salmydesian jaw" with the Thermodon.
+
+ (5) Lit. "thirty stades." Selybria is about fourty-four miles from
+    Byzantium, two-thirds of the way to Perinthus.
+
+
+
+
+VI
+
+At this date, when nearly two months had already passed, an embassy     1
+arrived. These were two agents from Thibron--Charminus, a
+Lacedaemonian, and Polynicus. They were sent to say that the
+Lacedaemonians had resolved to open a campaign against Tissaphernes,
+and that Thibron, who had set sail to conduct the war, was anxious to
+avail himself of the troops. He could guarantee that each soldier
+should receive a daric a month as pay, the officers double pay, and
+the generals quadruple. The Lacedaemonian emissaries had no sooner
+arrived than Heracleides, having learnt that they had come in search
+of the Hellenic troops, goes off himself to Seuthes and says: "The
+best thing that could have happened; the Lacedaemonians want these
+troops and you have done with them, so that if you hand over the
+troops to them, you will do the Lacedaemonians a good turn and will
+cease to be bothered for pay any more. The country will be quit of
+them once and for ever."
+
+On hearing this Seuthes bade him introduce the emissaries. As soon as
+they had stated that the object of their coming was to treat for the
+Hellenic troops, he replied that he would willingly give them up, that
+his one desire was to be the friend and ally of Lacedaemon. So he
+invited them to partake of hospitality, and entertained them            3
+magnificently; but he did not invite Xenophon, nor indeed any of the
+other generals. Presently the Lacedaemonians asked: "What sort of man
+is Xenophon?" and Seuthes answered: "Not a bad fellow in most
+respects; but he is too much the soldiers' friend; and that is why it
+goes ill with him." They asked: "Does he play the popular leader?" and
+Heracleides answered: "Exactly so." "Well then," said they, "he will
+oppose our taking away the troops, will he not?" "To be sure he will,"
+said Heracleides; "but you have only to call a meeting of the whole
+body, and promise them pay, and little further heed will they pay to
+him; they will run off with you." "How then are we to get them
+collected?" they asked. "Early to-morrow," said Heracleides, "we will
+bring you to them; and I know," he added once more, "as soon as they
+set eyes on you, they will flock to you with alacrity." Thus the day
+ended.
+
+The next day Seuthes and Heracleides brought the two Laconian agents
+to the army, and the troops were collected, and the agents made a
+statement as follows: "The Lacedaemonians have resolved on war with
+Tissaphernes, who did you so much wrong. By going with us therefore
+you will punish your enemy, and each of you will get a daric a month,
+the officers twice that sum, and the generals quadruple." The soldiers
+lent willing ears, and up jumped one of the Arcadians at once, to find
+fault with Xenophon. Seuthes also was hard by, wishing to know what
+was going to happen. He stood within ear shot, and his interpreter by
+his side; not but what he could understand most of what was said in
+Greek himself. At this point the Arcadian spoke: "For the matter of
+that, Lacedaemonians, we should have been by your sides long ago, if
+Xenophon had not persuaded us and brought us hither. We have never
+ceased campaigning, night and day, the dismal winter through, but he
+reaps the fruit of our toils. Seuthes has enriched him privately, but
+deprives us of our honest earnings; so that, standing here as I do to
+address you first, all I can say is, that if I might see the fellow
+stoned to death as a penalty for all the long dance he has led us, I    10
+should feel I had got my pay in full, and no longer grudge the pains
+we have undergone." The speaker was followed by another and then
+another in the same strain; and after that Xenophon made the following
+speech:--
+
+"True is the old adage; there is nothing which mortal man may not
+expect to see. Here am I being accused by you to-day, just where my
+conscience tells me that I have displayed the greatest zeal on your
+behalf. Was I not actually on my road home when I turned back? Not,
+God knows, because I learned that you were in luck's way, but because
+I heard that you were in sore straits, and I wished to help you, if in
+any way I could. I returned, and Seuthes yonder sent me messenger
+after messenger, and made me promise upon promise, if only I could
+persuade you to come to him. Yet, as you yourselves will bear me
+witness, I was not to be diverted. Instead of setting my hand to do
+that, I simply led you to a point from which, with least loss of time,
+I thought you could cross into Asia. This I believed was the best
+thing for you, and you I knew desired it.
+
+"But when Aristarchus came with his ships of war and hindered our
+passage across, you will hardly quarrel with me for the step I then
+took in calling you together that we might advisedly consider our best
+course. Having heard both sides--first Aristarchus, who ordered you to
+march to the Chersonese, then Seuthes, who pleaded with you to
+undertake a campaign with himself--you all proposed to go with
+Seuthes; and you all gave your votes to that effect. What wrong did I
+commit in bringing you, whither you were eager to go? If, indeed,
+since the time when Seuthes began to tell lies and cheat us about the
+pay, I have supported him in this, you may justly find fault with me
+and hate me. But if I, who at first was most of all his friend, to-day
+am more than any one else at variance with him, how can I, who have
+chosen you and rejected Seuthes, in fairness be blamed by you for the
+very thing which has been the ground of quarrel between him and me?
+But you will tell me, perhaps, that I get from Seuthes what is by
+right yours, and that I deal subtly by you? But is it not clear that,
+if Seuthes has paid me anything, he has at any rate not done so with    16
+the intention of losing by what he gives me, whilst he is still your
+debtor? If he gave to me, he gave in order that, by a small gift to
+me, he might escape a larger payment to yourselves. But if that is
+what you really think has happened, you can render this whole scheme
+of ours null and void in an instant by exacting from him the money
+which is your due. It is clear, Seuthes will demand back from me
+whatever I have got from him, and he will have all the more right to
+do so, if I have failed to secure for him what he bargained for when I
+took his gifts. But indeed, I am far removed from enjoying what is
+yours, and I swear to you by all the gods and goddesses that I have
+not taken even what Seuthes promised me in private. He is present
+himself and listening, and he is aware in his own heart whether I
+swear falsely. And what will surprise you the more, I can swear
+besides, that I have not received even what the other generals have
+received, no, nor yet what some of the officers have received. But how
+so? why have I managed my affairs no better? I thought, sirs, the more
+I helped him to bear his poverty at the time, the more I should make
+him my friend in the day of his power. Whereas, it is just when I see
+the star of his good fortune rising, that I have come to divine the
+secret of his character.
+
+"Some one may say, are you not ashamed to be so taken in like a fool?
+Yes, I should be ashamed, if it had been an open enemy who had so
+deceived me. But, to my mind, when friend cheats friend, a deeper
+stain attaches to the perpetrator than to the victim of deceit.
+Whatever precaution a man may take against his friend, that we took in
+full. We certainly gave him no pretext for refusing to pay us what he
+promised. We were perfectly upright in our dealings with him. We did
+not dawdle over his affairs, nor did we shrink from any work to which
+he challenged us.
+
+"But you will say, I ought to have taken security of him at the time,
+so that had he fostered the wish, he might have lacked the ability to
+deceive. To meet that retort, I must beg you to listen to certain
+things, which I should never have said in his presence, except for
+your utter want of feeling towards me, or your extraordinary
+ingratitude. Try and recall the posture of your affairs, when I         24
+extricated you and brought you to Seuthes. Do you not recollect how at
+Perinthus Aristarchus shut the gates in your faces each time you
+offered to approach the town, and how you were driven to camp outside
+under the canopy of heaven? It was midwinter; you were thrown upon the
+resources of a market wherein few were the articles offered for sale,
+and scanty the wherewithal to purchase them. Yet stay in Thrace you
+must, for there were ships of war riding at anchor in the bay, ready
+to hinder your passage across; and what did that stay imply? It meant
+being in a hostile country, confronted by countless cavalry, legions
+of light infantry. And what had we? A heavy infantry force certainly,
+with which we could have dashed at villages in a body possibly, and
+seized a modicum of food at most; but as to pursuing the enemy with
+such a force as ours, or capturing men or cattle, the thing was out of
+the question; for when I rejoined you your original cavalry and light
+infantry divisions had disappeared. In such sore straits you lay!
+
+"Supposing that, without making any demands for pay whatever, I had
+merely won for you the alliance of Seuthes--whose cavalry and light
+infantry were just what you needed--would you not have thought that I
+had planned very well for you? I presume, it was through your
+partnership with him and his that you were able to find such complete
+stores of corn in the villages, when the Thracians were driven to take
+to their heels in such hot haste, and you had so large a share of
+captives and cattle. Why! from the day on which his cavalry force was
+attached to us, we never set eyes on a single foeman in the field,
+though up to that date the enemy with his cavalry and his light
+infantry used undauntedly to hang on our heels, and effectually
+prevented us from scattering in small bodies and reaping a rich
+harvest of provisions. But if he who partly gave you this security has
+failed to pay in full the wages due to you therefrom, is not that a
+terrible misfortune? So monstrous indeed that you think I ought not to
+go forth alive (1).
+
+ (1) I.e. the fate of a scape-goat is too good for me.
+
+"But let me ask you, in what condition do you turn your backs on this   31
+land to-day? Have you not wintered here in the lap of plenty? Whatever
+you have got from Seuthes has been surplus gain. Your enemies have had
+to meet the bill of your expenses, whilst you led a merry round of
+existence, in which you have not once set eyes on the dead body of a
+comrade or lost one living man. Again, if you have achieved any, (or
+rather many) noble deeds against the Asiatic barbarian, you have them
+safe. And in addition to these to-day you have won for yourselves a
+second glory. You undertook a campaign against the European Thracians,
+and have mastered them. What I say then is, that these very matters
+which you make a ground of quarrel against myself, are rather
+blessings for which you ought to show gratitude to heaven.
+
+"Thus far I have confined myself to your side of the matter. Bear with
+me, I beg you, while we examine mine. When I first essayed to part
+with you and journey homewards, I was doubly blest. From your lips I
+had won some praise, and, thanks to you, I had obtained glory from the
+rest of Hellas. I was trusted by the Lacedaemonians; else would they
+not have sent me back to you. Whereas to-day I turn to go, calumniated
+before the Lacedaemonians by yourselves, detested in your behalf by
+Seuthes, whom I meant so to benefit, by help of you, that I should
+find in him a refuge for myself and for my children, if children I
+might have, in after time. And you the while, for whose sake I have
+incurred so much hate, the hate of people far superior to me in
+strength, you, for whom I have not yet ceased to devise all the good I
+can, entertain such sentiments about me. Why? I am no renegade or
+runaway slave, you have got hold of. If you carry out what you say, be
+sure you will have done to death a man who has passed many a vigil in
+watching over you; who has shared with you many a toil and run many a
+risk in turn and out of turn; who, thanks to the gracious gods! has by
+your side set up full many a trophy over the barbarian; who, lastly,
+has strained every nerve in his body to protect you against
+yourselves. And so it is, that to-day you can move freely, where you
+choose, by sea or by land, and no one can say you nay; and you, on      37
+whom this large liberty dawns, who are sailing to a long desired goal,
+who are sought after by the greatest of military powers, who have pay
+in prospect, and for leaders these Lacedaemonians, our acknowledged
+chiefs: now is the appointed time, you think, to put me to a speedy
+death. But in the days of our difficulties it was very different, O ye
+men of marvellous memory! No! in those days you called me 'father!'
+and you promised you would bear me ever in mind, 'your benefactor.'
+Not so, however, not so ungracious are those who have come to you
+to-day; nor, if I mistake not, have you bettered yourselves in their
+eyes by your treatment of me."
+
+With these words he paused, and Charminus the Lacedaemonian got up and
+said: "Nay, by the Twins, you are wrong, surely, in your anger against
+this man; I myself can bear testimony in his favour. When Polynicus
+and I asked Seuthes, what sort of a man he was? Seuthes answered:--he
+had but one fault to find with him, that he was too much the soldiers'
+friend, which also was the cause why things went wrong with him,
+whether as regards us Lacedaemonians or himself, Seuthes."
+
+Upon that Eurylochus of Lusia, an Arcadian, got up and said
+(addressing the two Lacedaemonians), "Yes, sirs; and what strikes me
+is that you cannot begin your generalship of us better than by
+exacting from Seuthes our pay. Whether he like it or no, let him pay
+in full; and do not take us away before."
+
+Polycrates the Athenian, who was put forward by Xenophon, said: "If my
+eyes do not deceive me, sirs, there stands Heracleides, yonder, the
+man who received the property won by our toil, who took and sold it,
+and never gave back either to Seuthes or to us the proceeds of the
+sale, but kept the money to himself, like the thief he is. If we are
+wise, we will lay hold of him, for he is no Thracian, but a Hellene;
+and against Hellenes is the wrong he has committed."
+
+When Heracleides heard these words, he was in great consternation; so
+he came to Seuthes and said: "If we are wise we will get away from
+here out of reach of these fellows." So they mounted their horses and
+were gone in a trice, galloping to their own camp. Subsequently         42
+Seuthes sent Abrozelmes, his private interpreter, to Xenophon, begging
+him to stay behind with one thousand heavy troops; and engaging duly
+to deliver to him the places on the seaboard, and the other things
+which he had promised; and then, as a great secret, he told him, that
+he had heard from Polynicus that if he once got into the clutches of
+the Lacedaemonians, Thibron was certain to put him to death. Similar
+messages kept coming to Xenophon by letter or otherwise from several
+quarters, warning him that he was calumniated, and had best be on his
+guard. Hearing which, he took two victims and sacrificed to Zeus the
+King: "Whether it were better and happier to stay with Seuthes on the
+terms proposed, or depart with the army?" The answer he received was,
+"Depart."
+
+
+
+
+VII
+
+After this, Seuthes removed his camp to some considerable distance;     1
+and the Hellenes took up their quarters in some villages, selecting
+those in which they could best supply their commissariat, on the road
+to the sea. Now these particular villages had been given by Seuthes to
+Medosades. Accordingly, when the latter saw his property in the
+villages being expended by the Hellenes, he was not over well pleased;
+and taking with him an Odrysian, a powerful person amongst those who
+had come down from the interior, and about thirty mounted troopers, he
+came and challenged Xenophon to come forth from the Hellenic host. He,
+taking some of the officers and others of a character to be relied
+upon, came forward. Then Medosades, addressing Xenophon, said: "You
+are doing wrong to pillage our villages; we give you fair warning--I,
+in behalf of Seuthes, and this man by my side, who comes from Medocus,
+the king up country--to begone out of the land. If you refuse,
+understand, we have no notion of handing it over to you; but if you
+injure our country we will retaliate upon you as foes."
+
+Xenophon, hearing what they had to say, replied: "Such language
+addressed to us by you, of all people, is hard to answer. Yet for the
+sake of the young man with you, I will attempt to do so, that at least
+he may learn how different your nature is from ours. We," he
+continued, "before we were your friends, had the free run of this
+country, moving this way or that, as it took our fancy, pillaging and   5
+burning just as we chose; and you yourself, Medosades, whenever you
+came to us on an embassy, camped with us, without apprehension of any
+foe. As a tribe collectively you scarcely approached the country at
+all, or if you found yourselves in it, you bivouacked with your horses
+bitted and bridled, as being in the territory of your superiors.
+Presently you made friends with us, and, thanks to us, by God's help
+you have won this country, out of which to-day you seek to drive us; a
+country which we held by our own strength and gave to you. No hostile
+force, as you well know, was capable of expelling us. It might have
+been expected of you personally to speed us on our way with some gift,
+in return for the good we did you. Not so; even though our backs are
+turned to go, we are too slow in our movements for you. You will not
+suffer us to take up quarters even, if you can help it, and these
+words arouse no shame in you, either before the gods, or this
+Odrysian, in whose eyes to-day you are man of means, though until you
+cultivated our friendship you lived a robber's life, as you have told
+us. However, why do you address yourself to me? I am no longer in
+command. Our generals are the Lacedaemonians, to whom you and yours
+delivered the army for withdrawal; and that, without even inviting me
+to attend, you most marvellous of men, so that if I lost their favour
+when I brought you the troops, I might now win their gratitude by
+restoring them."
+
+As soon as the Odrysian had heard this statement, he exclaimed: "For
+my part, Medosades, I sink under the earth for very shame at what I
+hear. If I had known the truth before, I would never have accompanied
+you. As it is, I return at once. Never would King Medocus applaud me,
+if I drove forth his benefactors." With these words, he mounted his
+horse and rode away, and with him the rest of his horsemen, except
+four or five. But Medosades, still vexed by the pillaging of the
+country, urged Xenophon to summon the two Lacedaemonians; and he,
+taking the pick of his men, came to Charminus and Polynicus and
+informed them that they were summoned by Medosades; probably they,
+like himself, would be warned to leave the country; "if so," he added,  14
+"you will be able to recover the pay which is owing to the army. You
+can say to them, that the army has requested you to assist in exacting
+their pay from Seuthes, whether he like it or not; that they have
+promised, as soon as they get this, cheerfully to follow you; that the
+demand seems to you to be only just, and that you have accordingly
+promised not to leave, until the soldiers have got their dues." The
+Lacedaemonians accepted the suggestion: they would apply these
+arguments and others the most forcible they could hit upon; and with
+the proper representatives of the army, they immediately set off.
+
+On their arrival Charminus spoke: "If you have anything to say to us,
+Medosades, say it; but if not, we have something to say to you." And
+Medosades submissively made answer: "I say," said he, "and Seuthes
+says the same: we think we have a right to ask that those who have
+become our friends should not be ill-treated by you; whatever ill you
+do to them you really do to us, for they are a part of us." "Good!"
+replied the Lacedaemonians, "and we intend to go away as soon as those
+who won for you the people and the territory in question have got
+their pay. Failing that, we are coming without further delay to assist
+them and to punish certain others who have broken their oaths and done
+them wrong. If it should turn out that you come under this head, when
+we come to exact justice, we shall begin with you." Xenophon added:
+"Would you prefer, Medosades, to leave it to these people themselves,
+in whose country we are (your friends, since this is the designation
+you prefer), to decide by ballot, which of the two should leave the
+country, you or we?" To that proposal he shook his head, but he
+trusted the two Laconians might be induced to go to Seuthes about the
+pay, adding, "Seuthes, I am sure, will lend a willing ear;" or if they
+could not go, then he prayed them to send Xenophon with himself,
+promising to lend the latter all the aid in his power, and finally he
+begged them not to burn the villages. Accordingly they sent Xenophon,
+and with him a serviceable staff. Being arrived, he addressed Seuthes
+thus:--
+
+"Seuthes, I am here to advance no claims, but to show you, if I can,    21
+how unjust it was on your part to be angered with me because I
+zealously demanded of you on behalf of the soldiers what you promised
+them. According to my belief, it was no less to your interest to
+deliver it up, than it was to theirs to receive it. I cannot forget
+that, next to the gods, it was they who raised you up to a conspicuous
+eminence, when they made you king of large territory and many men, a
+position in which you cannot escape notice, whether you do good or do
+evil. For a man so circumstanced, I regarded it as a great thing that
+he should avoid the suspicion even of ungrateful parting with his
+benefactors. It was a great thing, I thought, that you should be well
+spoken of by six thousand human beings; but the greatest thing of all,
+that you should in no wise discredit the sincerity of your own word.
+For what of the man who cannot be trusted? I see that the words of his
+mouth are but vain words, powerless, and unhonoured; but with him who
+is seen to regard truth, the case is otherwise. He can achieve by his
+words what another achieves by force. If he seeks to bring the foolish
+to their senses--his very frown, I perceive, has a more sobering
+effect than the chastisement inflicted by another. Or in negotiations
+the very promises of such an one are of equal weight with the gifts of
+another.
+
+"Try and recall to mind in your own case, what advance of money you
+made to us to purchase our alliance. You know you did not advance one
+penny. It was simply confidence in the sincerity of your word which
+incited all these men to assist you in your campaign, and so to
+acquire for you an empire, worth many times more than thirty talents,
+which is all they now claim to receive. Here then, first of all, goes
+the credit which won for you your kingdom, sold for so mean a sum. Let
+me remind you of the great importance which you then attached to the
+acquisition of your present conquests. I am certain that to achieve
+what stands achieved to-day, you would willingly have foregone the
+gain of fifty times that paltry sum. To me it seems that to lose your
+present fortune were a more serious loss than never to have won it;
+since surely it is harder to be poor after being rich than never to     28
+have tasted wealth at all, and more painful to sink to the level of a
+subject, being a king, then never to have worn a crown.
+
+"You cannot forget that your present vassals were not persuaded to
+become your subjects out of love for you, but by sheer force; and but
+for some restraining dread they would endeavour to be free again
+to-morrow. And how do you propose to stimulate their sense of awe, and
+keep them in good behaviour towards you? Shall they see our soldiers
+so disposed towards you that a word on your part would suffice to keep
+them now, or if necessary would bring them back again to-morrow? while
+others hearing from us a hundred stories in your praise, hasten to
+present themselves at your desire? Or will you drive them to conclude
+adversely, that through mistrust of what has happened now, no second
+set of soldiers will come to help you, for even these troops of ours
+are more their friends than yours? And indeed it was not because they
+fell short of us in numbers that they became your subjects, but from
+lack of proper leaders. There is a danger, therefore, now lest they
+should choose as their protectors some of us who regard ourselves as
+wronged by you, or even better men than us--the Lacedaemonians
+themselves; supposing our soldiers undertake to serve with more
+enthusiasm, if the debt you owe to them be first exacted; and the
+Lacedaemonians, who need their services, consent to this request. It
+is plain, at any rate, that the Thracians, now prostrate at your feet,
+would display far more enthusiasm in attacking, than in assisting you;
+for your mastery means their slavery, and your defeat their liberty.
+
+"Again, the country is now yours, and from this time forward you have
+to make provision for what is yours; and how will you best secure it
+an immunity from ill? Either these soldiers receive their dues and go,
+leaving a legacy of peace behind, or they stay and occupy an enemy's
+country, whilst you endeavour, by aid of a still larger army, to open
+a new campaign and turn them out; and your new troops will also need
+provisions. Or again, which will be the greater drain on your purse?
+to pay off your present debt, or, with that still owing, to bid for
+more troops, and of a better quality?
+
+"Heracleides, as he used to prove to me, finds the sum excessive. But   35
+surely it is a far less serious thing for you to take and pay it back
+to-day than it would have been to pay the tithe of it, before we came
+to you; since the limit between less and more is no fixed number, but
+depends on the relative capacity of payer and recipient, and your
+yearly income now is larger than the whole property which you
+possessed in earlier days.
+
+"Well, Seuthes, for myself these remarks are the expression of
+friendly forethought for a friend. They are expressed in the double
+hope that you may show yourself worthy of the good things which the
+gods have given you, and that my reputation may not be ruined with the
+army. For I must assure you that to-day, if I wished to injure a foe,
+I could not do so with this army. Nor again, if I wished to come and
+help you, should I be competent to the task; such is the disposition
+of the troops towards me. And yet I call you to witness, along with
+the gods who know, that never have I received anything from you on
+account of the soldiers. Never to this day have I, to my private gain,
+asked for what was theirs, nor even claimed the promises which were
+made to myself; and I swear to you, not even had you proposed to pay
+me my dues, would I have accepted them, unless the soldiers also had
+been going to receive theirs too; how could I? How shameful it would
+have been in me, so to have secured my own interests, whilst I
+disregarded the disastrous state of theirs, I being so honoured by
+them. Of course to the mind of Heracleides this is all silly talk;
+since the one great object is to keep money by whatever means. That is
+not my tenet, Seuthes. I believe that no fairer or brighter jewel can
+be given to a man, and most of all a prince, than the threefold grace
+of valour, justice, and generosity. He that possesses these is rich in
+the multitude of friends which surround him; rich also in the desire
+of others to be included in their number. While he prospers, he is
+surrounded by those who will rejoice with him in his joy; or if
+misfortune overtake him, he has no lack of sympathisers to give him
+help. However, if you have failed to learn from my deeds that I was,
+heart and soul, your friend; if my words are powerless to reveal the
+fact to-day, I would at least direct your attention to what the         43
+soldiers said; you were standing by and heard what those who sought to
+blame me said. They accused me to the Lacedaemonians, and the point of
+their indictment was that I set greater store by yourself than by the
+Lacedaemonians; but, as regards themselves, the charge was that I took
+more pains to secure the success of your interests than their own.
+They suggested that I had actually taken gifts from you. Was it, do
+you suppose, because they detected some ill-will in me towards you
+that they made the allegation? Was it not rather, that they had
+noticed my abundant zeal on your behalf?
+
+"All men believe, I think, that a fund of kindly feeling is due to him
+from whom we accept gifts. But what is your behaviour? Before I had
+ministered to you in any way, or done you a single service, you
+welcomed me kindly with your eyes, your voice, your hospitality, and
+you could not sate yourself with promises of all the fine things that
+were to follow. But having once achieved your object, and become the
+great man you now are, as great indeed as I could make you, you can
+stand by and see me degraded among my own soldiers! Well, time will
+teach you--that I fully believe--to pay whatever seems to you right,
+and even without the lessons of that teacher you will hardly care to
+see whose who have spent themselves in benefiting you, become your
+accusers. Only, when you do pay your debt, I beg of you to use your
+best endeavour to right me with the soldiers. Leave me at least where
+you found me; that is all I ask."
+
+After listening to this appeal, Seuthes called down curses on him,
+whose fault it was, that the debt had not long ago been paid, and, if
+the general suspicion was correct, this was Heracleides. "For myself,"
+said Seuthes, "I never had any idea of robbing you of your just dues.
+I will repay." Then Xenophon rejoined: "Since you are minded to pay, I
+only ask that you will do so through me, and will not suffer me on
+your account to hold a different position in the army from what I held
+when we joined you." He replied: "As far as that goes, so far from
+holding a less honoured position among your own men on my account, if
+you will stay with me, keeping only a thousand heavy infantry, I will
+deliver to you the fortified places and everything I promised." The
+other answered: "On these terms I may not accept them, only let us go   51
+free." "Nay, but I know," said Seuthes, "that it is safer for you to
+bide with me than to go away." Then Xenophon again: "For your
+forethought I thank you, but I may not stay. Somewhere I may rise to
+honour, and that, be sure, shall redound to your gain also." Thereupon
+Seuthes spoke: "Of silver I have but little; that little, however, I
+give to you, one talent; but of beeves I can give you six hundred
+head, and of sheep four thousand, and of slaves six score. These take,
+and the hostages besides, who wronged you, and begone." Xenophon
+laughed and said: "But supposing these all together do not amount to
+the pay; for whom is the talent, shall I say? It is a little dangerous
+for myself, is it not? I think I had better be on the look-out for
+stones when I return. You heard the threats?"
+
+So for the moment he stayed there, but the next day Seuthes gave up to
+them what he had promised, and sent an escort to drive the cattle. The
+soldiers at first maintained that Xenophon had gone to take up his
+abode with Seuthes, and to receive what he had been promised; so when
+they saw him they were pleased, and ran to meet him. And Xenophon,
+seeing Charminus and Polynicus, said: "Thanks to your intervention,
+this much has been saved for the army. My duty is to deliver this
+fraction over to your keeping; do you divide and distribute it to the
+soldiers." Accordingly they took the property and appointed official
+vendors of the booty, and in the end incurred considerable blame.
+Xenophon held aloof. In fact it was no secret that he was making his
+preparations to return home, for as yet the vote of banishment had not
+been passed at Athens (1). But the authorities in the camp came to him
+and begged him not to go away until he had conducted the army to its
+destination, and handed it over to Thibron.
+
+ (1) I.e. "at this moment the vote of banishment had not been passed
+    which would prevent his return to Athens." The natural inference
+    from these words is, I think, that the vote of banishment was
+    presently passed, at any rate considerably earlier than the battle
+    of Coronea in B.C. 394, five years and a half afterwards.
+
+
+
+
+VIII
+
+From this place they sailed across to Lampsacus, and here Xenophon was  1
+met by Eucleides the soothsayer, a Phliasian, the son of Cleagoras,
+who painted "the dreams (1)" in the Lycium. Eucleides congratulated
+Xenophon upon his safe return, and asked him how much gold he had got?
+and Xenophon had to confess: "Upon my word, I shall have barely enough
+to get home, unless I sell my horse, and what I have about my person."
+The other could not credit the statement. Now when the Lampsacenes
+sent gifts of hospitality to Xenophon, and he was sacrificing to
+Apollo, he requested the presence of Eucleides; and the latter, seeing
+the victims, said: "Now I believe what you said about having no money.
+But I am certain," he continued, "if it were ever to come, there is an
+obstacle in the way. If nothing else, you are that obstacle yourself."
+Xenophon admitted the force of that remark. Then the other: "Zeus
+Meilichios (2) is an obstacle to you, I am sure," adding in another
+tone of voice, "have you tried sacrificing to that god, as I was wont
+to sacrifice and offer whole burnt offerings for you at home?"
+Xenophon replied that since he had been abroad, he had not sacrificed
+to that god. Accordingly Eucleides counselled him to sacrifice in the
+old customary way: he was sure that his fortune would improve. The
+next day Xenophon went on to Ophrynium and sacrificed, offering a
+holocaust of swine, after the custom of his family, and the signs
+which he obtained were favourable. That very day Bion and Nausicleides
+arrived laden with gifts for the army. These two were hospitably
+entertained by Xenophon, and were kind enough to repurchase the horse
+he had sold in Lampsacus for fifty darics; suspecting that he had
+parted with it out of need, and hearing that he was fond of the beast
+they restored it to him, refusing to be remunerated.
+
+ (1) Reading {ta enupnia}, or if {ta entoikhia} with Hug and others,
+    translate "the wall-paintings" or the "frescoes." Others think
+    that a writing, not a painting, is referred to.
+
+ (2) Zeus Meilichios, or the gentle one. See Thuc. i. 126. The festival
+    of the Diasia at Athens was in honour of that god, or rather of
+    Zeus under that aspect. Cf. Arist. "Clouds," 408.
+
+From that place they marched through the Troad, and, crossing Mount
+Ida, arrived at Antandrus, and then pushed along the seaboard of Mysia
+to the plain of Thebe (3). Thence they made their way through            8
+Adramytium and Certonus (4) by Atarneus, coming into the plain of the
+Caicus, and so reached Pergamus in Mysia.
+
+ (3) Thebe, a famous ancient town in Mysia, at the southern foot of Mt.
+    Placius, which is often mentioned in Homer ("Il." i. 366, vi. 397,
+    xxii. 479, ii. 691). See "Dict. Geog." s.v. The name {Thebes
+    pedion} preserves the site. Cf. above {Kaustrou pedion}, and such
+    modern names as "the Campagna" or "Piano di Sorrento."
+
+ (4) The site of Certonus is not ascertained. Some critics have
+    conjectured that the name should be Cytonium, a place between
+    Mysia and Lydia; and Hug, who reads {Kutoniou}, omits {odeusantes
+    par 'Atanea}, "they made their way by Atarneus," as a gloss.
+
+Here Xenophon was hospitably entertained at the house of Hellas, the
+wife of Gongylus the Eretrian (5), the mother of Gorgion and Gongylus.
+From her he learnt that Asidates, a Persian notable, was in the plain.
+"If you take thirty men and go by night, you will take him prisoner,"
+she said, "wife, children, money, and all; of money he has a store;"
+and to show them the way to these treasures, she sent her own cousin
+and Daphnagoras, whom she set great store by. So then Xenophon, with
+these two to assist, did sacrifice; and Basias, an Eleian, the
+soothsayer in attendance, said that the victims were as promising as
+could be, and the great man would be an easy prey. Accordingly, after
+dinner he set off, taking with him the officers who had been his
+staunchest friends and confidants throughout; as he wished to do them
+a good turn. A number of others came thrusting themselves on their
+company, to the number of six hundred, but the officers repelled them:
+"They had no notion of sharing their portion of the spoil," they said,
+"just as though the property lay already at their feet."
+
+ (5) Cf. Thuc. i. 128; also "Hell." III. i. 6.
+
+About midnight they arrived. The slaves occupying the precincts of the
+tower, with the mass of goods and chattles, slipped through their
+fingers, their sole anxiety being to capture Asidates and his
+belongings. So they brought their batteries to bear, but failing to
+take the tower by assault (since it was high and solid, and well
+supplied with ramparts, besides having a large body of warlike
+defenders), they endeavoured to undermine it. The wall was eight clay
+bricks thick, but by daybreak the passage was effected and the wall
+undermined. At the first gleam of light through the aperture, one of    14
+the defendants inside, with a large ox-spit, smote right through the
+thigh of the man nearest the hole, and the rest discharged their
+arrows so hotly that it was dangerous to come anywhere near the
+passage; and what with their shouting and kindling of beacon fires, a
+relief party at length arrived, consisting of Itabelius at the head of
+his force, and a body of Assyrian heavy infantry from Comania, and
+some Hyrcanian cavalry (6), the latter also being mercenaries of the
+king. There were eighty of them, and another detachment of light
+troops, about eight hundred, and more from Parthenium, and more again
+from Apollonia and the neighbouring places, also cavalry.
+
+ (6) The Hyrcanian cavalry play an important part in the "Cyropaedeia."
+    They are the Scirites of the Assyrian army who came over to Cyrus
+    after the first battle. Their country is the fertile land touching
+    the south-eastern corner of the Caspian. Cf. "Cyrop." IV. ii. 8,
+    where the author (or an editor) appends a note on the present
+    status of the Hyrcanians.
+
+It was now high time to consider how they were to beat a retreat. So
+seizing all the cattle and sheep to be had, with the slaves, they put
+them within a hollow square and proceed to drive them off. Not that
+they had a thought to give to the spoils now, but for precaution's
+sake and for fear lest if they left the goods and chattels behind and
+made off, the retreat would rapidly degenerate into a stampede, the
+enemy growing bolder as the troops lost heart. For the present then
+they retired as if they meant to do battle for the spoils. As soon as
+Gongylus espied how few the Hellenes were and how large the attacking
+party, out he came himself, in spite of his mother, with his private
+force, wishing to share in the action. Another too joined in the
+rescue--Procles, from Halisarna and Teuthrania, a descendant of
+Damaratus. By this time Xenophon and his men were being sore pressed
+by the arrows and slingstones, though they marched in a curve so as to
+keep their shields facing the missiles, and even so, barely crossed the
+river Carcasus, nearly half of them wounded. Here it was that Agasias
+the Stymphalian, the captain, received his wound, while keeping up a
+steady unflagging fight against the enemy from beginning to end. And
+so they reached home in safety with about two hundred captives, and
+sheep enough for sacrifices.
+
+The next day Xenophon sacrificed and led out the whole army under the   20
+cover of night, intending to pierce far into the heart of Lydia with a
+view to lulling to sleep the enemy's alarm at his proxmity, and so in
+fact to put him off his guard. But Asidates, hearing that Xenophon had
+again sacrificed with the intention of another attack, and was
+approaching with his whole army, left his tower and took up quarters
+in some villages lying under the town of Parthenium. Here Xenophon's
+party fell in with him, and took him prisoner, with his wife, his
+children, his horses, and all that he had; and so the promise of the
+earlier victims was literally fulfilled. After that they returned
+again to Pergamus, and here Xenophon might well thank God with a warm
+heart, for the Laconians, the officers, the other generals, and the
+soldiers as a body united to give him the pick of horses and cattle
+teams, and the rest; so that he was now in a position himself to do
+another a good turn.
+
+Meanwhile Thibron arrived and received the troops which he
+incorporated with the rest of his Hellenic forces, and so proceeded to
+prosecute a war against Tissaphernes and Pharnabazus (7).
+
+ (7) The MSS. add: "The following is a list of the governors of the
+    several territories of the king which were traversed by us during
+    the expedition: Artimas, governor of Lydia; Artacamas, of Phrygia;
+    Mithridates, of Lycaonia and Cappadocia; Syennesis, of Cilicia;
+    Dernes, of Phoenicia and Arabia; Belesys, of Syria and Assyria;
+    Rhoparas, of Babylon; Arbacus, of Media; Tiribazus, of the
+    Phasians and Hesperites. Then some independent tribes--the
+    Carduchians or Kurds, and Chalybes, and Chaldaeans, and Macrones,
+    and Colchians, and Mossynoecians, and Coetians, and Tibarenians.
+    Then Corylas, the governor of Paphlagonia; Pharnabazus, of the
+    Bithynians; Seuthes, of the European Thracians. The entire
+    journey, ascent and descent, consisted of two hundred and fifteen
+    stages = one thousand one hundred and fifty-five parasangs =
+    thirty-four thousand six hundred and fifty stades. Computed in
+    time, the length of ascent and descent together amounted to one
+    year and three months." The annotator apparently computes the
+    distance from Ephesus to Cotyora.
+
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 1170 ***
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+  <head>
+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=utf-8" />
+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" />
+    <title>
+      Anabasis, by Xenophon | Project Gutenberg
+    </title>
+    <style type="text/css" xml:space="preserve">
+
+    body { margin:5%; background:#faebd0; text-align:justify}
+    P { text-indent: 1em; margin-top: .25em; margin-bottom: .25em; }
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+    hr  { width: 50%; text-align: center;}
+    .foot { margin-left: 20%; margin-right: 20%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -3em; font-size: 90%; }
+    blockquote {font-size: 97%; font-style: italic; margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%;}
+    .mynote    {background-color: #DDE; color: #000; padding: .5em; margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 95%;}
+    .toc       { margin-left: 10%; margin-bottom: .75em;}
+    .toc2      { margin-left: 20%;}
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+               text-align: right;}
+    pre        { font-style: italic; font-size: 90%; margin-left: 10%;}
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+  </head>
+  <body>
+<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 1170 ***</div>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />
+    </p>
+    <h1>
+      ANABASIS
+    </h1>
+    <p>
+      <br />
+    </p>
+    <h2>
+      By Xenophon
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      <br />
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      Translation by H. G. Dakyns
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+                  Dedicated To
+                  Rev. B. Jowett, M.A.
+                  Master of Balliol College
+                  Regius Professor of Greek in the University of Oxford
+        </pre>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+                  Xenophon the Athenian was born 431 B.C. He was a
+                  pupil of Socrates. He marched with the Spartans,
+                  and was exiled from Athens. Sparta gave him land
+                  and property in Scillus, where he lived for many
+                  years before having to move once more, to settle
+                  in Corinth. He died in 354 B.C.
+
+                  The Anabasis is his story of the march to Persia
+                  to aid Cyrus, who enlisted Greek help to try and
+                  take the throne from Artaxerxes, and the ensuing
+                  return of the Greeks, in which Xenophon played a
+                  leading role. This occurred between 401 B.C. and
+                  March 399 B.C.
+        </pre>
+    <p>
+      <br /> <br />
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <p>
+      <br /> <br />
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <big><b>CONTENTS</b></big>
+      </p>
+      <p>
+        <br />
+      </p>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <a href="#link2H_4_0003"> <b>BOOK I.</b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
+        </a>
+      </p>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <a href="#link2H_4_0004"> I. </a>
+      </p>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <a href="#link2H_4_0005"> II </a>
+      </p>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <a href="#link2H_4_0006"> III </a>
+      </p>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <a href="#link2H_4_0007"> IV </a>
+      </p>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <a href="#link2H_4_0008"> V </a>
+      </p>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <a href="#link2H_4_0009"> VI </a>
+      </p>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <a href="#link2H_4_0010"> VII </a>
+      </p>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <a href="#link2H_4_0011"> VIII </a>
+      </p>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <a href="#link2H_4_0012"> IX </a>
+      </p>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <a href="#link2H_4_0013"> X </a>
+      </p>
+      <p>
+        <br />
+      </p>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <a href="#link2H_4_0014"> <b>BOOK II</b> </a>
+      </p>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <a href="#link2H_4_0015"> I </a>
+      </p>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <a href="#link2H_4_0016"> II </a>
+      </p>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <a href="#link2H_4_0017"> III </a>
+      </p>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <a href="#link2H_4_0018"> IV </a>
+      </p>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <a href="#link2H_4_0019"> V </a>
+      </p>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <a href="#link2H_4_0020"> VI </a>
+      </p>
+      <p>
+        <br />
+      </p>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <a href="#link2H_4_0021"> <b>BOOK III</b> </a>
+      </p>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <a href="#link2H_4_0022"> I </a>
+      </p>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <a href="#link2H_4_0023"> II </a>
+      </p>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <a href="#link2H_4_0024"> III </a>
+      </p>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <a href="#link2H_4_0025"> IV </a>
+      </p>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <a href="#link2H_4_0026"> V </a>
+      </p>
+      <p>
+        <br />
+      </p>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <a href="#link2H_4_0027"> <b>BOOK IV</b> </a>
+      </p>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <a href="#link2H_4_0028"> I </a>
+      </p>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <a href="#link2H_4_0029"> II </a>
+      </p>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <a href="#link2H_4_0030"> III </a>
+      </p>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <a href="#link2H_4_0031"> IV </a>
+      </p>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <a href="#link2H_4_0032"> V </a>
+      </p>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <a href="#link2H_4_0033"> VI </a>
+      </p>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <a href="#link2H_4_0034"> VII </a>
+      </p>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <a href="#link2H_4_0035"> VIII </a>
+      </p>
+      <p>
+        <br />
+      </p>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <a href="#link2H_4_0036"> <b>BOOK V</b> </a>
+      </p>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <a href="#link2H_4_0037"> I </a>
+      </p>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <a href="#link2H_4_0038"> II </a>
+      </p>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <a href="#link2H_4_0039"> III </a>
+      </p>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <a href="#link2H_4_0040"> IV </a>
+      </p>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <a href="#link2H_4_0041"> V </a>
+      </p>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <a href="#link2H_4_0042"> VI </a>
+      </p>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <a href="#link2H_4_0043"> VII </a>
+      </p>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <a href="#link2H_4_0044"> VIII </a>
+      </p>
+      <p>
+        <br />
+      </p>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <a href="#link2H_4_0045"> <b>BOOK VI</b> </a>
+      </p>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <a href="#link2H_4_0046"> I </a>
+      </p>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <a href="#link2H_4_0047"> II </a>
+      </p>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <a href="#link2H_4_0048"> III </a>
+      </p>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <a href="#link2H_4_0049"> IV </a>
+      </p>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <a href="#link2H_4_0050"> V </a>
+      </p>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <a href="#link2H_4_0051"> VI </a>
+      </p>
+      <p>
+        <br />
+      </p>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <a href="#link2H_4_0052"> <b>BOOK VII</b> </a>
+      </p>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <a href="#link2H_4_0053"> I </a>
+      </p>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <a href="#link2H_4_0054"> II </a>
+      </p>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <a href="#link2H_4_0055"> III </a>
+      </p>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <a href="#link2H_4_0056"> IV </a>
+      </p>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <a href="#link2H_4_0057"> V </a>
+      </p>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <a href="#link2H_4_0058"> VI </a>
+      </p>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <a href="#link2H_4_0059"> VII </a>
+      </p>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <a href="#link2H_4_0060"> VIII </a>
+      </p>
+      <p>
+        <br />
+      </p>
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      <br /> <br />
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <p>
+      <br /> <br /> <a name="link2H_4_0001" id="link2H_4_0001">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <h4>
+      PREPARER'S NOTE
+    </h4>
+    <p>
+      This was typed from Dakyns' series, "The Works of Xenophon," a four-volume
+      set. The complete list of Xenophon's works (though there is doubt about
+      some of these) is:
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+     Work                                   Number of books
+
+     The Anabasis                                         7
+     The Hellenica                                        7
+     The Cyropaedia                                       8
+     The Memorabilia                                      4
+     The Symposium                                        1
+     The Economist                                        1
+     On Horsemanship                                      1
+     The Sportsman                                        1
+     The Cavalry General                                  1
+     The Apology                                          1
+     On Revenues                                          1
+     The Hiero                                            1
+     The Agesilaus                                        1
+     The Polity of the Athenians and the Lacedaemonians   2
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Text in brackets "{}" is my transliteration of Greek text into English
+      using an Oxford English Dictionary alphabet table. The diacritical marks
+      have been lost.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0002" id="link2H_4_0002">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h1>
+      ANABASIS
+    </h1>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0003" id="link2H_4_0003">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a> BOOK I <a name="link2H_4_0004" id="link2H_4_0004">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      I.
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      Darius and Parysatis had two sons: the elder was named Artaxerxes, and the
+      younger Cyrus. Now, as Darius lay sick and felt that the end of life drew
+      near, he wished both his sons to be with him. The elder, as it chanced,
+      was already there, but Cyrus he must needs send for from the province over
+      which he had made him satrap, having appointed him general moreover of all
+      the forces that muster in the plain of the Castolus. Thus Cyrus went up,
+      taking with him Tissaphernes as his friend, and accompanied also by a body
+      of Hellenes, three hundred heavy armed men, under the command of Xenias
+      the Parrhasian (1).
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) Parrhasia, a district and town in the south-west of Arcadia.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Now when Darius was dead, and Artaxerxes was established in the kingdom,
+      Tissaphernes brought slanderous accusations against Cyrus before his
+      brother, the king, of harbouring designs against him. And Artaxerxes,
+      listening to the words of Tissaphernes, laid hands upon Cyrus, desiring to
+      put him to death; but his mother made intercession for him, and sent him
+      back again in safety to his province. He then, having so escaped through
+      peril and dishonour, fell to considering, not only how he might avoid ever
+      again being in his brother's power, but how, if possible, he might become
+      king in his stead. Parysatis, his mother, was his first resource; for she
+      had more love for Cyrus than for Artaxerxes upon his throne. Moreover
+      Cyrus's behaviour towards all who came to him from the king's court was
+      such that, when he sent them away again, they were better friends to
+      himself than to the king his brother. Nor did he neglect the barbarians in
+      his own service; but trained them, at once to be capable as warriors and
+      devoted adherents of himself. Lastly, he began collecting his Hellenic
+      armament, but with the utmost secrecy, so that he might take the king as
+      far as might be at unawares.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The manner in which he contrived the levying of the troops was as follows:
+      First, he sent orders to the commandants of garrisons in the cities (so
+      held by him), bidding them to get together as large a body of picked
+      Peloponnesian troops as they severally were able, on the plea that
+      Tissaphernes was plotting against their cities; and truly these cities of
+      Ionia had originally belonged to Tissaphernes, being given to him by the
+      king; but at this time, with the exception of Miletus, they had all
+      revolted to Cyrus. In Miletus, Tissaphernes, having become aware of
+      similar designs, had forestalled the conspirators by putting some to death
+      and banishing the remainder. Cyrus, on his side, welcomed these fugitives,
+      and having collected an army, laid siege to Miletus by sea and land,
+      endeavouring to reinstate the exiles; and this gave him another pretext
+      for collecting an armament. At the same time he sent to the king, and
+      claimed, as being the king's brother, that these cities should be given to
+      himself rather than that Tissaphernes should continue to govern them; and
+      in furtherance of this end, the queen, his mother, co-operated with him,
+      so that the king not only failed to see the design against himself, but
+      concluded that Cyrus was spending his money on armaments in order to make
+      war on Tissaphernes. Nor did it pain him greatly to see the two at war
+      together, and the less so because Cyrus was careful to remit the tribute
+      due to the king from the cities which belonged to Tissaphernes.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      A third army was being collected for him in the Chersonese, over against
+      Abydos, the origin of which was as follows: There was a Lacedaemonian
+      exile, named Clearchus, with whom Cyrus had become associated. Cyrus
+      admired the man, and made him a present of ten thousand darics (2).
+      Clearchus took the gold, and with the money raised an army, and using the
+      Chersonese as his base of operations, set to work to fight the Thracians
+      north of the Hellespont, in the interests of the Hellenes, and with such
+      happy result that the Hellespontine cities, of their own accord, were
+      eager to contribute funds for the support of his troops. In this way,
+      again, an armament was being secretly maintained for Cyrus.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (2) A Persian gold coin = 125.55 grains of gold.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Then there was the Thessalian Aristippus, Cyrus's friend (3), who, under
+      pressure of the rival political party at home, had come to Cyrus and asked
+      him for pay for two thousand mercenaries, to be continued for three
+      months, which would enable him, he said, to gain the upper hand of his
+      antagonists. Cyrus replied by presenting him with six months' pay for four
+      thousand mercenaries&mdash;only stipulating that Aristippus should not
+      come to terms with his antagonists without final consultation with
+      himself. In this way he secured to himself the secret maintenance of a
+      fourth armament.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (3) Lit. "guest-friend." Aristippus was, as we learn from the "Meno"
+    of Plato, a native of Larisa, of the family of the Aleuadae, and a
+    pupil of Gorgias. He was also a lover of Menon, whom he appears to
+    have sent on this expedition instead of himself.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Further, he bade Proxenus, a Boeotian, who was another friend, get
+      together as many men as possible, and join him in an expedition which he
+      meditated against the Pisidians (4), who were causing annoyance to his
+      territory. Similarly two other friends, Sophaenetus the Stymphalian (5),
+      and Socrates the Achaean, had orders to get together as many men as
+      possible and come to him, since he was on the point of opening a campaign,
+      along with Milesian exiles, against Tissaphernes. These orders were duly
+      carried out by the officers in question.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (4) Lit. "into the country of the Pisidians."
+
+ (5) Of Stymphalus in Arcadia.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0005" id="link2H_4_0005">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      II
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      But when the right moment seemed to him to have come, at which he should
+      begin his march into the interior, the pretext which he put forward was
+      his desire to expel the Pisidians utterly out of the country; and he began
+      collecting both his Asiatic and his Hellenic armaments, avowedly against
+      that people. From Sardis in each direction his orders sped: to Clearchus,
+      to join him there with the whole of his army; to Aristippus, to come to
+      terms with those at home, and to despatch to him the troops in his employ;
+      to Xenias the Arcadian, who was acting as general-in-chief of the foreign
+      troops in the cities, to present himself with all the men available,
+      excepting only those who were actually needed to garrison the citadels. He
+      next summoned the troops at present engaged in the siege of Miletus, and
+      called upon the exiles to follow him on his intended expedition, promising
+      them that if he were successful in his object, he would not pause until he
+      had reinstated them in their native city. To this invitation they
+      hearkened gladly; they believed in him; and with their arms they presented
+      themselves at Sardis. So, too, Xenias arrived at Sardis with the
+      contingent from the cities, four thousand hoplites; Proxenus, also, with
+      fifteen hundred hoplites and five hundred light-armed troops; Sophaenetus
+      the Stymphalian, with one thousand hoplites; Socrates the Achaean, with
+      five hundred hoplites; while the Megarion Pasion came with three hundred
+      hoplites and three hundred peltasts (1). This latter officer, as well as
+      Socrates, belonged to the force engaged against Miletus. These all joined
+      him at Sardis.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) "Targeteers" armed with a light shield instead of the larger one
+    of the hoplite, or heavy infantry soldier. Iphicrates made great
+    use of this arm at a later date.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      But Tissaphernes did not fail to note these proceedings. An equipment so
+      large pointed to something more than an invasion of Pisidia: so he argued;
+      and with what speed he might, he set off to the king, attended by about
+      five hundred horse. The king, on his side, had no sooner heard from
+      Tissaphernes of Cyrus's great armament, than he began to make
+      counter-preparations.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Thus Cyrus, with the troops which I have named, set out from Sardis, and
+      marched on and on through Lydia three stages, making two-and-twenty
+      parasangs (2), to the river Maeander. That river is two hundred feet (3)
+      broad, and was spanned by a bridge consisting of seven boats. Crossing it,
+      he marched through Phrygia a single stage, of eight parasangs, to
+      Colossae, an inhabited city (4), prosperous and large. Here he remained
+      seven days, and was joined by Menon the Thessalian, who arrived with one
+      thousand hoplites and five hundred peltasts, Dolopes, Aenianes, and
+      Olynthians. From this place he marched three stages, twenty parasangs in
+      all, to Celaenae, a populous city of Phrygia, large and prosperous. Here
+      Cyrus owned a palace and a large park (5) full of wild beasts, which he
+      used to hunt on horseback, whenever he wished to give himself or his
+      horses exercise. Through the midst of the park flows the river Maeander,
+      the sources of which are within the palace buildings, and it flows through
+      the city of Celaenae. The great king also has a palace in Celaenae, a
+      strong place, on the sources of another river, the Marsyas, at the foot of
+      the acropolis. This river also flows through the city, discharging itself
+      into the Maeander, and is five-and-twenty feet broad. Here is the place
+      where Apollo is said to have flayed Marsyas, when he had conquered him in
+      the contest of skill. He hung up the skin of the conquered man, in the
+      cavern where the spring wells forth, and hence the name of the river,
+      Marsyas. It was on this site that Xerxes, as tradition tells, built this
+      very palace, as well as the citadel of Celaenae itself, on his retreat
+      from Hellas, after he had lost the famous battle. Here Cyrus remained for
+      thirty days, during which Clearchus the Lacedaemonian arrived with one
+      thousand hoplites and eight hundred Thracian peltasts and two hundred
+      Cretan archers. At the same time, also, came Sosis the Syracusian with
+      three thousand hoplites, and Sophaenetus the Arcadian (6) with one
+      thousand hoplites; and here Cyrus held a review, and numbered his Hellenes
+      in the park, and found that they amounted in all to eleven thousand
+      hoplites and about two thousand peltasts.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (2) The Persian "farsang" = 30 stades, nearly 1 league, 3 1/2 statute
+    miles, though not of uniform value in all parts of Asia.
+
+ (3) "Two plethra": the plethron = about 101 English feet.
+
+ (4) Lit. "inhabited," many of the cities of Asia being then as now
+    deserted, but the suggestion is clearly at times "thickly
+    inhabited," "populous."
+
+ (5) Lit. "paradise," an oriental word = park or pleasure ground.
+
+ (6) Perhaps this should be Agias the Arcadian, as Mr. Macmichael
+    suggests. Sophaenetus has already been named above.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      From this place he continued his march two stages&mdash;ten parasangs&mdash;to
+      the populous city of Peltae, where he remained three days; while Xenias,
+      the Arcadian, celebrated the Lycaea (7) with sacrifice, and instituted
+      games. The prizes were headbands of gold; and Cyrus himself was a
+      spectator of the contest. From this place the march was continued two
+      stages&mdash;twelve parasangs&mdash;to Ceramon-agora, a populous city, the
+      last on the confines of Mysia. Thence a march of three stages&mdash;thirty
+      parasangs&mdash;brought him to Caystru-pedion (8), a populous city. Here
+      Cyrus halted five days; and the soldiers, whose pay was now more than
+      three months in arrear, came several times to the palace gates demanding
+      their dues; while Cyrus put them off with fine words and expectations, but
+      could not conceal his vexation, for it was not his fashion to stint
+      payment, when he had the means. At this point Epyaxa, the wife of
+      Syennesis, the king of the Cilicians, arrived on a visit to Cyrus; and it
+      was said that Cyrus received a large gift of money from the queen. At this
+      date, at any rate, Cyrus gave the army four months' pay. The queen was
+      accompanied by a bodyguard of Cilicians and Aspendians; and, if report
+      speaks truly, Cyrus had intimate relations with the queen.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (7) The Lycaea, an Arcadian festival in honour of Zeus {Arcaios}, akin
+    to the Roman Lupercalia, which was originally a shepherd festival,
+    the introduction of which the Romans ascribe to the Arcadian
+    Evander.
+
+ (8) Lit. "plain of the Cayster," like Ceramon-agora, "the market of
+    the Ceramians" above, the name of a town.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      From this place he marched two stages&mdash;ten parasangs&mdash;to
+      Thymbrium, a populous city. Here, by the side of the road, is the spring
+      of Midas, the king of Phrygia, as it is called, where Midas, as the story
+      goes, caught the satyr by drugging the spring with wine. From this place
+      he marched two stages&mdash;ten parasangs&mdash;to Tyriaeum, a populous
+      city. Here he halted three days; and the Cilician queen, according to the
+      popular account, begged Cyrus to exhibit his armament for her amusement.
+      The latter being only too glad to make such an exhibition, held a review
+      of the Hellenes and barbarians in the plain. He ordered the Hellenes to
+      draw up their lines and post themselves in their customary battle order,
+      each general marshalling his own battalion. Accordingly they drew up
+      four-deep. The right was held by Menon and those with him; the left by
+      Clearchus and his men; the centre by the remaining generals with theirs.
+      Cyrus first inspected the barbarians, who marched past in troops of horses
+      and companies of infantry. He then inspected the Hellenes; driving past
+      them in his chariot, with the queen in her carriage. And they all had
+      brass helmets and purple tunics, and greaves, and their shields uncovered
+      (9).
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (9) I.e. ready for action, c.f. "bayonets fixed".
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      After he had driven past the whole body, he drew up his chariot in front
+      of the centre of the battle-line, and sent his interpreter Pigres to the
+      generals of the Hellenes, with orders to present arms and to advance along
+      the whole line. This order was repeated by the generals to their men; and
+      at the sound of the bugle, with shields forward and spears in rest, they
+      advanced to meet the enemy. The pace quickened, and with a shout the
+      soldiers spontaneously fell into a run, making in the direction of the
+      camp. Great was the panic of the barbarians. The Cilician queen in her
+      carriage turned and fled; the sutlers in the marketing place left their
+      wares and took to their heels; and the Hellenes meanwhile came into camp
+      with a roar of laughter. What astounded the queen was the brilliancy and
+      order of the armament; but Cyrus was pleased to see the terror inspired by
+      the Hellenes in the hearts of the Asiatics.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      From this place he marched on three stages&mdash;twenty parasangs&mdash;to
+      Iconium, the last city of Phrygia, where he remained three days. Thence he
+      marched through Lycaonia five stages&mdash;thirty parasangs. This was
+      hostile country, and he gave it over to the Hellenes to pillage. At this
+      point Cyrus sent back the Cilician queen to her own country by the
+      quickest route; and to escort her he sent the soldiers of Menon, and Menon
+      himself. With the rest of the troops he continued his march through
+      Cappadocia four stages&mdash;twenty-five parasangs&mdash;to Dana, a
+      populous city, large and flourishing. Here they halted three days, within
+      which interval Cyrus put to death, on a charge of conspiracy, a Persian
+      nobleman named Megaphernes, a wearer of the royal purple; and along with
+      him another high dignitary among his subordinate commanders.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      From this place they endeavoured to force a passage into Cilicia. Now the
+      entrance was by an exceedingly steep cart-road, impracticable for an army
+      in face of a resisting force; and report said that Syennesis was on the
+      summit of the pass guarding the approach. Accordingly they halted a day in
+      the plain; but next day came a messenger informing them that Syenesis had
+      left the pass; doubtless, after perceiving that Menon's army was already
+      in Cilicia on his own side of the mountains; and he had further been
+      informed that ships of war, belonging to the Lacedaemonians and to Cyrus
+      himself, with Tamos on board as admiral, were sailing round from Ionia to
+      Cilicia. Whatever the reason might be, Cyrus made his way up into the
+      hills without let or hindrance, and came in sight of the tents where the
+      Cilicians were on guard. From that point he descended gradually into a
+      large and beautiful plain country, well watered, and thickly covered with
+      trees of all sorts and vines. This plain produces sesame plentifully, as
+      also panic and millet and barley and wheat; and it is shut in on all sides
+      by a steep and lofty wall of mountains from sea to sea. Descending through
+      this plain country, he advanced four stages&mdash;twenty-five parasangs&mdash;to
+      Tarsus, a large and prosperous city of Cilicia. Here stood the palace of
+      Syennesis, the king of the country; and through the middle of the city
+      flows a river called the Cydnus, two hundred feet broad. They found that
+      the city had been deserted by its inhabitants, who had betaken themselves,
+      with Syennesis, to a strong place on the hills. All had gone, except the
+      tavern-keepers. The sea-board inhabitants of Soli and Issi also remained.
+      Now Epyaxa, Syennesis's queen, had reached Tarsus five days in advance of
+      Cyrus. During their passage over the mountains into the plain, two
+      companies of Menon's army were lost. Some said they had been cut down by
+      the Cilicians, while engaged on some pillaging affair; another account was
+      that they had been left behind, and being unable to overtake the main
+      body, or discover the route, had gone astray and perished. However it was,
+      they numbered one hundred hoplites; and when the rest arrived, being in a
+      fury at the destruction of their fellow soldiers, they vented their spleen
+      by pillaging the city of Tarsus and the palace to boot. Now when Cyrus had
+      marched into the city, he sent for Syennesis to come to him; but the
+      latter replied that he had never yet put himself into the hands of any one
+      who was his superior, nor was he willing to accede to the proposal of
+      Cyrus now; until, in the end, his wife persuaded him, and he accepted
+      pledges of good faith. After this they met, and Syennesis gave Cyrus large
+      sums in aid of his army; while Cyrus presented him with the customary
+      royal gifts&mdash;to wit, a horse with a gold bit, a necklace of gold, a
+      gold bracelet, and a gold scimitar, a Persian dress, and lastly, the
+      exemption of his territory from further pillage, with the privilege of
+      taking back the slaves that had been seized, wherever they might chance to
+      come upon them.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0006" id="link2H_4_0006">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      III
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      At Tarsus Cyrus and his army halted for twenty days; the soldiers refusing
+      to advance further, since the suspicion ripened in their minds, that the
+      expedition was in reality directed against the king; and as they insisted,
+      they had not engaged their services for that object. Clearchus set the
+      example of trying to force his men to continue their march; but he had no
+      sooner started at the head of his troops than they began to pelt him and
+      his baggage train, and Clearchus had a narrow escape of being stoned to
+      death there and then. Later on, when he perceived that force was useless,
+      he summoned an assembly of his own men; and for a long while he stood and
+      wept, while the men gazed in silent astonishment. At last he spoke as
+      follows: "Fellow soldiers, do not marvel that I am sorely distressed on
+      account of the present troubles. Cyrus has been no ordinary friend to me.
+      When I was in banishment he honoured me in various ways, and made me also
+      a present of ten thousand darics. These I accepted, but not to lay them up
+      for myself for private use; not to squander them in pleasure, but to
+      expend them on yourselves. And, first of all, I went to war with the
+      Thracians, and with you to aid, I wreaked vengeance on them in behalf of
+      Hellas; driving them out of the Chersonese, when they wanted to deprive
+      its Hellenic inhabitants of their lands. But as soon as Cyrus summoned me,
+      I took you with me and set out, so that, if my benefactor had any need of
+      me, I might requite him for the good treatment I myself had received at
+      his hands.... But since you are not minded to continue the march with me,
+      one of two things is left to me to do; either I must renounce you for the
+      sake of my friendship with Cyrus, or I must go with you at the cost of
+      deceiving him. Whether I am about to do right or not, I cannot say, but I
+      choose yourselves; and, whatever betide, I mean to share your fate. Never
+      shall it be said of me by any one that, having led Greek troops against
+      the barbarians (1), I betrayed the Hellenes, and chose the friendship of
+      the barbarian. No! since you do not choose to obey and follow me, I will
+      follow after you. Whatever betide, I will share your fate. I look upon you
+      as my country, my friends, my allies; with you I think I shall be
+      honoured, wherever I be; without you I do not see how I can help a friend
+      or hurt a foe. My decision is taken. Wherever you go, I go also."
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) Lit. "into the country of the barbarian."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Such were his words. But the soldiers, not only his own, but the rest
+      also, when they heard what he said, and how he had scouted the idea of
+      going up to the great king's palace (2), expressed their approval; and
+      more than two thousand men deserted Xenias and Pasion, and took their arms
+      and baggage-train, and came and encamped with Clearchus. But Cyrus, in
+      despair and vexation at this turn of affairs, sent for Clearchus. He
+      refused to come; but, without the knowledge of the soldiers, sent a
+      message to Cyrus, bidding him keep a good heart, for that all would
+      arrange itself in the right way; and bade him keep on sending for him,
+      whilst he himself refused to go. After that he got together his own men,
+      with those who had joined him, and of the rest any who chose to come, and
+      spoke as follows: "Fellow soldiers, it is clear that the relations of
+      Cyrus to us are identical with ours to him. We are no longer his soldiers,
+      since we have ceased to follow him; and he, on his side, is no longer our
+      paymaster. He, however, no doubt considers himself wronged by us; and
+      though he goes on sending for me, I cannot bring myself to go to him: for
+      two reasons, chiefly from a sense of shame, for I am forced to admit to
+      myself that I have altogether deceived him; but partly, too, because I am
+      afraid of his seizing me and inflicting a penalty on the wrongs which he
+      conceives that I have done him. In my opinion, then, this is no time for
+      us to go to sleep and forget all about ourselves, rather it is high time
+      to deliberate on our next move; and as long as we do remain here, we had
+      better bethink us how we are to abide in security; or, if we are resolved
+      to turn our backs at once, what will be the safest means of retreat; and,
+      further, how we are to procure supplies, for without supplies there is no
+      profit whatsoever in the general or the private soldier. The man with whom
+      we have to deal is an excellent friend to his friends, but a very
+      dangerous enemy to his foes. And he is backed by a force of infantry and
+      cavalry and ships such as we all alike very well see and know, since we
+      can hardly be said to have posted ourselves at any great distance from
+      him. If, then, any one has a suggestion to make, now is the time to
+      speak." With these words he ceased.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (2) Or "how he insisted that he was not going up."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Then various speakers stood up; some of their own motion to propound their
+      views; others inspired by Clearchus to dilate on the hopeless difficulty
+      of either staying, or going back without the goodwill of Cyrus. One of
+      these, in particular, with a make-believe of anxiety to commence the
+      homeward march without further pause, called upon them instantly to choose
+      other generals, if Clearchus were not himself prepared to lead them back:
+      "Let them at once purchase supplies" (the market being in the heart of the
+      Asiatic camp), "let them pack up their baggage: let them," he added, "go
+      to Cyrus and ask for some ships in order to return by sea: if he refused
+      to give them ships, let them demand of him a guide to lead them back
+      through a friendly district; and if he would not so much as give them a
+      guide, they could but put themselves, without more ado, in marching order,
+      and send on a detachment to occupy the pass&mdash;before Cyrus and the
+      Cilicians, whose property," the speaker added, "we have so plentifully
+      pillaged, can anticipate us." Such were the remarks of that speaker; he
+      was followed by Clearchus, who merely said: "As to my acting personally as
+      general at this season, pray do not propose it: I can see numerous
+      obstacles to my doing so. Obedience, in the fullest, I can render to the
+      man of your choice, that is another matter: and you shall see and know
+      that I can play my part, under command, with the best of you."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      After Clearchus another spokesman stood up, and proceeded to point out the
+      simplicity of the speaker, who proposed to ask for vessels, just as if
+      Cyrus were minded to renounce the expedition and sail back again. "And let
+      me further point out," he said, "what a simple-minded notion it is to beg
+      a guide of the very man whose designs we are marring. If we can trust any
+      guide whom Cyrus may vouchsafe to us, why not order Cyrus at once to
+      occupy the pass on our behoof? For my part, I should think twice before I
+      set foot on any ships that he might give us, for fear lest he should sink
+      them with his men-of-war; and I should equally hesitate to follow any
+      guide of his: he might lead us into some place out of which we should find
+      it impossible to escape. I should much prefer, if I am to return home
+      against the will of Cyrus at all, to give him the slip, and so begone:
+      which indeed is impossible. But these schemes are simply nonsensical. My
+      proposal is that a deputation of fit persons, with Clearchus, should go to
+      Cyrus: let them go to Cyrus and ask him: what use he proposes to make of
+      us? and if the business is at all similar to that on which he once before
+      employed a body of foreigners&mdash;let us by all means follow: let us
+      show that we are the equals of those who accompanied him on his march up
+      formerly. But if the design should turn out to be of larger import than
+      the former one&mdash;involving more toil and more danger&mdash;we should
+      ask him, either to give us good reasons for following his lead, or else
+      consent to send us away into a friendly country. In this way, whether we
+      follow him, we shall do so as friends, and with heart and soul, or whether
+      we go back, we shall do so in security. The answer to this shall be
+      reported to us here, and when we have heard it, we will advise as to our
+      best course."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      This resolution was carried, and they chose and sent a deputation with
+      Clearchus, who put to Cyrus the questions which had been agreed upon by
+      the army. Cyrus replied as follows: That he had received news that
+      Abrocomas, an enemy of his, was posted on the Euphrates, twelve stages
+      off; his object was to march against this aforesaid Abrocomas: and if he
+      were still there, he wished to inflict punishment on him, "or if he be
+      fled" (so the reply concluded), "we will there deliberate on the best
+      course." The deputation received the answer and reported it to the
+      soldiers. The suspicion that he was leading them against the king was not
+      dispelled; but it seemed best to follow him. They only demanded an
+      increase of pay, and Cyrus promised to give them half as much again as
+      they had hitherto received&mdash;that is to say, a daric and a half a
+      month to each man, instead of a daric. Was he really leading them to
+      attack the king? Not even at this moment was any one apprised of the fact,
+      at any rate in any open and public manner.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0007" id="link2H_4_0007">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      IV
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      From this point he marched two stages&mdash;ten parasangs&mdash;to the
+      river Psarus, which is two hundred feet broad, and from the Psarus he
+      marched a single stage&mdash;five parasangs&mdash;to Issi, the last city
+      in Cilicia. It lies on the seaboard&mdash;a prosperous, large and
+      flourishing town. Here they halted three days, and here Cyrus was joined
+      by his fleet. There were thirty-five ships from Peloponnesus, with the
+      Lacedaemonian admiral Pythagoras on board. These had been piloted from
+      Ephesus by Tamos the Egyptian, who himself had another fleet of
+      twenty-five ships belonging to Cyrus. These had formed Tamos's blockading
+      squadron at Miletus, when that city sided with Tissaphernes; he had also
+      used them in other military services rendered to Cyrus in his operations
+      against that satrap. There was a third officer on board the fleet, the
+      Lacedaemonian Cheirisophus, who had been sent for by Cyrus, and had
+      brought with him seven hundred hoplites, over whom he was to act as
+      general in the service of Cyrus. The fleet lay at anchor opposite Cyrus's
+      tent. Here too another reinforcement presented itself. This was a body of
+      four hundred hoplites, Hellenic mercenaries in the service of Abrocomas,
+      who deserted him for Cyrus, and joined in the campaign against the king.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      From Issi, he marched a single stage&mdash;five parasangs&mdash;to the
+      gates of Cilicia and Syria. This was a double fortress: the inner and
+      nearer one, which protects Cilicia, was held by Syennesis and a garrison
+      of Cilicians; the outer and further one, protecting Syria, was reported to
+      be garrisoned by a body of the king's troops. Through the gap between the
+      two fortresses flows a river named the Carsus, which is a hundred feet
+      broad, and the whole space between was scarcely more than six hundred
+      yards. To force a passage here would be impossible, so narrow was the pass
+      itself, with the fortification walls stretching down to the sea, and
+      precipitous rocks above; while both fortresses were furnished with gates.
+      It was the existence of this pass which had induced Cyrus to send for the
+      fleet, so as to enable him to lead a body of hoplites inside and outside
+      the gates; and so to force a passage through the enemy, if he were
+      guarding the Syrian gate, as he fully expected to find Abrocomas doing
+      with a large army. This, however, Abrocomas had not done; but as soon as
+      he learnt that Cyrus was in Cilicia, he had turned round and made his exit
+      from Phoenicia, to join the king with an army amounting, as report said,
+      to three hundred thousand men.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      From this point Cyrus pursued his march, through Syria a single stage&mdash;five
+      parasangs&mdash;to Myriandus, a city inhabited by Phoenicians, on the
+      sea-coast. This was a commercial port, and numerous merchant vessels were
+      riding at anchor in the harbour. Here they halted seven days, and here
+      Xenias the Arcadian general, and Pasion the Megarian got on board a
+      trader, and having stowed away their most valuable effects, set sail for
+      home; most people explained the act as the outcome of a fit of jealousy,
+      because Cyrus had allowed Clearchus to retain their men, who had deserted
+      to him, in hopes of returning to Hellas instead of marching against the
+      king; when the two had so vanished, a rumour spread that Cyrus was after
+      them with some ships of war, and some hoped the cowards might be caught,
+      others pitied them, if that should be their fate.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But Cyrus summoned the generals and addressed them: "Xenias and Pasion,"
+      he said, "have taken leave of us; but they need not flatter themselves
+      that in so doing they have stolen into hiding. I know where they are gone;
+      nor will they owe their escape to speed; I have men-of-war to capture
+      their craft, if I like. But heaven help me! if I mean to pursue them:
+      never shall it be said of me, that I turn people to account as long as
+      they stay with me, but as soon as they are minded to be off, I seize and
+      maltreat them, and strip them of their wealth. Not so! let them go with
+      the consciousness that our behaviour to them is better than theirs to us.
+      And yet I have their children and wives safe under lock and key in
+      Tralles; but they shall not be deprived even of these. They shall receive
+      them back in return for their former goodness to me." So he spoke, and the
+      Hellenes, even those who had been out of heart at the thought of marching
+      up the country, when they heard of the nobleness of Cyrus, were happier
+      and more eager to follow him on his path.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      After this Cyrus marched onwards four stages&mdash;twenty parasangs&mdash;to
+      the river Chalus. That river is a hundred feet broad, and is stocked with
+      tame fish which the Syrians regard as gods, and will not suffer to be
+      injured&mdash;and so too the pigeons of the place. The villages in which
+      they encamped belonged to Parysatis, as part of her girdle money (1). From
+      this point he marched on five stages&mdash;thirty parasangs&mdash;to the
+      sources of the river Dardas, which is a hundred feet broad. Here stood the
+      palace of Belesys, the ruler of Syria, with its park&mdash;which was a
+      very large and beautiful one, and full of the products of all the seasons
+      in their course. But Cyrus cut down the park and burnt the palace. Thence
+      he marched on three stages&mdash;fifteen parasangs&mdash;to the river
+      Euphrates, which is nearly half a mile broad. A large and flourishing
+      city, named Thapsacus, stands on its banks. Here they halted five days,
+      and here Cyrus sent for the generals of the Hellenes, and told them that
+      the advance was now to be upon Babylon, against the great king; he bade
+      them communicate this information to the soldiers and persuade them to
+      follow. The generals called an assembly, and announced the news to the
+      soldiers. The latter were indignant and angry with the generals, accusing
+      them of having kept secret what they had long known; and refused to go,
+      unless such a bribe of money were given them as had been given to their
+      predecessors, when they went up with Cyrus to the court of his father, not
+      as now to fight a battle, but on a peaceful errand&mdash;the visit of a
+      son to his father by invitation. The demand was reported to Cyrus by the
+      generals, and he undertook to give each man five silver minae as soon as
+      Babylon was reached, and their pay in full, until he had safely conveyed
+      them back to Ionia again. In this manner the Hellenic force were persuaded&mdash;that
+      is to say, the majority of them. Menon, indeed, before it was clear what
+      the rest of the soldiers would do&mdash;whether, in fact they would follow
+      Cyrus or not&mdash;collected his own troops apart and made them the
+      following speech; "Men," he said, "if you will listen to me, there is a
+      method by which, without risk or toil, you may win the special favour of
+      Cyrus beyond the rest of the soldiers. You ask what it is I would have you
+      to do? I will tell you. Cyrus at this instant is begging the Hellenes to
+      follow him to attack the king. I say then: Cross the Euphrates at once,
+      before it is clear what answer the rest will make; if they vote in favour
+      of following, you will get the credit of having set the example, and Cyrus
+      will be grateful to you. He will look upon you as being the heartiest in
+      his cause; he will repay, as of all others he best knows how; while, if
+      the rest vote against crossing, we shall go back again; but as the sole
+      adherents, whose fidelity he can altogether trust, it is you whom Cyrus
+      will turn to account, as commandants of garrisons or captains of
+      companies. You need only ask him for whatever you want, and you will get
+      it from him, as being the friends of Cyrus."
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) Cf. Plat. "Alcib." i. 123 B. "Why, I have been informed by a
+    credible person, who went up to the king (at Susa), that he passed
+    through a large tract of excellent land, extending for nearly a
+    day's journey, which the people of the country called the queen's
+    girdle, and another which they called her veil," etc. Olympiodorus
+    and the Scholiast both think that Plato here refers to Xenophon
+    and this passage of the "Anabasis." Grote thinks it very probable
+    that Plato had in his mind Xenophon (either his "Anabasis" or
+    personal communications with him).
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      The men heard and obeyed, and before the rest had given their answer, they
+      were already across. But when Cyrus perceived that Menon's troops had
+      crossed, he was well pleased, and he sent Glus to the division in
+      question, with this message: "Soldiers, accept my thanks at present;
+      eventually you shall thank me. I will see to that, or my name is not
+      Cyrus." The soldiers therefore could not but pray heartily for his
+      success; so high their hopes ran. But to Menon, it was said, he sent gifts
+      with lordly liberality. This done, Cyrus proceeded to cross; and in his
+      wake followed the rest of the armament to a man. As they forded, never a
+      man was wetted above the chest: nor ever until this moment, said the men
+      of Thapascus, had the river been so crossed on foot, boats had always been
+      required; but these, at the present time, Abrocomas, in his desire to
+      hinder Cyrus from crossing, had been at pains to burn. Thus the passage
+      was looked upon as a thing miraculous; the river had manifestly retired
+      before the face of Cyrus, like a courtier bowing to his future king. From
+      this place he continued his march through Syria nine stages&mdash;fifty
+      parasangs&mdash;and they reached the river Araxes. Here were several
+      villages full of corn and wine; in which they halted three days, and
+      provisioned the army.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0008" id="link2H_4_0008">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      V
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      Thence he marched on through Arabia, keeping the Euphrates on the right,
+      five desert stages&mdash;thirty-five parasangs. In this region the ground
+      was one long level plain, stretching far and wide like the sea, full of
+      absinth; whilst all the other vegetation, whether wood or reed, was sweet
+      scented like spice or sweet herb; there were no trees; but there was wild
+      game of all kinds&mdash;wild asses in greatest abundance, with plenty of
+      ostriches; besides these, there were bustards and antelopes. These
+      creatures were occasionally chased by the cavalry. The asses, when
+      pursued, would run forward a space, and then stand still&mdash;their pace
+      being much swifter than that of horses; and as soon as the horses came
+      close, they went through the same performance. The only way to catch them
+      was for the riders to post themselves at intervals, and to hunt them in
+      relays, as it were. The flesh of those they captured was not unlike
+      venison, only more tender. No one was lucky enough to capture an ostrich.
+      Some of the troopers did give chase, but it had soon to be abandoned; for
+      the bird, in its effort to escape, speedily put a long interval between
+      itself and its pursuers; plying its legs at full speed, and using its
+      wings the while like a sail. The bustards were not so hard to catch when
+      started suddenly; for they only take short flights, like partridges, and
+      are soon tired. Their flesh is delicious.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      As the army wended its way through this region, they reached the river
+      Mascas, which is one hundred feet in breadth. Here stood a big deserted
+      city called Corsote, almost literally environed by the stream, which flows
+      round it in a circle. Here they halted three days and provisioned
+      themselves. Thence they continued their march thirteen desert stages&mdash;ninety
+      parasangs&mdash;with the Euphrates still on their right, until they
+      reached the Gates. On these marches several of the baggage animals
+      perished of hunger, for there was neither grass nor green herb, or tree of
+      any sort; but the country throughout was barren. The inhabitants make
+      their living by quarrying millstones on the river banks, which they work
+      up and take to Babylon and sell, purchasing corn in exchange for their
+      goods. Corn failed the army, and was not to be got for money, except in
+      the Lydian market open in Cyrus's Asiatic army; where a kapithe of wheat
+      or barley cost four shekels; the shekel being equal to seven and a half
+      Attic obols, whilst the kapithe is the equivalent of two Attic choeneces
+      (1), dry measure, so that the soldiers subsisted on meat alone for the
+      whole period. Some of the stages were very long, whenever they had to push
+      on to find water or fodder; and once they found themselves involved in a
+      narrow way, where the deep clay presented an obstacle to the progress of
+      the wagons. Cyrus, with the nobles about him, halted to superintend the
+      operation, and ordered Glus and Pigres to take a body of barbarians and to
+      help in extricating the wagons. As they seemed to be slow about the
+      business, he turned round angrily to the Persian nobles and bade them lend
+      a hand to force the wagons out. Then, if ever, what goes to constitute one
+      branch of good discipline, was to be witnessed. Each of those addressed,
+      just where he chanced to be standing, threw off his purple cloak, and
+      flung himself into the work with as much eagerness as if it had been a
+      charge for victory. Down a steep hill side they flew, with their costly
+      tunics and embroidered trousers&mdash;some with the circlets round their
+      necks, and bracelets on their arms&mdash;in an instant, they had sprung
+      into the miry clay, and in less time than one could have conceived, they
+      had landed the wagons safe on terra firma.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) The choenix = about 1 quart (or, according to others, 1 1/2 pint).
+    It was the minimum allowance of corn for a man, say a slave, per
+    diem. The Spartan was allowed at the public table 2 choenices a
+    day.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Altogether it was plain that Cyrus was bent on pressing on the march, and
+      averse to stoppages, except where he halted for the sake of provisioning
+      or some other necessary object; being convinced that the more rapidly he
+      advanced, the less prepared for battle would he find the king; while the
+      slower his own progress, the larger would be the hostile army which he
+      would find collected. Indeed, the attentive observer could see, at a
+      glance, that if the king's empire was strong in its extent of territory
+      and the number of inhabitants, that strength is compensated by an inherent
+      weakness, dependent upon the length of roads and the inevitable dispersion
+      of defensive forces, where an invader insists upon pressing home the war
+      by forced marches.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      On the opposite side of the Euphrates to the point reached on one of these
+      desert stages, was a large and flourishing city named Charmande. From this
+      town the soldiers made purchases of provisions, crossing the river on
+      rafts, in the following fashion: They took the skins which they used as
+      tent coverings, and filled them with light grass; they then compressed and
+      stitched them tightly together by the ends, so that the water might not
+      touch the hay. On these they crossed and got provisions: wine made from
+      the date-nut, and millet or panic-corn, the common staple of the country.
+      Some dispute or other here occurred between the soldiers of Menon and
+      Clearchus, in which Clearchus sentenced one of Menon's men, as the
+      delinquent, and had him flogged. The man went back to his own division and
+      told them. Hearing what had been done to their comrade, his fellows
+      fretted and fumed, and were highly incensed against Clearchus. The same
+      day Clearchus visited the passage of the river, and after inspecting the
+      market there, was returning with a few followers, on horseback, to his
+      tent, and had to pass through Menon's quarters. Cyrus had not yet come up,
+      but was riding up in the same direction. One of Menon's men, who was
+      splitting wood, caught sight of Clearchus as he rode past, and aimed a
+      blow at him with his axe. The aim took no effect; when another hurled a
+      stone at him, and a third, and then several, with shouts and hisses.
+      Clearchus made a rapid retreat to his own troops, and at once ordered them
+      to get under arms. He bade his hoplites remain in position with their
+      shields resting against their knees, while he, at the head of his
+      Thracians and horsemen, of which he had more than forty in his army&mdash;Thracians
+      for the most part&mdash;advanced against Menon's soldiers, so that the
+      latter, with Menon himself, were panic-stricken, and ran to seize their
+      arms; some even stood riveted to the spot, in perplexity at the
+      occurrence. Just then Proxenus came up from behind, as chance would have
+      it, with his division of hoplites, and without a moment's hesitation
+      marched into the open space between the rival parties, and grounded arms;
+      then he fell to begging Clearchus to desist. The latter was not too well
+      pleased to hear his trouble mildly spoken of, when he had barely escaped
+      being stoned to death; and he bade Proxenus retire and leave the
+      intervening space open. At this juncture Cyrus arrived and inquired what
+      was happening. There was no time for hesitation. With his javelins firmly
+      grasped in his hands he galloped up&mdash;escorted by some of his faithful
+      bodyguard, who were present&mdash;and was soon in the midst, exclaiming:
+      "Clearchus, Proxenus, and you other Hellenes yonder, you know not what you
+      do. As surely as you come to blows with one another, our fate is sealed&mdash;this
+      very day I shall be cut to pieces, and so will you: your turn will follow
+      close on mine. Let our fortunes once take an evil turn, and these
+      barbarians whom you see around will be worse foes to us than those who are
+      at present serving the king." At these words Clearchus came to his senses.
+      Both parties paused from battle, and retired to their quarters: order
+      reigned.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0009" id="link2H_4_0009">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      VI
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      As they advanced from this point (opposite Charmande), they came upon the
+      hoof-prints and dung of horses at frequent intervals. It looked like the
+      trail of some two thousand horses. Keeping ahead of the army, these
+      fellows burnt up the grass and everything else that was good for use. Now
+      there was a Persian, named Orontas; he was closely related to the king by
+      birth: and in matters pertaining to war reckoned among the best of Persian
+      warriors. Having formerly been at war with Cyrus, and afterwards
+      reconciled to him, he now made a conspiracy to destroy him. he made a
+      proposal to Cyrus: if Cyrus would furnish him with a thousand horsemen, he
+      would deal with these troopers, who were burning down everything in front
+      of them; he would lay an ambuscade and cut them down, or he would capture
+      a host of them alive; in any case, he would put a stop to their
+      aggressiveness and burnings; he would see to it that they did not ever get
+      a chance of setting eyes on Cyrus's army and reporting its advent to the
+      king. The proposal seemed plausible to Cyrus, who accordingly authorised
+      Orontas to take a detachment from each of the generals, and be gone. He,
+      thinking that he had got his horsemen ready to his hand, wrote a letter to
+      the king, announcing that he would ere long join him with as many troopers
+      as he could bring; he bade him, at the same time, instruct the royal
+      cavalry to welcome him as a friend. The letter further contained certain
+      reminders of his former friendship and fidelity. This despatch he
+      delivered into the hands of one who was a trusty messenger, as he thought;
+      but the bearer took and gave it to Cyrus. Cyrus read it. Orontas was
+      arrested. Then Cyrus summoned to his tent seven of the noblest Persians
+      among his personal attendants, and sent orders to the Hellenic generals to
+      bring up a body of hoplites. These troops were to take up a position round
+      his tent. This the generals did; bringing up about three thousand
+      hoplites. Clearchus was also invited inside, to assist at the
+      court-martial; a compliment due to the position he held among the other
+      generals, in the opinion not only of Cyrus, but also of the rest of the
+      court. When he came out, he reported the circumstances of the trial (as to
+      which, indeed, there was no mystery) to his friends. He said that Cyrus
+      opened the inquiry with these words: "I have invited you hither, my
+      friends, that I may take advice with you, and carry out whatever, in the
+      sight of God and man, it is right for me to do, as concerning the man
+      before you, Orontas. The prisoner was, in the first instance, given to me
+      by my father, to be my faithful subject. In the next place, acting, to use
+      his own words, under the orders of my brother, and having hold of the
+      acropolis of Sardis, he went to war with me. I met war with war, and
+      forced him to think it more prudent to desist from war with me: whereupon
+      we shook hands, exchanging solemn pledges. After that," and at this point
+      Cyrus turned to Orontas, and addressed him personally&mdash;"after that,
+      did I do you any wrong?" Answer, "Never." Again another question: "Then
+      later on, having received, as you admit, no injury from me, did you revolt
+      to the Mysians and injure my territory, as far as in you lay?"&mdash;"I
+      did," was the reply. "Then, once more having discovered the limits of your
+      power, did you flee to the altar of Artemis, crying out that you repented?
+      and did you thus work upon my feelings, that we a second time shook hands
+      and made interchange of solemn pledges? Are these things so?" Orontas
+      again assented. "Then what injury have you received from me," Cyrus asked,
+      "that now for the third time, you have been detected in a treasonous plot
+      against me?"&mdash;"I must needs do so," he answered. Then Cyrus put one
+      more question: "But the day may come, may it not, when you will once again
+      be hostile to my brother, and a faithful friend to myself?" The other
+      answered: "Even if I were, you could never be brought to believe it,
+      Cyrus."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      At this point Cyrus turned to those who were present and said: "Such has
+      been the conduct of the prisoner in the past: such is his language now. I
+      now call upon you, and you first, Clearchus, to declare your opinion&mdash;what
+      think you?" And Clearchus answered: "My advice to you is to put this man
+      out of the way as soon as may be, so that we may be saved the necessity of
+      watching him, and have more leisure, as far as he is concerned, to requite
+      the services of those whose friendship is sincere."&mdash;"To this
+      opinion," he told us, "the rest of the court adhered." After that, at the
+      bidding of Cyrus, each of those present, in turn, including the kinsmen of
+      Orontas, took him by the girdle; which is as much as to say, "Let him die
+      the death," and then those appointed led him out; and they who in old days
+      were wont to do obeisance to him, could not refrain, even at that moment,
+      from bowing down before him, albeit they knew he was being led forth to
+      death.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      After they had conducted him to the tent of Artapates, the trustiest of
+      Cyrus's wand-bearers, none set eyes upon him ever again, alive or dead. No
+      one, of his own knowledge, could declare the manner of his death; though
+      some conjectured one thing and some another. No tomb to mark his
+      resting-place, either then or since, was ever seen.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0010" id="link2H_4_0010">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      VII
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      From this place Cyrus marched through Babylonia three stages&mdash;twelve
+      parasangs. Now, on the third stage, about midnight, Cyrus held a review of
+      the Hellenes and Asiatics in the plain, expecting that the king would
+      arrive the following day with his army to offer battle. He gave orders to
+      Clearchus to take command of the right wing, and to Menon the Thessalian
+      of the left, while he himself undertook to the disposition of his own
+      forces in person. After the review, with the first approach of day,
+      deserters from the great king arrived, bringing Cyrus information about
+      the royal army. Then Cyrus summoned the generals and captains of the
+      Hellenes, and held a council of war to arrange the plan of battle. He took
+      this opportunity also to address the following words of compliment and
+      encouragement to the meeting: "Men of Hellas," he said, "it is certainly
+      not from dearth of barbarians to fight my battles that I put myself at
+      your head as my allies; but because I hold you to be better and stronger
+      than many barbarians. That is why I took you. See then that you prove
+      yourselves to be men worthy of the liberty which you possess, and which I
+      envy you. Liberty&mdash;it is a thing which, be well assured, I would
+      choose in preference to all my other possessions, multiplied many times.
+      But I would like you to know into what sort of struggle you are going:
+      learn its nature from one who knows. Their numbers are great, and they
+      come on with much noise; but if you can hold out against these two things,
+      I confess I am ashamed to think, what a sorry set of folk you will find
+      the inhabitants of this land to be. But you are men, and brave you must
+      be, being men: it is agreed; then if you wish to return home, any of you,
+      I undertake to send you back, in such sort that your friends at home shall
+      envy you; but I flatter myself I shall persuade many of you to accept what
+      I will offer you here, in lieu of what you left at home."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Here Gaulites, a Samian exile, and a trusty friend of Cyrus, being
+      present, exclaimed: "Ay, Cyrus, but some say you can afford to make large
+      promises now, because you are in the crisis of impending danger; but let
+      matters go well with you, will you recollect? They shake their heads.
+      Indeed, some add that, even if you did recollect, and were ever so
+      willing, you would not be able to make good all your promises, and repay."
+      When Cyrus heard that, he answered: "You forget, sirs, my father's empire
+      stretches southwards to a region where men cannot dwell by reason of the
+      heat, and northwards to a region uninhabitable through cold; but all the
+      intervening space is mapped out in satrapies belonging to my brother's
+      friends: so that if the victory be ours, it will be ours also to put our
+      friends in possession in their room. On the whole my fear is, not that I
+      may not have enough to give to each of my friends, but lest I may not have
+      friends enough on whom to bestow what I have to give, and to each of you
+      Hellenes I will give a crown of gold."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      So they, when they heard these words, were once more elated than ever
+      themselves, and spread the good news among the rest outside. And there
+      came into his presence both the generals and some of the other Hellenes
+      also, claiming to know what they should have in the event of victory; and
+      Cyrus satisfied the expectations of each and all, and so dismissed them.
+      Now the advice and admonition of all who came into conversation with him
+      was, not to enter the battle himself, but to post himself in rear of
+      themselves; and at this season Clearchus put a question to him: "But do
+      you think that your brother will give battle to you, Cyrus?" and Cyrus
+      answered: "Not without a battle, be assured, shall the prize be won; if he
+      be the son of Darius and Parysatis, and a brother of mine."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In the final arming for battle at this juncture, the numbers were as
+      follows: Of Hellenes there were ten thousand four hundred heavy infantry
+      with two thousand five hundred targeteers, while the barbarians with Cyrus
+      reached a total of one hundred thousand. He had too about twenty
+      scythe-chariots. The enemy's forces were reported to number one million
+      two hundred thousand, with two hundred scythe-chariots, besides which he
+      had six thousand cavalry under Artagerses. These formed the immediate
+      vanguard of the king himself. The royal army was marshalled by four
+      generals or field-marshals, each in command of three hundred thousand men.
+      Their names were Abrocomas, Tissaphernes, Gobryas, and Arbaces. (But of
+      this total not more than nine hundred thousand were engaged in the battle,
+      with one hundred and fifty scythe-chariots; since Abrocomas, on his march
+      from Phoenicia, arrived five days too late for the battle.) Such was the
+      information brought to Cyrus by deserters who came in from the king's army
+      before the battle, and it was corroborated after the battle by those of
+      the enemy who were taken prisoners.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      From this place Cyrus advanced one stage&mdash;three parasangs&mdash;with
+      the whole body of his troops, Hellenic and barbarian alike in order of
+      battle. He expected the king to give battle the same day, for in the
+      middle of this day's march a deep sunk trench was reached, thirty feet
+      broad, and eighteen feet deep. The trench was carried inland through the
+      plain, twelve parasang's distance, to the wall of Media (1). (Here are
+      canals, flowing from the river Tigris; they are four in number, each a
+      hundred feet broad, and very deep, with corn ships plying upon them; they
+      empty themselves into the Euphrates, and are at intervals of one parasang
+      apart, and are spanned by bridges.)
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) For "the wall of Media" see Grote, "Hist. of Greece," vol. ix. p.
+    87 and foll. note 1 (1st ed.), and various authorities there
+    quoted or referred to. The next passage enclosed in  () may
+    possibly be a commentator's or editor's note, but, on the whole, I
+    have thought it best to keep the words in the text instead of
+    relegating them, as heretofore, to a note. Perhaps some future
+    traveller may clear up all difficulties.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Between the Euphrates and the trench was a narrow passage, twenty feet
+      only in breadth. The trench itself had been constructed by the great king
+      upon hearing of Cyrus's approach, to serve as a line of defence. Through
+      this narrow passage then Cyrus and his army passed, and found themselves
+      safe inside the trench. So there was no battle to be fought with the king
+      that day; only there were numerous unmistakable traces of horse and
+      infantry in retreat. Here Cyrus summoned Silanus, his Ambraciot
+      soothsayer, and presented him with three thousand darics; because eleven
+      days back, when sacrificing, he had told him that the king would not fight
+      within ten days, and Cyrus had answered: "Well, then, if he does not fight
+      within that time, he will not fight at all; and if your prophecy comes
+      true, I promise you ten talents." So now, that the ten days were passed,
+      he presented him with the above sum.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But as the king had failed to hinder the passage of Cyrus's army at the
+      trench, Cyrus himself and the rest concluded that he must have abandoned
+      the idea of offering battle, so that next day Cyrus advanced with less
+      than his former caution. On the third day he was conducting the march,
+      seated in his carriage, with only a small body of troops drawn up in front
+      of him. The mass of the army was moving on in no kind of order: the
+      soldiers having consigned their heavy arms to be carried in the wagons or
+      on the backs of beasts.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0011" id="link2H_4_0011">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      VIII
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      It was already about full market time (1) and the halting-place at which
+      the army was to take up quarters was nearly reached, when Pategyas, a
+      Persian, a trusty member of Cyrus's personal staff, came galloping up at
+      full speed on his horse, which was bathed in sweat, and to every one he
+      met he shouted in Greek and Persian, as fast as he could ejaculate the
+      words: "The king is advancing with a large army ready for battle." Then
+      ensued a scene of wild confusion. The Hellenes and all alike were
+      expecting to be attacked on the instant, and before they could form their
+      lines. Cyrus sprang from his carriage and donned his corselet; then
+      leaping on to his charger's back, with the javelins firmly clutched, he
+      passed the order to the rest, to arm themselves and fall into their
+      several ranks.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) I.e. between 9 and 10 A.M.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      The orders were carried out with alacrity; the ranks shaped themselves.
+      Clearchus held the right wing resting on the Euphrates, Proxenus was next,
+      and after him the rest, while Menon with his troops held the Hellenic
+      left. Of the Asiatics, a body of Paphlagonian cavalry, one thousand
+      strong, were posted beside Clearchus on the right, and with them stood the
+      Hellenic peltasts. On the left was Ariaeus, Cyrus's second in command, and
+      the rest of the barbarian host. Cyrus was with his bodyguard of cavalry
+      about six hundred strong, all armed with corselets like Cyrus, and
+      cuirasses and helmets; but not so Cyrus: he went into battle with head
+      unhelmeted (2). So too all the horses with Cyrus wore forehead-pieces and
+      breast-pieces, and the troopers carried short Hellenic swords.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (2) The MSS. add, "to expose oneself to the risks of war bareheaded
+    is, it is said, a practice common to the Persians," which I regard
+    as a commentator's note, if not an original marginal note of some
+    early editor, possibly of the author himself. The "Cyropaedeia" is
+    full of such comments, "pieces justificatives" inserted into the
+    text.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      It was now mid-day, and the enemy was not yet in sight; but with the
+      approach of afternoon was seen dust like a white cloud, and after a
+      considerable interval a black pall as it were spread far and high above
+      the plain. As they came nearer, very soon was seen here and there a glint
+      of bronze and spear-points; and the ranks could plainly be distinguished.
+      On the left were troopers wearing white cuirasses. That is Tissaphernes in
+      command, they said, and next to these a body of men bearing
+      wicker-shields, and next again heavy-armed infantry, with long wooden
+      shields reaching to the feet. These were the Egyptians, they said, and
+      then other cavalry, other bowmen; all were in national divisions, each
+      nation marching in densely-crowded squares. And all along their front was
+      a line of chariots at considerable intervals from one another&mdash;the
+      famous scythe-chariots, as they were named&mdash;having their scythes
+      fitted to the axle-trees and stretching out slantwise, while others
+      protruded under the chariot-seats, facing the ground, so as to cut through
+      all they encountered. The design was to let them dash full speed into the
+      ranks of the Hellenes and cut them through.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Curiously enough the anticipation of Cyrus, when at the council of war he
+      admonished the Hellenes not to mind the shouting of the Asiatics, was not
+      justified. Instead of shouting, they came on in deep silence, softly and
+      slowly, with even tread. At this instant, Cyrus, riding past in person,
+      accompanied by Pigres, his interpreter, and three or four others, called
+      aloud to Clearchus to advance against the enemy's centre, for there the
+      king was to be found: "And if we strike home at this point," he added,
+      "our work is finished." Clearchus, though he could see the compact body at
+      the centre, and had been told by Cyrus that the king lay outside the
+      Hellenic left (for, owing to numerical superiority, the king, while
+      holding his own centre, could well overlap Cyrus's extreme left), still
+      hesitated to draw off his right wing from the river, for fear of being
+      turned on both flanks; and he simply replied, assuring Cyrus that he would
+      take care all went well.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      At this time the barbarian army was evenly advancing, and the Hellenic
+      division was still riveted to the spot, completing its formation as the
+      various contingents came up. Cyrus, riding past at some distance from the
+      lines, glanced his eye first in one direction and then in the other, so as
+      to take a complete survey of friends and foes; when Xenophon the Athenian,
+      seeing him, rode up from the Hellenic quarter to meet him, asking him
+      whether he had any orders to give. Cyrus, pulling up his horse, begged him
+      to make the announcement generally known that the omens from the victims,
+      internal and external alike, were good (3). While he was still speaking,
+      he heard a confused murmur passing through the ranks, and asked what it
+      meant. The other replied that it was the watchword being passed down for
+      the second time. Cyrus wondered who had given the order, and asked what
+      the watchword was. On being told it was "Zeus our Saviour and Victory," he
+      replied, "I accept it; so let it be," and with that remark rode away to
+      his own position. And now the two battle lines were no more than three or
+      four furlongs apart, when the Hellenes began chanting the paean, and at
+      the same time advanced against the enemy.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (3) I.e. the omens from inspecting the innards of the victims, and the
+    omens from the acts and movements of the victims.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      But with the forward movement a certain portion of the line curved onwards
+      in advance, with wave-like sinuosity, and the portion left behind
+      quickened to a run; and simultaneously a thrilling cry burst from all
+      lips, like that in honour of the war-god&mdash;eleleu! eleleu! and the
+      running became general. Some say they clashed their shields and spears,
+      thereby causing terror to the horses (4); and before they had got within
+      arrowshot the barbarians swerved and took to flight. And now the Hellenes
+      gave chase with might and main, checked only by shouts to one another not
+      to race, but to keep their ranks. The enemy's chariots, reft of their
+      charioteers, swept onwards, some through the enemy themselves, others past
+      the Hellenes. They, as they saw them coming, opened a gap and let them
+      pass. One fellow, like some dumbfoundered mortal on a racecourse, was
+      caught by the heels, but even he, they said, received no hurt, nor indeed,
+      with the single exception of some one on the left wing who was said to
+      have been wounded by an arrow, did any Hellene in this battle suffer a
+      single hurt.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (4) Some critics regard this sentence as an editor's or commentator's
+    note.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Cyrus, seeing the Hellene's conquering, as far as they at any rate were
+      concerned, and in hot pursuit, was well content; but in spite of his joy
+      and the salutations offered him at that moment by those about him, as
+      though he were already king, he was not led away to join in the pursuit,
+      but keeping his squadron of six hundred horsemen in close order, waited and
+      watched to see what the king himself would do. The king, he knew, held the
+      centre of the Persian army. Indeed it is the fashion for the Asiatic
+      monarch to occupy that position during action, for this twofold reason: he
+      holds the safest place, with his troops on either side of him, while, if
+      he has occasion to despatch any necessary rider along the lines, his
+      troops will receive the message in half the time. The king accordingly on
+      this occasion held the centre of his army, but for all that, he was
+      outside Cyrus's left wing; and seeing that no one offered him battle in
+      front, nor yet the troops in front of him, he wheeled as if to encircle
+      the enemy. It was then that Cyrus, in apprehension lest the king might get
+      round to the rear and cut to pieces the Hellenic body, charged to meet
+      him. Attacking with his six hundred, he mastered the line of troops in
+      front of the king, and put to flight the six thousand, cutting down, as is
+      said, with his own hand their general, Artagerses.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But as soon as the rout commenced, Cyrus's own six hundred themselves, in
+      the ardour of pursuit, were scattered, with the exception of a handful who
+      were left with Cyrus himself&mdash;chiefly his table companions,
+      so-called. Left alone with these, he caught sight of the king, and the
+      close throng about him. Unable longer to contain himself, with a cry, "I
+      see the man," he rushed at him and dealt a blow at his chest, wounding him
+      through the corselet. This, according to the statement of Ctesias the
+      surgeon (5), who further states that he himself healed the wound. As Cyrus
+      delivered the blow, some one struck him with a javelin under the eye
+      severely; and in the struggle which then ensued between the king and Cyrus
+      and those about them to protect one or other, we have the statement of
+      Ctesias as to the number slain on the king's side, for he was by his side.
+      On the other, Cyrus himself fell, and eight of his bravest companions lay
+      on the top of him. The story says that Artapes, the trustiest among his
+      wand-wearers, when he saw that Cyrus had fallen to the ground, leapt from
+      his horse and threw his arms about him. Then, as one account says, the
+      king bade one slay him as a worthy victim to his brother: others say that
+      Artapates drew his scimitar and slew himself by his own hand. A golden
+      scimitar it is true, he had; he wore also a collar and bracelets and the
+      other ornaments such as the noblest Persians wear; for his kindliness and
+      fidelity had won him honours at the hands of Cyrus.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (5) "Ctesias, the son of Ctesiochus, was a physician of Cnidos.
+    Seventeen years of his life were passed at the court of Persia,
+    fourteen in the service of Darios, three in that of Artaxerxes; he
+    returned to Greece in 398 B.C.," and "was employed by Artaxerxes
+    in diplomatic services." See Mure; also Ch. Muller, for his life
+    and works. He wrote (1) a history on Persian affairs in three
+    parts&mdash;Assyrian, Median, Persian&mdash;with a chapter "On Tributes;"
+    (2) a history of Indian affairs (written in the vein of Sir John
+    Maundeville, Kt.); (3) a Periplus; (4) a treatise on Mountains;
+    (5) a treatise on Rivers.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0012" id="link2H_4_0012">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      IX
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      So died Cyrus; a man the kingliest (1) and most worthy to rule of all the
+      Persians who have lived since the elder Cyrus: according to the concurrent
+      testimony of all who are reputed to have known him intimately. To begin
+      from the beginning, when still a boy, and whilst being brought up with his
+      brother and the other lads, his unrivalled excellence was recognised. For
+      the sons of the noblest Persians, it must be known, are brought up, one
+      and all, at the king's portals. Here lessons of sobriety and self-control
+      may largely be laid to heart, while there is nothing base or ugly for eye
+      or ear to feed upon. There is the daily spectacle ever before the boys of
+      some receiving honour from the king, and again of others receiving
+      dishonour; and the tale of all this is in their ears, so that from
+      earliest boyhood they learn how to rule and to be ruled.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) The character now to be drawn is afterwards elaborated into the
+    Cyrus of the Cyropaedeia.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      In this courtly training Cyrus earned a double reputation; first he was
+      held to be a paragon of modesty among his fellows, rendering an obedience
+      to his elders which exceeded that of many of his own inferiors; and next
+      he bore away the palm for skill in horsemanship and for love of the animal
+      itself. Nor less in matters of war, in the use of the bow and the javelin,
+      was he held by men in general to be at once the aptest of learners and the
+      most eager practiser. As soon as his age permitted, the same pre-eminence
+      showed itself in his fondness for the chase, not without a certain
+      appetite for perilous adventure in facing the wild beasts themselves. Once
+      a bear made a furious rush at him (2), and without wincing he grappled
+      with her, and was pulled from his horse, receiving wounds the scars of
+      which were visible through life; but in the end he slew the creature, nor
+      did he forget him who first came to his aid, but made him enviable in the
+      eyes of many.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (2) The elder Cyrus, when a boy, kills not a bear but a boar.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      After he had been sent down by his father to be satrap of Lydia and Great
+      Phrygia and Cappadocia, and had been appointed general of the forces,
+      whose business it is to muster in the plain of the Castolus, nothing was
+      more noticeable in his conduct than the importance which he attached to
+      the faithful fulfilment of every treaty or compact or undertaking entered
+      into with others. He would tell no lies to any one. Thus doubtless it was
+      that he won the confidence alike of individuals and of the communities
+      entrusted to his care; or in case of hostility, a treaty made with Cyrus
+      was a guarantee sufficient to the combatant that he would suffer nothing
+      contrary to its terms. Therefore, in the war with Tissaphernes, all the
+      states of their own accord chose Cyrus in lieu of Tissaphernes, except
+      only the men of Miletus, and these were only alienated through fear of
+      him, because he refused to abandon their exiled citizens; and his deeds
+      and words bore emphatic witness to his principle: even if they were
+      weakened in number or in fortune, he would never abandon those who had
+      once become his friends.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      He made no secret of his endeavour to outdo his friends and his foes alike
+      in reciprocity of conduct. The prayer has been attributed to him, "God
+      grant I may live along enough to recompense my friends and requite my foes
+      with a strong arm." However this may be, no one, at least in our days,
+      ever drew together so ardent a following of friends, eager to lay at his
+      feet their money, their cities, their own lives and persons; nor is it to
+      be inferred from this that he suffered the malefactor and the wrongdoer to
+      laugh him to scorn; on the contrary, these he punished most unflinchingly.
+      It was no rare sight to see on the well-trodden highways, men who had
+      forfeited hand or foot or eye; the result being that throughout the
+      satrapy of Cyrus any one, Hellene or barbarian, provided he were innocent,
+      might fearlessly travel wherever he pleased, and take with him whatever he
+      felt disposed. However, as all allowed, it was for the brave in war that
+      he reserved especial honour. To take the first instance to hand, he had a
+      war with the Pisidians and Mysians. Being himself at the head of an
+      expedition into those territories, he could observe those who voluntarily
+      encountered risks; these he made rulers of the territory which he
+      subjected, and afterwards honoured them with other gifts. So that, if the
+      good and brave were set on a pinnacle of fortune, cowards were recognised
+      as their natural slaves; and so it befell that Cyrus never had lack of
+      volunteers in any service of danger, whenever it was expected that his eye
+      would be upon them.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      So again, wherever he might discover any one ready to distinguish himself
+      in the service of uprightness, his delight was to make this man richer
+      than those who seek for gain by unfair means. On the same principle, his
+      own administration was in all respects uprightly conducted, and, in
+      particular, he secured the services of an army worthy of the name.
+      Generals, and subalterns alike, came to him from across the seas, not
+      merely to make money, but because they saw that loyalty to Cyrus was a
+      more profitable investment than so many pounds a month. Let any man
+      whatsoever render him willing service, such enthusiasm was sure to win its
+      reward. And so Cyrus could always command the service of the best
+      assistants, it was said, whatever the work might be.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Or if he saw any skilful and just steward who furnished well the country
+      over which he ruled, and created revenues, so far from robbing him at any
+      time, to him who had, he delighted to give more. So that toil was a
+      pleasure, and gains were amassed with confidence, and least of all from
+      Cyrus would a man conceal the amount of his possessions, seeing that he
+      showed no jealousy of wealth openly avowed, but his endeavour was rather
+      to turn to account the riches of those who kept them secret. Towards the
+      friends he had made, whose kindliness he knew, or whose fitness as
+      fellow-workers with himself, in aught which he might wish to carry out, he
+      had tested, he showed himself in turn an adept in the arts of courtesy.
+      Just in proportion as he felt the need of this friend or that to help him,
+      so he tried to help each of them in return in whatever seemed to be their
+      heart's desire.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Many were the gifts bestowed on him, for many and diverse reasons; no one
+      man, perhaps, ever received more; no one, certainly, was ever more ready
+      to bestow them upon others, with an eye ever to the taste of each, so as
+      to gratify what he saw to be the individual requirement. Many of these
+      presents were sent to him to serve as personal adornments of the body or
+      for battle; and as touching these he would say, "How am I to deck myself
+      out in all these? to my mind a man's chief ornament is the adornment of
+      nobly-adorned friends." Indeed, that he should triumph over his friends in
+      the great matters of welldoing is not surprising, seeing that he was much
+      more powerful than they, but that he should go beyond them in minute
+      attentions, and in an eager desire to give pleasure, seems to me, I must
+      confess, more admirable. Frequently when he had tasted some specially
+      excellent wine, he would send the half remaining flagon to some friend
+      with a message to say: "Cyrus says, this is the best wine he has tasted
+      for a long time, that is his excuse for sending it to you. He hopes you
+      will drink it up to-day with a choice party of friends." Or, perhaps, he
+      would send the remainder of a dish of geese, half loaves of bread, and so
+      forth, the bearer being instructed to say: "This is Cyrus's favourite
+      dish, he hopes you will taste it yourself." Or, perhaps, there was a great
+      dearth of provender, when, through the number of his servants and his own
+      careful forethought, he was enabled to get supplies for himself; at such
+      times he would send to his friends in different parts, bidding them feed
+      their horses on his hay, since it would not do for the horses that carried
+      his friends to go starving. Then, on any long march or expedition, where
+      the crowd of lookers-on would be large, he would call his friends to him
+      and entertain them with serious talk, as much as to say, "These I delight
+      to honour."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      So that, for myself, and from all that I can hear, I should be disposed to
+      say that no one, Greek or barbarian, was ever so beloved. In proof of
+      this, I may cite the fact that, though Cyrus was the king's vassal and
+      slave, no one ever forsook him to join his master, if I may except the
+      attempt of Orontas, which was abortive. That man, indeed, had to learn
+      that Cyrus was closer to the heart of him on whose fidelity he relied than
+      he himself was. On the other hand, many a man revolted from the king to
+      Cyrus, after they went to war with one another; nor were these nobodies,
+      but rather persons high in the king's affection; yet for all that, they
+      believed that their virtues would obtain a reward more adequate from Cyrus
+      than from the king. Another great proof at once of his own worth and of
+      his capacity rightly to discern all loyal, loving and firm friendship is
+      afforded by an incident which belongs to the last moment of his life. He
+      was slain, but fighting for his life beside him fell also every one of his
+      faithful bodyguard of friends and table-companions, with the sole
+      exception of Ariaeus, who was in command of the cavalry on the left, and
+      he no sooner perceived the fall of Cyrus than he betook himself to flight,
+      with the whole body of troops under his lead.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0013" id="link2H_4_0013">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      X
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      Then the head of Cyrus and his right hand were severed from the body. But
+      the king and those about him pursued and fell upon the Cyreian camp, and
+      the troops of Ariaeus no longer stood their ground, but fled through their
+      own camp back to the halting-place of the night before&mdash;a distance of
+      four parasangs, it was said. So the king and those with him fell to
+      ravaging right and left, and amongst other spoil he captured the Phocaean
+      woman, who was a concubine of Cyrus, witty and beautiful, if fame speaks
+      correctly. The Milesian, who was the younger, was also seized by some of
+      the king's men; but, letting go her outer garment, she made good her
+      escape to the Hellenes, who had been left among the camp followers on
+      guard. These fell at once into line and put to the sword many of the
+      pillagers, though they lost some men themselves; they stuck to the place
+      and succeeded in saving not only that lady, but all else, whether chattels
+      or human beings, which lay within their reach.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      At this point the king and the Hellenes were something like three miles
+      apart; the one set were pursuing their opponents just as if their conquest
+      had been general; the others were pillaging as merrily as if their victory
+      were already universal. But when the Hellenes learnt that the king and his
+      troops were in the baggage camp; and the king, on his side, was informed
+      by Tissaphernes that the Hellenes were victorious in their quarter of the
+      field, and had gone forward in pursuit, the effect was instantaneous. The
+      king massed his troops and formed into line. Clearchus summoned Proxenus,
+      who was next him, and debated whether to send a detachment or to go in a
+      body to the camp to save it.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Meanwhile the king was seen again advancing, as it seemed, from the rear;
+      and the Hellenes, turning right about, prepared to receive his attack then
+      and there. But instead of advancing upon them at that point, he drew off,
+      following the line by which he had passed earlier in the day, outside the
+      left wing of his opponent, and so picked up in his passage those who had
+      deserted to the Hellenes during the battle, as also Tissaphernes and his
+      division. The latter had not fled in the first shock of the encounter; he
+      had charged parallel to the line of the Euphrates into the Greek peltasts,
+      and through them. But charge as he might, he did not lay low a single man.
+      On the contrary, the Hellenes made a gap to let them through, hacking them
+      with their swords and hurling their javelins as they passed. Episthenes of
+      Amphipolis was in command of the peltasts, and he showed himself a
+      sensible man, it was said. Thus it was that Tissaphernes, having got
+      through haphazard, with rather the worst of it, failed to wheel round and
+      return the way he came, but reaching the camp of the Hellenes, there fell
+      in with the king; and falling into order again, the two divisions advanced
+      side by side.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      When they were parallel with the (original) left wing of the Hellenes,
+      fear seized the latter lest they might take them in flank and enfold them
+      on both sides and cut them down. In this apprehension they determined to
+      extend their line and place the river on their rear. But while they
+      deliberated, the king passed by and ranged his troops in line to meet
+      them, in exactly the same position in which he had advanced to offer
+      battle at the commencement of the engagement. The Hellenes, now seeing
+      them in close proximity and in battle order, once again raised the paean
+      and began the attack with still greater enthusiasm than before: and once
+      again the barbarians did not wait to receive them, but took to flight,
+      even at a greater distance than before. The Hellenes pressed the pursuit
+      until they reached a certain village, where they halted, for above the
+      village rose a mound, on which the king and his party rallied and
+      reformed; they had no infantry any longer, but the crest was crowded with
+      cavalry, so that it was impossible to discover what was happening. They
+      did see, they said, the royal standard, a kind of golden eagle, with wings
+      extended, perched on a bar of wood and raised upon a lance.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But as soon as the Hellenes again moved onwards, the hostile cavalry at
+      once left the hillock&mdash;not in a body any longer, but in fragments&mdash;some
+      streaming from one side, some from another; and the crest was gradually
+      stripped of its occupants, till at last the company was gone. Accordingly,
+      Clearchus did not ascend the crest, but posting his army at its base, he
+      sent Lycius of Syracuse and another to the summit, with orders to inspect
+      the condition of things on the other side, and to report results. Lycius
+      galloped up and investigated, bringing back news that they were fleeing
+      might and main. Almost at that instant the sun sank beneath the horizon.
+      There the Hellenes halted; they grounded arms and rested, marvelling the
+      while that Cyrus was not anywhere to be seen, and that no messenger had
+      come from him. For they were in complete ignorance of his death, and
+      conjectured that either he had gone off in pursuit, or had pushed forward
+      to occupy some point. Left to themselves, they now deliberated, whether
+      they should stay where they were and have the baggage train brought up, or
+      should return to camp. They resolved to return, and about supper time
+      reached the tents. Such was the conclusion of this day.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      They found the larger portion of their property pillaged, eatables and
+      drinkables alike, not excepting the wagons laden with corn and wine, which
+      Cyrus had prepared in case of some extreme need overtaking the expedition,
+      to divide among the Hellenes. There were four hundred of these wagons, it
+      was said, and these had now been ransacked by the king and his men; so
+      that the greater number of the Hellenes went supperless, having already
+      gone without their breakfasts, since the king had appeared before the
+      usual halt for breakfast. Accordingly, in no better plight than this they
+      passed the night.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0014" id="link2H_4_0014">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      BOOK II
+    </h2>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+     (In the previous book will be found a full account of the
+     method by which Cyrus collected a body of Greeks when
+     meditating an expedition against his brother Artaxerxes; as
+     also of various occurrences on the march up; of the battle
+     itself, and of the death of Cyrus; and lastly, a description
+     of the arrival of the Hellenes in camp after the battle, and
+     as to how they betook themselves to rest, none suspecting
+     but what they were altogether victorious and that Cyrus
+     lived.)
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0015" id="link2H_4_0015">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      I
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      With the break of day the generals met, and were surprised that Cyrus
+      should not have appeared himself, or at any rate have sent some one to
+      tell them what to do. Accordingly, they resolved to put what they had
+      together, to get under arms, and to push forward until they effected
+      junction with Cyrus. Just as they were on the point of starting, with the
+      rising sun came Procles the ruler of Teuthrania. He was a descendant of
+      Damaratus (1) the Laconian, and with him also came Glus the son of Tamos.
+      These two told them, first, that Cyrus was dead; next, that Ariaeus had
+      retreated with the rest of the barbarians to the halting-place whence they
+      had started at dawn on the previous day; and wished to inform them that,
+      if they were minded to come, he would wait for this one day, but on the
+      morrow he should return home again to Ionia, whence he came.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) The Spartan king who was deposed in B.C. 491, whereupon he fled to
+    King Darius, and settled in south-western Mysia. See Herod. vi.
+    50, 61-70. We shall hear more of his descendant, Procles, the
+    ruler of Teuthrania, in the last chapter of this work.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      When they heard these tidings, the generals were sorely distressed; so too
+      were the rest of the Hellenes when they were informed of it. Then
+      Clearchus spoke as follows: "Would that Cyrus were yet alive! But since he
+      is dead, take back this answer to Ariaeus, that we, at any rate, have
+      conquered the king; and, as you yourselves may see, there is not a man
+      left in the field to meet us. Indeed, had you not arrived, we should ere
+      this have begun our march upon the king. Now, we can promise to Ariaeus
+      that, if he will join us here, we will place him on the king's throne.
+      Surely to those who conquer empire pertains." With these words he sent
+      back the messengers and with them he sent Cheirisophus the Laconian, and
+      Menon the Thessalian. That was what Menon himself wished, being, as he
+      was, a friend and intimate of Ariaeus, and bound by mutual ties of
+      hospitality. So these set off, and Clearchus waited for them.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The soldiers furnished themselves with food (and drink) as best they might&mdash;falling
+      back on the baggage animals, and cutting up oxen and asses. There was no
+      lack of firewood; they need only step forward a few paces from the line
+      where the battle was fought, and they would find arrows to hand in
+      abundance, which the Hellenes had forced the deserters from the king to
+      throw away. There were arrows and wicker shields also, and the huge wooden
+      shields of the Egyptians. There were many targets also, and empty wagons
+      left to be carried off. Here was a store which they were not slow to make
+      use of to cook their meat and serve their meals that day.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      It was now about full market hour (2) when heralds from the king and
+      Tissaphernes arrived. These were barbarians with one exception. This was a
+      certain Phalinus, a Hellene who lived at the court of Tissaphernes, and
+      was held in high esteem. He gave himself out to be a connoisseur of
+      tactics and the art of fighting with heavy arms. These were the men who
+      now came up, and having summoned the generals of the Hellenes, they
+      delivered themselves of the following message: "The great king having won
+      the victory and slain Cyrus, bids the Hellenes to surrender their arms; to
+      betake themselves to the gates of the king's palace, and there obtain for
+      themselves what terms they can." That was what the heralds said, and the
+      Hellenes listened with heavy hearts; but Clearchus spoke, and his words
+      were few; "Conquerors do not, as a rule, give up their arms"; then turning
+      to the others he added, "I leave it to you, my fellow-generals, to make
+      the best and noblest answer, that ye may, to these gentlemen. I will
+      rejoin you presently." At the moment an official had summoned him to come
+      and look at the entrails which had been taken out, for, as it chanced, he
+      was engaged in sacrificing. As soon as he was gone, Cleanor the Arcadian,
+      by right of seniority, answered: "They would sooner die than give up their
+      arms." Then Proxenus the Theban said: "For my part, I marvel if the king
+      demands our arms as our master, or for the sake of friendship merely, as
+      presents. If as our master, why need he ask for them rather than come and
+      take them? But if he would fain wheedle us out of them by fine speeches,
+      he should tell us what the soldiers will receive in turn for such
+      kindness." In answer to him Phalinus said: "The king claims to have
+      conquered, because he has put Cyrus to death; and who is there now to
+      claim the kingdom as against himself? He further flatters himself that you
+      also are in his power, since he holds you in the heart of his country,
+      hemmed in by impassable rivers; and he can at any moment bring against you
+      a multitude so vast that even if leave were given to rise and slay you
+      could not kill them." After him Theopompus (3) the Athenian spoke.
+      "Phalinus," he said, "at this instant, as you yourself can see, we have
+      nothing left but our arms and our valour. If we keep the former we imagine
+      we can make use of the latter; but if we deliver up our arms we shall
+      presently be robbed of our lives. Do not suppose then that we are going to
+      give up to you the only good things which we possess. We prefer to keep
+      them; and by their help we will do battle with you for the good things
+      which are yours." Phalinus laughed when he heard those words, and said:
+      "Spoken like a philosopher, my fine young man, and very pretty reasoning
+      too; yet, let me tell you, your wits are somewhat scattered if you imagine
+      that your valour will get the better of the king's power." There were one
+      or two others, it was said, who with a touch of weakness in their tone or
+      argument, made answer: "They had proved good and trusty friends to Cyrus,
+      and the king might find them no less valuable. If he liked to be friends
+      with them, he might turn them to any use that pleased his fancy, say for a
+      campaign against Egypt. Their arms were at his service; they would help to
+      lay that country at his feet."
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (2) 10 A.M.
+
+ (3) So the best MSS. Others read "Xenophon," which Kruger maintains to
+    be the true reading. He suggests that "Theopompus" may have crept
+    into the text from a marginal note of a scholiast, "Theopompus"
+    (the historian) "gives the remark to Proxenus."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Just then Clearchus returned, and wished to know what answer they had
+      given. The words were barely out of his mouth before Phalinus
+      interrupting, answered: "As for your friends here, one says one thing and
+      one another; will you please give us your opinion"; and he replied: "The
+      sight of you, Phalinus, caused me much pleasure; and not only me, but all
+      of us, I feel sure; for you are a Hellene even as we are&mdash;every one
+      of us whom you see before you. In our present plight we would like to take
+      you into our counsel as to what we had better do touching your proposals.
+      I beg you then solemnly, in the sight of heaven&mdash;do you tender us
+      such advice as you shall deem best and worthiest, and such as shall bring
+      you honour of after time, when it will be said of you how once on a time
+      Phalinus was sent by the great king to bid certain Hellenes yield up their
+      arms, and when they had taken him into their counsel, he gave them such
+      and such advice. You know that whatever advice you do give us cannot fail
+      to be reported in Hellas."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Clearchus threw out these leading remarks in hopes that this man, who was
+      the ambassador from the king, might himself be led to advise them not to
+      give up their arms, in which case the Hellenes would be still more
+      sanguine and hopeful. But, contrary to his expectation, Phalinus turned
+      round and said: "I say that if you have one chance, one hope in ten
+      thousand to wage a war with the king successfully, do not give up your
+      arms. That is my advice. If, however, you have no chance of escape without
+      the king's consent, then I say save yourselves in the only way you can."
+      And Clearchus answered: "So, then, that is your deliberate view? Well,
+      this is our answer, take it back. We conceive that in either case, whether
+      we are expected to be friends with the king, we shall be worth more as
+      friends if we keep our arms than if we yield them to another; or whether
+      we are to go to war, we shall fight better with them than without." And
+      Phalinus said: "That answer we will repeat; but the king bade me tell you
+      this besides, 'Whilst you remain here there is truce; but one step forward
+      or one step back, the truce ends; there is war.' Will you then please
+      inform us as to that point also? Are you minded to stop and keep truce, or
+      is there to be war? What answer shall I take from you?" And Clearchus
+      replied: "Pray answer that we hold precisely the same views on this point
+      as the king."&mdash;"How say you the same views?" asked Phalinus.
+      Clearchus made answer: "As long as we stay here there is truce, but a step
+      forward or a step backward, the truce ends; there is war." The other again
+      asked: "Peace or war, what answer shall I make?" Clearchus returned answer
+      once again in the same words: "Truce if we stop, but if we move forwards
+      or backwards war." But what he was minded really to do, that he refused to
+      make further manifest.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0016" id="link2H_4_0016">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      II
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      Phalinus and those that were with him turned and went. But the messengers
+      from Ariaeus, Procles and Cheirisophus came back. As to Menon, he stayed
+      behind with Ariaeus, They brought back this answer from Ariaeus: "'There
+      are many Persians,' he says, 'better than himself who will not suffer him
+      to sit upon the king's throne; but if you are minded to go back with him,
+      you must join him this very night, otherwise he will set off himself
+      to-morrow on the homeward route.'" And Clearchus said: "It had best stand
+      thus between us then. If we come, well and good, be it as you propose; but
+      if we do not come, do whatsoever you think most conducive to your
+      interests." And so he kept these also in the dark as to his real
+      intention.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      After this, when the sun was already sinking, he summoned the generals and
+      officers, and made the following statement: "Sirs, I sacrificed and found
+      the victims unfavourable to an advance against the king. After all, it is
+      not so surprising perhaps, for, as I now learn, between us and the king
+      flows the river Tigris, navigable for big vessels, and we could not
+      possibly cross it without boats, and boats we have none. On the other
+      hand, to stop here is out of the question, for there is no possibility of
+      getting provisions. However, the victims were quite agreeable to us
+      joining the friends of Cyrus. This is what we must do then. Let each go
+      away and sup on whatever he has. At the first sound of the bugle to turn
+      in, get kit and baggage together; at the second signal, place them on the
+      baggage animals; and at the third, fall in and follow the lead, with the
+      baggage animals on the inside protected by the river, and the troops
+      outside." After hearing the orders, the generals and officers retired, and
+      did as they were bid; and for the future Clearchus led, and the rest
+      followed in obedience to his orders, not that they had expressly chosen
+      him, but they saw that he alone had the sense and wisdom requisite in a
+      general, while the rest were inexperienced (1).
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) The MSS. add the words, "The total distance of the route, taking
+    Ephesus in Ionia as the starting point up to the field of battle,
+    consisted of 93 stages, 535 parasangs, or 16,050 furlongs; from
+    the battle-field to Babylon (reckoned a three days' journey) would
+    have been another 360 stades," which may well be an editor's or
+    commentator's marginal note.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Here, under cover of the darkness which descended, the Thracian
+      Miltocythes, with forty horsemen and three hundred Thracian infantry,
+      deserted to the king; but the rest of the troops&mdash;Clearchus leading
+      and the rest following in accordance with the orders promulgated&mdash;took
+      their departure, and about midnight reached their first stage, having come
+      up with Ariaeus and his army. They grounded arms just as they stood in
+      rank, and the generals and officers of the Hellenes met in the tent of
+      Ariaeus. There they exchanged oaths&mdash;the Hellenes on the one side and
+      Ariaeus with his principal officers on the other&mdash;not to betray one
+      another, but to be true to each other as allies. The Asiatics further
+      solemnly pledged themselves by oath to lead the way without treachery. The
+      oaths were ratified by the sacrifice of a bull, a wolf (2), a boar, and a
+      ram over a shield. The Hellenes dipped a sword, the barbarians a lance,
+      into the blood of the victims.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (2) It is a question whether the words "a wolf" ought not to be
+    omitted.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      As soon as the pledge was taken, Clearchus spoke: "And now, Ariaeus," he
+      said, "since you and we have one expedition in prospect, will you tell us
+      what you think about the route; shall we return the way we came, or have
+      you devised a better?" He answered: "To return the same way is to perish
+      to a man by hunger; for at this moment we have no provisions whatsoever.
+      During the seventeen last stages, even on our way hither, we could extract
+      nothing from the country; or, if there was now and again anything, we
+      passed over and utterly consumed it. At this time our project is to take
+      another and a longer journey certainly, but we shall not be in straits for
+      provisions. The earliest stages must be very long, as long as we can make
+      them; the object is to put as large a space as possible between us and the
+      royal army; once we are two or three days' journey off, the danger is
+      over. The king will never overtake us. With a small army he will not dare
+      to dog our heels, and with a vast equipment he will lack the power to
+      march quickly. Perhaps he, too, may even find a scarcity of provisions.
+      There," said he, "you asked for my opinion, see, I have given it."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Here was a plan of the campaign, which was equivalent to a stampede:
+      helter-skelter they were to run away, or get into hiding somehow; but
+      fortune proved a better general. For as soon as it was day they
+      recommenced the journey, keeping the sun on their right, and calculating
+      that with the westering rays they would have reached villages in the
+      territory of Babylonia, and in this hope they were not deceived. While it
+      was yet afternoon, they thought they caught sight of some of the enemy's
+      cavalry; and those of the Hellenes who were not in rank ran to their
+      ranks; and Ariaeus, who was riding in a wagon to nurse a wound, got down
+      and donned his cuirass, the rest of his party following his example.
+      Whilst they were arming themselves, the scouts, who had been sent forward,
+      came back with the information that they were not cavalry but baggage
+      animals grazing. It was at once clear to all that they must be somewhere
+      in the neighbourhood of the king's encampment. Smoke could actually be
+      seen rising, evidently from villages not far ahead. Clearchus hesitated to
+      advance upon the enemy, knowing that the troops were tired and hungry; and
+      indeed it was already late. On the other hand he had no mind either to
+      swerve from his route&mdash;guarding against any appearance of flight.
+      Accordingly he marched straight as an arrow, and with sunset entered the
+      nearest villages with his vanguard and took up quarters.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      These villages had been thoroughly sacked and dismantled by the royal army&mdash;down
+      to the very woodwork and furniture of the houses. Still, the vanguard
+      contrived to take up their quarters in some sort of fashion; but the rear
+      division, coming up in the dark, had to bivouac as best they could, one
+      detachment after another; and a great noise they made, with hue and cry to
+      one another, so that the enemy could hear them; and those in their
+      immediate proximity actually took to their heels, left their quarters, and
+      decamped, as was plain enough next morning, when not a beast was to be
+      seen, nor sign of camp or wreath of smoke anywhere in the neighbourhood.
+      The king, as it would appear, was himself quite taken aback by the advent
+      of the army; as he fully showed by his proceedings next day.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      During the progress of this night the Hellenes had their turn of scare&mdash;a
+      panic seized them, and there was a noise and clatter, hardly to be
+      explained except by the visitation of some sudden terror. But Clearchus
+      had with him the Eleian Tolmides, the best herald of his time; him he
+      ordered to proclaim silence, and then to give out this proclamation of the
+      generals: "Whoever will give any information as to who let an ass into the
+      camp shall receive a talent of silver in reward." On hearing this
+      proclamation the soldiers made up their minds that their fear was
+      baseless, and their generals safe and sound. At break of day Clearchus
+      gave the order to the Hellenes to get under arms in line of battle, and
+      take up exactly the same position as they held on the day of the battle.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0017" id="link2H_4_0017">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      III
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      And now comes the proof of what I stated above&mdash;that the king was
+      utterly taken aback by the sudden apparition of the army; only the day
+      before, he had sent and demanded the surrender of their arms&mdash;and
+      now, with the rising sun, came heralds sent by him to arrange a truce.
+      These, having reached the advanced guard, asked for the generals. The
+      guard reported their arrival; and Clearchus, who was busy inspecting the
+      ranks, sent back word to the heralds that they must await his leisure.
+      Having carefully arranged the troops so that from every side they might
+      present the appearance of a compact battle line without a single unarmed
+      man in sight, he summoned the ambassadors, and himself went forward to
+      meet them with the soldiers, who for choice accoutrement and noble aspect
+      were the flower of his force; a course which he had invited the other
+      generals also to adopt.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      And now, being face to face with the ambassadors, he questioned them as to
+      what their wishes were. They replied that they had come to arrange a
+      truce, and were persons competent to carry proposals from the king to the
+      Hellenes and from the Hellenes to the king. He returned answer to them:
+      "Take back word then to your master, that we need a battle first, for we
+      have had no breakfast; and he will be a brave man who will dare mention
+      the word 'truce' to Hellenes without providing them with breakfast." With
+      this message the heralds rode off, but were back again in no time, which
+      was a proof that the king, or some one appointed by him to transact the
+      business, was hard by. They reported that "the message seemed reasonable
+      to the king; they had now come bringing guides who, if a truce were
+      arranged, would conduct them where they would get provisions." Clearchus
+      inquired "whether the truce was offered to the individual men merely as
+      they went and came, or to all alike." "To all," they replied, "until the
+      king receives your final answer." When they had so spoken, Clearchus,
+      having removed the ambassadors, held a council; and it was resolved to
+      make a truce at once, and then quietly to go and secure provisions; and
+      Clearchus said: "I agree to the resolution; still I do not propose to
+      announce it at once, but to wile away time till the ambassadors begin to
+      fear that we have decided against the truce; though I suspect," he added,
+      "the same fear will be operative on the minds of our soldiers also." As
+      soon as the right moment seemed to have arrived, he delivered his answer
+      in favour of the truce, and bade the ambassadors at once conduct them to
+      the provisions.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      So these led the way; and Clearchus, without relaxing precaution, in spite
+      of having secured a truce, marched after them with his army in line and
+      himself in command of the rearguard. Over and over again they encountered
+      trenches and conduits so full of water that they could not be crossed
+      without bridges; but they contrived well enough for these by means of
+      trunks of palm trees which had fallen, or which they cut down for the
+      occasion. And here Clearchus's system of superintendence was a study in
+      itself; as he stood with a spear in his left hand and a stick in the
+      other; and when it seemed to him there was any dawdling among the parties
+      told off to the work, he would pick out the right man and down would come
+      the stick; nor, at the same time, was he above plunging into the mud and
+      lending a hand himself, so that every one else was forced for very shame
+      to display equal alacrity. The men told off for the business were the men
+      of thirty years of age; but even the elder men, when they saw the energy
+      of Clearchus, could not resist lending their aid also. What stimulated the
+      haste of Clearchus was the suspicion in his mind that these trenches were
+      not, as a rule, so full of water, since it was not the season to irrigate
+      the plain; and he fancied that the king had let the water on for the
+      express purpose of vividly presenting to the Hellenes the many dangers
+      with which their march was threatened at the very start.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Proceeding on their way they reached some villages, where their guides
+      indicated to them that they would find provisions. They were found to
+      contain plenty of corn, and wine made from palm dates, and an acidulated
+      beverage extracted by boiling from the same fruit. As to the palm nuts or
+      dates themselves, it was noticeable that the sort which we are accustomed
+      to see in Hellas were set aside for the domestic servants; those put aside
+      for the masters are picked specimens, and are simply marvellous for their
+      beauty and size, looking like great golden lumps of amber; some specimens
+      they dried and preserved as sweetmeats. Sweet enough they were as an
+      accompaniment of wine, but apt to give headache. Here, too, for the first
+      time in their lives, the men tasted the brain (1) of the palm. No one
+      could help being struck by the beauty of this object, and the peculiarity
+      of its delicious flavour; but this, like the dried fruits, was exceedingly
+      apt to give headache. When this cabbage or brain has been removed from the
+      palm the whole tree withers from top to bottom.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) I.e. the cabbage-like crown.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      In these villages they remained three days, and a deputation from the
+      great king arrived&mdash;Tissaphernes and the king's brother-in-law and
+      three other Persians&mdash;with a retinue of many slaves. As soon as the
+      generals of the Hellenes had presented themselves, Tissaphernes opened the
+      proceedings with the following speech, through the lips of an interpreter:
+      "Men of Hellas, I am your next-door neighbour in Hellas. Therefore was it
+      that I, when I saw into what a sea of troubles you were fallen, regarded
+      it as a godsend, if by any means I might obtain, as a boon from the king,
+      the privilege of bringing you back in safety to your own country: and
+      that, I take it, will earn me gratitude from you and all Hellas. In this
+      determination I preferred my request to the king; I claimed it as a favour
+      which was fairly my due; for was it not I who first announced to him the
+      hostile approach of Cyrus? who supported that announcement by the aid I
+      brought; who alone among the officers confronted with the Hellenes in
+      battle did not flee, but charged right through and united my troops with
+      the king inside your camp, where he was arrived, having slain Cyrus; it
+      was I, lastly, who gave chase to the barbarians under Cyrus, with the help
+      of those here present with me at this moment, which are also among the
+      trustiest followers of our lord the king. Now, I counsel you to give a
+      moderate answer, so that it may be easier for me to carry out my design,
+      if haply I may obtain from him some good thing on your behalf."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Thereupon the Hellenes retired and took counsel. Then they answered, and
+      Clearchus was their spokesman: "We neither mustered as a body to make war
+      against the king, nor was our march conducted with that object. But it was
+      Cyrus, as you know, who invented many and divers pretexts, that he might
+      take you off your guard, and transport us hither. Yet, after a while, when
+      we saw that he was in sore straits, we were ashamed in the sight of God
+      and man to betray him, whom we had permitted for so long a season to
+      benefit us. But now that Cyrus is dead, we set up no claim to his kingdom
+      against the king himself; there is neither person nor thing for the sake
+      of which we would care to injure the king's country; we would not choose
+      to kill him if we could, rather we would march straight home, if we were
+      not molested; but, God helping us, we will retaliate on all who injure us.
+      On the other hand, if any be found to benefit us, we do not mean to be
+      outdone in kindly deeds, as far as in us lies."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      So he spoke, and Tissaphernes listened and replied: "That answer will I
+      take back to the king and bring you word from him again. Until I come
+      again, let the truce continue, and we will furnish you with a market." All
+      next day he did not come back, and the Hellenes were troubled with
+      anxieties, but on the third day he arrived with the news that he had
+      obtained from the king the boon he asked; he was permitted to save the
+      Hellenes, though there were many gainsayers who argued that it was not
+      seemly for the king to let those who had marched against him depart in
+      peace. And at last he said: "You may now, if you like, take pledges from
+      us, that we will make the countries through which you pass friendly to
+      you, and will lead you back without treachery into Hellas, and will
+      furnish you with a market; and wherever you cannot purchase, we will
+      permit you to take provisions from the district. You, on your side, must
+      swear that you will march as through a friendly country, without damage&mdash;merely
+      taking food and drink wherever we fail to supply a market&mdash;or, if we
+      afford a market, you shall only obtain provisions by paying for them."
+      This was agreed to, and oaths and pledges exchanged between them&mdash;Tissaphernes
+      and the king's brother-in-law upon the one side, and the generals and
+      officers of the Hellenes on the other. After this Tissaphernes said: "And
+      now I go back to the king; as soon as I have transacted what I have a mind
+      to, I will come back, ready equipped, to lead you away to Hellas, and to
+      return myself to my own dominion."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0018" id="link2H_4_0018">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      IV
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      After these things the Hellenes and Ariaeus waited for Tissaphernes, being
+      encamped close to one another: for more than twenty days they waited,
+      during which time there came visitors to Ariaeus, his brother and other
+      kinsfolk. To those under him came certain other Persians, encouraging them
+      and bearing pledges to some of them from the king himself&mdash;that he
+      would bear no grudge against them on account of the part they bore in the
+      expedition against him with Cyrus, or for aught else of the things which
+      were past. Whilst these overtures were being made, Ariaeus and his friends
+      gave manifest signs of paying less attention to the Hellenes, so much so
+      that, if for no other reason, the majority of the latter were not well
+      pleased, and they came to Clearchus and the other generals, asking what
+      they were waiting for. "Do we not know full well," they said, "that the
+      king would give a great deal to destroy us, so that other Hellenes may
+      take warning and think twice before they march against the king. To-day it
+      suits his purpose to induce us to stop here, because his army is
+      scattered; but as soon as he has got together another armament, attack us
+      most certainly he will. How do we know he is not at this moment digging
+      away at trenches, or running up walls, to make our path impassable. It is
+      not to be supposed that he will desire us to return to Hellas with a tale
+      how a handful of men like ourselves beat the king at his own gates,
+      laughed him to scorn, and then came home again." Clearchus replied: "I too
+      am keenly aware of all this; but I reason thus: if we turn our backs now,
+      they will say, we mean war and are acting contrary to the truce, and then
+      what follows? First of all, no one will furnish us with a market or means
+      of providing ourselves with food. Next, we shall have no one to guide us;
+      moreover, such action on our part will be a signal to Ariaeus to hold
+      aloof from us, so that not a friend will be left to us; even those who
+      were formerly our friends will now be numbered with our enemies. What
+      other river, or rivers, we may find we have to cross, I do not know; but
+      this we know, to cross the Euphrates in face of resistance is impossible.
+      You see, in the event of being driven to an engagement, we have no cavalry
+      to help us, but with the enemy it is the reverse&mdash;not only the most,
+      but the best of his troops are cavalry, so that if we are victorious, we
+      shall kill no one, but if we are defeated, not a man of us can escape. For
+      my part, I cannot see why the king, who has so many advantages on his
+      side, if he desires to destroy us, should swear oaths and tender solemn
+      pledges merely in order to perjure himself in the sight of heaven, to
+      render his word worthless and his credit discreditable the wide world
+      over." These arguments he propounded at length.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Meanwhile Tissaphernes came back, apparently ready to return home; he had
+      his own force with him, and so had Orontas, who was also present, his. The
+      latter brought, moreover, his bride with him, the king's daughter, whom he
+      had just wedded. The journey was now at length fairly commenced.
+      Tissaphernes led the way, and provided a market. They advanced, and
+      Ariaeus advanced too, at the head of Cyrus's Asiatic troops, side by side
+      with Tissaphernes and Orontas, and with these two he also pitched his
+      camp. The Hellenes, holding them in suspicion, marched separately with the
+      guides, and they encamped on each occasion a parasang apart, or rather
+      less; and both parties kept watch upon each other as if they were enemies,
+      which hardly tended to lull suspicion; and sometimes, whilst foraging for
+      wood and grass and so forth on the same ground, blows were exchanged,
+      which occasioned further embitterments. Three stages they had accomplished
+      ere they reached the wall of Media, as it is called, and passed within it.
+      It was built of baked bricks laid upon bitumen. It was twenty feet broad
+      and a hundred feet high, and the length of it was said to be twenty
+      parasangs. It lies at no great distance from Babylon.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      From this point they marched two stages&mdash;eight parasangs&mdash;and
+      crossed two canals, the first by a regular bridge, the other spanned by a
+      bridge of seven boats. These canals issued from the Tigris, and from them
+      a whole system of minor trenches was cut, leading over the country, large
+      ones to begin with, and then smaller and smaller, till at last they become
+      the merest runnels, like those in Hellas used for watering millet fields.
+      They reached the river Tigris. At this point there was a large and thickly
+      populated city named Sittace, at a distance of fifteen furlongs from the
+      river. The Hellenes accordingly encamped by the side of that city, near a
+      large and beautiful park, which was thick with all sorts of trees.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The Asiatics had crossed the Tigris, but somehow were entirely hidden from
+      view. After supper, Proxenus and Xenophon were walking in front of the
+      place d'armes, when a man came up and demanded of the advanced guard where
+      he could find Proxenus or Clearchus. He did not ask for Menon, and that
+      too though he came from Ariaeus, who was Menon's friend. As soon as
+      Proxenus had said: "I am he, whom you seek," the man replied: "I have been
+      sent by Ariaeus and Artaozus, who have been trusty friends to Cyrus in
+      past days, and are your well-wishers. They warn you to be on your guard,
+      in case the barbarians attack you in the night. There is a large body of
+      troops in the neighbouring park. They also warn you to send and occupy the
+      bridge over the Tigris, since Tissaphernes is minded to break it down in
+      the night, if he can, so that you may not cross, but be caught between the
+      river and the canal." On hearing this they took the man to Clearchus and
+      acquainted him with his statement. Clearchus, on his side, was much
+      disturbed, and indeed alarmed at the news. But a young fellow who was
+      present (1), struck with an idea, suggested that the two statements were
+      inconsistent; as to the contemplated attack and the proposed destruction
+      of the bridge. Clearly, the attacking party must either conquer or be
+      worsted: if they conquer, what need of their breaking down the bridge?
+      "Why! if there were half a dozen bridges," said he, "we should not be any
+      the more able to save ourselves by flight&mdash;there would be no place to
+      flee to; but, in the opposite case, suppose we win, with the bridge broken
+      down, it is they who will not be able to save themselves by flight; and,
+      what is worse for them, not a single soul will be able to bring them
+      succour from the other side, for all their numbers, since the bridge will
+      be broken down."
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) Possibly Xenophon himself.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Clearchus listened to the reasoning, and then he asked the messenger, "How
+      large the country between the Tigris and the canal might be?" "A large
+      district," he replied, "and in it are villages and cities numerous and
+      large." Then it dawned upon them: the barbarians had sent the man with
+      subtlety, in fear lest the Hellenes should cut the bridge and occupy the
+      island territory, with the strong defences of the Tigris on the one side
+      and of the canal on the other; supplying themselves with provisions from
+      the country so included, large and rich as it was, with no lack of hands
+      to till it; in addition to which, a harbour of refuge and asylum would be
+      found for any one, who was minded to do the king a mischief.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      After this they retired to rest in peace, not, however, neglecting to send
+      a guard to occupy the bridge in spite of all, and there was no attack from
+      any quarter whatsoever; nor did any of the enemy's people approach the
+      bridges: so the guards were able to report next morning. But as soon as it
+      was morning, they proceeded to cross the bridge, which consisted of
+      thirty-seven vessels, and in so doing they used the utmost precaution
+      possible; for reports were brought by some of the Hellenes with
+      Tissaphernes that an attempt was to be made to attack them while crossing.
+      All this turned out to be false, though it is true that while crossing
+      they did catch sight of Glus watching, with some others, to see if they
+      crossed the river; but as soon as he had satisfied himself on that point,
+      he rode off and was gone.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      From the river Tigris they advanced four stages&mdash;twenty parasangs&mdash;to
+      the river Physcus, which is a hundred feet broad and spanned by a bridge.
+      Here lay a large and populous city named Opis, close to which the Hellenes
+      were encountered by the natural brother of Cyrus and Artaxerxes, who was
+      leading a large army from Susa and Ecbatana to assist the king. He halted
+      his troops and watched the Helleens march past. Clearchus led them in
+      column two abreast: and from time to time the vanguard came to a
+      standstill, just so often and just so long the effect repeated itself down
+      to the hindmost man: halt! halt! halt! along the whole line: so that even
+      to the Hellenes themselves their army seemed enormous; and the Persian was
+      fairly astonished at the spectacle.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      From this place they marched through Media six desert stages&mdash;thirty
+      parasangs&mdash;to the villages of Parysatis, Cyrus's and the king's
+      mother. These Tissaphernes, in mockery of Cyrus, delivered over to the
+      Hellenes to plunder, except that the folk in them were not to be made
+      slaves. They contained much corn, cattle, and other property. From this
+      place they advanced four desert stages&mdash;twenty parasangs&mdash;keeping
+      the Tigris on the left. On the first of these stages, on the other side of
+      the river, lay a large city; it was a well-to-do place named Caenae, from
+      which the natives used to carry across loaves and cheeses and wine on
+      rafts made of skins.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0019" id="link2H_4_0019">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      V
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      After this they reached the river Zapatas (1), which is four hundred feet
+      broad, and here they halted three days. During the interval suspicions
+      were rife, though no act of treachery displayed itself. Clearchus
+      accordingly resolved to bring to an end these feelings of mistrust, before
+      they led to war. Consequently, he sent a messenger to the Persian to say
+      that he desired an interview with him; to which the other readily
+      consented. As soon as they were met, Clearchus spoke as follows:
+      "Tissaphernes," he said, "I do not forget that oaths have been exchanged
+      between us, and right hands shaken, in token that we will abstain from
+      mutual injury; but I can see that you watch us narrowly, as if we were
+      foes; and we, seeing this, watch you narrowly in return. But as I fail to
+      discover, after investigation, that you are endeavouring to do us a
+      mischief&mdash;and I am quite sure that nothing of the sort has ever
+      entered our heads with regard to you&mdash;the best plan seemed to me to
+      come and talk the matter over with you, so that, if possible, we might
+      dispel the mutual distrust on either side. For I have known people ere
+      now, the victims in some cases of calumny, or possibly of mere suspicion,
+      who in apprehension of one another and eager to deal the first blow, have
+      committed irreparable wrong against those who neither intended nor so much
+      as harboured a thought of mischief against them. I have come to you under
+      a conviction that such misunderstandings may best be put a stop to by
+      personal intercourse, and I wish to instruct you plainly that you are
+      wrong in mistrusting us. The first and weightiest reason is that the
+      oaths, which we took in the sight of heaven, are a barrier to mutual
+      hostility. I envy not the man whose conscience tells him that he has
+      disregarded these! For in a war with heaven, by what swiftness of foot can
+      a man escape?&mdash;in what quarter find refuge?&mdash;in what darkness
+      slink away and be hid?&mdash;to what strong fortress scale and be out of
+      reach? Are not all things in all ways subject to the gods? is not their
+      lordship over all alike outspread? As touching the gods, therefore, and
+      our oaths, that is how I view this matter. To their safe keeping we
+      consigned the friendship which we solemnly contracted. But turning to
+      matters human, you I look upon as our greatest blessing in this present
+      time. With you every path is plain to us, every river passable, and of
+      provisions we shall know no stint. But without you, all our way is through
+      darkness; for we known nothing concerning it, every river will be an
+      obstacle, each multitude a terror; but, worst terror of all, the vast
+      wilderness, so full of endless perplexity. Nay, if in a fit of madness we
+      murdered you, what then? in slaying our benefactor should we not have
+      challenged to enter the lists against us a more formidable antagonist in
+      the king himself? Let me tell you, how many high hopes I should rob myself
+      of, were I to take in hand to do you mischief.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) The Greater Zab, which flows into the Tigris near a town now
+    called Senn, with which most travellers identify Caenae.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      "I coveted the friendship of Cyrus; I believed him to be abler than any
+      man of his day to benefit those whom he chose; but to-day I look and,
+      behold, it is you who are in his place; the power which belonged to Cyrus
+      and his territory are yours now. You have them, and your own satrapy
+      besides, safe and sound; while the king's power, which was a thorn in the
+      side of Cyrus, is your support. This being so, it would be madness not to
+      wish to be your friend. But I will go further and state to you the reasons
+      of my confidence, that you on your side will desire our friendship. I know
+      that the Mysians are a cause of trouble to you, and I flatter myself that
+      with my present force I could render them humbly obedient to you. This
+      applies to the Pisidians also; and I am told there are many other such
+      tribes besides. I think I can deal with them all; they shall cease from
+      being a constant disturbance to your peace and prosperity. Then there are
+      the Egyptians (2). I know your anger against them to-day is very great.
+      Nor can I see what better force you will find to help you in chastising
+      them than this which marches at my back to-day. Again, if you seek the
+      friendship of any of your neighbours round, there shall be no friend so
+      great as you; if any one annoys you, with us as your faithful servitors
+      you shall belord it over him; and such service we will render you, not as
+      hirelings merely for pay's sake, but for the gratitude which we shall
+      rightly feel to you, to whom we owe our lives. As I dwell on these
+      matters, I confess, the idea of your feeling mistrust of us is so
+      astonishing, that I would give much to discover the name of the man, who
+      is so clever of speech that he can persuade you that we harbour designs
+      against you." Clearchus ended, and Tissaphernes responded thus&mdash;
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (2) We learn from Diodorus Siculus, xiv. 35, that the Egyptians had
+    revolted from the Persians towards the end of the reign of Darius.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      "I am glad, Clearchus, to listen to your sensible remarks; for with the
+      sentiments you hold, if you were to devise any mischief against me, it
+      could only be out of malevolence to yourself. But if you imagine that you,
+      on your side, have any better reason to mistrust the king and me, than we
+      you, listen to me in turn, and I will undeceive you. I ask you, does it
+      seem to you that we lack the means, if we had the will, to destroy you?
+      have we not horsemen enough, or infantry, or whatever other arm you like,
+      whereby we may be able to injure you, without risk of suffering in return?
+      or, possibly, do we seem to you to lack the physical surroundings suitable
+      for attacking you? Do you not see all these great plains, which you find
+      it hard enough to traverse even when they are friendly? and all yonder
+      great mountain chains left for you to cross, which we can at any time
+      occupy in advance and render impassable? and all those rivers, on whose
+      banks we can deal craftily by you, checking and controlling and choosing
+      the right number of you whom we care to fight! Nay, there are some which
+      you will not be able to cross at all, unless we transport you to the other
+      side.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "And if at all these points we were worsted, yet 'fire,' as they say, 'is
+      stronger than the fruit of the field': we can burn it down and call up
+      famine in arms against you; against which you, for all your bravery, will
+      never be able to contend. Why then, with all these avenues of attack, this
+      machinery of war, open to us, not one of which can be turned against
+      ourselves, why should we select from among them all that method, which
+      alone in the sight of God is impious and of man abominable? Surely it
+      belongs to people altogether without resources, who are helplessly
+      struggling in the toils of fate, and are villains to boot, to seek
+      accomplishment of their desires by perjury to heaven and faithlessness to
+      their fellows. We are not so unreasoning, Clearchus, nor so foolish.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Why, when we had it in our power to destroy you, did we not proceed to do
+      it? Know well that the cause of this was nothing less than my passion to
+      prove myself faithful to the Hellenes, and that, as Cyrus went up, relying
+      on a foreign force attracted by payment, I in turn might go down strong in
+      the same through service rendered. Various ways in which you Hellenes may
+      be useful to me you yourself have mentioned, but there is one still
+      greater. It is the great king's privilege alone to wear the tiara upright
+      upon his head, yet in your presence it may be given to another mortal to
+      wear it upright, here, upon his heart."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Throughout this speech he seemed to Clearchus to be speaking the truth,
+      and he rejoined: "Then are not those worthy of the worst penalties who, in
+      spite of all that exists to cement our friendship, endeavour by slander to
+      make us enemies?" "Even so," replied Tissaphernes, "and if your generals
+      and captains care to come in some open and public way, I will name to you
+      those who tell me that you are plotting against me and the army under me."
+      "Good," replied Clearchus. "I will bring all, and I will show you, on my
+      side, the source from which I derive my information concerning you."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      After this conversation Tissaphernes, with kindliest expression, invited
+      Clearchus to remain with him at the time, and entertained him at dinner.
+      Next day Clearchus returned to the camp, and made no secret of his
+      persuasion that he at any rate stood high in the affections of
+      Tissaphernes, and he reported what he had said, insisting that those
+      invited ought to go to Tissaphernes, and that any Hellene convicted of
+      calumnious language ought to be punished, not only as traitors themselves,
+      but as disaffected to their fellow-countrymen. The slanderer and traducer
+      was Menon; so, at any rate, he suspected, because he knew that he had had
+      meetings with Tissaphernes whilst he was with Ariaeus, and was factiously
+      opposed to himself, plotting how to win over the whole army to him, as a
+      means of winning the good graces of Tissaphernes. But Clearchus wanted the
+      entire army to give its mind to no one else, and that refractory people
+      should be put out of the way. Some of the soldiers protested: the captains
+      and generals had better not all go; it was better not to put too much
+      confidence in Tissaphernes. But Clearchus insisted so strongly that
+      finally it was arranged for five generals to go and twenty captains. These
+      were accompanied by about two hundred of the other soldiers, who took the
+      opportunity of marketing.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      On arrival at the doors of Tissaphernes's quarters the generals were
+      summoned inside. They were Proxenus the Boeotian, Menon the Thessalian,
+      Agias the Arcadian, Clearchus the Laconian, and Socrates the Achaean;
+      while the captains remained at the doors. Not long after that, at one and
+      the same signal, those within were seized and those without cut down;
+      after which some of the barbarian horsemen galloped over the plain,
+      killing every Hellene they encountered, bond or free. The Hellenes, as
+      they looked from the camp, viewed that strange horsemanship with surprise,
+      and could not explain to themselves what it all meant, until Nicarchus the
+      Arcadian came tearing along for bare life with a wound in the belly, and
+      clutching his protruding entrails in his hands. He told them all that had
+      happened. Instantly the Hellenes ran to their arms, one and all, in utter
+      consternation, and fully expecting that the enemy would instantly be down
+      upon the camp. However, they did not all come; only Ariaeus came, and
+      Artaozus and Mithridates, who were Cyrus's most faithful friends; but the
+      interpreter of the Hellenes said he saw and recognised the brother of
+      Tissaphernes also with them. They had at their back other Persians also,
+      armed with cuirasses, as many as three hundred. As soon as they were
+      within a short distance, they bade any general or captain of the Hellenes
+      who might be there to approach and hear a message from the king. After
+      this, two Hellene generals went out with all precaution. These were
+      Cleanor the Orchomenian (3), and Sophaenetus the Stymphalion, attended by
+      Xenophon the Athenian, who went to learn news of Proxenus. Cheirisophus
+      was at the time away in a village with a party gathering provisions. As
+      soon as they had halted within earshot, Ariaeus said: "Hellenes, Clearchus
+      being shown to have committed perjury and to have broken the truce, has
+      suffered the penalty, and he is dead; but Proxenus and Menon, in return
+      for having given information of his treachery, are in high esteem and
+      honour. As to yourselves, the king demands your arms. He claims them as
+      his, since they belonged to Cyrus, who was his slave." To this the
+      Hellenes made answer by the mouth of Cleanor of Orchomenus, their
+      spokesman, who said, addressing Ariaeus: "Thou villain, Ariaeus, and you
+      the rest of you, who were Cyrus's friends, have you no shame before God or
+      man, first to swear to us that you have the same friends and the same
+      enemies as we ourselves, and then to turn and betray us, making common
+      cause with Tissaphernes, that most impious and villainous of men? With him
+      you have murdered the very men to whom you gave your solemn word and oath,
+      and to the rest of us turned traitors; and, having so done, you join hand
+      with our enemies to come against us." Ariaeus answered: "There is no doubt
+      but that Clearchus has been known for some time to harbour designs against
+      Tissaphernes and Orontas, and all of us who side with them." Taking up
+      this assertion, Xenophon said: "Well, then, granting that Clearchus broke
+      the truce contrary to our oaths, he has his deserts, for perjurers deserve
+      to perish; but where are Proxenus and Menon, our generals and your good
+      friends and benefactors, as you admit? Send them back to us. Surely, just
+      because they are friends of both parites, they will try to give us the
+      best advice for you and for us."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      At this, the Asiatics stood discussing with one another for a long while,
+      and then they went away without vouchsafing a word.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0020" id="link2H_4_0020">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      VI
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      The generals who were thus seized were taken up to the king and there
+      decapitated. The first of these, Clearchus, was a thorough soldier, and a
+      true lover of fighting. This is the testimony of all who knew him
+      intimately. As long as the war between the Lacedaemonians and Athenians
+      lasted, he could find occupation at home; but after the peace, he
+      persuaded his own city that the Thracians were injuring the Hellenes, and
+      having secured his object, set sail, empowered by the ephorate to make war
+      upon the Thracians north of the Chersonese and Perinthus. But he had no
+      sooner fairly started than, for some reason or other, the ephors changed
+      their minds, and endeavoured to bring him back again from the isthmus.
+      Thereupon he refused further obedience, and went off with sails set for
+      the Hellespont. In consequence he was condemned to death by the Spartan
+      authorities for disobedience to orders; and now, finding himself an exile,
+      he came to Cyrus. Working on the feelings of that prince, in language
+      described elsewhere, he received from his entertainer a present of ten
+      thousand darics. Having got this money, he did not sink into a life of
+      ease and indolence, but collected an army with it, carried on war against
+      the Thracians, and conquered them in battle, and from that date onwards
+      harried and plundered them with war incessantly, until Cyrus wanted his
+      army; whereupon he at once went off, in hopes of finding another sphere of
+      warfare in his company.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      These, I take it, were the characteristic acts of a man whose affections
+      are set on warfare. When it is open to him to enjoy peace with honour, no
+      shame, no injury attached, still he prefers war; when he may live at home
+      at ease, he insists on toil, if only it may end in fighting; when it is
+      given to him to keep his riches without risk, he would rather lessen his
+      fortune by the pastime of battle. To put it briefly, war was his mistress;
+      just as another man will spend his fortune on a favourite, or to gratify
+      some pleasure, so he chose to squander his substance on soldiering.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But if the life of a soldier was a passion with him, he was none the less
+      a soldier born, as herein appears; danger was a delight to him; he courted
+      it, attacking the enemy by night or by day; and in difficulties he did not
+      lose his head, as all who ever served in a campaign with him would with
+      one consent allow. A good solder! the question arises, Was he equally good
+      as a commander? It must be admitted that, as far as was compatible with
+      his quality of temper, he was; none more so. Capable to a singular degree
+      of devising how his army was to get supplies, and of actually getting
+      them, he was also capable of impressing upon those about him that
+      Clearchus must be obeyed; and that he brought about by the very hardness
+      of his nature. With a scowling expression and a harshly-grating voice, he
+      chastised with severity, and at times with such fury, that he was sorry
+      afterwards himself for what he had done. Yet it was not without purpose
+      that he applied the whip; he had a theory that there was no good to be got
+      out of an unchastened army. A saying of his is recorded to the effect that
+      the soldier who is to mount guard and keep his hands off his friends, and
+      be ready to dash without a moment's hesitation against the foe&mdash;must
+      fear his commander more than the enemy. Accordingly, in any strait, this
+      was the man whom the soldiers were eager to obey, and they would have no
+      other in his place. The cloud which lay upon his brow, at those times lit
+      up with brightness; his face became radiant, and the old sternness was so
+      charged with vigour and knitted strength to meet the foe, that it savoured
+      of salvation, not of cruelty. But when the pinch of danger was past, and
+      it was open to them to go and taste subordination under some other
+      officer, many forsook him. So lacking in grace of manner was he; but was
+      ever harsh and savage, so that the feeling of the soldiers towards him was
+      that of schoolboys to a master. In other words, though it was not his good
+      fortune ever to have followers inspired solely by friendship or goodwill,
+      yet those who found themselves under him, either by State appointment or
+      through want, or other arch necessity, yielded him implicit obedience.
+      From the moment that he led them to victory, the elements which went to
+      make his soldiers efficient were numerous enough. There was the feeling of
+      confidence in facing the foe, which never left them, and there was the
+      dread of punishment at his hands to keep them orderly. In this way and to
+      this extent he knew how to rule; but to play a subordinate part himself he
+      had no great taste; so, at any rate, it was said. At the time of his death
+      he must have been about fifty years of age.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Proxenus, the Boeotian, was of a different temperament. It had been the
+      dream of his boyhood to become a man capable of great achievements. In
+      obedience to this passionate desire it was, that he paid his fee to
+      Gorgias of Leontini (1). After enojoying that teacher's society, he
+      flattered himself that he must be at once qualified to rule; and while he
+      was on friendly terms with the leaders of the age, he was not to be
+      outdone in reciprocity of service (2). In this mood he threw himself into
+      the projects of Cyrus, and in return expected to derive from this essay
+      the reward of a great name, large power, and wide wealth. But for all that
+      he pitched his hopes so high, it was none the less evident that he would
+      refuse to gain any of the ends he set before him wrongfully. Righteously
+      and honourably he would obtain them, if he might, or else forego them. As
+      a commander he had the art of leading gentlemen, but he failed to inspire
+      adequately either respect for himself or fear in the soldiers under him.
+      Indeed, he showed a more delicate regard for his soldiers than his
+      subordinates for him, and he was indisputably more apprehensive of
+      incurring their hatred than they were of losing their fidelity. The one
+      thing needful to real and recognised generalship was, he thought, to
+      praise the virtuous and to withhold praise from the evildoer. It can be
+      easily understood, then, that of those who were brought in contact with
+      him, the good and noble indeed were his well-wishers; but he laid himself
+      open to the machinations of the base, who looked upon him as a person to
+      be dealt with as they liked. At the time of his death he was only thirty
+      years of age.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) The famous rhetorician of Leontini, 485-380 B.C. His fee was 1
+    minae.
+
+ (2) Proxenus, like Cyrus, is to some extent a prototype of the Cyrus
+    of the "Cyropaedia." In other words, the author, in delineating
+    the portrait of his ideal prince, drew from the recollection of
+    many princely qualities observed by him in the characters of many
+    friends. Apart from the intrinsic charm of the story, the
+    "Anabasis" is interesting as containing the raw material of
+    experience and reflection which "this young scholar or
+    philosopher," our friend, the author, will one day turn to
+    literary account.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      As to Menon the Thessalian (3), the mainspring of his action was obvious;
+      what he sought after insatiably was wealth. Rule he sought after only as a
+      stepping-stone to larger spoils. Honours and high estate he craved for
+      simply that he might extend the area of his gains; and if he studied to be
+      on friendly terms with the powerful, it was in order that he might commit
+      wrong with impunity. The shortest road to the achievement of his desires
+      lay, he thought, through false swearing, lying, and cheating; for in his
+      vocabulary simplicity and truth were synonyms of folly. Natural affection
+      he clearly entertained for nobody. If he called a man his friend it might
+      be looked upon as certain that he was bent on ensnaring him. Laughter at
+      an enemy he considered out of place, but his whole conversation turned
+      upon the ridicule of his associates. In like manner, the possessions of
+      his foes were secure from his designs, since it was no easy task, he
+      thought, to steal from people on their guard; but it was his particular
+      good fortune to have discovered how easy it is to rob a friend in the
+      midst of his security. If it were a perjured person or a wrongdoer, he
+      dreaded him as well armed and intrenched; but the honourable and the
+      truth-loving he tried to practise on, regarding them as weaklings devoid
+      of manhood. And as other men pride themselves on piety and truth and
+      righteousness, so Menon prided himself on a capacity for fraud, on the
+      fabrication of lies, on the mockery and scorn of friends. The man who was
+      not a rogue he ever looked upon as only half educated. Did he aspire to
+      the first place in another man's friendship, he set about his object by
+      slandering those who stood nearest to him in affection. He contrived to
+      secure the obedience of his solders by making himself an accomplice in
+      their misdeeds, and the fluency with which he vaunted his own capacity and
+      readiness for enormous guilt was a sufficient title to be honoured and
+      courted by them. Or if any one stood aloof from him, he set it down as a
+      meritorious act of kindness on his part that during their intercourse he
+      had not robbed him of existence.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (3) For a less repulsive conception of Menon's character, however
+    unhistorical, see Plato's "Meno," and Prof. Jowlett's
+    Introduction, "Plato," vol. i. p. 265: "He is a Thessalian
+    Alcibiades, rich and luxurious&mdash;a spoilt child of fortune."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      As to certain obscure charges brought against his character, these may
+      certainly be fabrications. I confine myself to the following facts, which
+      are known to all. He was in the bloom of youth when he procured from
+      Aristippus the command of his mercenaries; he had not yet lost that bloom
+      when he became exceedingly intimate with Ariaeus, a barbarian, whose
+      liking for fair young men was the explanation; and before he had grown a
+      beard himself, he had contracted a similar relationship with a bearded
+      favourite named Tharypas. When his fellow-generals were put to death on
+      the plea that they had marched with Cyrus against the king, he alone,
+      although he had shared their conduct, was exempted from their fate. But
+      after their deaths the vengeance of the king fell upon him, and he was put
+      to death, not like Clearchus and the others by what would appear to be the
+      speediest of deaths&mdash;decapitation&mdash;but, as report says, he lived
+      for a year in pain and disgrace and died the death of a felon.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Agias the Arcadian and Socrates the Achaean were both among the sufferers
+      who were put to death. To the credit, be it said, of both, no one ever
+      derided either as cowardly in war: no one ever had a fault to find with
+      either on the score of friendship. They were both about thirty-five years
+      of age.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0021" id="link2H_4_0021">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      BOOK III
+    </h2>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (In the preceding pages of the narrative will be found a full
+account, not only of the doings of the Hellenes during the
+advance of Cyrus till the date of the battle, but of the
+incidents which befell them after Cyrus' death at the
+commencement of the retreat, while in company with
+Tissaphernes during the truce.)
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0022" id="link2H_4_0022">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      I
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      After the generals had been seized, and the captains and soldiers who
+      formed their escort had been killed, the Hellenes lay in deep perplexity&mdash;a
+      prey to painful reflections. Here were they at the king's gates, and on
+      every side environing them were many hostile cities and tribes of men. Who
+      was there now to furnish them with a market? Separated from Hellas by more
+      than a thousand miles, they had not even a guide to point the way.
+      Impassable rivers lay athwart their homeward route, and hemmed them in.
+      Betrayed even by the Asiatics, at whose side they had marched with Cyrus
+      to the attack, they were left in isolation. Without a single mounted
+      trooper to aid them in pursuit: was it not perfectly plain that if they
+      won a battle, their enemies would escape to a man, but if they were beaten
+      themselves, not one soul of them would survive?
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Haunted by such thoughts, and with hearts full of despair, but few of them
+      tasted food that evening; but few of them kindled even a fire, and many
+      never came into camp at all that night, but took their rest where each
+      chanced to be. They could not close their eyes for very pain and yearning
+      after their fatherlands or their parents, the wife or child whom they
+      never expected to look upon again. Such was the plight in which each and
+      all tried to seek repose.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Now there was in that host a certain man, an Athenian (1), Xenophon, who
+      had accompanied Cyrus, neither as a general, nor as an officer, nor yet as
+      a private soldier, but simply on the invitation of an old friend,
+      Proxenus. This old friend had sent to fetch him from home, promising, if
+      he would come, to introduce him to Cyrus, "whom," said Proxenus, "I
+      consider to be worth my fatherland and more to me."
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) The reader should turn to Grote's comments on the first appearance
+    of Xenophon. He has been mentioned before, of course, more than
+    once before; but he now steps, as the protagonist, upon the scene,
+    and as Grote says: "It is in true Homeric vein, and in something
+    like Homeric language, that Xenophon (to whom we owe the whole
+    narrative of the expedition) describes his dream, or the
+    intervention of Oneiros, sent by Zeus, from which this renovating
+    impulse took its rise."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Xenophon having read the letter, consulted Socrates the Athenian, whether
+      he should accept or refuse the invitation. Socrates, who had a suspicion
+      that the State of Athens might in some way look askance at my friendship
+      with Cyrus, whose zealous co-operation with the Lacedaemonians against
+      Athens in the war was not forgotten, advised Xenophon to go to Delphi and
+      there to consult the god as to the desirability of such a journey.
+      Xenophon went and put the question to Apollo, to which of the gods he must
+      pray and do sacrifice, so that he might best accomplish his intended
+      journey and return in safety, with good fortune. Then Apollo answered him:
+      "To such and such gods must thou do sacrifice," and when he had returned
+      home he reported to Socrates the oracle. But he, when he heard, blamed
+      Xenophon that he had not, in the first instance, inquired of the god,
+      whether it were better for him to go or to stay, but had taken on himself
+      to settle that point affirmatively, by inquiring straightway, how he might
+      best perform the journey. "Since, however," continued Socrates, "you did
+      so put the question, you should do what the god enjoined." Thus, and
+      without further ado, Xenophon offered sacrifice to those whom the god had
+      named, and set sail on his voyage. He overtook Proxenus and Cyrus at
+      Sardis, when they were just ready to start on the march up country, and
+      was at once introduced to Cyrus. Proxenus eagerly pressed him to stop&mdash;a
+      request which Cyrus with like ardour supported, adding that as soon as the
+      campaign was over he would send him home. The campaign referred to was
+      understood to be against the Pisidians. That is how Xenophon came to join
+      the expedition, deceived indeed, though not by Proxenus, who was equally
+      in the dark with the rest of the Hellenes, not counting Clearchus, as to
+      the intended attack upon the king. Then, though the majority were in
+      apprehension of the journey, which was not at all to their minds, yet, for
+      very shame of one another and Cyrus, they continued to follow him, and
+      with the rest went Xenophon.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      And now in this season of perplexity, he too, with the rest, was in sore
+      distress, and could not sleep; but anon, getting a snatch of sleep, he had
+      a dream. It seemed to him in a vision that there was a storm of thunder
+      and lightning, and a bolt fell on his father's house, and thereupon the
+      house was all in a blaze. He sprung up in terror, and pondering the
+      matter, decided that in part the dream was good: in that he had seen a
+      great light from Zeus, whilst in the midst of toil and danger. But partly
+      too he feared it, for evidently it had come from Zeus the king. And the
+      fire kindled all around&mdash;what could that mean but that he was hemmed
+      in by various perplexities, and so could not escape from the country of
+      the king? The full meaning, however, is to be discovered from what
+      happened after the dream.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      This is what took place. As soon as he was fully awake, the first clear
+      thought which came into his head was, Why am I lying here? The night
+      advances; with the day, it is like enough, the enemy will be upon us. If
+      we are to fall into the hands of the king, what is left us but to face the
+      most horrible of sights, and to suffer the most fearful pains, and then to
+      die, insulted, an ignominious death? To defend ourselves&mdash;to ward off
+      that fate&mdash;not a hand stirs: no one is preparing, none cares; but
+      here we lie, as though it were time to rest and take our ease. I too! what
+      am I waiting for? a general to undertake the work? and from what city? am
+      I waiting till I am older mysef and of riper age? older I shall never be,
+      if to-day I betray myself to my enemies.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Thereupon he got up, and called together first Proxenus's officers; and
+      when they were met, he said: "Sleep, sirs, I cannot, nor can you, I fancy,
+      nor lie here longer, when I see in what straits we are. Our enemy, we may
+      be sure, did not open war upon us till he felt he had everything amply
+      ready; yet none of us shows a corresponding anxiety to enter the lists of
+      battle in the bravest style.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "And yet, if we yield ourselves and fall into the king's power, need we
+      ask what our fate will be? This man, who, when his own brother, the son of
+      the same parents, was dead, was not content with that, but severed head
+      and hand from the body, and nailed them to a cross. We, then, who have not
+      even the tie of blood in our favour, but who marched against him, meaning
+      to make a slave of him instead of a king&mdash;and to slay him if we
+      could: what is likely to be our fate at his hands? Will he not go all
+      lengths so that, by inflicting on us the extreme of ignominy and torture,
+      he may rouse in the rest of mankind a terror of ever marching against him
+      any more? There is no question but that our business is to avoid by all
+      means getting into his clutches.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "For my part, all the while the truce lasted, I never ceased pitying
+      ourselves and congratulating the king and those with him, as, like a
+      helpless spectator, I surveyed the extent and quality of their territory,
+      the plenteousness of their provisions, the multitude of their dependants,
+      their cattle, their gold, and their apparel. And then to turn and ponder
+      the condition of our soldiers, without part or lot in these good things,
+      except we bought it; few, I knew, had any longer the wherewithal to buy,
+      and yet our oath held us down, so that we could not provide ourselves
+      otherwise than by purchase. I say, as I reasoned thus, there were times
+      when I dreaded the truce more than I now dread war.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Now, however, that they have abruptly ended the truce, there is an end
+      also to their own insolence and to our suspicion. All these good things of
+      theirs are now set as prizes for the combatants. To whichsoever of us
+      shall prove the better men, will they fall as guerdons; and the gods
+      themselves are the judges of the strife. The gods, who full surely will be
+      on our side, seeing it is our enemies who have taken their names falsely;
+      whilst we, with much to lure us, yet for our oath's sake, and the gods who
+      were our witnesses, sternly held aloof. So that, it seems to me, we have a
+      right to enter upon this contest with much more heart than our foes; and
+      further, we are possessed of bodies more capable than theirs of bearing
+      cold and heat and labour; souls too we have, by the help of heaven, better
+      and braver; nay, the men themselves are more vulnerable, more mortal, than
+      ourselves, if so be the gods vouchsafe to give us victory once again.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Howbeit, for I doubt not elsewhere similar reflections are being made,
+      whatsoever betide, let us not, in heaven's name, wait for others to come
+      and challenge us to noble deeds; let us rather take the lead in
+      stimulating the rest to valour. Show yourselves to be the bravest of
+      officers, and among generals, the worthiest to command. For myself, if you
+      choose to start forwards on this quest, I will follow; or, if you bid me
+      lead you, my age shall be no excuse to stand between me and your orders.
+      At least I am of full age, I take it, to avert misfortune from my own
+      head."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Such were the speaker's words; and the officers, when they heard, all,
+      with one exception, called upon him to put himself at their head. This was
+      a certain Apollonides there present, who spoke in the Boeotian dialect.
+      This man's opinion was that it was mere nonsense for any one to pretend
+      they could obtain safety otherwise than by an appeal to the king, if he
+      had skill to enforce it; and at the same time he began to dilate on the
+      difficulties. But Xenophon cut him short. "O most marvellous of men!
+      though you have eyes to see, you do not perceive; though you have ears to
+      hear, you do not recollect. You were present with the rest of us now here
+      when, after the death of Cyrus, the king, vaunting himself on that
+      occurrence, sent dictatorially to bid us lay down our arms. But when we,
+      instead of giving up our arms, put them on and went and pitched our camp
+      near him, his manner changed. It is hard to say what he did not do, he was
+      so at his wit's end, sending us embassies and begging for a truce, and
+      furnishing provisions the while, until he had got it. Or to take the
+      contrary instance, when just now, acting precisely on your principles, our
+      generals and captains went, trusting to the truce, unarmed to a conference
+      with them, what came of it? what is happening at this instant? Beaten,
+      goaded with pricks, insulted, poor souls, they cannot even die: though
+      death, I ween, would be very sweet. And you, who know all this, how can
+      you say that it is mere nonsense to talk of self-defence? how can you bid
+      us go again and try the arts of persuasion? In my opinion, sirs, we ought
+      not to admit this fellow to the same rank with ourselves; rather ought we
+      to deprive him of his captaincy, and load him with packs and treat him as
+      such. The man is a disgrace to his own fatherland and the whole of Hellas,
+      that, being a Hellene, he is what he is."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Here Agasias the Stymphalian broke in, exclaiming: "Nay, this fellow has
+      no connection either with Boeotia or with Hellas, none whatever. I have
+      noted both his ears bored like a Lydian's." And so it was. Him then they
+      banished. But the rest visited the ranks, and wherever a general was left,
+      they summoned the general; where he was gone, the lieutenant-general; and
+      where again the captain alone was left, the captain. As soon as they were
+      all met, they seated themselves in front of the place d'armes: the
+      assembled generals and officers, numbering about a hundred. It was nearly
+      midnight when this took place.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Thereupon Hieronymous the Eleian, the eldest of Proxenus's captains,
+      commenced speaking as follows: "Generals and captains, it seemed right to
+      us, in view of the present crisis, ourselves to assemble and to summon
+      you, that we might advise upon some practicable course. Would you,
+      Xenophon, repeat what you said to us?"
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Thereupon Xenophon spoke as follows: "We all know only too well, that the
+      king and Tissaphernes have seized as many of us as they could, and it is
+      clear they are plotting to destroy the rest of us if they can. Our
+      business is plain: it is to do all we can to avoid getting into the power
+      of the barbarians; rather, if we can, we will get them into our power.
+      Rely upon this then, all you who are here assembled, now is your great
+      opportunity. The soldiers outside have their eyes fixed upon you; if they
+      think that you are faint-hearted, they will turn cowards; but if you show
+      them that you are making your own preparations to attack the enemy, and
+      setting an example to the rest&mdash;follow you, be assured, they will:
+      imitate you they will. May be, it is but right and fair that you should
+      somewhat excel them, for you are generals, you are commanders of brigades
+      or regiments; and if, while it was peace, you had the advantage in wealth
+      and position, so now, when it is war, you are expected to rise superior to
+      the common herd&mdash;to think for them, to toil for them, whenever there
+      be need.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "At this very moment you would confer a great boon on the army, if you
+      made it your business to appoint generals and officers to fill the places
+      of those that are lost. For without leaders nothing good or noble, to put
+      it concisely, was ever wrought anywhere; and in military matters this is
+      absolutely true; for if discipline is held to be of saving virtue, the
+      want of it has been the ruin of many ere now. Well, then! when you have
+      appointed all the commanders necessary, it would only be opportune, I take
+      it, if you were to summon the rest of the soldiers and speak some words of
+      encouragement. Even now, I daresay you noticed yourselves the crestfallen
+      air with which they came into camp, the despondency with which they fell
+      to picket duty, so that, unless there is a change for the better, I do not
+      know for what service they will be fit; whether by night, if need were, or
+      even by day. The thing is to get them to turn their thoughts to what they
+      mean to do, instead of to what they are likely to suffer. Do that, and
+      their spirits will soon revive wonderfully. You know, I need hardly remind
+      you, it is not numbers or strength that gives victory in war; but, heaven
+      helping them, to one or other of two combatants it is given to dash with
+      stouter hearts to meet the foe, and such onset, in nine cases out of ten,
+      those others refuse to meet. This observation, also, I have laid to heart,
+      that they, who in matters of war seek in all ways to save their lives, are
+      just they who, as a rule, die dishonourably; whereas they who, recognising
+      that death is the common lot and destiny of all men, strive hard to die
+      nobly: these more frequently, as I observe, do after all attain to old
+      age, or, at any rate, while life lasts, they spend their days more
+      happily. This lesson let all lay to heart this day, for we are just at
+      such a crisis of our fate. Now is the season to be brave ourselves, and to
+      stimulate the rest by our example."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      With these words he ceased; and after him, Cheirisophus said: "Xenophon,
+      hitherto I knew only so much of you as that you were, I heard, an
+      Athenian, but now I must commend you for your words and for your conduct.
+      I hope that there may be many more like you, for it would prove a public
+      blessing." Then turning to the officers: "And now," said he, "let us waste
+      no time; retire at once, I beg you, and choose leaders where you need
+      them. After you have made your elections, come back to the middle of the
+      camp, and bring the newly appointed officers. After that, we will there
+      summon a general meeting of the soldiers. Let Tolmides, the herald," he
+      added, "be in attendance." With these words on his lips he got up, in
+      order that what was needful might be done at once without delay. After
+      this the generals were chosen. These were Timasion the Dardanian, in place
+      of Clearchus; Xanthicles, an Achaean, in place of Socrates; Cleanor, an
+      Arcadian, in place of Agias; Philesius, an Achaean, in place of Menon; and
+      in place of Proxenus, Xenophon the Athenian.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0023" id="link2H_4_0023">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      II
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      By the time the new generals had been chosen, the first faint glimmer of
+      dawn had hardly commenced, as they met in the centre of the camp, and
+      resolved to post an advance guard and to call a general meeting of the
+      soldiers. Now, when these had come together, Cheirisophus the
+      Lacedaemonian first rose and spoke as follows: "Fellow-soldiers, the
+      present posture of affairs is not pleasant, seeing that we are robbed of
+      so many generals and captains and soldiers; and more than that, our former
+      allies, Ariaeus and his men, have betrayed us; still, we must rise above
+      our circumstances to prove ourselves brave men, and not give in, but try
+      to save ourselves by glorious victory if we can; or, if not, at least to
+      die gloriously, and never, while we have breath in our bodies, fall into
+      the hands of our enemies. In which latter case, I fear, we shall suffer
+      things, which I pray the gods may visit rather upon those we hate."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      At this point Cleanor the Ochomenian stood up and spoke as follows: "You
+      see, men, the perjury and the impiety of the king. You see the
+      faithlessness of Tissaphernes, professing that he was next-door neighbour
+      to Hellas, and would give a good deal to save us, in confirmation of which
+      he took an oath to us himself, he gave us the pledge of his right hand,
+      and then, with a lie upon his lips, this same man turned round and
+      arrested our generals. He had no reverence even for Zeus, the god of
+      strangers; but, after entertaining Clearchus at his own board as a friend,
+      he used his hospitality to delude and decoy his victims. And Ariaeus, whom
+      we offered to make king, with whom we exchanged pledges not to betray each
+      other, even this man, without a particle of fear of the gods, or respect
+      for Cyrus in his grave, though he was most honoured by Cyrus in lifetime,
+      even he has turned aside to the worst foes of Cyrus, and is doing his best
+      to injure the dead man's friends. Them may the gods requite as they
+      deserve! But we, with these things before our eyes, will not any more be
+      cheated and cajoled by them; we will make the best fight we can, and
+      having made it, whatever the gods think fit to send, we will accept."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      After him Xenophon arose; he was arrayed for war in his bravest apparel
+      (1): "For," said he to himself, "if the gods grant victory, the finest
+      attire will match with victory best; or if I must needs die, then for one
+      who has aspired to the noblest, it is well there should be some outward
+      correspondence between his expectation and his end." He began his speech
+      as follows: "Cleanor has spoken of the perjury and faithlessness of the
+      barbarians, and you yourselves know them only too well, I fancy. If then
+      we are minded to enter a second time into terms of friendship with them,
+      with the experience of what our generals, who in all confidence entrusted
+      themselves to their power, have suffered, reason would we should feel deep
+      despondency. If, on the other hand, we purpose to take our good swords in
+      our hands and to inflict punishment on them for what they have done, and
+      from this time forward will be on terms of downright war with them, then,
+      God helping, we have many a bright hope of safety." The words were
+      scarcely spoken when someone sneezed (2), and with one impulse the
+      soldiers bowed in worship; and Xenophon proceeded: "I propose, sirs,
+      since, even as we spoke of safety, an omen from Zeus the Saviour has
+      appeared, we vow a vow to sacrifice to the Saviour thank-offerings for
+      safe deliverance, wheresoever first we reach a friendly country; and let
+      us couple with that vow another of individual assent, that we will offer
+      to the rest of the gods 'according to our ability.' Let all those who are
+      in favour of this proposal hold up their hands." They all held up their
+      hands, and there and then they vowed a vow and chanted the battle hymn.
+      But as soon as these sacred matters were duly ended, he began once more
+      thus: "I was saying that many and bright are the hopes we have of safety.
+      First of all, we it is who confirm and ratify the oaths we take by heaven,
+      but our enemies have taken false oaths and broken the truce, contrary to
+      their solemn word. This being so, it is but natural that the gods should
+      be opposed to our enemies, but with ourselves allied; the gods, who are
+      able to make the great ones quickly small, and out of sore perplexity can
+      save the little ones with ease, what time it pleases them. In the next
+      place, let me recall to your minds the dangers of our own forefathers,
+      that you may see and know that bravery is your heirloom, and that by the
+      aid of the gods brave men are rescued even out of the midst of sorest
+      straits." So was it when the Persians came, and their attendant hosts (3),
+      with a very great armament, to wipe out Athens from the face of the earth&mdash;the
+      men of Athens had the heart to withstand them and conquered them. Then
+      they vowed to Artemis that for every man they slew of the enemy, they
+      would sacrifice to the goddess goats so many; and when they could not find
+      sufficient for the slain, they resolved to offer yearly five hundred; and
+      to this day they perform that sacrifice. And at a somewhat later date,
+      when Xerxes assembled his countless hosts and marched upon Hellas, then
+      (4) too our fathers conquered the forefathers of our foes by land and by
+      sea.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) So it is said of the Russian General Skobelef, that he had a
+    strange custom of going into battle in his cleanest uniform,
+    perfumed, and wearing a diamond-hilted sword, "in order that," as
+    he said, "he might die in his best attire."
+
+ (2) For this ancient omen see "Odyssey," xvii. 541: "Even as she
+    spake, and Telemachus sneezed loudly, and around the roof rung
+    wondrously. And Penelope laughed."... "Dost thou not mark how
+    my son has sneezed a blessing on all my words?"
+
+ (3) See Herod. vi. 114; the allusion is to the invasion of Greeze by
+    Datis and Artaphernes, and to their defeat at Marathon, B.C. 490.
+    "Heredotus estimates the number of those who fell on the Persian
+    side at 6400 men: the number of Athenian dead is accurately known,
+    since all were collected for the last solemn obsequies&mdash;they were
+    192."&mdash;Grote, "Hist. of Greece," vol. v. p. 475.
+
+ (4) Then = at Salamis, B.C. 480, and at Plataea and Mycale, B.C. 479,
+    on the same day.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      "And proofs of these things are yet to be seen in trophies; but the
+      greatest witness of all is the freedom of our cities&mdash;the liberty of
+      that land in which you were born and bred. For you call no man master or
+      lord; you bow your heads to none save to the gods alone. Such were your
+      forefathers, and their sons are ye. Think not I am going to say that you
+      put to shame in any way your ancestry&mdash;far from it. Not many days
+      since, you too were drawn up in battle face to face with these true
+      descendants of their ancestors, and by the help of heaven you conquered
+      them, though they many times outnumbered you. At that time, it was to win
+      a throne for Cyrus that you showed your bravery; to-day, when the struggle
+      is for your own salvation, what is more natural than that you should show
+      yourselves braver and more zealous still. Nay, it is very meet and right
+      that you should be more undaunted still to-day to face the foe. The other
+      day, though you had not tested them, and before your eyes lay their
+      immeasurable host, you had the heart to go against them with the spirit of
+      your fathers. To-day you have made trial of them, and knowing that,
+      however many times your number, they do not care to await your onset, what
+      concern have you now to be afraid of them?
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Nor let any one suppose that herein is a point of weakness, in that
+      Cyrus's troops, who before were drawn up by your side, have now deserted
+      us, for they are even worse cowards still than those we worsted. At any
+      rate they have deserted us, and sought refuge with them. Leaders of the
+      forlorn hope of flight&mdash;far better is it to have them brigaded with
+      the enemy than shoulder to shoulder in our ranks. But if any of you is out
+      of heart to think that we have no cavalry, while the enemy have many
+      squadrons to command, lay to heart this doctrine, that ten thousand horse
+      only equal ten thousand men upon their backs, neither less nor more. Did
+      any one ever die in battle from the bite or kick of a horse? It is the
+      men, the real swordsmen, who do whatever is done in battles. In fact we,
+      on our stout shanks, are better mounted than those cavalry fellows; there
+      they hang on to their horses' necks in mortal dread, not only of us, but
+      of falling off; while we, well planted upon earth, can deal far heavier
+      blows to our assailants, and aim more steadily at who we will. There is
+      one point, I admit, in which their cavalry have the whip-hand of us; it is
+      safer for them than it is for us to run away.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "May be, however, you are in good heart about the fighting, but annoyed to
+      think that Tissaphernes will not guide us any more, and that the king will
+      not furnish us with a market any longer. Now, consider, is it better for
+      us to have a guide like Tissaphernes, whom we know to be plotting against
+      us, or to take our chance of the stray people whom we catch and compel to
+      guide us, who will know that any mistake made in leading us will be a sad
+      mistake for their own lives? Again, is it better to be buying provisions
+      in a market of their providing, in scant measure and at high prices,
+      without even the money to pay for them any longer; or, by right of
+      conquest, to help ourselves, applying such measure as suits our fancy
+      best?
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Or again, perhaps you admit that our present position is not without its
+      advantages, but you feel sure that the rivers are a difficulty, and think
+      that you were never more taken in than when you crossed them; if so,
+      consider whether, after all, this is not perhaps the most foolish thing
+      which the barbarians have done. No river is impassable throughout;
+      whatever difficulties it may present at some distance from its source, you
+      need only make your way up to the springhead, and there you may cross it
+      without wetting more than your ankles. But, granted that the rivers do bar
+      our passage, and that guides are not forthcoming, what care we? We need
+      feel no alarm for all that. We have heard of the Mysians, a people whom we
+      certainly cannot admit to be better than ourselves; and yet they inhabit
+      numbers of large and prosperous cities in the king's own country without
+      asking leave. The Pisidians are an equally good instance, or the
+      Lycaonians. We have seen with our own eyes how they fare: seizing
+      fortresses down in the plains, and reaping the fruits of these men's
+      territory. As to us, I go so far as to assert, we ought never to have let
+      it be seen that we were bent on getting home: at any rate, not so soon; we
+      should have begun stocking and furnishing ourselves, as if we fully meant
+      to settle down for life somewhere or other hereabouts. I am sure that the
+      king would be thrice glad to give the Mysians as many guides as they like,
+      or as many hostages as they care to demand, in return for a safe conduct
+      out of his country; he would make carriage roads for them, and if they
+      preferred to take their departure in coaches and four, he would not say
+      them nay. So too, I am sure, he would be only too glad to accommodate us
+      in the same way, if he saw us preparing to settle down here. But, perhaps,
+      it is just as well that we did not stop; for I fear, if once we learn to
+      live in idleness and to batten in luxury and dalliance with these tall and
+      handsome Median and Persian women and maidens, we shall be like the
+      Lotus-eaters (5), and forget the road home altogether.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (5) See "Odyssey," ix. 94, "ever feeding on the Lotus and forgetful of
+    returning."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      "It seems to me that it is only right, in the first instance, to make an
+      effort to return to Hellas and to revisit our hearths and homes, if only
+      to prove to other Hellenes that it is their own faults if they are poor
+      and needy (6), seeing it is in their power to give to those now living a
+      pauper life at home a free passage hither, and convert them into
+      well-to-do burghers at once. Now, sirs, is it not clear that all these
+      good things belong to whoever has strength to hold them?
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (6) Here seems to be the germ&mdash;unless, indeed, the thought had been
+    conceived above&mdash;here at any rate the first conscious expression
+    of the colonisation scheme, of which we shall hear more below, in
+    reference to Cotyora; the Phasis; Calpe. It appears again fifty
+    years later in the author's pamphlet "On Revenues," chapters i.
+    and vi. For the special evils of the fourth century B.C., and the
+    growth of pauperism between B.C. 401 and 338, see Jebb, "Attic
+    Orators," vol i. p. 17.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      "Let us look another matter in the face. How are we to march most safely?
+      or where blows are needed, how are we to fight to the best advantage? That
+      is the question.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "The first thing which I recommend is to burn the wagons we have got, so
+      that we may be free to march wherever the army needs, and not,
+      practically, make our baggage train our general. And, next, we should
+      throw our tents into the bonfire also: for these again are only a trouble
+      to carry, and do not contribute one grain of good either for fighting or
+      getting provisions. Further, let us get rid of all superfluous baggage,
+      save only what we require for the sake of war, or meat and drink, so that
+      as many of us as possible may be under arms, and as few as possible doing
+      porterage. I need not remind you that, in case of defeat, the owners'
+      goods are not their own; but if we master our foes, we will make them our
+      baggage bearers.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "It only rests for me to name the one thing which I look upon as the
+      greatest of all. You see, the enemy did not dare to bring war to bear upon
+      us until they had first seized our generals; they felt that whilst our
+      rulers were there, and we obeyed them, they were no match for us in war;
+      but having got hold of them, they fully expected that the consequent
+      confusion and anarchy would prove fatal to us. What follows? This:
+      Officers and leaders ought to be more vigilant ever than their
+      predecessors; subordinates still more orderly and obedient to those in
+      command now than even they were to those who are gone. And you should pass
+      a resolution that, in case of insubordination, any one who stands by is to
+      aid the officer in chastising the offender. So the enemy will be mightily
+      deceived; for on this day they will behold ten thousand Clearchuses
+      instead of one, who will not suffer one man to play the coward. And now it
+      is high time I brought my remarks to an end, for may be the enemy will be
+      here anon. Let those who are in favour of these proposals confirm them
+      with all speed, that they may be realised in fact; or if any other course
+      seem better, let not any one, even though he be a private soldier, shrink
+      from proposing it. Our common safety is our common need."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      After this Cheirisophus spoke. He said: "If there is anything else to be
+      done, beyond what Xenophon has mentioned, we shall be able to carry it out
+      presently; but with regard to what he has already proposed, it seems to me
+      the best course to vote upon the matters at once. Those who are in favour
+      of Xenophon's proposals, hold up their hands." They all held them up.
+      Xenophon rose again and said: "Listen, sirs, while I tell you what I think
+      we have need of besides. It is clear that we must march where we can get
+      provisions. Now, I am told there are some splendid villages not more than
+      two miles and a half distant. I should not be surprised, then, if the
+      enemy were to hang on our heels and dog us as we retire, like cowardly
+      curs which rush out at the passer-by and bite him if they can, but when
+      you turn upon them they run away. Such will be their tactics, I take it.
+      It may be safer, then, to march in a hollow square, so as to place the
+      baggage animals and our mob of sutlers in greater security. It will save
+      time to make the appointments at once, and to settle who leads the square
+      and directs the vanguard; who will take command of the two flanks, and who
+      of the rearguard; so that, when the enemy appears, we shall not need to
+      deliberate, but can at once set in motion the machinery in existence.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "If any one has any better plan, we need not adopt mine; but if not,
+      suppose Cheirisophus takes the lead, as he is a Lacedaemonian, and the two
+      eldest generals take in charge the two wings respectively, whilst Timasion
+      and I, the two youngest, will for the present guard the rear. For the
+      rest, we can but make experiment of this arrangement, and alter it with
+      deliberation, as from time to time any improvement suggests itself. If any
+      one has a better plan to propose, let him do so."... No dissentient voice
+      was heard. Accordingly he said: "Those in favour of this resolution, hold
+      up their hands." The resolution was carried. "And now," said he, "it would
+      be well to separate and carry out what we have decreed. If any of you has
+      set his heart on seeing his friends again, let him remember to prove
+      himself a man; there is no other way to achieve his heart's wish. Or is
+      mere living an object with any of you, strive to conquer; if to slay is
+      the privilege of victory, to die is the doom of the defeated. Or perhaps
+      to gain money and wealth is your ambition, strive again for mastery; have
+      not conquerors the double gain of keeping what is their own, whilst they
+      seize the possessions of the vanquished?"
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0024" id="link2H_4_0024">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      III
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      The speaking was ended; they got up and retired; then they burnt the
+      wagons and the tents, and after sharing with one another what each needed
+      out of their various superfluities, they threw the remnant into the fire.
+      Having done that, they proceeded to make their breakfasts. While they were
+      breakfasting, Mithridates came with about thirty horsemen, and summoning
+      the generals within earshot, he thus addressed them: "Men of Hellas, I
+      have been faithful to Cyrus, as you know well, and to-day I am your
+      well-wisher; indeed, I am here spending my days in great fear: if then I
+      could see any salutory course in prospect, I should be disposed to join
+      you with all my retainers. Please inform me, then, as to what you propose,
+      regarding me as your friend and well-wisher, anxious only to pursue his
+      march in your company." The generals held council, and resolved to give
+      the following answer, Cheirisophus acting as spokesman: "We have resolved
+      to make our way through the country, inflicting the least possible damage,
+      provided we are allowed a free passage homewards; but if any one tries to
+      hinder us, he will have to fight it out with us, and we shall bring all
+      the force in our power to bear." Thereat Mithridates set himself to prove
+      to them that their deliverance, except with the king's good pleasure, was
+      hopeless. Then the meaning of his mission was plain. He was an agent in
+      disguise; in fact, a relation of Tissaphernes was in attendance to keep a
+      check on his loyalty. After that, the generals resolved that it would be
+      better to proclaim open war, without truce or herald, as long as they were
+      in the enemy's country; for they used to come and corrupt the soldiers,
+      and they were even successful with one officer&mdash;Nicarchus (1), an
+      Arcadian, who went off in the night with about twenty men.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) Can this be the same man whose escape is so graphically described
+    above?
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      After this, they breakfasted and crossed the river Zapatas, marching in
+      regular order, with the beasts and mob of the army in the middle. They had
+      not advanced far on their route when Mithridates made his appearance
+      again, with about a couple of hundred horsemen at his back, and bowmen and
+      slingers twice as many, as nimble fellows as a man might hope to see. He
+      approached the Hellenes as if he were friendly; but when they had got
+      fairly to close quarters, all of a sudden some of them, whether mounted or
+      on foot, began shooting with their bows and arrows, and another set with
+      slings, wounding the men. The rearguard of the Hellenes suffered for a
+      while severely without being able to retaliate, for the Cretans had a
+      shorter range than the Persians, and at the same time, being light-armed
+      troops, they lay cooped up within the ranks of the heavy infantry, while
+      the javelin men again did not shoot far enough to reach the enemy's
+      slingers. This being so, Xenophon thought there was nothing for it but to
+      charge, and charge they did; some of the heavy and light infantry, who
+      were guarding the rear, with him; but for all their charging they did not
+      catch a single man.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The dearth of cavalry told against the Hellenes; nor were their infantry
+      able to overhaul the enemy's infantry, with the long start they had, and
+      considering the shortness of the race, for it was out of the question to
+      pursue them far from the main body of the army. On the other hand, the
+      Asiatic cavalry, even while fleeing, poured volleys of arrows behind their
+      backs, and wounded the pursuers; while the Hellenes must fall back
+      fighting every step of the way they had measured in the pursuit; so that
+      by the end of that day they had not gone much more than three miles; but
+      in the late afternoon they reached the villages.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Here there was a return of the old despondency. Cheirisophus and the
+      eldest of the generals blamed Xenophon for leaving the main body to give
+      chase and endangering himself thereby, while he could not damage the enemy
+      one whit the more. Xenophon admitted that they were right in blaming him:
+      no better proof of that was wanted than the result. "The fact is," he
+      added, "I was driven to pursue; it was too trying to look on and see our
+      men suffer so badly, and be unable to retaliate. However, when we did
+      charge, there is no denying the truth of what you say; we were not a whit
+      more able to injure the enemy, while we had considerable difficulty in
+      beating a retreat ourselves. Thank heaven they did not come upon us in any
+      great force, but were only a handful of men; so that the injury they did
+      us was not large, as it might have been; and at least it has served to
+      show us what we need. At present the enemy shoot and sling beyond our
+      range, so that our Cretan archers are no match for them; our hand-throwers
+      cannot reach as far; and when we pursue, it is not possible to push the
+      pursuit to any great distance from the main body, and within the short
+      distance no foot-soldier, however fleet of foot, could overtake another
+      foot-soldier who has a bow-shot the start of him. If, then, we are to
+      exclude them from all possibility of injuring us as we march, we must get
+      slingers as soon as possible and cavalry. I am told there are in the army
+      some Rhodians, most of whom, they say, know how to sling, and their
+      missile will reach even twice as far as the Persian slings (which, on
+      account of their being loaded with stones as big as one's fist, have a
+      comparatively short range; but the Rhodians are skilled in the use of
+      leaden bullets (2)). Suppose, then, we investigate and find out first of
+      all who among them possess slings, and for these slings offer the owner
+      the money value; and to another, who will plait some more, hand over the
+      money price; and for a third, who will volunteer to be enrolled as a
+      slinger, invent some other sort of privilege, I think we shall soon find
+      people to come forward capable of helping us. There are horses in the army
+      I know; some few with myself, others belonging to Clearchus's stud, and a
+      good many others captured from the enemy, used for carrying baggage. Let
+      us take the pick of these, supplying their places by ordinary baggage
+      animals, and equipping the horses for cavalry. I should not wonder if our
+      troopers gave some annoyance to these fugitives."
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (2) These words sound to me like an author's note, parenthetically,
+    and perhaps inadvertently, inserted into the text. It is an
+    "aside" to the reader, which in a modern book would appear as a
+    footnote.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      These proposals were carried, and that night two hundred slingers were
+      enrolled, and next day as many as fifty horse and horsemen passed muster
+      as duly qualified; buff jackets and cuirasses were provided for them, and
+      a commandant of cavalry appointed to command&mdash;Lycius, the son of
+      Polystratus, by name, an Athenian.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0025" id="link2H_4_0025">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      IV
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      That day they remained inactive, but the next they rose earlier than
+      usual, and set out betimes, for they had a ravine to cross, where they
+      feared the enemy might attack them in the act of crossing. When they were
+      across, Mithridates appeared again with one thousand horse, and archers
+      and slingers to the number of four thousand. This whole body he had got by
+      request from Tissaphernes, and in return he undertook to deliver up the
+      Hellenes to Tissaphernes. He had grown contemptuous since his late attack,
+      when, with so small a detachment, he had done, as he thought, a good deal
+      of mischief, without the slightest loss to himself.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      When the Hellenes were not only right across, but had got about a mile
+      from the ravine, Mithridates also crossed with his forces. An order had
+      been passed down the lines, what light infantry and what heavy infantry
+      were to take part in the pursuit; and the cavalry were instructed to
+      follow up the pursuit with confidence, as a considerable support was in
+      their rear. So, when Mithridates had come up with them, and they were well
+      within arrow and sling shot, the bugle sounded the signal to the Hellenes;
+      and immediately the detachment under orders rushed to close quarters, and
+      the cavalry charged. There the enemy preferred not to wait, but fled
+      towards the ravine. In this pursuit the Asiatics lost several of their
+      infantry killed, and of their cavalry as many as eighteen were taken
+      prisoners in the ravine. As to those who were slain the Hellenes, acting
+      upon impulse, mutilated their bodies, by way of impressing their enemy
+      with as frightful an image as possible.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      So fared the foe and so fell back; but the Hellenes, continuing their
+      march in safety for the rest of that day, reached the river Tigris. Here
+      they came upon a large deserted city, the name of which was Larissa (1): a
+      place inhabited by the Medes in days of old; the breadth of its walls was
+      twenty-five feet, and the height of them a hundred, and the circuit of the
+      whole two parasangs. It was built of clay-bricks, supported on a stone
+      basis twenty feet high. This city the king of the Persians (2) besieged,
+      what time the Persians strove to snatch their empire from the Medes, but
+      he could in no wise take it; then a cloud hid the face of the sun and
+      blotted out the light thereof, until the inhabitants were gone out of the
+      city, and so it was taken. By the side of this city there was a stone
+      pyramid in breadth a hundred feet, and in height two hundred feet; in it
+      were many of the barbarians who had fled for refuge from the neighbouring
+      villages.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) Larissa, on the side of the modern Nimrud (the south-west corner,
+    as is commonly supposed, of Nineveh). The name is said to mean
+    "citadel," and is given to various Greek cities (of which several
+    occur in Xenophon).
+
+ (2) I.e. Cyrus the Great.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      From this place they marched one stage of six parasangs to a great
+      deserted fortress (which lay over against the city), and the name of that
+      city was Mespila (3). The Medes once dwelt in it. The basement was made of
+      polished stone full of shells; fifty feet was the breadth of it, and fifty
+      feet the height; and on this basement was reared a wall of brick, the
+      breadth whereof was fifty feet and the height thereof four hundred; and
+      the circuit of the wall was six parasangs. Hither, as the story goes,
+      Medea (4), the king's wife, betook herself in flight what time the Medes
+      lost their empire at the hands of the Persians. To this city also the king
+      of the Pesians laid siege, but could not take it either by length of days
+      or strength of hand. But Zeus sent amazement on the inhabitants thereof,
+      and so it was taken.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (3) Opposite Mosul, the north-west portion of the ancient Nineveh,
+    about eighteen miles above Larissa. The circuit of Nineveh is said
+    to have been about fifty-six miles. It was overthrown by Cyrus in
+    B.C. 558.
+
+ (4) The wife of Astyages, the last king of Media. Some think "the wall
+    of Media" should be "Medea's wall," constructed in the period of
+    Queen Nitocris, B.C. 560.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      From this place they marched one stage&mdash;four parasangs. But, while
+      still on this stage, Tissaphernes made his appearance. He had with him his
+      own cavalry and a force belonging to Orontas, who had the king's daughter
+      to wife; and there were, moreover, with them the Asiatics whom Cyrus had
+      taken with him on his march up; together with those whom the king's
+      brother had brought as a reinforcement to the king; besides those whom
+      Tissaphernes himself had received as a gift from the king, so that the
+      armament appeared to be very great. When they were close, he halted some
+      of his regiments at the rear and wheeled others into position on either
+      flank, but hesitated to attack, having no mind apparently to run any
+      risks, and contenting himself with an order to his slingers to sling and
+      his archers to shoot. But when the Rhodian slingers and the bowmen (5),
+      posted at intervals, retaliated, and every shot told (for with the utmost
+      pains to miss it would have been hard to do so under the circumstanecs),
+      then Tissaphernes with all speed retired out of range, the other regiments
+      following suit; and for the rest of the day the one party advanced and the
+      other followed. But now the Asiatics had ceased to be dangerous with their
+      sharpshooting. For the Rhodians could reach further than the Persian
+      slingers, or, indeed, than most of the bowmen. The Persian bows are of
+      great size, so that the Cretans found the arrows which were picked up
+      serviceable, and persevered in using their enemies' arrows, and practised
+      shooting with them, letting them fly upwards to a great height (6). There
+      were also plenty of bowstrings found in the villages&mdash;and lead, which
+      they turned to account for their slings. As a result of this day, then,
+      the Hellenes chancing upon some villages had no sooner encamped than the
+      barbarians fell back, having had distinctly the worst of it in the
+      skirmishing.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (5) The best MSS read {Skuthai}, Scythians; if this is correct, it is
+    only the technical name for "archers." Cf. Arrian, "Tact." ii. 13.
+    The police at Athens were technically so called, as being composed
+    of Scythian slaves. Cf. Aristoph. "Thesm." 1017.
+
+ (6) I.e., in practising, in order to get the maximum range they let
+    fly the arrows, not horizontally, but up into the air. Sir W.
+    Raleigh (Hist. of the World, III. x. 8) says that Xenophon
+    "trained his archers to short compass, who had been accustomed to
+    the point blank," but this is surely not Xenophon's meaning.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      The next day was a day of inaction: they halted and took in supplies, as
+      there was much corn in the villages; but on the day following, the march
+      was continued through the plain (of the Tigris), and Tissaphernes still
+      hung on their skirts with his skirmishers. And now it was that the
+      Hellenes discovered the defect of marching in a square with an enemy
+      following. As a matter of necessity, whenever the wings of an army so
+      disposed draw together, either where a road narrows, or hills close in, or
+      a bridge has to be crossed, the heavy infantry cannot help being squeezed
+      out of their ranks, and march with difficulty, partly from actual
+      pressure, and partly from the general confusion that ensues. Or, supposing
+      the wings are again extended, the troops have hardly recovered from their
+      former distress before they are pulled asunder, and there is a wide space
+      between the wings, and the men concerned lose confidence in themselves,
+      especially with an enemy close behind. What happened, when a bridge had to
+      be crossed or other passage effected, was, that each unit of the force
+      pressed on in anxiety to get over first, and at these moments it was easy
+      for the enemy to make an attack. The generals accordingly, having
+      recognised the defect, set about curing it. To do so, they made six lochi,
+      or divisions of a hundred men apiece, each of which had its own set of
+      captains and under-officers in command of half and quarter companies. It
+      was the duty of these new companies, during a march, whenever the flanks
+      needed to close in, to fall back to the rear, so as to disencumber the
+      wings. This they did by wheeling clear of them. When the sides of the
+      oblong again extended, they filled up the interstices, if the gap were
+      narrow, by columns of companies, if broader, by columns of half-companies,
+      or, if broader still, by columns of quarter-companies, so that the space
+      between was always filled up. If again it were necessary to effect a
+      passage by bridge or otherwise, there was no confusion, the several
+      companies crossing in turns; or, if the occasion arose to form in line of
+      battle, these companies came up to the front and fell in (7).
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (7) In the passage above I have translated {lokhoi} companies, and, as
+    usual, {lokhagoi} captains. The half company is technically called
+    a pentecostys, and a quarter company an enomoty, and the officers
+    in charge of them respectively penteconter and enomotarch. These
+    would be equivalent nearly to our subalterns and sergeants, and in
+    the evolutions described would act as guides and markers in charge
+    of their sections. Grote thinks there were six companies formed on
+    each flank&mdash;twelve in all. See "Hist. of Greece," vol. ix. p. 123,
+    note (1st ed.)
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      In this way they advanced four stages, but ere the fifth was completed,
+      they came in sight of a palace of some sort, with villages clustered round
+      it; they could further see that the road leading to this place pursued its
+      course over high undulating hillocks, the spur of the mountain range,
+      under which lay the village. These knolls were a welcome sight to the
+      Hellenes, naturally enough, as the enemy were cavalry. However, when they
+      had issued from the plain and ascended the first crest, and were in the
+      act of descending it so as to mount the next, at this juncture the
+      barbarians came upon them. From the high ground down the sheer steep they
+      poured a volley of darts, slingstones, and arrows, which they discharged
+      "under the lash (8)," wounding many, until they got the better of the
+      Hellenic light troops, and drove them for shelter behind the heavy
+      infantry, so that this day that arm was altogether useless, huddling in
+      the mob of sutlers, both slingers and archers alike.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (8) I.e. the Persian leaders were seen flogging their men to the
+    attack. Cf. Herod. vii. 22. 3.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      But when the Hellenes, being so pressed, made an attempt to pursue, they
+      could barely scale to the summit, being heavy-armed troops, while the
+      enemy as lightly sprung away; and they suffered similarly in retiring to
+      join the rest of the army. And then, on the second hill, the whole had to
+      be gone through again; so that when it came to the third hillock, they
+      determined not to move the main body of troops from their position until
+      they had brought up a squadron of light infantry from the right flank of
+      the square to a point on the mountain range. When this detachment were
+      once posted above their pursuers, the latter desisted from attacking the
+      main body in its descent, for fear of being cut off and finding themselves
+      between two assailants. Thus the rest of the day they moved on in two
+      divisions: one set keeping to the road by the hillocks, the other marching
+      parallel on the higher level along the mountains; and thus they reached
+      the villages and appointed eight surgeons to attend to the many wounded.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Here they halted three days for the sake of the wounded chiefly, while a
+      further inducement was the plentiful supply of provisions which they
+      found, wheat and wine, and large stores of barley laid up for horses.
+      These supplies had been collected by the ruling satrap of the country. On
+      the fourth day they began their descent into the plain; but when
+      Tissaphernes overtook them, necessity taught them to camp in the first
+      village they caught sight of, and give over the attempt of marching and
+      fighting simultaneously, as so many were hors de combat, being either on
+      the list of wounded themselves, or else engaged in carrying the wounded,
+      or laden with the heavy arms of those so occupied. But when they were once
+      encamped, and the barbarians, advancing upon the village, made an attempt
+      to harass them with their sharp-shooters, the superiority of the Hellenes
+      was pronounced. To sustain a running fight with an enemy constantly
+      attacking was one thing; to keep him at arm's length from a fixed base of
+      action another: and the difference was much in their favour.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But when it was late afternoon, the time had come for the enemy to
+      withdraw, since the habit of the barbarian was never to encamp within
+      seven or eight miles of the Hellenic camp. This he did in apprehension of
+      a night attack, for a Persian army is good for nothing at night. Their
+      horses are haltered, and, as a rule, hobbled as well, to prevent their
+      escaping, as they might if loose; so that, if any alarm occurs, the
+      trooper has to saddle and bridle his horse, and then he must put on his
+      own cuirass, and then mount&mdash;all which performances are difficult at
+      night and in the midst of confusion. For this reason they always encamped
+      at a distance from the Hellenes.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      When the Hellenes perceived that they were preparing to retire, and that
+      the order was being given, the herald's cry, "Pack up for starting," might
+      be heard before the enemy was fairly out of earshot. For a while the
+      Asiatics paused, as if unwilling to be gone; but as night closed in, off
+      they went, for it did not suit their notions of expediency to set off on a
+      march and arrive by night. And now, when the Hellenes saw that they were
+      really and clearly gone, they too broke up their camp and pursued their
+      march till they had traversed seven and a half miles. Thus the distance
+      between the two armies grew to be so great, that the next day the enemy
+      did not appear at all, nor yet on the third day; but on the fourth the
+      barbarians had pushed on by a forced night march and occupied a commanding
+      position on the right, where the Hellenes had to pass. It was a narrow
+      mountain spur (9) overhanging the descent into the plain.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (9) Lit. "a mere nail tip."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      But when Cheirisophus saw that this ridge was occupied, he summoned
+      Xenophon from the rear, bidding him at the same time to bring up peltasts
+      to the front. That Xenophon hesitated to do, for Tissaphernes and his
+      whole army were coming up and were well within sight. Galloping up to the
+      front himself, he asked: "Why do you summon me?" The other answered him:
+      "The reason is plain; look yonder; this crest which overhangs our descent
+      has been occupied. There is no passing, until we have dislodged these
+      fellows; why have you not brought up the light infantry?" Xenophon
+      explained: he had not thought it desirable to leave the rear unprotected,
+      with an enemy appearing in the field of view. "However, it is time," he
+      added, "to decide how we are to dislodge these fellows from the crest." At
+      this moment his eye fell on the peak of the mountain, rising immediately
+      above their army, and he could see an approach leading from it to the
+      crest in question where the enemy lay. He exclaimed: "The best thing we
+      can do, Cheirisophus, is to make a dash at the height itself, and with
+      what speed we may. If we take it, the party in command of the road will
+      never be able to stop. If you like, stay in command of the army, and I
+      will go; or, if you prefer, do you go to the mountain, and I will stay
+      here."&mdash;"I leave it to you," Cheirisophus answered, "to choose which
+      you like best." Xenophon remarking, "I am the younger," elected to go; but
+      he stipulated for a detachment from the front to accompany him, since it
+      was a long way to fetch up troops from the rear. Accordingly Cheirisophus
+      furnished him with the light infantry from the front, reoccupying their
+      place by those from the centre. He also gave him, to form part of the
+      detachment, the three hundred of the picked corps (10) under his own
+      command at the head of the square.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (10) Some think that these three hundred are three of the detached
+    companies described above; others, that they were a picked corps
+    in attendance on the commander-in-chief.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      They set out from the low ground with all the haste imaginable. But the
+      enemy in position on the crest no sooner perceived their advance upon the
+      summit of the pass than they themselves set off full tilt in a rival race
+      for the summit too. Hoarse were the shouts of the Hellenic troops as the
+      men cheered their companions forwards, and hoarse the answering shouts
+      from the troops of Tissaphernes, urging on theirs. Xenophon, mounted on
+      his charger, rode beside his men, and roused their ardour the while. "Now
+      for it, brave sirs; bethink you that this race is for Hellas!&mdash;now or
+      never!&mdash;to find your boys, your wives; one small effort, and the rest
+      of the march we shall pursue in peace, without ever a blow to strike; now
+      for it." But Soteridas the Sicyonian said: "We are not on equal terms,
+      Xenophon; you are mounted on a horse; I can hardly get along with my
+      shield to carry;" and he, on hearing the reproach, leapt from his horse.
+      In another instant he had pushed Soteridas from the ranks, snatched from
+      him his shield, and begun marching as quickly as he might under the
+      circumstances, having his horseman's cuirass to carry as well, so that he
+      was sore pressed; but he continued to cheer on the troops: exhorting those
+      in front to lead on and the men toiling behind to follow up (11).
+      Soteridas was not spared by the rest of the men. They gave him blows, they
+      pelted him, they showered him with abuse, till they compelled him to take
+      back his shield and march on; and the other, remounting, led them on
+      horseback as long as the footing held; but when the ground became too
+      steep, he left his horse and pressed forward on foot, and so they found
+      themselves on the summit before the enemy.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (11) Some MSS. "and the men behind to pass him by, as he could but ill
+    keep up the pace."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0026" id="link2H_4_0026">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      V
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      There and then the barbarians turned and fled as best they might, and the
+      Hellenes held the summit, while the troops with Tissaphernes and Ariaeus
+      turned aside and disappeared by another road. The main body with
+      Cheirisophus made its way down into the plain and encamped in a village
+      filled with good things of divers sorts. Nor did this village stand alone;
+      there were others not a few in this plain of the Tigris equally
+      overflowing with plenty. It was now afternoon; and all of a sudden the
+      enemy came in sight on the plain, and succeeded in cutting down some of
+      the Hellenes belonging to parties who were scattered over the flat land in
+      quest of spoil. Indeed, many herds of cattle had been caught whilst being
+      conveyed across to the other side of the river. And now Tissaphernes and
+      his troops made an attempt to burn the villages, and some of the Hellenes
+      were disposed to take the matter deeply to heart, being apprehensive that
+      they might not know where to get provisions if the enemy burnt the
+      villages.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Cheirisophus and his men were returning from their sally of defence when
+      Xenophon and his party descended, and the latter rode along the ranks as
+      the rescuing party came up, and greeted them thus: "Do you not see, men of
+      Hellas, they admit that the country is now ours; what they stipulated
+      against our doing when they made the treaty, viz. that we were not to fire
+      the king's country, they are now themselves doing&mdash;setting fire to it
+      as if it were not their own. But we will be even with them; if they leave
+      provisions for themselves anywhere, there also shall they see us
+      marching;" and, turning to Cheirisophus, he added: "But it strikes me, we
+      should sally forth against these incendiaries and protect our country."
+      Cheirisophus retorted: "That is not quite my view; I say, let us do a
+      little burning ourselves, and they will cease all the quicker."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      When they had got back to the villages, while the rest were busy about
+      provisions, the generals and officers met: and here there was deep
+      despondency. For on the one side were exceedingly high mountains; on the
+      other a river of such depth that they failed to reach the bottom with
+      their spears. In the midst of their perplexities, a Rhodian came up with a
+      proposal, as follows: "I am ready, sirs to carry you across, four thousand
+      heavy infantry at a time; if you will furnish me with what I need and give
+      me a talent into the bargain for my pains." When asked, "What shall you
+      need?" he replied: "Two thousand wine-skins. I see there are plenty of
+      sheep and goats and asses. They have only to be flayed, and their skins
+      inflated, and they will readily give us a passage. I shall want also the
+      straps which you use for the baggage animals. With these I shall couple
+      the skins to one another; then I shall moor each skin by attaching stones
+      and letting them down like anchors into the water. Then I shall carry them
+      across, and when I have fastened the links at both ends, I shall place
+      layers of wood on them and a coating of earth on the top of that. You will
+      see in a minute that there's no danger of your drowning, for every skin
+      will be able to support a couple of men without sinking, and the wood and
+      earth will prevent your slipping off."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The generals thought it a pretty invention enough, but its realisation
+      impracticable, for on the other side were masses of cavalry posted and
+      ready to bar the passage; who, to begin with, would not suffer the first
+      detachment of crossers to carry out any item of the programme.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Under these circumstances, the next day they turned right about face, and
+      began retracing their steps in the direction of Babylon to the unburnt
+      villages, having previously set fire to those they left, so that the enemy
+      did not ride up to them, but stood and stared, all agape to see in what
+      direction the Hellenes would betake themselves and what they were minded
+      to do. Here, again, while the rest of the soldiers were busy about
+      provisions, the generals and officers met in council, and after collecting
+      the prisoners together, submitted them to a cross-examination touching the
+      whole country round, the names, and so forth, of each district.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The prisoners informed them that the regions south, through which they had
+      come, belonged to the district towards Babylon and Media; the road east
+      led to Susa and Ecbatana, where the king is said to spend summer and
+      spring; crossing the river, the road west led to Lydia and Ionia; and the
+      part through the mountains facing towards the Great Bear, led, they said,
+      to the Carduchians (1). They were a people, so said the prisoners,
+      dwelling up on the hills, addicted to war, and not subject to the king; so
+      much so that once, when a royal army one hundred and twenty thousand
+      strong had invaded them, not a man came back, owing to the intricacies of
+      the country. Occasionally, however, they made truce or treaty with the
+      satrap in the plain, and, for the nonce, there would be intercourse: "they
+      will come in and out amongst us," "and we will go in and out amongst
+      them," said the captives.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) See Dr. Kiepert, "Man. Anc. Geog." (Mr. G. A. Macmillan) iv. 47.
+    The Karduchians or Kurds belong by speech to the Iranian stock,
+    forming in fact their farthest outpost to the west, little given
+    to agriculture, but chiefly to the breeding of cattle. Their name,
+    pronounced Kardu by the ancient Syrians and Assyrians, Kordu by
+    the Armenians (plural Kordukh), first appears in its narrower
+    sense in western literature in the pages of the eye-witness
+    Xenophon as {Kardoukhoi}. Later writers knew of a small kingdom
+    here at the time of the Roman occupation, ruled by native princes,
+    who after Tigranes II (about 80 B.C.) recognised the overlordship
+    of the Armenian king. Later it became a province of the Sassanid
+    kingdom, and as such was in 297 A.D. handed over among the
+    regiones transtigritanae to the Roman empire, but in 364 was again
+    ceded to Persia.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      After hearing these statements, the generals seated apart those who
+      claimed to have any special knowledge of the country in any direction;
+      they put them to sit apart without making it clear which particular route
+      they intended to take. Finally the resolution to which they came was that
+      they must force a passage through the hills into the territory of the
+      Kurds; since, according to what their informants told them, when they had
+      once passed these, they would find themselves in Armenia&mdash;the rich
+      and large territory governed by Orontas; and from Armenia, it would be
+      easy to proceed in any direction whatever. Thereupon they offered
+      sacrifice, so as to be ready to start on the march as soon as the right
+      moment appeared to have arrived. Their chief fear was that the high pass
+      over the mountains must be occupied in advance: and a general order was
+      issued, that after supper every one should get his kit together for
+      starting, and repose, in readiness to follow as soon as the word of
+      command was given.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0027" id="link2H_4_0027">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      BOOK IV
+    </h2>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (In the preceding portion of the narrative a full account is
+given of the incidents of the march up to the battle, and of
+the occurrences after the battle during the truce which was
+established between the king and the Hellenes, who marched up
+with Cyrus, and thirdly, of the fighting to which the Hellenes
+were exposed, after the king and Tissaphernes had broken the
+treaty, while a Persian army hung on their rear. Having
+finally reached a point at which the Tigris was absolutely
+impassable owing to its depth and breadth, while there was no
+passage along the bank itself, and the Carduchian hills hung
+sheer over the river, the generals took the resolution above
+mentioned of forcing a passage through the mountains. The
+information derived from the prisoners taken along the way led
+them to believe that once across the Carduchian mountains they
+would have the choice either of crossing the Tigris&mdash;if they
+liked to do so&mdash;at its sources in Armenia, or of going round
+them, if so they preferred. Report further said that the
+sources of the Euphrates also were not far from those of the
+Tigris, and this is actually the case. The advance into the
+country of the Carduchians was conducted with a view partly to
+secrecy, and partly to speed, so as to effect their entry
+before the enemy could occupy the passes.)
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0028" id="link2H_4_0028">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      I
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      It was now about the last watch, and enough of the night remained to allow
+      them to cross the valley under cover of darkness; when, at the word of
+      command, they rose and set off on their march, reaching the mountains at
+      daybreak. At this stage of the march Cheirisophus, at the head of his own
+      division, with the whole of the light troops, led the van, while Xenophon
+      followed behind with the heavy infantry of the rearguard, but without any
+      light troops, since there seemed to be no danger of pursuit or attack from
+      the rear, while they were making their way up hill. Cheirisophus reached
+      the summit without any of the enemy perceiving him. Then he led on slowly,
+      and the rest of the army followed, wave upon wave, cresting the summit and
+      descending into the villages which nestled in the hollows and recesses of
+      the hills.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Thereupon the Carduchians abandoned their dwelling places, and with their
+      wives and children fled to the mountains; so there was plenty of
+      provisions to be got for the mere trouble of taking, and the homesteads
+      too were well supplied with a copious store of bronze vessels and utensils
+      which the Hellenes kept their hands off, abstaining at the same time from
+      all pursuit of the folk themselves, gently handling them, in hopes that
+      the Carduchians might be willing to give them friendly passage through
+      their country, since they too were enemies of the king: only they helped
+      themselves to such provisions as fell in their way, which indeed was a
+      sheer necessity. But the Carduchians neither gave ear, when they called to
+      them, nor showed any other friendly sign; and now, as the last of the
+      Hellenes descended into the villages from the pass, they were already in
+      the dark, since, owing to the narrowness of the road, the whole day had
+      been spent in the ascent and descent. At that instant a party of the
+      Carduchians, who had collected, made an attack on the hindmost men,
+      killing some and wounding others with stones and arrows&mdash;though it
+      was quite a small body who attacked. The fact was, the approach of the
+      Hellenic army had taken them by surprise; if, however, they had mustered
+      in larger force at this time, the chances are that a large portion of the
+      army would have been annihilated. As it was, they got into quarters, and
+      bivouacked in the villages that night, while the Carduchians kept many
+      watch-fires blazing in a circle on the mountains, and kept each other in
+      sight all round.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But with the dawn the generals and officers of the Hellenes met and
+      resolved to proceed, taking only the necessary number of stout baggage
+      animals, and leaving the weaklings behind. They resolved further to let go
+      free all the lately-captured slaves in the host; for the pace of the march
+      was necessarily rendered slow by the quantity of animals and prisoners,
+      and the number of non-combatants in attendance on these was excessive,
+      while, with such a crowd of human beings to satisfy, twice the amount of
+      provisions had to be procured and carried. These resolutions passed, they
+      caused a proclamation by herald to be made for their enforcement.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      When they had breakfasted and the march recommenced, the generals planted
+      themselves a little to one side in a narrow place, and when they found any
+      of the aforesaid slaves or other property still retained, they confiscated
+      them. The soldiers yielded obedience, except where some smuggler, prompted
+      by desire of a good-looking boy or woman, managed to make off with his
+      prize. During this day they contrived to get along after a fashion, now
+      fighting and now resting. But on the next day they were visited by a great
+      storm, in spite of which they were obliged to continue the march, owing to
+      insufficiency of provisions. Cheirisophus was as usual leading in front,
+      while Xenophon headed the rearguard, when the enemy began a violent and
+      sustained attack. At one narrow place after another they came up quite
+      close, pouring in volleys of arrows and slingstones, so that the Hellenes
+      had no choice but to make sallies in pursuit and then again recoil, making
+      but very little progress. Over and over again Xenophon would send an order
+      to the front to slacken pace, when the enemy were pressing their attack
+      severely. As a rule, when the word was so passed up, Cheirisophus
+      slackened; but sometimes instead of slackening, Cheirisophus quickened,
+      sending down a counter-order to the rear to follow on quickly. It was
+      clear that there was something or other happening, but there was no time
+      to go to the front and discover the cause of the hurry. Under the
+      circumstances the march, at any rate in the rear, became very like a rout,
+      and here a brave man lost his life, Cleonymus the Laconian, shot with an
+      arrow in the ribs right through shield and corselet, as also Basias, an
+      Arcadian, shot clean through the head.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      As soon as they reached a halting-place, Xenophon, without more ado, came
+      up to Cheirisophus, and took him to task for not having waited, "whereby,"
+      he said, "we were forced to fight and flee at the same moment; and now it
+      has cost us the lives of two fine fellows; they are dead, and we were not
+      able to pick up their bodies or bury them." Cheirisophus answered: "Look
+      up there," pointing as he spoke to the mountain, "do you see how
+      inaccessible it all is? only this one road, which you see, going straight
+      up, and on it all that crowd of men who have seized and are guarding the
+      single exit. That is why I hastened on, and why I could not wait for you,
+      hoping to be beforehand with them yonder in seizing the pass: the guides
+      we have got say there is no other way." And Xenophon replied: "But I have
+      got two prisoners also; the enemy annoyed us so much that we laid an
+      ambuscade for them, which also gave us time to recover our breaths; we
+      killed some of them, and did our best to catch one or two alive&mdash;for
+      this very reason&mdash;that we might have guides who knew the country, to
+      depend upon."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The two were brought up at once and questioned separately: "Did they know
+      of any other road than the one visible?" The first said no; and in spite
+      of all sorts of terrors applied to extract a better answer&mdash;"no," he
+      persisted. When nothing could be got out of him, he was killed before the
+      eyes of his fellow. This latter then explained: "Yonder man said, he did
+      not know, because he has got a daughter married to a husband in those
+      parts. I can take you," he added, "by a good road, practicable even for
+      beasts." And when asked whether there was any point on it difficult to
+      pass, he replied that there was a col which it would be impossible to pass
+      unless it were occupied in advance.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Then it was resolved to summon the officers of the light infantry and some
+      of those of the heavy infantry, and to acquaint them with the state of
+      affairs, and ask them whether any of them were minded to distinguish
+      themselves, and would step forward as volunteers on an expedition. Two or
+      three heavy infantry soldiers stepped forward at once&mdash;two Arcadians,
+      Aristonymus of Methydrium, and Agasias of Stymphalus&mdash;and in
+      emulation of these, a third, also an Arcadian, Callimachus from Parrhasia,
+      who said he was ready to go, and would get volunteers from the whole army
+      to join him. "I know," he added, "there will be no lack of youngsters to
+      follow where I lead." After that they asked, "Were there any captains of
+      light infantry willing to accompany the expedition?" Aristeas, a Chian,
+      who on several occasions proved his usefulness to the army on such
+      service, volunteered.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0029" id="link2H_4_0029">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      II
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      It was already late afternoon, when they ordered the storming party to
+      take a snatch of food and set off; then they bound the guide and handed
+      him over to them. The agreement was, that if they succeeded in taking the
+      summit they were to guard the position that night, and at daybreak to give
+      a signal by bugle. At this signal the party on the summit were to attack
+      the enemy in occupation of the visible pass, while the generals with the
+      main body would bring up their succours; making their way up with what
+      speed they might. With this understanding, off they set, two thousand
+      strong; and there was a heavy downpour of rain, but Xenophon, with his
+      rearguard, began advancing to the visible pass, so that the enemy might
+      fix his attention on this road, and the party creeping round might, as
+      much as possible, elude observation. Now when the rearguard, so advancing,
+      had reached a ravine which they must cross in order to strike up the
+      steep, at that instant the barbarians began rolling down great boulders,
+      each a wagon load (1), some larger, some smaller; against the rocks they
+      crashed and splintered flying like slingstones in every direction&mdash;so
+      that it was absolutely out of the question even to approach the entrance
+      of the pass. Some of the officers finding themselves baulked at this
+      point, kept trying other ways, nor did they desist till darkness set in;
+      and then, when they thought they would not be seen retiring, they returned
+      to supper. Some of them who had been on duty in the rearguard had had no
+      breakfast (it so happened). However, the enemy never ceased rolling down
+      their stones all through the night, as was easy to infer from the booming
+      sound.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) I.e. several ton weight.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      The party with the guide made a circuit and surprised the enemy's guards
+      seated round their fire, and after killing some, and driving out the rest,
+      took their places, thinking that they were in possession of the height. As
+      a matter of fact they were not, for above them lay a breast-like hill (2)
+      skirted by the narrow road on which they had found the guards seated.
+      Still, from the spot in question there was an approach to the enemy, who
+      were seated on the pass before mentioned.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (2) Or, "mamelon."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Here then they passed the night, but at the first glimpse of dawn they
+      marched stealthily and in battle order against the enemy. There was a
+      mist, so that they could get quite close without being observed. But as
+      soon as they caught sight of one another, the trumpet sounded, and with a
+      loud cheer they rushed upon the fellows, who did not wait their coming,
+      but left the road and made off; with the loss of only a few lives however,
+      so nimble were they. Cheirisophus and his men, catching the sound of the
+      bugle, charged up by the well-marked road, while others of the generals
+      pushed their way up by pathless routes, where each division chanced to be;
+      the men mounting as they were best able, and hoisting one another up by
+      means of their spears; and these were the first to unite with the party
+      who had already taken the position by storm. Xenophon, with the rearguard,
+      followed the path which the party with the guide had taken, since it was
+      easiest for the beasts of burthen; one half of his men he had posted in
+      rear of the baggage animals; the other half he had with himself. In their
+      course they encountered a crest above the road, occupied by the enemy,
+      whom they must either dislodge or be themselves cut off from the rest of
+      the Hellenes. The men by themselves could have taken the same route as the
+      rest, but the baggage animals could not mount by any other way than this.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Here then, with shouts of encouragement to each other, they dashed at the
+      hill with their storming columns, not from all sides, but leaving an
+      avenue of escape for the enemy, if he chose to avail himself of it. For a
+      while, as the men scrambled up where each best could, the natives kept up
+      a fire of arrows and darts, yet did not receive them at close quarters,
+      but presently left the position in flight. No sooner, however, were the
+      Hellenes safely past this crest, than they came in sight of another in
+      front of them, also occupied, and deemed it advisable to storm it also.
+      But now it struck Xenophon that if they left the ridge just taken
+      unprotected in their rear, the enemy might re-occupy it and attack the
+      baggage animals as they filed past, presenting a long extended line owing
+      to the narrowness of the road by which they made their way. To obviate
+      this, he left some officers in charge of the ridge&mdash;Cephisodorus, son
+      of Cephisophon, an Athenian; Amphicrates, the son of Amphidemus, an
+      Athenian; and Archagoras, an Argive exile&mdash;while he in person with
+      the rest of the men attacked the second ridge; this they took in the same
+      fashion, only to find that they had still a third knoll left, far the
+      steepest of the three. This was none other than the mamelon mentioned as
+      above the outpost, which had been captured over their fire by the
+      volunteer storming party in the night. But when the Hellenes were close,
+      the natives, to the astonishment of all, without a struggle deserted the
+      knoll. It was conjectured that they had left their position from fear of
+      being encircled and besieged, but the fact was that they, from their
+      higher ground, had been able to see what was going on in the rear, and had
+      all made off in this fashion to attack the rearguard.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      So then Xenophon, with the youngest men, scaled up to the top, leaving
+      orders to the rest to march on slowly, so as to allow the hindmost
+      companies to unite with them; they were to advance by the road, and when
+      they reached the level to ground arms (3). Meanwhile the Argive Archagoras
+      arrived, in full flight, with the announcement that they had been
+      dislodged from the first ridge, and that Cephisodorus and Amphicrates were
+      slain, with a number of others besides, all in fact who had not jumped
+      down the crags and so reached the rearguard. After this achievement the
+      barbarians came to a crest facing the mamelon, and Xenophon held a
+      colloquy with them by means of an interpreter, to negotiate a truce, and
+      demanded back the dead bodies. These they agreed to restore if he would
+      not burn their houses, and to these terms Xenophon agreed. Meanwhile, as
+      the rest of the army filed past, and the colloquy was proceeding, all the
+      people of the place had time to gather gradually, and the enemy formed;
+      and as soon as the Hellenes began to descend from the mamelon to join the
+      others where the troops were halted, on rushed the foe, in full force,
+      with hue and cry. They reached the summit of the mamelon from which
+      Xenophon was descending, and began rolling down crags. One man's leg was
+      crushed to pieces. Xenophon was left by his shield-bearer, who carried off
+      his shield, but Eurylochus of Lusia (4), an Arcadian hoplite, ran up to
+      him, and threw his shield in front to protect both of them; so the two
+      together beat a retreat, and so too the rest, and joined the serried ranks
+      of the main body.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (3) To take up position.
+
+ (4) I.e. of Lusi (or Lusia), a town (or district) in Northern Arcadia.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      After this the whole Hellenic force united, and took up their quarters
+      there in numerous beautiful dwellings, with an ample store of provisions,
+      for there was wine so plentiful that they had it in cemented cisterns.
+      Xenophon and Cheirisophus arranged to recover the dead, and in return
+      restored the guide; afterwards they did everything for the dead, according
+      to the means at their disposal, with the customary honours paid to good
+      men.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Next day they set off without a guide; and the enemy, by keeping up a
+      continuous battle and occupying in advance every narrow place, obstructed
+      passage after passage. Accordingly, whenever the van was obstructed,
+      Xenophon, from behind, made a dash up the hills and broke the barricade,
+      and freed the vanguard by endeavouring to get above the obstructing enemy.
+      Whenever the rear was the point attacked, Cheirisophus, in the same way,
+      made a detour, and by endeavouring to mount higher than the barricaders,
+      freed the passage for the rear rank; and in this way, turn and turn about,
+      they rescued each other, and paid unflinching attention to their mutual
+      needs. At times it happened that, the relief party having mounted,
+      encountered considerable annoyance in their descent from the barbarians,
+      who were so agile that they allowed them to come up quite close, before
+      they turned back, and still escaped, partly no doubt because the only
+      weapons they had to carry were bows and slings.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      They were, moreover, excellent archers, using bows nearly three cubits
+      long and arrows more than two cubits. When discharging the arrow, they
+      draw the string by getting a purchase with the left foot planted forward
+      on the lower end of the bow. The arrows pierced through shield and
+      cuirass, and the Hellenes, when they got hold of them, used them as
+      javelins, fitting them to their thongs. In these districts the Cretans
+      were highly serviceable. They were under the command of Stratocles, a
+      Cretan.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0030" id="link2H_4_0030">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      III
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      During this day they bivouacked in the villages which lie above the plain
+      of the river Centrites (1), which is about two hundred feet broad. It is
+      the frontier river between Armenia and the country of the Carduchians.
+      Here the Hellenes recruited themselves, and the sight of the plain filled
+      them with joy, for the river was but six or seven furlongs distant from
+      the mountains of the Carduchians. For the moment then they bivouacked
+      right happily; they had their provisions, they had also many memories of
+      the labours that were now passed; seeing that the last seven days spent in
+      traversing the country of the Carduchians had been one long continuous
+      battle, which had cost them more suffering than the whole of their
+      troubles at the hands of the king and Tissaphernes put together. As though
+      they were truly quit of them for ever, they laid their heads to rest in
+      sweet content.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) I.e. the Eastern Tigris.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      But with the morrow's dawn they espied horsemen at a certain point across
+      the river, armed cap-a-pie, as if they meant to dispute the passage.
+      Infantry, too, drawn up in line upon the banks above the cavalry,
+      threatened to prevent them debouching into Armenia. These troops were
+      Armenian and Mardian and Chaldaean mercenaries belonging to Orontas and
+      Artuchas. The last of the three, the Chaldaeans, were said to be a free
+      and brave set of people. They were armed with long wicker shields and
+      lances. The banks before named on which they were drawn up were a hundred
+      yards or more distant from the river, and the single road which was
+      visible was one leading upwards and looking like a regular artificially
+      constructed highway. At this point the Hellenes endeavoured to cross, but
+      on their making the attempt the water proved to be more than breast-deep,
+      and the river bed was rough with great slippery stones, and as to holding
+      their arms in the water, it was out of the question&mdash;the stream swept
+      them away&mdash;or if they tried to carry them over the head, the body was
+      left exposed to the arrows and other missiles; accordingly they turned
+      back and encamped there by the bank of the river.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      At the point where they had themselves been last night, up on the
+      mountains, they could see the Carduchians collected in large numbers and
+      under arms. A shadow of deep despair again descended on their souls,
+      whichever way they turned their eyes&mdash;in front lay the river so
+      difficult to ford; over, on the other side, a new enemy threatening to bar
+      the passage; on the hills behind, the Carduchians ready to fall upon their
+      rear should they once again attempt to cross. Thus for this day and night
+      they halted, sunk in perplexity. But Xenophon had a dream. In his sleep he
+      thought that he was bound in fetters, but these, of their own accord, fell
+      from off him, so that he was loosed, and could stretch his legs as freely
+      as he wished (2). So at the first glimpse of daylight he came to
+      Cheirisophus and told him that he had hopes that all things would go well,
+      and related to him his dream.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (2) It is impossible to give the true sense and humour of the passage
+    in English, depending, as it does, on the double meaning of
+    {diabainein} (1) to cross (a river), (2) to stride or straddle (of
+    the legs). The army is unable to cross the Centrites; Xenophon
+    dreams that he is fettered, but the chains drop off his legs and
+    he is able to stride as freely as ever; next morning the two young
+    men come to him with the story how they have found themselves able
+    to walk cross the river instead of having to swim it. It is
+    obvious to Xenophon that the dream is sent from Heaven.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      The other was well pleased, and with the first faint gleam of dawn the
+      generals all were present and did sacrifice; and the victims were
+      favourable in the first essay. Retiring from the sacrifice, the generals
+      and officers issued an order to the troops to take their breakfasts; and
+      while Xenophon was taking his, two young men came running up to him, for
+      every one knew that, breakfasting or supping, he was always accessible, or
+      that even if asleep any one was welcome to awaken him who had anything to
+      say bearing on the business of war. What the two young men had at this
+      time to say was that they had been collecting brushwood for fire, and had
+      presently espied on the opposite side, in among some rocks which came down
+      to the river's brink, an old man and some women and little girls
+      depositing, as it would appear, bags of clothes in a cavernous rock. When
+      they saw them, it struck them that it was safe to cross; in any case the
+      enemy's cavalry could not approach at this point. So they stripped naked,
+      expecting to have to swim for it, and with their long knives in their
+      hands began crossing, but going forward crossed without being wet up to
+      the fork. Once across they captured the clothes, and came back again.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Accordingly Xenophon at once poured out a libation himself, and bade the
+      two young fellows fill the cup and pray to the gods, who showed to him
+      this vision and to them a passage, to bring all other blessings for them
+      to accomplishment. When he had poured out the libation, he at once led the
+      two young men to Cheirisophus, and they repeated to him their story.
+      Cheirisophus, on hearing it, offered libations also, and when they had
+      performed them, they sent a general order to the troops to pack up ready
+      for starting, while they themselves called a meeting of the generals and
+      took counsel how they might best effect a passage, so as to overpower the
+      enemy in front without suffering any loss from the men behind. And they
+      resolved that Cheirisophus should lead the van and cross with half the
+      army, the other half still remaining behind under Xenophon, while the
+      baggage animals and the mob of sutlers were to cross between the two
+      divisions.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      When all was duly ordered the move began, the young men pioneering them,
+      and keeping the river on their left. It was about four furlongs' march to
+      the crossing, and as they moved along the bank, the squadrons of cavalry
+      kept pace with them on the opposite side.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But when they had reached a point in a line with the ford, and the
+      cliff-like banks of the river, they grounded arms, and first Cheirisophus
+      himself placed a wreath upon his brows, and throwing off his cloak (3),
+      resumed his arms, passing the order to all the rest to do the same, and
+      bade the captains form their companies in open order in deep columns, some
+      to left and some to right of himself. Meanwhile the soothsayers were
+      slaying a victim over the river, and the enemy were letting fly their
+      arrows and slingstones; but as yet they were out of range. As soon as the
+      victims were favourable, all the soldiers began singing the battle hymn,
+      and with the notes of the paean mingled the shouting of the men
+      accompanied by the shriller chant of the women, for there were many women
+      (4) in the camp.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (3) Or, "having doffed it," i.e. the wreath, an action which the
+    soldiers would perform symbolically, if Grote is right in his
+    interpretation of the passage, "Hist. of Greece," vol. ix. p. 137.
+
+ (4) Lit. "comrade-women."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      So Cheirisophus with his detachment stepped in. But Xenophon, taking the
+      most active-bodied of the rearguard, began running back at full speed to
+      the passage facing the egress into the hills of Armenia, making a feint of
+      crossing at that point to intercept their cavalry on the river bank. The
+      enemy, seeing Cheirisophus's detachment easily crossing the stream, and
+      Xenophon's men racing back, were seized with the fear of being
+      intercepted, and fled at full speed in the direction of the road which
+      emerges from the stream. But when they were come opposite to it they raced
+      up hill towards their mountains. Then Lycius, who commanded the cavalry,
+      and Aeschines, who was in command of the division of light infantry
+      attached to Cheirisophus, no sooner saw them fleeing so lustily than they
+      were after them, and the soldiers shouted not to fall behind (5), but to
+      follow them right up to the mountains. Cheirisophus, on getting across,
+      forbore to pursue the cavalry, but advanced by the bluffs which reached to
+      the river to attack the enemy overhead. And these, seeing their own
+      cavalry fleeing, seeing also the heavy infantry advancing upon them,
+      abandoned the heights above the river.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (5) Or, "to stick tight to them and not to be outdone"; or, as others
+    understand, "the (infantry) soldiers clamoured not to be left
+    behind, but to follow them up into the mountains."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Xenophon, as soon as he saw that things were going well on the other side,
+      fell back with all speed to join the troops engaged in crossing, for by
+      this time the Carduchians were well in sight, descending into the plain to
+      attack their rear.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Cheirisophus was in possession of the higher ground, and Lycius, with his
+      little squadron, in an attempt to follow up the pursuit, had captured some
+      stragglers of their baggage-bearers, and with them some handsome apparel
+      and drinking-cups. The baggage animals of the Hellenes and the mob of
+      non-combatants were just about to cross, when Xenonphon turned his troops
+      right about to face the Carduchians. Vis-a-vis he formed his line, passing
+      the order to the captains each to form his company into sections, and to
+      deploy them into line by the left, the captains of companies and
+      lieutenants in command of sections to advance to meet the Carduchians,
+      while the rear leaders would keep their position facing the river. But
+      when the Carduchians saw the rearguard so stript of the mass, and looking
+      now like a mere handful of men, they advanced all the more quickly,
+      singing certain songs the while. Then, as matters were safe with him,
+      Cheirisophus sent back the peltasts and slingers and archers to join
+      Xenophon, with orders to carry out his instructions. They were in the act
+      of recrossing, when Xenophon, who saw their intention, sent a messenger
+      across, bidding them wait there at the river's brink without crossing; but
+      as soon as he and his detachment began to cross they were to step in
+      facing him in two flanking divisions right and left of them, as if in the
+      act of crossing; the javelin men with their javelins on the thong, and the
+      bowmen with their arrows on the string; but they were not to advance far
+      into the stream. The order passed to his own men was: "Wait till you are
+      within sling-shot, and the shield rattles, then sound the paean and charge
+      the enemy. As soon as he turns, and the bugle from the river sounds for
+      'the attack,' you will face about to the right, the rear rank leading, and
+      the whole detachment falling back and crossing the river as quickly as
+      possible, every one preserving his original rank, so as to avoid
+      tramelling one another: the bravest man is he who gets to the other side
+      first."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The Carduchians, seeing that the remnant left was the merest handful (for
+      many even of those whose duty it was to remain had gone off in their
+      anxiety to protect their beasts of burden, or their personal kit, or their
+      mistresses), bore down upon them valorously, and opened fire with
+      slingstones and arrows. But the Hellenes, raising the battle hymn, dashed
+      at them at a run, and they did not await them; armed well enough for
+      mountain warfare, and with a view to sudden attack followed by speedy
+      flight, they were not by any means sufficiently equipped for an engagement
+      at close quarters. At this instant the signal of the bugle was heard. Its
+      notes added wings to the flight of the barbarians, but the Hellenes turned
+      right about in the opposite direction, and betook themselves to the river
+      with what speed they might. Some of the enemy, here a man and there
+      another, perceived, and running back to the river, let fly their arrows
+      and wounded a few; but the majority, even when the Hellenes were well
+      across, were still to be seen pursuing their flight. The detachment which
+      came to meet Xenophon's men, carried away by their valour, advanced
+      further than they had need to, and had to cross back again in the rear of
+      Xenophon's men, and of these too a few were wounded.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0031" id="link2H_4_0031">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      IV
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      The passage effected, they fell into line about mid-day, and marched
+      through Armenian territory, one long plain with smooth rolling hillocks,
+      not less than five parasangs in distance; for owing to the wars of this
+      people with the Carduchians there were no villages near the river. The
+      village eventually reached was large, and possessed a palace belonging to
+      the satrap, and most of the houses were crowned with turrets; provisions
+      were plentiful.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      From this village they marched two stages&mdash;ten parasangs&mdash;until
+      they had surmounted the sources of the river Tigris; and from this point
+      they marched three stages&mdash;fifteen parasangs&mdash;to the river
+      Teleboas. This was a fine stream, though not large, and there were many
+      villages about it. The district was named Western Armenia. The
+      lieutenant-governor of it was Tiribazus, the king's friend, and whenever
+      the latter paid a visit, he alone had the privilege of mounting the king
+      upon his horse. This officer rode up to the Hellenes with a body of
+      cavalry, and sending forward an interpreter, stated that he desired a
+      colloquy with the leaders. The generals resolved to hear what he had to
+      say; and advancing on their side to within speaking distance, they
+      demanded what he wanted. He replied that he wished to make a treaty with
+      them, in accordance with which he on his side would abstain from injuring
+      the Hellenes, if they would not burn his houses, but merely take such
+      provisions as they needed. This proposal satisfied the generals, and a
+      treaty was made on the terms suggested.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      From this place they marched three stages&mdash;fifteen parasangs&mdash;through
+      plain country, Tiribazus the while keeping close behind with his own
+      forces more than a mile off. Presently they reached a palace with villages
+      clustered round about it, which were full of supplies in great variety.
+      But while they were encamping in the night, there was a heavy fall of
+      snow, and in the morning it was resolved to billet out the different
+      regiments, with their generals, throughout the villages. There was no
+      enemy in sight, and the proceeding seemed prudent, owing to the quantity
+      of snow. In these quarters they had for provisions all the good things
+      there are&mdash;sacrificial beasts, corn, old wines with an exquisite
+      bouquet, dried grapes, and vegetables of all sorts. But some of the
+      stragglers from the camp reported having seen an army, and the blaze of
+      many watchfires in the night. Accordingly the generals concluded that it
+      was not prudent to separate their quarters in this way, and a resolution
+      was passed to bring the troops together again. After that they reunited,
+      the more so that the weather promised to be fine with a clear sky; but
+      while they lay there in open quarters, during the night down came so thick
+      a fall of snow that it completely covered up the stacks of arms and the
+      men themselves lying down. It cramped and crippled the baggage animals;
+      and there was great unreadiness to get up, so gently fell the snow as they
+      lay there warm and comfortable, and formed a blanket, except where it
+      slipped off the sleepers' shoulders; and it was not until Xenophon roused
+      himself to get up, and, without his cloak on (1), began to split wood,
+      that quickly first one and then another got up, and taking the log away
+      from him, fell to splitting. Thereat the rest followed suit, got up, and
+      began kindling fire and oiling their bodies, for there was a scented
+      unguent to be found there in abundance, which they used instead of oil. It
+      was made from pig's fat, sesame, bitter almonds, and turpentine. There was
+      a sweet oil also to be found, made of the same ingredients.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) Or, as we should say, "in his shirt sleeves." Doubtless he lay
+    with his {imation} or cloak loosely wrapped round him; as he
+    sprang to his feet he would throw it off, or it would fall off,
+    and with the simple inner covering of the {khiton} to protect him,
+    and arms free, he fell to chopping the wood, only half clad.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      After this it was resolved that they must again separate their quarters
+      and get under cover in the villages. At this news the soldiers, with much
+      joy and shouting, rushed upon the covered houses and the provisions; but
+      all who in their blind folly had set fire to the houses when they left
+      them before, now paid the penalty in the poor quarters they got. From this
+      place one night they sent off a party under Democrates, a Temenite (2), up
+      into the mountains, where the stragglers reported having seen watchfires.
+      The leader selected was a man whose judgement might be depended upon to
+      verify the truth of the matter. With a happy gift to distinguish between
+      fact and fiction, he had often been successfully appealed to. He went and
+      reported that he had seen no watchfires, but he had got a man, whom he
+      brought back with him, carrying a Persian bow and quiver, and a sagaris or
+      battleaxe like those worn by the Amazons. When asked "from what country he
+      came," the prisoner answered that he was "a Persian, and was going from
+      the army of Tiribazus to get provisions." They next asked him "how large
+      the army was, and for what object it had been collected." His answer was
+      that "it consisted of Tiribazus at the head of his own forces, and aided
+      by some Chalybian and Taochian mercenaries. Tiribazus had got it
+      together," he added, "meaning to attack the Hellenes on the high mountain
+      pass, in a defile which was the sole passage."
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (2) Reading {Temeniten}, i.e. a native of Temenus, a district of
+    Syracuse; al. {Temniten}, i.e. from Temnus in the Aeolid; al.
+    {Temeniten}, i.e. from Temenum in the Argolid.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      When the generals heard this news, they resolved to collect the troops,
+      and they set off at once, taking the prisoner to act as guide, and leaving
+      a garrison behind with Sophaenetus the Stymphalian in command of those who
+      remained in the camp. As soon as they had begun to cross the hills, the
+      light infantry, advancing in front and catching sight of the camp, did not
+      wait for the heavy infantry, but with a loud shout rushed upon the enemy's
+      entrenchment. The natives, hearing the din and clatter, did not care to
+      stop, but took rapidly to their heels. But, for all their expedition, some
+      of them were killed, and as many as twenty horses were captured, with the
+      tent of Tiribazus, and its contents, silver-footed couches and goblets,
+      besides certain persons styling themselves the butlers and bakers. As soon
+      as the generals of the heavy infantry division had learnt the news, they
+      resolved to return to the camp with all speed, for fear of an attack being
+      made on the remnant left behind. The recall was sounded and the retreat
+      commenced; the camp was reached the same day.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0032" id="link2H_4_0032">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      V
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      The next day it was resolved that they should set off with all possible
+      speed, before the enemy had time to collect and occupy the defile. Having
+      got their kit and baggage together, they at once began their march through
+      deep snow with several guides, and, crossing the high pass the same day on
+      which Tiribazus was to have attacked them, got safely into cantonments.
+      From this point they marched three desert stages&mdash;fifteen parassangs&mdash;to
+      the river Euphrates, and crossed it in water up to the waist. The sources
+      of the river were reported to be at no great distance. From this place
+      they marched through deep snow over a flat country three stages&mdash;fifteen
+      parasangs (1). The last of these marches was trying, with the north wind
+      blowing in their teeth, drying up everything and benumbing the men. Here
+      one of the seers suggested to them to do sacrifice to Boreas, and
+      sacrifice was done. The effect was obvious to all in the diminished
+      fierceness of the blast. But there was six feet of snow, so that many of
+      the baggage animals and slaves were lost, and about thirty of the men
+      themselves.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) Al. "ten," al. "five."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      They spent the whole night in kindling fire; for there was fortunately no
+      dearth of wood at the halting-place; only those who came late into camp
+      had no wood. Accordingly those who had arrived a good while and had
+      kindled fires were not for allowing these late-comers near the fires,
+      unless they would in return give a share of their corn or of any other
+      victuals they might have. Here then a general exchange of goods was set
+      up. Where the fire was kindled the snow melted, and great trenches formed
+      themselves down to the bare earth, and here it was possible to measure the
+      depth of the snow.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Leaving these quarters, they marched the whole of the next day over snow,
+      and many of the men were afflicted with "boulimia" (or hunger-faintness).
+      Xenophon, who was guarding the rear, came upon some men who had dropt
+      down, and he did not know what ailed them; but some one who was
+      experienced in such matters suggested to him that they had evidently got
+      boulimia; and if they got something to eat, they would revive. Then he
+      went the round of the baggage train, and laying an embargo on any eatables
+      he could see, doled out with his own hands, or sent off other able-bodied
+      agents to distribute to the sufferers, who as soon as they had taken a
+      mouthful got on their legs again and continued the march.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      On and on they marched, and about dusk Cheirisophus reached a village, and
+      surprised some women and girls who had come from the village to fetch
+      water at the fountain outside the stockade. These asked them who they
+      were. The interpreters answered for them in Persian: "They were on their
+      way from the king to the satrap;" in reply to which the women gave them to
+      understand that the satrap was not at home, but was away a parasang
+      farther on. As it was late they entered with the water-carriers within the
+      stockade to visit the headman of the village. Accordingly Cheirisophus and
+      as many of the troops as were able got into cantonments there, while the
+      rest of the soldiers&mdash;those namely who were unable to complete the
+      march&mdash;had to spend the night out, without food and without fire;
+      under the circumstances some of the men perished.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      On the heels of the army hung perpetually bands of the enemy, snatching
+      away disabled baggage animals and fighting with each other over the
+      carcases. And in its track not seldom were left to their fate disabled
+      soldiers, struck down with snow-blindness or with toes mortified by
+      frostbite. As to the eyes, it was some alleviation against the snow to
+      march with something black before them; for the feet, the only remedy was
+      to keep in motion without stopping for an instant, and to loose the sandal
+      at night. If they went to sleep with the sandals on, the thong worked into
+      the feet, and the sandals were frozen fast to them. This was partly due to
+      the fact that, since their old sandals had failed, they wore untanned
+      brogues made of newly-flayed ox-hides. It was owing to some such dire
+      necessity that a party of men fell out and were left behind, and seeing a
+      black-looking patch of ground where the snow had evidently disappeared,
+      they conjectured it must have been melted; and this was actually so, owing
+      to a spring of some sort which was to be seen steaming up in a dell close
+      by. To this they had turned aside and sat down, and were loth to go a step
+      further. But Xenophon, with his rearguard, perceived them, and begged and
+      implored them by all manner of means not to be left behind, telling them
+      that the enemy were after them in large packs pursuing; and he ended by
+      growing angry. They merely bade him put a knife to their throats; not one
+      step farther would they stir. Then it seemed best to frighten the pursuing
+      enemy if possible, and prevent their falling upon the invalids. It was
+      already dusk, and the pursuers were advancing with much noise and hubbub,
+      wrangling and disputing over their spoils. Then all of a sudden the
+      rearguard, in the plenitude of health and strength (2), sprang up out of
+      their lair and run upon the enemy, whilst those weary wights (3) bawled
+      out as loud as their sick throats could sound, and clashed their spears
+      against their shields; and the enemy in terror hurled themselves through
+      the snow into the dell, and not one of them ever uttered a sound again.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (2) Hug, after Rehdantz, would omit the words "in the plenitude of
+    health and strength."
+
+ (3) Or, "the invalids."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Xenophon and his party, telling the sick folk that next day people would
+      come for them, set off, and before they had gone half a mile they fell in
+      with some soldiers who had laid down to rest on the snow with their cloaks
+      wrapped round them, but never a guard was established, and they made them
+      get up. Their explanation was that those in front would not move on.
+      Passing by this group he sent forward the strongest of his light infantry
+      in advance, with orders to find out what the stoppage was. They reported
+      that the whole army lay reposing in such fashion. That being so,
+      Xenophon's men had nothing for it but to bivouac in the open air also,
+      without fire and supperless, merely posting what pickets they could under
+      the circumstances. But as soon as it drew towards day, Xenophon despatched
+      the youngest of his men to the sick folk behind, with orders to make them
+      get up and force them to proceed. Meanwhile Cheirisophus had sent some of
+      his men quartered in the village to enquire how they fared in the rear;
+      they were overjoyed to see them, and handed over the sick folk to them to
+      carry into camp, while they themselves continued their march forward, and
+      ere twenty furlongs were past reached the village in which Cheirisophus
+      was quartered. As soon as the two divisions were met, the resolution was
+      come to that it would be safe to billet the regiments throughout the
+      villages; Cheirisophus remained where he was, while the rest drew lots for
+      the villages in sight, and then, with their several detachments, marched
+      off to their respective destinations.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      It was here that Polycrates, an Athenian and captain of a company, asked
+      for leave of absence&mdash;he wished to be off on a quest of his own; and
+      putting himself at the head of the active men of the division, he ran to
+      the village which had been allotted to Xenophon. He surprised within it
+      the villagers with their headman, and seventeen young horses which were
+      being reared as a tribute for the king, and, last of all, the headman's
+      own daughter, a young bride only eight days wed. Her husband had gone off
+      to chase hares, and so he escaped being taken with the other villagers.
+      The houses were underground structures with an aperture like the mouth of
+      a well by which to enter, but they were broad and spacious below. The
+      entrance for the beasts of burden was dug out, but the human occupants
+      descended by a ladder. In these dwellings were to be found goats and sheep
+      and cattle, and cocks and hens, with their various progeny. The flocks and
+      herds were all reared under cover upon green food. There were stores
+      within of wheat and barley and vegetables, and wine made from barley in
+      great big bowls; the grains of barley malt lay floating in the beverage up
+      to the lip of the vessel, and reeds lay in them, some longer, some
+      shorter, without joints; when you were thirsty you must take one of these
+      into your mouth, and suck. The beverage without admixture of water was
+      very strong, and of a delicious flavour to certain palates, but the taste
+      must be acquired.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Xenophon made the headman of the village his guest at supper, and bade him
+      keep a good heart; so far from robbing him of his children, they would
+      fill his house full of good things in return for what they took before
+      they went away; only he must set them an example, and discover some
+      blessing or other for the army, until they found themselves with another
+      tribe. To this he readily assented, and with the utmost cordiality showed
+      them the cellar where the wine was buried. For this night then, having
+      taken up their several quarters as described, they slumbered in the midst
+      of plenty, one and all, with the headman under watch and ward, and his
+      children with him safe in sight.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But on the following day Xenophon took the headman and set off to
+      Cheirisophus, making a round of the villages, and at each place turning in
+      to visit the different parties. Everywhere alike he found them faring
+      sumptuously and merry-making. There was not a single village where they
+      did not insist on setting a breakfast before them, and on the same table
+      were spread half a dozen dishes at least, lamb, kid, pork, veal, fowls,
+      with various sorts of bread, some of wheat and some of barley. When, as an
+      act of courtesy, any one wished to drink his neighbour's health, he would
+      drag him to the big bowl, and when there, he must duck his head and take a
+      long pull, drinking like an ox. The headman, they insisted everywhere,
+      must accept as a present whatever he liked to have. But he would accept
+      nothing, except where he espied any of his relations, when he made a point
+      of taking them off, him or her, with himself.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      When they reached Cheirisophus they found a similar scene. There too the
+      men were feasting in their quarters, garlanded with whisps of hay and dry
+      grass, and Armenian boys were playing the part of waiters in barbaric
+      costumes, only they had to point out by gesture to the boys what they were
+      to do, like deaf and dumb. After the first formalities, when Cheirisophus
+      and Xenophon had greeted one another like bosom friends, they interrogated
+      the headman in common by means of the Persian-speaking interpreter. "What
+      was the country?" they asked: he replied, "Armenia." And again, "For whom
+      are the horses being bred?" "They are tribute for the king," he replied.
+      "And the neighbouring country?" "Is the land of the Chalybes," he said;
+      and he described the road which led to it. So for the present Xenophon
+      went off, taking the headman back with him to his household and friends.
+      He also made him a present of an oldish horse which he had got; he had
+      heard that the headman was a priest of the sun, and so he could fatten up
+      the beast and sacrifice him; otherwise he was afraid it might die
+      outright, for it had been injured by the long marching. For himself he
+      took his pick of the colts, and gave a colt apiece to each of his
+      fellow-generals and officers. The horses here were smaller than the
+      Persian horses, but much more spirited. It was here too that their friend
+      the headman explained to them, how they should wrap small bags or sacks
+      around the feet of the horses and other cattle when marching through the
+      snow, for without such precautions the creatures sank up to their bellies.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0033" id="link2H_4_0033">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      VI
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      When a week had passed, on the eighth day Xenophon delivered over the
+      guide (that is to say, the village headman) to Cheirisophus. He left the
+      headman's household safe behind in the village, with the exception of his
+      son, a lad in the bloom of youth. This boy was entrusted to Episthenes of
+      Amphipolis to guard; if the headman proved himself a good guide, he was to
+      take away his son also at his departure. They finally made his house the
+      repository of all the good things they could contrive to get together;
+      then they broke up their camp and commenced to march, the headman guiding
+      them through the snow unfettered. When they had reached the third stage
+      Cheirisophus flew into a rage with him, because he had not brought them to
+      any villages. The headman pleaded that there were none in this part.
+      Cheirisophus struck him, but forgot to bind him, and the end of it was
+      that the headman ran away in the night and was gone, leaving his son
+      behind him. This was the sole ground of difference between Cheirisophus
+      and Xenophon during the march, this combination of ill-treatment and
+      neglect in the case of the guide. As to the boy, Episthenes conceived a
+      passion for him, and took him home with him, and found in him the most
+      faithful of friends.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      After this they marched seven stages at the rate of five parasangs a day,
+      to the banks of the river Phasis (1), which is a hundred feet broad: and
+      thence they marched another couple of stages, ten parasangs; but at the
+      pass leading down into the plain there appeared in front of them a mixed
+      body of Chalybes and Taochians and Phasianians. When Cheirisophus caught
+      sight of the enemy on the pass at a distance of about three or four miles,
+      he ceased marching, not caring to approach the enemy with his troops in
+      column, and he passed down the order to the others: to deploy their
+      companies to the front, that the troops might form into line. As soon as
+      the rearguard had come up, he assembled the generals and officers, and
+      addressed them: "The enemy, as you see, are in occupation of the mountain
+      pass, it is time we should consider how we are to make the best fight to
+      win it. My opinion is, that we should give orders to the troops to take
+      their morning meal, whilst we deliberate whether we should cross the
+      mountains to-day or to-morrow." "My opinion," said Cleanor, "is, that as
+      soon as we have breakfasted, we should arm for the fight and attack the
+      enemy, without loss of time, for if we fritter away to-day, the enemy who
+      are now content to look at us, will grow bolder, and with their growing
+      courage, depend upon it, others more numerous will join them."
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) Probably a tributary of the Araxes = modern Pasin-Su.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      After him Xenophon spoke: "This," he said, "is how I see the matter; if
+      fight we must, let us make preparation to sell our lives dearly, but if we
+      desire to cross with the greatest ease, the point to consider is, how we
+      may get the fewest wounds and throw away the smallest number of good men.
+      Well then, that part of the mountain which is visible stretches nearly
+      seven miles. Where are the men posted to intercept us? except at the road
+      itself, they are nowhere to be seen. It is much better to try if possible
+      to steal a point of this desert mountain unobserved, and before they know
+      where we are, secure the prize, than to fly at a strong position and an
+      enemy thoroughly prepared. Since it is much easier to march up a mountain
+      without fighting than to tramp along a level when assailants are at either
+      hand; and provided he has not to fight, a man will see what lies at his
+      feet much more plainly even at night than in broad daylight in the midst
+      of battle; and a rough road to feet that roam in peace may be pleasanter
+      than a smooth surface with the bullets whistling about your ears (2). Nor
+      is it so impossible, I take it, to steal a march, since it is open to us
+      to go by night, when we cannot be seen, and to fall back so far that they
+      will never notice us. In my opinion, however, if we make a feint of
+      attacking here, we shall find the mountain chain all the more deserted
+      elsewhere, since the enemy will be waiting for us here in thicker swarm.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (2) Or, more lit., "with the head a mark for missiles."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      "But what right have I to be drawing conclusions about stealing in your
+      presence, Cheirisophus? for you Lacedaemonians, as I have often been told,
+      you who belong to the 'peers,' practise stealing from your boyhood up; and
+      it is no disgrace but honourable rather to steal, except such things as
+      the law forbids; and in order, I presume, to stimulate your sense of
+      secretiveness, and to make you master thieves, it is lawful for you
+      further to get a whipping if you are caught. Now then you have a fine
+      opportunity of displaying your training. But take care we are not caught
+      stealing over the mountain, or we shall catch it ourselves." "For all
+      that," retorted Cheirisophus, "I have heard that you Athenians are clever
+      hands at stealing the public moneys; and that too though there is a
+      fearful risk for the person so employed; but, I am told, it is your best
+      men who are addicted to it; if it is your best men who are thought worthy
+      to rule. So it is a fine opportunity for yourself also, Xenophon, to
+      exhibit your education." "And I," replied Xenophon, "am ready to take the
+      rear division, as soon as we have supped, and seize the mountain chain. I
+      have already got guides, for the light troops laid an ambuscade, and
+      seized some of the cut-purse vagabonds who hung on our rear. I am further
+      informed by them that the mountain is not inaccessible, but is grazed by
+      goats and cattle, so that if we can once get hold of any portion of it,
+      there will be no difficulty as regards our animals&mdash;they can cross.
+      As to the enemy, I expect they will not even wait for us any longer, when
+      they once see us on a level with themselves on the heights, for they do
+      not even at present care to come down and meet us on fair ground."
+      Cheirisophus answered: "But why should you go and leave your command in
+      the rear? Send others rather, unless a band of volunteers will present
+      themselves." Thereupon Aristonymus the Methydrian came forward with some
+      heavy infantry, and Nicomachus the Oetean with another body of light
+      troops, and they made an agreement to kindle several watch-fires as soon
+      as they held the heights. The arrangements made, they breakfasted; and
+      after breakfast Cheirisophus advanced the whole army ten furlongs closer
+      towards the enemy, so as to strengthen the impression that he intended to
+      attack them at that point.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But as soon as they had supped and night had fallen, the party under
+      orders set off and occupied the mountain, while the main body rested where
+      they were. Now as soon as the enemy perceived that the mountain was taken,
+      they banished all thought of sleep, and kept many watch-fires blazing
+      throughout the night. But at break of day Cheirisophus offered sacrifice,
+      and began advancing along the road, while the detachment which held the
+      mountain advanced pari passu by the high ground. The larger mass of the
+      enemy, on his side, remained still on the mountain-pass, but a section of
+      them turned to confront the detachment on the heights. Before the main
+      bodies had time to draw together, the detachment on the height came to
+      close quarters, and the Hellenes were victorious and gave chase. Meanwhile
+      the light division of the Hellenes, issuing from the plain, were rapidly
+      advancing against the serried lines of the enemy, whilst Cheirisophus
+      followed up with his heavy infantry at quick march. But the enemy on the
+      road no sooner saw their higher division being worsted than they fled, and
+      some few of them were slain, and a vast number of wicker shields were
+      taken, which the Hellenes hacked to pieces with their short swords and
+      rendered useless. So when they had reached the summit of the pass, they
+      sacrificed and set up a trophy, and descending into the plain, reached
+      villages abounding in good things of every kind.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0034" id="link2H_4_0034">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      VII
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      After this they marched into the country of the Taochians five stages&mdash;thirty
+      parasangs&mdash;and provisions failed; for the Taochians lived in strong
+      places, into which they had carried up all their stores. Now when the army
+      arrived before one of these strong places&mdash;a mere fortress, without
+      city or houses, into which a motley crowd of men and women and numerous
+      flocks and herds were gathered&mdash;Cheirisophus attacked at once. When
+      the first regiment fell back tired, a second advanced, and again a third,
+      for it was impossible to surround the place in full force, as it was
+      encircled by a river. Presently Xenophon came up with the rearguard,
+      consisting of both light and heavy infantry, whereupon Cheirisophus halted
+      him with the words: "In the nick of time you have come; we must take this
+      place, for the troops have no provisions, unless we take it." Thereupon
+      they consulted together, and to Xenophon's inquiry, "What it was which
+      hindered their simply walking in?" Cheirisophus replied, "There is just
+      this one narrow approach which you see, but when we attempt to pass it by
+      they roll down volleys of stones from yonder overhanging crag," pointing
+      up, "and this is the state in which you find yourself, if you chance to be
+      caught;" and he pointed to some poor fellows with their legs or ribs
+      crushed to bits. "But when they have expended their ammunition," said
+      Xenophon, "there is nothing else, is there, to hinder our passing?
+      Certainly, except yonder handful of fellows, there is no one in front of
+      us that we can see; and of them, only two or three apparently are armed,
+      and the distance to be traversed under fire is, as your eyes will tell
+      you, about one hundred and fifty feet as near as can be, and of this space
+      the first hundred is thickly covered with great pines at intervals; under
+      cover of these, what harm can come to our men from a pelt of stones,
+      flying or rolling? So then, there is only fifty feet left to cross, during
+      a lull of stones." "Ay," said Cheirisophus, "but with our first attempt to
+      approach the bush a galling fire of stones commences." "The very thing we
+      want," said the other, "for they will use up their ammunition all the
+      quicker; but let us select a point from which we shall have only a brief
+      space to run across, if we can, and from which it will be easier to get
+      back, if we wish."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Thereupon Cheirisophus and Xenophon set out with Callimachus the
+      Parrhasian, the captain in command of the officers of the rearguard that
+      day; the rest of the captains remained out of danger. That done, the next
+      step was for a party of about seventy men to get away under the trees, not
+      in a body, but one by one, every one using his best precaution; and Agasis
+      the Stymphalian, and Aristonymous the Methydrian, who were also officers
+      of the rearguard, were posted as supports outside the trees; for it was
+      not possible for more than a single company to stand safely within the
+      trees. Here Callimachus hit upon a pretty contrivance&mdash;he ran forward
+      from the tree under which he was posted two or three paces, and as soon as
+      the stones came whizzing, he retired easily, but at each excursion more
+      than ten wagon-loads of rocks were expended. Agasias, seeing how
+      Callimachus was amusing himself, and the whole army looking on as
+      spectators, was seized with the fear that he might miss his chance of
+      being first to run the gauntlet of the enemy's fire and get into the
+      place. So, without a word of summons to his neighbour, Aristonymous, or to
+      Eurylochus of Lusia, both comrades of his, or to any one else, off he set
+      on his own account, and passed the whole detachment. But Callimachus,
+      seeing him tearing past, caught hold of his shield by the rim, and in the
+      meantime Aristonymous the Methydrian ran past both, and after him
+      Eurylochus of Lusia; for they were one and all aspirants to valour, and in
+      that high pursuit, each was the eager rival of the rest. So in this strife
+      of honour, the three of them took the fortress, and when they had once
+      rushed in, not a stone more was hurled from overhead.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      And here a terrible spectacle displayed itself: the women first cast their
+      infants down the cliff, and then they cast themselves after their fallen
+      little ones, and the men likewise. In such a scene, Aeneas the
+      Stymphalian, an officer, caught sight of a man with a fine dress about to
+      throw himself over, and seized hold of him to stop him; but the other
+      caught him to his arms, and both were gone in an instant headlong down the
+      crags, and were killed. Out of this place the merest handful of human
+      beings were taken prisoners, but cattle and asses in abundance and flocks
+      of sheep.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      From this place they marched through the Chalybes (1) seven stages, fifty
+      parasangs. These were the bravest men whom they encountered on the whole
+      march, coming cheerily to close quarters with them. They wore linen
+      cuirasses reaching to the groin, and instead of the ordinary "wings" or
+      basques, a thickly-plaited fringe of cords. They were also provided with
+      greaves and helmets, and at the girdle a short sabre, about as long as the
+      Laconian dagger, with which they cut the throats of those they mastered,
+      and after severing the head from the trunk they would march along carrying
+      it, singing and dancing, when they drew within their enemy's field of
+      view. They carried also a spear fifteen cubits long, lanced at one end
+      (2). This folk stayed in regular townships, and whenever the Hellenes
+      passed by they invariably hung close on their heels fighting. They had
+      dwelling-places in their fortresses, and into them they had carried up
+      their supplies, so that the Hellenes could get nothing from this district,
+      but supported themselves on the flocks and herds they had taken from the
+      Taochians. After this the Hellenes reached the river Harpasus, which was
+      four hundred feet broad. Hence they marched through the Scythenians four
+      stages&mdash;twenty parasangs&mdash;through a long level country to more
+      villages, among which they halted three days, and got in supplies.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) These are the Armeno-Chalybes, so called by Pliny in
+    contradistinction to another mountain tribe in Pontus so named,
+    who were famous for their forging, and from whom steel received
+    its Greek name {khalups}. With these latter we shall make
+    acquaintance later on.
+
+ (2) I.e. with a single point or spike only, the Hellenic spear having
+    a spike at the butt end also.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Passing on from thence in four stages of twenty parasangs, they reached a
+      large and prosperous well-populated city, which went by the name of
+      Gymnias (3), from which the governor of the country sent them a guide to
+      lead them through a district hostile to his own. This guide told them that
+      within five days he would lead them to a place from which they would see
+      the sea, "and," he added, "if I fail of my word, you are free to take my
+      life." Accordingly he put himself at their head; but he no sooner set foot
+      in the country hostile to himself than he fell to encouraging them to burn
+      and harry the land; indeed his exhortations were so earnest, it was plain
+      that it was for this he had come, and not out of the good-will he bore the
+      Hellenes.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (3) Gymnias is supposed (by Grote, "Hist. of Greece," vol. ix. p. 161)
+    to be the same as that which is now called Gumisch-Kana&mdash;perhaps
+    "at no great distance from Baibut," Tozer, "Turkish Armenia," p.
+    432. Others have identified it with Erzeroum, others with Ispir.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      On the fifth day they reached the mountain, the name of which was Theches
+      (4). No sooner had the men in front ascended it and caught sight of the
+      sea than a great cry arose, and Xenophon, in the rearguard, catching the
+      sound of it, conjectured that another set of enemies must surely be
+      attacking in front; for they were followed by the inhabitants of the
+      country, which was all aflame; indeed the rearguard had killed some and
+      captured others alive by laying an ambuscade; they had taken also about
+      twenty wicker shields, covered with the raw hides of shaggy oxen.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (4) Some MSS. give "the sacred mountain." The height in question has
+    been identified with "the ridge called Tekieh-Dagh to the east of
+    Gumisch-Kana, nearer to the sea than that place" (Grote, ib. p.
+    162), but the exact place from which they caught sight of the sea
+    has not been identified as yet, and other mountain ranges have
+    been suggested.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      But as the shout became louder and nearer, and those who from time to time
+      came up, began racing at the top of their speed towards the shouters, and
+      the shouting continually recommenced with yet greater volume as the
+      numbers increased, Xenophon settled in his mind that something
+      extraordinary must have happened, so he mounted his horse, and taking with
+      him Lycius and the cavalry, he galloped to the rescue. Presently they
+      could hear the soldiers shouting and passing on the joyful word, "The sea!
+      the sea!"
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Thereupon they began running, rearguard and all, and the baggage animals
+      and horses came galloping up. But when they had reached the summit, then
+      indeed they fell to embracing one another&mdash;generals and officers and
+      all&mdash;and the tears trickled down their cheeks. And on a sudden, some
+      one, whoever it was, having passed down the order, the soldiers began
+      bringing stones and erecting a great cairn, whereon they dedicated a host
+      of untanned skins, and staves, and captured wicker shields, and with his
+      own hand the guide hacked the shields to pieces, inviting the rest to
+      follow his example. After this the Hellenes dismissed the guide with a
+      present raised from the common store, to wit, a horse, a silver bowl, a
+      Persian dress, and ten darics; but what he most begged to have were their
+      rings, and of these he got several from the soldiers. So, after pointing
+      out to them a village where they would find quarters, and the road by
+      which they would proceed towards the land of the Macrones, as evening
+      fell, he turned his back upon them in the night and was gone.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0035" id="link2H_4_0035">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      VIII
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      From this point the Hellenes marched through the country of the Macrones
+      three stages&mdash;ten parasangs, and on the first day they reached the
+      river, which formed the boundary between the land of the Macrones and the
+      land of the Scythenians. Above them, on their right, they had a country of
+      the sternest and ruggedest character, and on their left another river,
+      into which the frontier river discharges itself, and which they must
+      cross. This was thickly fringed with trees which, though not of any great
+      bulk, were closely packed. As soon as they came up to them, the Hellenes
+      proceeded to cut them down in their haste to get out of the place as soon
+      as possible. But the Macrones, armed with wicker shields and lances and
+      hair tunics, were already drawn up to receive them opposite the crossing.
+      They were cheering one another on, and kept up a steady pelt of stones
+      into the river, though they failed to reach the other side or do any harm.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      At this juncture one of the light infantry came up to Xenophon; he had
+      been, he said, a slave at Athens, and he wished to tell him that he
+      recognised the speech of these people. "I think," said he, "that this must
+      be my native country, and if there is no objection I will have a talk with
+      them." "No objection at all," replied Xenophon, "pray talk to them, and
+      ask them first, who they are." In answer to this question they said, "they
+      were Macrones." "Well, then," said he, "ask them why they are drawn up in
+      battle and want to fight with us." They answered, "Because you are
+      invading our country." The generals bade him say: "If so, it is with not
+      intention certainly of doing it or you any harm: but we have been at war
+      with the king, and are now returning to Hellas, and all we want is to
+      reach the sea." The others asked, "Were they willing to give them pledges
+      to that effect?" They replied: "Yes, they were ready to give and receive
+      pledges to that effect." Then the Macrones gave a barbaric lance to the
+      Hellenes, and the Hellenes a Hellenic lance to them: "for these," they
+      said, "would serve as pledges," and both sides called upon the gods to
+      witness.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      After the pledges were exchanged, the Macrones fell to vigorously hewing
+      down trees and constructing a road to help them across, mingling freely
+      with the Hellenes and fraternising in their midst, and they afforded them
+      as good as market as they could, and for three days conducted them on
+      their march, until they had brought them safely to the confines of the
+      Colchians. At this point they were confronted by a great mountain chain,
+      which however was accessible, and on it the Colchians were drawn up for
+      battle. In the first instance, the Hellenes drew up opposite in line of
+      battle, as though they were minded to assault the hill in that order; but
+      afterwards the generals determined to hold a council of war, and consider
+      how to make the fairest fight.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Accordingly Xenophon said: "I am not for advancing in line, but advise to
+      form companies by columns. To begin with, the line," he urged, "would be
+      scattered and thrown into disorder at once; for we shall find the mountain
+      full of inequalities, it will be pathless here and easy to traverse there.
+      The mere fact of first having formed in line, and then seeing the line
+      thrown into disorder, must exercise a disheartening effect. Again, if we
+      advance several deep, the enemy will none the less overlap us, and turn
+      their superfluous numbers to account as best they like; while, if we march
+      in shallow order, we may fully expect our line to be cut through and
+      through by the thick rain of missiles and rush of men, and if this happen
+      anywhere along the line, the whole line will equally suffer. No; my notion
+      is to form columns by companies, covering ground sufficient with spaces
+      between the companies to allow the last companies of each flank to be
+      outside the enemy's flanks. Thus we shall with our extreme companies be
+      outside the enemy's line, and the best men at the head of their columns
+      will lead the attack, and every company will pick its way where the ground
+      is easy; also it will be difficult for the enemy to force his way into the
+      intervening spaces, when there are companies on both sides; nor will it be
+      easy for him to cut in twain any individual company marching in column.
+      If, too, any particular company should be pressed, the neighbouring
+      company will come to the rescue, or if at any point any single company
+      succeed in reaching the height, from that moment not one man of the enemy
+      will stand his ground."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      This proposal was carried, and they formed into columns by companies (1).
+      Then Xenophon, returning from the right wing to the left, addressed the
+      soldiers. "Men," he said, "these men whom you see in front of you are the
+      sole obstacles still interposed between us and the haven of our hopes so
+      long deferred. We will swallow them up whole, without cooking (2), if we
+      can."
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) For this formation, see "The Retreat of the Ten Thousand; a
+    military study for all time," by Lieut.-General J. L. Vaughan,
+    C.B.
+
+ (2) Or, "we will gobble them up raw." He is thinking of the Homeric
+    line ("Iliad", iv. 35) "Perchance wert thou to enter within the
+    gates and long walls and devour Priam raw, and Priam's sons and
+    all the Trojans, then mightest thou assuage thine anger."&mdash;Leaf.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      The several divisions fell into position, the companies were formed into
+      columns, and the result was a total of something like eighty companies of
+      heavy infantry, each company consisting on an average of a hundred men.
+      The light infantry and bowmen were arranged in three divisions&mdash;two
+      outside to support the left and the right respectively, and the third in
+      the centre&mdash;each division consisting of about six hundred men (3).
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (3) This suggests 1800 as the total of the peltasts, 8000 as the total
+    of the hoplites, but the companies were probably not limited to
+    100, and under "peltasts" were probably included other light
+    troops.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Before starting, the generals passed the order to offer prayer; and with
+      the prayer and battle hymn rising from their lips they commenced their
+      advance. Cheirisophus and Xenophon, and the light infantry with them,
+      advanced outside the enemy's line to right and left, and the enemy, seeing
+      their advance, made an effort to keep parallel and confront them, but in
+      order to do so, as he extended partly to right and partly to left, he was
+      pulled to pieces, and there was a large space or hollow left in the centre
+      of his line. Seeing them separate thus, the light infantry attached to the
+      Arcadian battalion, under command of Aeschines, an Arcarnanian, mistook
+      the movement for flight, and with a loud shout rushed on, and these were
+      the first to scale the mountain summit; but they were closely followed up
+      by the Arcadian heavy infantry, under command of Cleanor of Orchomenus.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      When they began running in that way, the enemy stood their ground no
+      longer, but betook themselves to flight, one in one direction, one in
+      another, and the Hellenes scaled the hill and found quarters in numerous
+      villages which contained supplies in abundance. Here, generally speaking,
+      there was nothing to excite their wonderment, but the numbers of bee-hives
+      were indeed astonishing, and so were certain properties of the honey (4).
+      The effect upon the soldiers who tasted the combs was, that they all went
+      for the nonce quite off their heads, and suffered from vomiting and
+      diarrhoea, with a total inability to stand steady on their legs. A small
+      dose produced a condition not unlike violent drunkenness, a large one an
+      attack very like a fit of madness, and some dropped down, apparently at
+      death's door. So they lay, hundreds of them, as if there had been a great
+      defeat, a prey to the cruellest despondency. But the next day, none had
+      died; and almost at the same hour of the day at which they had eaten they
+      recovered their senses, and on the third or fourth day got on their legs
+      again like convalescents after a severe course of medical treatment.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (4) "Modern travellers attest the existence, in these regions, of
+    honey intoxicating and poisonous.... They point out the Azalea
+    Pontica as the flower from which the bees imbibe this peculiar
+    quality."&mdash;Grote, "Hist. of Greece," vol. ix. p. 155.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      From this place they marched on two stages&mdash;seven parasangs&mdash;and
+      reached the sea at Trapezus (5), a populous Hellenic city on the Euxine
+      Sea, a colony of the Sinopeans, in the territory of the Colchians. Here
+      they halted about thirty days in the villages of the Colchians, which they
+      used as a base of operations to ravage the whole territory of Colchis. The
+      men of Trapezus supplied the army with a market, entertained them, and
+      gave them, as gifts of hospitality, oxen and wheat and wine. Further, they
+      negotiated with them in behalf of their neighbours the Colchians, who
+      dwelt in the plain for the most part, and from this folk also came gifts
+      of hospitality in the shape of cattle. And now the Hellenes made
+      preparation for the sacrifice which they had vowed, and a sufficient
+      number of cattle came in for them to offer thank-offerings for safe
+      guidance to Zeus the Saviour, and to Heracles (6), and to the other gods,
+      according to their vows. They instituted also a gymnastic contest on the
+      mountain side, just where they were quartered, and chose Dracontius, a
+      Spartan (who had been banished from home when a lad, having
+      unintentionally slain another boy with a blow of his dagger), to
+      superintend the course, and be president of the games.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (5) Trebizond.
+
+ (6) Or, "to sacrifice to Zeus the Preserver, and to Heracles
+    thank-offerings for safe guidance," Heracles "the conductor"
+    having special sympathy with wanderers.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      As soon as the sacrifices were over, they handed over the hides of the
+      beasts to Dracontius, and bade him lead the way to his racecourse. He
+      merely waved his hand and pointed to where they were standing, and said,
+      "There, this ridge is just the place for running, anywhere, everywhere."
+      "But how," it was asked, "will they manage to wrestle on the hard scrubby
+      ground?" "Oh! worse knocks for those who are thrown," the president
+      replied. There was a mile race for boys, the majority being captive lads;
+      and for the long race more than sixty Cretans competed; there was
+      wrestling, boxing, and the pankration (7). Altogether it was a beautiful
+      spectacle. There was a large number of entries, and the emulation, with
+      their companions, male and female, standing as spectators, was immense.
+      There was horse-racing also; the riders had to gallop down a steep incline
+      to the sea, and then turn and come up again to the altar, and on the
+      descent more than half rolled head over heels, and then back they came
+      toiling up the tremendous steep, scarcely out of a walking pace. Loud were
+      the shouts, the laughter, and the cheers.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (7) The pankration combined both wrestling and boxing.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0036" id="link2H_4_0036">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      BOOK V
+    </h2>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (In the preceding portion of the narrative a detailed account
+is given of all that the Hellenes did, and how they fared on
+the march up with Cyrus; and also of all that befell them on
+their march subsequently, until they reached the seaboard of
+the Euxine Sea, or Pontus, and the Hellenic city of Trapezus,
+where they duly offered the sacrifice for safe deliverance
+which they had vowed to offer as soon as they set foot on a
+friendly soil.)
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0037" id="link2H_4_0037">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      I
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      After this they met and took counsel concerning the remainder of the
+      march. The first speaker was Antileon of Thurii. He rose and said: "For my
+      part, sirs, I am weary by this time of getting kit together and packing up
+      for a start, of walking and running and carrying heavy arms, and of
+      tramping along in line, or mounting guard, and doing battle. The sole
+      desire I now have is to cease from all these pains, and for the future,
+      since here we have the sea before us, to sail on and on, 'stretched out in
+      sleep,' like Odysseus, and so to find myself in Hellas." When they heard
+      these remarks, the soldiers showed their approval with loud cries of "well
+      said," and then another spoke to the same effect, and then another, and
+      indeed all present. Then Cheirisophus got up and said: "I have a friend,
+      sirs, who, as good hap will have it, is now high admiral, Anaxibius. If
+      you like to send me to him, I think I can safely promise to return with
+      some men-of-war and other vessels which will carry us. All you have to do,
+      if you are really minded to go home by sea, is to wait here till I come. I
+      will be back ere long." The soldiers were delighted at these words, and
+      voted that Cheirisophus should set sail on his mission without delay.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      After him, Xenophon got up, and spoke as follows: "Cheirisophus, it is
+      agreed, sets out in search of vessels, and we are going to await him. Let
+      me tell you what, in my opinion, it is reasonable to do while we are
+      waiting. First of all, we must provide ourselves with necessaries from
+      hostile territory, for there is not a sufficient market, nor, if there
+      were, have we, with a few solitary exceptions, the means of purchase. Now,
+      the district is hostile, so that if you set off in search of provisions
+      without care and precaution, the chances are that many of us will be lost.
+      To meet this risk, I propose that we should organise foraging parties to
+      capture provisions, and, for the rest, not roam about the country at
+      random. The organisation of the matter should be left to us." (The
+      resolution was passed.) "Please listen to another proposal;" he continued:
+      "Some of you, no doubt, will be going out to pillage. It will be best, I
+      think, that whoever does so should in each case before starting inform us
+      of his intent, and in what direction he means to go, so that we may know
+      the exact number of those who are out and of those who stop behind. Thus
+      we shall be able to help in preparing and starting the expedition where
+      necessary; and in case of aid or reinforcements being called for, we shall
+      know in what direction to proceed; or, again, if the attempt is to be
+      undertaken by raw or less expert hands, we may throw in the weight of our
+      experience and advice by endeavouring to discover the strength of those
+      whom they design to attack." This proposal was also carried. "Here is
+      another point," he continued, "to which I would draw your attention. Our
+      enemies will not lack leisure to make raids upon us: nor is it unnatural,
+      that they should lay plots for us; for we have appropriated what is
+      theirs; they are seated over us ever on the watch. I propose then that we
+      should have regular outposts round the camp. If we take it in succession
+      to do picket and outlook duty, the enemy will be less able to harry us.
+      And here is another point for your observation; supposing we knew for
+      certain that Cheirisophus must return with a sufficient number of vessels,
+      there would be no need of the remark, but as that is still problematical,
+      I propose that we should try to get together vessels on the spot also. If
+      he comes and finds us already provided for here, we shall have more ships
+      than we need, that is all; while, if he fails to bring them, we shall have
+      the local supply to fall back upon. I see ships sailing past perpetually,
+      so we have only to ask the loan of some war-ships from the men of
+      Trapezus, and we can bring them into port, and safeguard them with their
+      rudders unshipped, until we have enough to carry us. By this course I
+      think we shall not fail of finding the means of transport requisite." That
+      resolution was also passed. He proceeded: "Consider whether you think it
+      equitable to support by means of a general fund the ships' companies which
+      we so impress, while they wait here for our benefit, and to agree upon a
+      fare, on the principle of repaying kindnesses in kind." That too was
+      passed. "Well then," said he, "in case, after all, our endeavours should
+      not be crowned with success, and we find that we have not vessels enough,
+      I propose that we should enjoin on the cities along the seaboard the duty
+      of constructing and putting in order the roads, which we hear are
+      impassable. They will be only too glad to obey, no doubt, out of mere
+      terror and their desire to be rid of us."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      This last proposal was met by loud cries and protestations against the
+      idea of going by land at all. So, perceiving their infatuation, he did not
+      put the question to the vote, but eventually persuaded the cities
+      voluntarily to construct roads by the suggestion, "If you get your roads
+      in good order, we shall all the sooner be gone." They further got a
+      fifty-oared galley from the Trapezuntines, and gave the command of it to
+      Dexippus, a Laconian, one of the perioeci (1). This man altogether
+      neglected to collect vessels on the offing, but slunk off himself, and
+      vanished, ship and all, out of Pontus. Later on, however, he paid the
+      penalty of his misdeeds. He became involved in some meddling and making in
+      Thrace at the court of Seuthes, and was put to death by the Laconian
+      Nicander. They also got a thirty-oared galley, the command of which was
+      entrusted to Polycrates, an Athenian, and that officer brought into
+      harbour to the camp all the vessels he could lay his hands on. If these
+      were laden, they took out the freights and appointed guards to keep an eye
+      on their preservation, whilst they used the ships themselves for transport
+      service on the coast. While matters stood at this point, the Hellenes used
+      to make forays with varying success; sometimes they captured prey and
+      sometimes they failed. On one occasion Cleanetus led his own and another
+      company against a strong position, and was killed himself, with many
+      others of his party.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) A native of the country parts of Laconia.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0038" id="link2H_4_0038">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      II
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      The time came when it was no longer possible to capture provisions, going
+      and returning to the camp in one day. In consequence of this, Xenophon
+      took some guides from the Trapezuntines and led half the army out against
+      the Drilae, leaving the other half to guard the camp. That was necessary,
+      since the Colchians, who had been ousted from their houses, were assembled
+      thickly, and sat eyeing them from the heights above; on the other hand the
+      Trapezuntines, being friendly to the native inhabitants, were not for
+      leading the Hellenes to places where it was easy to capture provisions.
+      But against the Drilae, from whom they personally suffered, they would
+      lead them with enthusiasm, up into mountainous and scarcely accessible
+      fortresses, and against the most warlike people of any in the Pontus.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But when the Hellenes had reached the uplands, the Drilae set fire to all
+      their fastnesses which they thought could be taken easily, and beat a
+      retreat; and except here and there a stray pig or bullock or other animal
+      which had escaped the fire there was nothing to capture; but there was one
+      fastness which served as their metropolis: into this the different streams
+      of people collected; round it ran a tremendously deep ravine, and the
+      approaches to the place were difficult. So the light infantry ran forward
+      five or six furlongs in advance of the heavy infantry, and crossed the
+      ravine; and seeing quantities of sheep and other things, proceeded to
+      attack the place. Close at their heels followed a number of those who had
+      set out on the foray armed with spears, so that the storming party across
+      the ravine amounted to more than two thousand. But, finding that they
+      could not take the place by a coup-de-main, as there was a trench running
+      round it, mounded up some breadth, with a stockade on the top of the
+      earthwork and a close-packed row of wooden bastions, they made an attempt
+      to run back, but the enemy fell upon them from the rear. To get away by a
+      sudden rush was out of the question, since the descent from the fortress
+      into the ravine only admitted of moving in single file. Under the
+      circumstances they sent to Xenophon, who was in command of the heavy
+      infantry. The messenger came and delivered his message: "There is a
+      fastness choke full of all sorts of stores, but we cannot take it, it is
+      too strong; nor can we easily get away; the enemy rush out and deliver
+      battle, and the return is difficult."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      On hearing this, Xenophon pushed forward his heavy infantry to the edge of
+      the ravine, and there ordered them to take up a position, while he himself
+      with the officers crossed over to determine whether it were better to
+      withdraw the party already across, or to bring over the heavy infantry
+      also, on the supposition that the fortress might be taken. In favour of
+      the latter opinion it was agreed that the retreat must cost many lives,
+      and the officers were further disposed to think, they could take the
+      place. Xenophon consented, relying on the victims, for the seers had
+      announced, that there would be a battle, but that the result of the
+      expedition would be good. So he sent the officers to bring the heavy
+      troops across, while he himself remained, having drawn off all the light
+      infantry and forbidden all sharp-shooting at long range. As soon as the
+      heavy infantry had arrived, he ordered each captain to form his company,
+      in whatever way he hoped to make it most effective in the coming struggle.
+      Side by side together they stood, these captains, not for the first time
+      to-day competitors for the award of manly virtue. While they were thus
+      employed, he&mdash;the general&mdash;was engaged in passing down his order
+      along the ranks of the light infantry and archers respectively to march
+      with the javelin on its thong and the arrow to the string, ready at the
+      word "shoot" to discharge their missiles, while the light troops were to
+      have their wallets well stocked with slingstones; lastly, he despatched
+      his adjutants to see to the proper carrying out of these orders.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      And now the preparations were complete: the officers and lieutenants and
+      all others claiming to be peers of these, were drawn up in their several
+      places. With a glance each was able to command the rest in the
+      crescent-like disposition which the ground invited. Presently the notes of
+      the battle hymn arose, the clarion spoke, and with a thrilling cry in
+      honour of the warrior-god, commenced a rush of the heavy infantry at full
+      speed under cover of a storm of missiles, lances, arrows, bullets, but
+      most of all stones hurled from the hand with ceaseless pelt, while there
+      were some who brought firebrands to bear. Overwhelmed by this crowd of
+      missiles, the enemy left their stockades and their bastion towers, which
+      gave Agasias the Stymphalian and Philoxenus of Pellene a chance not to be
+      missed; laying aside their heavy arms, up they went in bare tunics only,
+      and one hauled another up, and meantime another had mounted, and the place
+      was taken, as they thought. Then the peltasts and light troops rushed in
+      and began snatching what each man could. Xenophon the while, posted at the
+      gates, kept back as many of the hoplites as he could, for there were other
+      enemies now visible on certain strong citadel heights; and after a lapse
+      of no long time a shout arose within, and the men came running back, some
+      still clutching what they had seized; and presently here and there a
+      wounded man; and mighty was the jostling about the portals. To the
+      questions which were put to them the outpouring fugitives repeated the
+      same story: there was a citadel within and enemies in crowds were making
+      savage sallies and beating the fellows inside.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      At that Xenophon ordered Tolmides the herald to proclaim: "Enter all who
+      are minded to capture aught." In poured the surging multitude, and the
+      counter-current of persons elbowing their passage in prevailed over the
+      stream of those who issued forth, until they beat back and cooped up the
+      enemy within the citadel again. So outside the citadel everything was
+      sacked and pillaged by the Hellenes, and the heavy infantry took up their
+      position, some about the stockades, others along the road leading up to
+      the citadel. Xenophon and the officers meantime considered the possibility
+      of taking the citadel, for if so, their safety was assured; but if
+      otherwise, it would be very difficult to get away. As the result of their
+      deliberations they agreed that the place was impregnable. Then they began
+      making preparations for the retreat. Each set of men proceeded to pull
+      down the palisading which faced themselves; further, they sent away all
+      who were useless or who had enough to do to carry their burdens, with the
+      mass of the heavy infantry accompanying them; the officers in each case
+      leaving behind men whom they could severally depend on.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But as soon as they began to retreat, out rushed upon them from within a
+      host of fellows, armed with wicker shields and lances, greaves and
+      Paphlagonian helmets. Others might be seen scaling the houses on this side
+      and that of the road leading into the citadel. Even pursuit in the
+      direction of the citadel was dangerous, since the enemy kept hurling down
+      on them great beams from above, so that to stop and to make off were alike
+      dangerous, and night approaching was full of terrors. But in the midst of
+      their fighting and their despair some god gave them a means of safety. All
+      of a sudden, by whatsoever hand ignited, a flame shot up; it came from a
+      house on the right hand, and as this gradually fell in, the people from
+      the other houses on the right took to their heels and fled.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Xenophon, laying this lesson of fortune to heart, gave orders to set fire
+      to the left-hand houses also, which being of wood burned quickly, with the
+      result that the occupants of these also took to flight. The men
+      immediately at their front were the sole annoyance now, and these were
+      safe to fall upon them as they made their exit and in their descent. Here
+      then the word was passed for all who were out of range to bring up logs of
+      wood and pile them between themselves and the enemy, and when there was
+      enough of these they set them on fire; they also fired the houses along
+      the trench-work itself, so as to occupy the attention of the enemy. Thus
+      they got off, though with difficulty, and escaped from the place by
+      putting a fire between them and the enemy; and the whole city was burnt
+      down, houses, turrets, stockading, and everything belonging to it except
+      the citadel.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Next day the Hellenes were bent on getting back with the provisions; but
+      as they dreaded the descent to Trapezus, which was precipitous and narrow,
+      they laid a false ambuscade, and a Mysian, called after the name of his
+      nation (Mysus) (1), took ten of the Cretans and halted in some thick
+      brushy ground, where he made a feint of endeavouring to escape the notice
+      of the enemy. The glint of their light shields, which were of brass, now
+      and again gleamed through the brushwood. The enemy, seeing it all through
+      the thicket, were confirmed in their fears of an ambuscade. But the army
+      meanwhile was quietly making its descent; and when it appeared that they
+      had crept down far enough, the signal was given to the Mysian to flee as
+      fast as he could, and he, springing up, fled with his men. The rest of the
+      party, that is the Cretans, saying, "We are caught if we race," left the
+      road and plunged into a wood, and tumbling and rolling down the gullies
+      were saved. The Mysian, fleeing along the road, kept crying for
+      assistance, which they sent him, and picked him up wounded. The party of
+      rescue now beat a retreat themselves with their face to the foe, exposed
+      to a shower of missiles, to which some of the Cretan bowmen responded with
+      their arrows. In this way they all reached the camp in safety.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) Lit. "{Musos} (Mysus), a Mysian by birth, and {Musos} (Mysus) by
+    name."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0039" id="link2H_4_0039">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      III
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      Now when Cheirisophus did not arrive, and the supply of ships was
+      insufficient, and to get provisions longer was impossible, they resolved
+      to depart. On board the vessels they embarked the sick, and those above
+      forty years of age, with the boys and women, and all the baggage which the
+      solders were not absolutely forced to take for their own use. The two
+      eldest generals, Philesius and Sophaenetus, were put in charge, and so the
+      party embarked, while the rest resumed their march, for the road was now
+      completely constructed. Continuing their march that day and the next, on
+      the third they reached Cerasus, a Hellenic city on the sea, and a colony
+      of Sinope, in the country of the Colchians. Here they halted ten days, and
+      there was a review and numbering of the troops under arms, when there were
+      found to be eight thousand six hundred men. So many had escaped; the rest
+      had perished at the hands of the enemy, or by reason of the snow, or else
+      disease.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      At this time and place they divided the money accruing from the captives
+      sold, and a tithe selected for Apollo and Artemis of the Ephesians was
+      divided between the generals, each of whom took a portion to guard for the
+      gods, Neon the Asinaean (1) taking on behalf of Cheirisophus.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) I.e. of Asine, perhaps the place named in Thuc. iv. 13, 54; vi.
+    situated on the western side of the Messenian bay. Strabo,
+    however, speaks of another Asine near Gytheum, but possibly means
+    Las. See Arnold's note to Thuc. iv. 13, and Smith's "Dict. Geog.
+    (s.v.)"
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Out of the portion which fell to Xenophon he caused a dedicatory offering
+      to Apollo to be made and dedicated among the treasures of the Athenians at
+      Delphi (2). It was inscribed with his own name and that of Proxenus, his
+      friend, who was killed with Clearchus. The gift for Artemis of the
+      Ephesians was, in the first instance, left behind by him in Asia at the
+      time when he left that part of the world himself with Agesilaus on the
+      march into Boeotia (3). He left it behind in charge of Megabyzus, the
+      sacristan of the goddess, thinking that the voyage on which he was
+      starting was fraught with danger. In the event of his coming out of it
+      alive, he charged Megabyzus to restore to him the deposit; but should any
+      evil happen to him, then he was to cause to be made and to dedicate on his
+      behalf to Artemis, whatsoever thing he thought would be pleasing to the
+      goddess.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (2) Cf. Herod. i. 14; Strabo. ix. 420 for such private treasuries at
+    Delphi.
+
+ (3) I.e. in the year B.C. 394. The circumstances under which Agesilaus
+    was recalled from Asia, with the details of his march and the
+    battle of Coronea, are described by Xenophon in the fourth book of
+    the "Hellenica."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      In the days of his banishment, when Xenophon was now established by the
+      Lacedaemonians as a colonist in Scillus (4), a place which lies on the
+      main road to Olympia, Megabyzus arrived on his way to Olympia as a
+      spectator to attend the games, and restored to him the deposit. Xenophon
+      took the money and bought for the goddess a plot of ground at a point
+      indicated to him by the oracle. The plot, it so happened, had its own
+      Selinus river flowing through it, just as at Ephesus the river Selinus
+      flows past the temple of Artemis, and in both streams fish and mussels are
+      to be found. On the estate at Scillus there is hunting and shooting of all
+      the beasts of the chase that are.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (4) Scillus, a town of Triphylia, a district of Elis. In B.C. 572 the
+    Eleians had razed Pisa and Scillus to the ground. But between B.C.
+    392 and 387 the Lacedaemonians, having previously (B.C. 400,
+    "Hell." III. ii. 30) compelled the Eleians to renounce their
+    supremacy over their dependent cities, colonised Scillus and
+    eventually gave it to Xenophon, then an exile from Athens.
+    Xenophon resided here from fifteen to twenty years, but was, it is
+    said, expelled from it by the Eleians soon after the battle of
+    Leuctra, in B.C. 371.&mdash;"Dict. Geog. (s.v.)" The site of the place,
+    and of Xenophon's temple, is supposed to be in the neighbourhood
+    of the modern village of Chrestena, or possibly nearer Mazi. To
+    reach Olympia, about 2 1/2 miles distant, one must cross the
+    Alpheus.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Here with the sacred money he built an altar and a temple, and ever after,
+      year by year, tithed the fruits of the land in their season and did
+      sacrifice to the goddess, while all the citizens and neighbours, men and
+      women, shared in the festival. The goddess herself provided for the
+      banqueters meat and loaves and wine and sweetmeats, with portions of the
+      victims sacrificed from the sacred pasture, as also of those which were
+      slain in the chase; for Xenophon's own lads, with the lads of the other
+      citizens, always made a hunting excursion against the festival day, in
+      which any grown men who liked might join. The game was captured partly
+      from the sacred district itself, partly from Pholoe (5), pigs and gazelles
+      and stags. The place lies on the direct road from Lacedaemon to Olympia,
+      about twenty furlongs from the temple of Zeus in Olympia, and within the
+      sacred enclosure there is meadow-land and wood-covered hills, suited to
+      the breeding of pigs and goats and cattle and horses, so that even the
+      sumpter animals of the pilgrims passing to the feast fare sumptuously. The
+      shrine is girdled by a grove of cultivated trees, yielding dessert fruits
+      in their season. The temple itself is a facsimile on a small scale of the
+      great temple at Ephesus, and the image of the goddess is like the golden
+      statue at Ephesus, save only that it is made, not of gold, but of cypress
+      wood. Beside the temple stands a column bearing this inscription:&mdash;THE
+      PLACE IS SACRED TO ARTEMIS. HE WHO HOLDS IT AND ENJOYS THE FRUITS OF IT IS
+      BOUND TO SACRIFICE YEARLY A TITHE OF THE PRODUCE. AND FROM THE RESIDUE
+      THEREOF TO KEEP IN REPAIR THE SHRINE. IF ANY MAN FAIL IN AUGHT OF THIS THE
+      GODDESS HERSELF WILL LOOK TO IT THAT THE MATTER SHALL NOT SLEEP.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (5) Pholoe. This mountain (north of the Alpheus) is an offshoot of
+    Erymanthus, crossing the Pisatis from east to west, and separating
+    the waters of the Peneus and the Ladon from those of the Alpheus
+    &mdash;"Dict. Geog." (Elis).
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0040" id="link2H_4_0040">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      IV
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      From Cerasus they continued the march, the same portion of the troops
+      being conveyed by sea as before, and the rest marching by land. When they
+      had reached the frontiers of the Mossynoecians (1) they sent to him
+      Timesitheus the Trapezuntine, who was the proxenos (2) of the
+      Mossynoecians, to inquire whether they were to pass through their
+      territory as friends or foes. They, trusting in their strongholds, replied
+      that they would not give them passage. It was then that Timesitheus
+      informed them that the Mossynoecians on the farther side of the country
+      were hostile to these members of the tribe; and it was resolved to invite
+      the former to make an alliance, if they wished it. So Timesitheus was
+      sent, and came back with their chiefs. On their arrival there was a
+      conference of the Mossynoecian chiefs and the generals of the Hellenes,
+      and Xenophon made a speech which Timesitheus interpreted. He said: "Men of
+      the Mossynoecians, our desire is to reach Hellas in safety; and since we
+      have no vessels we must needs go by foot, but these people who, as we
+      hear, are your enemies, prevent us. Will you take us for your allies? Now
+      is your chance to exact vengeance for any wrong, which they at any time
+      may have put upon you, and for the future they will be your subjects; but
+      if you send us about our business, consider and ask yourselves from what
+      quarter will you ever again obtain so strong a force to help you?" To this
+      the chief of the Mossynoecians made answer:&mdash;that the proposal was in
+      accordance with their wishes and they welcomed the alliance. "Good," said
+      Xenophon, "but to what use do you propose to put us, if we become your
+      allies? And what will you in turn be able to do to assist our passage?"
+      They replied: "We can make an incursion into this country hostile to
+      yourselves and us, from the opposite side, and also send you ships and men
+      to this place, who will aid you in fighting and conduct you on the road."
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) I.e. dwellers in mossyns, or wooden towers. See Herod. iii. 94;
+    vii. 78. Cf. also Strabo, xi. 41.
+
+ (2) Or, "consul."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      On this understanding, they exchanged pledges and were gone. The next day
+      they returned, bringing three hundred canoes, each hollowed out of a
+      single trunk. There were three men in each, two of whom disembarked and
+      fell into rank, whilst the third remained. Then the one set took the boats
+      and sailed back again, whilst the other two-thirds who remained marshalled
+      themselves in the following way. They stood in rows of about a hundred
+      each, like the rows of dancers in a chorus, standing vis-a-vis to one
+      another, and all bearing wicker shields, made of white oxhide, shaggy, and
+      shaped like an ivy leaf; in the right hand they brandished a javelin about
+      six cubits long, with a lance in front, and rounded like a ball at the
+      butt end of the shaft.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Their bodies were clad in short frocks, scarcely reaching to the knees and
+      in texture closely resembling that of a linen bedclothes' bag; on their
+      heads they wore leathern helmets just like the Paphlagonian helmet, with a
+      tuft of hair in the middle, as like a tiara in shape as possible. They
+      carried moreover iron battle-axes. Then one of them gave, as it were, the
+      key-note and started, while the rest, taking up the strain and the step,
+      followed singing and marking time. Passing through the various corps and
+      heavy armed battalions of the Hellenes, they marched straight against the
+      enemy, to what appeared the most assailable of his fortresses. It was
+      situated in front of the city, or mother city, as it is called, which
+      latter contains the high citadel of the Mossynoecians. This citadel was
+      the real bone of contention, the occupants at any time being acknowledged
+      as the masters of all the other Mossynoecians. The present holders (so it
+      was explained) had no right to its possession; for the sake of
+      self-aggrandisement they had seized what was really common property.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Some of the Hellenes followed the attacking party, not under the orders of
+      the generals, but for the sake of plunder. As they advanced, the enemy for
+      a while kept quiet; but as they got near the place, they made a sortie and
+      routed them, killing several of the barbarians as well as some of the
+      Hellenes who had gone up with them; and so pursued them until they saw the
+      Hellenes advancing to the rescue. Then they turned round and made off,
+      first cutting off the heads of the dead men and flaunting them in the face
+      of the Hellenes and of their own private foes, dancing the while and
+      singing in a measured strain. But the Hellenes were much vexed to think
+      that their foes had only been rendered bolder, while the Hellenes who had
+      formed part of the expedition had turned tail and fled, in spite of their
+      numbers; a thing which had not happened previously during the whole
+      expedition. So Xenophon called a meeting of the Hellenes and spoke as
+      follows: "Soldiers, do not in any wise be cast down by what has happened,
+      be sure that good no less than evil will be the result; for to begin with,
+      you now know certainly that those who are going to guide us are in very
+      deed hostile to those with whom necessity drives us to quarrel; and, in
+      the next place, some of our own body, these Hellenes who have made so
+      light of orderly array and conjoint action with ourselves, as though they
+      must needs achieve in the company of barbarians all they could with
+      ourselves, have paid the penalty and been taught a lesson, so that another
+      time they will be less prone to leave our ranks. But you must be prepared
+      to show these friendly barbarians that you are of a better sort, and prove
+      to the enemy that battle with the undisciplined is one thing, but with men
+      like yourselves another."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Accordingly they halted, as they were, that day. Next day they sacrificed
+      and finding the victims favourable, they breakfasted, formed the companies
+      into columns, and with their barbarians arranged in similar order on their
+      left, began their march. Between the companies were the archers only
+      slightly retired behind the front of the heavy infantry, on account of the
+      enemy's active light troops, who ran down and kept up volleys of stones.
+      These were held in check by the archers and peltasts; and steadily step by
+      step the mass marched on, first to the position from which the barbarians
+      and those with them had been driven two days back, and where the enemy
+      were now drawn up to meet them. Thus it came to pass that the barbarians
+      first grappled with the peltasts and maintained the battle until the heavy
+      infantry were close, when they turned and fled. The peltasts followed
+      without delay, and pursued them right up to their city, while the heavy
+      troops in unbroken order followed. As soon as they were up at the houses
+      of the capital, there and then the enemy, collecting all together in one
+      strong body, fought valiantly, and hurled their javelins, or else clenched
+      their long stout spears, almost too heavy for a man to wield, and did
+      their best to ward off the attack at close quarters.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But when the Hellenes, instead of giving way, kept massing together more
+      thickly, the barbarians fled from this place also, and in a body deserted
+      the fortress. Their king, who sat in his wooden tower or mossyn, built on
+      the citadel (there he sits and there they maintain him, all at the common
+      cost, and guard him narrowly), refused to come forth, as did also those in
+      the fortress first taken, and so were burnt to a cinder where they were,
+      their mossyns, themselves, and all. The Hellenes, pillaging and ransacking
+      these places, discovered in the different houses treasures and magazines
+      of loaves, pile upon pile, "the ancestral stores," as the Mossynoecians
+      told them; but the new corn was laid up apart with the straw-stalk and ear
+      together, and this was for the most part spelt. Slices of dolphin were
+      another discovery, in narrow-necked jars, all properly salted and pickled;
+      and there was blubber of dolphin in vessels, which the Mossynoecians used
+      precisely as the Hellenes use oil. Then there were large stores of nuts on
+      the upper floor, the broad kind without a division (3). This was also a
+      chief article of food with them&mdash;boiled nuts and baked loaves. Wine
+      was also discovered. This, from its rough, dry quality, tasted sharp when
+      drunk pure, but mixed with water was sweet and fragrant.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (3) I.e. "chestnuts."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      The Hellenes breakfasted and then started forward on their march, having
+      first delivered the stronghold to their allies among the Mossynoecians. As
+      for the other strongholds belonging to tribes allied with their foes,
+      which they passed en route, the most accessible were either deserted by
+      their inhabitants or gave in their adhesion voluntarily. The following
+      description will apply to the majority of them: the cities were on an
+      average ten miles apart, some more, some less; but so elevated is the
+      country and intersected by such deep clefts that if they chose to shout
+      across to one another, their cries would be heard from one city to
+      another. When, in the course of their march, they came upon a friendly
+      population, these would entertain them with exhibitions of fatted children
+      belonging to the wealthy classes, fed up on boiled chestnuts until they
+      were as white as white can be, of skin plump and delicate, and very nearly
+      as broad as they were long, with their backs variegated and their breasts
+      tattooed with patterns of all sorts of flowers. They sought after the
+      women in the Hellenic army, and would fain have laid with them openly in
+      broad daylight, for that was their custom. The whole community, male and
+      female alike, were fair-complexioned and white-skinned.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      It was agreed that this was the most barbaric and outlandish people that
+      they had passed through on the whole expedition, and the furthest removed
+      from the Hellenic customs, doing in a crowd precisely what other people
+      would prefer to do in solitude, and when alone behaving exactly as others
+      would behave in company, talking to themselves and laughing at their own
+      expense, standing still and then again capering about, wherever they might
+      chance to be, without rhyme or reason, as if their sole business were to
+      show off to the rest of the world.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0041" id="link2H_4_0041">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      V
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      Through this country, friendly or hostile as the chance might be, the
+      Hellenes marched, eight stages in all, and reached the Chalybes. These
+      were a people few in number, and subject to the Mossynoecians. Their
+      livelihood was for the most part derived from mining and forging iron.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Thence they came to the Tibarenians. The country of the Tibarenians was
+      far more level, and their fortresses lay on the seaboard and were less
+      strong, whether by art or nature. The generals wanted to attack these
+      places, so that the army might get some pickings, and they would not
+      accept the gifts of hospitality which came in from the Tibarenians, but
+      bidding them wait till they had taken counsel, they proceeded to offer
+      sacrifice. After several abortive attempts, the seers at last pronounced
+      an opinion that the gods in no wise countenanced war. Then they accepted
+      the gifts of hospitality, and marching through what was now recognised as
+      a friendly country, in two days reached Cotyora, a Hellenic city, and a
+      colony of Sinope, albeit situated in the territory of the Tibarenians (1).
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) The MSS. here read, "Up to this point the expedition was conducted
+    on land, and the distance traversed on foot from the battle-field
+    near Babylon down to Cotyora amounted to one hundred and
+    twenty-two stages&mdash;that is to say, six hundred and twenty
+    parasangs, or eighteen thousand stades, or if measured in time, an
+    eight months' march." The words are probably the note of some
+    editor or commentator, though it is quite likely that the author
+    himself may have gone through such calculations and even have
+    inserted them as a note to his text.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Here they halted forty-five days, during which they first of all
+      sacrificed to the gods, and instituted processions, each set of the
+      Hellenes according to their several tribes, with gymnastic contests.
+      Provisions they got in meanwhile, partly from Paphlagonia, partly from the
+      estates of the Cotyorites, for the latter would neither provide them a
+      market nor receive their sick within their walls.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Meanwhile ambassadors arrived from Sinope, full of fears, not only for the
+      Cotyorites and their city, which belonged to Sinope, and brought in
+      tribute, but also for the territory which, as they had heard, was being
+      pillaged. Accordingly they came to the camp and made a speech.
+      Hecatonymus, who was reported to be a clever orator, acted as their
+      spokesman: "Soldiers," he said, "the city of the Sinopeans has sent us to
+      offer you, as Hellenes, our compliments and congratulations on your
+      victories over the barbarians; and next, to express our joyful
+      satisfaction that you have surmounted all those terrible sufferings of
+      which we have heard, and have reached this place in safety. As Hellenes we
+      claim to receive at your hands, as fellow-Hellenes, kindness and not harm.
+      We have certainly not ourselves set you an example heretofore of evil
+      treatment. Now the Cotyorites are our colonists. It was we who gave them
+      this country to dwell in, having taken it from the barbarians; for which
+      reason also they, with the men of Cerasus and Trapezus, pay us an
+      appointed tribute. So that, whatever mischief you inflict on the men of
+      Cotyora, the city of Sinope takes as personal to herself. At the present
+      time we hear that you have made forcible entry into their city, some of
+      you, and are quartered in the houses, besides taking forcibly from the
+      Cotyorite estates whatever you need, by hook and by crook. Now against
+      these things we enter protest. If you mean to go on so doing, you will
+      drive us to make friends with Corylas and the Paphlagonians, or any one
+      else we can find."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      To meet these charges Xenophon, on behalf of the soldiers, rose and said:
+      "As to ourselves, men of Sinope, having got so far, we are well content to
+      have saved our bodies and our arms. Indeed it was impossible at one and
+      the same moment to keep our enemies at bay and to despoil them of their
+      goods and chattels. And now, since we have reached Hellenic cities, how
+      has it fared with us? At Trapezus they gave us a market, and we paid for
+      our provisions at a fair market price. In return for the honour they did
+      us, and the gifts of hospitality they gave the army, we requited them with
+      honour. Where the barbarian was friendly to them, we stayed our hands from
+      injury; or under their escort, we did damage to their enemies to the
+      utmost of our power. Ask them, what sort of people they found us. They are
+      here, some of them, to answer for themselves. Their fellow-citizens and
+      the state of Trapezus, for friendship's sake, have sent them with us to
+      act as our guides.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "But wherever we come, be it foreign or Hellenic soil, and find no market
+      for provisions, we are wont to help ourselves, not out of insolence but
+      from necessity. There have been tribes like the Carduchians, the
+      Taochians, the Chaldaeans, which, albeit they were not subject to the
+      great king, yet were no less formidable than independent. These we had to
+      bring over by our arms. The necessity of getting provisions forced us;
+      since they refused to offer us a market. Whereas some other folk, like the
+      Macrones, in spite of their being barbarians, we regarded as our friends,
+      simply because they did provide us with the best market in their power,
+      and we took no single thing of theirs by force. But, to come to these
+      Cotyorites, whom you claim to be your people, if we have taken aught from
+      them, they have themselves to blame, for they did not deal with us as
+      friends, but shut their gates in our faces. They would neither welcome us
+      within nor furnish us with a market without. The only justification they
+      alleged was that your governor (2) had authorised this conduct.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (2) Lit. "harmost". The term, denoting properly a governor of the
+    islands and foreign cities sent out by the Lacedaemonians during
+    their supremacy, came, it would seem, to be adopted by other Greek
+    communities under somewhat similar circumstances. Cotyora receives
+    a harmost from her mother-city, Sinope. For the Greek colonies
+    here mentioned, see Kiepert's "Man. Anct. Geog." (Engl. tr., Mr.
+    G. A. Macmillan), p. 63.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      "As to your assertion," he continued, turning to Hecatonymus, "that we
+      have got in by force and have taken up quarters, this is what we did. We
+      requested them to receive our sick and wounded under cover; and when they
+      refused to open their gates, we walked in where the place itself invited
+      us. All the violence we have committed amounts to this, that our sick folk
+      are quartered under cover, paying for their expenses, and we keep a sentry
+      at the gates, so that our sick and wounded may not lie at the mercy of
+      your governor, but we may have it in our power to remove them whenever we
+      like. The rest of us, you observe, are camping under the canopy of heaven,
+      in regular rank and file, and we are ready to requite kindness with
+      kindness, but to repel evil vigorously. And as for your threat," he said,
+      once again turning to the spokesman, "that you will, if it suits you, make
+      alliance with Corylas and the Paphlagonians to attack us, for our part, we
+      have no objection to fighting both sets of you, if so be we must; we have
+      already fought others many times more numerous than you. Besides, 'if it
+      suits us,' as you put it, to make the Paphlagonian our friend (report says
+      that he has a hankering after your city and some other places on the
+      seaboard), we can enhance the value of our friendship by helping to win
+      for him what he covets."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Thereupon the ambassadors showed very plainly their annoyance with
+      Hecatonymus, on account of the style of his remarks, and one of them stept
+      forward to explain that their intention in coming was not at all to raise
+      a war, but on the contrary to demonstrate their friendliness. "And if you
+      come to Sinope itself," the speaker continued, "we will welcome you there
+      with gifts of hospitality. Meanwhile we will enjoin upon the citizens of
+      this place to give you what they can; for we can see that every word of
+      what you say is true." Thereupon the Cotyorites sent gifts of hospitality,
+      and the generals of the Hellenes entertained the ambassadors of the
+      Sinopeans. Many and friendly were the topics of conversation; freely
+      flowed the talk on things in general; and, in particular, both parties
+      were able to make inquiries and satisfy their curiosity concerning the
+      remaining portion of the march.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0042" id="link2H_4_0042">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      VI
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      Such was the conclusion of that day. On the following day the generals
+      summoned an assembly of the soldiers, when it was resolved to invite the
+      men of Sinope, and to take advice with them touching the remainder of the
+      journey. In the event of their having to continue it on foot, the
+      Sinopeans through their acquaintance with Paphlagonia would be useful to
+      them; while, if they had to go by sea, the services of the same people
+      would be at a premium; for who but they could furnish ships sufficient for
+      the army? Accordingly, they summoned their ambassadors, and took counsel
+      with them, begging them, on the strength of the sacred ties which bind
+      Hellenes to Hellenes, to inaugurate the good reception they had spoken of,
+      by present kindliness and their best advice.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Hecatonymus rose and wished at once to offer an apology with regard to
+      what he had said about the possibility of making friends with the
+      Paphlagonians. "The words were not intended," he said, "to convey a
+      threat, as though they were minded to go to war with the Hellenes, but as
+      meaning rather: albeit we have it in our power to be friendly with the
+      barbarians, we will choose the Hellenes." Then, being urged to aid them by
+      some advice, with a pious ejaculation, he commenced: "If I bestow upon you
+      the best counsel I am able, God grant that blessings in abundance may
+      descend on me; but if the contrary, may evil betide me! 'Sacred counsel
+      (1),' as the saying goes&mdash;well, sirs, if ever the saying held, it
+      should hold I think to-day; when, if I be proved to have given you good
+      counsel, I shall not lack panegyrists, or if evil, your imprecations will
+      be many-tongued.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) Cf. Plato, "Theages," 122.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      "As to trouble, I am quite aware, we shall have much more trouble if you
+      are conveyed by sea, for we must provide the vessels; whereas, if you go
+      by land, all the fighting will evolve on you. Still, let come what may, it
+      behoves me to state my views. I have an intimate acquaintance with the
+      country of the Paphlagonians and their power. The country possesses the
+      two features of hill and vale, that is to say, the fairest plains and the
+      highest mountains. To begin with the mountains, I know the exact point at
+      which you must make your entry. It is precisely where the horns of a
+      mountain tower over both sides of the road. Let the merest handful of men
+      occupy these and they can hold the pass with ease; for when that is done
+      not all the enemies in the world could effect a passage. I could point out
+      the whole with my finger, if you like to send any one with me to the
+      scene.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "So much for the mountain barrier. But the next thing I know is that there
+      are plains and a cavalry which the barbarians themselves hold to be
+      superior to the entire cavalry of the great king. Why, only the other day
+      these people refused to present themselves to the summons of the king;
+      their chief is too proud for that.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "But now, supposing you were able to seize the mountain barrier, by
+      stealth, or expedition, before the enemy could stop you; supposing
+      further, you were able to win an engagement in the plain against not only
+      their cavalry but their more than one hundred and twenty thousand infantry&mdash;you
+      will only find yourself face to face with rivers, a series of them. First
+      the Thermodon, three hundred feet broad, which I take it will be difficult
+      to pass, especially with a host of foes in front and another following
+      behind. Next comes the Iris river, three hundred feet broad; and thirdly,
+      the Halys, at least two furlongs broad, which you could not possibly cross
+      without vessels, and who is going to supply you with vessels? In the same
+      way too the Parthenius is impassable, which you will reach if you cross
+      the Halys. For my part, then, I consider the land-journey, I will not say
+      difficult, but absolutely impossible for you. Whereas if you go by sea,
+      you can coast along from here to Sinope, and from Sinope to Heraclea. From
+      Heraclea onwards there is no difficulty, whether by land or by sea; for
+      there are plenty of vessels at Heraclea."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      After he had finished his remarks, some of his hearers thought they
+      detected a certain bias in them. He would not have spoken so, but for his
+      friendship with Corylas, whose official representative he was. Others
+      guessed he had an itching palm, and that he was hoping to receive a
+      present for his "sacred advice." Others again suspected that his object
+      was to prevent their going by foot and doing some mischief to the country
+      of the Sinopeans. However that might be, the Hellenes voted in favour of
+      continuing the journey by sea. After this Xenophon said: "Sinopeans, the
+      army has chosen that method of procedure which you advise, and thus the
+      matter stands. If there are sure to be vessels enough to make it
+      impossible for a single man to be left behind, go by sea we will; but if
+      part of us are to be left while part go by sea, we will not set foot on
+      board the vessels. One fact we plainly recognise, strength is everything
+      to us. So long as we have the mastery, we shall be able to protect
+      ourselves and get provisions; but if we are once caught at the mercy of
+      our foes, it is plain, we shall be reduced to slavery." On hearing this
+      the ambassadors bade them send an embassy, which they did, to wit,
+      Callimachus the Arcadian, and Ariston the Athenian, and Samolas the
+      Achaean.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      So these set off, but meanwhile a thought shaped itself in the mind of
+      Xenophon, as there before his eyes lay that vast army of Hellene hoplites,
+      and that other array of peltasts, archers, and slingers, with cavalry to
+      boot, and all in a state of thorough efficiency from long practice,
+      hardened veterans, and all collected in Pontus, where to raise so large a
+      force would cost a mint of money. Then the idea dawned upon him: how noble
+      an opportunity to acquire new territory and power for Hellas, by the
+      founding of a colony&mdash;a city of no mean size, moreover, said he to
+      himself, as he reckoned up their own numbers&mdash;and besides themselves
+      a population planted on the shores of Pontus. Thereupon he summoned
+      Silanus the Ambraciot, the soothsayer of Cyrus above mentioned, and before
+      breathing a syllable to any of the soldiers, he consulted the victims by
+      sacrifice.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But Silanus, in apprehension lest these ideas might embody themselves, and
+      the army be permanently halted at some point or other, set a tale going
+      among the men, to the effect that Xenophon was minded to detain the army
+      and found a city in order to win himself a name and acquire power, Silanus
+      himself being minded to reach Hellas with all possible speed, for the
+      simple reason that he had still got the three thousand darics presented to
+      him by Cyrus on the occasion of the sacrifice when he hit the truth so
+      happily about the ten days. Silanus's story was variously received, some
+      few of the soldiers thinking it would be an excellent thing to stay in
+      that country; but the majority were strongly averse. The next incident was
+      that Timasion the Dardanian, with Thorax the Boeotian, addressed
+      themselves to some Heracleot and Sinopean traders who had come to Cotyora,
+      and told them that if they did not find means to furnish the army with pay
+      sufficient to keep them in provisions on the homeward voyage, all that
+      great force would most likely settle down permanently in Pontus. "Xenophon
+      has a pet idea," they continued, "which he urges upon us. We are to wait
+      until the ships come, and then we are suddenly to turn round to the army
+      and say: 'Soldiers, we now see the straits we are in, unable to keep
+      ourselves in provisions on the return voyage, or to make our friends at
+      home a little present at the end of our journey. But if you like to select
+      some place on the inhabited seaboard of the Black Sea which may take your
+      fancy and there put in, this is open to you to do. Those who like to go
+      home, go; those who care to stay here, stay. You have got vessels now, so
+      that you can make a sudden pounce upon any point you choose.'"
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The merchants went off with this tale and reported it to every city they
+      came to in turn, nor did they go alone, but Timasion the Dardanian sent a
+      fellow-citizen of his own, Eurymachus, with the Boeotian Thorax, to repeat
+      the same story. So when it reached the ears of the men of Sinope and the
+      Heracleots, they sent to Timasion and pressed him to accept of a gratuity,
+      in return for which he was to arrange for the departure of the troops.
+      Timasion was only too glad to hear this, and he took the opportunity when
+      the soldiers were convened in meeting to make the following remarks:
+      "Soldiers," he said, "do not set your thoughts on staying here; let
+      Hellas, and Hellas only, be the object of your affection, for I am told
+      that certain persons have been sacrificing on this very question, without
+      saying a word to you. Now I can promise you, if you once leave these
+      waters, to furnish you with regular monthly pay, dating from the first of
+      the month, at the rate of one cyzicene (2) a head per month. I will bring
+      you to the Troad, from which part I am an exile, and my own state is at
+      your service. They will receive me with open arms. I will be your guide
+      personally, and I will take you to places where you will get plenty of
+      money. I know every corner of the Aeolid, and Phrygia, and the Troad, and
+      indeed the whole satrapy of Pharnabazus, partly because it is my
+      birthplace, partly from campaigns in that region with Clearchus and
+      Dercylidas (3)."
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (2) A cyzicene stater = twenty-eight silver drachmae of Attic money
+    B.C. 335, in the time of Demosthenes; but, like the daric, this
+    gold coin would fluctuate in value relatively to silver. It
+    contained more grains of gold than the daric.
+
+ (3) Of Dercylidas we hear more in the "Hellenica." In B.C. 411 he was
+    harmost at Abydos; in B.C. 399 he superseded Thimbron in Asia
+    Minor; and was himself superseded by Agesilaus in B.C. 396.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      No sooner had he ceased than up got Thorax the Boeotian. This was a man
+      who had a standing battle with Xenophon about the generalship of the army.
+      What he said was that, if they once got fairly out of the Euxine, there
+      was the Chersonese, a beautiful and prosperous country, where they could
+      settle or not, as they chose. Those who liked could stay; and those who
+      liked could return to their homes; how ridiculous then, when there was so
+      much territory in Hellas and to spare, to be poking about (4) in the land
+      of the barbarian. "But until you find yourselves there," he added, "I, no
+      less than Timasion, can guarantee you regular pay." This he said, knowing
+      what promises had been made Timasion by the men of Heraclea and Sinope to
+      induce them to set sail.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (4) The word {masteuein} occurs above, and again below, and in other
+    writings of our author. It is probably Ionic or old Attic, and
+    occurs in poetry.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Meanwhile Xenophon held his peace. Then up got Philesius and Lycon, two
+      Achaeans: "It was monstrous," they said, "that Xenophon should be
+      privately persuading people to stop there, and consulting the victims for
+      that end, without letting the army into the secret, or breathing a
+      syllable in public about the matter." When it came to this, Xenophon was
+      forced to get up, and speak as follows: "Sirs, you are well aware that my
+      habit is to sacrifice at all times; whether in your own behalf or my own,
+      I strive in every thought, word, and deed to be directed as is best for
+      yourselves and for me. And in the present instance my sole object was to
+      learn whether it were better even so much as to broach the subject, and so
+      take action, or to have absolutely nothing to do with the project. Now
+      Silanus the soothsayer assured me by his answer of what was the main
+      point: 'the victims were favourable.' No doubt Silanus knew that I was not
+      unversed myself in his lore, as I have so often assisted at the sacrifice;
+      but he added that there were symptoms in the victims of some guile or
+      conspiracy against me. That was a happy discovery on his part, seeing that
+      he was himself conspiring at the moment to traduce me before you; since it
+      was he who set the tale going that I had actually made up my mind to carry
+      out these projects without procuring your consent. Now, for my part, if I
+      saw that you were in any difficulties, I should set myself to discover how
+      you might capture a city, on the understanding of course that all who
+      wished might sail away at once, leaving those who did not wish, to follow
+      at a later date, with something perhaps in their pockets to benefit their
+      friends at home. Now, however, as I see that the men of Heraclea and
+      Sinope are to send you ships to assist you to sail away, and more than one
+      person guarantees to give you regular monthly pay, it is, I admit, a rare
+      chance to be safely piloted to the haven of our hopes, and at the same
+      time to receive pay for our preservation. For myself I have done with that
+      dream, and to those, who came to me to urge these projects, my advice is
+      to have done with them. In fact, this is my view. As long as you stay
+      together united as to-day, you will command respect and procure
+      provisions; for might certainly exercises a right over what belongs to the
+      weaker. But once broken up, with your force split into bits, you will
+      neither be able to get subsistence, nor indeed will you get off without
+      paying dearly for it. In fact, my resolution coincides precisely with
+      yours. It is that we should set off for Hellas, and if any one stops
+      behind, or is caught deserting before the whole army is in safety, let him
+      be judged as an evil-doer. Pray let all who are in favour of this
+      proposition hold up their hands."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      They all held them up; only Silanus began shouting and vainly striving to
+      maintain the right of departure for all who liked to depart. But the
+      soldiers would not suffer him, threatening him that if he were himself
+      caught attempting to run away they would inflict the aforesaid penalty.
+      After this, when the Heracleots learned that the departure by sea was
+      resolved upon, and that the measure itself emanated from Xenophon, they
+      sent the vessels indeed; but as to the money which they had promised to
+      Timasion and Thorax as pay for the soldiers, they were not as good as
+      their word, in fact they cheated them both. Thus the two who had
+      guaranteed regular monthly pay were utterly confounded, and stood in
+      terror of the soldiers. What they did then, was to take to them the other
+      generals to whom they had communicated their former transactions (that is
+      to say, all except Neon the Asniaean, who, as lieutenant-general, was
+      acting for Cheirisophus during his continued absence). This done they came
+      in a body to Xenophon and said that their views were changed. As they had
+      now got the ships, they thought it best to sail to the Phasis, and seize
+      the territory of the Phasians (whose present king was a descendant of
+      Aeetes (5)). Xenophon's reply was curt:&mdash;Not one syllable would he
+      have to say himself to the army in this matter, "But," he added, "if you
+      like, you can summon an assembly and have your say." Thereupon Timasion
+      the Dardanian set forth as his opinion:&mdash;It were best to hold no
+      parliament at present, but first to go and conciliate, each of them, his
+      own officers. Thus they went away and proceeded to execute their plans.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (5) Aeetes is the patronym of the kings of Colchis from mythical times
+    onwards; e.g. Medea was the daughter of Aeetes.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0043" id="link2H_4_0043">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      VII
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      Presently the soldiers came to learn what was in course of agitation, and
+      Neon gave out that Xenophon had persuaded the other generals to adopt his
+      views, and had a plan to cheat the soldiers and take them back to the
+      Phasis. The soldiers were highly indignant; meetings were held; little
+      groups gathered ominously; and there seemed an alarming probability that
+      they would repeat the violence with which they had lately treated the
+      heralds of the Colchians and the clerks of the market; when all who did
+      not save themselves by jumping into the sea were stoned to death. So
+      Xenophon, seeing what a storm was brewing, resolved to anticipate matters
+      so far as to summon a meeting of the men without delay, and thus prevent
+      their collecting of their own accord, and he ordered the herald to
+      announce an assembly. The voice of the herald was no sooner heard than
+      they rushed with great readiness to the place of meeting. Then Xenophon,
+      without accusing the generals of having come to him, made the following
+      speech: "I hear that a charge is brought against me. It is I apparently
+      who am going to cheat you and carry you off to Phasis. I beg you by all
+      that is holy to listen to me; and if there be found any guilt in me, let
+      me not leave this place till I have paid the penalty of my misdoing; but
+      if my accusers are found guilty, treat them as they deserve. I presume,
+      sirs, you know where the sun rises and where he sets, and that he who
+      would go to Hellas must needs journey towards the sunset; whereas he who
+      seeks the land of the barbarian must contrariwise fix his face towards the
+      dawn. Now is that a point in which a man might hope to cheat you? Could
+      any one make you believe that the sun rises here and sets there, or that
+      he sets here and rises there? And doubtless you know this too, that it is
+      Boreas, the north wind, who bears the mariner out of Pontus towards
+      Hellas, and the south wind inwards towards the Phasis, whence the saying&mdash;
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+      "'When the North wind doth blow
+        Home to Hellas we will go (1).'
+
+ (1) Whether this was a local saying or a proverb I cannot say. The
+    words have a poetical ring about them: "When Borrhas blows, fair
+    voyages to Hellas."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      "He would be a clever fellow who could befool you into embarking with a
+      south wind blowing. That sounds all very well, you think, only I may get
+      you on board during a calm. Granted, but I shall be on board my one ship,
+      and you on board another hundred at least, and how am I to constrain you
+      to voyage with me against your will, or by what cajolery shall I carry you
+      off? But I will imagine you so far befooled and bewitched by me, that I
+      have got you to the Phasis; we proceed to disembark on dry land. At last
+      it will come out, that wherever you are, you are not in Hellas, and the
+      inventor of the trick will be one sole man, and you who have been caught
+      by it will number something like ten thousand with swords in your hands. I
+      do not know how a man could better ensure his own punishment than by
+      embarking on such a policy with regards to himself and you.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Nay, these tales are the invention of silly fellows who are jealous of
+      the honour you bestow on me. A most uncalled-for jealousy! Do I hinder any
+      of them from speaking any word of import in his power? of striking a blow
+      in your behalf and his own, if that is his choice? or, finally, of keeping
+      his eyes and ears open to secure your safety? What is it? In your choice
+      of leaders do I stand in the way of any one, is that it? Let him step
+      forward, I yield him place; he shall be your general; only he must prove
+      that he has your good at heart.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "For myself, I have done; but for yourselves, if any of you conceive
+      either that he himself could be the victim of a fraud, or that he could
+      victimise any one else in such a thing as this, let him open his lips and
+      explain to us how. Take your time, but when you have sifted the matter to
+      your hearts' content, do not go away without suffering me to tell you of
+      something which I see looming. If it should burst upon us and prove in
+      fact anything like what it gives signs of being now, it is time for us to
+      take counsel for ourselves and see that we do not prove ourselves to be
+      the worst and basest of men in the sight of gods and men, be they friends
+      or be they foes." The words moved the curiosity of the soldiers. They
+      marvelled what this matter might be, and bade him explain. Thereupon he
+      began again: "You will not have forgotten certain places in the hills&mdash;barbaric
+      fastnesses, but friendly to the Cerasuntines&mdash;from which people used
+      to come down and sell us large cattle and other things which they
+      possessed, and if I mistake not, some of you went to the nearest of these
+      places and made purchases in the market and came back again. Clearetus the
+      captain learnt of this place, that it was but a little one and unguarded.
+      Why should it be guarded since it was friendly? so the folk thought. Thus
+      he stole upon it in the dead of night, and meant to sack it without saying
+      a word to any of us. His design was, if he took the place, not to return
+      again to the army, but to mount a vessel which, with his messmates on
+      board her, was sailing past at the time, and stowing away what he had
+      seized, to set sail and begone beyond the Euxine. All this had been agreed
+      upon and arranged with his comrades on board the vessel, as I now
+      discover. Accordingly, he summoned to his side all whom he could persuade,
+      and set off at their head against the little place. But dawn overtook him
+      on his march. The men collected out of their strongholds, and whether from
+      a distance or close quarters, made such a fight that they killed Clearetus
+      and a good many of the rest, and only a few of them got safe back to
+      Cerasus.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "These things took place on the day on which we started to come hither on
+      foot; while some of those who were to go by sea were still at Cerasus, not
+      having as yet weighed anchor. After this, according to what the
+      Cerasuntines state, there arrived three inhabitants of the place which had
+      been attacked; three elderly men, seeking an interview with our public
+      assembly. Not finding us, they addressed themselves to the men of Cerasus,
+      and told them, they were astonished that we should have thought it right
+      to attack them; however, when, as the Cerasuntines assert, they had
+      assured them that the occurrence was not authorised by public consent,
+      they were pleased, and proposed to sail here, not only to state to us what
+      had occurred, but to offer that those who were interested should take up
+      and bury the bodies of the slain.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "But among the Hellenes still at Cerasus were some of those who had
+      escaped. They found out in which direction the barbarians were minded to
+      go, and not only had the face themselves to pelt them with stones, but
+      vociferously encouraged their neighbours to do the same. The three men&mdash;ambassadors,
+      mark you&mdash;were slain, stoned to death. After this occurrence, the men
+      of Cerasus came to us and reported the affair, and we generals, on being
+      informed, were annoyed at what had taken place, and took counsel with the
+      Cerasuntines how the dead bodies of the Hellenes might be buried. While
+      seated in conclave outside the camp, we suddenly were aware of a great
+      hubbub. We heard cries: 'Cut them down!' 'Shoot them!' 'Stone them!' and
+      presently we caught sight of a mass of people racing towards us with
+      stones in their hands, and others picking them up. The Cerasuntines,
+      naturally enough, considering the incident they had lately witnessed,
+      retired in terror to their vessels, and, upon my word, some of us did not
+      feel too comfortable. All I could do was to go to them and inquire what it
+      all meant. Some of them had not the slightest notion, although they had
+      stones in their hands, but chancing on some one who was better informed, I
+      was told by him that 'the clerks of the market were treating the army most
+      scandalously.' Just then some one got sight of the market clerk,
+      Zelarchus, making his way off towards the sea, and lifted up his voice
+      aloud, and the rest responding to the cry as if a wild boar or a stag had
+      been started, they rushed upon him.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "The Cerasuntines, seeing a rush in their direction, thought that, without
+      a doubt, it was directed against themselves, and fled with all speed and
+      threw themselves into the sea, in which proceeding they were imitated by
+      some few of our own men, and all who did not know how to swim were
+      drowned. But now, what do you think of their case, these men of Cerasus?
+      They had done no wrong. They were simply afraid that some madness had
+      seized us, like that to which dogs are liable.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "I say then, if proceedings like this are to be the order of the day, you
+      had better consider what the ultimate condition of the army is like to be.
+      As a body you will not have it in your power to undertake war against whom
+      you like, or to conclude peace. But in private any one who chooses will
+      conduct the army on any quest which takes his fancy. And when ambassadors
+      come to you to demand peace, or whatever it may be, officious people will
+      put them to death and prevent your hearing the proposals which brought
+      them to you. The next step will be that those whom you as a body may
+      choose as generals will be of no account; but any one who likes to elect
+      himself general, and will adopt the formula 'Shoot him! shoot him!' will
+      be competent to cut down whomsoever he pleases untried, be it general or
+      private soldier, if only he have sufficient followers, as was the case
+      just now. But just consider what these self-appointed generals have
+      achieved for you. Zelarchus, the clerk of the market, may possibly have
+      done you a wrong; if so, he has sailed off and is gone without paying you
+      any penalty; or he may be guiltless, in which case we have driven him from
+      the army in terror of perishing unjustly without a trial. While those who
+      stoned the ambassadors have contrived so cleverly that we alone of all
+      Hellenes cannot approach Cerasus safely without a strong force, and the
+      corpses which the very men who slew them themselves invited us to bury, we
+      cannot now pick up with safety even under a flag of truce. Who indeed
+      would care to carry a flag of truce, or go as a herald with the blood of
+      heralds upon his hands? All we could do was to implore the Cerasuntines to
+      bury them.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "If then you approve of such doings, have a resolution passed to that
+      effect, so that, with a prospect of like occurrences in the future, a man
+      may privately set up a guard and do his best to fix his tent where he can
+      find a strong position with a commanding site. If, however, these seem to
+      you to be the deeds rather of wild beasts than of human beings, bethink
+      you of some means by which to stay them; or else, in heaven's name, how
+      shall we do sacrifice to the gods gladly, with impious deeds to answer
+      for? or how shall we, who lay the knife to each other's throats, give
+      battle to our enemies? What friendly city will receive us when they see
+      rampant lawlessness in our midst? Who will have the courage to afford us a
+      market, when we prove our worthlessness in these weightiest concerns? and
+      what becomes of the praise we expect to win from the mouths of men? who
+      will vouchsafe it to us, if this is our behaviour? Should we not ourselves
+      bestow the worst of names on the perpetrators of like deeds?"
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      After this they rose, and, as one man, proposed that the ringleaders in
+      these matters should be punished; and that for the future, to set an
+      example of lawlessness should be forbidden. Every such ringleader was to
+      be prosecuted on the capital charge; the generals were to bring all
+      offenders to the bar of justice; prosecutions for all other misdemeanours
+      committed since the death of Cyrus were to be instituted; and they ended
+      by constituting the officers into a board of dicasts (2); and upon the
+      strong representation of Xenophon, with the concurrence of the
+      soothsayers, it was resolved to purify the army, and this purification was
+      made.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (2) I.e. a board of judges or jurors.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0044" id="link2H_4_0044">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      VIII
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      It was further resolved that the generals themselves should undergo a
+      judicial examination in reference to their conduct in past time. In course
+      of investigation, Philesius and Xanthicles respectively were condemned to
+      pay a sum of twenty minae, to meet a deficiency to that amount incurred
+      during the guardianship of the cargoes of the merchantmen. Sophaenetus was
+      fined ten minae for inadequate performance of his duty as one of the chief
+      officers selected. Against Xenophon a charge was brought by certain
+      people, who asserted that they had been beaten by him, and framed the
+      indictment as one of personal outrage with violence (1). Xenophon got up
+      and demanded that the first speaker should state "where and when it was he
+      had received these blows." The other, so challenged, answered, "When we
+      were perishing of cold and there was a great depth of snow." Xenophon
+      said: "Upon my word, with weather such as you describe, when our
+      provisions had run out, when the wine could not even be smelt, when
+      numbers were dropping down dead beat, so acute was the suffering, with the
+      enemy close on our heels; certainly, if at such a season as that I was
+      guilty of outrage, I plead guilty to being a more outrageous brute than
+      the ass, which is too wanton, they say, to feel fatigue. Still, I wish you
+      would tell us," said he, "what led to my striking you. Did I ask you for
+      something and, on your refusing it to me, did I proceed to beat you? Was
+      it a debt, for which I demanded payment? or a quarrel about some boy or
+      other? Was I the worse for liquor, and behaving like a drunkard?" When the
+      man met each of these questions with a negative, he questioned him
+      further: "Are you a heavy infantry soldier?" "No," said he. "A peltast,
+      then?" "No, nor yet a peltast"; but he had been ordered by his messmates
+      to drive a mule, although he was a free man. Then at last he recognised
+      him, and inquired: "Are you the fellow who carried home the sick man?"
+      "Yes, I am," said he, "thanks to your driving; and you made havoc of my
+      messmates' kit." "Havoc!" said Xenophon: "Nay, I distributed it; some to
+      one man, some to another to carry, and bade them bring the things safely
+      to me; and when I got them back I delivered them all safely to you, and
+      you, on your side, had rendered an account to me of the man. Let me tell
+      you," he continued, turning to the court, "what the circumstances were; it
+      is worth hearing:&mdash;
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) See the "Dict. of Antiq." 622 a. HYBREOS GRAPHE. In the case of
+    common assaults as opposed to indecent assault, the prosecution
+    seems to have been allowable only when the object of a wanton
+    attack was a free person. Cf. Arist. "Rhet." ii. 24.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      "A man was left behind from inability to proceed farther; I recognised the
+      poor fellow sufficiently to see that he was one of ours, and I forced you,
+      sir, to carry him to save his life. For if I am not much mistaken, the
+      enemy were close at our heels?" The fellow assented to this. "Well then,"
+      said Xenophon, "after I had sent you forward, I overtook you again, as I
+      came up with the rearguard; you were digging a trench with intent to bury
+      the man; I pulled up and said something in commendation; as we stood by
+      the poor fellow twitched his leg, and the bystanders all cried out, 'Why,
+      the man's alive!' Your remark was: 'Alive or not as he likes, I am not
+      going to carry him' Then I struck you. Yes! you are right, for it looked
+      very much as if you knew him to be alive." "Well," said he, "was he any
+      the less dead when I reported him to you?" "Nay," retorted Xenophon, "by
+      the same token we shall all one day be dead, but that is no reason why
+      meantime we should all be buried alive?" Then there was a general shout:
+      "If Xenophon had given the fellow a few more blows, it might have been
+      better." The others were now called upon to state the grounds on which
+      they had been beaten in each case; but when they refused to get up, he
+      proceeded to state them himself.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "I confess, sirs, to having struck certain men for failure in discipline.
+      These were men who were quite content to owe their safety to us. Whilst
+      the rest of the world marched on in rank and did whatever fighting had to
+      be done, they preferred to leave the ranks, and rush forward to loot and
+      enrich themselves at our expense. Now, if this conduct were to be the
+      rule, general ruin would be the result. I do not deny that I have given
+      blows to this man or the other who played the poltroon and refused to get
+      up, helplessly abandoning himself to the enemy; and so I forced them to
+      march on. For once in the severe wintry weather I myself happened to sit
+      down for a long time, whilst waiting for a party who were getting their
+      kit together, and I discovered how difficult it was to get up again and
+      stretch one's legs. After this personal experience, whenever I saw any one
+      else seated in slack and lazy mood, I tried to spur him on. The mere
+      movement and effort to play the man caused warmth and moisture, whereas it
+      was plain that sitting down and keeping quiet helped the blood to freeze
+      and the toes to mortify, calamities which really befell several of the
+      men, as you yourselves are aware.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "I can imagine a third case, that of some straggler stopping behind,
+      merely to rest for rest's sake, and hindering you in front and us behind
+      alike from pressing on the march. If he got a blow with the fist from me
+      it saved him a thrust with the lance from the enemy. In fact, the
+      opportunity they enjoy to-day of taking vengeance on me for any treatment
+      which I put upon them wrongfully, is derived from their salvation then;
+      whereas, if they had fallen into the enemy's hands, let them ask
+      themselves for what outrage, however great, they could expect to get
+      satisfaction now. My defence," he continued, "is simple: if I chastised
+      any one for his own good, I claim to suffer the same penalties as parents
+      pay their children or masters their boys. Does not the surgeon also
+      cauterise and cut us for our good? But if you really believe that these
+      acts are the outcome of wanton insolence, I beg you to observe that
+      although to-day, thank God! I am heartier than formerly, I wear a bolder
+      front now than then, and I drink more wine, yet I never strike a soul; no,
+      for I see that you have reached smooth water. When storm arises, and a
+      great sea strikes the vessel amidships, a mere shake of the head will make
+      the look-out man furious with the crew in the forecastle, or the helmsman
+      with the men in the stern sheets, for at such a crisis even a slight slip
+      may ruin everything. But I appeal to your own verdict, already recorded,
+      in proof that I was justified in striking these men. You stood by, sirs,
+      with swords, not voting tablets, in your hands, and it was in your power
+      to aid the fellows if you liked; but, to speak the honest truth, you
+      neither aided them nor did you join me in striking the disorderly. In
+      other words, you enabled any evilly-disposed person among them to give
+      rein to his wantonness by your passivity. For if you will be at pains to
+      investigate, you will find that those who were then most cowardly are the
+      ringleaders to-day in brutality and outrage.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "There is Boiscus the boxer, a Thessalian, what a battle he fought then to
+      escape carrying his shield! so tired was he, and to-day I am told he has
+      stripped several citizens of Cotyora of the clothes on their backs. If
+      then you are wise, you will treat this personage in a way the contrary to
+      that in which men treat dogs. A savage dog is tied up on the day and
+      loosed at night, but if you are wise you will tie this fellow up at night
+      and only let him loose in the day.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "But really," he added, "it does surprise me with what keenness you
+      remember and recount the times when I incurred the hatred of some one; but
+      some other occasions when I eased the burden of winter and storm for any
+      of you, or beat off an enemy, or helped to minister to you in sickness and
+      want, not a soul of you remembers these. Or when for any noble deed done
+      by any of you I praised the doer, and according to my ability did honour
+      to this brave man or that; these things have slipped from your memories,
+      and are clean forgotten. Yet it were surely more noble, just, and holy,
+      sweeter and kindlier to treasure the memory of good rather than of evil."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      He ended, and then one after another of the assembly got up and began
+      recalling incidents of the kind suggested, and things ended not so
+      unpleasantly after all.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0045" id="link2H_4_0045">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      BOOK VI
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0046" id="link2H_4_0046">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      I
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      After this, whilst waiting, they lived partly on supplies from the market,
+      partly on the fruit of raids into Paphlagonia. The Paphlagonians, on their
+      side, showed much skill in kidnapping stragglers, wherever they could lay
+      hands on them, and in the night time tried to do mischief to those whose
+      quarters were at a distance from the camp. The result was that their
+      relations to one another were exceedingly hostile, so much so that
+      Corylas, who was the chief of Paphlagonia at that date, sent ambassadors
+      to the Hellenes, bearing horses and fine apparel, and charged with a
+      proposal on the part of Corylas to make terms with the Hellenes on the
+      principle of mutual forbearance from injuries. The generals replied that
+      they would consult with the army about the matter. Meanwhile they gave
+      them a hospitable reception, to which they invited certain members of the
+      army whose claims were obvious. They sacrificed some of the captive cattle
+      and other sacrificial beasts, and with these they furnished forth a
+      sufficiently festal entertainment, and reclining on their truckle beds,
+      fell to eating and drinking out of beakers made of horn which they
+      happened to find in the country.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But as soon as the libation was ended and they had sung the hymn, up got
+      first some Thracians, who performed a dance under arms to the sound of a
+      pipe, leaping high into the air with much nimbleness, and brandishing
+      their swords, till at last one man struck his fellow, and every one
+      thought he was really wounded, so skilfully and artistically did he fall,
+      and the Paphlagonians screamed out. Then he that gave the blow stripped
+      the other of his arms, and marched off chanting the "Sitalcas (1)," whilst
+      others of the Thracians bore off the other, who lay as if dead, though he
+      had not received even a scratch.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) I.e. the national Thracian hymn; for Sitalcas the king, a national
+    hero, see Thuc. ii. 29.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      After this some Aenianians (2) and Magnesians got up and fell to dancing
+      the Carpaea, as it is called, under arms. This was the manner of the
+      dance: one man lays aside his arms and proceeds to drive a yoke of oxen,
+      and while he drives he sows, turning him about frequently, as though he
+      were afraid of something; up comes a cattle-lifter, and no sooner does the
+      ploughman catch sight of him afar, than he snatches up his arms and
+      confronts him. They fight in front of his team, and all in rhythm to the
+      sound of the pipe. At last the robber binds the countryman and drives off
+      the team. Or sometimes the cattle-driver binds the robber, and then he
+      puts him under the yoke beside the oxen, with his two hands tied behind
+      his back, and off he drives.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (2) The Aenianians, an Aeolian people inhabiting the upper valley of
+    the Sperchius (the ancient Phthia); their capital was Hypata.
+    These men belonged to the army collected by Menon, the Thessalian.
+    So, doubtless, did the Magnesians, another Aeolian tribe occupying
+    the mountainous coast district on the east of Thessaly. See
+    Kiepert's "Man. Anct. Geog." (Macmillan's tr.), chap. vi.. 161,
+    170.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      After this a Mysian came in with a light shield in either hand and danced,
+      at one time going through a pantomime, as if he were dealing with two
+      assailants at once; at another plying his shields as if to face a single
+      foe, and then again he would whirl about and throw somersaults, keeping
+      the shields in his hands, so that it was a beautiful spectacle. Last of
+      all he danced the Persian dance, clashing the shields together, crouching
+      down on one knee and springing up again from earth; and all this he did in
+      measured time to the sound of the flute. After him the Mantineans stepped
+      upon the stage, and some other Arcadians also stood up; they had accoutred
+      themselves in all their warlike finery. They marched with measured tread,
+      pipes playing, to the tune of the 'warrior's march (3)'; the notes of the
+      paean rose, lightly their limbs moved in dance, as in solemn procession to
+      the holy gods. The Paphlagonians looked upon it as something truly strange
+      that all these dances should be under arms; and the Mysians, seeing their
+      astonishment persuaded one of the Arcadians who had got a dancing girl to
+      let him introduce her, which he did after dressing her up magnificently
+      and giving her a light shield. When, lithe of limb, she danced the Pyrrhic
+      (4), loud clapping followed; and the Paphlagonians asked, "If these women
+      fought by their side in battle?" to which they answered, "To be sure, it
+      was the women who routed the great King, and drove him out of camp." So
+      ended the night.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (3) See Plato, "Rep." 400 B, for this "war measure"; also Aristoph.
+    "Clouds," 653.
+
+ (4) For this famous dance, supposed to be of Doric (Cretan or Spartan)
+    origin, see Smith's "Dict. of Antiquities," "Saltatio"; also Guhl
+    and Koner, "The Life of the Greeks and Romans," Eng. tr.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      But next day the generals introduced the embassy to the army, and the
+      soldiers passed a resolution in the sense proposed: between themselves and
+      the Paphlagonians there was to be a mutual abstinence from injuries. After
+      this the ambassadors went on their way, and the Hellenes, as soon as it
+      was thought that sufficient vessels had arrived, went on board ship, and
+      voyaged a day and a night with a fair breeze, keeping Paphlagonia on their
+      left. And on the following day, arriving at Sinope, they came to moorings
+      in the harbour of Harmene, near Sinope (5). The Sinopeans, though
+      inhabitants of Paphlagonia, are really colonists of the Milesians. They
+      sent gifts of hospitality to the Hellenes, three thousand measures of
+      barley with fifteen hundred jars of wine. At this place Cheirisophus
+      rejoined them with a man-of-war. The soldiers certainly expected that,
+      having come, he would have brought them something, but he brought them
+      nothing, except complimentary phrases, on the part of Anaxibius, the high
+      admiral, and the rest, who sent them their congratulations, coupled with a
+      promise on the part of Anaxibius that, as soon as they were outside the
+      Euxine, pay would be forthcoming.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (5) Harmene, a port of Sinope, between four and five miles (fifty
+    stades) west of that important city, itself a port town. See
+    Smith, "Dict. Geog.," "Sinope"; and Kiepert, op. cit. chap. iv.
+    60.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      At Harmene the army halted five days; and now that they seemed to be so
+      close to Hellas, the question how they were to reach home not empty-handed
+      presented itself more forcibly to their minds than heretofore. The
+      conclusion they came to was to appoint a single general, since one man
+      would be better able to handle the troops, by night or by day, than was
+      possible while the generalship was divided. If secrecy were desirable, it
+      would be easier to keep matters dark, or if again expedition were an
+      object, there would be less risk of arriving a day too late, since mutual
+      explanations would be avoided, and whatever approved itself to the single
+      judgement would at once be carried into effect, whereas previously the
+      generals had done everything in obedience to the opinion of the majority.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      With these ideas working in their minds, they turned to Xenophon, and the
+      officers came to him and told him that this was how the soldiers viewed
+      matters; and each of them, displaying a warmth of kindly feeling, pressed
+      him to accept the office. Xenophon partly would have liked to do so, in
+      the belief that by so doing he would win to himself a higher repute in the
+      esteem of his friends, and that his name would be reported to the city
+      written large; and by some stroke of fortune he might even be the
+      discoverer of some blessing to the army collectively.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      These and the like considerations elated him; he had a strong desire to
+      hold the supreme command. But then again, as he turned the matter over,
+      the conviction deepened in his mind that the issue of the future is to
+      every man uncertain; and hence there was the risk of perhaps losing such
+      reputation has he had already acquired. He was in sore straights, and, not
+      knowing how to decide, it seemed best to him to lay the matter before
+      heaven. Accordingly, he led two victims to the altar and made sacrifice to
+      Zeus the King, for it was he and no other who had been named by the oracle
+      at Delphi, and his belief was that the vision which he had beheld when he
+      first essayed to undertake the joint administration of the army was sent
+      to him by that god. He also recalled to mind a circumstance which befell
+      him still earlier, when setting out from Ephesus to associate himself with
+      Cyrus (6);&mdash;how an eagle screamed on his right hand from the east,
+      and still remained perched, and the soothsayer who was escorting him said
+      that it was a great and royal omen (7); indicating glory and yet
+      suffering; for the punier race of birds only attack the eagle when seated.
+      "Yet," added he, "it bodes not gain in money; for the eagle seizes his
+      food, not when seated, but on the wing."
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (6) Cf. "Cyrop." II. i. 1; an eagle appears to Cyrus on the frontiers
+    of Persia, when about to join his uncle Cyaxares, king of Media,
+    on his expedition against the Assyrian.
+
+ (7) It is important to note that the Greek word {oionos}, a solitary
+    or lone-flying bird, also means an omen. "It was a mighty bird and
+    a mighty omen."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Thus Xenophon sacrificed, and the god as plainly as might be gave him a
+      sign, neither to demand the generalship, nor, if chosen, to accept the
+      office. And that was how the matter stood when the army met, and the
+      proposal to elect a single leader was unanimous. After this resolution was
+      passed, they proposed Xenophon for election, and when it seemed quite
+      evident that they would elect him, if he put the question to the vote, he
+      got up and spoke as follows:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Sirs, I am but mortal, and must needs be happy to be honoured by you. I
+      thank you, and am grateful, and my prayer is that the gods may grant me to
+      be an instrument of blessing to you. Still, when I consider it closer,
+      thus, in the presence of a Lacedaemonian, to be preferred by you as
+      general, seems to me but ill conducive either to your interests or to
+      mine, since you will the less readily obtain from them hereafter anything
+      you may need, while for myself I look upon acceptance as even somewhat
+      dangerous. Do I not see and know with what persistence these
+      Lacedaemonians prosecuted the war till finally they forced our State to
+      acknowledge the leadership of Lacedaemon? This confession once extorted
+      from their antagonists, they ceased warring at once, and the siege of the
+      city was at an end. If, with these facts before my eyes, I seem to be
+      doing all I can to neutralise their high self-esteem, I cannot escape the
+      reflection that personally I may be taught wisdom by a painful process.
+      But with your own idea that under a single general there will be less
+      factiousness than when there were many, be assured that in choosing some
+      other than me you will not find me factious. I hold that whosoever sets up
+      factious opposition to his leader factiously opposes his own safety. While
+      if you determine to choose me, I should not be surprised were that choice
+      to entail upon you and me the resentment of other people."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      After those remarks on Xenophon's part, many more got up, one after
+      another, insisting on the propriety of his undertaking the command. One of
+      them, Agasias the Stymphalian, said: It was really ridiculous, if things
+      had come to this pass that the Lacedeamonians are to fly into a rage
+      because a number of friends have met together to dinner, and omitted to
+      choose a Lacedaemonian to sit at the head of the table. "Really, if that
+      is how matters stand," said he, "I do not see what right we have to be
+      officers even, we who are only Arcadians." That sally brought down the
+      plaudits of the assembly; and Xenophon, seeing that something more was
+      needed, stepped forward again and spoke, "Pardon, sirs," he said, "let me
+      make a clean breast of it. I swear to you by all the gods and goddesses;
+      verily and indeed, I no sooner perceived your purpose, than I consulted
+      the victims, whether it was better for you to entrust this leadership to
+      me, and for me to undertake it, or the reverse. And the gods vouchsafed a
+      sign to me so plain that even a common man might understand it, and
+      perceive that from such sovereignty I must needs hold myself aloof."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Under these circumstances they chose Cheirisophus, who, after his
+      election, stepped forward and said: "Nay, sirs, be well assured of this,
+      that had you chosen some one else, I for my part should not have set up
+      factious opposition. As to Xenophon, I believe you have done him a good
+      turn by not appointing him; for even now Dexippus has gone some way in
+      traducing him to Anaxibius, as far as it lay in his power to do so, and
+      that, in spite of my attempts to silence him. What he said was that he
+      believed Xenophon would rather share the command of Clearchus's army with
+      Timasion, a Dardanian, than with himself, a Laconian. But," continued
+      Cheirisophus, "since your choice has fallen upon me, I will make it my
+      endeavour to do you all the good in my power; so make your preparations to
+      weigh anchor to-morrow; wind and weather permitting, we will voyage to
+      Heraclea; every one must endeavour, therefore, to put in at that port; and
+      for the rest we will consult, when we are come thither."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0047" id="link2H_4_0047">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      II
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      The next day they weighed anchor and set sail from Harmene with a fair
+      breeze, two days' voyage along the coast. (As they coasted along they came
+      in sight of Jason's beach (1), where, as the story says, the ship Argo
+      came to moorings; and then the mouths of the rivers, first the Thermodon,
+      then the Iris, then the Halys, and next to it the Parthenius.) Coasting
+      past (the latter), they reached Heraclea (2), a Hellenic city and a colony
+      of the Megarians, situated in the territory of the Mariandynians. So they
+      came to anchorage off the Acherusian Chersonese, where Heracles (3) is
+      said to have descended to bring up the dog Cerberus, at a point where they
+      still show the marks of his descent, a deep cleft more than two furlongs
+      down. Here the Heracleots sent the Hellenes, as gifts of hospitality,
+      three thousand measures of barley and two thousand jars of wine, twenty
+      beeves and one hundred sheep. Through the flat country here flows the
+      Lycus river, as it is called, about two hundred feet in breadth.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) I have left this passage in the text, although it involves, at
+    first sight, a topographical error on the part of whoever wrote
+    it, and Hug and other commentators regard it as spurious. Jason's
+    beach (the modern Yasoun Bouroun) and the three first-named rivers
+    lie between Cotyora and Sinope. Possibly the author, or one of his
+    editors, somewhat loosely inserted a recapitulatory note
+    concerning the scenery of this coasting voyage at this point. "By
+    the way, I ought to have told you that as they coasted along,"
+    etc.
+
+ (2) One of the most powerful of commercial cities, distinguished as
+    Pontica (whence, in the middle ages, Penteraklia), now Eregli. It
+    was one of the older Greek settlements, and, like Kalchedon (to
+    give that town its proper name), a Megaro-Doric colony. See
+    Kiepert, op. cit. chap. iv. 62.
+
+ (3) According to another version of the legend Heracles went down to
+    bring up Cerberus, not here, but at Taenarum.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      The soldiers held a meeting, and took counsel about the remainder of the
+      journey: should they make their exit from the Pontus by sea or by land?
+      and Lycon the Achaean got up and said: "I am astonished, sirs, that the
+      generals do not endeavour to provide us more efficiently with provisions.
+      These gifts of hospitality will not afford three days' victuals for the
+      army; nor do I see from what region we are to provide ourselves as we
+      march. My proposal, therefore, is to demand of the Heracleots at least
+      three thousand cyzicenes." Another speaker suggested, "not less than ten
+      thousand. Let us at once, before we break up this meeting, send
+      ambassadors to the city and ascertain their answer to the demand and take
+      counsel accordingly." Thereupon they proceeded to put up as ambassadors,
+      first and foremost Cheirisophus, as he had been chosen general-in-chief;
+      others also named Xenophon.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But both Cheirisophus and Xenophon stoutly declined, maintaining both
+      alike that they could not compel a Hellenic city, actually friendly, to
+      give anything which they did not spontaneously offer. So, since these two
+      appeared to be backward, the soldiers sent Lycon the Achaean, Callimachus
+      the Parrhasian, and Agasias the Stymphalian. These three went and
+      announced the resolutions passed by the army. Lycon, it was said, even
+      went so far as to threaten certain consequences in case they refused to
+      comply. The Heracleots said they would deliberate; and, without more ado,
+      they got together their goods and chattels from their farms and fields
+      outside, and dismantled the market outside and transferred it within,
+      after which the gates were closed, and arms appeared at the battlements of
+      the walls.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      At that check, the authors of these tumultuary measures fell to accusing
+      the generals, as if they had marred the proceeding; and the Arcadians and
+      Archaeans banded together, chiefly under the auspices of the two
+      ringleaders, Callimachus the Parrhasian and Lycon the Achaean. The
+      language they held was to this effect: It was outrageous that a single
+      Athenian and a Lacedaemonian, who had not contributed a soldier to the
+      expedition, should rule Peloponnesians; scandalous that they themselves
+      should bear the toils whilst others pocketed the spoils, and that too
+      though the preservation of the army was due to themselves; for, as every
+      one must admit, to the Arcadians and Achaeans the credit of that
+      achievement was due, and the rest of the army went for nothing (which was
+      indeed so far true that the Arcadians and Achaeans did form numerically
+      the larger half of the whole army). What then did common sense suggest?
+      Why, that they, the Arcadians and Achaeans, should make common cause,
+      choose generals for themselves independently, continue the march, and try
+      somewhat to better their condition. This proposal was carried. All the
+      Arcadians and Achaeans who chanced to be with Cheirisophus left him and
+      Xenophon, setting up for themselves and choosing ten generals of their
+      own. These ten, it was decreed, were to put into effect such measures as
+      approved themselves to the majority. Thus the absolute authority vested in
+      Cheirisophus was terminated there and then, within less than a week of his
+      appointment.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Xenophon, however was minded to prosecute the journey in their company,
+      thinking that this would be a safer plan than for each to start on his own
+      account. But Neon threw in his weight in favour of separate action. "Every
+      one for himself," he said, for he had heard from Cheirisophus that
+      Cleander, the Spartan governor-general at Byzantium, talked of coming to
+      Calpe Haven with some war vessels. Neon's advice was due to his desire to
+      secure a passage home in these war vessels for themselves and their
+      soldiers, without allowing any one else to share in their good-fortune. As
+      for Cheirisophus, he was at once so out of heart at the turn things had
+      taken, and soured with the whole army, that he left it to his subordinate,
+      Neon, to do just what he liked. Xenophon, on his side, would still have
+      been glad to be quit of the expedition and sail home; but on offering
+      sacrifice to Heracles the Leader, and seeking advice, whether it were
+      better and more desirable to continue the march in charge of the soldiers
+      who had remained faithful, or to take his departure, the god indicated to
+      him by the victims that he should adopt the former course.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In this way the army was now split up into three divisions (4). First, the
+      Arcadians and Achaeans, over four thousand five hundred men, all heavy
+      infantry. Secondly, Cheirisophus and his men, viz. one thousand four
+      hundred heavy infantry and the seven hundred peltasts, or Clearchus's
+      Thracians. Thirdly, Xenophon's division of one thousand seven hundred
+      heavy infantry, and three hundred peltasts; but then he alone had the
+      cavalry&mdash;about forty troopers.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (4) The total now amounted to 8640 and over.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      The Arcadians, who had bargained with the Heracleots and got some vessels
+      from them, were the first to set sail; they hoped, by pouncing suddenly on
+      the Bithynians, to make as large a haul as possible. With that object they
+      disembarked at Calpe Haven (5), pretty nearly at the middle point in
+      Thrace. Cheirisophus setting off straight from Heraclea, commenced a land
+      march through the country; but having entered into Thrace, he preferred to
+      cling to the seaboard, health and strength failing him. Xenophon, lastly,
+      took vessels, and disembarking on the confines of Thrace and the
+      Heracleotid, pushed forward through the heart of the country (6).
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (5) The Haven of Calpe = Kirpe Liman or Karpe in the modern maps. The
+    name is interesting as being also the ancient name of the rock
+    fortress of Gibraltar.
+
+ (6) Some MSS. here read, "In the prior chapter will be found a
+    description of the manner in which the absolute command of
+    Cheirisophus was abruptly terminated and the army of the Hellenes
+    broken up. The sequel will show how each of these divisions
+    fared." The passage is probably one of those commentators' notes,
+    with which we are now familiar.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0048" id="link2H_4_0048">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      III
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      The Arcadians, disembarking under cover of night at Calpe Haven, marched
+      against the nearest villages about thirty furlongs from the sea; and as
+      soon as it was light, each of the ten generals led his company to attack
+      one village, or if the village were large, a couple of companies advanced
+      under their combined generals. They further agreed upon a certain knoll,
+      where they were all eventually to assemble. So sudden was their attack
+      that they seized a number of captives and enclosed a multitude of small
+      cattle. But the Thracians who escaped began to collect again; for being
+      light-armed troops they had slipped in large numbers through the hands of
+      the heavy infantry; and now that they were got together they first
+      attacked the company of the Arcadian general, Smicres, who had done his
+      work and was retiring to the appointed meeting-place, driving along a
+      large train of captives and cattle. For a good while the Hellenes
+      maintained a running fight (1); but at the passage of a gorge the enemy
+      routed them, slaying Smicres himself and those with him to a man. The fate
+      of another company under command of Hegesander, another of the ten, was
+      nearly as bad; only eight men escaped, Hegesander being one of them. The
+      remaining captains eventually met, some with somewhat to show for their
+      pains, others empty-handed.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) Lit. "marched and fought," as did the forlorn hope under Sir C.
+    Wilson making its way from Abu Klea to the Nile in Jan. 1885.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      The Thracians, having achieved this success, kept up a continual shouting
+      and clatter of conversation to one another during the night; but with
+      day-dawn they marshalled themselves right round the knoll on which the
+      Hellenes were encamped&mdash;both cavalry in large numbers and light-armed
+      troops&mdash;while every minute the stream of new-comers grew greater.
+      Then they commenced an attack on the heavy infantry in all security, for
+      the Hellenes had not a single bowman, javelin-man, or mounted trooper
+      amongst them; while the enemy rushed forward on foot or galloped up on
+      horseback and let fly their javelins. It was vain to attempt to retaliate,
+      so lightly did they spring back and escape; and ever the attack renewed
+      itself from every point, so that on one side man after man was wounded, on
+      the other not a soul was touched; the result being that they could not
+      stir from their position, and the Thracians ended by cutting them off even
+      from their water. In their despair they began to parley about a truce, and
+      finally various concessions were made and terms agreed to between them;
+      but the Thracians would not hear of giving hostages in answer to the
+      demand of the Hellenes; at that point the matter rested. So fared it with
+      the Arcadians.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      As to Cheirisophus, that general prosecuted his march along the seaboard,
+      and without check reached Calpe Haven. Xenophon advanced through the heart
+      of the country; and his cavalry pushing on in front, came upon some old
+      men pursuing their road somewither, who were brought to him, and in answer
+      to his question, whether they had caught sight of another Hellenic army
+      anywhere, told him all that had already taken place, adding that at
+      present they were being besieged upon a knoll with all the Thracians in
+      close circle round them. Thereupon he kept the old men under strict guard
+      to serve as guides in case of need; next, having appointed outposts, he
+      called a meeting of the soldiers, and addressed them: "Soldiers, some of
+      the Arcadians are dead and the rest are being besieged upon a certain
+      knoll. Now my own belief is, that if they are to perish, with their deaths
+      the seal is set to our own fate: since we must reckon with an enemy at
+      once numerous and emboldened. Clearly our best course is to hasten to
+      their rescue, if haply we may find them still alive, and do battle by
+      their side rather than suffer isolation, confronting danger single-handed.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Let us then at once push forward as far as may seem opportune till
+      supper-time, and then encamp. As long as we are marching, let Timasion,
+      with the cavalry, gallop on in front, but without losing sight of us; and
+      let him examine all closely in front, so that nothing may escape our
+      observation." (At the same time too, he sent out some nimble fellows of
+      the light-armed troops to the flanks and to the high tops, who were to
+      give a signal if they espied anything anywhere; ordering them to burn
+      everything inflammable which lay in their path.) "As for ourselves," he
+      continued, "we need not look to find cover in any direction; for it is a
+      long step back to Heraclea and a long leap across to Chrysopolis, and the
+      enemy is at the door. The shortest road is to Calpe Haven, where we
+      suppose Cheirisophus, if safe, to be; but then, when we get there, at
+      Calpe Haven there are no vessels for us to sail away in; and if we stop
+      here, we have not provisions for a single day. Suppose the beleaguered
+      Arcadians left to their fate, we shall find it but a sorry alternative to
+      run the gauntlet with Cheirisophus's detachment alone; better to save them
+      if we can, and with united forces work out our deliverance in common. But
+      if so, we must set out with minds prepared, since to-day either a glorious
+      death awaits us or the achievement of a deed of noblest emprise in the
+      rescue of so many Hellene lives. Maybe it is God who leads us thus, God
+      who chooses to humble the proud boaster, boasting as though he were
+      exceedingly wise, but for us, the beginning of whose every act is by
+      heaven's grace, that same God reserves a higher grade of honour. One duty
+      I would recall to you, to apply your minds to the execution of the orders
+      with promptitude."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      With these words he led the way. The cavalry, scattering as far in advance
+      as was prudent, wherever they set foot, set fire. The peltasts moving
+      parallel on the high ground were similarly employed, burning everything
+      combustible they could discover. While the main army, wherever they came
+      upon anything which had accidentally escaped, completed the work, so that
+      the whole country looked as if it were ablaze; and the army might easily
+      pass for a larger one. When the hour had come, they turned aside to a
+      knoll and took up quarters; and there they espied the enemy's watch-fires.
+      He was about forty furlongs distant. On their side also they kindled as
+      many watch-fires as possible; but as soon as they had dined the order was
+      passed to quench all the fires. So during the night they posted guards and
+      slept. But at daybreak they offered prayers to the gods, and drawing up in
+      order of battle, began marching with what speed they might. Timasion and
+      the cavalry, who had the guides with them, and were moving on briskly in
+      front, found themselves without knowing it at the very knoll upon which
+      the Hellenes had been beleaguered. But no army could they discover,
+      whether of friend or foe; only some starveling old women and men, with a
+      few sheep and oxen which had been left behind. This news they reported to
+      Xenophon and the main body. At first the marvel was what had happened; but
+      ere long they found out by inquiries from the folk who had been left
+      behind, that the Thracians had set off immediately after sundown, and were
+      gone; the Hellenes had waited till morning before they made off, but in
+      what direction, they could not say.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      On hearing this, Xenophon's troops first breakfasted, and then getting
+      their kit together began their march, desiring to unite with the rest at
+      Calpe's Haven without loss of time. As they continued their march, they
+      came across the track of the Arcadians and Achaeans along the road to
+      Calpe, and both divisions arriving eventually at the same place, were
+      overjoyed to see one another again, and they embraced each other like
+      brothers. Then the Arcadians inquired of Xenophon's officers&mdash;why
+      they had quenched the watch-fires? "At first," said they, "when we lost
+      sight of your watch-fires, we expected you to attack the enemy in the
+      night; and the enemy, so at least we imagined, must have been afraid of
+      that and so set off. The time at any rate at which they set off would
+      correspond. But when the requisite time had elapsed and you did not come,
+      we concluded that you must have learnt what was happening to us, and in
+      terror had made a bolt for it to the seaboard. We resolved not to be left
+      behind by you; and that is how we also came to march hither."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0049" id="link2H_4_0049">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      IV
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      During this day they contented themselves with bivouacking there on the
+      beach at the harbour. The place which goes by the name of Calpe Haven is
+      in Asiatic Thrace, the name given to a region extending from the mouth of
+      the Euxine all the way to Heraclea, which lies on the right hand as you
+      sail into the Euxine. It is a long day's voyage for a war-ship, using her
+      three banks of oars, from Byzantium to Heraclea, and between these two
+      there is not a single Hellenic or friendly city, but only these Bithynian
+      Thracians, who have a bad reputation for the savagery with which they
+      treat any Hellenes cast ashore by shipwreck or otherwise thrown into their
+      power.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Now the haven of Calpe lies exactly midway, halving the voyage between
+      Byzantium and Heraclea. It is a long promontory running out into the sea;
+      the seaward portion being a rocky precipice, at no point less than twenty
+      fathoms high; but on the landward side there is a neck about four hundred
+      feet wide; and the space inside the neck is capable of accommodating ten
+      thousand inhabitants, and there is a haven immediately under the crag with
+      a beach facing the west. Then there is a copious spring of fresh water
+      flowing on the very marge of the sea commanded by the stronghold. Again,
+      there is plenty of wood of various sorts; but most plentiful of all, fine
+      shipbuilding timber down to the very edge of the sea. The upland stretches
+      into the heart of the country for twenty furlongs at least. It is good
+      loamy soil, free from stones. For a still greater distance the seaboard is
+      thickly grown with large timber trees of every description. The
+      surrounding country is beautiful and spacious, containing numerous well
+      populated villages. The soil produces barley and wheat, and pulse of all
+      sorts, millet and sesame, figs in ample supply, with numerous vines
+      producing sweet wines, and indeed everything else except olives. Such is
+      the character of the country.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The tents were pitched on the seaward-facing beach, the soldiers being
+      altogether averse to camping on ground which might so easily be converted
+      into a city. Indeed, their arrival at the place at all seemed very like
+      the crafty design of some persons who were minded to form a city. The
+      aversion was not unnatural, since the majority of the soldiers had not
+      left their homes on so long a voyage from scantiness or subsistence, but
+      attracted by the fame of Cyrus's virtues; some of them bringing followers,
+      while others had expended money on the expedition. And amongst them was a
+      third set who had run away from fathers and mothers; while a different
+      class had left children behind, hoping to return to them with money or
+      other gains. Other people with Cyrus won great success, they were told
+      (1); why should it not be so with them? Being persons then of this
+      description, the one longing of their hearts was to reach Hellas safely.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) I.e. "his society was itself a passport to good fortune."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      It was on the day after their meeting that Xenophon sacrificed as a
+      preliminary to a military expedition; for it was needful to march out in
+      search of provisions, besides which he designed burying the dead. As soon
+      as the victims proved favourable they all set out, the Arcadians following
+      with the rest. The majority of the dead, who had lain already five days,
+      they buried just where they had fallen, in groups; to remove their bodies
+      now would have been impossible. Some few, who lay off the roads, they got
+      together and buried with what splendour they could, considering the means
+      in their power. Others they could not find, and for these they erected a
+      great cenotaph (2), and covered it with wreaths. When it was all done,
+      they returned home to camp. At that time they supped, and went to rest.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (2) "Cenotaph", i.e. "an empty tomb." The word is interesting as
+    occurring only in Xenophon, until we come to the writers of the
+    common dialect. Compare "hyuscyamus," hogbean, our henbane, which
+    we also owe to Xenophon. "Oecon." i. 13, see Sauppe, "Lexil. Xen."
+    s.vv.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Next day there was a general meeting of the soldiers, collected chiefly by
+      Agasias the Stymphalian, a captain, and Hieronymus, an Eleian, also a
+      captain, and other seniors of the Arcadians; and they passed a resolution
+      that, for the future, whoever revived the idea of breaking up the army
+      should be punished by death. And the army, it was decided, would now
+      resume its old position under the command of its former generals. Though
+      Cheirisophus, indeed, had already died under medical treatment for fever
+      (3); and Neon the Asinaean had taken his place.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (3) This I take to be the meaning of the words, which are necessarily
+    ambiguous, since {pharmakon}, "a drug," also means "poison." Did
+    Cheirisophus conceivably die of fever brought on by some poisonous
+    draught? or did he take poison whilst suffering from fever? or did
+    he die under treatment?
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      After these resolutions Xenophon got up and said: "Soldiers, the journey
+      must now, I presume, be conducted on foot; indeed, this is clear, since we
+      have no vessels; and we are driven to commence it at once, for we have no
+      provisions if we stop. We then," he continued, "will sacrifice, and you
+      must prepare yourselves to fight now, if ever, for the spirit of the enemy
+      has revived."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Thereupon the generals sacrificed, in the presence of the Arcadian seer,
+      Arexion; for Silanus the Ambraciot had chartered a vessel at Heraclea and
+      made his escape ere this. Sacrificing with a view to departure, the
+      victims proved unfavourable to them. Accordingly they waited that day.
+      Certain people were bold enough to say that Xenophon, out of his desire to
+      colonise the place, had persuaded the seer to say that the victims were
+      unfavourable to departure. Consequently he proclaimed by herald next
+      morning that any one who liked should be present at the sacrifice; or if
+      he were a seer he was bidden to be present and help to inspect the
+      victims. Then he sacrificed, and there were numbers present; but though
+      the sacrifice on the question of departure was repeated as many as three
+      times, the victims were persistently unfavourable. Thereat the soldiers
+      were in high dudgeon, for the provisions they had brought with them had
+      reached the lowest ebb, and there was no market to be had.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Consequently there was another meeting, and Xenophon spoke again: "Men,"
+      said he, "the victims are, as you may see for yourselves, not yet
+      favourable to the march; but meanwhile, I can see for myself that you are
+      in need of provisions; accordingly we must narrow the sacrifice to the
+      particular point." Some one got up and said: "Naturally enough the victims
+      are unfavourable, for, as I learnt from some one on a vessel which arrived
+      here yesterday by accident, Cleander, the governor at Byzantium, intends
+      coming here with ships and men-of-war." Thereat they were all in favour of
+      stopping; but they must needs go out for provisions, and with this object
+      he again sacrificed three times, and the victims remained adverse. Things
+      had now reached such a pass that the men actually came to Xenophon's tent
+      to proclaim that they had no provisions. His sole answer was that he would
+      not lead them out till the victims were favourable.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      So again the next day he sacrificed; and nearly the whole army, so strong
+      was the general anxiety, flocked round the victims; and now the very
+      victims themselves failed. So the generals, instead of leading out the
+      army, called the men together. Xenophon, as was incumbent on him, spoke:
+      "It is quite possible that the enemy are collected in a body, and we shall
+      have to fight. If we were to leave our baggage in the strong place"
+      (pointing overhead) "and sally forth prepared for battle, the victims
+      might favour us." But the soldiers, on hearing this proposal, cried out,
+      "No need to take us inside that place; better sacrifice with all speed."
+      Now sheep there were none any longer. So they purchased oxen from under a
+      wagon and sacrificed; and Xenophon begged Cleanor the Arcadian to
+      superintend the sacrifice on his behalf, in case there might be some
+      change now. But even so there was no improvement.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Now Neon was general in place of Cheirisophus, and seeing the men
+      suffering so cruelly from want, he was willing to do them a good turn. So
+      he got hold of some Heracleot or other who said he knew of villages close
+      by from which they could get provisions, and proclaimed by herald: "If any
+      one liked to come out and get provisions, be it known that he, Neon, would
+      be their leader." So out came the men with spears, and wine skins and
+      sacks and other vessels&mdash;two thousand strong in all. But when they
+      had reached the villages and began to scatter for the purpose of foraging,
+      Pharnabazus's cavalry were the first to fall upon them. They had come to
+      the aid of the Bithynians, wishing, if possible, in conjunction with the
+      latter, to hinder the Hellenes from entering Phrygia. These troopers
+      killed no less than five hundred of the men; the rest fled for the lives
+      up into the hill country.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      News of the catastrophe was presently brought into camp by one of those
+      who had escaped, and Xenophon, seeing that the victims had not been
+      favourable on that day, took a wagon bullock, in the absence of other
+      sacrificial beasts, offered it up, and started for the rescue, he and the
+      rest under thirty years of age to the last man. Thus they picked up the
+      remnant of Neon's party and returned to camp. It was now about sunset; and
+      the Hellenes in deep despondency were making their evening meal, when all
+      of a sudden, through bush and brake, a party of Bithynians fell upon the
+      pickets, cutting down some and chasing the rest into camp. In the midst of
+      screams and shouts the Hellenes ran to their arms, one and all; yet to
+      pursue or move the camp in the night seemed hardly safe, for the ground
+      was thickly grown with bush; all they could do was to strengthen the
+      outposts and keep watch under arms the livelong night.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0050" id="link2H_4_0050">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      V
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      And so they spent the night, but with day-dawn the generals led the way
+      into the natural fastness, and the others picked up their arms and baggage
+      and followed the lead. Before the breakfast-hour arrived, they had fenced
+      off with a ditch the only side on which lay ingress into the place, and
+      had palisaded off the whole, leaving only three gates. Anon a ship from
+      Heraclea arrived bringing barleymeal, victim animals, and wine.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Xenophon was up betimes, and made the usual offering before starting on an
+      expedition, and at the first victim the sacrifice was favourable. Just as
+      the sacrifice ended, the seer, Arexion the Parrhasian, caught sight of an
+      eagle, which boded well, and bade Xenophon lead on. So they crossed the
+      trench and grounded arms. Then proclamation was made by herald for the
+      soldiers to breakfast and start on an expedition under arms; the mob of
+      sutlers and the captured slaves would be left in camp. Accordingly the
+      mass of the troops set out. Neon alone remained; for it seemed best to
+      leave that general and his men to guard the contents of the camp. But when
+      the officers and soldiers had left them in the lurch, they were so ashamed
+      to stop in camp while the rest marched out, that they too set out, leaving
+      only those above five-and-forty years of age.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      These then stayed, while the rest set out on the march. Before they had
+      gone two miles, they stumbled upon dead bodies, and when they had brought
+      up the rear of the column in a line with the first bodies to be seen, they
+      began digging graves and burying all included in the column from end to
+      end. After burying the first batch, they advanced, and again bringing the
+      rear even with the first unburied bodies which appeared, they buried in
+      the same way all which the line of troops included. Finally, reaching the
+      road that led out of the villages where the bodies lay thick together,
+      they collected them and laid them in a common grave.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      It was now about midday, when pushing forward the troops up to the
+      villages without entering them, they proceeded to seize provisions, laying
+      hands on everything they could set eyes on under cover of their lines;
+      when suddenly they caught sight of the enemy cresting certain hillocks in
+      front of them, duly marshalled in line&mdash;a large body of cavalry and
+      infantry. It was Spithridates and Rhathines, sent by Pharnabazus with
+      their force at their backs. As soon as the enemy caught sight of the
+      Hellenes, they stood still, about two miles distant. Then Arexion the seer
+      sacrificed, and at the first essay the victims were favourable. Whereupon
+      Xenophon addressed the other generals: "I would advise, sirs, that we
+      should detach one or more flying columns to support our main attack, so
+      that in case of need at any point we may have reserves in readiness to
+      assist our main body, and the enemy, in the confusion of battle, may find
+      himself attacking the unbroken lines of troops not hitherto engaged."
+      These views approved themselves to all. "Do you then," said he, "lead on
+      the vanguard straight at the enemy. Do not let us stand parleying here,
+      now that we have caught sight of him and he of us. I will detach the
+      hindmost companies in the way we have decided upon and follow you." After
+      that they quietly advanced, and he, withdrawing the rear-rank companies in
+      three brigades consisting of a couple of hundred men apiece, commissioned
+      the first on the right to follow the main body at the distance of a
+      hundred feet. Samolas the Achaean was in command of this brigade. The duty
+      of the second, under the command of Pyrrhias the Arcadian, was to follow
+      in the centre. The last was posted on the left, with Phrasias, an
+      Athenian, in command. As they advanced, the vanguard reached a large and
+      difficult woody glen, and halted, not knowing whether the obstacle needed
+      to be crossed or not. They passed down the word for the generals and
+      officers to come forward to the front. Xenophon, wondering what it was
+      that stopped the march, and presently hearing the above order passed along
+      the ranks, rode up with all speed. As soon as they were met, Sophaenetus,
+      as the eldest general, stated his opinion that the question, whether a
+      gully of that kind ought to be crossed or not, was not worth discussing.
+      Xenophon, with some ardour, retorted: "You know, sirs, I have not been in
+      the habit hitherto of introducing you to danger which you might avoid. It
+      is not your reputation for courage surely that is at stake, but your safe
+      return home. But now the matter stands thus: It is impossible to retire
+      from this point without a battle; if we do not advance against the enemy
+      ourselves, he will follow us as soon as we have turned our backs and
+      attack us. Consider, then; is it better to go and meet the foe with arms
+      advanced, or with arms reversed to watch him as he assails us on our rear?
+      You know this at any rate, that to retire before an enemy has nothing
+      glorious about it, whereas attack engenders courage even in a coward. For
+      my part, I would rather at any time attack with half my men than retreat
+      with twice the number. As to these fellows, if we attack them, I am sure
+      you do not really expect them to await us; though, if we retreat, we know
+      for certain they will be emboldened to pursue us. Nay, if the result of
+      crossing is to place a difficult gully behind us when we are on the point
+      of engaging, surely that is an advantage worth seizing. At least, if it
+      were left to me, I would choose that everything should appear smooth and
+      passable to the enemy, which may invite retreat; but for ourselves we may
+      bless the ground which teaches us that except in victory we have no
+      deliverance. It astonishes me that any one should deem this particular
+      gully a whit more terrible than any of the other barriers which we have
+      successfully passed. How impassable was the plain, had we failed to
+      conquer their cavalry! how insurmountable the mountains already traversed
+      by us, with all their peltasts in hot pursuit at our heels! Nay, when we
+      have safely reached the sea, the Pontus will present a somewhat formidable
+      gully, when we have neither vessels to convey us away nor corn to keep us
+      alive whilst we stop. But we shall no sooner be there than we must be off
+      again to get provisions. Surely it is better to fight to-day after a good
+      breakfast than to-morrow on an empty stomach. Sirs, the offerings are
+      favourable to us, the omens are propitious, the victims more than
+      promising; let us attack the enemy! Now that they have had a good look at
+      us, these fellows must not be allowed to enjoy their dinners or choose a
+      camp at their own sweet will."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      After that the officers bade him lead on. None gainsaid, and he led the
+      way. His orders were to cross the gully, where each man chanced to find
+      himself. By this method, as it seemed to him, the troops would more
+      quickly mass themselves on the far side than was possible, if they defiled
+      along (1) the bridge which spanned the gully. But once across he passed
+      along the line and addressed the troops: "Sirs, call to mind what by help
+      of the gods you have already done. Bethink you of the battles you have won
+      at close quarters with the foe; of the fate which awaits those who flee
+      before their foes. Forget not that we stand at the very doors of Hellas.
+      Follow in the steps of Heracles, our guide, and cheer each the other
+      onwards by name. Sweet were it surely by some brave and noble word or
+      deed, spoken or done this day, to leave the memory of oneself in the
+      hearts of those one loves."
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) Lit. "had they wound off thread by thread"; the metaphor is from
+    unwinding a ball of wool.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      These words were spoken as he rode past, and simultaneously he began
+      leading on the troops in battle line; and, placing the peltasts on either
+      flank of the main body, they moved against the enemy. Along the line the
+      order had sped "to keep their spears at rest on the right shoulder until
+      the bugle signal; then lower them for the charge, slow march, and even
+      pace, no one to quicken into a run." Lastly, the watchword was passed,
+      "Zeus the Saviour, Heracles our Guide." The enemy waited their approach,
+      confident in the excellence of his position; but as they drew closer the
+      Hellene light troops, with a loud alala! without waiting for the order,
+      dashed against the foe. The latter, on their side, came forward eagerly to
+      meet the charge, both the cavalry and the mass of the Bithynians; and
+      these turned the peltasts. But when with counter-wave the phalanx of the
+      heavy infantry rapidly advancing, faced them, and at the same time the
+      bugle sounded, and the battle hymn rose from all lips, and after this a
+      loud cheer rose, and at the same instant they couched their spears;&mdash;at
+      this conjuncture the enemy no longer welcomed them, but fled. Timasion
+      with his cavalry followed close, and, considering their scant numbers,
+      they did great execution. It was the left wing of the enemy, in a line
+      with which the Hellene cavalry were posted, that was so speedily
+      scattered. But the right, which was not so hotly pursued, collected upon a
+      knoll; and when the Hellenes saw them standing firm, it seemed the easiest
+      and least dangerous course to go against them at once. Raising the battle
+      hymn, they straightway fell upon them, but the others did not await their
+      coming. Thereupon the peltasts gave chase until the right of the enemy was
+      in its turn scattered, though with slight loss in killed; for the enemy's
+      cavalry was numerous and threatening.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But when the Hellenes saw the cavalry of Pharnabazus still standing in
+      compact order, and the Bithynian horsemen massing together as if to join
+      it, and like spectators gazing down from a knoll at the occurrences below;
+      though weary, they determined to attack the enemy as best they could, and
+      not suffer him to recover breath with reviving courage. So they formed in
+      compact line and advanced. Thereupon the hostile cavalry turned and fled
+      down the steep as swiftly as if they had been pursued by cavalry. In fact
+      they sought the shelter of a gully, the existence of which was unknown to
+      the Hellenes. The latter accordingly turned aside too soon and gave up the
+      chase, for it was too late. Returning to the point where the first
+      encounter took place they erected a trophy, and went back to the sea about
+      sunset. It was something like seven miles to camp.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0051" id="link2H_4_0051">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      VI
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      After this the enemy confined themselves to their own concerns, and
+      removed their households and property as far away as possible. The
+      Hellenes, on their side, were still awaiting the arrival of Cleander with
+      the ships of war and transports, which ought to be there soon. So each day
+      they went out with the baggage animals and slaves and fearlessly brought
+      in wheat and barley, wine and vegetables, millet and figs; since the
+      district produced all good things, the olive alone excepted. When the army
+      stayed in camp to rest, pillaging parties were allowed to go out, and
+      those who went out appropriated the spoils; but when the whole army went
+      out, if any one went off apart and seized anything, it was voted to be
+      public property. Ere long there was an ample abundance of supplies of all
+      sorts, for marketables arrived from Hellenic cities on all sides, and
+      marts were established. Mariners coasting by, and hearing that a city was
+      being founded and that there was a harbour, were glad to put in. Even the
+      hostile tribes dwelling in the neighbourhood presently began to send
+      envoys to Xenophon. It was he who was forming the place into a city, as
+      they understood, and they would be glad to learn on what terms they might
+      secure his friendship. He made a point of introducing these visitors to
+      the soldiers.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Meanwhile Cleander arrived with two ships of war, but not a single
+      transport. At the moment of his arrival, as it happened, the army had
+      taken the field, and a separate party had gone off on a pillaging
+      expedition into the hills and had captured a number of small cattle. In
+      thir apprehension of being deprived of them, these same people spoke to
+      Dexippus (this was the same man who had made off from Trapezus with the
+      fifty-oared galley), and urged him to save their sheep for them. "Take
+      some for yourself," said they, "and give the rest back to us." So, without
+      more ado, he drove off the soldiers standing near, who kept repeating that
+      the spoil was public property. Then off he went to Cleander. "Here is an
+      attempt," said he, "at robbery." Cleander bade him to bring up the culprit
+      to him. Dexippus seized on some one, and was for haling him to the Spartan
+      governor. Just then Agasias came across him and rescued the man, who was a
+      member of his company; and the rest of the soldiers present set to work to
+      stone Dexippus, calling him "traitor." Things looked so ill that a number
+      of the crew of the ships of war took fright and fled to the sea, and with
+      the rest Cleander himself. Xenophon and the other generals tried to hold
+      the men back, assuring Cleander that the affair signified nothing at all,
+      and that the origin of it was a decree pased by the army. That was to
+      blame, if anything. But Cleander, goaded by Dexippus, and personally
+      annoyed at the fright which he had experienced, threatened to sail away
+      and publish an interdict against them, forbidding any city to receive
+      them, as being public enemies. For at this date the Lacedaemonians held
+      sway over the whole Hellenic world.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Thereat the affair began to wear an ugly look, and the Hellenes begged and
+      implored Cleander to reconsider his intention. He replied that he would be
+      as good as his word, and that nothing should stop him, unless the man who
+      set the example of stoning, with the other who rescued the prisoner, were
+      given up to him. Now, one of the two whose persons were thus demanded&mdash;Agasias&mdash;had
+      been a friend to Xenophon throughout; and that was just why Dexippus was
+      all the more anxious to accuse him. In their perplexity the generals
+      summoned a full meeting of the soldiers, and some speakers were disposed
+      to make very light of Cleander and set him at naught. But Xenophon took a
+      more serious view of the matter; he rose and addressed the meeting thus:
+      "Soldiers, I cannot say that I feel disposed to make light of this
+      business, if Cleander be allowed to go away, as he threatens to do, in his
+      present temper towards us. There are Hellenic cities close by; but then
+      the Lacedaemonians are the lords of Hellas, and they can, any one of them,
+      carry out whatever they like in the cities. If then the first thing this
+      Lacedaemonian does is to close the gates of Byzantium, and next to pass an
+      order to the other governors, city by city, not to receive us because we
+      are a set of lawless ruffians disloyal to the Lacedaemonians; and if,
+      further, this report of us should reach the ears of their admiral,
+      Anaxibius, to stay or to sail away will alike be difficult. Remember, the
+      Lacedaemonians at the present time are lords alike on land and on sea. For
+      the sake then of a single man, or for two men's sake, it is not right that
+      the rest of us should be debarred from Hellas; but whatever they enjoin we
+      must obey. Do not the cities which gave us birth yield them obedience
+      also? For my own part, inasmuch as Dexippus, I believe, keeps telling
+      Cleander that Agasias would never have done this had not I, Xenophon,
+      bidden him, I absolve you of all complicity, and Agasias too, if Agasias
+      himself states that I am in any way a prime mover in this matter. If I
+      have set the fashion of stone-throwing or any other sort of violence I
+      condemn myself&mdash;I say that I deserve the extreme penalty, and I will
+      submit to undergo it. I further say that if any one else is accused, that
+      man is bound to surrender himself to Cleander for judgement, for by this
+      means you will be absolved entirely from the accusation. But as the matter
+      now stands, it is cruel that just when we were aspiring to win praise and
+      honour throughout Hellas, we are destined to sink below the level of the
+      rest of the world, banned from the Hellenic cities whose common name we
+      boast."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      After him Agasias got up, and said, "I swear to you, sirs, by the gods and
+      goddesses, verily and indeed, neither Xenophon nor any one else among you
+      bade me rescue the man. I saw an honest man&mdash;one of my own company&mdash;being
+      taken up by Dexippus, the man who betrayed you, as you know full well.
+      That I could not endure; I rescued him, I admit the fact. Do not you
+      deliver me up. I will surrender myself, as Xenophon suggests, to Cleander
+      to pass what verdict on me he thinks right. Do not, for the sake of such a
+      matter, make foes of the Lacedaemonians; rather God grant that (1) each of
+      you may safely reach the goal of his desire. Only do you choose from among
+      yourselves and send with me to Cleander those who, in case of any omission
+      on my part, may by their words and acts supply what is lacking." Thereupon
+      the army granted him to choose for himself whom he would have go with him
+      and to go; and he at once chose the generals. After this they all set off
+      to Cleander&mdash;Agasias and the generals and the man who had been
+      rescued by Agasias&mdash;and the generals spoke as follows: "The army has
+      sent us to you, Cleander, and this is their bidding: 'If you have fault to
+      find with all, they say, you ought to pass sentence on all, and do with
+      them what seems best; or if the charge is against one man or two, or
+      possibly several, what they expect of these people is to surrender
+      themselves to you for judgement.' Accordingly, if you lay anything to the
+      charge of us generals, here we stand at your bar. Or do you impute the
+      fault to some one not here? tell us whom. Short of flying in the face of
+      our authority, there is no one who will absent himself."
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) Reading with the best MSS., {sozoisthe}. Agasias ends his sentence
+    with a prayer. Al. {sozesthe}, "act so that each," etc.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      At this point Agasias stepped forward and said: "It was I, Cleander, who
+      rescued the man before you yonder from Dexippus, when the latter was
+      carrying him off, and it was I who gave the order to strike Dexippus. My
+      plea is that I know the prisoner to be an honest man. As to Dexippus, I
+      know that he was chosen by the army to command a fifty-oared galley, which
+      we had obtained by request from the men of Trapezus for the express
+      purpose of collecting vessels to carry us safely home. But this same
+      Dexippus betrayed his fellow-soldiers, with whom he had been delivered
+      from so many perils, and made off into hiding like a runaway slave,
+      whereby we have robbed the Trapezuntines of their frigate, and must needs
+      appear as knaves in their eyes for this man's sake. As to ourselves, as
+      far as he could, he has ruined us; for, like the rest of us, he had heard
+      how all but impossible it was for us to retreat by foot across the rivers
+      and to reach Hellas in safety. That is the stamp of man whom I robbed of
+      his prey. Now, had it been you yourself who carried him off, or one of
+      your emissaries, or indeed any one short of a runaway from ourselves, be
+      sure that I should have acted far otherwise. Be assured that if you put me
+      to death at this time you are sacrificing a good, honest man for the sake
+      of a coward and a scamp."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      When he had listened to these remarks, Cleander replied that if such had
+      been the conduct of Dexippus, he could not congratulate him. "But still,"
+      he added, turning to the generals, "were Dexippus ever so great a scamp he
+      ought not to suffer violence; but in the language of your own demand he
+      was entitled to a fair trial, and so to obtain his deserts. What I have to
+      say at present therefore is: leave your friend here and go your way, and
+      when I give the order be present at the trial. I have no further charge
+      against the army or any one, since the prisoner himself admits that he
+      rescued the man." Then the man who had been rescued said: "In behalf of
+      myself, Cleander, if possibly you think that I was being taken up for some
+      misdeed, it is not so; I neither struck nor shot; I merely said, 'The
+      sheep are public property;' for it was a resolution of the soldiers that
+      whenever the army went out as a body any booty privately obtained was to
+      be public property. That was all I said, and thereupon yonder fellow
+      seized me and began dragging me off. He wanted to stop our mouths, so that
+      he might have a share of the things himself, and keep the rest for these
+      buccaneers, contrary to the ordinance." In answer to that Cleander said:
+      "Very well, if that is your disposition you can stay behind too, and we
+      will take your case into consideration also."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Thereupon Cleander and his party proceeded to breakfast; but Xenophon
+      collected the army in assembly, and advised their sending a deputation to
+      Cleander to intercede in behalf of the men. Accordingly it was resolved to
+      send some generals and officers with Dracontius the Spartan, and of the
+      rest those who seemed best fitted to go. The deputation was to request
+      Cleander by all means to release the two men. Accordingly Xenophon came
+      and addressed him thus: "Cleander, you have the men; the army has bowed to
+      you and assented to do what you wished with respect to these two members
+      of their body and themselves in general. But now they beg and pray you to
+      give up these two men, and not to put them to death. Many a good service
+      have these two wrought for our army in past days. Let them but obtain this
+      from you, and in return the army promises that, if you will put yourself
+      at their head and the gracious gods approve, they will show you how
+      orderly they are, how apt to obey their general, and, with heaven's help,
+      to face their foes unflinchingly. They make this further request to you,
+      that you will present yourself and take command of them and make trial of
+      them. 'Test us ourselves,' they say, 'and test Dexippus, what each of us
+      is like, and afterwards assign to each his due.'" When Cleander heard
+      these things, he answered: "Nay, by the twin gods, I will answer you
+      quickly enough. Here I make you a present of the two men, and I will as
+      you say present myself, and then, if the gods vouchsafe, I will put myself
+      at your head and lead you into Hellas. Very different is your language
+      from the tale I used to hear concerning you from certain people, that you
+      wanted to withdraw the army from allegiance to the Lacedaemonians."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      After this the deputation thanked him and retired, taking with them the
+      two men; then Cleander sacrificed as a preliminary to marching and
+      consorted friendlily with Xenophon, and the two struck up an alliance.
+      When the Spartan saw with what good discipline the men carried out their
+      orders, he was still more anxious to become their leader. However, in
+      spite of sacrifices repeated on three successive days, the victims
+      steadily remained unfavourable. So he summoned the generals and said to
+      them: "The victims smile not on me, they suffer me not to lead you home;
+      but be not out of heart at that. To you it is given, as it would appear,
+      to bring your men safe home. Forwards then, and for our part, whenever you
+      come yonder, we will bestow on you as warm a welcome as we may."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Then the soldiers resolved to make him a present of the public cattle,
+      which he accepted, but again gave back to them. So he sailed away; but the
+      soldiers made division of the corn which they had collected and of the
+      other captured property, and commenced their homeward march through the
+      territory of the Bithynians.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      At first they confined themselves to the main road; but not chancing upon
+      anything whereby they might reach a friendly territory with something in
+      their pockets for themselves, they resolved to turn sharp round, and
+      marched for one day and night in the opposite direction. By this
+      proceeding they captured many slaves and much small cattle; and on the
+      sixth day reached Chrysopolis in Chalcedonia (2). Here they halted seven
+      days while they disposed of their booty by sale.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (2) The name should be written "Calchedonia." The false form drove out
+    the more correct, probably through a mispronunciation, based on a
+    wrong derivation, at some date long ago. The sites of Chrysopolis
+    and Calchedon correspond respectively to the modern Scutari and
+    Kadikoi.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0052" id="link2H_4_0052">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      BOOK VII
+    </h2>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (In the earlier portion of the narrative will be found a
+detailed history of the fortunes of the Hellenes during their
+march up country with Cyrus down to the date of the battle;
+and, subsequently to his death, until they reached the Euxine;
+as also of all their doings in their efforts to escape from
+the Euxine, partly by land marches and partly under sail by
+sea, until they found themselves outside the mouth of the
+Black Sea (south of the Bosphorus) at Chrysopolis in Asia.)
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0053" id="link2H_4_0053">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      I
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      At this point Pharnabazus, who was afraid that the army might undertake a
+      campaign against his satrapy, sent to Anaxibius, the Spartan high admiral,
+      who chanced to be in Byzantium, and begged him to convey the army out of
+      Asia, undertaking to comply with his wishes in every respect. Anaxibius
+      accordingly sent to summon the generals and officers to Byzantium, and
+      promised that the soldiers should not lack pay for service, if they
+      crossed the strait. The officers said that they would deliberate and
+      return an answer. Xenophon individually informed them that he was about to
+      quit the army at once, and was only anxious to set sail. Anaxibius pressed
+      him not to be in so great a hurry: "Cross over with the rest," he said,
+      "and then it will be time enough to think about quitting the army." This
+      the other undertook to do.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Now Seuthes the Thracian sent Medosades and begged Xenophon to use his
+      influence to get the army across. "Tell Xenophon, if he will do his best
+      for me in this matter, he will not regret it." Xenophon answered: "The
+      army is in any case going to cross; so that, as far as that is concerned,
+      Seuthes is under no obligation to me or to any one else; but as soon as it
+      is once across, I personally shall be quit of it. Let Seuthes, therefore,
+      as far as he may deem consistent with prudence, apply to those who are
+      going to remain and will have a voice in affairs."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      After this the whole body of troops crossed to Byzantium. But Anaxibius,
+      instead of proceeding to give pay, made proclamation that, "The soldiers
+      were to take up their arms and baggage and go forth," as if all he wished
+      were to ascertain their numbers and bid them god-speed at the same moment.
+      The soldiers were not well pleased at that, because they had no money to
+      furnish themselves with provisions for the march; and they sluggishly set
+      about getting their baggage together. Xenophon meanwhile, being on terms
+      of intimacy with the governor, Cleander, came to pay his host a final
+      visit, and bid him adieu, being on the point of setting sail. But the
+      other protested; "Do not do so, or else," said he, "you will be blamed,
+      for even now certain people are disposed to hold you to account because
+      the army is so slow in getting under weigh." The other answered, "Nay, I
+      am not to blame for that. It is the men themselves, who are in want of
+      provisions; that is why they are out of heart at their exodus." "All the
+      same," he replied, "I advise you to go out, as if you intended to march
+      with them, and when you are well outside, it will be time enough to take
+      yourself off." "Well then," said Xenophon, "we will go and arrange all
+      this with Anaxibius." They went and stated the case to the admiral, who
+      insisted that they must do as he had said, and march out, bag and baggage,
+      by the quickest road; and as an appendix to the former edict, he added,
+      "Any one absenting himself from the review and the muster will have
+      himself to blame for the consequences." This was peremptory. So out
+      marched, the generals first, and then the rest; and now, with the
+      exception of here a man and there, they were all outside; it was a "clean
+      sweep"; and Eteonicus stood posted near the gates, ready to close them, as
+      soon as the men were fairly out, and to thrust in the bolt pin.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Then Anaxibius summoned the generals and captains, and addressed them:
+      "Provisions you had better get from the Thracian villages; you will find
+      plenty of barley, wheat, and other necessaries in them; and when you have
+      got them, off with you to the Chersonese, where Cyniscus will take you
+      into his service." Some of the soldiers overheard what was said, or
+      possibly one of the officers was the medium of communication; however it
+      was, the news was handed on to the army. As to the generals, their
+      immediate concern was to try and gain some information as to Seuthes: "Was
+      he hostile or friendly? also, would they have to march through the Sacred
+      mountain (1), or round about through the middle of Thrace?"
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) So the mountain-range is named which runs parallel to the
+    Propontis (Sea of Marmora) from lat. 41 degrees N. circa to lat.
+    40 degrees 30'; from Bisanthe (Rhodosto) to the neck of the
+    Chersonese (Gallipoli).
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      While they were discussing these points, the soldiers snatched up their
+      arms and made a rush full speed at the gates, with the intention of
+      getting inside the fortification again. But Eteonicus and his men, seeing
+      the heavy infantry coming up at a run promptly closed the gates and thrust
+      in the bolt pin. Then the soldiers fell to battering the gates, exclaiming
+      that it was iniquitous to thrust them forth in this fashion into the jaws
+      of their enemies. "If you do not of your own accord open the gates," they
+      cried, "we will split them in half"; and another set rushed down to the
+      sea, and so along the break-water and over the wall into the city; while a
+      third set, consisting of those few who were still inside, having never
+      left the city, seeing the affair at the gates, severed the bars with axes
+      and flung the portals wide open; and the rest came pouring in.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Xenophon, seeing what was happening, was seized with alarm lest the army
+      betake itself to pillage, and ills incurable be wrought to the city, to
+      himself, and to the soldiers. Then he set off, and, plunging into the
+      throng, was swept through the gates with the crowd. The Byzantines no
+      sooner saw the soldiers forcibly rushing in than they left the open
+      square, and fled, some to the shipping, others to their homes, while those
+      already indoors came racing out, and some fell to dragging down their
+      ships of war, hoping possibly to be safe on board these; while there was
+      not a soul who doubted but that the city was taken, and that they were all
+      undone. Eteonicus made a swift retreat to the citadel. Anaxibius ran down
+      to the sea, and, getting on board a fisherman's smack, sailed round to the
+      acropolis, and at once sent off to fetch over the garrison troops from
+      Chalcedon, since those already in the acropolis seemed hardly sufficient
+      to keep the men in check.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The soldiers, catching sight of Xenophon, threw themselves upon him,
+      crying: "Now, Xenophon, is the time to prove yourself a man. You have got
+      a city, you have got triremes, you have got money, you have got men;
+      to-day, if you only chose, you can do us a good turn, and we will make you
+      a great man." He replied: "Nay, I like what you say, and I will do it all;
+      but if that is what you have set your hearts on, fall into rank and take
+      up position at once." This he said, wishing to quiet them, and so passed
+      the order along the lines himself, while bidding the rest to do the same:
+      "Take up position; stand easy." But the men themselves, by a species of
+      self-marshalling, fell into rank, and were soon formed, the heavy infantry
+      eight deep, while the light infantry had run up to cover either wing. The
+      Thracian Square, as it is called, is a fine site for manouvering, being
+      bare of buildings and level. As soon as the arms were stacked and the
+      men's tempers cooled, Xenophon called a general meeting of the soldiers,
+      and made the following speech:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Soldiers, I am not surprised at your wrath, or that you deem it monstrous
+      treatment so to be cheated; but consider what will be the consequences if
+      we gratify our indignation, and in return for such deception, avenge
+      ourselves on the Lacedaemonians here present, and plunder an innocent
+      city. We shall be declared enemies of the Lacedaemonians and their allies;
+      and what sort of war that will be, we need not go far to conjecture. I
+      take it, you have not forgotten some quite recent occurrences. We
+      Athenians entered into war against the Lacedaemonians and their allies
+      with a fleet consisting of not less than three hundred line-of-battle
+      ships, including those in dock as well as those afloat. We had vast
+      treasures stored up in the city, and a yearly income which, derived from
+      home or foreign sources, amounted to no less than a thousand talents. Our
+      empire included all the islands, and we were possessed of numerous cities
+      both in Asia and in Europe. Amongst others, this very Byzantium, where we
+      are now, was ours; and yet in the end we were vanquished, as you all very
+      well know.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "What, must we anticipate, will now be our fate? The Lacedaemonians have
+      not only their old allies, but the Athenians and those who were at that
+      time allies of Athens are added to them. Tissaphernes and all the rest of
+      the Asiatics on the seaboard are our foes, not to speak of our arch-enemy,
+      the king himself, up yonder, whom we came to deprive of his empire, and to
+      kill, if possible. I ask then, with all these banded together against us,
+      is there any one so insensate as to imagine that we can survive the
+      contest? For heaven's sake, let us not go mad or loosely throw away our
+      lives in war with our own native cities&mdash;nay, our own friends, our
+      kith and our kin; for in one or other of the cities they are all included.
+      Every city will march against us, and not unjustly, if, after refusing to
+      hold one single barbarian city by right of conquest, we seize the first
+      Hellenic city that we come to and make it a ruinous heap. For my part, my
+      prayer is that before I see such things wrought by you, I, at any rate,
+      may lie ten thousand fathoms under ground! My counsel to you, as Hellenes,
+      is to try and obtain your just rights, through obedience to those who
+      stand at the head of Hellas; and if so be that you fail in those demands,
+      why, being more sinned against than sinning, need we rob ourselves of
+      Hellas too? At present, I propose that we should send to Anaxibius and
+      tell him that we have made an entrance into the city, not meditating
+      violence, but merely to discover if he and his will show us any good; for
+      if so, it is well; but of otherwise, at least we will let him see that he
+      does not shut the door upon us as dupes and fools. We know the meaning of
+      discipline; we turn our backs and go."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      This resolution was passed, and they sent Hieronymus an Eleian, with two
+      others, Eurylochus an Arcadian and Philesius an Achaean, to deliver the
+      message. So these set off on their errand. But while the soldiers were
+      still seated in conclave, Coeratadas, of Thebes, arrived. He was a Theban
+      not in exile, but with a taste for generalship, who made it his business
+      to see if any city or nation were in need of his services. Thus, on the
+      present occasion, he presented himself, and begged to state that he was
+      ready to put himself at their head, and lead them into the Delta of Thrace
+      (2), as it is called, where they would find themselves in a land of
+      plenty; but until they got there, he would provide them with meat and
+      drink enough and to spare. While they were still listening to this tale,
+      the return message from Anaxibius came. His answer was: "The discipline,
+      they had spoken of, was not a thing they would regret; indeed he would
+      report their behaviour to the authorities at home; and for himself, he
+      would take advice and do the best he could for them."
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (2) The exact locality, so called, is not known; doubtless it lay
+    somewhere between Byzantium and Salmydessus, possibly at Declus
+    (mod. Derkos); or possibly the narrow portion of Thrace between
+    the Euxine, Bosphorus, and Propontis went by this name. See note
+    in Pretor ad. loc., and "Dict. Geog." "Thracia."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Thereupon the soldiers accepted Coeratadas as their general, and retired
+      without the walls. Their new general undertook to present himself to the
+      troops next day with sacrificial beasts and a soothsayer, with eatables
+      also and drinkables for the army. Now, as soon as they were gone out,
+      Anaxibius closed the gates and issued a proclamation to the effect that
+      "any of the soldiers caught inside should be knocked down to the hammer
+      and sold at once." Next day, Coeratadas arrived with the victims and the
+      soothsayer. A string of twenty bearers bearing barleymeal followed at his
+      heels, succeeded by other twenty carrying wine, and three laden with a
+      supply of olives, and two others carrying, the one about as much garlic as
+      a single man could lift, and the other a similar load of onions. These
+      various supplies he set down, apparently for distribution, and began to
+      sacrifice.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Now Xenophon sent to Cleander, begging him to arrange matters so that he
+      might be allowed to enter the walls, with a view to starting from
+      Byzantium on his homeward voyage. Cleander came, and this is what he said:
+      "I have come; but I was barely able to arrange what you want. Anaxibius
+      insisted: 'It was not convenient that Xenophon should be inside while the
+      soldiers are close to the walls without; the Byzantines at sixes and
+      sevens moreover; and no love lost between the one party of them and the
+      other.' Still, he ended by bidding you to come inside, if you were really
+      minded to leave the town by sea with himself." Accordingly Xenophon bade
+      the soldiers good-bye, and returned with Cleander within the walls.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      To return to Coeratadas. The first day he failed to get favourable signs
+      at the sacrifice, and never a dole of rations did he make to the soldiers.
+      On the second day the victims were standing ready near the altar, and so
+      was Coeratadas, with chaplet crowned, all ready to sacrifice, when up
+      comes Timasion the Dardanian, with Neon the Asinaean, and Cleanor of
+      Orchomenus, forbidding Coeratadas to sacrifice: "He must understand there
+      was an end to his generalship, unless he gave them provisions." The other
+      bade them measure out the supplies, "Pray, dole them out." But when he
+      found that he had a good deal short of a single day's provisions for each
+      man, he picked up his paraphernalia of sacrifice and withdrew. As to being
+      general, he would have nothing more to say to it.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0054" id="link2H_4_0054">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      II
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      Now these five were left&mdash;Neon the Asinaean, Phryniscus the Achaean,
+      Philesius the Achaean, Xanthicles the Achaean, Timasion the Dardanian&mdash;at
+      the head of the army, and they pushed on to some villages of the Thracians
+      facing Byzantium, and there encamped. Now the generals could not agree.
+      Cleanor and Phryniscus wished to march to join Seuthes, who had worked
+      upon their feelings by presenting one with a horse and the other with a
+      woman to wife. But Neon's object was to come to the Chersonese: "When we
+      are under the wing of the Lacedaemonians," he thought, "I shall step to
+      the front and command the whole army."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Timasion's one ambition was to cross back again into Asia, hoping to be
+      reinstated at home and end his exile. The soldiers shared the wishes of
+      the last general. But, as time dragged on, many of the men sold their arms
+      at different places and set sail as best they could; others (actually gave
+      away their arms, some here, some there, and (1)) became absorbed in the
+      cities. One man rejoiced. This was Anaxibius, to whom the break-up of the
+      army was a blessing. "That is the way," he said to himself, "I can best
+      gratify Pharnabazus."
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) The MSS. give the words so rendered&mdash;{oi de kai  (didontes ta opla
+    kata tous khorous)}, which some critics emend {diadidontes},
+    others bracket as suspected, others expunge.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      But Anaxibius, while prosecuting his voyage from Byzantium, was met at
+      Cyzicus by Aristarchus, the new governor, who was to succeed Cleander at
+      Byzantium; and report said that a new admiral, Polus, if he had not
+      actually arrived, would presently reach the Hellespont and relieve
+      Anaxibius. The latter sent a parting injunction to Aristarchus to be sure
+      and sell all the Cyreian soldiers he could lay hands on still lingering in
+      Byzantium; for Cleander had not sold a single man of them; on the
+      contrary, he had made it his business to tend the sick and wounded,
+      pitying them, and insisting on their being received in the houses.
+      Aristarchus changed all that, and was no sooner arrived in Byzantium than
+      he sold no less than four hundred of them. Meanwhile Anaxibius, on his
+      coasting voyage, reached Parium, and, according to the terms of their
+      agreement, he sent to Pharnabazus. But the latter, learning that
+      Aristarchus was the new governor at Byzantim, and that Anixibius had
+      ceased to be admiral, turned upon him a cold shoulder, and set out
+      concocting the same measures concerning the Cyreian army with Aristarchus,
+      as he had lately been at work upon with Anaxibius.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Anaxibius thereupon summoned Xenophon and bade him, by every manner of
+      means, sail to the army with the utmost speed, and keep it together. "He
+      was to collect the scattered fragments and march them down to Perinthus,
+      and thence convey them across to Asia without loss of time." And herewith
+      he put a thirty-oared galley at his service, and gave him a letter of
+      authority and an officer to accompany him, with an order to the
+      Perinthians "to escort Xenophon without delay on horseback to the army."
+      So it was that Xenophon sailed across and eventually reached the army. The
+      soldiers gave him a joyous welcome, and would have been only too glad to
+      cross from Thrace into Asia under his leadership.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But Seuthes, hearing that Xenophon had arrived, sent Medosades again, by
+      sea to meet him, and begged him to bring the army to him; and whatever he
+      thought would make his speech persuasive, he was ready to promise him. But
+      the other replied, that none of these things were open to him to do; and
+      with this answer Medosades departed, and the Hellenes proceeded to
+      Perinthus. Here on arrival Neon withdrew his troops and encamped apart,
+      having about eight hundred men; while the remainder of the army lay in one
+      place under the walls of Perinthus.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      After this, Xenophon set himself to find vessels, so as to lose no time in
+      crossing. But in the interval Aristarchus, the governor from Byzantium,
+      arrived with a couple of war-ships, being moved to do so by Pharnabazus.
+      To make doubly sure, he first forbade the skippers and shipmasters to
+      carry the troops across, and then he visited the camp and informed the
+      soldiers that their passage into Asia was forbidden. Xenophon replied that
+      he was acting under the orders of Anaxibius, who had sent him thither for
+      this express purpose; to which Aristarchus retorted, "For the matter of
+      that, Anaxibius is no longer admiral, and I am governor in this quarter;
+      if I catch any of you at sea, I will sink you." With these remarks he
+      retired within the walls of Perinthus.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Next day, he sent for the generals and officers of the army. They had
+      already reached the fortification walls, when some one brought word to
+      Xenophon that if he set foot inside, he would be seized, and either meet
+      some ill fate there or more likely be delivered up to Pharnabazus. On
+      hearing this Xenophon sent forward the rest of the party, but for himself
+      pleaded that there was a sacrifice which he wished to offer. In this way
+      he contrived to turn back and consult the victims, "Would the gods allow
+      him to try and bring the army over to Seuthes?" On the one hand it was
+      plain that the idea of crossing over to Asia in the face of this man with
+      his ships of war, who meant to bar the passage, was too dangerous. Nor did
+      he altogether like the notion of being blocked up in the Chersonese with
+      an army in dire need of everything; where, besides being at the beck and
+      call of the governor of the place, they would be debarred from the
+      necessities of life.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      While Xenophon was thus employed, the generals and officers came back with
+      a message from Aristarchus, who had told them they might retire for the
+      present, but in the afternoon he would expect them. The former suspicions
+      of a plot had now ripened to a certainty. Xenophon meantime had
+      ascertained that the victims were favourable to his project. He
+      personally, and the army as a whole, might with safety proceed to Seuthes,
+      they seemed to say. Accordingly, he took with him Polycrates, the Athenian
+      captain, and from each of the generals, not including Neon, some one man
+      whom they could in each case trust, and in the night they set off to visit
+      the army of Seuthes, sixty furlongs distant.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      As they approached, they came upon some deserted watch-fires, and their
+      first impression was that Seuthes had shifted his position; but presently
+      perceiving a confused sound (the voices of Seuthes' people signalling to
+      one another), the explanation dawned on him: Seuthes kept his watch-fires
+      kindled in front of, instead of behind, his night pickets, in order that
+      the outposts, being in the dark, might escape notice, their numbers and
+      position thus being a mystery; whilst any party approaching from the
+      outside, so far from escaping notice, would, through the glare of the
+      fire, stand out conspicuously. Perceiving how matters stood, Xenophon sent
+      forward his interpreter, who was one of the party, and bade him inform
+      Seuthes that Xenophon was there and craved conference with him. The others
+      asked if he were an Athenian from the army yonder, and no sooner had the
+      interpreter replied, "Yes, the same," than up they leapt and galloped off;
+      and in less time than it takes to tell a couple of hundred peltasts had
+      come up who seized and carried off Xenophon and those with him and brought
+      them to Seuthes. The latter was in a tower right well guarded, and there
+      were horses round it in a circle, standing all ready bitted and bridled;
+      for his alarm was so great that he gave his horses their provender during
+      the day (2), and during the nights he kept watch and ward with the brutes
+      thus bitted and bridled. It was stated in explanation that in old days an
+      ancestor of his, named Teres, had been in this very country with a large
+      army, several of whom he had lost at the hands of the native inhabitants,
+      besides being robbed of his baggage train. The inhabitants of the country
+      are Thynians, and they are reputed to be far the most warlike set of
+      fighters&mdash;especially at night.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (2) I.e. "instead of letting them graze."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      When they drew near, Seuthes bade Xenophon enter, and bring with him any
+      two he might choose. As soon as they were inside, they first greeted one
+      another warmly, and then, according to the Thracian custom, pledged
+      themselves in bowls of wine. There was further present at the elbow of
+      Seuthes, Medosades, who on all occasions acted as his ambassador-in-chief.
+      Xenophon took the initiative and spoke as follows: "You have sent to me,
+      Seuthes, once and again. On the first occasion you sent Medosades yonder,
+      to Chalcedon, and you begged me to use my influence in favour of the army
+      crossing over from Asia. You promised me, in return for this conduct on my
+      part, various kindnesses; at least that is what Medosades stated"; and
+      before proceeding further he turned to Medosades and asked, "Is not that
+      so?" The other assented. "Again, on a second occasion, the same Medosades
+      came when I had crossed over from Parium to rejoin the army; and he
+      promised me that if I would bring you the army, you would in various
+      respects treat me as a friend and brother. He said especially with regard
+      to certain seaboard places of which you are the owner and lord, that you
+      were minded to make me a present of them." At this point he again
+      questioned Medosades, "Whether the words attributed to him were exact?"
+      and Medosades once more fully assented. "Come now," proceeded Xenophon,
+      "recount what answer I made you, and first at Chalcedon." "You answered
+      that the army was, in any case, about to cross over to Byzantium; and as
+      far as that went, there was no need to pay you or any one else anything;
+      and for yourself, you added, that once across you were minded to leave the
+      army, which thing came to pass even as you said." "Well! what did I say,"
+      he asked, "at your next visit, when you came to me in Selybria?" "You said
+      that the proposal was impossible; you were all going to Perinthus to cross
+      into Asia." "Good," said Xenophon, "and in spite of it all, at the present
+      moment, here I am myself, and Phryniscus, one of my colleagues, and
+      Polycrates yonder, a captain; and outside, to represent the other generals
+      (all except Neon the Laconian), the trustiest men they could find to send.
+      So that if you wish to give these transactions the seal of still greater
+      security, you have nothing to do but to summon them also; and do you,
+      Polycrates, go and say from me, that I bid them leave their arms outside,
+      and you can leave your own sword outside before you enter with them on
+      your return."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      When Seuthes had heard so far, he interposed: "I should never mistrust an
+      Athenian, for we are relatives already (3), I know; and the best of
+      friends, I believe, we shall be." After that, as soon as the right men
+      entered, Xenophon first questioned Seuthes as to what use he intended to
+      make of the army, and he replied as follows: "Maesades was my father; his
+      sway extended over the Melanditae, the Thynians, and the Tranipsae. Then
+      the affairs of the Odrysians took a bad turn, and my father was driven out
+      of this country, and later on died himself of sickness, leaving me to be
+      brought up as an orphan at the court of Medocus, the present king. But I,
+      when I had grown to man's estate, could not endure to live with my eyes
+      fixed on another's board. So I seated myself on the seat by him as a
+      suppliant, and begged him to give me as many men as he could spare, that I
+      might wreak what mischief I could on those who had driven us forth from
+      our land; that thus I might cease to live in dependence upon another's
+      board, like a dog watching his master's hand. In answer to my petition, he
+      gave me the men and the horses which you will see at break of day, and
+      nowadays I live with these, pillaging my own ancestral land. But if you
+      would join me, I think, with the help of heaven, we might easily recover
+      my empire. That is what I want of you." "Well then," said Xenophon,
+      "supposing we came, what should you be able to give us? the soldiers, the
+      officers, and the generals? Tell us that these witnesses may report your
+      answer." And he promised to give "to the common soldiers a cyzicene (4),
+      to a captain twice as much, and to a general four times as much, with as
+      much land as ever they liked, some yoke of oxen, and a fortified place
+      upon the seaboard." "But now supposing," said Xenophon, "we fail of
+      success, in spite of our endeavours; suppose any intimidation on the part
+      of the Lacedaemonians should arise; will you receive into your country any
+      of us who may seek to find a refuge with you?" He answered: "Nay, not only
+      so, but I shall look upon you as my brothers, entitled to share my seat,
+      and the joint possessors of all the wealth which we may be able to
+      acquire. And to you yourself, O Xenophon! I will give my daughter, and if
+      you have a daughter, I will buy her in Thracian fashion; and I will give
+      you Bisanthe as a dwelling-place, which is the fairest of all my
+      possessions on the seaboard (5)."
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (3) Tradition said that the Thracians and Athenians were connected,
+    through the marriage of a former prince Tereus (or Teres) with
+    Procne, the daughter of Pandion. This old story, discredited by
+    Thucydides, ii. 29, is referred to in Arist. "Birds," 368 foll.
+    The Birds are about to charge the two Athenian intruders, when
+    Epops, king of the Birds, formerly Tereus, king of Thrace, but
+    long ago transformed into a hoopoe, intercedes in behalf of two
+    men, {tes emes gunaikos onte suggene kai phuleta}, "who are of my
+    lady's tribe and kin." As a matter of history, the Athenians had
+    in the year B.C. 431 made alliance with Sitalces, king of the
+    Odrysians (the son of Teres, the first founder of their empire),
+    and made his son, Sadocus, an Athenian citizen. Cf. Thuc. ib.;
+    Arist. Acharnians, 141 foll.
+
+ (4) A cyzicene monthly is to be understood.
+
+ (5) Bisanthe, one of the Ionic colonies founded by Samos, with the
+    Thracian name Rhaedestus (now Rodosto), strongly placed so as to
+    command the entrance into the Sacred mountain.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0055" id="link2H_4_0055">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      III
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      After listening to these proposals, they gave and accepted pledges of good
+      faith; and so the deputation rode off. Before day they were back again in
+      camp, and severally rendered a report to those who sent them. At dawn
+      Aristarchus again summoned the generals and officers, but the latter
+      resolved to have done with the visit to Aristarchus, and to summon a
+      meeting of the army. In full conclave the soldiers met, with the exception
+      of Neon's men, who remained about ten furlongs off. When they were met
+      together Xenophon rose, and made the following announcement: "Men,
+      Aristarchus with his ships of war hinders us from sailing where we fain
+      would go; it is not even safe to set foot on board a vessel. But if he
+      hinders us here, he hastens us there. 'Be off to the Chersonese,' says he,
+      'force a passage through the Sacred mountain.' If we master it and succeed
+      in getting to that place, he has something in store for us. He promises
+      that he will not sell you any more, as he did at Byzantium; you shall not
+      be cheated again; you shall have pay; he will no longer, as now, suffer
+      you to remain in want of provisions. That is his proposal. But Seuthes
+      says that if you will go to him he will treat you well. What you have now
+      to consider is, whether you will stay to debate this question, or leave
+      its settlement till we have gone up into a land of provisions. If you ask
+      me my opinion, it is this: Since here we have neither money to buy, nor
+      leave to take without money what we need, why should we not go up into
+      these villages where the right to help ourselves is conferred by might?
+      There, unhampered by the want of bare necessaries, you can listen to what
+      this man and the other wants of you and choose whichever sounds best. Let
+      those," he added, "who agree to this, hold up their hands." They all held
+      them up. "Retire then," said he, "and get your kit together, and at the
+      word of command, follow your leader."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      After this, Xenophon put himself at the head and the rest followed. Neon,
+      indeed, and other agents from Aristarchus tried to turn them from their
+      purpose, but to their persuasions they turned a deaf ear. They had not
+      advanced much more than three miles, when Seuthes met them; and Xenophon,
+      seeing him, bade him ride up. He wished to tell him what they felt to be
+      conducive to their interests, and in the presence of as many witnesses as
+      possible. As soon as he had approached, Xenophon said: "We are going where
+      the troops will have enough to live upon; when we are there, we will
+      listen to you and to the emissaries of the Laconian, and choose between
+      you both whatever seems best. If then you will lead us where provisions
+      are to be got in plenty, we shall feel indebted to you for your
+      hospitality." And Seuthes answered: "For the matter of that, I know many
+      villages, close-packed and stocked with all kinds of provisions, just far
+      enough off to give you a good appetite for your breakfasts." "Lead on
+      then!" said Xenophon. When they had reached the villages in the afternoon,
+      the soldiers met, and Seuthes made the following speech: "My request to
+      you, sirs, is that you will take the field with me, and my promise to you
+      is that I will give every man of you a cyzicene, and to the officers and
+      generals at the customary rate; besides this I will honour those who show
+      special merit. Food and drink you shall get as now for yourselves from the
+      country; but whatever is captured, I shall claim to have myself, so that
+      by distribution of it I may provide you with pay. Let them flee, let them
+      creep into hiding-places, we shall be able to pursue after them, we will
+      track them out; or if they resist, along with you we will endeavour to
+      subdue them to our hands." Xenophon inquired: "And how far from the sea
+      shall you expect the army to follow you?" "Nowhere more than seven days'
+      journey," he answered, "and in many places less."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      After this, permission was given for all who wished to speak, and many
+      spoke, but ever to one and the same tune: "What Seuthes said, was very
+      right. It was winter, and for a man to sail home, even if he had the will
+      to do so, was impossible. On the other hand, to continue long in a
+      friendly country, where they must depend upon what they could purchase,
+      was equally beyond their power. If they were to wear away time and support
+      life in a hostile country, it was safer to do so with Seuthes than by
+      themselves, not to speak of all these good things; but if they were going
+      to get pay into the bargain, that indeed was a godsend." To complete the
+      proceedings, Xenophon said: "If any one opposes the measure, let him state
+      his views; if not, let the officer put the proposition to the vote." No
+      one opposed; they put it to the vote, and the resolution was carried; and
+      without loss of time, he informed Seuthes that they would take the field
+      with him.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      After this the troops messed in their separate divisions, but the generals
+      and officers were invited by Seuthes to dinner at a neighbouring village
+      which was in his possession. When they were at the doors, and on the point
+      of stepping in to dinner, they were met by a certain Heracleides, of
+      Maronea (1). He came up to each guest, addressing himself particularly to
+      those who, as he conjectured, ought to be able to make a present to
+      Seuthes. He addressed himself first to some Parians who were there to
+      arrange a friendship with Medocus, the king of the Odrysians, and were
+      bearers of presents to the king and to his wife. Heracleides reminded
+      them: "Medocus is up country twelve days' journey from the sea; but
+      Seuthes, now that he has got this army, will be lord on the sea-coast; as
+      your neighbour, then, he is the man to do you good or do you ill. If you
+      are wise, you will give him whatever he askes of you. On the whole, it
+      will be laid out at better interest than if you have it to Medocus, who
+      lives so far off." That was his mode of persuasion in their case. Next he
+      came to Timasion the Dardanian, who, some one had told him, was the happy
+      possessor of certain goblets and oriental carpets. What he said to him
+      was: "It is customary when people are invited to dinner by Seuthes for the
+      guests to make him a present; now if he should become a great person in
+      these parts, he will be able to restore you to your native land, or to
+      make you a rich man here." Such were the solicitations which he applied to
+      each man in turn whom he accosted. Presently he came to Xenophon and said:
+      "You are at once a citizen of no mean city, and with Seuthes also your own
+      name is very great. Maybe you expect to obtain a fort or two in this
+      country, just as others of your countrymen have done (2), and territory.
+      It is only right and proper therefore that you should honour Seuthes in
+      the most magnificent style. Be sure, I give this advice out of pure
+      friendliness, for I know that the greater the gift that you are ready to
+      bestow on him, the better the treatment you will receive at his hands."
+      Xenophon, on hearing this, was in a sad dilemma, for he had brought with
+      him, when he crossed from Parium, nothing but one boy and just enough to
+      pay his travelling expenses.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) A Greek colony in Thrace. Among Asiatico-Ionian colonies were
+    Abdera, founded by Teos, and Maroneia, celebrated for its wine,
+    founded by Chios about 540 B.C.&mdash;Kiepert, "Man. Anct. Geog." viii.
+    182.
+
+ (2) Notably Alcibiades, who possessed two or three such fortresses.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      As soon as the company, consisting of the most powerful Thracians there
+      present, with the generals and captains of the Hellenes, and any embassy
+      from a state which might be there, had arrived, they were seated in a
+      circle, and the dinner was served. Thereupon three-legged stools were
+      brought in and placed in front of the assembled guests. They were laden
+      with pieces of meat, piled up, and there were huge leavened-loaves
+      fastened on to the pieces of meat with long skewers. The tables, as a
+      rule, were set beside the guests at intervals. That was the custom; and
+      Seuthes set the fashion of the performance. He took up the loaves which
+      lay by his side and broke them into little pieces, and then threw the
+      fragments here to one and there to another as seemed to him good; and so
+      with the meat likewise, leaving for himself the merest taste. Then the
+      rest fell to following the fashion set them, those that is who had tables
+      placed beside them.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Now there was an Arcadian, Arystas by name, a huge eater; he soon got
+      tired of throwing the pieces about, and seized a good three-quarters loaf
+      in his two hands, placed some pieces of meat upon his knees, and proceeded
+      to discuss his dinner. Then beakers of wine were brought round, and every
+      one partook in turn; but when the cupbearer came to Arystas and handed him
+      the bowl, he looked up, and seeing that Xenophon had done eating: "Give it
+      him," quoth he, "he is more at leisure. I have something better to do at
+      present." Seuthes, hearing a remark, asked the cupbearer what was said,
+      and the cupbearer, who knew how to talk Greek, explained. Then followed a
+      peal of laughter.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      When the drinking had advanced somewhat, in came a Thracian with a white
+      horse, who snatched the brimming bowl and said: "Here's a health to thee,
+      O Seuthes! Let me present thee with this horse. Mounted on him, thou shalt
+      capture whom thou choosest to pursue, or retiring from battle, thou shalt
+      not dread the foe." He was followed by one who brought in a boy, and
+      presented him in proper style with "Here's a health to thee, O Seuthes!" A
+      third had "clothes for his wife." Timasion, the Dardanian, pledged
+      Seuthes, and presented a silver bowl (3) and a carpet worth ten minae.
+      Gnesippus, an Athenian, got up and said: "It was a good old custom, and a
+      fine one too, that those who had, should give to the king for honour's
+      sake, but to those who had not, the king should give; whereby, my lord,"
+      he added, "I too may one day have the wherewithal to give thee gifts and
+      honour." Xenophon the while was racking his brains what he was to do; he
+      was not the happier because he was seated in the seat next Seuthes as a
+      mark of honour; and Heracleides bade the cupbearer hand him the bowl. The
+      wine had perhaps a little mounted to his head; he rose, and manfully
+      seized the cup, and spoke: "I also, Seuthes, have to present you with
+      myself and these my dear comrades to be your trusty friends, and not one
+      of them against his will. They are more ready, one and all, still more
+      than I, to be your friends. Here they are; they ask nothing from you in
+      return, rather they are forward to labour in your behalf; it will be their
+      pleasure to bear the brunt of battle in voluntary service. With them, God
+      willing, you will gain vast territory; you will recover what was once your
+      forefathers'; you will win for yourself new lands; and not lands only, but
+      horses many, and of men a multitude, and many a fair dame besides. You
+      will not need to seize upon them in robber fashion; it is your friends
+      here who, of their own accord, shall take and bring them to you, they
+      shall lay them at your feet as gifts." Up got Seuthes and drained with him
+      the cup, and with him sprinkled the last drops fraternally (4).
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (3) Or rather "saucer" ({phiale}).
+
+ (4) For the Thracian custom, vide Suidas, s.v. {kataskedazein}.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      At this stage entered musicians blowing upon horns such as they use for
+      signal calls, and trumpeting on trumpets, made of raw oxhide, tunes and
+      airs, like the music of the double-octave harp (5). Seuthes himself got up
+      and shouted, trolling forth a war song; then he sprang from his place and
+      leapt about as though he would guard himself against a missile, in right
+      nimble style. Then came in a set of clowns and jesters.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (5) Or, "magadis." This is said to have been one of the most perfect
+    instruments. It comprised two full octaves, the left hand playing
+    the same notes as the right an octave lower. Guhl and Koner, p.
+    203, Engl. transl. See also "Dict. Antiq." "Musica"; and Arist.
+    "Polit." xix. 18, {Dia ti e dia pason sumphonia adetai mone;
+    magasizousi gar tauten, allen de oudemian}, i.e. "since no
+    interval except the octave ({dia pason}) could be 'magidised' (the
+    effect of any other is well known to be intolerable), therefore no
+    other interval was employed at all."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      But when the sun began to set, the Hellenes rose from their seats. It was
+      time, they said, to place the night sentinels and to pass the watchword;
+      further, they begged of Seuthes to issue an order that none of the
+      Thracians were to enter the Hellenic camp at night, "since between your
+      Thracian foes and our Thracian friends there might be some confusion." As
+      they sallied forth, Seuthes rose to accompany them, like the soberest of
+      men. When they were outside, he summoned the generals apart and said:
+      "Sirs, our enemies are not aware as yet of our alliance. If, therefore, we
+      attack them before they take precautions not to be caught, or are prepared
+      to repel assault, we shall make a fine haul of captives and other stock."
+      The generals fully approved of these views, and bade him lead on. He
+      answered: "Prepare and wait; as soon as the right time comes I will be
+      with you. I shall pick up the peltasts and yourselves, and with the help
+      of the gods, I will lead on." "But consider one point," urged Xenophon;
+      "if we are to march by night, is not the Hellenic fashion best? When
+      marching in the daytime that part of the army leads the van which seems
+      best suited to the nature of the country to be traversed&mdash;heavy or
+      light infantry, or cavalry; but by night our rule is that the slowest arm
+      should take the lead. Thus we avoid the risk of being pulled to pieces:
+      and it is not so easy for a man to give his neighbour the slip without
+      intending, whereas the scattered fragments of an army are apt to fall foul
+      of one another, and to cause damage or incur it in sheer ignorance." To
+      this Seuthes replied: "You reason well, and I will adopt your custom. I
+      will furnish you with guides chosen from the oldest experts of the
+      country, and I will myself follow with the cavalry in the rear; it will
+      not take me long, if need be, to present myself at the front." Then, for
+      kinship's sake, they chose "Athenaia (6)" as their watchword. With this,
+      they turned and sought repose.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (6) "Our Lady of Athens."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      It was about midnight when Seuthes presented himself with his cavalry
+      troopers armed with corselets, and his light infantry under arms. As soon
+      as he had handed over to them the promised guides, the heavy infantry took
+      the van, followed by the light troops in the centre, while the cavalry
+      brought up the rear. At daybreak Seuthes rode up to the front. He
+      complimented them on their method: so often had he himself, while marching
+      by night with a mere handful of men, been separated with his cavalry from
+      his infantry. "But now," said he, "we find ourselves at dawn of day all
+      happily together, just as we ought to be. Do you wait for me here," he
+      proceeded, "and recruit yourselves. I will take a look round and rejoin
+      you." So saying he took a certain path over hill and rode off. As soon as
+      he had reached deep snow, he looked to see whether there were footprints
+      of human beings leading forward or in the opposite direction; and having
+      satisfied himself that the road was untrodden, back he came, exclaiming:
+      "God willing, sirs, it will be all right; we shall fall on the fellows,
+      before they know where they are. I will lead on with the cavalry; so that
+      if we catch sight of any one, he shall not escape and give warning to the
+      enemy. Do you follow, and if you are left behind, keep to the trail of the
+      horses. Once on the other side of the mountains, we shall find ourselves
+      in numerous thriving villages."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      By the middle of the day he had already gained the top of the pass and
+      looked down upon the villages below. Back he came riding to the heavy
+      infantry and said: "I will at once send off the cavalry into the plain
+      below, and the peltasts too, to attack the villages. Do you follow with
+      what speed you may, so that in case of resistance you may lend us your
+      aid." Hearing this, Xenophon dismounted, and the other asked: "Why do you
+      dismount just when speed is the thing we want?" The other answered: "But
+      you do not want me alone, I am sure. The hoplites will run all the quicker
+      and more cheerily if I lead them on foot."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Thereupon Seuthes went off, and Timasion with him, taking the Hellene
+      squadron of something like forty troopers. Then Xenophon passed the order:
+      the active young fellows up to thirty years of age from the different
+      companies to the front; and off with these he went himself, bowling along
+      (7); while Cleanor led the other Hellenes. When they had reached the
+      villages, Seuthes, with about thirty troopers, rode up, exclaiming: "Well,
+      Xenophon, this is just what you said! the fellows are caught, but now look
+      here. My cavalry have gone off unsupported; they are scattered in pursuit,
+      one here, one there, and upon my word, I am more than half afraid the
+      enemy will collect somewhere and do them a mischief. Some of us must
+      remain in the villages, for they are swarming with human beings." "Well
+      then," said Xenophon, "I will seize the heights with the men I have with
+      me, and do you bid Cleanor extend his line along the level beside the
+      villages." When they had done so, there were enclosed&mdash;of captives
+      for the slave market, one thousand; of cattle, two thousand; and of other
+      small cattle, ten thousand. For the time being they took up quarters
+      there.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (7) {etropkhaze}, a favourite word with our author. Herodotus uses it;
+    so does Aristot.; so also Polybius; but the Atticists condemn it,
+    except of course in poetry.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0056" id="link2H_4_0056">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      IV
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      But the next day Seuthes burnt the villages to the ground; he left not a
+      single house, being minded to inspire terror in the rest of his enemies,
+      and to show them what they also were to expect, if they refused obedience;
+      and so he went back again. As to the booty, he sent off Heracliedes to
+      Perinthus to dispose of it, with a view to future pay for the soldiers.
+      But for himself he encamped with the Hellenes in the lowland country of
+      the Thynians, the natives leaving the flats and betaking themselves in
+      flight to the uplands.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      There was deep snow, and cold so intense that the water brought in for
+      dinner and the wine within the jars froze; and many of the Hellenes had
+      their noses and ears frost-bitten. Now they came to understand why the
+      Thracians wear fox-skin caps on their heads and about their ears; and why,
+      on the same principle, they are frocked not only about the chest and bust
+      but so as to cover the loins and thighs as well; and why on horseback they
+      envelop themselves in long shawls which reach down to the feet, instead of
+      the ordinary short rider's cloak. Seuthes sent off some of the prisoners
+      to the hills with a message to say that if they did not come down to their
+      homes, and live quietly and obey him, he would burn down their villages
+      and their corn, and leave them to perish with hunger. Thereupon down they
+      came, women and children and the older men; the younger men preferred to
+      quarter themselves in the villages on the skirts of the hills. On
+      discovering this, Seuthes bade Xenophon take the youngest of the heavy
+      infantry and join him on an expedition. They rose in the night, and by
+      daybreak had reached the villages; but the majority of the inhabitants
+      made good their escape, for the hills were close at hand. Those whom he
+      did catch, Seuthes unsparingly shot down.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Now there was a certain Olynthian, named Episthenes; he was a great lover
+      of boys, and seeing a handsome lad, just in the bloom of youth, and
+      carrying a light shield, about to be slain, he ran up to Xenophon and
+      supplicated him to rescue the fair youth. Xenophon went to Seuthes and
+      begged him not to put the boy to death. He explained to him the
+      disposition of Episthenes; how he had once enrolled a company, the only
+      qualification required being that of personal beauty; and with these
+      handsome young men at his side there were none so brave as he. Seuthes put
+      the question, "Would you like to die on his behalf, Episthenes?" whereat
+      the other stretched out his neck, and said, "Strike, if the boy bids you,
+      and will thank his preserver." Seuthes, turning to the boy, asked, "Shall
+      I smite him instead of you?" The boy shook his head, imploring him to slay
+      neither the one nor the other, whereupon Episthenes caught the lad in his
+      arms, exclaiming, "It is time you did battle with me, Seuthes, for my boy;
+      never will I yield him up," and Seuthes laughed: "what must be must," and
+      so consented.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In these villages he decided that they must bivouac, so that the men on
+      the mountains might be still further deprived of subsistence. Stealthily
+      descending he himself found quarters in the plain; while Xenophon with his
+      picked troops encamped in the highest village on the skirts of the hills,;
+      and the rest of the Hellenes hard by, among the highland Thracians (1), as
+      they are called.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) Cf. "Highlanders."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      After this, not many days had idly slipt away before the Thracians from
+      the mountains came down and wished to arrange with Seuthes for terms of
+      truce and hostages. Simultaneously came Xenophon and informed Seuthes that
+      they were camped in bad quarters, with the enemy next door; "it would be
+      pleasanter too," he added, "to bivouac in a strong position in the open,
+      than under cover on the edge of destruction." The other bade him take
+      heart and pointed to some of their hostages, as much as to say "Look
+      there!" Parties also from the mountaineers came down and pleaded with
+      Xenophon himself, to help arrange a truce for them. This he agreed to do,
+      bidding them to pluck up heart, and assuring them that they would meet
+      with no mischief, if they yielded obedience to Seuthes. All their
+      parleying, however, was, as it turned out, merely to get a closer
+      inspection of things. This happened in the day, and in the following night
+      the Thynians descended from the hill country and made an attack. In each
+      case, the guide was the master of the house attacked; otherwise it would
+      have taxed their powers to discover the houses in the dark, which, for the
+      sake of their flocks and herds, were palisaded all round with great
+      stockades. As soon as they had reached the doors of any particular house,
+      the attack began, some hurling in their spears, others belabouring with
+      their clubs, which they carried, it was said, for the purpose of knocking
+      off the lance points from the shaft. Others were busy setting the place on
+      fire; and they kept calling Xenophon by name: "Come out, Xenophon, and die
+      like a man, or we will roast you alive inside."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      By this time too the flames were making their appearance through the roof,
+      and Xenophon and his followers were within, with their coats of mail on,
+      and big shields, swords, and helmets. Then Silanus, a Macistian (2), a
+      youth of some eighteen years, signalled on the trumpet; and in an instant,
+      out they all leapt with their drawn swords, and the inmates of other
+      quarters as well. The Thracians took to their heels, according to their
+      custom, swinging their light shields round their backs. As they leapt over
+      the stockade some were captured, hanging on the top with their shields
+      caught in the palings; others missed the way out, and so were slain; and
+      the Hellenes chased them hotly, till they were outside the village.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (2) "Of Macistus," a town in the Triphylia near Scillus.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      A party of Thynians turned back, and as the men ran past in bold relief
+      against a blazing house, they let fly a volley of javelins, out of the
+      darkness into the glare, and wounded two captains, Hieronymus, an Euodean
+      (3), and Theogenes, a Locrian. No one was killed, only the clothes and
+      baggage of some of the men were consumed in the flames. Presently up came
+      Seuthes to the rescue with seven troopers, the first to hand, and his
+      Thracian trumpeteer by his side. Seeing that something had happened, he
+      hastened to the rescue, and ever the while his bugler wound his horn,
+      which music added terror to the foe. Arrived at length, he greeted them
+      with outstretched hand, exclaiming, "I thought to find you all dead men."
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (3) If this is the same man as Hieronymus of Elis, who has been
+    mentioned two or three times already, possibly the word {Euodea}
+    points to some town or district of Elis; or perhaps the text is
+    corrupt.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      After that, Xenophon begged him to hand over the hostages to himself, and
+      if so disposed, to join him on an expedition to the hills, or if not, to
+      let him go alone. Accordingly the next day Seuthes delivered up the
+      hostages. They were men already advanced in years, but the pick of the
+      mountaineers, as they themselves gave out. Not merely did Seuthes do this,
+      but he came himself, with his force at his back (and by this time he had
+      treble his former force, for many of the Odrysians, hearing of his
+      proceedings, came down to join in the campaign); and the Thynians, espying
+      from the mountains the vast array of heavy infantry and light infantry and
+      cavalry, rank upon rank, came down and supplicated him to make terms.
+      "They were ready," they professed, "to do all that he demanded; let him
+      take pledges of their good faith." So Seuthes summoned Xenophon and
+      explained their proposals, adding that he should make no terms with them,
+      if Xenophon wished to punish them for their night attack. The latter
+      replied: "For my part, I should think their punishment is great enough
+      already, if they are to be slaves instead of free men; still," he added,
+      "I advise you for the future to take as hostages those who are most
+      capable of doing mischief, and to let the old men abide in peace at home."
+      So to a man they gave in their adhesion in that quarter of the country.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0057" id="link2H_4_0057">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      V
+    </h2>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+Crossing over in the direction of the Thracians above Byzantium, they
+reached the Delta, as it is called. Here they were no longer in the
+territory of the Maesades, but in the country of Teres the Odrysian
+ (an ancient worthy (1)). Here Heracleides met them with the proceeds of
+the spoil, and Seuthes picked out three pairs of mules (there were
+only three, the other teams being oxen); then he summoned Xenophon and
+bade him take them, and divide the rest between the generals and
+officers, to which Xenophon replied that for himself, he was content
+to receive his share another time, but added: "Make a present of these
+to my friends here, the generals who have served with me, and to the
+officers." So of the pairs of mules Timasion the Dardanian received
+one, Cleanor the Orchomenian one, and Phryniscus the Achaean one. The
+teams of oxen were divided among the officers. Then Seuthes proceeded
+to remit pay due for the month already passed, but all he could give
+was the equivalent of twenty days. Heracleides insisted that this was
+all he had got by his trafficking. Whereupon Xenophon with some warmth
+exclaimed: "Upon my word, Heracleides, I do not think you care for
+Seuthes' interest as you should. If you did, you have been at pains to
+bring back the full amount of the pay, even if you had had to raise a
+loan to do so, and, if by no other means, by selling the coat off your
+own back."
+
+ (1) See above re previous Teres. The words "an ancient worthy" may
+    possibly be an editor's or commentator's note.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      What he said annoyed Heracleides, who was afraid of being ousted from the
+      friendship of Seuthes, and from that day forward he did his best to
+      calumniate Xenophon before Seuthes. The soldiers, on their side, laid the
+      blame of course on Xenophon: "Where was their pay?" and Seuthes was vexed
+      with him for persistently demanding it for them. Up to this date he had
+      frequently referred to what he would do when he got to the seaboard again;
+      how he intended to hand over to him Bisanthe, Ganos, and Neontichos (2).
+      But from this time forward he never mentioned one of them again. The
+      slanderous tongue of Heracleides had whispered him:&mdash;it was not safe
+      to hand over fortified towns to a man with a force at his back.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (2) For Bisanthe see above. Ganos, a little lower down the coast, with
+    Neontichos once belonged to Alcibiades, if we may believe
+    Cornelius Nepos, "Alc." vii. 4, and Plutarch, "Alc." c. 36. See
+    above.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Consequently Xenophon fell to considering what he ought to do as regards
+      marching any further up the country; and Heracleides introduced the other
+      generals to Seuthes, urging them to say that they were quite as well able
+      to lead the army as Xenophon, and promising them that within a day or two
+      they should have full pay for two months, and he again implored them to
+      continue the campaign with Seuthes. To which Timasion replied that for his
+      part he would continue no campaign without Xenophon; not even if they were
+      to give him pay for five months; and what Timasion said, Phryniscus and
+      Cleanor repeated; the views of all three coincided.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Seuthes fell to upbraiding Heracleides in round terms. "Why had he not
+      invited Xenophon with the others?" and presently they invited him, but by
+      himself alone. He, perceiving the knavery of Heracleides, and that his
+      object was to calumniate him with the other generals, presented himself;
+      but at the same time he took care to bring all the generals and the
+      officers. After their joint consent had been secured, they continued the
+      campaign. Keeping the Pontus on their right, they passed through the
+      millet-eating (3) Thracians, as they are called, and reached Salmydessus.
+      This is a point at which many trading vessels bound for the Black Sea run
+      aground and are wrecked, owing to a sort of marshy ledge or sandbank which
+      runs out for a considerable distance into the sea (4). The Thracians, who
+      dwell in these parts, have set up pillars as boundary marks, and each set
+      of them has the pillage of its own flotsom and jetsom; for in old days,
+      before they set up these landmarks, the wreckers, it is said, used freely
+      to fall foul of and slay one another. Here was a rich treasure trove, of
+      beds and boxes numberless, with a mass of written books, and all the
+      various things which mariners carry in their wooden chests. Having reduced
+      this district, they turned round and went back again. By this time the
+      army of Seuthes had grown to be considerably larger than the Hellenic
+      army; for on the one hand, the Odrysians flocked down in still larger
+      numbers, and on the other, the tribes which gave in their adhesion from
+      time to time were amalgamated with his armament. They got into quarters on
+      the flat country above Selybria at about three miles (5) distance from the
+      sea. As to pay, not a penny was as yet forthcoming, and the soldiers were
+      cruelly disaffected to Xenophon, whilst Seuthes, on his side, was no
+      longer so friendlily disposed. If Xenophon ever wished to come face to
+      face with him, want of leisure or some other difficulty always seemed to
+      present itself.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (3) Or, "the Melinophagi."
+
+ (4) See, for a description of this savage coast, Aesch. "Prom." vinc.
+    726, etc.&mdash;
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      "{trakheia pontou Salmudesia gnathos ekhthroxenos nautaisi, metruia
+      neon.}"
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "The rugged Salmudesian jaw of the Black Sea, Inhospitable to sailors,
+      stepmother of ships."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But the poet is at fault in his geography, since he connects "the
+      Salmydesian jaw" with the Thermodon.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (5) Lit. "thirty stades." Selybria is about fourty-four miles from
+    Byzantium, two-thirds of the way to Perinthus.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0058" id="link2H_4_0058">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      VI
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      At this date, when nearly two months had already passed, an embassy
+      arrived. These were two agents from Thibron&mdash;Charminus, a
+      Lacedaemonian, and Polynicus. They were sent to say that the
+      Lacedaemonians had resolved to open a campaign against Tissaphernes, and
+      that Thibron, who had set sail to conduct the war, was anxious to avail
+      himself of the troops. He could guarantee that each soldier should receive
+      a daric a month as pay, the officers double pay, and the generals
+      quadruple. The Lacedaemonian emissaries had no sooner arrived than
+      Heracleides, having learnt that they had come in search of the Hellenic
+      troops, goes off himself to Seuthes and says: "The best thing that could
+      have happened; the Lacedaemonians want these troops and you have done with
+      them, so that if you hand over the troops to them, you will do the
+      Lacedaemonians a good turn and will cease to be bothered for pay any more.
+      The country will be quit of them once and for ever."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      On hearing this Seuthes bade him introduce the emissaries. As soon as they
+      had stated that the object of their coming was to treat for the Hellenic
+      troops, he replied that he would willingly give them up, that his one
+      desire was to be the friend and ally of Lacedaemon. So he invited them to
+      partake of hospitality, and entertained them magnificently; but he did not
+      invite Xenophon, nor indeed any of the other generals. Presently the
+      Lacedaemonians asked: "What sort of man is Xenophon?" and Seuthes
+      answered: "Not a bad fellow in most respects; but he is too much the
+      soldiers' friend; and that is why it goes ill with him." They asked: "Does
+      he play the popular leader?" and Heracleides answered: "Exactly so." "Well
+      then," said they, "he will oppose our taking away the troops, will he
+      not?" "To be sure he will," said Heracleides; "but you have only to call a
+      meeting of the whole body, and promise them pay, and little further heed
+      will they pay to him; they will run off with you." "How then are we to get
+      them collected?" they asked. "Early to-morrow," said Heracleides, "we will
+      bring you to them; and I know," he added once more, "as soon as they set
+      eyes on you, they will flock to you with alacrity." Thus the day ended.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The next day Seuthes and Heracleides brought the two Laconian agents to
+      the army, and the troops were collected, and the agents made a statement
+      as follows: "The Lacedaemonians have resolved on war with Tissaphernes,
+      who did you so much wrong. By going with us therefore you will punish your
+      enemy, and each of you will get a daric a month, the officers twice that
+      sum, and the generals quadruple." The soldiers lent willing ears, and up
+      jumped one of the Arcadians at once, to find fault with Xenophon. Seuthes
+      also was hard by, wishing to know what was going to happen. He stood
+      within ear shot, and his interpreter by his side; not but what he could
+      understand most of what was said in Greek himself. At this point the
+      Arcadian spoke: "For the matter of that, Lacedaemonians, we should have
+      been by your sides long ago, if Xenophon had not persuaded us and brought
+      us hither. We have never ceased campaigning, night and day, the dismal
+      winter through, but he reaps the fruit of our toils. Seuthes has enriched
+      him privately, but deprives us of our honest earnings; so that, standing
+      here as I do to address you first, all I can say is, that if I might see
+      the fellow stoned to death as a penalty for all the long dance he has led
+      us, I should feel I had got my pay in full, and no longer grudge the pains
+      we have undergone." The speaker was followed by another and then another
+      in the same strain; and after that Xenophon made the following speech:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "True is the old adage; there is nothing which mortal man may not expect
+      to see. Here am I being accused by you to-day, just where my conscience
+      tells me that I have displayed the greatest zeal on your behalf. Was I not
+      actually on my road home when I turned back? Not, God knows, because I
+      learned that you were in luck's way, but because I heard that you were in
+      sore straits, and I wished to help you, if in any way I could. I returned,
+      and Seuthes yonder sent me messenger after messenger, and made me promise
+      upon promise, if only I could persuade you to come to him. Yet, as you
+      yourselves will bear me witness, I was not to be diverted. Instead of
+      setting my hand to do that, I simply led you to a point from which, with
+      least loss of time, I thought you could cross into Asia. This I believed
+      was the best thing for you, and you I knew desired it.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "But when Aristarchus came with his ships of war and hindered our passage
+      across, you will hardly quarrel with me for the step I then took in
+      calling you together that we might advisedly consider our best course.
+      Having heard both sides&mdash;first Aristarchus, who ordered you to march
+      to the Chersonese, then Seuthes, who pleaded with you to undertake a
+      campaign with himself&mdash;you all proposed to go with Seuthes; and you
+      all gave your votes to that effect. What wrong did I commit in bringing
+      you, whither you were eager to go? If, indeed, since the time when Seuthes
+      began to tell lies and cheat us about the pay, I have supported him in
+      this, you may justly find fault with me and hate me. But if I, who at
+      first was most of all his friend, to-day am more than any one else at
+      variance with him, how can I, who have chosen you and rejected Seuthes, in
+      fairness be blamed by you for the very thing which has been the ground of
+      quarrel between him and me? But you will tell me, perhaps, that I get from
+      Seuthes what is by right yours, and that I deal subtly by you? But is it
+      not clear that, if Seuthes has paid me anything, he has at any rate not
+      done so with the intention of losing by what he gives me, whilst he is
+      still your debtor? If he gave to me, he gave in order that, by a small
+      gift to me, he might escape a larger payment to yourselves. But if that is
+      what you really think has happened, you can render this whole scheme of
+      ours null and void in an instant by exacting from him the money which is
+      your due. It is clear, Seuthes will demand back from me whatever I have
+      got from him, and he will have all the more right to do so, if I have
+      failed to secure for him what he bargained for when I took his gifts. But
+      indeed, I am far removed from enjoying what is yours, and I swear to you
+      by all the gods and goddesses that I have not taken even what Seuthes
+      promised me in private. He is present himself and listening, and he is
+      aware in his own heart whether I swear falsely. And what will surprise you
+      the more, I can swear besides, that I have not received even what the
+      other generals have received, no, nor yet what some of the officers have
+      received. But how so? why have I managed my affairs no better? I thought,
+      sirs, the more I helped him to bear his poverty at the time, the more I
+      should make him my friend in the day of his power. Whereas, it is just
+      when I see the star of his good fortune rising, that I have come to divine
+      the secret of his character.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Some one may say, are you not ashamed to be so taken in like a fool? Yes,
+      I should be ashamed, if it had been an open enemy who had so deceived me.
+      But, to my mind, when friend cheats friend, a deeper stain attaches to the
+      perpetrator than to the victim of deceit. Whatever precaution a man may
+      take against his friend, that we took in full. We certainly gave him no
+      pretext for refusing to pay us what he promised. We were perfectly upright
+      in our dealings with him. We did not dawdle over his affairs, nor did we
+      shrink from any work to which he challenged us.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "But you will say, I ought to have taken security of him at the time, so
+      that had he fostered the wish, he might have lacked the ability to
+      deceive. To meet that retort, I must beg you to listen to certain things,
+      which I should never have said in his presence, except for your utter want
+      of feeling towards me, or your extraordinary ingratitude. Try and recall
+      the posture of your affairs, when I extricated you and brought you to
+      Seuthes. Do you not recollect how at Perinthus Aristarchus shut the gates
+      in your faces each time you offered to approach the town, and how you were
+      driven to camp outside under the canopy of heaven? It was midwinter; you
+      were thrown upon the resources of a market wherein few were the articles
+      offered for sale, and scanty the wherewithal to purchase them. Yet stay in
+      Thrace you must, for there were ships of war riding at anchor in the bay,
+      ready to hinder your passage across; and what did that stay imply? It
+      meant being in a hostile country, confronted by countless cavalry, legions
+      of light infantry. And what had we? A heavy infantry force certainly, with
+      which we could have dashed at villages in a body possibly, and seized a
+      modicum of food at most; but as to pursuing the enemy with such a force as
+      ours, or capturing men or cattle, the thing was out of the question; for
+      when I rejoined you your original cavalry and light infantry divisions had
+      disappeared. In such sore straits you lay!
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Supposing that, without making any demands for pay whatever, I had merely
+      won for you the alliance of Seuthes&mdash;whose cavalry and light infantry
+      were just what you needed&mdash;would you not have thought that I had
+      planned very well for you? I presume, it was through your partnership with
+      him and his that you were able to find such complete stores of corn in the
+      villages, when the Thracians were driven to take to their heels in such
+      hot haste, and you had so large a share of captives and cattle. Why! from
+      the day on which his cavalry force was attached to us, we never set eyes
+      on a single foeman in the field, though up to that date the enemy with his
+      cavalry and his light infantry used undauntedly to hang on our heels, and
+      effectually prevented us from scattering in small bodies and reaping a
+      rich harvest of provisions. But if he who partly gave you this security
+      has failed to pay in full the wages due to you therefrom, is not that a
+      terrible misfortune? So monstrous indeed that you think I ought not to go
+      forth alive (1).
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) I.e. the fate of a scape-goat is too good for me.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      "But let me ask you, in what condition do you turn your backs on this land
+      to-day? Have you not wintered here in the lap of plenty? Whatever you have
+      got from Seuthes has been surplus gain. Your enemies have had to meet the
+      bill of your expenses, whilst you led a merry round of existence, in which
+      you have not once set eyes on the dead body of a comrade or lost one
+      living man. Again, if you have achieved any, (or rather many) noble deeds
+      against the Asiatic barbarian, you have them safe. And in addition to
+      these to-day you have won for yourselves a second glory. You undertook a
+      campaign against the European Thracians, and have mastered them. What I
+      say then is, that these very matters which you make a ground of quarrel
+      against myself, are rather blessings for which you ought to show gratitude
+      to heaven.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Thus far I have confined myself to your side of the matter. Bear with me,
+      I beg you, while we examine mine. When I first essayed to part with you
+      and journey homewards, I was doubly blest. From your lips I had won some
+      praise, and, thanks to you, I had obtained glory from the rest of Hellas.
+      I was trusted by the Lacedaemonians; else would they not have sent me back
+      to you. Whereas to-day I turn to go, calumniated before the Lacedaemonians
+      by yourselves, detested in your behalf by Seuthes, whom I meant so to
+      benefit, by help of you, that I should find in him a refuge for myself and
+      for my children, if children I might have, in after time. And you the
+      while, for whose sake I have incurred so much hate, the hate of people far
+      superior to me in strength, you, for whom I have not yet ceased to devise
+      all the good I can, entertain such sentiments about me. Why? I am no
+      renegade or runaway slave, you have got hold of. If you carry out what you
+      say, be sure you will have done to death a man who has passed many a vigil
+      in watching over you; who has shared with you many a toil and run many a
+      risk in turn and out of turn; who, thanks to the gracious gods! has by
+      your side set up full many a trophy over the barbarian; who, lastly, has
+      strained every nerve in his body to protect you against yourselves. And so
+      it is, that to-day you can move freely, where you choose, by sea or by
+      land, and no one can say you nay; and you, on whom this large liberty
+      dawns, who are sailing to a long desired goal, who are sought after by the
+      greatest of military powers, who have pay in prospect, and for leaders
+      these Lacedaemonians, our acknowledged chiefs: now is the appointed time,
+      you think, to put me to a speedy death. But in the days of our
+      difficulties it was very different, O ye men of marvellous memory! No! in
+      those days you called me 'father!' and you promised you would bear me ever
+      in mind, 'your benefactor.' Not so, however, not so ungracious are those
+      who have come to you to-day; nor, if I mistake not, have you bettered
+      yourselves in their eyes by your treatment of me."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      With these words he paused, and Charminus the Lacedaemonian got up and
+      said: "Nay, by the Twins, you are wrong, surely, in your anger against
+      this man; I myself can bear testimony in his favour. When Polynicus and I
+      asked Seuthes, what sort of a man he was? Seuthes answered:&mdash;he had
+      but one fault to find with him, that he was too much the soldiers' friend,
+      which also was the cause why things went wrong with him, whether as
+      regards us Lacedaemonians or himself, Seuthes."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Upon that Eurylochus of Lusia, an Arcadian, got up and said (addressing
+      the two Lacedaemonians), "Yes, sirs; and what strikes me is that you
+      cannot begin your generalship of us better than by exacting from Seuthes
+      our pay. Whether he like it or no, let him pay in full; and do not take us
+      away before."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Polycrates the Athenian, who was put forward by Xenophon, said: "If my
+      eyes do not deceive me, sirs, there stands Heracleides, yonder, the man
+      who received the property won by our toil, who took and sold it, and never
+      gave back either to Seuthes or to us the proceeds of the sale, but kept
+      the money to himself, like the thief he is. If we are wise, we will lay
+      hold of him, for he is no Thracian, but a Hellene; and against Hellenes is
+      the wrong he has committed."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      When Heracleides heard these words, he was in great consternation; so he
+      came to Seuthes and said: "If we are wise we will get away from here out
+      of reach of these fellows." So they mounted their horses and were gone in
+      a trice, galloping to their own camp. Subsequently Seuthes sent
+      Abrozelmes, his private interpreter, to Xenophon, begging him to stay
+      behind with one thousand heavy troops; and engaging duly to deliver to him
+      the places on the seaboard, and the other things which he had promised;
+      and then, as a great secret, he told him, that he had heard from Polynicus
+      that if he once got into the clutches of the Lacedaemonians, Thibron was
+      certain to put him to death. Similar messages kept coming to Xenophon by
+      letter or otherwise from several quarters, warning him that he was
+      calumniated, and had best be on his guard. Hearing which, he took two
+      victims and sacrificed to Zeus the King: "Whether it were better and
+      happier to stay with Seuthes on the terms proposed, or depart with the
+      army?" The answer he received was, "Depart."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0059" id="link2H_4_0059">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      VII
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      After this, Seuthes removed his camp to some considerable distance; and
+      the Hellenes took up their quarters in some villages, selecting those in
+      which they could best supply their commissariat, on the road to the sea.
+      Now these particular villages had been given by Seuthes to Medosades.
+      Accordingly, when the latter saw his property in the villages being
+      expended by the Hellenes, he was not over well pleased; and taking with
+      him an Odrysian, a powerful person amongst those who had come down from
+      the interior, and about thirty mounted troopers, he came and challenged
+      Xenophon to come forth from the Hellenic host. He, taking some of the
+      officers and others of a character to be relied upon, came forward. Then
+      Medosades, addressing Xenophon, said: "You are doing wrong to pillage our
+      villages; we give you fair warning&mdash;I, in behalf of Seuthes, and this
+      man by my side, who comes from Medocus, the king up country&mdash;to
+      begone out of the land. If you refuse, understand, we have no notion of
+      handing it over to you; but if you injure our country we will retaliate
+      upon you as foes."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Xenophon, hearing what they had to say, replied: "Such language addressed
+      to us by you, of all people, is hard to answer. Yet for the sake of the
+      young man with you, I will attempt to do so, that at least he may learn
+      how different your nature is from ours. We," he continued, "before we were
+      your friends, had the free run of this country, moving this way or that,
+      as it took our fancy, pillaging and burning just as we chose; and you
+      yourself, Medosades, whenever you came to us on an embassy, camped with
+      us, without apprehension of any foe. As a tribe collectively you scarcely
+      approached the country at all, or if you found yourselves in it, you
+      bivouacked with your horses bitted and bridled, as being in the territory
+      of your superiors. Presently you made friends with us, and, thanks to us,
+      by God's help you have won this country, out of which to-day you seek to
+      drive us; a country which we held by our own strength and gave to you. No
+      hostile force, as you well know, was capable of expelling us. It might
+      have been expected of you personally to speed us on our way with some
+      gift, in return for the good we did you. Not so; even though our backs are
+      turned to go, we are too slow in our movements for you. You will not
+      suffer us to take up quarters even, if you can help it, and these words
+      arouse no shame in you, either before the gods, or this Odrysian, in whose
+      eyes to-day you are man of means, though until you cultivated our
+      friendship you lived a robber's life, as you have told us. However, why do
+      you address yourself to me? I am no longer in command. Our generals are
+      the Lacedaemonians, to whom you and yours delivered the army for
+      withdrawal; and that, without even inviting me to attend, you most
+      marvellous of men, so that if I lost their favour when I brought you the
+      troops, I might now win their gratitude by restoring them."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      As soon as the Odrysian had heard this statement, he exclaimed: "For my
+      part, Medosades, I sink under the earth for very shame at what I hear. If
+      I had known the truth before, I would never have accompanied you. As it
+      is, I return at once. Never would King Medocus applaud me, if I drove
+      forth his benefactors." With these words, he mounted his horse and rode
+      away, and with him the rest of his horsemen, except four or five. But
+      Medosades, still vexed by the pillaging of the country, urged Xenophon to
+      summon the two Lacedaemonians; and he, taking the pick of his men, came to
+      Charminus and Polynicus and informed them that they were summoned by
+      Medosades; probably they, like himself, would be warned to leave the
+      country; "if so," he added, "you will be able to recover the pay which is
+      owing to the army. You can say to them, that the army has requested you to
+      assist in exacting their pay from Seuthes, whether he like it or not; that
+      they have promised, as soon as they get this, cheerfully to follow you;
+      that the demand seems to you to be only just, and that you have
+      accordingly promised not to leave, until the soldiers have got their
+      dues." The Lacedaemonians accepted the suggestion: they would apply these
+      arguments and others the most forcible they could hit upon; and with the
+      proper representatives of the army, they immediately set off.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      On their arrival Charminus spoke: "If you have anything to say to us,
+      Medosades, say it; but if not, we have something to say to you." And
+      Medosades submissively made answer: "I say," said he, "and Seuthes says
+      the same: we think we have a right to ask that those who have become our
+      friends should not be ill-treated by you; whatever ill you do to them you
+      really do to us, for they are a part of us." "Good!" replied the
+      Lacedaemonians, "and we intend to go away as soon as those who won for you
+      the people and the territory in question have got their pay. Failing that,
+      we are coming without further delay to assist them and to punish certain
+      others who have broken their oaths and done them wrong. If it should turn
+      out that you come under this head, when we come to exact justice, we shall
+      begin with you." Xenophon added: "Would you prefer, Medosades, to leave it
+      to these people themselves, in whose country we are (your friends, since
+      this is the designation you prefer), to decide by ballot, which of the two
+      should leave the country, you or we?" To that proposal he shook his head,
+      but he trusted the two Laconians might be induced to go to Seuthes about
+      the pay, adding, "Seuthes, I am sure, will lend a willing ear;" or if they
+      could not go, then he prayed them to send Xenophon with himself, promising
+      to lend the latter all the aid in his power, and finally he begged them
+      not to burn the villages. Accordingly they sent Xenophon, and with him a
+      serviceable staff. Being arrived, he addressed Seuthes thus:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Seuthes, I am here to advance no claims, but to show you, if I can, how
+      unjust it was on your part to be angered with me because I zealously
+      demanded of you on behalf of the soldiers what you promised them.
+      According to my belief, it was no less to your interest to deliver it up,
+      than it was to theirs to receive it. I cannot forget that, next to the
+      gods, it was they who raised you up to a conspicuous eminence, when they
+      made you king of large territory and many men, a position in which you
+      cannot escape notice, whether you do good or do evil. For a man so
+      circumstanced, I regarded it as a great thing that he should avoid the
+      suspicion even of ungrateful parting with his benefactors. It was a great
+      thing, I thought, that you should be well spoken of by six thousand human
+      beings; but the greatest thing of all, that you should in no wise
+      discredit the sincerity of your own word. For what of the man who cannot
+      be trusted? I see that the words of his mouth are but vain words,
+      powerless, and unhonoured; but with him who is seen to regard truth, the
+      case is otherwise. He can achieve by his words what another achieves by
+      force. If he seeks to bring the foolish to their senses&mdash;his very
+      frown, I perceive, has a more sobering effect than the chastisement
+      inflicted by another. Or in negotiations the very promises of such an one
+      are of equal weight with the gifts of another.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Try and recall to mind in your own case, what advance of money you made
+      to us to purchase our alliance. You know you did not advance one penny. It
+      was simply confidence in the sincerity of your word which incited all
+      these men to assist you in your campaign, and so to acquire for you an
+      empire, worth many times more than thirty talents, which is all they now
+      claim to receive. Here then, first of all, goes the credit which won for
+      you your kingdom, sold for so mean a sum. Let me remind you of the great
+      importance which you then attached to the acquisition of your present
+      conquests. I am certain that to achieve what stands achieved to-day, you
+      would willingly have foregone the gain of fifty times that paltry sum. To
+      me it seems that to lose your present fortune were a more serious loss
+      than never to have won it; since surely it is harder to be poor after
+      being rich than never to have tasted wealth at all, and more painful to
+      sink to the level of a subject, being a king, then never to have worn a
+      crown.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "You cannot forget that your present vassals were not persuaded to become
+      your subjects out of love for you, but by sheer force; and but for some
+      restraining dread they would endeavour to be free again to-morrow. And how
+      do you propose to stimulate their sense of awe, and keep them in good
+      behaviour towards you? Shall they see our soldiers so disposed towards you
+      that a word on your part would suffice to keep them now, or if necessary
+      would bring them back again to-morrow? while others hearing from us a
+      hundred stories in your praise, hasten to present themselves at your
+      desire? Or will you drive them to conclude adversely, that through
+      mistrust of what has happened now, no second set of soldiers will come to
+      help you, for even these troops of ours are more their friends than yours?
+      And indeed it was not because they fell short of us in numbers that they
+      became your subjects, but from lack of proper leaders. There is a danger,
+      therefore, now lest they should choose as their protectors some of us who
+      regard ourselves as wronged by you, or even better men than us&mdash;the
+      Lacedaemonians themselves; supposing our soldiers undertake to serve with
+      more enthusiasm, if the debt you owe to them be first exacted; and the
+      Lacedaemonians, who need their services, consent to this request. It is
+      plain, at any rate, that the Thracians, now prostrate at your feet, would
+      display far more enthusiasm in attacking, than in assisting you; for your
+      mastery means their slavery, and your defeat their liberty.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Again, the country is now yours, and from this time forward you have to
+      make provision for what is yours; and how will you best secure it an
+      immunity from ill? Either these soldiers receive their dues and go,
+      leaving a legacy of peace behind, or they stay and occupy an enemy's
+      country, whilst you endeavour, by aid of a still larger army, to open a
+      new campaign and turn them out; and your new troops will also need
+      provisions. Or again, which will be the greater drain on your purse? to
+      pay off your present debt, or, with that still owing, to bid for more
+      troops, and of a better quality?
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Heracleides, as he used to prove to me, finds the sum excessive. But
+      surely it is a far less serious thing for you to take and pay it back
+      to-day than it would have been to pay the tithe of it, before we came to
+      you; since the limit between less and more is no fixed number, but depends
+      on the relative capacity of payer and recipient, and your yearly income
+      now is larger than the whole property which you possessed in earlier days.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Well, Seuthes, for myself these remarks are the expression of friendly
+      forethought for a friend. They are expressed in the double hope that you
+      may show yourself worthy of the good things which the gods have given you,
+      and that my reputation may not be ruined with the army. For I must assure
+      you that to-day, if I wished to injure a foe, I could not do so with this
+      army. Nor again, if I wished to come and help you, should I be competent
+      to the task; such is the disposition of the troops towards me. And yet I
+      call you to witness, along with the gods who know, that never have I
+      received anything from you on account of the soldiers. Never to this day
+      have I, to my private gain, asked for what was theirs, nor even claimed
+      the promises which were made to myself; and I swear to you, not even had
+      you proposed to pay me my dues, would I have accepted them, unless the
+      soldiers also had been going to receive theirs too; how could I? How
+      shameful it would have been in me, so to have secured my own interests,
+      whilst I disregarded the disastrous state of theirs, I being so honoured
+      by them. Of course to the mind of Heracleides this is all silly talk;
+      since the one great object is to keep money by whatever means. That is not
+      my tenet, Seuthes. I believe that no fairer or brighter jewel can be given
+      to a man, and most of all a prince, than the threefold grace of valour,
+      justice, and generosity. He that possesses these is rich in the multitude
+      of friends which surround him; rich also in the desire of others to be
+      included in their number. While he prospers, he is surrounded by those who
+      will rejoice with him in his joy; or if misfortune overtake him, he has no
+      lack of sympathisers to give him help. However, if you have failed to
+      learn from my deeds that I was, heart and soul, your friend; if my words
+      are powerless to reveal the fact to-day, I would at least direct your
+      attention to what the soldiers said; you were standing by and heard what
+      those who sought to blame me said. They accused me to the Lacedaemonians,
+      and the point of their indictment was that I set greater store by yourself
+      than by the Lacedaemonians; but, as regards themselves, the charge was
+      that I took more pains to secure the success of your interests than their
+      own. They suggested that I had actually taken gifts from you. Was it, do
+      you suppose, because they detected some ill-will in me towards you that
+      they made the allegation? Was it not rather, that they had noticed my
+      abundant zeal on your behalf?
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "All men believe, I think, that a fund of kindly feeling is due to him
+      from whom we accept gifts. But what is your behaviour? Before I had
+      ministered to you in any way, or done you a single service, you welcomed
+      me kindly with your eyes, your voice, your hospitality, and you could not
+      sate yourself with promises of all the fine things that were to follow.
+      But having once achieved your object, and become the great man you now
+      are, as great indeed as I could make you, you can stand by and see me
+      degraded among my own soldiers! Well, time will teach you&mdash;that I
+      fully believe&mdash;to pay whatever seems to you right, and even without
+      the lessons of that teacher you will hardly care to see whose who have
+      spent themselves in benefiting you, become your accusers. Only, when you
+      do pay your debt, I beg of you to use your best endeavour to right me with
+      the soldiers. Leave me at least where you found me; that is all I ask."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      After listening to this appeal, Seuthes called down curses on him, whose
+      fault it was, that the debt had not long ago been paid, and, if the
+      general suspicion was correct, this was Heracleides. "For myself," said
+      Seuthes, "I never had any idea of robbing you of your just dues. I will
+      repay." Then Xenophon rejoined: "Since you are minded to pay, I only ask
+      that you will do so through me, and will not suffer me on your account to
+      hold a different position in the army from what I held when we joined
+      you." He replied: "As far as that goes, so far from holding a less
+      honoured position among your own men on my account, if you will stay with
+      me, keeping only a thousand heavy infantry, I will deliver to you the
+      fortified places and everything I promised." The other answered: "On these
+      terms I may not accept them, only let us go free." "Nay, but I know," said
+      Seuthes, "that it is safer for you to bide with me than to go away." Then
+      Xenophon again: "For your forethought I thank you, but I may not stay.
+      Somewhere I may rise to honour, and that, be sure, shall redound to your
+      gain also." Thereupon Seuthes spoke: "Of silver I have but little; that
+      little, however, I give to you, one talent; but of beeves I can give you
+      six hundred head, and of sheep four thousand, and of slaves six score.
+      These take, and the hostages besides, who wronged you, and begone."
+      Xenophon laughed and said: "But supposing these all together do not amount
+      to the pay; for whom is the talent, shall I say? It is a little dangerous
+      for myself, is it not? I think I had better be on the look-out for stones
+      when I return. You heard the threats?"
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      So for the moment he stayed there, but the next day Seuthes gave up to
+      them what he had promised, and sent an escort to drive the cattle. The
+      soldiers at first maintained that Xenophon had gone to take up his abode
+      with Seuthes, and to receive what he had been promised; so when they saw
+      him they were pleased, and ran to meet him. And Xenophon, seeing Charminus
+      and Polynicus, said: "Thanks to your intervention, this much has been
+      saved for the army. My duty is to deliver this fraction over to your
+      keeping; do you divide and distribute it to the soldiers." Accordingly
+      they took the property and appointed official vendors of the booty, and in
+      the end incurred considerable blame. Xenophon held aloof. In fact it was
+      no secret that he was making his preparations to return home, for as yet
+      the vote of banishment had not been passed at Athens (1). But the
+      authorities in the camp came to him and begged him not to go away until he
+      had conducted the army to its destination, and handed it over to Thibron.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) I.e. "at this moment the vote of banishment had not been passed
+    which would prevent his return to Athens." The natural inference
+    from these words is, I think, that the vote of banishment was
+    presently passed, at any rate considerably earlier than the battle
+    of Coronea in B.C. 394, five years and a half afterwards.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0060" id="link2H_4_0060">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      VIII
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      From this place they sailed across to Lampsacus, and here Xenophon was met
+      by Eucleides the soothsayer, a Phliasian, the son of Cleagoras, who
+      painted "the dreams (1)" in the Lycium. Eucleides congratulated Xenophon
+      upon his safe return, and asked him how much gold he had got? and Xenophon
+      had to confess: "Upon my word, I shall have barely enough to get home,
+      unless I sell my horse, and what I have about my person." The other could
+      not credit the statement. Now when the Lampsacenes sent gifts of
+      hospitality to Xenophon, and he was sacrificing to Apollo, he requested
+      the presence of Eucleides; and the latter, seeing the victims, said: "Now
+      I believe what you said about having no money. But I am certain," he
+      continued, "if it were ever to come, there is an obstacle in the way. If
+      nothing else, you are that obstacle yourself." Xenophon admitted the force
+      of that remark. Then the other: "Zeus Meilichios (2) is an obstacle to
+      you, I am sure," adding in another tone of voice, "have you tried
+      sacrificing to that god, as I was wont to sacrifice and offer whole burnt
+      offerings for you at home?" Xenophon replied that since he had been
+      abroad, he had not sacrificed to that god. Accordingly Eucleides
+      counselled him to sacrifice in the old customary way: he was sure that his
+      fortune would improve. The next day Xenophon went on to Ophrynium and
+      sacrificed, offering a holocaust of swine, after the custom of his family,
+      and the signs which he obtained were favourable. That very day Bion and
+      Nausicleides arrived laden with gifts for the army. These two were
+      hospitably entertained by Xenophon, and were kind enough to repurchase the
+      horse he had sold in Lampsacus for fifty darics; suspecting that he had
+      parted with it out of need, and hearing that he was fond of the beast they
+      restored it to him, refusing to be remunerated.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) Reading {ta enupnia}, or if {ta entoikhia} with Hug and others,
+    translate "the wall-paintings" or the "frescoes." Others think
+    that a writing, not a painting, is referred to.
+
+ (2) Zeus Meilichios, or the gentle one. See Thuc. i. 126. The festival
+    of the Diasia at Athens was in honour of that god, or rather of
+    Zeus under that aspect. Cf. Arist. "Clouds," 408.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      From that place they marched through the Troad, and, crossing Mount Ida,
+      arrived at Antandrus, and then pushed along the seaboard of Mysia to the
+      plain of Thebe (3). Thence they made their way through Adramytium and
+      Certonus (4) by Atarneus, coming into the plain of the Caicus, and so
+      reached Pergamus in Mysia.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (3) Thebe, a famous ancient town in Mysia, at the southern foot of Mt.
+    Placius, which is often mentioned in Homer ("Il." i. 366, vi. 397,
+    xxii. 479, ii. 691). See "Dict. Geog." s.v. The name {Thebes
+    pedion} preserves the site. Cf. above {Kaustrou pedion}, and such
+    modern names as "the Campagna" or "Piano di Sorrento."
+
+ (4) The site of Certonus is not ascertained. Some critics have
+    conjectured that the name should be Cytonium, a place between
+    Mysia and Lydia; and Hug, who reads {Kutoniou}, omits {odeusantes
+    par 'Atanea}, "they made their way by Atarneus," as a gloss.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Here Xenophon was hospitably entertained at the house of Hellas, the wife
+      of Gongylus the Eretrian (5), the mother of Gorgion and Gongylus. From her
+      he learnt that Asidates, a Persian notable, was in the plain. "If you take
+      thirty men and go by night, you will take him prisoner," she said, "wife,
+      children, money, and all; of money he has a store;" and to show them the
+      way to these treasures, she sent her own cousin and Daphnagoras, whom she
+      set great store by. So then Xenophon, with these two to assist, did
+      sacrifice; and Basias, an Eleian, the soothsayer in attendance, said that
+      the victims were as promising as could be, and the great man would be an
+      easy prey. Accordingly, after dinner he set off, taking with him the
+      officers who had been his staunchest friends and confidants throughout; as
+      he wished to do them a good turn. A number of others came thrusting
+      themselves on their company, to the number of six hundred, but the
+      officers repelled them: "They had no notion of sharing their portion of
+      the spoil," they said, "just as though the property lay already at their
+      feet."
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (5) Cf. Thuc. i. 128; also "Hell." III. i. 6.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      About midnight they arrived. The slaves occupying the precincts of the
+      tower, with the mass of goods and chattles, slipped through their fingers,
+      their sole anxiety being to capture Asidates and his belongings. So they
+      brought their batteries to bear, but failing to take the tower by assault
+      (since it was high and solid, and well supplied with ramparts, besides
+      having a large body of warlike defenders), they endeavoured to undermine
+      it. The wall was eight clay bricks thick, but by daybreak the passage was
+      effected and the wall undermined. At the first gleam of light through the
+      aperture, one of the defendants inside, with a large ox-spit, smote right
+      through the thigh of the man nearest the hole, and the rest discharged
+      their arrows so hotly that it was dangerous to come anywhere near the
+      passage; and what with their shouting and kindling of beacon fires, a
+      relief party at length arrived, consisting of Itabelius at the head of his
+      force, and a body of Assyrian heavy infantry from Comania, and some
+      Hyrcanian cavalry (6), the latter also being mercenaries of the king.
+      There were eighty of them, and another detachment of light troops, about
+      eight hundred, and more from Parthenium, and more again from Apollonia and
+      the neighbouring places, also cavalry.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (6) The Hyrcanian cavalry play an important part in the "Cyropaedeia."
+    They are the Scirites of the Assyrian army who came over to Cyrus
+    after the first battle. Their country is the fertile land touching
+    the south-eastern corner of the Caspian. Cf. "Cyrop." IV. ii. 8,
+    where the author (or an editor) appends a note on the present
+    status of the Hyrcanians.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      It was now high time to consider how they were to beat a retreat. So
+      seizing all the cattle and sheep to be had, with the slaves, they put them
+      within a hollow square and proceed to drive them off. Not that they had a
+      thought to give to the spoils now, but for precaution's sake and for fear
+      lest if they left the goods and chattels behind and made off, the retreat
+      would rapidly degenerate into a stampede, the enemy growing bolder as the
+      troops lost heart. For the present then they retired as if they meant to
+      do battle for the spoils. As soon as Gongylus espied how few the Hellenes
+      were and how large the attacking party, out he came himself, in spite of
+      his mother, with his private force, wishing to share in the action.
+      Another too joined in the rescue&mdash;Procles, from Halisarna and
+      Teuthrania, a descendant of Damaratus. By this time Xenophon and his men
+      were being sore pressed by the arrows and slingstones, though they marched
+      in a curve so as to keep their shields facing the missiles, and even so,
+      barely crossed the river Carcasus, nearly half of them wounded. Here it
+      was that Agasias the Stymphalian, the captain, received his wound, while
+      keeping up a steady unflagging fight against the enemy from beginning to
+      end. And so they reached home in safety with about two hundred captives,
+      and sheep enough for sacrifices.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The next day Xenophon sacrificed and led out the whole army under the
+      cover of night, intending to pierce far into the heart of Lydia with a
+      view to lulling to sleep the enemy's alarm at his proxmity, and so in fact
+      to put him off his guard. But Asidates, hearing that Xenophon had again
+      sacrificed with the intention of another attack, and was approaching with
+      his whole army, left his tower and took up quarters in some villages lying
+      under the town of Parthenium. Here Xenophon's party fell in with him, and
+      took him prisoner, with his wife, his children, his horses, and all that
+      he had; and so the promise of the earlier victims was literally fulfilled.
+      After that they returned again to Pergamus, and here Xenophon might well
+      thank God with a warm heart, for the Laconians, the officers, the other
+      generals, and the soldiers as a body united to give him the pick of horses
+      and cattle teams, and the rest; so that he was now in a position himself
+      to do another a good turn.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Meanwhile Thibron arrived and received the troops which he incorporated
+      with the rest of his Hellenic forces, and so proceeded to prosecute a war
+      against Tissaphernes and Pharnabazus (7).
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (7) The MSS. add: "The following is a list of the governors of the
+    several territories of the king which were traversed by us during
+    the expedition: Artimas, governor of Lydia; Artacamas, of Phrygia;
+    Mithridates, of Lycaonia and Cappadocia; Syennesis, of Cilicia;
+    Dernes, of Phoenicia and Arabia; Belesys, of Syria and Assyria;
+    Rhoparas, of Babylon; Arbacus, of Media; Tiribazus, of the
+    Phasians and Hesperites. Then some independent tribes&mdash;the
+    Carduchians or Kurds, and Chalybes, and Chaldaeans, and Macrones,
+    and Colchians, and Mossynoecians, and Coetians, and Tibarenians.
+    Then Corylas, the governor of Paphlagonia; Pharnabazus, of the
+    Bithynians; Seuthes, of the European Thracians. The entire
+    journey, ascent and descent, consisted of two hundred and fifteen
+    stages = one thousand one hundred and fifty-five parasangs =
+    thirty-four thousand six hundred and fifty stades. Computed in
+    time, the length of ascent and descent together amounted to one
+    year and three months." The annotator apparently computes the
+    distance from Ephesus to Cotyora.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />
+    </p>
+<div>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 1170 ***</div>
+  </body>
+</html>
+
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+******The Project Gutenberg Etext of Anabasis by Xenophon******
+Translation by H. G. Dakyns
+#2 in our series of Xenophon translations by Dakyns
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+Anabasis
+
+by Xenophon
+
+Translation by H. G. Dakyns
+
+January, 1998  [Etext #1170]
+[Date last updated: January 1, 2006]
+
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+******The Project Gutenberg Etext of Anabasis by Xenophon******
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+Etext prepared by John Bickers, jbickers@templar.actrix.gen.nz.
+
+
+
+
+
+ANABASIS
+
+By Xenophon
+
+Translation by H. G. Dakyns
+
+
+
+
+Dedicated To
+Rev. B. Jowett, M.A.
+Master of Balliol College
+Regius Professor of Greek in the University of Oxford
+
+
+
+Xenophon the Athenian was born 431 B.C. He was a
+pupil of Socrates. He marched with the Spartans,
+and was exiled from Athens. Sparta gave him land
+and property in Scillus, where he lived for many
+years before having to move once more, to settle
+in Corinth. He died in 354 B.C.
+
+The Anabasis is his story of the march to Persia
+to aid Cyrus, who enlisted Greek help to try and
+take the throne from Artaxerxes, and the ensuing
+return of the Greeks, in which Xenophon played a
+leading role. This occurred between 401 B.C. and
+March 399 B.C.
+
+
+
+PREPARER'S NOTE
+
+This was typed from Dakyns' series, "The Works of Xenophon," a
+four-volume set. The complete list of Xenophon's works (though
+there is doubt about some of these) is:
+
+Work                                   Number of books
+
+The Anabasis                                         7
+The Hellenica                                        7
+The Cyropaedia                                       8
+The Memorabilia                                      4
+The Symposium                                        1
+The Economist                                        1
+On Horsemanship                                      1
+The Sportsman                                        1
+The Cavalry General                                  1
+The Apology                                          1
+On Revenues                                          1
+The Hiero                                            1
+The Agesilaus                                        1
+The Polity of the Athenians and the Lacedaemonians   2
+
+Text in brackets "{}" is my transliteration of Greek text into
+English using an Oxford English Dictionary alphabet table. The
+diacritical marks have been lost.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ANABASIS
+
+BY
+
+XENOPHON
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ANABASIS
+
+
+
+BOOK I
+
+
+
+
+Darius and Parysatis had two sons: the elder was named Artaxerxes, and  1
+the younger Cyrus. Now, as Darius lay sick and felt that the end of
+life drew near, he wished both his sons to be with him. The elder, as
+it chanced, was already there, but Cyrus he must needs send for from
+the province over which he had made him satrap, having appointed him
+general moreover of all the forces that muster in the plain of the
+Castolus. Thus Cyrus went up, taking with him Tissaphernes as his
+friend, and accompanied also by a body of Hellenes, three hundred
+heavy armed men, under the command of Xenias the Parrhasian[1].
+
+[1] Parrhasia, a district and town in the south-west of Arcadia.
+
+Now when Darius was dead, and Artaxerxes was established in the
+kingdom, Tissaphernes brought slanderous accusations against Cyrus
+before his brother, the king, of harbouring designs against him. And
+Artaxerxes, listening to the words of Tissaphernes, laid hands upon
+Cyrus, desiring to put him to death; but his mother made intercession
+for him, and sent him back again in safety to his province. He then,
+having so escaped through peril and dishonour, fell to considering,
+not only how he might avoid ever again being in his brother's power,
+but how, if possible, he might become king in his stead. Parysatis,
+his mother, was his first resource; for she had more love for Cyrus
+than for Artaxerxes upon his throne. Moreover Cyrus's behaviour
+towards all who came to him from the king's court was such that, when
+he sent them away again, they were better friends to himself than to    5
+the king his brother. Nor did he neglect the barbarians in his own
+service; but trained them, at once to be capable as warriors and
+devoted adherents of himself. Lastly, he began collecting his Hellenic
+armament, but with the utmost secrecy, so that he might take the king
+as far as might be at unawares.
+
+The manner in which he contrived the levying of the troops was as
+follows: First, he sent orders to the commandants of garrisons in the
+cities (so held by him), bidding them to get together as large a body
+of picked Peloponnesian troops as they severally were able, on the
+plea that Tissaphernes was plotting against their cities; and truly
+these cities of Ionia had originally belonged to Tissaphernes, being
+given to him by the king; but at this time, with the exception of
+Miletus, they had all revolted to Cyrus. In Miletus, Tissaphernes,
+having become aware of similar designs, had forestalled the
+conspirators by putting some to death and banishing the remainder.
+Cyrus, on his side, welcomed these fugitives, and having collected an
+army, laid siege to Miletus by sea and land, endeavouring to reinstate
+the exiles; and this gave him another pretext for collecting an
+armament. At the same time he sent to the king, and claimed, as being
+the king's brother, that these cities should be given to himself
+rather than that Tissaphernes should continue to govern them; and in
+furtherance of this end, the queen, his mother, co-operated with him,
+so that the king not only failed to see the design against himself,
+but concluded that Cyrus was spending his money on armaments in order
+to make war on Tissaphernes. Nor did it pain him greatly to see the
+two at war together, and the less so because Cyrus was careful to
+remit the tribute due to the king from the cities which belonged to
+Tissaphernes.
+
+A third army was being collected for him in the Chersonese, over
+against Abydos, the origin of which was as follows: There was a
+Lacedaemonian exile, named Clearchus, with whom Cyrus had become
+associated. Cyrus admired the man, and made him a present of ten
+thousand darics[2]. Clearchus took the gold, and with the money raised  9
+an army, and using the Chersonese as his base of operations, set to
+work to fight the Thracians north of the Hellespont, in the interests
+of the Hellenes, and with such happy result that the Hellespontine
+cities, of their own accord, were eager to contribute funds for the
+support of his troops. In this way, again, an armament was being
+secretly maintained for Cyrus.
+
+[2] A Persian gold coin = 125.55 grains of gold.
+
+Then there was the Thessalian Aristippus, Cyrus's friend[3], who,
+under pressure of the rival political party at home, had come to Cyrus
+and asked him for pay for two thousand mercenaries, to be continued
+for three months, which would enable him, he said, to gain the upper
+hand of his antagonists. Cyrus replied by presenting him with six
+months' pay for four thousand mercenaries--only stipulating that
+Aristippus should not come to terms with his antagonists without final
+consultation with himself. In this way he secured to himself the
+secret maintenance of a fourth armament.
+
+[3] Lit. "guest-friend." Aristippus was, as we learn from the "Meno"
+    of Plato, a native of Larisa, of the family of the Aleuadae, and a
+    pupil of Gorgias. He was also a lover of Menon, whom he appears to
+    have sent on this expedition instead of himself.
+
+Further, he bade Proxenus, a Boeotian, who was another friend, get
+together as many men as possible, and join him in an expedition which
+he meditated against the Pisidians[4], who were causing annoyance to
+his territory. Similarly two other friends, Sophaenetus the
+Stymphalian[5], and Socrates the Achaean, had orders to get together
+as many men as possible and come to him, since he was on the point of
+opening a campaign, along with Milesian exiles, against Tissaphernes.
+These orders were duly carried out by the officers in question.
+
+[4] Lit. "into the country of the Pisidians."
+
+[5] Of Stymphalus in Arcadia.
+
+
+
+II
+
+But when the right moment seemed to him to have come, at which he       1
+should begin his march into the interior, the pretext which he put
+forward was his desire to expel the Pisidians utterly out of the
+country; and he began collecting both his Asiatic and his Hellenic
+armaments, avowedly against that people. From Sardis in each direction
+his orders sped: to Clearchus, to join him there with the whole of his
+army; to Aristippus, to come to terms with those at home, and to
+despatch to him the troops in his employ; to Xenias the Arcadian, who
+was acting as general-in-chief of the foreign troops in the cities, to
+present himself with all the men available, excepting only those who
+were actually needed to garrison the citadels. He next summoned the
+troops at present engaged in the siege of Miletus, and called upon the
+exiles to follow him on his intended expedition, promising them that
+if he were successful in his object, he would not pause until he had
+reinstated them in their native city. To this invitation they
+hearkened gladly; they believed in him; and with their arms they
+presented themselves at Sardis. So, too, Xenias arrived at Sardis with
+the contingent from the cities, four thousand hoplites; Proxenus,
+also, with fifteen hundred hoplites and five hundred light-armed
+troops; Sophaenetus the Stymphalian, with one thousand hoplites;
+Socrates the Achaean, with five hundred hoplites; while the Megarion
+Pasion came with three hundred hoplites and three hundred peltasts[1].
+This latter officer, as well as Socrates, belonged to the force
+engaged against Miletus. These all joined him at Sardis.
+
+[1] "Targeteers" armed with a light shield instead of the larger one
+    of the hoplite, or heavy infantry soldier. Iphicrates made great
+    use of this arm at a later date.
+
+But Tissaphernes did not fail to note these proceedings. An equipment
+so large pointed to something more than an invasion of Pisidia: so he
+argued; and with what speed he might, he set off to the king, attended
+by about five hundred horse. The king, on his side, had no sooner
+heard from Tissaphernes of Cyrus's great armament, than he began to
+make counter-preparations.
+
+Thus Cyrus, with the troops which I have named, set out from Sardis,
+and marched on and on through Lydia three stages, making
+two-and-twenty parasangs[2], to the river Maeander. That river is two
+hundred feet[3] broad, and was spanned by a bridge consisting of seven
+boats. Crossing it, he marched through Phrygia a single stage, of
+eight parasangs, to Colossae, an inhabited city[4], prosperous and      6
+large. Here he remained seven days, and was joined by Menon the
+Thessalian, who arrived with one thousand hoplites and five hundred
+peltasts, Dolopes, Aenianes, and Olynthians. From this place he
+marched three stages, twenty parasangs in all, to Celaenae, a populous
+city of Phrygia, large and prosperous. Here Cyrus owned a palace and a
+large park[5] full of wild beasts, which he used to hunt on horseback,
+whenever he wished to give himself or his horses exercise. Through the
+midst of the park flows the river Maeander, the sources of which are
+within the palace buildings, and it flows through the city of
+Celaenae. The great king also has a palace in Celaenae, a strong
+place, on the sources of another river, the Marsyas, at the foot of
+the acropolis. This river also flows through the city, discharging
+itself into the Maeander, and is five-and-twenty feet broad. Here is
+the place where Apollo is said to have flayed Marsyas, when he had
+conquered him in the contest of skill. He hung up the skin of the
+conquered man, in the cavern where the spring wells forth, and hence
+the name of the river, Marsyas. It was on this site that Xerxes, as
+tradition tells, built this very palace, as well as the citadel of
+Celaenae itself, on his retreat from Hellas, after he had lost the
+famous battle. Here Cyrus remained for thirty days, during which
+Clearchus the Lacedaemonian arrived with one thousand hoplites and
+eight hundred Thracian peltasts and two hundred Cretan archers. At the
+same time, also, came Sosis the Syracusian with three thousand
+hoplites, and Sophaenetus the Arcadian[6] with one thousand hoplites;
+and here Cyrus held a review, and numbered his Hellenes in the park,
+and found that they amounted in all to eleven thousand hoplites and
+about two thousand peltasts.
+
+[2] The Persian "farsang" = 30 stades, nearly 1 league, 3 1/2 statute
+    miles, though not of uniform value in all parts of Asia.
+
+[3] "Two plethra": the plethron = about 101 English feet.
+
+[4] Lit. "inhabited," many of the cities of Asia being then as now
+    deserted, but the suggestion is clearly at times "thickly
+    inhabited," "populous."
+
+[5] Lit. "paradise," an oriental word = park or pleasure ground.
+
+[6] Perhaps this should be Agias the Arcadian, as Mr. Macmichael
+    suggests. Sophaenetus has already been named above.
+
+From this place he continued his march two stages--ten parasangs--to    10
+the populous city of Peltae, where he remained three days; while
+Xenias, the Arcadian, celebrated the Lycaea[7] with sacrifice, and
+instituted games. The prizes were headbands of gold; and Cyrus himself
+was a spectator of the contest. From this place the march was
+continued two stages--twelve parasangs--to Ceramon-agora, a populous
+city, the last on the confines of Mysia. Thence a march of three
+stages--thirty parasangs--brought him to Caystru-pedion[8], a populous
+city. Here Cyrus halted five days; and the soldiers, whose pay was now
+more than three months in arrear, came several times to the palace
+gates demanding their dues; while Cyrus put them off with fine words
+and expectations, but could not conceal his vexation, for it was not
+his fashion to stint payment, when he had the means. At this point
+Epyaxa, the wife of Syennesis, the king of the Cilicians, arrived on a
+visit to Cyrus; and it was said that Cyrus received a large gift of
+money from the queen. At this date, at any rate, Cyrus gave the army
+four months' pay. The queen was accompanied by a bodyguard of
+Cilicians and Aspendians; and, if report speaks truly, Cyrus had
+intimate relations with the queen.
+
+[7] The Lycaea, an Arcadian festival in honour of Zeus {Arcaios}, akin
+    to the Roman Lupercalia, which was originally a shepherd festival,
+    the introduction of which the Romans ascribe to the Arcadian
+    Evander.
+
+[8] Lit. "plain of the Cayster," like Ceramon-agora, "the market of
+    the Ceramians" above, the name of a town.
+
+From this place he marched two stages--ten parasangs--to Thymbrium, a
+populous city. Here, by the side of the road, is the spring of Midas,
+the king of Phrygia, as it is called, where Midas, as the story goes,
+caught the satyr by drugging the spring with wine. From this place he
+marched two stages--ten parasangs--to Tyriaeum, a populous city. Here
+he halted three days; and the Cilician queen, according to the popular
+account, begged Cyrus to exhibit his armament for her amusement. The
+latter being only too glad to make such an exhibition, held a review
+of the Hellenes and barbarians in the plain. He ordered the Hellenes
+to draw up their lines and post themselves in their customary battle
+order, each general marshalling his own battalion. Accordingly they
+drew up four-deep. The right was held by Menon and those with him; the  15
+left by Clearchus and his men; the centre by the remaining generals
+with theirs. Cyrus first inspected the barbarians, who marched past in
+troops of horses and companies of infantry. He then inspected the
+Hellenes; driving past them in his chariot, with the queen in her
+carriage. And they all had brass helmets and purple tunics, and
+greaves, and their shields uncovered[9].
+
+[9] I.e. ready for action, c.f. "bayonets fixed".
+
+After he had driven past the whole body, he drew up his chariot in
+front of the centre of the battle-line, and sent his interpreter
+Pigres to the generals of the Hellenes, with orders to present arms
+and to advance along the whole line. This order was repeated by the
+generals to their men; and at the sound of the bugle, with shields
+forward and spears in rest, they advanced to meet the enemy. The pace
+quickened, and with a shout the soldiers spontaneously fell into a
+run, making in the direction of the camp. Great was the panic of the
+barbarians. The Cilician queen in her carriage turned and fled; the
+sutlers in the marketing place left their wares and took to their
+heels; and the Hellenes meanwhile came into camp with a roar of
+laughter. What astounded the queen was the brilliancy and order of the
+armament; but Cyrus was pleased to see the terror inspired by the
+Hellenes in the hearts of the Asiatics.
+
+From this place he marched on three stages--twenty parasangs--to
+Iconium, the last city of Phrygia, where he remained three days.
+Thence he marched through Lycaonia five stages--thirty parasangs. This
+was hostile country, and he gave it over to the Hellenes to pillage.
+At this point Cyrus sent back the Cilician queen to her own country by
+the quickest route; and to escort her he sent the soldiers of Menon,
+and Menon himself. With the rest of the troops he continued his march
+through Cappadocia four stages--twenty-five parasangs--to Dana, a
+populous city, large and flourishing. Here they halted three days,
+within which interval Cyrus put to death, on a charge of conspiracy, a
+Persian nobleman named Megaphernes, a wearer of the royal purple; and
+along with him another high dignitary among his subordinate
+commanders.
+
+From this place they endeavoured to force a passage into Cilicia. Now   21
+the entrance was by an exceedingly steep cart-road, impracticable for
+an army in face of a resisting force; and report said that Syennesis
+was on the summit of the pass guarding the approach. Accordingly they
+halted a day in the plain; but next day came a messenger informing
+them that Syenesis had left the pass; doubtless, after perceiving that
+Menon's army was already in Cilicia on his own side of the mountains;
+and he had further been informed that ships of war, belonging to the
+Lacedaemonians and to Cyrus himself, with Tamos on board as admiral,
+were sailing round from Ionia to Cilicia. Whatever the reason might
+be, Cyrus made his way up into the hills without let or hindrance, and
+came in sight of the tents where the Cilicians were on guard. From
+that point he descended gradually into a large and beautiful plain
+country, well watered, and thickly covered with trees of all sorts and
+vines. This plain produces sesame plentifully, as also panic and
+millet and barley and wheat; and it is shut in on all sides by a steep
+and lofty wall of mountains from sea to sea. Descending through this
+plain country, he advanced four stages--twenty-five parasangs--to
+Tarsus, a large and prosperous city of Cilicia. Here stood the palace
+of Syennesis, the king of the country; and through the middle of the
+city flows a river called the Cydnus, two hundred feet broad. They
+found that the city had been deserted by its inhabitants, who had
+betaken themselves, with Syennesis, to a strong place on the hills.
+All had gone, except the tavern-keepers. The sea-board inhabitants of
+Soli and Issi also remained. Now Epyaxa, Syennesis's queen, had
+reached Tarsus five days in advance of Cyrus. During their passage
+over the mountains into the plain, two companies of Menon's army were
+lost. Some said they had been cut down by the Cilicians, while engaged
+on some pillaging affair; another account was that they had been left
+behind, and being unable to overtake the main body, or discover the
+route, had gone astray and perished. However it was, they numbered one
+hundred hoplites; and when the rest arrived, being in a fury at the
+destruction of their fellow soldiers, they vented their spleen by
+pillaging the city of Tarsus and the palace to boot. Now when Cyrus
+had marched into the city, he sent for Syennesis to come to him; but    26
+the latter replied that he had never yet put himself into the hands of
+any one who was his superior, nor was he willing to accede to the
+proposal of Cyrus now; until, in the end, his wife persuaded him, and
+he accepted pledges of good faith. After this they met, and Syennesis
+gave Cyrus large sums in aid of his army; while Cyrus presented him
+with the customary royal gifts--to wit, a horse with a gold bit, a
+necklace of gold, a gold bracelet, and a gold scimitar, a Persian
+dress, and lastly, the exemption of his territory from further
+pillage, with the privilege of taking back the slaves that had been
+seized, wherever they might chance to come upon them.
+
+
+
+III
+
+At Tarsus Cyrus and his army halted for twenty days; the soldiers       1
+refusing to advance further, since the suspicion ripened in their
+minds, that the expedition was in reality directed against the king;
+and as they insisted, they had not engaged their services for that
+object. Clearchus set the example of trying to force his men to
+continue their march; but he had no sooner started at the head of his
+troops than they began to pelt him and his baggage train, and
+Clearchus had a narrow escape of being stoned to death there and then.
+Later on, when he perceived that force was useless, he summoned an
+assembly of his own men; and for a long while he stood and wept, while
+the men gazed in silent astonishment. At last he spoke as follows:
+"Fellow soldiers, do not marvel that I am sorely distressed on account
+of the present troubles. Cyrus has been no ordinary friend to me. When
+I was in banishment he honoured me in various ways, and made me also a
+present of ten thousand darics. These I accepted, but not to lay them
+up for myself for private use; not to squander them in pleasure, but
+to expend them on yourselves. And, first of all, I went to war with
+the Thracians, and with you to aid, I wreaked vengeance on them in
+behalf of Hellas; driving them out of the Chersonese, when they wanted
+to deprive its Hellenic inhabitants of their lands. But as soon as
+Cyrus summoned me, I took you with me and set out, so that, if my
+benefactor had any need of me, I might requite him for the good
+treatment I myself had received at his hands. . . . But since you are
+not minded to continue the march with me, one of two things is left to  5
+me to do; either I must renounce you for the sake of my friendship
+with Cyrus, or I must go with you at the cost of deceiving him.
+Whether I am about to do right or not, I cannot say, but I choose
+yourselves; and, whatever betide, I mean to share your fate. Never
+shall it be said of me by any one that, having led Greek troops
+against the barbarians[1], I betrayed the Hellenes, and chose the
+friendship of the barbarian. No! since you do not choose to obey and
+follow me, I will follow after you. Whatever betide, I will share your
+fate. I look upon you as my country, my friends, my allies; with you I
+think I shall be honoured, wherever I be; without you I do not see how
+I can help a friend or hurt a foe. My decision is taken. Wherever you
+go, I go also."
+
+[1] Lit. "into the country of the barbarian."
+
+Such were his words. But the soldiers, not only his own, but the rest
+also, when they heard what he said, and how he had scouted the idea of
+going up to the great king's palace[2], expressed their approval; and
+more than two thousand men deserted Xenias and Pasion, and took their
+arms and baggage-train, and came and encamped with Clearchus. But
+Cyrus, in despair and vexation at this turn of affairs, sent for
+Clearchus. He refused to come; but, without the knowledge of the
+soldiers, sent a message to Cyrus, bidding him keep a good heart, for
+that all would arrange itself in the right way; and bade him keep on
+sending for him, whilst he himself refused to go. After that he got
+together his own men, with those who had joined him, and of the rest
+any who chose to come, and spoke as follows: "Fellow soldiers, it is
+clear that the relations of Cyrus to us are identical with ours to
+him. We are no longer his soldiers, since we have ceased to follow
+him; and he, on his side, is no longer our paymaster. He, however, no
+doubt considers himself wronged by us; and though he goes on sending
+for me, I cannot bring myself to go to him: for two reasons, chiefly
+from a sense of shame, for I am forced to admit to myself that I have
+altogether deceived him; but partly, too, because I am afraid of his
+seizing me and inflicting a penalty on the wrongs which he conceives    11
+that I have done him. In my opinion, then, this is no time for us to
+go to sleep and forget all about ourselves, rather it is high time to
+deliberate on our next move; and as long as we do remain here, we had
+better bethink us how we are to abide in security; or, if we are
+resolved to turn our backs at once, what will be the safest means of
+retreat; and, further, how we are to procure supplies, for without
+supplies there is no profit whatsoever in the general or the private
+soldier. The man with whom we have to deal is an excellent friend to
+his friends, but a very dangerous enemy to his foes. And he is backed
+by a force of infantry and cavalry and ships such as we all alike very
+well see and know, since we can hardly be said to have posted
+ourselves at any great distance from him. If, then, any one has a
+suggestion to make, now is the time to speak." With these words he
+ceased.
+
+[2] Or "how he insisted that he was not going up."
+
+Then various speakers stood up; some of their own motion to propound
+their views; others inspired by Clearchus to dilate on the hopeless
+difficulty of either staying, or going back without the goodwill of
+Cyrus. One of these, in particular, with a make-believe of anxiety to
+commence the homeward march without further pause, called upon them
+instantly to choose other generals, if Clearchus were not himself
+prepared to lead them back: "Let them at once purchase supplies" (the
+market being in the heart of the Asiatic camp), "let them pack up
+their baggage: let them," he added, "go to Cyrus and ask for some
+ships in order to return by sea: if he refused to give them ships, let
+them demand of him a guide to lead them back through a friendly
+district; and if he would not so much as give them a guide, they could
+but put themselves, without more ado, in marching order, and send on a
+detachment to occupy the pass--before Cyrus and the Cilicians, whose
+property," the speaker added, "we have so plentifully pillaged, can
+anticipate us." Such were the remarks of that speaker; he was followed
+by Clearchus, who merely said: "As to my acting personally as general
+at this season, pray do not propose it: I can see numerous obstacles
+to my doing so. Obedience, in the fullest, I can render to the man of   15
+your choice, that is another matter: and you shall see and know that I
+can play my part, under command, with the best of you."
+
+After Clearchus another spokesman stood up, and proceeded to point out
+the simplicity of the speaker, who proposed to ask for vessels, just
+as if Cyrus were minded to renounce the expedition and sail back
+again. "And let me further point out," he said, "what a simple-minded
+notion it is to beg a guide of the very man whose designs we are
+marring. If we can trust any guide whom Cyrus may vouchsafe to us, why
+not order Cyrus at once to occupy the pass on our behoof? For my part,
+I should think twice before I set foot on any ships that he might give
+us, for fear lest he should sink them with his men-of-war; and I
+should equally hesitate to follow any guide of his: he might lead us
+into some place out of which we should find it impossible to escape. I
+should much prefer, if I am to return home against the will of Cyrus
+at all, to give him the slip, and so begone: which indeed is
+impossible. But these schemes are simply nonsensical. My proposal is
+that a deputation of fit persons, with Clearchus, should go to Cyrus:
+let them go to Cyrus and ask him: what use he proposes to make of us?
+and if the business is at all similar to that on which he once before
+employed a body of foreigners--let us by all means follow: let us show
+that we are the equals of those who accompanied him on his much up
+formerly. But if the design should turn out to be of larger import
+than the former one--involving more toil and more danger--we should
+ask him, either to give us good reasons for following his lead, or
+else consent to send us away into a friendly country. In this way,
+whether we follow him, we shall do so as friends, and with heart and
+soul, or whether we go back, we shall do so in security. The answer to
+this shall be reported to us here, and when we have heard it, we will
+advise as to our best course."
+
+This resolution was carried, and they chose and sent a deputation with
+Clearchus, who put to Cyrus the questions which had been agreed upon
+by the army. Cyrus replied as follows: That he had received news that
+Abrocomas, an enemy of his, was posted on the Euphrates, twelve stages  20
+off; his object was to march against this aforesaid Abrocomas: and if
+he were still there, he wished to inflict punishment on him, "or if he
+be fled" (so the reply concluded), "we will there deliberate on the
+best course." The deputation received the answer and reported it to
+the soldiers. The suspicion that he was leading them against the king
+was not dispelled; but it seemed best to follow him. They only
+demanded an increase of pay, and Cyrus promised to give them half as
+much again as they had hitherto received--that is to say, a daric and
+a half a month to each man, instead of a daric. Was he really leading
+them to attack the king? Not even at this moment was any one apprised
+of the fact, at any rate in any open and public manner.
+
+
+
+IV
+
+From this point he marched two stages--ten parasangs--to the river      1
+Psarus, which is two hundred feet broad, and from the Psarus he
+marched a single stage--five parasangs--to Issi, the last city in
+Cilicia. It lies on the seaboard--a prosperous, large and flourishing
+town. Here they halted three days, and here Cyrus was joined by his
+fleet. There were thirty-five ships from Peloponnesus, with the
+Lacedaemonian admiral Pythagoras on board. These had been piloted from
+Ephesus by Tamos the Egyptian, who himself had another fleet of
+twenty-five ships belonging to Cyrus. These had formed Tamos's
+blockading squadron at Miletus, when that city sided with
+Tissaphernes; he had also used them in other military services
+rendered to Cyrus in his operations against that satrap. There was a
+third officer on board the fleet, the Lacedaemonian Cheirisophus, who
+had been sent for by Cyrus, and had brought with him seven hundred
+hoplites, over whom he was to act as general in the service of Cyrus.
+The fleet lay at anchor opposite Cyrus's tent. Here too another
+reinforcement presented itself. This was a body of four hundred
+hoplites, Hellenic mercenaries in the service of Abrocomas, who         3
+deserted him for Cyrus, and joined in the campaign against the king.
+
+From Issi, he marched a single stage--five parasangs--to the gates of
+Cilicia and Syria. This was a double fortress: the inner and nearer
+one, which protects Cilicia, was held by Syennesis and a garrison of
+Cilicians; the outer and further one, protecting Syria, was reported
+to be garrisoned by a body of the king's troops. Through the gap
+between the two fortresses flows a river named the Carsus, which is a
+hundred feet broad, and the whole space between was scarcely more than
+six hundred yards. To force a passage here would be impossible, so
+narrow was the pass itself, with the fortification walls stretching
+down to the sea, and precipitous rocks above; while both fortresses
+were furnished with gates. It was the existence of this pass which had
+induced Cyrus to send for the fleet, so as to enable him to lead a
+body of hoplites inside and outside the gates; and so to force a
+passage through the enemy, if he were guarding the Syrian gate, as he
+fully expected to find Abrocomas doing with a large army. This,
+however, Abrocomas had not done; but as soon as he learnt that Cyrus
+was in Cilicia, he had turned round and made his exit from Phoenicia,
+to join the king with an army amounting, as report said, to three
+hundred thousand men.
+
+From this point Cyrus pursued his march, through Syria a single
+stage--five parasangs--to Myriandus, a city inhabited by Phoenicians,
+on the sea-coast. This was a commercial port, and numerous merchant
+vessels were riding at anchor in the harbour. Here they halted seven
+days, and here Xenias the Arcadian general, and Pasion the Megarian
+got on board a trader, and having stowed away their most valuable
+effects, set sail for home; most people explained the act as the
+outcome of a fit of jealousy, because Cyrus had allowed Clearchus to
+retain their men, who had deserted to him, in hopes of returning to
+Hellas instead of marching against the king; when the two had so
+vanished, a rumour spread that Cyrus was after them with some ships of
+war, and some hoped the cowards might be caught, others pitied them,
+if that should be their fate.
+
+But Cyrus summoned the generals and addressed them: "Xenias and         8
+Pasion," he said, "have taken leave of us; but they need not flatter
+themselves that in so doing they have stolen into hiding. I know where
+they are gone; nor will they owe their escape to speed; I have
+men-of-war to capture their craft, if I like. But heaven help me! if I
+mean to pursue them: never shall it be said of me, that I turn people
+to account as long as they stay with me, but as soon as they are
+minded to be off, I seize and maltreat them, and strip them of their
+wealth. Not so! let them go with the consciousness that our behaviour
+to them is better than theirs to us. And yet I have their children and
+wives safe under lock and key in Tralles; but they shall not be
+deprived even of these. They shall receive them back in return for
+their former goodness to me." So he spoke, and the Hellenes, even
+those who had been out of heart at the thought of marching up the
+country, when they heard of the nobleness of Cyrus, were happier and
+more eager to follow him on his path.
+
+After this Cyrus marched onwards four stages--twenty parasangs--to the
+river Chalus. That river is a hundred feet broad, and is stocked with
+tame fish which the Syrians regard as gods, and will not suffer to be
+injured--and so too the pigeons of the place. The villages in which
+they encamped belonged to Parysatis, as part of her girdle money[1].
+From this point he marched on five stages--thirty parasangs--to the
+sources of the river Dardas, which is a hundred feet broad. Here stood
+the palace of Belesys, the ruler of Syria, with its park--which was a
+very large and beautiful one, and full of the products of all the
+seasons in their course. But Cyrus cut down the park and burnt the
+palace. Thence he marched on three stages--fifteen parasangs--to the
+river Euphrates, which is nearly half a mile broad. A large and         11
+flourishing city, named Thapsacus, stands on its banks. Here they
+halted five days, and here Cyrus sent for the generals of the
+Hellenes, and told them that the advance was now to be upon Babylon,
+against the great king; he bade them communicate this information to
+the soldiers and persuade them to follow. The generals called an
+assembly, and announced the news to the soldiers. The latter were
+indignant and angry with the generals, accusing them of having kept
+secret what they had long known; and refused to go, unless such a
+bribe of money were given them as had been given to their
+predecessors, when they went up with Cyrus to the court of his father,
+not as now to fight a battle, but on a peaceful errand--the visit of a
+son to his father by invitation. The demand was reported to Cyrus by
+the generals, and he undertook to give each man five silver minae as
+soon as Babylon was reached, and their pay in full, until he had
+safely conveyed them back to Ionia again. In this manner the Hellenic
+force were persuaded--that is to say, the majority of them. Menon,
+indeed, before it was clear what the rest of the soldiers would
+do--whether, in fact they would follow Cyrus or not--collected his own
+troops apart and made them the following speech; "Men," he said, "if
+you will listen to me, there is a method by which, without risk or
+toil, you may win the special favour of Cyrus beyond the rest of the
+soldiers. You ask what it is I would have you to do? I will tell you.
+Cyrus at this instant is begging the Hellenes to follow him to attack
+the king. I say then: Cross the Euphrates at once, before it is clear
+what answer the rest will make; if they vote in favour of following,
+you will get the credit of having set the example, and Cyrus will be
+grateful to you. He will look upon you as being the heartiest in his
+cause; he will repay, as of all others he best knows how; while, if
+the rest vote against crossing, we shall go back again; but as the
+sole adherents, whose fidelity he can altogether trust, it is you whom
+Cyrus will turn to account, as commandants of garrisons or captains of
+companies. You need only ask him for whatever you want, and you will
+get it from him, as being the friends of Cyrus.
+
+[1] Cf. Plat. "Alcib." i. 123 B. "Why, I have been informed by a
+    credible person, who went up to the king (at Susa), that he passed
+    through a large tract of excellent land, extending for nearly a
+    day's journey, which the people of the country called the queen's
+    girdle, and another which they called her veil," etc. Olympiodorus
+    and the Scholiast both think that Plato here refers to Xenophon
+    and this passage of the "Anabasis." Grote thinks it very probable
+    that Plato had in his mind Xenophon (either his "Anabasis" or
+    personal communications with him).
+
+The men heard and obeyed, and before the rest had given their answer,
+they were already across. But when Cyrus perceived that Menon's troops  16
+had crossed, he was well pleased, and he sent Glus to the division in
+question, with this message: "Soldiers, accept my thanks at present;
+eventually you shall thank me. I will see to that, or my name is not
+Cyrus." The soldiers therefore could not but pray heartily for his
+success; so high their hopes ran. But to Menon, it was said, he sent
+gifts with lordly liberality. This done, Cyrus proceeded to cross; and
+in his wake followed the rest of the armament to a man. As they
+forded, never a man was wetted above the chest: nor ever until this
+moment, said the men of Thapascus, had the river been so crossed on
+foot, boats had always been required; but these, at the present time,
+Abrocomas, in his desire to hinder Cyrus from crossing, had been at
+pains to burn. Thus the passage was looked upon as a thing miraculous;
+the river had manifestly retired before the face of Cyrus, like a
+courtier bowing to his future king. From this place he continued his
+march through Syria nine stages--fifty parasangs--and they reached the
+river Araxes. Here were several villages full of corn and wine; in
+which they halted three days, and provisioned the army.
+
+
+
+V
+
+Thence he marched on through Arabia, keeping the Euphrates on the       1
+right, five desert stages--thirty-five parasangs. In this region the
+ground was one long level plain, stretching far and wide like the sea,
+full of absinth; whilst all the other vegetation, whether wood or
+reed, was sweet scented like spice or sweet herb; there were no trees;
+but there was wild game of all kinds--wild asses in greatest
+abundance, with plenty of ostriches; besides these, there were
+bustards and antelopes. These creatures were occasionally chased by
+the cavalry. The asses, when pursued, would run forward a space, and
+then stand still--their pace being much swifter than that of horses;
+and as soon as the horses came close, they went through the same
+performance. The only way to catch them was for the riders to post
+themselves at intervals, and to hunt them in relays, as it were. The
+flesh of those they captured was not unlike venison, only more tender.
+No one was lucky enough to capture an ostrich. Some of the troopers
+did give chase, but it had soon to be abandoned; for the bird, in its
+effort to escape, speedily put a long interval between itself and its   3
+pursuers; plying its legs at full speed, and using its wings the while
+like a sail. The bustards were not so hard to catch when started
+suddenly; for they only take short flights, like partridges, and are
+soon tired. Their flesh is delicious.
+
+As the army wended its way through this region, they reached the river
+Mascas, which is one hundred feet in breadth. Here stood a big
+deserted city called Corsote, almost literally environed by the
+stream, which flows round it in a circle. Here they halted three days
+and provisioned themselves. Thence they continued their march thirteen
+desert stages--ninety parasangs--with the Euphrates still on their
+right, until they reached the Gates. On these marches several of the
+baggage animals perished of hunger, for there was neither grass nor
+green herb, or tree of any sort; but the country throughout was
+barren. The inhabitants make their living by quarrying millstones on
+the river banks, which they work up and take to Babylon and sell,
+purchasing corn in exchange for their goods. Corn failed the army, and
+was not to be got for money, except in the Lydian market open in
+Cyrus's Asiatic army; where a kapithe of wheat or barley cost four
+shekels; the shekel being equal to seven and a half Attic obols,
+whilst the kapithe is the equivalent of two Attic choeneces[1], dry
+measure, so that the soldiers subsisted on meat alone for the whole
+period. Some of the stages were very long, whenever they had to push
+on to find water or fodder; and once they found themselves involved in
+a narrow way, where the deep clay presented an obstacle to the
+progress of the wagons. Cyrus, with the nobles about him, halted to
+superintend the operation, and ordered Glus and Pigres to take a body
+of barbarians and to help in extricating the wagons. As they seemed to
+be slow about the business, he turned round angrily to the Persian
+nobles and bade them lend a hand to force the wagons out. Then, if
+ever, what goes to constitute one branch of good discipline, was to be
+witnessed. Each of those addressed, just where he chanced to be         8
+standing, threw off his purple cloak, and flung himself into the work
+with as much eagerness as if it had been a charge for victory. Down a
+steep hill side they flew, with their costly tunics and embroidered
+trousers--some with the circlets round their necks, and bracelets on
+their arms--in an instant, they had sprung into the miry clay, and in
+less time than one could have conceived, they had landed the wagons
+safe on terra firma.
+
+[1] The choenix = about 1 quart (or, according to others, 1 1/2 pint).
+    It was the minimum allowance of corn for a man, say a slave, per
+    diem. The Spartan was allowed at the public table 2 choenices a
+    day.
+
+Altogether it was plain that Cyrus was bent on pressing on the march,
+and averse to stoppages, except where he halted for the sake of
+provisioning or some other necessary object; being convinced that the
+more rapidly he advanced, the less prepared for battle would he find
+the king; while the slower his own progress, the larger would be the
+hostile army which he would find collected. Indeed, the attentive
+observer could see, at a glance, that if the king's empire was strong
+in its extent of territory and the number of inhabitants, that
+strength is compensated by an inherent weakness, dependent upon the
+length of roads and the inevitable dispersion of defensive forces,
+where an invader insists upon pressing home the war by forced marches.
+
+On the opposite side of the Euphrates to the point reached on one of
+these desert stages, was a large and flourishing city named Charmande.
+From this town the soldiers made purchases of provisions, crossing the
+river on rafts, in the following fashion: They took the skins which
+they used as tent coverings, and filled them with light grass; they
+then compressed and stitched them tightly together by the ends, so
+that the water might not touch the hay. On these they crossed and got
+provisions: wine made from the date-nut, and millet or panic-corn, the
+common staple of the country. Some dispute or other here occurred
+between the soldiers of Menon and Clearchus, in which Clearchus
+sentenced one of Menon's men, as the delinquent, and had him flogged.
+The man went back to his own division and told them. Hearing what had
+been done to their comrade, his fellows fretted and fumed, and were
+highly incensed against Clearchus. The same day Clearchus visited the
+passage of the river, and after inspecting the market there, was
+returning with a few followers, on horseback, to his tent, and had to   12
+pass through Menon's quarters. Cyrus had not yet come up, but was
+riding up in the same direction. One of Menon's men, who was splitting
+wood, caught sight of Clearchus as he rode past, and aimed a blow at
+him with his axe. The aim took no effect; when another hurled a stone
+at him, and a third, and then several, with shouts and hisses.
+Clearchus made a rapid retreat to his own troops, and at once ordered
+them to get under arms. He bade his hoplites remain in position with
+their shields resting against their knees, while he, at the head of
+his Thracians and horsemen, of which he had more than forty in his
+army--Thracians for the most part--advanced against Menon's soldiers,
+so that the latter, with Menon himself, were panic-stricken, and ran
+to seize their arms; some even stood riveted to the spot, in
+perplexity at the occurrence. Just then Proxenus came up from behind,
+as chance would have it, with his division of hoplites, and without a
+moment's hesitation marched into the open space between the rival
+parties, and grounded arms; then he fell to begging Clearchus to
+desist. The latter was not too well pleased to hear his trouble mildly
+spoken of, when he had barely escaped being stoned to death; and he
+bade Proxenus retire and leave the intervening space open. At this
+juncture Cyrus arrived and inquired what was happening. There was no
+time for hesitation. With his javelins firmly grasped in his hands he
+galloped up--escorted by some of his faithful bodyguard, who were
+present--and was soon in the midst, exclaiming: "Clearchus, Proxenus,
+and you other Hellenes yonder, you know not what you do. As surely as
+you come to blows with one another, our fate is sealed--this very day
+I shall be cut to pieces, and so will you: your turn will follow close
+on mine. Let our fortunes once take an evil turn, and these barbarians
+whom you see around will be worse foes to us than those who are at
+present serving the king." At these words Clearchus came to his
+senses. Both parties paused from battle, and retired to their
+quarters: order reigned.
+
+
+
+VI
+
+As they advanced from this point (opposite Charmande), they came upon   1
+the hoof-prints and dung of horses at frequent intervals. It looked
+like the trail of some two thousand horses. Keeping ahead of the army,
+these fellows burnt up the grass and everything else that was good for
+use. Now there was a Persian, named Orontas; he was closely related to
+the king by birth: and in matters pertaining to war reckoned among the
+best of Persian warriors. Having formerly been at war with Cyrus, and
+afterwards reconciled to him, he now made a conspiracy to destroy him.
+he made a proposal to Cyrus: if Cyrus would furnish him with a
+thousand horsemen, he would deal with these troopers, who were burning
+down everything in front of them; he would lay an ambuscade and cut
+them down, or he would capture a host of them alive; in any case, he
+would put a stop to their aggressiveness and burnings; he would see to
+it that they did not ever get a chance of setting eyes on Cyrus's army
+and reporting its advent to the king. The proposal seemed plausible to
+Cyrus, who accordingly authorised Orontas to take a detachment from
+each of the generals, and be gone. He, thinking that he had got his
+horsemen ready to his hand, wrote a letter to the king, announcing
+that he would ere long join him with as many troopers as he could
+bring; he bade him, at the same time, instruct the royal cavalry to
+welcome him as a friend. The letter further contained certain
+reminders of his former friendship and fidelity. This despatch he
+delivered into the hands of one who was a trusty messenger, as he
+thought; but the bearer took and gave it to Cyrus. Cyrus read it.
+Orontas was arrested. Then Cyrus summoned to his tent seven of the
+noblest Persians among his personal attendants, and sent orders to the
+Hellenic generals to bring up a body of hoplites. These troops were to
+take up a position round his tent. This the generals did; bringing up
+about three thousand hoplites. Clearchus was also invited inside, to
+assist at the court-martial; a compliment due to the position he held
+among the other generals, in the opinion not only of Cyrus, but also
+of the rest of the court. When he came out, he reported the
+circumstances of the trial (as to which, indeed, there was no mystery)
+to his friends. He said that Cyrus opened the inquiry with these
+words: "I have invited you hither, my friends, that I may take advice
+with you, and carry out whatever, in the sight of God and man, it is
+right for me to do, as concerning the man before you, Orontas. The      6
+prisoner was, in the first instance, given to me by my father, to be
+my faithful subject. In the next place, acting, to use his own words,
+under the orders of my brother, and having hold of the acropolis of
+Sardis, he went to war with me. I met war with war, and forced him to
+think it more prudent to desist from war with me: whereupon we shook
+hands, exchanging solemn pledges. After that," and at this point Cyrus
+turned to Orontas, and addressed him personally--"after that, did I do
+you any wrong?" Answer, "Never." Again another question: "Then later
+on, having received, as you admit, no injury from me, did you revolt
+to the Mysians and injure my territory, as far as in you lay?"--"I
+did," was the reply. "Then, once more having discovered the limits of
+your power, did you flee to the altar of Artemis, crying out that you
+repented? and did you thus work upon my feelings, that we a second
+time shook hands and made interchange of solemn pledges? Are these
+things so?" Orontas again assented. "Then what injury have you
+received from me," Cyrus asked, "that now for the third time, you have
+been detected in a treasonous plot against me?"--"I must needs do so,"
+he answered. Then Cyrus put one more question: "But the day may come,
+may it not, when you will once again be hostile to my brother, and a
+faithful friend to myself?" The other answered: "Even if I were, you
+could never be brought to believe it, Cyrus."
+
+At this point Cyrus turned to those who were present and said: "Such
+has been the conduct of the prisoner in the past: such is his language
+now. I now call upon you, and you first, Clearchus, to declare your
+opinion--what think you?" And Clearchus answered: "My advice to you is
+to put this man out of the way as soon as may be, so that we may be
+saved the necessity of watching him, and have more leisure, as far as
+he is concerned, to requite the services of those whose friendship is
+sincere."--"To this opinion," he told us, "the rest of the court
+adhered." After that, at the bidding of Cyrus, each of those present,   10
+in turn, including the kinsmen of Orontas, took him by the girdle;
+which is as much as to say, "Let him die the death," and then those
+appointed led him out; and they who in old days were wont to do
+obeisance to him, could not refrain, even at that moment, from bowing
+down before him, albeit they knew he was being led forth to death.
+
+After they had conducted him to the tent of Artapates, the trustiest
+of Cyrus's wand-bearers, none set eyes upon him ever again, alive or
+dead. No one, of his own knowledge, could declare the manner of his
+death; though some conjectured one thing and some another. No tomb to
+mark his resting-place, either then or since, was ever seen.
+
+
+
+VII
+
+From this place Cyrus marched through Babylonia three stages--twelve    1
+parasangs. Now, on the third stage, about midnight, Cyrus held a
+review of the Hellenes and Asiatics in the plain, expecting that the
+king would arrive the following day with his army to offer battle. He
+gave orders to Clearchus to take command of the right wing, and to
+Menon the Thessalian of the left, while he himself undertook to the
+disposition of his own forces in person. After the review, with the
+first approach of day, deserters from the great king arrived, bringing
+Cyrus information about the royal army. Then Cyrus summoned the
+generals and captains of the Hellenes, and held a council of war to
+arrange the plan of battle. He took this opportunity also to address
+the following words of compliment and encouragement to the meeting:
+"Men of Hellas," he said, "it is certainly not from dearth of
+barbarians to fight my battles that I put myself at your head as my
+allies; but because I hold you to be better and stronger than many
+barbarians. That is why I took you. See then that you prove yourselves
+to be men worthy of the liberty which you possess, and which I envy
+you. Liberty--it is a thing which, be well assured, I would choose in
+preference to all my other possessions, multiplied many times. But I
+would like you to know into what sort of struggle you are going: learn
+its nature from one who knows. Their numbers are great, and they come
+on with much noise; but if you can hold out against these two things,
+I confess I am ashamed to think, what a sorry set of folk you will      4
+find the inhabitants of this land to be. But you are men, and brave
+you must be, being men: it is agreed; then if you wish to return home,
+any of you, I undertake to send you back, in such sort that your
+friends at home shall envy you; but I flatter myself I shall persuade
+many of you to accept what I will offer you here, in lieu of what you
+left at home."
+
+Here Gaulites, a Samian exile, and a trusty friend of Cyrus, being
+present, exclaimed: "Ay, Cyrus, but some say you can afford to make
+large promises now, because you are in the crisis of impending danger;
+but let matters go well with you, will you recollect? They shake their
+heads. Indeed, some add that, even if you did recollect, and were ever
+so willing, you would not be able to make good all your promises, and
+repay." When Cyrus heard that, he answered: "You forget, sirs, my
+father's empire stretches southwards to a region where men cannot
+dwell by reason of the heat, and northwards to a region uninhabitable
+through cold; but all the intervening space is mapped out in satrapies
+belonging to my brother's friends: so that if the victory be ours, it
+will be ours also to put our friends in possession in their room. On
+the whole my fear is, not that I may not have enough to give to each
+of my friends, but lest I may not have friends enough on whom to
+bestow what I have to give, and to each of you Hellenes I will give a
+crown of gold."
+
+So they, when they heard these words, were once more elated than ever
+themselves, and spread the good news among the rest outside. And there
+came into his presence both the generals and some of the other
+Hellenes also, claiming to know what they should have in the event of
+victory; and Cyrus satisfied the expectations of each and all, and so
+dismissed them. Now the advice and admonition of all who came into
+conversation with him was, not to enter the battle himself, but to
+post himself in rear of themselves; and at this season Clearchus put a
+question to him: "But do you think that your brother will give battle   9
+to you, Cyrus?" and Cyrus answered: "Not without a battle, be assured,
+shall the prize be won; if he be the son of Darius and Parysatis, and
+a brother of mine."
+
+In the final arming for battle at this juncture, the numbers were as
+follows: Of Hellenes there were ten thousand four hundred heavy
+infantry with two thousand five hundred targeteers, while the
+barbarians with Cyrus reached a total of one hundred thousand. He had
+too about twenty scythe-chariots. The enemy's forces were reported to
+number one million two hundred thousand, with two hundred
+scythe-chariots, besides which he had six thousand cavalry under
+Artagerses. These formed the immediate vanguard of the king himself.
+The royal army was marshalled by four generals or field-marshals, each
+in command of three hundred thousand men. Their names were Abrocomas,
+Tissaphernes, Gobryas, and Arbaces. (But of this total not more than
+nine hundred thousand were engaged in the battle, with one hundred and
+fifty scythe-chariots; since Abrocomas, on his march from Phoenicia,
+arrived five days too late for the battle.) Such was the information
+brought to Cyrus by deserters who came in from the king's army before
+the battle, and it was corroborated after the battle by those of the
+enemy who were taken prisoners.
+
+From this place Cyrus advanced one stage--three parasangs--with the
+whole body of his troops, Hellenic and barbarian alike in order of
+battle. He expected the king to give battle the same day, for in the
+middle of this day's march a deep sunk trench was reached, thirty feet
+broad, and eighteen feet deep. The trench was carried inland through
+the plain, twelve parasang's distance, to the wall of Media[1]. [Here
+are canals, flowing from the river Tigris; they are four in number,
+each a hundred feet broad, and very deep, with corn ships plying upon   15
+them; they empty themselves into the Euphrates, and are at intervals
+of one parasang apart, and are spanned by bridges.]
+
+[1] For "the wall of Media" see Grote, "Hist. of Greece," vol. ix. p.
+    87 and foll. note 1 (1st ed.), and various authorities there
+    quoted or referred to. The next passage enclosed in [] may
+    possibly be a commentator's or editor's note, but, on the whole, I
+    have thought it best to keep the words in the text instead of
+    relegating them, as heretofore, to a note. Perhaps some future
+    traveller may clear up all difficulties.
+
+Between the Euphrates and the trench was a narrow passage, twenty feet
+only in breadth. The trench itself had been constructed by the great
+king upon hearing of Cyrus's approach, to serve as a line of defence.
+Through this narrow passage then Cyrus and his army passed, and found
+themselves safe inside the trench. So there was no battle to be fought
+with the king that day; only there were numerous unmistakable traces
+of horse and infantry in retreat. Here Cyrus summoned Silanus, his
+Ambraciot soothsayer, and presented him with three thousand darics;
+because eleven days back, when sacrificing, he had told him that the
+king would not fight within ten days, and Cyrus had answered: "Well,
+then, if he does not fight within that time, he will not fight at all;
+and if your prophecy comes true, I promise you ten talents." So now,
+that the ten days were passed, he presented him with the above sum.
+
+But as the king had failed to hinder the passage of Cyrus's army at
+the trench, Cyrus himself and the rest concluded that he must have
+abandoned the idea of offering battle, so that next day Cyrus advanced
+with less than his former caution. On the third day he was conducting
+the march, seated in his carriage, with only a small body of troops
+drawn up in front of him. The mass of the army was moving on in no
+kind of order: the soldiers having consigned their heavy arms to be
+carried in the wagons or on the backs of beasts.
+
+
+
+VIII
+
+It was already about full market time[1] and the halting-place at       1
+which the army was to take up quarters was nearly reached, when
+Pategyas, a Persian, a trusty member of Cyrus's personal staff, came
+galloping up at full speed on his horse, which was bathed in sweat,
+and to every one he met he shouted in Greek and Persian, as fast as he
+could ejaculate the words: "The king is advancing with a large army
+ready for battle." Then ensued a scene of wild confusion. The Hellenes
+and all alike were expecting to be attacked on the instant, and before
+they could form their lines. Cyrus sprang from his carriage and donned
+his corselet; then leaping on to his charger's back, with the javelins
+firmly clutched, he passed the order to the rest, to arm themselves
+and fall into their several ranks.
+
+[1] I.e. between 9 and 10 A.M.
+
+The orders were carried out with alacrity; the ranks shaped
+themselves. Clearchus held the right wing resting on the Euphrates,
+Proxenus was next, and after him the rest, while Menon with his troops
+held the Hellenic left. Of the Asiatics, a body of Paphlagonian
+cavalry, one thousand strong, were posted beside Clearchus on the
+right, and with them stood the Hellenic peltasts. On the left was
+Ariaeus, Cyrus's second in command, and the rest of the barbarian
+host. Cyrus was with his bodyguard of cavalry about six hundred
+strong, all armed with corselets like Cyrus, and cuirasses and
+helmets; but not so Cyrus: he went into battle with head
+unhelmeted[2]. So too all the horses with Cyrus wore forehead-pieces
+and breast-pieces, and the troopers carried short Hellenic swords.
+
+[2] The MSS. add, "to expose oneself to the risks of war bareheaded
+    is, it is said, a practice common to the Persians," which I regard
+    as a commentator's note, if not an original marginal note of some
+    early editor, possibly of the author himself. The "Cyropaedeia" is
+    full of such comments, "pieces justificatives" inserted into the
+    text.
+
+It was now mid-day, and the enemy was not yet in sight; but with the
+approach of afternoon was seen dust like a white cloud, and after a
+considerable interval a black pall as it were spread far and high
+above the plain. As they came nearer, very soon was seen here and
+there a glint of bronze and spear-points; and the ranks could plainly
+be distinguished. On the left were troopers wearing white cuirasses.
+That is Tissaphernes in command, they said, and next to these a body
+of men bearing wicker-shields, and next again heavy-armed infantry,
+with long wooden shields reaching to the feet. These were the
+Egyptians, they said, and then other cavalry, other bowmen; all were
+in national divisions, each nation marching in densely-crowded          10
+squares. And all along their front was a line of chariots at
+considerable intervals from one another--the famous scythe-chariots,
+as they were named--having their scythes fitted to the axle-trees and
+stretching out slantwise, while others protruded under the
+chariot-seats, facing the ground, so as to cut through all they
+encountered. The design was to let them dash full speed into the ranks
+of the Hellenes and cut them through.
+
+Curiously enough the anticipation of Cyrus, when at the council of war
+he admonished the Hellenes not to mind the shouting of the Asiatics,
+was not justified. Instead of shouting, they came on in deep silence,
+softly and slowly, with even tread. At this instant, Cyrus, riding
+past in person, accompanied by Pigres, his interpreter, and three or
+four others, called aloud to Clearchus to advance against the enemy's
+centre, for there the king was to be found: "And if we strike home at
+this point," he added, "our work is finished." Clearchus, though he
+could see the compact body at the centre, and had been told by Cyrus
+that the king lay outside the Hellenic left (for, owing to numerical
+superiority, the king, while holding his own centre, could well
+overlap Cyrus's extreme left), still hesitated to draw off his right
+wing from the river, for fear of being turned on both flanks; and he
+simply replied, assuring Cyrus that he would take care all went well.
+
+At this time the barbarian army was evenly advancing, and the Hellenic
+division was still riveted to the spot, completing its formation as
+the various contingents came up. Cyrus, riding past at some distance
+from the lines, glanced his eye first in one direction and then in the
+other, so as to take a complete survey of friends and foes; when
+Xenophon the Athenian, seeing him, rode up from the Hellenic quarter
+to meet him, asking him whether he had any orders to give. Cyrus,
+pulling up his horse, begged him to make the announcement generally
+known that the omens from the victims, internal and external alike,
+were good[3]. While he was still speaking, he heard a confused murmur   16
+passing through the ranks, and asked what it meant. The other replied
+that it was the watchword being passed down for the second time. Cyrus
+wondered who had given the order, and asked what the watchword was. On
+being told it was "Zeus our Saviour and Victory," he replied, "I
+accept it; so let it be," and with that remark rode away to his own
+position. And now the two battle lines were no more than three or four
+furlongs apart, when the Hellenes began chanting the paean, and at the
+same time advanced against the enemy.
+
+[3] I.e. the omens from inspecting the innards of the victims, and the
+    omens from the acts and movements of the victims.
+
+But with the forward movement a certain portion of the line curved
+onwards in advance, with wave-like sinuosity, and the portion left
+behind quickened to a run; and simultaneously a thrilling cry burst
+from all lips, like that in honour of the war-god--eleleu! eleleu! and
+the running became general. Some say they clashed their shields and
+spears, thereby causing terror to the horses[4]; and before they had
+got within arrowshot the barbarians swerved and took to flight. And
+now the Hellenes gave chase with might and main, checked only by
+shouts to one another not to race, but to keep their ranks. The
+enemy's chariots, reft of their charioteers, swept onwards, some
+through the enemy themselves, others past the Hellenes. They, as they
+saw them coming, opened a gap and let them pass. One fellow, like some
+dumbfoundered mortal on a racecourse, was caught by the heels, but
+even he, they said, received no hurt, nor indeed, with the single
+exception of some one on the left wing who was said to have been
+wounded by an arrow, did any Hellene in this battle suffer a single
+hurt.
+
+[4] Some critics regard this sentence as an editor's or commentator's
+    note.
+
+Cyrus, seeing the Hellene's conquering, as far as they at any rate
+were concerned, and in hot pursuit, was well content; but in spite of
+his joy and the salutations offered him at that moment by those about   21
+him, as though he were already king, he was not led away to join in
+the pursuit, but keeping his squadron of six hundred horsemen in cloe
+order, waited and watched to see what the king himself would do. The
+king, he knew, held the centre of the Persian army. Indeed it is the
+fashion for the Asiatic monarch to occupy that position during action,
+for this twofold reason: he holds the safest place, with his troops on
+either side of him, while, if he has occasion to despatch any
+necessary rider along the lines, his troops will receive the message
+in half the time. The king accordingly on this occasion held the
+centre of his army, but for all that, he was outside Cyrus's left
+wing; and seeing that no one offered him battle in front, nor yet the
+troops in front of him, he wheeled as if to encircle the enemy. It was
+then that Cyrus, in apprehension lest the king might get round to the
+rear and cut to pieces the Hellenic body, charged to meet him.
+Attacking with his six hundred, he mastered the line of troops in
+front of the king, and put to flight the six thousand, cutting down,
+as is said, with his own hand their general, Artagerses.
+
+But as soon as the rout commenced, Cyrus's own six hundred themselves,
+in the ardour of pursuit, were scattered, with the exception of a
+handful who were left with Cyrus himself--chiefly his table
+companions, so-called. Left alone with these, he caught sight of the
+king, and the close throng about him. Unable longer to contain
+himself, with a cry, "I see the man," he rushed at him and dealt a
+blow at his chest, wounding him through the corselet. This, according
+to the statement of Ctesias the surgeon[5], who further states that he
+himself healed the wound. As Cyrus delivered the blow, some one struck
+him with a javelin under the eye severely; and in the struggle which
+then ensued between the king and Cyrus and those about them to protect
+one or other, we have the statement of Ctesias as to the number slain   27
+on the king's side, for he was by his side. On the other, Cyrus
+himself fell, and eight of his bravest companions lay on the top of
+him. The story says that Artapes, the trustiest among his
+wand-wearers, when he saw that Cyrus had fallen to the ground, leapt
+from his horse and threw his arms about him. Then, as one account
+says, the king bade one slay him as a worthy victim to his brother:
+others say that Artapates drew his scimitar and slew himself by his
+own hand. A golden scimitar it is true, he had; he wore also a collar
+and bracelets and the other ornaments such as the noblest Persians
+wear; for his kindliness and fidelity had won him honours at the hands
+of Cyrus.
+
+[5] "Ctesias, the son of Ctesiochus, was a physician of Cnidos.
+    Seventeen years of his life were passed at the court of Persia,
+    fourteen in the service of Darios, three in that of Artaxerxes; he
+    returned to Greece in 398 B.C.," and "was employed by Artaxerxes
+    in diplomatic services." See Mure; also Ch. Muller, for his life
+    and works. He wrote (1) a history on Persian affairs in three
+    parts--Assyrian, Median, Persian--with a chapter "On Tributes;"
+    (2) a history of Indian affairs (written in the vein of Sir John
+    Maundeville, Kt.); (3) a Periplus; (4) a treatise on Mountains;
+    (5) a treatise on Rivers.
+
+
+
+IX
+
+So died Cyrus; a man the kingliest[1] and most worthy to rule of all    1
+the Persians who have lived since the elder Cyrus: according to the
+concurrent testimony of all who are reputed to have known him
+intimately. To begin from the beginning, when still a boy, and whilst
+being brought up with his brother and the other lads, his unrivalled
+excellence was recognised. For the sons of the noblest Persians, it
+must be known, are brought up, one and all, at the king's portals.
+Here lessons of sobriety and self-control may largely be laid to
+heart, while there is nothing base or ugly for eye or ear to feed
+upon. There is the daily spectacle ever before the boys of some
+receiving honour from the king, and again of others receiving
+dishonour; and the tale of all this is in their ears, so that from
+earliest boyhood they learn how to rule and to be ruled.
+
+[1] The character now to be drawn is afterwards elaborated into the
+    Cyrus of the Cyropaedeia.
+
+In this courtly training Cyrus earned a double reputation; first he
+was held to be a paragon of modesty among his fellows, rendering an
+obedience to his elders which exceeded that of many of his own
+inferiors; and next he bore away the palm for skill in horsemanship
+and for love of the animal itself. Nor less in matters of war, in the
+use of the bow and the javelin, was he held by men in general to be at  5
+once the aptest of learners and the most eager practiser. As soon as
+his age permitted, the same pre-eminence showed itself in his fondness
+for the chase, not without a certain appetite for perilous adventure
+in facing the wild beasts themselves. Once a bear made a furious rush
+at him[2], and without wincing he grappled with her, and was pulled
+from his horse, receiving wounds the scars of which were visible
+through life; but in the end he slew the creature, nor did he forget
+him who first came to his aid, but made him enviable in the eyes of
+many.
+
+[2] The elder Cyrus, when a boy, kills not a bear but a boar.
+
+After he had been sent down by his father to be satrap of Lydia and
+Great Phrygia and Cappadocia, and had been appointed general of the
+forces, whose business it is to muster in the plain of the Castolus,
+nothing was more noticeable in his conduct than the importance which
+he attached to the faithful fulfilment of every treaty or compact or
+undertaking entered into with others. He would tell no lies to any
+one. Thus doubtless it was that he won the confidence alike of
+individuals and of the communities entrusted to his care; or in case
+of hostility, a treaty made with Cyrus was a guarantee sufficient to
+the combatant that he would suffer nothing contrary to its terms.
+Therefore, in the war with Tissaphernes, all the states of their own
+accord chose Cyrus in lieu of Tissaphernes, except only the men of
+Miletus, and these were only alienated through fear of him, because he
+refused to abandon their exiled citizens; and his deeds and words bore
+emphatic witness to his principle: even if they were weakened in
+number or in fortune, he would never abandon those who had once become
+his friends.
+
+He made no secret of his endeavour to outdo his friends and his foes
+alike in reciprocity of conduct. The prayer has been attributed to
+him, "God grant I may live along enough to recompense my friends and
+requite my foes with a strong arm." However this may be, no one, at
+least in our days, ever drew together so ardent a following of
+friends, eager to lay at his feet their money, their cities, their own
+lives and persons; nor is it to be inferred from this that he suffered
+the malefactor and the wrongdoer to laugh him to scorn; on the          13
+contrary, these he punished most unflinchingly. It was no rare sight
+to see on the well-trodden highways, men who had forfeited hand or
+foot or eye; the result being that throughout the satrapy of Cyrus any
+one, Hellene or barbarian, provided he were innocent, might fearlessly
+travel wherever he pleased, and take with him whatever he felt
+disposed. However, as all allowed, it was for the brave in war that he
+reserved especial honour. To take the first instance to hand, he had a
+war with the Pisidians and Mysians. Being himself at the head of an
+expedition into those territories, he could observe those who
+voluntarily encountered risks; these he made rulers of the territory
+which he subjected, and afterwards honoured them with other gifts. So
+that, if the good and brave were set on a pinnacle of fortune, cowards
+were recognised as their natural slaves; and so it befell that Cyrus
+never had lack of volunteers in any service of danger, whenever it was
+expected that his eye would be upon them.
+
+So again, wherever he might discover any one ready to distinguish
+himself in the service of uprightness, his delight was to make this
+man richer than those who seek for gain by unfair means. On the same
+principle, his own administration was in all respects uprightly
+conducted, and, in particular, he secured the services of an army
+worthy of the name. Generals, and subalterns alike, came to him from
+across the seas, not merely to make money, but because they saw that
+loyalty to Cyrus was a more profitable investment than so many pounds
+a month. Let any man whatsoever render him willing service, such
+enthusiasm was sure to win its reward. And so Cyrus could always
+command the service of the best assistants, it was said, whatever the
+work might be.
+
+Or if he saw any skilful and just steward who furnished well the
+country over which he ruled, and created revenues, so far from robbing
+him at any time, to him who had, he delighted to give more. So that
+toil was a pleasure, and gains were amassed with confidence, and least
+of all from Cyrus would a man conceal the amount of his possessions,
+seeing that he showed no jealousy of wealth openly avowed, but his      19
+endeavour was rather to turn to account the riches of those who kept
+them secret. Towards the friends he had made, whose kindliness he
+knew, or whose fitness as fellow-workers with himself, in aught which
+he might wish to carry out, he had tested, he showed himself in turn
+an adept in the arts of courtesy. Just in proportion as he felt the
+need of this friend or that to help him, so he tried to help each of
+them in return in whatever seemed to be their heart's desire.
+
+Many were the gifts bestowed on him, for many and diverse reasons; no
+one man, perhaps, ever received more; no one, certainly, was ever more
+ready to bestow them upon others, with an eye ever to the taste of
+each, so as to gratify what he saw to be the individual requirement.
+Many of these presents were sent to him to serve as personal
+adornments of the body or for battle; and as touching these he would
+say, "How am I to deck myself out in all these? to my mind a man's
+chief ornament is the adornment of nobly-adorned friends." Indeed,
+that he should triumph over his friends in the great matters of
+welldoing is not surprising, seeing that he was much more powerful
+than they, but that he should go beyond them in minute attentions, and
+in an eager desire to give pleasure, seems to me, I must confess, more
+admirable. Frequently when he had tasted some specially excellent
+wine, he would send the half remaining flagon to some friend with a
+message to say: "Cyrus says, this is the best wine he has tasted for a
+long time, that is his excuse for sending it to you. He hopes you will
+drink it up to-day with a choice party of friends." Or, perhaps, he
+would send the remainder of a dish of geese, half loaves of bread, and
+so forth, the bearer being instructed to say: "This is Cyrus's
+favourite dish, he hopes you will taste it yourself." Or, perhaps,
+there was a great dearth of provender, when, through the number of his
+servants and his own careful forethought, he was enabled to get
+supplies for himself; at such times he would send to his friends in
+different parts, bidding them feed their horses on his hay, since it
+would not do for the horses that carried his friends to go starving.
+Then, on any long march or expedition, where the crowd of lookers-on    28
+would be large, he would call his friends to him and entertain them
+with serious talk, as much as to say, "These I delight to honour."
+
+So that, for myself, and from all that I can hear, I should be
+disposed to say that no one, Greek or barbarian, was ever so beloved.
+In proof of this, I may cite the fact that, though Cyrus was the
+king's vassal and slave, no one ever forsook him to join his master,
+if I may except the attempt of Orontas, which was abortive. That man,
+indeed, had to learn that Cyrus was closer to the heart of him on
+whose fidelity he relied than he himself was. On the other hand, many
+a man revolted from the king to Cyrus, after they went to war with one
+another; nor were these nobodies, but rather persons high in the
+king's affection; yet for all that, they believed that their virtues
+would obtain a reward more adequate from Cyrus than from the king.
+Another great proof at once of his own worth and of his capacity
+rightly to discern all loyal, loving and firm friendship is afforded
+by an incident which belongs to the last moment of his life. He was
+slain, but fighting for his life beside him fell also every one of his
+faithful bodyguard of friends and table-companions, with the sole
+exception of Ariaeus, who was in command of the cavalry on the left,
+and he no sooner perceived the fall of Cyrus than he betook himself to
+flight, with the whole body of troops under his lead.
+
+
+
+X
+
+Then the head of Cyrus and his right hand were severed from the body.   1
+But the king and those about him pursued and fell upon the Cyreian
+camp, and the troops of Ariaeus no longer stood their ground, but fled
+through their own camp back to the halting-place of the night
+before--a distance of four parasangs, it was said. So the king and
+those with him fell to ravaging right and left, and amongst other
+spoil he captured the Phocaean woman, who was a concubine of Cyrus,
+witty and beautiful, if fame speaks correctly. The Milesian, who was
+the younger, was also seized by some of the king's men; but, letting
+go her outer garment, she made good her escape to the Hellenes, who
+had been left among the camp followers on guard. These fell at once     3
+into line and put to the sword many of the pillagers, though they lost
+some men themselves; they stuck to the place and succeeded in saving
+not only that lady, but all else, whether chattels or human beings,
+which lay within their reach.
+
+At this point the king and the Hellenes were something like three
+miles apart; the one set were pursuing their opponents just as if
+their conquest had been general; the others were pillaging as merrily
+as if their victory were already universal. But when the Hellenes
+learnt that the king and his troops were in the baggage camp; and the
+king, on his side, was informed by Tissaphernes that the Hellenes were
+victorious in their quarter of the field, and had gone forward in
+pursuit, the effect was instantaneous. The king massed his troops and
+formed into line. Clearchus summoned Proxenus, who was next him, and
+debated whether to send a detachment or to go in a body to the camp to
+save it.
+
+Meanwhile the king was seen again advancing, as it seemed, from the
+rear; and the Hellenes, turning right about, prepared to receive his
+attack then and there. But instead of advancing upon them at that
+point, he drew off, following the line by which he had passed earlier
+in the day, outside the left wing of his opponent, and so picked up in
+his passage those who had deserted to the Hellenes during the battle,
+as also Tissaphernes and his division. The latter had not fled in the
+first shock of the encounter; he had charged parallel to the line of
+the Euphrates into the Greek peltasts, and through them. But charge as
+he might, he did not lay low a single man. On the contrary, the
+Hellenes made a gap to let them through, hacking them with their
+swords and hurling their javelins as they passed. Episthenes of
+Amphipolis was in command of the peltasts, and he showed himself a
+sensible man, it was said. Thus it was that Tissaphernes, having got
+through haphazard, with rather the worst of it, failed to wheel round
+and return the way he came, but reaching the camp of the Hellenes,      8
+there fell in with the king; and falling into order again, the two
+divisions advanced side by side.
+
+When they were parallel with the (original) left wing of the Hellenes,
+fear seized the latter lest they might take them in flank and enfold
+them on both sides and cut them down. In this apprehension they
+determined to extend their line and place the river on their rear. But
+while they deliberated, the king passed by and ranged his troops in
+line to meet them, in exactly the same position in which he had
+advanced to offer battle at the commencement of the engagement. The
+Hellenes, now seeing them in close proximity and in battle order, once
+again raised the paean and began the attack with still greater
+enthusiasm than before: and once again the barbarians did not wait to
+receive them, but took to flight, even at a greater distance than
+before. The Hellenes pressed the pursuit until they reached a certain
+village, where they halted, for above the village rose a mound, on
+which the king and his party rallied and reformed; they had no
+infantry any longer, but the crest was crowded with cavalry, so that
+it was impossible to discover what was happening. They did see, they
+said, the royal standard, a kind of golden eagle, with wings extended,
+perched on a bar of wood and raised upon a lance.
+
+But as soon as the Hellenes again moved onwards, the hostile cavalry
+at once left the hillock--not in a body any longer, but in
+fragments--some streaming from one side, some from another; and the
+crest was gradually stripped of its occupants, till at last the
+company was gone. Accordingly, Clearchus did not ascend the crest, but
+posting his army at its base, he sent Lycius of Syracuse and another
+to the summit, with orders to inspect the condition of things on the
+other side, and to report results. Lycius galloped up and
+investigated, bringing back news that they were fleeing might and
+main. Almost at that instant the sun sank beneath the horizon. There
+the Hellenes halted; they grounded arms and rested, marvelling the
+while that Cyrus was not anywhere to be seen, and that no messenger
+had come from him. For they were in complete ignorance of his death,
+and conjectured that either he had gone off in pursuit, or had pushed
+forward to occupy some point. Left to themselves, they now
+deliberated, whether they should stay where they were and have the
+baggage train brought up, or should return to camp. They resolved to
+return, and about supper time reached the tents. Such was the
+conclusion of this day.
+
+They found the larger portion of their property pillaged, eatables and
+drinkables alike, not excepting the wagons laden with corn and wine,
+which Cyrus had prepared in case of some extreme need overtaking the
+expedition, to divide among the Hellenes. There were four hundred of
+these wagons, it was said, and these had now been ransacked by the
+king and his men; so that the greater number of the Hellenes went
+supperless, having already gone without their breakfasts, since the
+king had appeared before the usual halt for breakfast. Accordingly, in
+no better plight than this they passed the night.
+
+
+
+
+BOOK II
+
+[In the previous book will be found a full account of the
+method by which Cyrus collected a body of Greeks when
+meditating an expedition against his brother Artaxerxes; as
+also of various occurrences on the march up; of the battle
+itself, and of the death of Cyrus; and lastly, a description
+of the arrival of the Hellenes in camp after the battle, and
+as to how they betook themselves to rest, none suspecting but
+what they were altogether victorious and that Cyrus lived.]
+
+
+
+I
+
+With the break of day the generals met, and were surprised that Cyrus   1
+should not have appeared himself, or at any rate have sent some one to
+tell them what to do. Accordingly, they resolved to put what they had
+together, to get under arms, and to push forward until they effected
+junction with Cyrus. Just as they were on the point of starting, with
+the rising sun came Procles the ruler of Teuthrania. He was a
+descendant of Damaratus[1] the Laconian, and with him also came Glus
+the son of Tamos. These two told them, first, that Cyrus was dead;
+next, that Ariaeus had retreated with the rest of the barbarians to
+the halting-place whence they had started at dawn on the previous day;
+and wished to inform them that, if they were minded to come, he would
+wait for this one day, but on the morrow he should return home again
+to Ionia, whence he came.
+
+[1] The Spartan king who was deposed in B.C. 491, whereupon he fled to
+    King Darius, and settled in south-western Mysia. See Herod. vi.
+    50, 61-70. We shall hear more of his descendant, Procles, the
+    ruler of Teuthrania, in the last chapter of this work.
+
+When they heard these tidings, the generals were sorely distressed; so  4
+too were the rest of the Hellenes when they were informed of it. Then
+Clearchus spoke as follows: "Would that Cyrus were yet alive! But
+since he is dead, take back this answer to Ariaeus, that we, at any
+rate, have conquered the king; and, as you yourselves may see, there
+is not a man left in the field to meet us. Indeed, had you not
+arrived, we should ere this have begun our march upon the king. Now,
+we can promise to Ariaeus that, if he will join us here, we will place
+him on the king's throne. Surely to those who conquer empire
+pertains." With these words he sent back the messengers and with them
+he sent Cheirisophus the Laconian, and Menon the Thessalian. That was
+what Menon himself wished, being, as he was, a friend and intimate of
+Ariaeus, and bound by mutual ties of hospitality. So these set off,
+and Clearchus waited for them.
+
+The soldiers furnished themselves with food [and drink] as best they
+might--falling back on the baggage animals, and cutting up oxen and
+asses. There was no lack of firewood; they need only step forward a
+few paces from the line where the battle was fought, and they would
+find arrows to hand in abundance, which the Hellenes had forced the
+deserters from the king to throw away. There were arrows and wicker
+shields also, and the huge wooden shields of the Egyptians. There were
+many targets also, and empty wagons left to be carried off. Here was a
+store which they were not slow to make use of to cook their meat and
+serve their meals that day.
+
+It was now about full market hour[2] when heralds from the king and
+Tissaphernes arrived. These were barbarians with one exception. This
+was a certain Phalinus, a Hellene who lived at the court of
+Tissaphernes, and was held in high esteem. He gave himself out to be a
+connoisseur of tactics and the art of fighting with heavy arms. These
+were the men who now came up, and having summoned the generals of the
+Hellenes, they delivered themselves of the following message: "The
+great king having won the victory and slain Cyrus, bids the Hellenes
+to surrender their arms; to betake themselves to the gates of the
+king's palace, and there obtain for themselves what terms they can."
+That was what the heralds said, and the Hellenes listened with heavy    9
+hearts; but Clearchus spoke, and his words were few; "Conquerors do
+not, as a rule, give up their arms"; then turning to the others he
+added, "I leave it to you, my fellow-generals, to make the best and
+noblest answer, that ye may, to these gentlemen. I will rejoin you
+presently." At the moment an official had summoned him to come and
+look at the entrails which had been taken out, for, as it chanced, he
+was engaged in sacrificing. As soon as he was gone, Cleanor the
+Arcadian, by right of seniority, answered: "They would sooner die than
+give up their arms." Then Proxenus the Theban said: "For my part, I
+marvel if the king demands our arms as our master, or for the sake of
+friendship merely, as presents. If as our master, why need he ask for
+them rather than come and take them? But if he would fain wheedle us
+out of them by fine speeches, he should tell us what the soldiers will
+receive in turn for such kindness." In answer to him Phalinus said:
+"The king claims to have conquered, because he has put Cyrus to death;
+and who is there now to claim the kingdom as against himself? He
+further flatters himself that you also are in his power, since he
+holds you in the heart of his country, hemmed in by impassable rivers;
+and he can at any moment bring against you a multitude so vast that
+even if leave were given to rise and slay you could not kill them."
+After him Theopompus[3] the Athenian spoke. "Phalinus," he said, "at
+this instant, as you yourself can see, we have nothing left but our
+arms and our valour. If we keep the former we imagine we can make use
+of the latter; but if we deliver up our arms we shall presently be
+robbed of our lives. Do not suppose then that we are going to give up
+to you the only good things which we possess. We prefer to keep them;
+and by their help we will do battle with you for the good things which
+are yours." Phalinus laughed when he heard those words, and said:       13
+"Spoken like a philosopher, my fine young man, and very pretty
+reasoning too; yet, let me tell you, your wits are somewhat scattered
+if you imagine that your valour will get the better of the king's
+power." There were one or two others, it was said, who with a touch of
+weakness in their tone or argument, made answer: "They had proved good
+and trusty friends to Cyrus, and the king might find them no less
+valuable. If he liked to be friends with them, he might turn them to
+any use that pleased his fancy, say for a campaign against Egypt.
+Their arms were at his service; they would help to lay that country at
+his feet."
+
+[2] 10 A.M.
+
+[3] So the best MSS. Others read "Xenophon," which Kruger maintains to
+    be the true reading. He suggests that "Theopompus" may have crept
+    into the text from a marginal note of a scholiast, "Theopompus"
+    (the historian) "gives the remark to Proxenus."
+
+Just then Clearchus returned, and wished to know what answer they had
+given. The words were barely out of his mouth before Phalinus
+interrupting, answered: "As for your friends here, one says one thing
+and one another; will you please give us your opinion"; and he
+replied: "The sight of you, Phalinus, caused me much pleasure; and not
+only me, but all of us, I feel sure; for you are a Hellene even as we
+are--every one of us whom you see before you. In our present plight we
+would like to take you into our counsel as to what we had better do
+touching your proposals. I beg you then solemnly, in the sight of
+heaven--do you tender us such advice as you shall deem best and
+worthiest, and such as shall bring you honour of after time, when it
+will be said of you how once on a time Phalinus was sent by the great
+king to bid certain Hellenes yield up their arms, and when they had
+taken him into their counsel, he gave them such and such advice. You
+know that whatever advice you do give us cannot fail to be reported in
+Hellas."
+
+Clearchus threw out these leading remarks in hopes that this man, who
+was the ambassador from the king, might himself be led to advise them
+not to give up their arms, in which case the Hellenes would be still
+more sanguine and hopeful. But, contrary to his expectation, Phalinus
+turned round and said: "I say that if you have one chance, one hope in
+ten thousand to wage a war with the king successfully, do not give up
+your arms. That is my advice. If, however, you have no chance of
+escape without the king's consent, then I say save yourselves in the
+only way you can." And Clearchus answered: "So, then, that is your      20
+deliberate view? Well, this is our answer, take it back. We conceive
+that in either case, whether we are expected to be friends with the
+king, we shall be worth more as friends if we keep our arms than if we
+yield them to another; or whether we are to go to war, we shall fight
+better with them than without." And Phalinus said: "That answer we
+will repeat; but the king bade me tell you this besides, 'Whilst you
+remain here there is truce; but one step forward or one step back, the
+truce ends; there is war.' Will you then please inform us as to that
+point also? Are you minded to stop and keep truce, or is there to be
+war? What answer shall I take from you?" And Clearchus replied: "Pray
+answer that we hold precisely the same views on this point as the
+king."--"How say you the same views?" asked Phalinus. Clearchus made
+answer: "As long as we stay here there is truce, but a step forward or
+a step backward, the truce ends; there is war." The other again asked:
+"Peace or war, what answer shall I make?" Clearchus returned answer
+once again in the same words: "Truce if we stop, but if we move
+forwards or backwards war." But what he was minded really to do, that
+he refused to make further manifest.
+
+
+
+II
+
+Phalinus and those that were with him turned and went. But the          1
+messengers from Ariaeus, Procles and Cheirisophus came back. As to
+Menon, he stayed behind with Ariaeus, They brought back this answer
+from Ariaeus: "'There are many Persians,' he says, 'better than
+himself who will not suffer him to sit upon the king's throne; but if
+you are minded to go back with him, you must join him this very night,
+otherwise he will set off himself to-morrow on the homeward route.'"
+And Clearchus said: "It had best stand thus between us then. If we
+come, well and good, be it as you propose; but if we do not come, do
+whatsoever you think most conducive to your interests." And so he kept
+these also in the dark as to his real intention.
+
+After this, when the sun was already sinking, he summoned the generals
+and officers, and made the following statement: "Sirs, I sacrificed
+and found the victims unfavourable to an advance against the king.
+After all, it is not so surprising perhaps, for, as I now learn,
+between us and the king flows the river Tigris, navigable for big       3
+vessels, and we could not possibly cross it without boats, and boats
+we have none. On the other hand, to stop here is out of the question,
+for there is no possibility of getting provisions. However, the
+victims were quite agreeable to us joining the friends of Cyrus. This
+is what we must do then. Let each go away and sup on whatever he has.
+At the first sound of the bugle to turn in, get kit and baggage
+together; at the second signal, place them on the baggage animals; and
+at the third, fall in and follow the lead, with the baggage animals on
+the inside protected by the river, and the troops outside." After
+hearing the orders, the generals and officers retired, and did as they
+were bid; and for the future Clearchus led, and the rest followed in
+obedience to his orders, not that they had expressly chosen him, but
+they saw that he alone had the sense and wisdom requisite in a
+general, while the rest were inexperienced[1].
+
+[1] The MSS. add the words, "The total distance of the route, taking
+    Ephesus in Ionia as the starting point up to the field of battle,
+    consisted of 93 stages, 535 parasangs, or 16,050 furlongs; from
+    the battle-field to Babylon (reckoned a three days' journey) would
+    have been another 360 stades," which may well be an editor's or
+    commentator's marginal note.
+
+Here, under cover of the darkness which descended, the Thracian
+Miltocythes, with forty horsemen and three hundred Thracian infantry,
+deserted to the king; but the rest of the troops--Clearchus leading
+and the rest following in accordance with the orders promulgated--took
+their departure, and about midnight reached their first stage, having
+come up with Ariaeus and his army. They grounded arms just as they
+stood in rank, and the generals and officers of the Hellenes met in
+the tent of Ariaeus. There they exchanged oaths--the Hellenes on the
+one side and Ariaeus with his principal officers on the other--not to
+betray one another, but to be true to each other as allies. The
+Asiatics further solemnly pledged themselves by oath to lead the way
+without treachery. The oaths were ratified by the sacrifice of a bull,
+a wolf[2], a boar, and a ram over a shield. The Hellenes dipped a
+sword, the barbarians a lance, into the blood of the victims.
+
+[2] It is a question whether the words "a wolf" ought not to be
+    omitted.
+
+As soon as the pledge was taken, Clearchus spoke: "And now, Ariaeus,"
+he said, "since you and we have one expedition in prospect, will you    10
+tell us what you think about the route; shall we return the way we
+came, or have you devised a better?" He answered: "To return the same
+way is to perish to a man by hunger; for at this moment we have no
+provisions whatsoever. During the seventeen last stages, even on our
+way hither, we could extract nothing from the country; or, if there
+was now and again anything, we passed over and utterly consumed it. At
+this time our project is to take another and a longer journey
+certainly, but we shall not be in straits for provisions. The earliest
+stages must be very long, as long as we can make them; the object is
+to put as large a space as possible between us and the royal army;
+once we are two or three days' journey off, the danger is over. The
+king will never overtake us. With a small army he will not dare to dog
+our heels, and with a vast equipment he will lack the power to march
+quickly. Perhaps he, too, may even find a scarcity of provisions.
+There," said he, "you asked for my opinion, see, I have given it."
+
+Here was a plan of the campaign, which was equivalent to a stampede:
+helter-skelter they were to run away, or get into hiding somehow; but
+fortune proved a better general. For as soon as it was day they
+recommenced the journey, keeping the sun on their right, and
+calculating that with the westering rays they would have reached
+villages in the territory of Babylonia, and in this hope they were not
+deceived. While it was yet afternoon, they thought they caught sight
+of some of the enemy's cavalry; and those of the Hellenes who were not
+in rank ran to their ranks; and Ariaeus, who was riding in a wagon to
+nurse a wound, got down and donned his cuirass, the rest of his party
+following his example. Whilst they were arming themselves, the scouts,
+who had been sent forward, came back with the information that they
+were not cavalry but baggage animals grazing. It was at once clear to
+all that they must be somewhere in the neighbourhood of the king's
+encampment. Smoke could actually be seen rising, evidently from
+villages not far ahead. Clearchus hesitated to advance upon the enemy,
+knowing that the troops were tired and hungry; and indeed it was
+already late. On the other hand he had no mind either to swerve from
+his route--guarding against any appearance of flight. Accordingly he    16
+marched straight as an arrow, and with sunset entered the nearest
+villages with his vanguard and took up quarters.
+
+These villages had been thoroughly sacked and dismantled by the royal
+army--down to the very woodwork and furniture of the houses. Still,
+the vanguard contrived to take up their quarters in some sort of
+fashion; but the rear division, coming up in the dark, had to bivouac
+as best they could, one detachment after another; and a great noise
+they made, with hue and cry to one another, so that the enemy could
+hear them; and those in their immediate proximity actually took to
+their heels, left their quarters, and decamped, as was plain enough
+next morning, when not a beast was to be seen, nor sign of camp or
+wreath of smoke anywhere in the neighbourhood. The king, as it would
+appear, was himself quite taken aback by the advent of the army; as he
+fully showed by his proceedings next day.
+
+During the progress of this night the Hellenes had their turn of
+scare--a panic seized them, and there was a noise and clatter, hardly
+to be explained except by the visitation of some sudden terror. But
+Clearchus had with him the Eleian Tolmides, the best herald of his
+time; him he ordered to proclaim silence, and then to give out this
+proclamation of the generals: "Whoever will give any information as to
+who let an ass into the camp shall receive a talent of silver in
+reward." On hearing this proclamation the soldiers made up their minds
+that their fear was baseless, and their generals safe and sound. At
+break of day Clearchus gave the order to the Hellenes to get under
+arms in line of battle, and take up exactly the same position as they
+held on the day of the battle.
+
+
+
+III
+
+And now comes the proof of what I stated above--that the king was       1
+utterly taken aback by the sudden apparition of the army; only the day
+before, he had sent and demanded the surrender of their arms--and now,
+with the rising sun, came heralds sent by him to arrange a truce.
+These, having reached the advanced guard, asked for the generals. The
+guard reported their arrival; and Clearchus, who was busy inspecting
+the ranks, sent back word to the heralds that they must await his
+leisure. Having carefully arranged the troops so that from every side
+they might present the appearance of a compact battle line without a    3
+single unarmed man in sight, he summoned the ambassadors, and himself
+went forward to meet them with the soldiers, who for choice
+accoutrement and noble aspect were the flower of his force; a course
+which he had invited the other generals also to adopt.
+
+And now, being face to face with the ambassadors, he questioned them
+as to what their wishes were. They replied that they had come to
+arrange a truce, and were persons competent to carry proposals from
+the king to the Hellenes and from the Hellenes to the king. He
+returned answer to them: "Take back word then to your master, that we
+need a battle first, for we have had no breakfast; and he will be a
+brave man who will dare mention the word 'truce' to Hellenes without
+providing them with breakfast." With this message the heralds rode
+off, but were back again in no time, which was a proof that the king,
+or some one appointed by him to transact the business, was hard by.
+They reported that "the message seemed reasonable to the king; they
+had now come bringing guides who, if a truce were arranged, would
+conduct them where they would get provisions." Clearchus inquired
+"whether the truce was offered to the individual men merely as they
+went and came, or to all alike." "To all," they replied, "until the
+king receives your final answer." When they had so spoken, Clearchus,
+having removed the ambassadors, held a council; and it was resolved to
+make a truce at once, and then quietly to go and secure provisions;
+and Clearchus said: "I agree to the resolution; still I do not propose
+to announce it at once, but to wile away time till the ambassadors
+begin to fear that we have decided against the truce; though I
+suspect," he added, "the same fear will be operative on the minds of
+our soldiers also." As soon as the right moment seemed to have
+arrived, he delivered his answer in favour of the truce, and bade the
+ambassadors at once conduct them to the provisions.
+
+So these led the way; and Clearchus, without relaxing precaution, in
+spite of having secured a truce, marched after them with his army in
+line and himself in command of the rearguard. Over and over again they
+encountered trenches and conduits so full of water that they could not  10
+be crossed without bridges; but they contrived well enough for these
+by means of trunks of palm trees which had fallen, or which they cut
+down for the occasion. And here Clearchus's system of superintendence
+was a study in itself; as he stood with a spear in his left hand and a
+stick in the other; and when it seemed to him there was any dawdling
+among the parties told off to the work, he would pick out the right
+man and down would come the stick; nor, at the same time, was he above
+plunging into the mud and lending a hand himself, so that every one
+else was forced for very shame to display equal alacrity. The men told
+off for the business were the men of thirty years of age; but even the
+elder men, when they saw the energy of Clearchus, could not resist
+lending their aid also. What stimulated the haste of Clearchus was the
+suspicion in his mind that these trenches were not, as a rule, so full
+of water, since it was not the season to irrigate the plain; and he
+fancied that the king had let the water on for the express purpose of
+vividly presenting to the Hellenes the many dangers with which their
+march was threatened at the very start.
+
+Proceeding on their way they reached some villages, where their guides
+indicated to them that they would find provisions. They were found to
+contain plenty of corn, and wine made from palm dates, and an
+acidulated beverage extracted by boiling from the same fruit. As to
+the palm nuts or dates themselves, it was noticeable that the sort
+which we are accustomed to see in Hellas were set aside for the
+domestic servants; those put aside for the masters are picked
+specimens, and are simply marvellous for their beauty and size,
+looking like great golden lumps of amber; some specimens they dried
+and preserved as sweetmeats. Sweet enough they were as an
+accompaniment of wine, but apt to give headache. Here, too, for the
+first time in their lives, the men tasted the brain[1] of the palm. No
+one could help being struck by the beauty of this object, and the
+peculiarity of its delicious flavour; but this, like the dried fruits,
+was exceedingly apt to give headache. When this cabbage or brain has
+been removed from the palm the whole tree withers from top to bottom.
+
+[1] I.e. the cabbage-like crown.
+
+In these villages they remained three days, and a deputation from the   17
+great king arrived--Tissaphernes and the king's brother-in-law and
+three other Persians--with a retinue of many slaves. As soon as the
+generals of the Hellenes had presented themselves, Tissaphernes opened
+the proceedings with the following speech, through the lips of an
+interpreter: "Men of Hellas, I am your next-door neighbour in Hellas.
+Therefore was it that I, when I saw into what a sea of troubles you
+were fallen, regarded it as a godsend, if by any means I might obtain,
+as a boon from the king, the privilege of bringing you back in safety
+to your own country: and that, I take it, will earn me gratitude from
+you and all Hellas. In this determination I preferred my request to
+the king; I claimed it as a favour which was fairly my due; for was it
+not I who first announced to him the hostile approach of Cyrus? who
+supported that announcement by the aid I brought; who alone among the
+officers confronted with the Hellenes in battle did not flee, but
+charged right through and united my troops with the king inside your
+camp, where he was arrived, having slain Cyrus; it was I, lastly, who
+gave chase to the barbarians under Cyrus, with the help of those here
+present with me at this moment, which are also among the trustiest
+followers of our lord the king. Now, I counsel you to give a moderate
+answer, so that it may be easier for me to carry out my design, if
+haply I may obtain from him some good thing on your behalf."
+
+Thereupon the Hellenes retired and took counsel. Then they answered,
+and Clearchus was their spokesman: "We neither mustered as a body to
+make war against the king, nor was our march conducted with that
+object. But it was Cyrus, as you know, who invented many and divers
+pretexts, that he might take you off your guard, and transport us
+hither. Yet, after a while, when we saw that he was in sore straits,
+we were ashamed in the sight of God and man to betray him, whom we had
+permitted for so long a season to benefit us. But now that Cyrus is
+dead, we set up no claim to his kingdom against the king himself;
+there is neither person nor thing for the sake of which we would care   23
+to injure the king's country; we would not choose to kill him if we
+could, rather we would march straight home, if we were not molested;
+but, God helping us, we will retaliate on all who injure us. On the
+other hand, if any be found to benefit us, we do not mean to be
+outdone in kindly deeds, as far as in us lies."
+
+So he spoke, and Tissaphernes listened and replied: "That answer will
+I take back to the king and bring you word from him again. Until I
+come again, let the truce continue, and we will furnish you with a
+market." All next day he did not come back, and the Hellenes were
+troubled with anxieties, but on the third day he arrived with the news
+that he had obtained from the king the boon he asked; he was permitted
+to save the Hellenes, though there were many gainsayers who argued
+that it was not seemly for the king to let those who had marched
+against him depart in peace. And at last he said: "You may now, if you
+like, take pledges from us, that we will make the countries through
+which you pass friendly to you, and will lead you back without
+treachery into Hellas, and will furnish you with a market; and
+wherever you cannot purchase, we will permit you to take provisions
+from the district. You, on your side, must swear that you will march
+as through a friendly country, without damage--merely taking food and
+drink wherever we fail to supply a market--or, if we afford a market,
+you shall only obtain provisions by paying for them." This was agreed
+to, and oaths and pledges exchanged between them--Tissaphernes and the
+king's brother-in-law upon the one side, and the generals and officers
+of the Hellenes on the other. After this Tissaphernes said: "And now I
+go back to the king; as soon as I have transacted what I have a mind
+to, I will come back, ready equipped, to lead you away to Hellas, and
+to return myself to my own dominion."
+
+
+
+IV
+
+After these things the Hellenes and Ariaeus waited for Tissaphernes,    1
+being encamped close to one another: for more than twenty days they
+waited, during which time there came visitors to Ariaeus, his brother
+and other kinsfolk. To those under him came certain other Persians,
+encouraging them and bearing pledges to some of them from the king
+himself--that he would bear no grudge against them on account of the
+part they bore in the expedition against him with Cyrus, or for aught
+else of the things which were past. Whilst these overtures were being
+made, Ariaeus and his friends gave manifest signs of paying less
+attention to the Hellenes, so much so that, if for no other reason,
+the majority of the latter were not well pleased, and they came to
+Clearchus and the other generals, asking what they were waiting for.
+"Do we not know full well," they said, "that the king would give a
+great deal to destroy us, so that other Hellenes may take warning and
+think twice before they march against the king. To-day it suits his
+purpose to induce us to stop here, because his army is scattered; but
+as soon as he has got together another armament, attack us most
+certainly he will. How do we know he is not at this moment digging
+away at trenches, or running up walls, to make our path impassable. It
+is not to be supposed that he will desire us to return to Hellas with
+a tale how a handful of men like ourselves beat the king at his own
+gates, laughed him to scorn, and then came home again." Clearchus
+replied: "I too am keenly aware of all this; but I reason thus: if we
+turn our backs now, they will say, we mean war and are acting contrary
+to the truce, and then what follows? First of all, no one will furnish
+us with a market or means of providing ourselves with food. Next, we
+shall have no one to guide us; moreover, such action on our part will
+be a signal to Ariaeus to hold aloof from us, so that not a friend
+will be left to us; even those who were formerly our friends will now
+be numbered with our enemies. What other river, or rivers, we may find
+we have to cross, I do not know; but this we know, to cross the
+Euphrates in face of resistance is impossible. You see, in the event
+of being driven to an engagement, we have no cavalry to help us, but
+with the enemy it is the reverse--not only the most, but the best of
+his troops are cavalry, so that if we are victorious, we shall kill no
+one, but if we are defeated, not a man of us can escape. For my part,
+I cannot see why the king, who has so many advantages on his side, if   7
+he desires to destroy us, should swear oaths and tender solemn pledges
+merely in order to perjure himself in the sight of heaven, to render
+his word worthless and his credit discreditable the wide world over."
+These arguments he propounded at length.
+
+Meanwhile Tissaphernes came back, apparently ready to return home; he
+had his own force with him, and so had Orontas, who was also present,
+his. The latter brought, moreover, his bride with him, the king's
+daughter, whom he had just wedded. The journey was now at length
+fairly commenced. Tissaphernes led the way, and provided a market.
+They advanced, and Ariaeus advanced too, at the head of Cyrus's
+Asiatic troops, side by side with Tissaphernes and Orontas, and with
+these two he also pitched his camp. The Hellenes, holding them in
+suspicion, marched separately with the guides, and they encamped on
+each occasion a parasang apart, or rather less; and both parties kept
+watch upon each other as if they were enemies, which hardly tended to
+lull suspicion; and sometimes, whilst foraging for wood and grass and
+so forth on the same ground, blows were exchanged, which occasioned
+further embitterments. Three stages they had accomplished ere they
+reached the wall of Media, as it is called, and passed within it. It
+was built of baked bricks laid upon bitumen. It was twenty feet broad
+and a hundred feet high, and the length of it was said to be twenty
+parasangs. It lies at no great distance from Babylon.
+
+From this point they marched two stages--eight parasangs--and crossed
+two canals, the first by a regular bridge, the other spanned by a
+bridge of seven boats. These canals issued from the Tigris, and from
+them a whole system of minor trenches was cut, leading over the
+country, large ones to begin with, and then smaller and smaller, till
+at last they become the merest runnels, like those in Hellas used for
+watering millet fields. They reached the river Tigris. At this point
+there was a large and thickly populated city named Sittace, at a        13
+distance of fifteen furlongs from the river. The Hellenes accordingly
+encamped by the side of that city, near a large and beautiful park,
+which was thick with all sorts of trees.
+
+The Asiatics had crossed the Tigris, but somehow were entirely hidden
+from view. After supper, Proxenus and Xenophon were walking in front
+of the place d'armes, when a man came up and demanded of the advanced
+guard where he could find Proxenus or Clearchus. He did not ask for
+Menon, and that too though he came from Ariaeus, who was Menon's
+friend. As soon as Proxenus had said: "I am he, whom you seek," the
+man replied: "I have been sent by Ariaeus and Artaozus, who have been
+trusty friends to Cyrus in past days, and are your well-wishers. They
+warn you to be on your guard, in case the barbarians attack you in the
+night. There is a large body of troops in the neighbouring park. They
+also warn you to send and occupy the bridge over the Tigris, since
+Tissaphernes is minded to break it down in the night, if he can, so
+that you may not cross, but be caught between the river and the
+canal." On hearing this they took the man to Clearchus and acquainted
+him with his statement. Clearchus, on his side, was much disturbed,
+and indeed alarmed at the news. But a young fellow who was present[1],
+struck with an idea, suggested that the two statements were
+inconsistent; as to the contemplated attack and the proposed
+destruction of the bridge. Clearly, the attacking party must either
+conquer or be worsted: if they conquer, what need of their breaking
+down the bridge? "Why! if there were half a dozen bridges," said he,
+"we should not be any the more able to save ourselves by flight--there
+would be no place to flee to; but, in the opposite case, suppose we
+win, with the bridge broken down, it is they who will not be able to
+save themselves by flight; and, what is worse for them, not a single
+soul will be able to bring them succour from the other side, for all
+their numbers, since the bridge will be broken down."
+
+[1] Possibly Xenophon himself.
+
+Clearchus listened to the reasoning, and then he asked the messenger,
+"How large the country between the Tigris and the canal might be?" "A   21
+large district," he replied, "and in it are villages and cities
+numerous and large." Then it dawned upon them: the barbarians had sent
+the man with subtlety, in fear lest the Hellenes should cut the bridge
+and occupy the island territory, with the strong defences of the
+Tigris on the one side and of the canal on the other; supplying
+themselves with provisions from the country so included, large and
+rich as it was, with no lack of hands to till it; in addition to
+which, a harbour of refuge and asylum would be found for any one, who
+was minded to do the king a mischief.
+
+After this they retired to rest in peace, not, however, neglecting to
+send a guard to occupy the bridge in spite of all, and there was no
+attack from any quarter whatsoever; nor did any of the enemy's people
+approach the bridges: so the guards were able to report next morning.
+But as soon as it was morning, they proceeded to cross the bridge,
+which consisted of thirty-seven vessels, and in so doing they used the
+utmost precaution possible; for reports were brought by some of the
+Hellenes with Tissaphernes that an attempt was to be made to attack
+them while crossing. All this turned out to be false, though it is
+true that while crossing they did catch sight of Glus watching, with
+some others, to see if they crossed the river; but as soon as he had
+satisfied himself on that point, he rode off and was gone.
+
+From the river Tigris they advanced four stages--twenty parasangs--to
+the river Physcus, which is a hundred feet broad and spanned by a
+bridge. Here lay a large and populous city named Opis, close to which
+the Hellenes were encountered by the natural brother of Cyrus and
+Artaxerxes, who was leading a large army from Susa and Ecbatana to
+assist the king. He halted his troops and watched the Helleens march
+past. Clearchus led them in column two abreast: and from time to time
+the vanguard came to a standstill, just so often and just so long the
+effect repeated itself down to the hindmost man: halt! halt! halt!
+along the whole line: so that even to the Hellenes themselves their
+army seemed enormous; and the Persian was fairly astonished at the
+spectacle.
+
+From this place they marched through Media six desert stages--thirty    27
+parasangs--to the villages of Parysatis, Cyrus's and the king's
+mother. These Tissaphernes, in mockery of Cyrus, delivered over to the
+Hellenes to plunder, except that the folk in them were not to be made
+slaves. They contained much corn, cattle, and other property. From
+this place they advanced four desert stages--twenty parasangs--keeping
+the Tigris on the left. On the first of these stages, on the other
+side of the river, lay a large city; it was a well-to-do place named
+Caenae, from which the natives used to carry across loaves and cheeses
+and wine on rafts made of skins.
+
+
+
+V
+
+After this they reached the river Zapatas[1], which is four hundred     1
+feet broad, and here they halted three days. During the interval
+suspicions were rife, though no act of treachery displayed itself.
+Clearchus accordingly resolved to bring to an end these feelings of
+mistrust, before they led to war. Consequently, he sent a messenger to
+the Persian to say that he desired an interview with him; to which the
+other readily consented. As soon as they were met, Clearchus spoke as
+follows: "Tissaphernes," he said, "I do not forget that oaths have
+been exchanged between us, and right hands shaken, in token that we
+will abstain from mutual injury; but I can see that you watch us
+narrowly, as if we were foes; and we, seeing this, watch you narrowly
+in return. But as I fail to discover, after investigation, that you
+are endeavouring to do us a mischief--and I am quite sure that nothing
+of the sort has ever entered our heads with regard to you--the best
+plan seemed to me to come and talk the matter over with you, so that,
+if possible, we might dispel the mutual distrust on either side. For I
+have known people ere now, the victims in some cases of calumny, or
+possibly of mere suspicion, who in apprehension of one another and
+eager to deal the first blow, have committed irreparable wrong against
+those who neither intended nor so much as harboured a thought of
+mischief against them. I have come to you under a conviction that such  6
+misunderstandings may best be put a stop to by personal intercourse,
+and I wish to instruct you plainly that you are wrong in mistrusting
+us. The first and weightiest reason is that the oaths, which we took
+in the sight of heaven, are a barrier to mutual hostility. I envy not
+the man whose conscience tells him that he has disregarded these! For
+in a war with heaven, by what swiftness of foot can a man escape?--in
+what quarter find refuge?--in what darkness slink away and be hid?--to
+what strong fortress scale and be out of reach? Are not all things in
+all ways subject to the gods? is not their lordship over all alike
+outspread? As touching the gods, therefore, and our oaths, that is how
+I view this matter. To their safe keeping we consigned the friendship
+which we solemnly contracted. But turning to matters human, you I look
+upon as our greatest blessing in this present time. With you every
+path is plain to us, every river passable, and of provisions we shall
+know no stint. But without you, all our way is through darkness; for
+we known nothing concerning it, every river will be an obstacle, each
+multitude a terror; but, worst terror of all, the vast wilderness, so
+full of endless perplexity. Nay, if in a fit of madness we murdered
+you, what then? in slaying our benefactor should we not have
+challenged to enter the lists against us a more formidable antagonist
+in the king himself? Let me tell you, how many high hopes I should rob
+myself of, were I to take in hand to do you mischief.
+
+[1] The Greater Zab, which flows into the Tigris near a town now
+    called Senn, with which most travellers identify Caenae.
+
+"I coveted the friendship of Cyrus; I believed him to be abler than
+any man of his day to benefit those whom he chose; but to-day I look
+and, behold, it is you who are in his place; the power which belonged   11
+to Cyrus and his territory are yours now. You have them, and your own
+satrapy besides, safe and sound; while the king's power, which was a
+thorn in the side of Cyrus, is your support. This being so, it would
+be madness not to wish to be your friend. But I will go further and
+state to you the reasons of my confidence, that you on your side will
+desire our friendship. I know that the Mysians are a cause of trouble
+to you, and I flatter myself that with my present force I could render
+them humbly obedient to you. This applies to the Pisidians also; and I
+am told there are many other such tribes besides. I think I can deal
+with them all; they shall cease from being a constant disturbance to
+your peace and prosperity. Then there are the Egyptians[2]. I know
+your anger against them to-day is very great. Nor can I see what
+better force you will find to help you in chastising them than this
+which marches at my back to-day. Again, if you seek the friendship of
+any of your neighbours round, there shall be no friend so great as
+you; if any one annoys you, with us as your faithful servitors you
+shall belord it over him; and such service we will render you, not as
+hirelings merely for pay's sake, but for the gratitude which we shall
+rightly feel to you, to whom we owe our lives. As I dwell on these
+matters, I confess, the idea of your feeling mistrust of us is so
+astonishing, that I would give much to discover the name of the man,
+who is so clever of speech that he can persuade you that we harbour
+designs against you." Clearchus ended, and Tissaphernes responded
+thus--
+
+[2] We learn from Diodorus Siculus, xiv. 35, that the Egyptians had
+    revolted from the Persians towards the end of the reign of Darius.
+
+"I am glad, Clearchus, to listen to your sensible remarks; for with
+the sentiments you hold, if you were to devise any mischief against
+me, it could only be out of malevolence to yourself. But if you
+imagine that you, on your side, have any better reason to mistrust the
+king and me, than we you, listen to me in turn, and I will undeceive
+you. I ask you, does it seem to you that we lack the means, if we had
+the will, to destroy you? have we not horsemen enough, or infantry, or
+whatever other arm you like, whereby we may be able to injure you,
+without risk of suffering in return? or, possibly, do we seem to you    17
+to lack the physical surroundings suitable for attacking you? Do you
+not see all these great plains, which you find it hard enough to
+traverse even when they are friendly? and all yonder great mountain
+chains left for you to cross, which we can at any time occupy in
+advance and render impassable? and all those rivers, on whose banks we
+can deal craftily by you, checking and controlling and choosing the
+right number of you whom we care to fight! Nay, there are some which
+you will not be able to cross at all, unless we transport you to the
+other side.
+
+"And if at all these points we were worsted, yet 'fire,' as they say,
+'is stronger than the fruit of the field': we can burn it down and
+call up famine in arms against you; against which you, for all your
+bravery, will never be able to contend. Why then, with all these
+avenues of attack, this machinery of war, open to us, not one of which
+can be turned against ourselves, why should we select from among them
+all that method, which alone in the sight of God is impious and of man
+abominable? Surely it belongs to people altogether without resources,
+who are helplessly struggling in the toils of fate, and are villains
+to boot, to seek accomplishment of their desires by perjury to heaven
+and faithlessness to their fellows. We are not so unreasoning,
+Clearchus, nor so foolish.
+
+"Why, when we had it in our power to destroy you, did we not proceed
+to do it? Know well that the cause of this was nothing less than my
+passion to prove myself faithful to the Hellenes, and that, as Cyrus
+went up, relying on a foreign force attracted by payment, I in turn
+might go down strong in the same through service rendered. Various
+ways in which you Hellenes may be useful to me you yourself have
+mentioned, but there is one still greater. It is the great king's
+privilege alone to wear the tiara upright upon his head, yet in your
+presence it may be given to another mortal to wear it upright, here,
+upon his heart."
+
+Throughout this speech he seemed to Clearchus to be speaking the
+truth, and he rejoined: "Then are not those worthy of the worst         24
+penalties who, in spite of all that exists to cement our friendship,
+endeavour by slander to make us enemies?" "Even so," replied
+Tissaphernes, "and if your generals and captains care to come in some
+open and public way, I will name to you those who tell me that you are
+plotting against me and the army under me." "Good," replied Clearchus.
+"I will bring all, and I will show you, on my side, the source from
+which I derive my information concerning you."
+
+After this conversation Tissaphernes, with kindliest expression,
+invited Clearchus to remain with him at the time, and entertained him
+at dinner. Next day Clearchus returned to the camp, and made no secret
+of his persuasion that he at any rate stood high in the affections of
+Tissaphernes, and he reported what he had said, insisting that those
+invited ought to go to Tissaphernes, and that any Hellene convicted of
+calumnious language ought to be punished, not only as traitors
+themselves, but as disaffected to their fellow-countrymen. The
+slanderer and traducer was Menon; so, at any rate, he suspected,
+because he knew that he had had meetings with Tissaphernes whilst he
+was with Ariaeus, and was factiously opposed to himself, plotting how
+to win over the whole army to him, as a means of winning the good
+graces of Tissaphernes. But Clearchus wanted the entire army to give
+its mind to no one else, and that refractory people should be put out
+of the way. Some of the soldiers protested: the captains and generals
+had better not all go; it was better not to put too much confidence in
+Tissaphernes. But Clearchus insisted so strongly that finally it was
+arranged for five generals to go and twenty captains. These were
+accompanied by about two hundred of the other soldiers, who took the
+opportunity of marketing.
+
+On arrival at the doors of Tissaphernes's quarters the generals were
+summoned inside. They were Proxenus the Boeotian, Menon the
+Thessalian, Agias the Arcadian, Clearchus the Laconian, and Socrates
+the Achaean; while the captains remained at the doors. Not long after
+that, at one and the same signal, those within were seized and those
+without cut down; after which some of the barbarian horsemen galloped
+over the plain, killing every Hellene they encountered, bond or free.   32
+The Hellenes, as they looked from the camp, viewed that strange
+horsemanship with surprise, and could not explain to themselves what
+it all meant, until Nicarchus the Arcadian came tearing along for bare
+life with a wound in the belly, and clutching his protruding entrails
+in his hands. He told them all that had happened. Instantly the
+Hellenes ran to their arms, one and all, in utter consternation, and
+fully expecting that the enemy would instantly be down upon the camp.
+However, they did not all come; only Ariaeus came, and Artaozus and
+Mithridates, who were Cyrus's most faithful friends; but the
+interpreter of the Hellenes said he saw and recognised the brother of
+Tissaphernes also with them. They had at their back other Persians
+also, armed with cuirasses, as many as three hundred. As soon as they
+were within a short distance, they bade any general or captain of the
+Hellenes who might be there to approach and hear a message from the
+king. After this, two Hellene generals went out with all precaution.
+These were Cleanor the Orchomenian[3], and Sophaenetus the
+Stymphalion, attended by Xenophon the Athenian, who went to learn news
+of Proxenus. Cheirisophus was at the time away in a village with a
+party gathering provisions. As soon as they had halted within earshot,
+Ariaeus said: "Hellenes, Clearchus being shown to have committed
+perjury and to have broken the truce, has suffered the penalty, and he
+is dead; but Proxenus and Menon, in return for having given
+information of his treachery, are in high esteem and honour. As to
+yourselves, the king demands your arms. He claims them as his, since
+they belonged to Cyrus, who was his slave." To this the Hellenes made
+answer by the mouth of Cleanor of Orchomenus, their spokesman, who
+said, addressing Ariaeus: "Thou villain, Ariaeus, and you the rest of
+you, who were Cyrus's friends, have you no shame before God or man,
+first to swear to us that you have the same friends and the same
+enemies as we ourselves, and then to turn and betray us, making common
+cause with Tissaphernes, that most impious and villainous of men? With
+him you have murdered the very men to whom you gave your solemn word
+and oath, and to the rest of us turned traitors; and, having so done,   39
+you join hand with our enemies to come against us." Ariaeus answered:
+"There is no doubt but that Clearchus has been known for some time to
+harbour designs against Tissaphernes and Orontas, and all of us who
+side with them." Taking up this assertion, Xenophon said: "Well, then,
+granting that Clearchus broke the truce contrary to our oaths, he has
+his deserts, for perjurers deserve to perish; but where are Proxenus
+and Menon, our generals and your good friends and benefactors, as you
+admit? Send them back to us. Surely, just because they are friends of
+both parites, they will try to give us the best advice for you and for
+us."
+
+At this, the Asiatics stood discussing with one another for a long
+while, and then they went away without vouchsafing a word.
+
+
+
+VI
+
+The generals who were thus seized were taken up to the king and there   1
+decapitated. The first of these, Clearchus, was a thorough soldier,
+and a true lover of fighting. This is the testimony of all who knew
+him intimately. As long as the war between the Lacedaemonians and
+Athenians lasted, he could find occupation at home; but after the
+peace, he persuaded his own city that the Thracians were injuring the
+Hellenes, and having secured his object, set sail, empowered by the
+ephorate to make war upon the Thracians north of the Chersonese and
+Perinthus. But he had no sooner fairly started than, for some reason
+or other, the ephors changed their minds, and endeavoured to bring him
+back again from the isthmus. Thereupon he refused further obedience,
+and went off with sails set for the Hellespont. In consequence he was
+condemned to death by the Spartan authorities for disobedience to
+orders; and now, finding himself an exile, he came to Cyrus. Working
+on the feelings of that prince, in language described elsewhere, he
+received from his entertainer a present of ten thousand darics. Having
+got this money, he did not sink into a life of ease and indolence, but
+collected an army with it, carried on war against the Thracians, and    5
+conquered them in battle, and from that date onwards harried and
+plundered them with war incessantly, until Cyrus wanted his army;
+whereupon he at once went off, in hopes of finding another sphere of
+warfare in his company.
+
+These, I take it, were the characteristic acts of a man whose
+affections are set on warfare. When it is open to him to enjoy peace
+with honour, no shame, no injury attached, still he prefers war; when
+he may live at home at ease, he insists on toil, if only it may end in
+fighting; when it is given to him to keep his riches without risk, he
+would rather lessen his fortune by the pastime of battle. To put it
+briefly, war was his mistress; just as another man will spend his
+fortune on a favourite, or to gratify some pleasure, so he chose to
+squander his substance on soldiering.
+
+But if the life of a soldier was a passion with him, he was none the
+less a soldier born, as herein appears; danger was a delight to him;
+he courted it, attacking the enemy by night or by day; and in
+difficulties he did not lose his head, as all who ever served in a
+campaign with him would with one consent allow. A good solder! the
+question arises, Was he equally good as a commander? It must be
+admitted that, as far as was compatible with his quality of temper, he
+was; none more so. Capable to a singular degree of devising how his
+army was to get supplies, and of actually getting them, he was also
+capable of impressing upon those about him that Clearchus must be
+obeyed; and that he brought about by the very hardness of his nature.
+With a scowling expression and a harshly-grating voice, he chastised
+with severity, and at times with such fury, that he was sorry
+afterwards himself for what he had done. Yet it was not without
+purpose that he applied the whip; he had a theory that there was no
+good to be got out of an unchastened army. A saying of his is recorded
+to the effect that the soldier who is to mount guard and keep his
+hands off his friends, and be ready to dash without a moment's
+hesitation against the foe--must fear his commander more than the
+enemy. Accordingly, in any strait, this was the man whom the soldiers
+were eager to obey, and they would have no other in his place. The      11
+cloud which lay upon his brow, at those times lit up with brightness;
+his face became radiant, and the old sternness was so charged with
+vigour and knitted strength to meet the foe, that it savoured of
+salvation, not of cruelty. But when the pinch of danger was past, and
+it was open to them to go and taste subordination under some other
+officer, many forsook him. So lacking in grace of manner was he; but
+was ever harsh and savage, so that the feeling of the soldiers towards
+him was that of schoolboys to a master. In other words, though it was
+not his good fortune ever to have followers inspired solely by
+friendship or goodwill, yet those who found themselves under him,
+either by State appointment or through want, or other arch necessity,
+yielded him implicit obedience. From the moment that he led them to
+victory, the elements which went to make his soldiers efficient were
+numerous enough. There was the feeling of confidence in facing the
+foe, which never left them, and there was the dread of punishment at
+his hands to keep them orderly. In this way and to this extent he knew
+how to rule; but to play a subordinate part himself he had no great
+taste; so, at any rate, it was said. At the time of his death he must
+have been about fifty years of age.
+
+Proxenus, the Boeotian, was of a different temperament. It had been
+the dream of his boyhood to become a man capable of great
+achievements. In obedience to this passionate desire it was, that he
+paid his fee to Gorgias of Leontini[1]. After enojoying that teacher's
+society, he flattered himself that he must be at once qualified to
+rule; and while he was on friendly terms with the leaders of the age,
+he was not to be outdone in reciprocity of service[2]. In this mood he  17
+threw himself into the projects of Cyrus, and in return expected to
+derive from this essay the reward of a great name, large power, and
+wide wealth. But for all that he pitched his hopes so high, it was
+none the less evident that he would refuse to gain any of the ends he
+set before him wrongfully. Righteously and honourably he would obtain
+them, if he might, or else forego them. As a commander he had the art
+of leading gentlemen, but he failed to inspire adequately either
+respect for himself or fear in the soldiers under him. Indeed, he
+showed a more delicate regard for his soldiers than his subordinates
+for him, and he was indisputably more apprehensive of incurring their
+hatred than they were of losing their fidelity. The one thing needful
+to real and recognised generalship was, he thought, to praise the
+virtuous and to withhold praise from the evildoer. It can be easily
+understood, then, that of those who were brought in contact with him,
+the good and noble indeed were his well-wishers; but he laid himself
+open to the machinations of the base, who looked upon him as a person
+to be dealt with as they liked. At the time of his death he was only
+thirty years of age.
+
+[1] The famous rhetorician of Leontini, 485-380 B.C. His fee was 100
+    minae.
+
+[2] Proxenus, like Cyrus, is to some extent a prototype of the Cyrus
+    of the "Cyropaedia." In other words, the author, in delineating
+    the portrait of his ideal prince, drew from the recollection of
+    many princely qualities observed by him in the characters of many
+    friends. Apart from the intrinsic charm of the story, the
+    "Anabasis" is interesting as containing the raw material of
+    experience and reflection which "this young scholar or
+    philosopher," our friend, the author, will one day turn to
+    literary account.
+
+As to Menon the Thessalian[3], the mainspring of his action was
+obvious; what he sought after insatiably was wealth. Rule he sought
+after only as a stepping-stone to larger spoils. Honours and high
+estate he craved for simply that he might extend the area of his
+gains; and if he studied to be on friendly terms with the powerful, it
+was in order that he might commit wrong with impunity. The shortest
+road to the achievement of his desires lay, he thought, through false
+swearing, lying, and cheating; for in his vocabulary simplicity and
+truth were synonyms of folly. Natural affection he clearly entertained
+for nobody. If he called a man his friend it might be looked upon as    23
+certain that he was bent on ensnaring him. Laughter at an enemy he
+considered out of place, but his whole conversation turned upon the
+ridicule of his associates. In like manner, the possessions of his
+foes were secure from his designs, since it was no easy task, he
+thought, to steal from people on their guard; but it was his
+particular good fortune to have discovered how easy it is to rob a
+friend in the midst of his security. If it were a perjured person or a
+wrongdoer, he dreaded him as well armed and intrenched; but the
+honourable and the truth-loving he tried to practise on, regarding
+them as weaklings devoid of manhood. And as other men pride themselves
+on piety and truth and righteousness, so Menon prided himself on a
+capacity for fraud, on the fabrication of lies, on the mockery and
+scorn of friends. The man who was not a rogue he ever looked upon as
+only half educated. Did he aspire to the first place in another man's
+friendship, he set about his object by slandering those who stood
+nearest to him in affection. He contrived to secure the obedience of
+his solders by making himself an accomplice in their misdeeds, and the
+fluency with which he vaunted his own capacity and readiness for
+enormous guilt was a sufficient title to be honoured and courted by
+them. Or if any one stood aloof from him, he set it down as a
+meritorious act of kindness on his part that during their intercourse
+he had not robbed him of existence.
+
+[3] For a less repulsive conception of Menon's character, however
+    unhistorical, see Plato's "Meno," and Prof. Jowlett's
+    Introduction, "Plato," vol. i. p. 265: "He is a Thessalian
+    Alcibiades, rich and luxurious--a spoilt child of fortune."
+
+As to certain obscure charges brought against his character, these may
+certainly be fabrications. I confine myself to the following facts,
+which are known to all. He was in the bloom of youth when he procured
+from Aristippus the command of his mercenaries; he had not yet lost
+that bloom when he became exceedingly intimate with Ariaeus, a
+barbarian, whose liking for fair young men was the explanation; and
+before he had grown a beard himself, he had contracted a similar
+relationship with a bearded favourite named Tharypas. When his
+fellow-generals were put to death on the plea that they had marched
+with Cyrus against the king, he alone, although he had shared their
+conduct, was exempted from their fate. But after their deaths the
+vengeance of the king fell upon him, and he was put to death, not like  29
+Clearchus and the others by what would appear to be the speediest of
+deaths--decapitation--but, as report says, he lived for a year in pain
+and disgrace and died the death of a felon.
+
+Agias the Arcadian and Socrates the Achaean were both among the
+sufferers who were put to death. To the credit, be it said, of both,
+no one ever derided either as cowardly in war: no one ever had a fault
+to find with either on the score of friendship. They were both about
+thirty-five years of age.
+
+
+
+BOOK III
+
+[In the preceding pages of the narrative will be found a full
+account, not only of the doings of the Hellenes during the
+advance of Cyrus till the date of the battle, but of the
+incidents which befell them after Cyrus' death at the
+commencement of the retreat, while in company with
+Tissaphernes during the truce.]
+
+
+
+I
+
+After the generals had been seized, and the captains and soldiers who   1
+formed their escort had been killed, the Hellenes lay in deep
+perplexity--a prey to painful reflections. Here were they at the
+king's gates, and on every side environing them were many hostile
+cities and tribes of men. Who was there now to furnish them with a
+market? Separated from Hellas by more than a thousand miles, they had
+not even a guide to point the way. Impassable rivers lay athwart their
+homeward route, and hemmed them in. Betrayed even by the Asiatics, at
+whose side they had marched with Cyrus to the attack, they were left
+in isolation. Without a single mounted trooper to aid them in pursuit:
+was it not perfectly plain that if they won a battle, their enemies
+would escape to a man, but if they were beaten themselves, not one
+soul of them would survive?
+
+Haunted by such thoughts, and with hearts full of despair, but few of
+them tasted food that evening; but few of them kindled even a fire,
+and many never came into camp at all that night, but took their rest
+where each chanced to be. They could not close their eyes for very
+pain and yearning after their fatherlands or their parents, the wife
+or child whom they never expected to look upon again. Such was the
+plight in which each and all tried to seek repose.
+
+Now there was in that host a certain man, an Athenian[1], Xenophon,
+who had accompanied Cyrus, neither as a general, nor as an officer,
+nor yet as a private soldier, but simply on the invitation of an old
+friend, Proxenus. This old friend had sent to fetch him from home,
+promising, if he would come, to introduce him to Cyrus, "whom," said
+Proxenus, "I consider to be worth my fatherland and more to me."
+
+[1] The reader should turn to Grote's comments on the first appearance
+    of Xenophon. He has been mentioned before, of course, more than
+    once before; but he now steps, as the protagonist, upon the scene,
+    and as Grote says: "It is in true Homeric vein, and in something
+    like Homeric language, that Xenophon (to whom we owe the whole
+    narrative of the expedition) describes his dream, or the
+    intervention of Oneiros, sent by Zeus, from which this renovating
+    impulse took its rise."
+
+Xenophon having read the letter, consulted Socrates the Athenian,
+whether he should accept or refuse the invitation. Socrates, who had a
+suspicion that the State of Athens might in some way look askance at
+my friendship with Cyrus, whose zealous co-operation with the
+Lacedaemonians against Athens in the war was not forgotten, advised
+Xenophon to go to Delphi and there to consult the god as to the
+desirability of such a journey. Xenophon went and put the question to
+Apollo, to which of the gods he must pray and do sacrifice, so that he
+might best accomplish his intended journey and return in safety, with
+good fortune. Then Apollo answered him: "To such and such gods must
+thou do sacrifice," and when he had returned home he reported to
+Socrates the oracle. But he, when he heard, blamed Xenophon that he
+had not, in the first instance, inquired of the god, whether it were
+better for him to go or to stay, but had taken on himself to settle
+that point affirmatively, by inquiring straightway, how he might best   7
+perform the journey. "Since, however," continued Socrates, "you did so
+put the question, you should do what the god enjoined." Thus, and
+without further ado, Xenophon offered sacrifice to those whom the god
+had named, and set sail on his voyage. He overtook Proxenus and Cyrus
+at Sardis, when they were just ready to start on the march up country,
+and was at once introduced to Cyrus. Proxenus eagerly pressed him to
+stop--a request which Cyrus with like ardour supported, adding that as
+soon as the campaign was over he would send him home. The campaign
+referred to was understood to be against the Pisidians. That is how
+Xenophon came to join the expedition, deceived indeed, though not by
+Proxenus, who was equally in the dark with the rest of the Hellenes,
+not counting Clearchus, as to the intended attack upon the king. Then,
+though the majority were in apprehension of the journey, which was not
+at all to their minds, yet, for very shame of one another and Cyrus,
+they continued to follow him, and with the rest went Xenophon.
+
+And now in this season of perplexity, he too, with the rest, was in
+sore distress, and could not sleep; but anon, getting a snatch of
+sleep, he had a dream. It seemed to him in a vision that there was a
+storm of thunder and lightning, and a bolt fell on his father's house,
+and thereupon the house was all in a blaze. He sprung up in terror,
+and pondering the matter, decided that in part the dream was good: in
+that he had seen a great light from Zeus, whilst in the midst of toil
+and danger. But partly too he feared it, for evidently it had come
+from Zeus the king. And the fire kindled all around--what could that
+mean but that he was hemmed in by various perplexities, and so could
+not escape from the country of the king? The full meaning, however, is
+to be discovered from what happened after the dream.
+
+This is what took place. As soon as he was fully awake, the first
+clear thought which came into his head was, Why am I lying here? The
+night advances; with the day, it is like enough, the enemy will be
+upon us. If we are to fall into the hands of the king, what is left us
+but to face the most horrible of sights, and to suffer the most         13
+fearful pains, and then to die, insulted, an ignominious death? To
+defend ourselves--to ward off that fate--not a hand stirs: no one is
+preparing, none cares; but here we lie, as though it were time to rest
+and take our ease. I too! what am I waiting for? a general to
+undertake the work? and from what city? am I waiting till I am older
+mysef and of riper age? older I shall never be, if to-day I betray
+myself to my enemies.
+
+Thereupon he got up, and called together first Proxenus's officers;
+and when they were met, he said: "Sleep, sirs, I cannot, nor can you,
+I fancy, nor lie here longer, when I see in what straits we are. Our
+enemy, we may be sure, did not open war upon us till he felt he had
+everything amply ready; yet none of us shows a corresponding anxiety
+to enter the lists of battle in the bravest style.
+
+"And yet, if we yield ourselves and fall into the king's power, need
+we ask what our fate will be? This man, who, when his own brother, the
+son of the same parents, was dead, was not content with that, but
+severed head and hand from the body, and nailed them to a cross. We,
+then, who have not even the tie of blood in our favour, but who
+marched against him, meaning to make a slave of him instead of a
+king--and to slay him if we could: what is likely to be our fate at
+his hands? Will he not go all lengths so that, by inflicting on us the
+extreme of ignominy and torture, he may rouse in the rest of mankind a
+terror of ever marching against him any more? There is no question but
+that our business is to avoid by all means getting into his clutches.
+
+"For my part, all the while the truce lasted, I never ceased pitying
+ourselves and congratulating the king and those with him, as, like a
+helpless spectator, I surveyed the extent and quality of their
+territory, the plenteousness of their provisions, the multitude of
+their dependants, their cattle, their gold, and their apparel. And
+then to turn and ponder the condition of our soldiers, without part or
+lot in these good things, except we bought it; few, I knew, had any
+longer the wherewithal to buy, and yet our oath held us down, so that
+we could not provide ourselves otherwise than by purchase. I say, as I  21
+reasoned thus, there were times when I dreaded the truce more than I
+now dread war.
+
+"Now, however, that they have abruptly ended the truce, there is an
+end also to their own insolence and to our suspicion. All these good
+things of theirs are now set as prizes for the combatants. To
+whichsoever of us shall prove the better men, will they fall as
+guerdons; and the gods themselves are the judges of the strife. The
+gods, who full surely will be on our side, seeing it is our enemies
+who have taken their names falsely; whilst we, with much to lure us,
+yet for our oath's sake, and the gods who were our witnesses, sternly
+held aloof. So that, it seems to me, we have a right to enter upon
+this contest with much more heart than our foes; and further, we are
+possessed of bodies more capable than theirs of bearing cold and heat
+and labour; souls too we have, by the help of heaven, better and
+braver; nay, the men themselves are more vulnerable, more mortal, than
+ourselves, if so be the gods vouchsafe to give us victory once again.
+
+"Howbeit, for I doubt not elsewhere similar reflections are being
+made, whatsoever betide, let us not, in heaven's name, wait for others
+to come and challenge us to noble deeds; let us rather take the lead
+in stimulating the rest to valour. Show yourselves to be the bravest
+of officers, and among generals, the worthiest to command. For myself,
+if you choose to start forwards on this quest, I will follow; or, if
+you bid me lead you, my age shall be no excuse to stand between me and
+your orders. At least I am of full age, I take it, to avert misfortune
+from my own head."
+
+Such were the speaker's words; and the officers, when they heard, all,
+with one exception, called upon him to put himself at their head. This
+was a certain Apollonides there present, who spoke in the Boeotian
+dialect. This man's opinion was that it was mere nonsense for any one
+to pretend they could obtain safety otherwise than by an appeal to the
+king, if he had skill to enforce it; and at the same time he began to
+dilate on the difficulties. But Xenophon cut him short. "O most
+marvellous of men! though you have eyes to see, you do not perceive;
+though you have ears to hear, you do not recollect. You were present    27
+with the rest of us now here when, after the death of Cyrus, the king,
+vaunting himself on that occurrence, sent dictatorially to bid us lay
+down our arms. But when we, instead of giving up our arms, put them on
+and went and pitched our camp near him, his manner changed. It is hard
+to say what he did not do, he was so at his wit's end, sending us
+embassies and begging for a truce, and furnishing provisions the
+while, until he had got it. Or to take the contrary instance, when
+just now, acting precisely on your principles, our generals and
+captains went, trusting to the truce, unarmed to a conference with
+them, what came of it? what is happening at this instant? Beaten,
+goaded with pricks, insulted, poor souls, they cannot even die: though
+death, I ween, would be very sweet. And you, who know all this, how
+can you say that it is mere nonsense to talk of self-defence? how can
+you bid us go again and try the arts of persuasion? In my opinion,
+sirs, we ought not to admit this fellow to the same rank with
+ourselves; rather ought we to deprive him of his captaincy, and load
+him with packs and treat him as such. The man is a disgrace to his own
+fatherland and the whole of Hellas, that, being a Hellene, he is what
+he is."
+
+Here Agasias the Stymphalian broke in, exclaiming: "Nay, this fellow
+has no connection either with Boeotia or with Hellas, none whatever. I
+have noted both his ears bored like a Lydian's." And so it was. Him
+then they banished. But the rest visited the ranks, and wherever a
+general was left, they summoned the general; where he was gone, the
+lieutenant-general; and where again the captain alone was left, the
+captain. As soon as they were all met, they seated themselves in front
+of the place d'armes: the assembled generals and officers, numbering
+about a hundred. It was nearly midnight when this took place.
+
+Thereupon Hieronymous the Eleian, the eldest of Proxenus's captains,
+commenced speaking as follows: "Generals and captains, it seemed right
+to us, in view of the present crisis, ourselves to assemble and to
+summon you, that we might advise upon some practicable course. Would
+you, Xenophon, repeat what you said to us?"
+
+Thereupon Xenophon spoke as follows: "We all know only too well, that   34
+the king and Tissaphernes have seized as many of us as they could, and
+it is clear they are plotting to destroy the rest of us if they can.
+Our business is plain: it is to do all we can to avoid getting into
+the power of the barbarians; rather, if we can, we will get them into
+our power. Rely upon this then, all you who are here assembled, now is
+your great opportunity. The soldiers outside have their eyes fixed
+upon you; if they think that you are faint-hearted, they will turn
+cowards; but if you show them that you are making your own
+preparations to attack the enemy, and setting an example to the
+rest--follow you, be assured, they will: imitate you they will. May
+be, it is but right and fair that you should somewhat excel them, for
+you are generals, you are commanders of brigades or regiments; and if,
+while it was peace, you had the advantage in wealth and position, so
+now, when it is war, you are expected to rise superior to the common
+herd--to think for them, to toil for them, whenever there be need.
+
+"At this very moment you would confer a great boon on the army, if you
+made it your business to appoint generals and officers to fill the
+places of those that are lost. For without leaders nothing good or
+noble, to put it concisely, was ever wrought anywhere; and in military
+matters this is absolutely true; for if discipline is held to be of
+saving virtue, the want of it has been the ruin of many ere now. Well,
+then! when you have appointed all the commanders necessary, it would
+only be opportune, I take it, if you were to summon the rest of the
+soldiers and speak some words of encouragement. Even now, I daresay
+you noticed yourselves the crestfallen air with which they came into
+camp, the despondency with which they fell to picket duty, so that,
+unless there is a change for the better, I do not know for what
+service they will be fit; whether by night, if need were, or even by
+day. The thing is to get them to turn their thoughts to what they mean
+to do, instead of to what they are likely to suffer. Do that, and
+their spirits will soon revive wonderfully. You know, I need hardly
+remind you, it is not numbers or strength that gives victory in war;
+but, heaven helping them, to one or other of two combatants it is       42
+given to dash with stouter hearts to meet the foe, and such onset, in
+nine cases out of ten, those others refuse to meet. This observation,
+also, I have laid to heart, that they, who in matters of war seek in
+all ways to save their lives, are just they who, as a rule, die
+dishonourably; whereas they who, recognising that death is the common
+lot and destiny of all men, strive hard to die nobly: these more
+frequently, as I observe, do after all attain to old age, or, at any
+rate, while life lasts, they spend their days more happily. This
+lesson let all lay to heart this day, for we are just at such a crisis
+of our fate. Now is the season to be brave ourselves, and to stimulate
+the rest by our example."
+
+With these words he ceased; and after him, Cheirisophus said:
+"Xenophon, hitherto I knew only so much of you as that you were, I
+heard, an Athenian, but now I must commend you for your words and for
+your conduct. I hope that there may be many more like you, for it
+would prove a public blessing." Then turning to the officers: "And
+now," said he, "let us waste no time; retire at once, I beg you, and
+choose leaders where you need them. After you have made your
+elections, come back to the middle of the camp, and bring the newly
+appointed officers. After that, we will there summon a general meeting
+of the soldiers. Let Tolmides, the herald," he added, "be in
+attendance." With these words on his lips he got up, in order that
+what was needful might be done at once without delay. After this the
+generals were chosen. These were Timasion the Dardanian, in place of
+Clearchus; Xanthicles, an Achaean, in place of Socrates; Cleanor, an
+Arcadian, in place of Agias; Philesius, an Achaean, in place of Menon;
+and in place of Proxenus, Xenophon the Athenian.
+
+
+
+II
+
+By the time the new generals had been chosen, the first faint glimmer   1
+of dawn had hardly commenced, as they met in the centre of the camp,
+and resolved to post an advance guard and to call a general meeting of
+the soldiers. Now, when these had come together, Cheirisophus the
+Lacedaemonian first rose and spoke as follows: "Fellow-soldiers, the
+present posture of affairs is not pleasant, seeing that we are robbed
+of so many generals and captains and soldiers; and more than that, our  2
+former allies, Ariaeus and his men, have betrayed us; still, we must
+rise above our circumstances to prove ourselves brave men, and not
+give in, but try to save ourselves by glorious victory if we can; or,
+if not, at least to die gloriously, and never, while we have breath in
+our bodies, fall into the hands of our enemies. In which latter case,
+I fear, we shall suffer things, which I pray the gods may visit rather
+upon those we hate."
+
+At this point Cleanor the Ochomenian stood up and spoke as follows:
+"You see, men, the perjury and the impiety of the king. You see the
+faithlessness of Tissaphernes, professing that he was next-door
+neighbour to Hellas, and would give a good deal to save us, in
+confirmation of which he took an oath to us himself, he gave us the
+pledge of his right hand, and then, with a lie upon his lips, this
+same man turned round and arrested our generals. He had no reverence
+even for Zeus, the god of strangers; but, after entertaining Clearchus
+at his own board as a friend, he used his hospitality to delude and
+decoy his victims. And Ariaeus, whom we offered to make king, with
+whom we exchanged pledges not to betray each other, even this man,
+without a particle of fear of the gods, or respect for Cyrus in his
+grave, though he was most honoured by Cyrus in lifetime, even he has
+turned aside to the worst foes of Cyrus, and is doing his best to
+injure the dead man's friends. Them may the gods requite as they
+deserve! But we, with these things before our eyes, will not any more
+be cheated and cajoled by them; we will make the best fight we can,
+and having made it, whatever the gods think fit to send, we will
+accept."
+
+After him Xenophon arose; he was arrayed for war in his bravest
+apparel[1]: "For," said he to himself, "if the gods grant victory, the
+finest attire will match with victory best; or if I must needs die,
+then for one who has aspired to the noblest, it is well there should
+be some outward correspondence between his expectation and his end."
+He began his speech as follows: "Cleanor has spoken of the perjury and  8
+faithlessness of the barbarians, and you yourselves know them only too
+well, I fancy. If then we are minded to enter a second time into terms
+of friendship with them, with the experience of what our generals, who
+in all confidence entrusted themselves to their power, have suffered,
+reason would we should feel deep despondency. If, on the other hand,
+we purpose to take our good swords in our hands and to inflict
+punishment on them for what they have done, and from this time forward
+will be on terms of downright war with them, then, God helping, we
+have many a bright hope of safety." The words were scarcely spoken
+when someone sneezed[2], and with one impulse the soldiers bowed in
+worship; and Xenophon proceeded: "I propose, sirs, since, even as we
+spoke of safety, an omen from Zeus the Saviour has appeared, we vow a
+vow to sacrifice to the Saviour thank-offerings for safe deliverance,
+wheresoever first we reach a friendly country; and let us couple with
+that vow another of individual assent, that we will offer to the rest
+of the gods 'according to our ability.' Let all those who are in
+favour of this proposal hold up their hands." They all held up their
+hands, and there and then they vowed a vow and chanted the battle
+hymn. But as soon as these sacred matters were duly ended, he began
+once more thus: "I was saying that many and bright are the hopes we
+have of safety. First of all, we it is who confirm and ratify the
+oaths we take by heaven, but our enemies have taken false oaths and
+broken the truce, contrary to their solemn word. This being so, it is
+but natural that the gods should be opposed to our enemies, but with
+ourselves allied; the gods, who are able to make the great ones
+quickly small, and out of sore perplexity can save the little ones
+with ease, what time it pleases them. In the next place, let me recall
+to your minds the dangers of our own forefathers, that you may see and  11
+know that bravery is your heirloom, and that by the aid of the gods
+brave men are rescued even out of the midst of sorest straits. So was
+it when the Persians came, and their attendant hosts[3], with a very
+great armament, to wipe out Athens from the face of the earth--the men
+of Athens had the heart to withstand them and conquered them. Then
+they vowed to Artemis that for every man they slew of the enemy, they
+would sacrifice to the goddess goats so many; and when they could not
+find sufficient for the slain, they resolved to offer yearly five
+hundred; and to this day they perform that sacrifice. And at a
+somewhat later date, when Xerxes assembled his countless hosts and
+marched upon Hellas, then[4] too our fathers conquered the forefathers
+of our foes by land and by sea.
+
+[1] So it is said of the Russian General Skobelef, that he had a
+    strange custom of going into battle in his cleanest uniform,
+    perfumed, and wearing a diamond-hilted sword, "in order that," as
+    he said, "he might die in his best attire."
+
+[2] For this ancient omen see "Odyssey," xvii. 541: "Even as she
+    spake, and Telemachus sneezed loudly, and around the roof rung
+    wondrously. And Penelope laughed." . . . "Dost thou not mark how
+    my son has sneezed a blessing on all my words?"
+
+[3] See Herod. vi. 114; the allusion is to the invasion of Greeze by
+    Datis and Artaphernes, and to their defeat at Marathon, B.C. 490.
+    "Heredotus estimates the number of those who fell on the Persian
+    side at 6400 men: the number of Athenian dead is accurately known,
+    since all were collected for the last solemn obsequies--they were
+    192."--Grote, "Hist. of Greece," vol. v. p. 475.
+
+[4] Then = at Salamis, B.C. 480, and at Plataea and Mycale, B.C. 479,
+    on the same day.
+
+"And proofs of these things are yet to be seen in trophies; but the
+greatest witness of all is the freedom of our cities--the liberty of
+that land in which you were born and bred. For you call no man master
+or lord; you bow your heads to none save to the gods alone. Such were
+your forefathers, and their sons are ye. Think not I am going to say
+that you put to shame in any way your ancestry--far from it. Not many
+days since, you too were drawn up in battle face to face with these
+true descendants of their ancestors, and by the help of heaven you
+conquered them, though they many times outnumbered you. At that time,
+it was to win a throne for Cyrus that you showed your bravery; to-day,
+when the struggle is for your own salvation, what is more natural than
+that you should show yourselves braver and more zealous still. Nay, it
+is very meet and right that you should be more undaunted still to-day
+to face the foe. The other day, though you had not tested them, and
+before your eyes lay their immeasurable host, you had the heart to go
+against them with the spirit of your fathers. To-day you have made      16
+trial of them, and knowing that, however many times your number, they
+do not care to await your onset, what concern have you now to be
+afraid of them?
+
+"Nor let any one suppose that herein is a point of weakness, in that
+Cyrus's troops, who before were drawn up by your side, have now
+deserted us, for they are even worse cowards still than those we
+worsted. At any rate they have deserted us, and sought refuge with
+them. Leaders of the forlorn hope of flight--far better is it to have
+them brigaded with the enemy than shoulder to shoulder in our ranks.
+But if any of you is out of heart to think that we have no cavalry,
+while the enemy have many squadrons to command, lay to heart this
+doctrine, that ten thousand horse only equal ten thousand men upon
+their backs, neither less nor more. Did any one ever die in battle
+from the bite or kick of a horse? It is the men, the real swordsmen,
+who do whatever is done in battles. In fact we, on our stout shanks,
+are better mounted than those cavalry fellows; there they hang on to
+their horses' necks in mortal dread, not only of us, but of falling
+off; while we, well planted upon earth, can deal far heavier blows to
+our assailants, and aim more steadily at who we will. There is one
+point, I admit, in which their cavalry have the whip-hand of us; it is
+safer for them than it is for us to run away.
+
+"May be, however, you are in good heart about the fighting, but
+annoyed to think that Tissaphernes will not guide us any more, and
+that the king will not furnish us with a market any longer. Now,
+consider, is it better for us to have a guide like Tissaphernes, whom
+we know to be plotting against us, or to take our chance of the stray
+people whom we catch and compel to guide us, who will know that any
+mistake made in leading us will be a sad mistake for their own lives?
+Again, is it better to be buying provisions in a market of their
+providing, in scant measure and at high prices, without even the money
+to pay for them any longer; or, by right of conquest, to help
+ourselves, applying such measure as suits our fancy best?
+
+"Or again, perhaps you admit that our present position is not without
+its advantages, but you feel sure that the rivers are a difficulty,
+and think that you were never more taken in than when you crossed       22
+them; if so, consider whether, after all, this is not perhaps the most
+foolish thing which the barbarians have done. No river is impassable
+throughout; whatever difficulties it may present at some distance from
+its source, you need only make your way up to the springhead, and
+there you may cross it without wetting more than your ankles. But,
+granted that the rivers do bar our passage, and that guides are not
+forthcoming, what care we? We need feel no alarm for all that. We have
+heard of the Mysians, a people whom we certainly cannot admit to be
+better than ourselves; and yet they inhabit numbers of large and
+prosperous cities in the king's own country without asking leave. The
+Pisidians are an equally good instance, or the Lycaonians. We have
+seen with our own eyes how they fare: seizing fortresses down in the
+plains, and reaping the fruits of these men's territory. As to us, I
+go so far as to assert, we ought never to have let it be seen that we
+were bent on getting home: at any rate, not so soon; we should have
+begun stocking and furnishing ourselves, as if we fully meant to
+settle down for life somewhere or other hereabouts. I am sure that the
+king would be thrice glad to give the Mysians as many guides as they
+like, or as many hostages as they care to demand, in return for a safe
+conduct out of his country; he would make carriage roads for them, and
+if they preferred to take their departure in coaches and four, he
+would not say them nay. So too, I am sure, he would be only too glad
+to accommodate us in the same way, if he saw us preparing to settle
+down here. But, perhaps, it is just as well that we did not stop; for
+I fear, if once we learn to live in idleness and to batten in luxury
+and dalliance with these tall and handsome Median and Persian women
+and maidens, we shall be like the Lotus-eaters[5], and forget the road
+home altogether.
+
+[5] See "Odyssey," ix. 94, "ever feeding on the Lotus and forgetful of
+    returning."
+
+"It seems to me that it is only right, in the first instance, to make
+an effort to return to Hellas and to revisit our hearths and homes, if
+only to prove to other Hellenes that it is their own faults if they
+are poor and needy[6], seeing it is in their power to give to those     26
+now living a pauper life at home a free passage hither, and convert
+them into well-to-do burghers at once. Now, sirs, is it not clear that
+all these good things belong to whoever has strength to hold them?
+
+[6] Here seems to be the germ--unless, indeed, the thought had been
+    conceived above--here at any rate the first conscious expression
+    of the colonisation scheme, of which we shall hear more below, in
+    reference to Cotyora; the Phasis; Calpe. It appears again fifty
+    years later in the author's pamphlet "On Revenues," chapters i.
+    and vi. For the special evils of the fourth century B.C., and the
+    growth of pauperism between B.C. 401 and 338, see Jebb, "Attic
+    Orators," vol i. p. 17.
+
+"Let us look another matter in the face. How are we to march most
+safely? or where blows are needed, how are we to fight to the best
+advantage? That is the question.
+
+"The first thing which I recommend is to burn the wagons we have got,
+so that we may be free to march wherever the army needs, and not,
+practically, make our baggage train our general. And, next, we should
+throw our tents into the bonfire also: for these again are only a
+trouble to carry, and do not contribute one grain of good either for
+fighting or getting provisions. Further, let us get rid of all
+superfluous baggage, save only what we require for the sake of war, or
+meat and drink, so that as many of us as possible may be under arms,
+and as few as possible doing porterage. I need not remind you that, in
+case of defeat, the owners' goods are not their own; but if we master
+our foes, we will make them our baggage bearers.
+
+"It only rests for me to name the one thing which I look upon as the
+greatest of all. You see, the enemy did not dare to bring war to bear
+upon us until they had first seized our generals; they felt that
+whilst our rulers were there, and we obeyed them, they were no match
+for us in war; but having got hold of them, they fully expected that
+the consequent confusion and anarchy would prove fatal to us. What
+follows? This: Officers and leaders ought to be more vigilant ever
+than their predecessors; subordinates still more orderly and obedient
+to those in command now than even they were to those who are gone. And
+you should pass a resolution that, in case of insubordination, any one  31
+who stands by is to aid the officer in chastising the offender. So the
+enemy will be mightily deceived; for on this day they will behold ten
+thousand Clearchuses instead of one, who will not suffer one man to
+play the coward. And now it is high time I brought my remarks to an
+end, for may be the enemy will be here anon. Let those who are in
+favour of these proposals confirm them with all speed, that they may
+be realised in fact; or if any other course seem better, let not any
+one, even though he be a private soldier, shrink from proposing it.
+Our common safety is our common need."
+
+After this Cheirisophus spoke. He said: "If there is anything else to
+be done, beyond what Xenophon has mentioned, we shall be able to carry
+it out presently; but with regard to what he has already proposed, it
+seems to me the best course to vote upon the matters at once. Those
+who are in favour of Xenophon's proposals, hold up their hands." They
+all held them up. Xenophon rose again and said: "Listen, sirs, while I
+tell you what I think we have need of besides. It is clear that we
+must march where we can get provisions. Now, I am told there are some
+splendid villages not more than two miles and a half distant. I should
+not be surprised, then, if the enemy were to hang on our heels and dog
+us as we retire, like cowardly curs which rush out at the passer-by
+and bite him if they can, but when you turn upon them they run away.
+Such will be their tactics, I take it. It may be safer, then, to march
+in a hollow square, so as to place the baggage animals and our mob of
+sutlers in greater security. It will save time to make the
+appointments at once, and to settle who leads the square and directs
+the vanguard; who will take command of the two flanks, and who of the
+rearguard; so that, when the enemy appears, we shall not need to
+deliberate, but can at once set in motion the machinery in existence.
+
+"If any one has any better plan, we need not adopt mine; but if not,
+suppose Cheirisophus takes the lead, as he is a Lacedaemonian, and the
+two eldest generals take in charge the two wings respectively, whilst
+Timasion and I, the two youngest, will for the present guard the rear.  37
+For the rest, we can but make experiment of this arrangement, and
+alter it with deliberation, as from time to time any improvement
+suggests itself. If any one has a better plan to propose, let him do
+so." . . . No dissentient voice was heard. Accordingly he said: "Those
+in favour of this resolution, hold up their hands." The resolution was
+carried. "And now," said he, "it would be well to separate and carry
+out what we have decreed. If any of you has set his heart on seeing
+his friends again, let him remember to prove himself a man; there is
+no other way to achieve his heart's wish. Or is mere living an object
+with any of you, strive to conquer; if to slay is the privilege of
+victory, to die is the doom of the defeated. Or perhaps to gain money
+and wealth is your ambition, strive again for mastery; have not
+conquerors the double gain of keeping what is their own, whilst they
+seize the possessions of the vanquished?"
+
+
+
+III
+
+The speaking was ended; they got up and retired; then they burnt the    1
+wagons and the tents, and after sharing with one another what each
+needed out of their various superfluities, they threw the remnant into
+the fire. Having done that, they proceeded to make their breakfasts.
+While they were breakfasting, Mithridates came with about thirty
+horsemen, and summoning the generals within earshot, he thus addressed
+them: "Men of Hellas, I have been faithful to Cyrus, as you know well,
+and to-day I am your well-wisher; indeed, I am here spending my days
+in great fear: if then I could see any salutory course in prospect, I
+should be disposed to join you with all my retainers. Please inform
+me, then, as to what you propose, regarding me as your friend and
+well-wisher, anxious only to pursue his march in your company." The
+generals held council, and resolved to give the following answer,
+Cheirisophus acting as spokesman: "We have resolved to make our way
+through the country, inflicting the least possible damage, provided we
+are allowed a free passage homewards; but if any one tries to hinder    3
+us, he will have to fight it out with us, and we shall bring all the
+force in our power to bear." Thereat Mithridates set himself to prove
+to them that their deliverance, except with the king's good pleasure,
+was hopeless. Then the meaning of his mission was plain. He was an
+agent in disguise; in fact, a relation of Tissaphernes was in
+attendance to keep a check on his loyalty. After that, the generals
+resolved that it would be better to proclaim open war, without truce
+or herald, as long as they were in the enemy's country; for they used
+to come and corrupt the soldiers, and they were even successful with
+one officer--Nicarchus[1], an Arcadian, who went off in the night with
+about twenty men.
+
+[1] Can this be the same man whose escape is so graphically described
+    above?
+
+After this, they breakfasted and crossed the river Zapatas, marching
+in regular order, with the beasts and mob of the army in the middle.
+They had not advanced far on their route when Mithridates made his
+appearance again, with about a couple of hundred horsemen at his back,
+and bowmen and slingers twice as many, as nimble fellows as a man
+might hope to see. He approached the Hellenes as if he were friendly;
+but when they had got fairly to close quarters, all of a sudden some
+of them, whether mounted or on foot, began shooting with their bows
+and arrows, and another set with slings, wounding the men. The
+rearguard of the Hellenes suffered for a while severely without being
+able to retaliate, for the Cretans had a shorter range than the
+Persians, and at the same time, being light-armed troops, they lay
+cooped up within the ranks of the heavy infantry, while the javelin
+men again did not shoot far enough to reach the enemy's slingers. This
+being so, Xenophon thought there was nothing for it but to charge, and
+charge they did; some of the heavy and light infantry, who were
+guarding the rear, with him; but for all their charging they did not
+catch a single man.
+
+The dearth of cavalry told against the Hellenes; nor were their
+infantry able to overhaul the enemy's infantry, with the long start
+they had, and considering the shortness of the race, for it was out of
+the question to pursue them far from the main body of the army. On the  10
+other hand, the Asiatic cavalry, even while fleeing, poured volleys of
+arrows behind their backs, and wounded the pursuers; while the
+Hellenes must fall back fighting every step of the way they had
+measured in the pursuit; so that by the end of that day they had not
+gone much more than three miles; but in the late afternoon they
+reached the villages.
+
+Here there was a return of the old despondency. Cheirisophus and the
+eldest of the generals blamed Xenophon for leaving the main body to
+give chase and endangering himself thereby, while he could not damage
+the enemy one whit the more. Xenophon admitted that they were right in
+blaming him: no better proof of that was wanted than the result. "The
+fact is," he added, "I was driven to pursue; it was too trying to look
+on and see our men suffer so badly, and be unable to retaliate.
+However, when we did charge, there is no denying the truth of what you
+say; we were not a whit more able to injure the enemy, while we had
+considerable difficulty in beating a retreat ourselves. Thank heaven
+they did not come upon us in any great force, but were only a handful
+of men; so that the injury they did us was not large, as it might have
+been; and at least it has served to show us what we need. At present
+the enemy shoot and sling beyond our range, so that our Cretan archers
+are no match for them; our hand-throwers cannot reach as far; and when
+we pursue, it is not possible to push the pursuit to any great
+distance from the main body, and within the short distance no
+foot-soldier, however fleet of foot, could overtake another
+foot-soldier who has a bow-shot the start of him. If, then, we are to
+exclude them from all possibility of injuring us as we march, we must
+get slingers as soon as possible and cavalry. I am told there are in
+the army some Rhodians, most of whom, they say, know how to sling, and
+their missile will reach even twice as far as the Persian slings
+(which, on account of their being loaded with stones as big as one's
+fist, have a comparatively short range; but the Rhodians are skilled
+in the use of leaden bullets[2]). Suppose, then, we investigate and     18
+find out first of all who among them possess slings, and for these
+slings offer the owner the money value; and to another, who will plait
+some more, hand over the money price; and for a third, who will
+volunteer to be enrolled as a slinger, invent some other sort of
+privilege, I think we shall soon find people to come forward capable
+of helping us. There are horses in the army I know; some few with
+myself, others belonging to Clearchus's stud, and a good many others
+captured from the enemy, used for carrying baggage. Let us take the
+pick of these, supplying their places by ordinary baggage animals, and
+equipping the horses for cavalry. I should not wonder if our troopers
+gave some annoyance to these fugitives."
+
+[2] These words sound to me like an author's note, parenthetically,
+    and perhaps inadvertently, inserted into the text. It is an
+    "aside" to the reader, which in a modern book would appear as a
+    footnote.
+
+These proposals were carried, and that night two hundred slingers were
+enrolled, and next day as many as fifty horse and horsemen passed
+muster as duly qualified; buff jackets and cuirasses were provided for
+them, and a commandant of cavalry appointed to command--Lycius, the
+son of Polystratus, by name, an Athenian.
+
+
+
+IV
+
+That day they remained inactive, but the next they rose earlier than    1
+usual, and set out betimes, for they had a ravine to cross, where they
+feared the enemy might attack them in the act of crossing. When they
+were across, Mithridates appeared again with one thousand horse, and
+archers and slingers to the number of four thousand. This whole body
+he had got by request from Tissaphernes, and in return he undertook to
+deliver up the Hellenes to Tissaphernes. He had grown contemptuous
+since his late attack, when, with so small a detachment, he had done,
+as he thought, a good deal of mischief, without the slightest loss to
+himself.
+
+When the Hellenes were not only right across, but had got about a mile
+from the ravine, Mithridates also crossed with his forces. An order
+had been passed down the lines, what light infantry and what heavy
+infantry were to take part in the pursuit; and the cavalry were
+instructed to follow up the pursuit with confidence, as a considerable  3
+support was in their rear. So, when Mithridates had come up with them,
+and they were well within arrow and sling shot, the bugle sounded the
+signal to the Hellenes; and immediately the detachment under orders
+rushed to close quarters, and the cavalry charged. There the enemy
+preferred not to wait, but fled towards the ravine. In this pursuit
+the Asiatics lost several of their infantry killed, and of their
+cavalry as many as eighteen were taken prisoners in the ravine. As to
+those who were slain the Hellenes, acting upon impulse, mutilated
+their bodies, by way of impressing their enemy with as frightful an
+image as possible.
+
+So fared the foe and so fell back; but the Hellenes, continuing their
+march in safety for the rest of that day, reached the river Tigris.
+Here they came upon a large deserted city, the name of which was
+Larissa[1]: a place inhabited by the Medes in days of old; the breadth
+of its walls was twenty-five feet, and the height of them a hundred,
+and the circuit of the whole two parasangs. It was built of
+clay-bricks, supported on a stone basis twenty feet high. This city
+the king of the Persians[2] besieged, what time the Persians strove to
+snatch their empire from the Medes, but he could in no wise take it;
+then a cloud hid the face of the sun and blotted out the light
+thereof, until the inhabitants were gone out of the city, and so it
+was taken. By the side of this city there was a stone pyramid in
+breadth a hundred feet, and in height two hundred feet; in it were
+many of the barbarians who had fled for refuge from the neighbouring
+villages.
+
+[1] Larissa, on the side of the modern Nimrud (the south-west corner,
+    as is commonly supposed, of Nineveh). The name is said to mean
+    "citadel," and is given to various Greek cities (of which several
+    occur in Xenophon).
+
+[2] I.e. Cyrus the Great.
+
+From this place they marched one stage of six parasangs to a great
+deserted fortress [which lay over against the city], and the name of
+that city was Mespila[3]. The Medes once dwelt in it. The basement was  10
+made of polished stone full of shells; fifty feet was the breadth of
+it, and fifty feet the height; and on this basement was reared a wall
+of brick, the breadth whereof was fifty feet and the height thereof
+four hundred; and the circuit of the wall was six parasangs. Hither,
+as the story goes, Medea[4], the king's wife, betook herself in flight
+what time the Medes lost their empire at the hands of the Persians. To
+this city also the king of the Pesians laid siege, but could not take
+it either by length of days or strength of hand. But Zeus sent
+amazement on the inhabitants thereof, and so it was taken.
+
+[3] Opposite Mosul, the north-west portion of the ancient Nineveh,
+    about eighteen miles above Larissa. The circuit of Nineveh is said
+    to have been about fifty-six miles. It was overthrown by Cyrus in
+    B.C. 558.
+
+[4] The wife of Astyages, the last king of Media. Some think "the wall
+    of Media" should be "Medea's wall," constructed in the period of
+    Queen Nitocris, B.C. 560.
+
+From this place they marched one stage--four parasangs. But, while
+still on this stage, Tissaphernes made his appearance. He had with him
+his own cavalry and a force belonging to Orontas, who had the king's
+daughter to wife; and there were, moreover, with them the Asiatics
+whom Cyrus had taken with him on his march up; together with those
+whom the king's brother had brought as a reinforcement to the king;
+besides those whom Tissaphernes himself had received as a gift from
+the king, so that the armament appeared to be very great. When they
+were close, he halted some of his regiments at the rear and wheeled
+others into position on either flank, but hesitated to attack, having
+no mind apparently to run any risks, and contenting himself with an
+order to his slingers to sling and his archers to shoot. But when the
+Rhodian slingers and the bowmen[5], posted at intervals, retaliated,
+and every shot told (for with the utmost pains to miss it would have
+been hard to do so under the circumstanecs), then Tissaphernes with
+all speed retired out of range, the other regiments following suit;
+and for the rest of the day the one party advanced and the other
+followed. But now the Asiatics had ceased to be dangerous with their
+sharpshooting. For the Rhodians could reach further than the Persian    16
+slingers, or, indeed, than most of the bowmen. The Persian bows are of
+great size, so that the Cretans found the arrows which were picked up
+serviceable, and persevered in using their enemies' arrows, and
+practised shooting with them, letting them fly upwards to a great
+height[6]. There were also plenty of bowstrings found in the
+villages--and lead, which they turned to account for their slings. As
+a result of this day, then, the Hellenes chancing upon some villages
+had no sooner encamped than the barbarians fell back, having had
+distinctly the worst of it in the skirmishing.
+
+[5] The best MSS read {Skuthai}, Scythians; if this is correct, it is
+    only the technical name for "archers." Cf. Arrian, "Tact." ii. 13.
+    The police at Athens were technically so called, as being composed
+    of Scythian slaves. Cf. Aristoph. "Thesm." 1017.
+
+[6] I.e., in practising, in order to get the maximum range they let
+    fly the arrows, not horizontally, but up into the air. Sir W.
+    Raleigh (Hist. of the World, III. x. 8) says that Xenophon
+    "trained his archers to short compass, who had been accustomed to
+    the point blank," but this is surely not Xenophon's meaning.
+
+The next day was a day of inaction: they halted and took in supplies,
+as there was much corn in the villages; but on the day following, the
+march was continued through the plain (of the Tigris), and
+Tissaphernes still hung on their skirts with his skirmishers. And now
+it was that the Hellenes discovered the defect of marching in a square
+with an enemy following. As a matter of necessity, whenever the wings
+of an army so disposed draw together, either where a road narrows, or
+hills close in, or a bridge has to be crossed, the heavy infantry
+cannot help being squeezed out of their ranks, and march with
+difficulty, partly from actual pressure, and partly from the general
+confusion that ensues. Or, supposing the wings are again extended, the
+troops have hardly recovered from their former distress before they
+are pulled asunder, and there is a wide space between the wings, and
+the men concerned lose confidence in themselves, especially with an
+enemy close behind. What happened, when a bridge had to be crossed or
+other passage effected, was, that each unit of the force pressed on in
+anxiety to get over first, and at these moments it was easy for the
+enemy to make an attack. The generals accordingly, having recognised
+the defect, set about curing it. To do so, they made six lochi, or
+divisions of a hundred men apiece, each of which had its own set of
+captains and under-officers in command of half and quarter companies.   21
+It was the duty of these new companies, during a march, whenever the
+flanks needed to close in, to fall back to the rear, so as to
+disencumber the wings. This they did by wheeling clear of them. When
+the sides of the oblong again extended, they filled up the
+interstices, if the gap were narrow, by columns of companies, if
+broader, by columns of half-companies, or, if broader still, by
+columns of quarter-companies, so that the space between was always
+filled up. If again it were necessary to effect a passage by bridge or
+otherwise, there was no confusion, the several companies crossing in
+turns; or, if the occasion arose to form in line of battle, these
+companies came up to the front and fell in[7].
+
+[7] In the passage above I have translated {lokhoi} companies, and, as
+    usual, {lokhagoi} captains. The half company is technically called
+    a pentecostys, and a quarter company an enomoty, and the officers
+    in charge of them respectively penteconter and enomotarch. These
+    would be equivalent nearly to our subalterns and sergeants, and in
+    the evolutions described would act as guides and markers in charge
+    of their sections. Grote thinks there were six companies formed on
+    each flank--twelve in all. See "Hist. of Greece," vol. ix. p. 123,
+    note (1st ed.)
+
+In this way they advanced four stages, but ere the fifth was
+completed, they came in sight of a palace of some sort, with villages
+clustered round it; they could further see that the road leading to
+this place pursued its course over high undulating hillocks, the spur
+of the mountain range, under which lay the village. These knolls were
+a welcome sight to the Hellenes, naturally enough, as the enemy were
+cavalry. However, when they had issued from the plain and ascended the
+first crest, and were in the act of descending it so as to mount the
+next, at this juncture the barbarians came upon them. From the high
+ground down the sheer steep they poured a volley of darts,
+slingstones, and arrows, which they discharged "under the lash[8],"
+wounding many, until they got the better of the Hellenic light troops,
+and drove them for shelter behind the heavy infantry, so that this day
+that arm was altogether useless, huddling in the mob of sutlers, both   26
+slingers and archers alike.
+
+[8] I.e. the Persian leaders were seen flogging their men to the
+    attack. Cf. Herod. vii. 22. 3.
+
+But when the Hellenes, being so pressed, made an attempt to pursue,
+they could barely scale to the summit, being heavy-armed troops, while
+the enemy as lightly sprung away; and they suffered similarly in
+retiring to join the rest of the army. And then, on the second hill,
+the whole had to be gone through again; so that when it came to the
+third hillock, they determined not to move the main body of troops
+from their position until they had brought up a squadron of light
+infantry from the right flank of the square to a point on the mountain
+range. When this detachment were once posted above their pursuers, the
+latter desisted from attacking the main body in its descent, for fear
+of being cut off and finding themselves between two assailants. Thus
+the rest of the day they moved on in two divisions: one set keeping to
+the road by the hillocks, the other marching parallel on the higher
+level along the mountains; and thus they reached the villages and
+appointed eight surgeons to attend to the many wounded.
+
+Here they halted three days for the sake of the wounded chiefly, while
+a further inducement was the plentiful supply of provisions which they
+found, wheat and wine, and large stores of barley laid up for horses.
+These supplies had been collected by the ruling satrap of the country.
+On the fourth day they began their descent into the plain; but when
+Tissaphernes overtook them, necessity taught them to camp in the first
+village they caught sight of, and give over the attempt of marching
+and fighting simultaneously, as so many were hors de combat, being
+either on the list of wounded themselves, or else engaged in carrying
+the wounded, or laden with the heavy arms of those so occupied. But
+when they were once encamped, and the barbarians, advancing upon the
+village, made an attempt to harass them with their sharp-shooters, the
+superiority of the Hellenes was pronounced. To sustain a running fight
+with an enemy constantly attacking was one thing; to keep him at arm's
+length from a fixed base of action another: and the difference was
+much in their favour.
+
+But when it was late afternoon, the time had come for the enemy to      34
+withdraw, since the habit of the barbarian was never to encamp within
+seven or eight miles of the Hellenic camp. This he did in apprehension
+of a night attack, for a Persian army is good for nothing at night.
+Their horses are haltered, and, as a rule, hobbled as well, to prevent
+their escaping, as they might if loose; so that, if any alarm occurs,
+the trooper has to saddle and bridle his horse, and then he must put
+on his own cuirass, and then mount--all which performances are
+difficult at night and in the midst of confusion. For this reason they
+always encamped at a distance from the Hellenes.
+
+When the Hellenes perceived that they were preparing to retire, and
+that the order was being given, the herald's cry, "Pack up for
+starting," might be heard before the enemy was fairly out of earshot.
+For a while the Asiatics paused, as if unwilling to be gone; but as
+night closed in, off they went, for it did not suit their notions of
+expediency to set off on a march and arrive by night. And now, when
+the Hellenes saw that they were really and clearly gone, they too
+broke up their camp and pursued their march till they had traversed
+seven and a half miles. Thus the distance between the two armies grew
+to be so great, that the next day the enemy did not appear at all, nor
+yet on the third day; but on the fourth the barbarians had pushed on
+by a forced night march and occupied a commanding position on the
+right, where the Hellenes had to pass. It was a narrow mountain
+spur[9] overhanging the descent into the plain.
+
+[9] Lit. "a mere nail tip."
+
+But when Cheirisophus saw that this ridge was occupied, he summoned
+Xenophon from the rear, bidding him at the same time to bring up
+peltasts to the front. That Xenophon hesitated to do, for Tissaphernes
+and his whole army were coming up and were well within sight.
+Galloping up to the front himself, he asked: "Why do you summon me?"
+The other answered him: "The reason is plain; look yonder; this crest
+which overhangs our descent has been occupied. There is no passing,     39
+until we have dislodged these fellows; why have you not brought up the
+light infantry?" Xenophon explained: he had not thought it desirable
+to leave the rear unprotected, with an enemy appearing in the field of
+view. "However, it is time," he added, "to decide how we are to
+dislodge these fellows from the crest." At this moment his eye fell on
+the peak of the mountain, rising immediately above their army, and he
+could see an approach leading from it to the crest in question where
+the enemy lay. He exclaimed: "The best thing we can do, Cheirisophus,
+is to make a dash at the height itself, and with what speed we may. If
+we take it, the party in command of the road will never be able to
+stop. If you like, stay in command of the army, and I will go; or, if
+you prefer, do you go to the mountain, and I will stay here."--"I
+leave it to you," Cheirisophus answered, "to choose which you like
+best." Xenophon remarking, "I am the younger," elected to go; but he
+stipulated for a detachment from the front to accompany him, since it
+was a long way to fetch up troops from the rear. Accordingly
+Cheirisophus furnished him with the light infantry from the front,
+reoccupying their place by those from the centre. He also gave him, to
+form part of the detachment, the three hundred of the picked corps[10]
+under his own command at the head of the square.
+
+[10] Some think that these three hundred are three of the detached
+    companies described above; others, that they were a picked corps
+    in attendance on the commander-in-chief.
+
+They set out from the low ground with all the haste imaginable. But
+the enemy in position on the crest no sooner perceived their advance
+upon the summit of the pass than they themselves set off full tilt in
+a rival race for the summit too. Hoarse were the shouts of the
+Hellenic troops as the men cheered their companions forwards, and
+hoarse the answering shouts from the troops of Tissaphernes, urging on
+theirs. Xenophon, mounted on his charger, rode beside his men, and
+roused their ardour the while. "Now for it, brave sirs; bethink you
+that this race is for Hellas!--now or never!--to find your boys, your
+wives; one small effort, and the rest of the march we shall pursue in
+peace, without ever a blow to strike; now for it." But Soteridas the
+Sicyonian said: "We are not on equal terms, Xenophon; you are mounted   47
+on a horse; I can hardly get along with my shield to carry;" and he,
+on hearing the reproach, leapt from his horse. In another instant he
+had pushed Soteridas from the ranks, snatched from him his shield, and
+begun marching as quickly as he might under the circumstances, having
+his horseman's cuirass to carry as well, so that he was sore pressed;
+but he continued to cheer on the troops: exhorting those in front to
+lead on and the men toiling behind to follow up[11]. Soteridas was not
+spared by the rest of the men. They gave him blows, they pelted him,
+they showered him with abuse, till they compelled him to take back his
+shield and march on; and the other, remounting, led them on horseback
+as long as the footing held; but when the ground became too steep, he
+left his horse and pressed forward on foot, and so they found
+themselves on the summit before the enemy.
+
+[11] Some MSS. "and the men behind to pass him by, as he could but ill
+    keep up the pace."
+
+
+
+V
+
+There and then the barbarians turned and fled as best they might, and   1
+the Hellenes held the summit, while the troops with Tissaphernes and
+Ariaeus turned aside and disappeared by another road. The main body
+with Cheirisophus made its way down into the plain and encamped in a
+village filled with good things of divers sorts. Nor did this village
+stand alone; there were others not a few in this plain of the Tigris
+equally overflowing with plenty. It was now afternoon; and all of a
+sudden the enemy came in sight on the plain, and succeeded in cutting
+down some of the Hellenes belonging to parties who were scattered over
+the flat land in quest of spoil. Indeed, many herds of cattle had been
+caught whilst being conveyed across to the other side of the river.
+And now Tissaphernes and his troops made an attempt to burn the
+villages, and some of the Hellenes were disposed to take the matter
+deeply to heart, being apprehensive that they might not know where to
+get provisions if the enemy burnt the villages.
+
+Cheirisophus and his men were returning from their sally of defence
+when Xenophon and his party descended, and the latter rode along the    4
+ranks as the rescuing party came up, and greeted them thus: "Do you
+not see, men of Hellas, they admit that the country is now ours; what
+they stipulated against our doing when they made the treaty, viz. that
+we were not to fire the king's country, they are now themselves
+doing--setting fire to it as if it were not their own. But we will be
+even with them; if they leave provisions for themselves anywhere,
+there also shall they see us marching;" and, turning to Cheirisophus,
+he added: "But it strikes me, we should sally forth against these
+incendiaries and protect our country." Cheirisophus retorted: "That is
+not quite my view; I say, let us do a little burning ourselves, and
+they will cease all the quicker."
+
+When they had got back to the villages, while the rest were busy about
+provisions, the generals and officers met: and here there was deep
+despondency. For on the one side were exceedingly high mountains; on
+the other a river of such depth that they failed to reach the bottom
+with their spears. In the midst of their perplexities, a Rhodian came
+up with a proposal, as follows: "I am ready, sirs to carry you across,
+four thousand heavy infantry at a time; if you will furnish me with
+what I need and give me a talent into the bargain for my pains." When
+asked, "What shall you need?" he replied: "Two thousand wine-skins. I
+see there are plenty of sheep and goats and asses. They have only to
+be flayed, and their skins inflated, and they will readily give us a
+passage. I shall want also the straps which you use for the baggage
+animals. With these I shall couple the skins to one another; then I
+shall moor each skin by attaching stones and letting them down like
+anchors into the water. Then I shall carry them across, and when I
+have fastened the links at both ends, I shall place layers of wood on
+them and a coating of earth on the top of that. You will see in a
+minute that there's no danger of your drowning, for every skin will be
+able to support a couple of men without sinking, and the wood and
+earth will prevent your slipping off."
+
+The generals thought it a pretty invention enough, but its realisation
+impracticable, for on the other side were masses of cavalry posted and
+ready to bar the passage; who, to begin with, would not suffer the      12
+first detachment of crossers to carry out any item of the programme.
+
+Under these circumstances, the next day they turned right about face,
+and began retracing their steps in the direction of Babylon to the
+unburnt villages, having previously set fire to those they left, so
+that the enemy did not ride up to them, but stood and stared, all
+agape to see in what direction the Hellenes would betake themselves
+and what they were minded to do. Here, again, while the rest of the
+soldiers were busy about provisions, the generals and officers met in
+council, and after collecting the prisoners together, submitted them
+to a cross-examination touching the whole country round, the names,
+and so forth, of each district.
+
+The prisoners informed them that the regions south, through which they
+had come, belonged to the district towards Babylon and Media; the road
+east led to Susa and Ecbatana, where the king is said to spend summer
+and spring; crossing the river, the road west led to Lydia and Ionia;
+and the part through the mountains facing towards the Great Bear, led,
+they said, to the Carduchians[1]. They were a people, so said the
+prisoners, dwelling up on the hills, addicted to war, and not subject
+to the king; so much so that once, when a royal army one hundred and
+twenty thousand strong had invaded them, not a man came back, owing to
+the intricacies of the country. Occasionally, however, they made truce
+or treaty with the satrap in the plain, and, for the nonce, there
+would be intercourse: "they will come in and out amongst us," "and we
+will go in and out amongst them," said the captives.
+
+[1] See Dr. Kiepert, "Man. Anc. Geog. (Mr. G. A. Macmillan) iv. 47.
+    The Karduchians or Kurds belong by speech to the Iranian stock,
+    forming in fact their farthest outpost to the west, little given
+    to agriculture, but chiefly to the breeding of cattle. Their name,
+    pronounced Kardu by the ancient Syrians and Assyrians, Kordu by
+    the Armenians (plural Kordukh), first appears in its narrower
+    sense in western literature in the pages of the eye-witness
+    Xenophon as {Kardoukhoi}. Later writers knew of a small kingdom
+    here at the time of the Roman occupation, ruled by native princes,
+    who after Tigranes II (about 80 B.C.) recognised the overlordship
+    of the Armenian king. Later it became a province of the Sassanid
+    kingdom, and as such was in 297 A.D. handed over among the
+    regiones transtigritanae to the Roman empire, but in 364 was again
+    ceded to Persia.
+
+After hearing these statements, the generals seated apart those who     17
+claimed to have any special knowledge of the country in any direction;
+they put them to sit apart without making it clear which particular
+route they intended to take. Finally the resolution to which they came
+was that they must force a passage through the hills into the
+territory of the Kurds; since, according to what their informants told
+them, when they had once passed these, they would find themselves in
+Armenia--the rich and large territory governed by Orontas; and from
+Armenia, it would be easy to proceed in any direction whatever.
+Thereupon they offered sacrifice, so as to be ready to start on the
+march as soon as the right moment appeared to have arrived. Their
+chief fear was that the high pass over the mountains must be occupied
+in advance: and a general order was issued, that after supper every
+one should get his kit together for starting, and repose, in readiness
+to follow as soon as the word of command was given.
+
+
+
+
+BOOK IV
+
+[In the preceding portion of the narrative a full account is
+given of the incidents of the march up to the battle, and of
+the occurrences after the battle during the truce which was
+established between the king and the Hellenes, who marched up
+with Cyrus, and thirdly, of the fighting to which the Hellenes
+were exposed, after the king and Tissaphernes had broken the
+treaty, while a Persian army hung on their rear. Having
+finally reached a point at which the Tigris was absolutely
+impassable owing to its depth and breadth, while there was no
+passage along the bank itself, and the Carduchian hills hung
+sheer over the river, the generals took the resolution above
+mentioned of forcing a passage through the mountains. The
+information derived from the prisoners taken along the way led
+them to believe that once across the Carduchian mountains they
+would have the choice either of crossing the Tigris--if they
+liked to do so--at its sources in Armenia, or of going round
+them, if so they preferred. Report further said that the
+sources of the Euphrates also were not far from those of the
+Tigris, and this is actually the case. The advance into the
+country of the Carduchians was conducted with a view partly to
+secrecy, and partly to speed, so as to effect their entry
+before the enemy could occupy the passes.]
+
+
+
+I
+
+It was now about the last watch, and enough of the night remained to    1
+allow them to cross the valley under cover of darkness; when, at the
+word of command, they rose and set off on their march, reaching the
+mountains at daybreak. At this stage of the march Cheirisophus, at the
+head of his own division, with the whole of the light troops, led the
+van, while Xenophon followed behind with the heavy infantry of the
+rearguard, but without any light troops, since there seemed to be no
+danger of pursuit or attack from the rear, while they were making
+their way up hill. Cheirisophus reached the summit without any of the   6
+enemy perceiving him. Then he led on slowly, and the rest of the army
+followed, wave upon wave, cresting the summit and descending into the
+villages which nestled in the hollows and recesses of the hills.
+
+Thereupon the Carduchians abandoned their dwelling places, and with
+their wives and children fled to the mountains; so there was plenty of
+provisions to be got for the mere trouble of taking, and the
+homesteads too were well supplied with a copious store of bronze
+vessels and utensils which the Hellenes kept their hands off,
+abstaining at the same time from all pursuit of the folk themselves,
+gently handling them, in hopes that the Carduchians might be willing
+to give them friendly passage through their country, since they too
+were enemies of the king: only they helped themselves to such
+provisions as fell in their way, which indeed was a sheer necessity.
+But the Carduchians neither gave ear, when they called to them, nor
+showed any other friendly sign; and now, as the last of the Hellenes
+descended into the villages from the pass, they were already in the
+dark, since, owing to the narrowness of the road, the whole day had
+been spent in the ascent and descent. At that instant a party of the
+Carduchians, who had collected, made an attack on the hindmost men,
+killing some and wounding others with stones and arrows--though it was
+quite a small body who attacked. The fact was, the approach of the
+Hellenic army had taken them by surprise; if, however, they had
+mustered in larger force at this time, the chances are that a large
+portion of the army would have been annihilated. As it was, they got
+into quarters, and bivouacked in the villages that night, while the
+Carduchians kept many watch-fires blazing in a circle on the
+mountains, and kept each other in sight all round.
+
+But with the dawn the generals and officers of the Hellenes met and
+resolved to proceed, taking only the necessary number of stout baggage
+animals, and leaving the weaklings behind. They resolved further to
+let go free all the lately-captured slaves in the host; for the pace
+of the march was necessarily rendered slow by the quantity of animals
+and prisoners, and the number of non-combatants in attendance on these  13
+was excessive, while, with such a crowd of human beings to satisfy,
+twice the amount of provisions had to be procured and carried. These
+resolutions passed, they caused a proclamation by herald to be made
+for their enforcement.
+
+When they had breakfasted and the march recommenced, the generals
+planted themselves a little to one side in a narrow place, and when
+they found any of the aforesaid slaves or other property still
+retained, they confiscated them. The soldiers yielded obedience,
+except where some smuggler, prompted by desire of a good-looking boy
+or woman, managed to make off with his prize. During this day they
+contrived to get along after a fashion, now fighting and now resting.
+But on the next day they were visited by a great storm, in spite of
+which they were obliged to continue the march, owing to insufficiency
+of provisions. Cheirisophus was as usual leading in front, while
+Xenophon headed the rearguard, when the enemy began a violent and
+sustained attack. At one narrow place after another they came up quite
+close, pouring in volleys of arrows and slingstones, so that the
+Hellenes had no choice but to make sallies in pursuit and then again
+recoil, making but very little progress. Over and over again Xenophon
+would send an order to the front to slacken pace, when the enemy were
+pressing their attack severely. As a rule, when the word was so passed
+up, Cheirisophus slackened; but sometimes instead of slackening,
+Cheirisophus quickened, sending down a counter-order to the rear to
+follow on quickly. It was clear that there was something or other
+happening, but there was no time to go to the front and discover the
+cause of the hurry. Under the circumstances the march, at any rate in
+the rear, became very like a rout, and here a brave man lost his life,
+Cleonymus the Laconian, shot with an arrow in the ribs right through
+shield and corselet, as also Basias, an Arcadian, shot clean through
+the head.
+
+As soon as they reached a halting-place, Xenophon, without more ado,
+came up to Cheirisophus, and took him to task for not having waited,
+"whereby," he said, "we were forced to fight and flee at the same       19
+moment; and now it has cost us the lives of two fine fellows; they are
+dead, and we were not able to pick up their bodies or bury them."
+Cheirisophus answered: "Look up there," pointing as he spoke to the
+mountain, "do you see how inaccessible it all is? only this one road,
+which you see, going straight up, and on it all that crowd of men who
+have seized and are guarding the single exit. That is why I hastened
+on, and why I could not wait for you, hoping to be beforehand with
+them yonder in seizing the pass: the guides we have got say there is
+no other way." And Xenophon replied: "But I have got two prisoners
+also; the enemy annoyed us so much that we laid an ambuscade for them,
+which also gave us time to recover our breaths; we killed some of
+them, and did our best to catch one or two alive--for this very
+reason--that we might have guides who knew the country, to depend
+upon."
+
+The two were brought up at once and questioned separately: "Did they
+know of any other road than the one visible?" The first said no; and
+in spite of all sorts of terrors applied to extract a better
+answer--"no," he persisted. When nothing could be got out of him, he
+was killed before the eyes of his fellow. This latter then explained:
+"Yonder man said, he did not know, because he has got a daughter
+married to a husband in those parts. I can take you," he added, "by a
+good road, practicable even for beasts." And when asked whether there
+was any point on it difficult to pass, he replied that there was a col
+which it would be impossible to pass unless it were occupied in
+advance.
+
+Then it was resolved to summon the officers of the light infantry and
+some of those of the heavy infantry, and to acquaint them with the
+state of affairs, and ask them whether any of them were minded to
+distinguish themselves, and would step forward as volunteers on an
+expedition. Two or three heavy infantry soldiers stepped forward at
+once--two Arcadians, Aristonymus of Methydrium, and Agasias of
+Stymphalus--and in emulation of these, a third, also an Arcadian,
+Callimachus from Parrhasia, who said he was ready to go, and would get
+volunteers from the whole army to join him. "I know," he added, "there  27
+will be no lack of youngsters to follow where I lead." After that they
+asked, "Were there any captains of light infantry willing to accompany
+the expedition?" Aristeas, a Chian, who on several occasions proved
+his usefulness to the army on such service, volunteered.
+
+
+
+II
+
+It was already late afternoon, when they ordered the storming party to  1
+take a snatch of food and set off; then they bound the guide and
+handed him over to them. The agreement was, that if they succeeded in
+taking the summit they were to guard the position that night, and at
+daybreak to give a signal by bugle. At this signal the party on the
+summit were to attack the enemy in occupation of the visible pass,
+while the generals with the main body would bring up their succours;
+making their way up with what speed they might. With this
+understanding, off they set, two thousand strong; and there was a
+heavy downpour of rain, but Xenophon, with his rearguard, began
+advancing to the visible pass, so that the enemy might fix his
+attention on this road, and the party creeping round might, as much as
+possible, elude observation. Now when the rearguard, so advancing, had
+reached a ravine which they must cross in order to strike up the
+steep, at that instant the barbarians began rolling down great
+boulders, each a wagon load[1], some larger, some smaller; against the
+rocks they crashed and splintered flying like slingstones in every
+direction--so that it was absolutely out of the question even to
+approach the entrance of the pass. Some of the officers finding
+themselves baulked at this point, kept trying other ways, nor did they
+desist till darkness set in; and then, when they thought they would
+not be seen retiring, they returned to supper. Some of them who had
+been on duty in the rearguard had had no breakfast (it so happened).
+However, the enemy never ceased rolling down their stones all through
+the night, as was easy to infer from the booming sound.
+
+[1] I.e. several ton weight.
+
+The party with the guide made a circuit and surprised the enemy's
+guards seated round their fire, and after killing some, and driving
+out the rest, took their places, thinking that they were in possession
+of the height. As a matter of fact they were not, for above them lay a  6
+breast-like hill[2] skirted by the narrow road on which they had found
+the guards seated. Still, from the spot in question there was an
+approach to the enemy, who were seated on the pass before mentioned.
+
+[2] Or, "mamelon."
+
+Here then they passed the night, but at the first glimpse of dawn they
+marched stealthily and in battle order against the enemy. There was a
+mist, so that they could get quite close without being observed. But
+as soon as they caught sight of one another, the trumpet sounded, and
+with a loud cheer they rushed upon the fellows, who did not wait their
+coming, but left the road and made off; with the loss of only a few
+lives however, so nimble were they. Cheirisophus and his men, catching
+the sound of the bugle, charged up by the well-marked road, while
+others of the generals pushed their way up by pathless routes, where
+each division chanced to be; the men mounting as they were best able,
+and hoisting one another up by means of their spears; and these were
+the first to unite with the party who had already taken the position
+by storm. Xenophon, with the rearguard, followed the path which the
+party with the guide had taken, since it was easiest for the beasts of
+burthen; one half of his men he had posted in rear of the baggage
+animals; the other half he had with himself. In their course they
+encountered a crest above the road, occupied by the enemy, whom they
+must either dislodge or be themselves cut off from the rest of the
+Hellenes. The men by themselves could have taken the same route as the
+rest, but the baggage animals could not mount by any other way than
+this.
+
+Here then, with shouts of encouragement to each other, they dashed at
+the hill with their storming columns, not from all sides, but leaving
+an avenue of escape for the enemy, if he chose to avail himself of it.
+For a while, as the men scrambled up where each best could, the
+natives kept up a fire of arrows and darts, yet did not receive them
+at close quarters, but presently left the position in flight. No
+sooner, however, were the Hellenes safely past this crest, than they
+came in sight of another in front of them, also occupied, and deemed
+it advisable to storm it also. But now it struck Xenophon that if they  13
+left the ridge just taken unprotected in their rear, the enemy might
+re-occupy it and attack the baggage animals as they filed past,
+presenting a long extended line owing to the narrowness of the road by
+which they made their way. To obviate this, he left some officers in
+charge of the ridge--Cephisodorus, son of Cephisophon, an Athenian;
+Amphicrates, the son of Amphidemus, an Athenian; and Archagoras, an
+Argive exile--while he in person with the rest of the men attacked the
+second ridge; this they took in the same fashion, only to find that
+they had still a third knoll left, far the steepest of the three. This
+was none other than the mamelon mentioned as above the outpost, which
+had been captured over their fire by the volunteer storming party in
+the night. But when the Hellenes were close, the natives, to the
+astonishment of all, without a struggle deserted the knoll. It was
+conjectured that they had left their position from fear of being
+encircled and besieged, but the fact was that they, from their higher
+ground, had been able to see what was going on in the rear, and had
+all made off in this fashion to attack the rearguard.
+
+So then Xenophon, with the youngest men, scaled up to the top, leaving
+orders to the rest to march on slowly, so as to allow the hindmost
+companies to unite with them; they were to advance by the road, and
+when they reached the level to ground arms[3]. Meanwhile the Argive
+Archagoras arrived, in full flight, with the announcement that they
+had been dislodged from the first ridge, and that Cephisodorus and
+Amphicrates were slain, with a number of others besides, all in fact
+who had not jumped down the crags and so reached the rearguard. After
+this achievement the barbarians came to a crest facing the mamelon,
+and Xenophon held a colloquy with them by means of an interpreter, to
+negotiate a truce, and demanded back the dead bodies. These they
+agreed to restore if he would not burn their houses, and to these
+terms Xenophon agreed. Meanwhile, as the rest of the army filed past,
+and the colloquy was proceeding, all the people of the place had time
+to gather gradually, and the enemy formed; and as soon as the Hellenes
+began to descend from the mamelon to join the others where the troops
+were halted, on rushed the foe, in full force, with hue and cry. They   20
+reached the summit of the mamelon from which Xenophon was descending,
+and began rolling down crags. One man's leg was crushed to pieces.
+Xenophon was left by his shield-bearer, who carried off his shield,
+but Eurylochus of Lusia[4], an Arcadian hoplite, ran up to him, and
+threw his shield in front to protect both of them; so the two together
+beat a retreat, and so too the rest, and joined the serried ranks of
+the main body.
+
+[3] To take up position.
+
+[4] I.e. of Lusi (or Lusia), a town (or district) in Northern Arcadia.
+
+After this the whole Hellenic force united, and took up their quarters
+there in numerous beautiful dwellings, with an ample store of
+provisions, for there was wine so plentiful that they had it in
+cemented cisterns. Xenophon and Cheirisophus arranged to recover the
+dead, and in return restored the guide; afterwards they did everything
+for the dead, according to the means at their disposal, with the
+customary honours paid to good men.
+
+Next day they set off without a guide; and the enemy, by keeping up a
+continuous battle and occupying in advance every narrow place,
+obstructed passage after passage. Accordingly, whenever the van was
+obstructed, Xenophon, from behind, made a dash up the hills and broke
+the barricade, and freed the vanguard by endeavouring to get above the
+obstructing enemy. Whenever the rear was the point attacked,
+Cheirisophus, in the same way, made a detour, and by endeavouring to
+mount higher than the barricaders, freed the passage for the rear
+rank; and in this way, turn and turn about, they rescued each other,
+and paid unflinching attention to their mutual needs. At times it
+happened that, the relief party having mounted, encountered
+considerable annoyance in their descent from the barbarians, who were
+so agile that they allowed them to come up quite close, before they
+turned back, and still escaped, partly no doubt because the only
+weapons they had to carry were bows and slings.
+
+They were, moreover, excellent archers, using bows nearly three cubits
+long and arrows more than two cubits. When discharging the arrow, they
+draw the string by getting a purchase with the left foot planted        28
+forward on the lower end of the bow. The arrows pierced through shield
+and cuirass, and the Hellenes, when they got hold of them, used them
+as javelins, fitting them to their thongs. In these districts the
+Cretans were highly serviceable. They were under the command of
+Stratocles, a Cretan.
+
+
+
+III
+
+During this day they bivouacked in the villages which lie above the     1
+plain of the river Centrites[1], which is about two hundred feet
+broad. It is the frontier river between Armenia and the country of the
+Carduchians. Here the Hellenes recruited themselves, and the sight of
+the plain filled them with joy, for the river was but six or seven
+furlongs distant from the mountains of the Carduchians. For the moment
+then they bivouacked right happily; they had their provisions, they
+had also many memories of the labours that were now passed; seeing
+that the last seven days spent in traversing the country of the
+Carduchians had been one long continuous battle, which had cost them
+more suffering than the whole of their troubles at the hands of the
+king and Tissaphernes put together. As though they were truly quit of
+them for ever, they laid their heads to rest in sweet content.
+
+[1] I.e. the Eastern Tigris.
+
+But with the morrow's dawn they espied horsemen at a certain point
+across the river, armed cap-a-pie, as if they meant to dispute the
+passage. Infantry, too, drawn up in line upon the banks above the
+cavalry, threatened to prevent them debouching into Armenia. These
+troops were Armenian and Mardian and Chaldaean mercenaries belonging
+to Orontas and Artuchas. The last of the three, the Chaldaeans, were
+said to be a free and brave set of people. They were armed with long
+wicker shields and lances. The banks before named on which they were
+drawn up were a hundred yards or more distant from the river, and the
+single road which was visible was one leading upwards and looking like
+a regular artificially constructed highway. At this point the Hellenes
+endeavoured to cross, but on their making the attempt the water proved  6
+to be more than breast-deep, and the river bed was rough with great
+slippery stones, and as to holding their arms in the water, it was out
+of the question--the stream swept them away--or if they tried to carry
+them over the head, the body was left exposed to the arrows and other
+missiles; accordingly they turned back and encamped there by the bank
+of the river.
+
+At the point where they had themselves been last night, up on the
+mountains, they could see the Carduchians collected in large numbers
+and under arms. A shadow of deep despair again descended on their
+souls, whichever way they turned their eyes--in front lay the river so
+difficult to ford; over, on the other side, a new enemy threatening to
+bar the passage; on the hills behind, the Carduchians ready to fall
+upon their rear should they once again attempt to cross. Thus for this
+day and night they halted, sunk in perplexity. But Xenophon had a
+dream. In his sleep he thought that he was bound in fetters, but
+these, of their own accord, fell from off him, so that he was loosed,
+and could stretch his legs as freely as he wished[2]. So at the first
+glimpse of daylight he came to Cheirisophus and told him that he had
+hopes that all things would go well, and related to him his dream.
+
+[2] It is impossible to give the true sense and humour of the passage
+    in English, depending, as it does, on the double meaning of
+    {diabainein} (1) to cross (a river), (2) to stride or straddle (of
+    the legs). The army is unable to cross the Centrites; Xenophon
+    dreams that he is fettered, but the chains drop off his legs and
+    he is able to stride as freely as ever; next morning the two young
+    men come to him with the story how they have found themselves able
+    to walk cross the river instead of having to swim it. It is
+    obvious to Xenophon that the dream is sent from Heaven.
+
+The other was well pleased, and with the first faint gleam of dawn the
+generals all were present and did sacrifice; and the victims were
+favourable in the first essay. Retiring from the sacrifice, the
+generals and officers issued an order to the troops to take their
+breakfasts; and while Xenophon was taking his, two young men came
+running up to him, for every one knew that, breakfasting or supping,
+he was always accessible, or that even if asleep any one was welcome
+to awaken him who had anything to say bearing on the business of war.   10
+What the two young men had at this time to say was that they had been
+collecting brushwood for fire, and had presently espied on the
+opposite side, in among some rocks which came down to the river's
+brink, an old man and some women and little girls depositing, as it
+would appear, bags of clothes in a cavernous rock. When they saw them,
+it struck them that it was safe to cross; in any case the enemy's
+cavalry could not approach at this point. So they stripped naked,
+expecting to have to swim for it, and with their long knives in their
+hands began crossing, but going forward crossed without being wet up
+to the fork. Once across they captured the clothes, and came back
+again.
+
+Accordingly Xenophon at once poured out a libation himself, and bade
+the two young fellows fill the cup and pray to the gods, who showed to
+him this vision and to them a passage, to bring all other blessings
+for them to accomplishment. When he had poured out the libation, he at
+once led the two young men to Cheirisophus, and they repeated to him
+their story. Cheirisophus, on hearing it, offered libations also, and
+when they had performed them, they sent a general order to the troops
+to pack up ready for starting, while they themselves called a meeting
+of the generals and took counsel how they might best effect a passage,
+so as to overpower the enemy in front without suffering any loss from
+the men behind. And they resolved that Cheirisophus should lead the
+van and cross with half the army, the other half still remaining
+behind under Xenophon, while the baggage animals and the mob of
+sutlers were to cross between the two divisions.
+
+When all was duly ordered the move began, the young men pioneering
+them, and keeping the river on their left. It was about four furlongs'
+march to the crossing, and as they moved along the bank, the squadrons
+of cavalry kept pace with them on the opposite side.
+
+But when they had reached a point in a line with the ford, and the
+cliff-like banks of the river, they grounded arms, and first
+Cheirisophus himself placed a wreath upon his brows, and throwing off   17
+his cloak[3], resumed his arms, passing the order to all the rest to
+do the same, and bade the captains form their companies in open order
+in deep columns, some to left and some to right of himself. Meanwhile
+the soothsayers were slaying a victim over the river, and the enemy
+were letting fly their arrows and slingstones; but as yet they were
+out of range. As soon as the victims were favourable, all the soldiers
+began singing the battle hymn, and with the notes of the paean mingled
+the shouting of the men accompanied by the shriller chant of the
+women, for there were many women[4] in the camp.
+
+[3] Or, "having doffed it," i.e. the wreath, an action which the
+    soldiers would perform symbolically, if Grote is right in his
+    interpretation of the passage, "Hist. of Greece," vol. ix. p. 137.
+
+[4] Lit. "comrade-women."
+
+So Cheirisophus with his detachment stepped in. But Xenophon, taking
+the most active-bodied of the rearguard, began running back at full
+speed to the passage facing the egress into the hills of Armenia,
+making a feint of crossing at that point to intercept their cavalry on
+the river bank. The enemy, seeing Cheirisophus's detachment easily
+crossing the stream, and Xenophon's men racing back, were seized with
+the fear of being intercepted, and fled at full speed in the direction
+of the road which emerges from the stream. But when they were come
+opposite to it they raced up hill towards their mountains. Then
+Lycius, who commanded the cavalry, and Aeschines, who was in command
+of the division of light infantry attached to Cheirisophus, no sooner
+saw them fleeing so lustily than they were after them, and the
+soldiers shouted not to fall behind[5], but to follow them right up to
+the mountains. Cheirisophus, on getting across, forbore to pursue the
+cavalry, but advanced by the bluffs which reached to the river to
+attack the enemy overhead. And these, seeing their own cavalry
+fleeing, seeing also the heavy infantry advancing upon them, abandoned
+the heights above the river.
+
+[5] Or, "to stick tight to them and not to be outdone"; or, as others
+    understand, "the (infantry) soldiers clamoured not to be left
+    behind, but to follow them up into the mountains."
+
+Xenophon, as soon as he saw that things were going well on the other    24
+side, fell back with all speed to join the troops engaged in crossing,
+for by this time the Carduchians were well in sight, descending into
+the plain to attack their rear.
+
+Cheirisophus was in possession of the higher ground, and Lycius, with
+his little squadron, in an attempt to follow up the pursuit, had
+captured some stragglers of their baggage-bearers, and with them some
+handsome apparel and drinking-cups. The baggage animals of the
+Hellenes and the mob of non-combatants were just about to cross, when
+Xenonphon turned his troops right about to face the Carduchians.
+Vis-a-vis he formed his line, passing the order to the captains each
+to form his company into sections, and to deploy them into line by the
+left, the captains of companies and lieutenants in command of sections
+to advance to meet the Carduchians, while the rear leaders would keep
+their position facing the river. But when the Carduchians saw the
+rearguard so stript of the mass, and looking now like a mere handful
+of men, they advanced all the more quickly, singing certain songs the
+while. Then, as matters were safe with him, Cheirisophus sent back the
+peltasts and slingers and archers to join Xenophon, with orders to
+carry out his instructions. They were in the act of recrossing, when
+Xenophon, who saw their intention, sent a messenger across, bidding
+them wait there at the river's brink without crossing; but as soon as
+he and his detachment began to cross they were to step in facing him
+in two flanking divisions right and left of them, as if in the act of
+crossing; the javelin men with their javelins on the thong, and the
+bowmen with their arrows on the string; but they were not to advance
+far into the stream. The order passed to his own men was: "Wait till
+you are within sling-shot, and the shield rattles, then sound the
+paean and charge the enemy. As soon as he turns, and the bugle from
+the river sounds for 'the attack,' you will face about to the right,
+the rear rank leading, and the whole detachment falling back and
+crossing the river as quickly as possible, every one preserving his
+original rank, so as to avoid tramelling one another: the bravest man
+is he who gets to the other side first."
+
+The Carduchians, seeing that the remnant left was the merest handful    30
+(for many even of those whose duty it was to remain had gone off in
+their anxiety to protect their beasts of burden, or their personal
+kit, or their mistresses), bore down upon them valorously, and opened
+fire with slingstones and arrows. But the Hellenes, raising the battle
+hymn, dashed at them at a run, and they did not await them; armed well
+enough for mountain warfare, and with a view to sudden attack followed
+by speedy flight, they were not by any means sufficiently equipped for
+an engagement at close quarters. At this instant the signal of the
+bugle was heard. Its notes added wings to the flight of the
+barbarians, but the Hellenes turned right about in the opposite
+direction, and betook themselves to the river with what speed they
+might. Some of the enemy, here a man and there another, perceived, and
+running back to the river, let fly their arrows and wounded a few; but
+the majority, even when the Hellenes were well across, were still to
+be seen pursuing their flight. The detachment which came to meet
+Xenophon's men, carried away by their valour, advanced further than
+they had need to, and had to cross back again in the rear of
+Xenophon's men, and of these too a few were wounded.
+
+
+
+IV
+
+The passage effected, they fell into line about mid-day, and marched    1
+through Armenian territory, one long plain with smooth rolling
+hillocks, not less than five parasangs in distance; for owing to the
+wars of this people with the Carduchians there were no villages near
+the river. The village eventually reached was large, and possessed a
+palace belonging to the satrap, and most of the houses were crowned
+with turrets; provisions were plentiful.
+
+From this village they marched two stages--ten parasangs--until they
+had surmounted the sources of the river Tigris; and from this point
+they marched three stages--fifteen parasangs--to the river Teleboas.
+This was a fine stream, though not large, and there were many villages
+about it. The district was named Western Armenia. The
+lieutenant-governor of it was Tiribazus, the king's friend, and
+whenever the latter paid a visit, he alone had the privilege of
+mounting the king upon his horse. This officer rode up to the Hellenes
+with a body of cavalry, and sending forward an interpreter, stated
+that he desired a colloquy with the leaders. The generals resolved to   5
+hear what he had to say; and advancing on their side to within
+speaking distance, they demanded what he wanted. He replied that he
+wished to make a treaty with them, in accordance with which he on his
+side would abstain from injuring the Hellenes, if they would not burn
+his houses, but merely take such provisions as they needed. This
+proposal satisfied the generals, and a treaty was made on the terms
+suggested.
+
+From this place they marched three stages--fifteen parasangs--through
+plain country, Tiribazus the while keeping close behind with his own
+forces more than a mile off. Presently they reached a palace with
+villages clustered round about it, which were full of supplies in
+great variety. But while they were encamping in the night, there was a
+heavy fall of snow, and in the morning it was resolved to billet out
+the different regiments, with their generals, throughout the villages.
+There was no enemy in sight, and the proceeding seemed prudent, owing
+to the quantity of snow. In these quarters they had for provisions all
+the good things there are--sacrificial beasts, corn, old wines with an
+exquisite bouquet, dried grapes, and vegetables of all sorts. But some
+of the stragglers from the camp reported having seen an army, and the
+blaze of many watchfires in the night. Accordingly the generals
+concluded that it was not prudent to separate their quarters in this
+way, and a resolution was passed to bring the troops together again.
+After that they reunited, the more so that the weather promised to be
+fine with a clear sky; but while they lay there in open quarters,
+during the night down came so thick a fall of snow that it completely
+covered up the stacks of arms and the men themselves lying down. It
+cramped and crippled the baggage animals; and there was great
+unreadiness to get up, so gently fell the snow as they lay there warm
+and comfortable, and formed a blanket, except where it slipped off the
+sleepers' shoulders; and it was not until Xenophon roused himself to
+get up, and, without his cloak on[1], began to split wood, that
+quickly first one and then another got up, and taking the log away      12
+from him, fell to splitting. Thereat the rest followed suit, got up,
+and began kindling fire and oiling their bodies, for there was a
+scented unguent to be found there in abundance, which they used
+instead of oil. It was made from pig's fat, sesame, bitter almonds,
+and turpentine. There was a sweet oil also to be found, made of the
+same ingredients.
+
+[1] Or, as we should say, "in his shirt sleeves." Doubtless he lay
+    with his {imation} or cloak loosely wrapped round him; as he
+    sprang to his feet he would throw it off, or it would fall off,
+    and with the simple inner covering of the {khiton} to protect him,
+    and arms free, he fell to chopping the wood, only half clad.
+
+After this it was resolved that they must again separate their
+quarters and get under cover in the villages. At this news the
+soldiers, with much joy and shouting, rushed upon the covered houses
+and the provisions; but all who in their blind folly had set fire to
+the houses when they left them before, now paid the penalty in the
+poor quarters they got. From this place one night they sent off a
+party under Democrates, a Temenite[2], up into the mountains, where
+the stragglers reported having seen watchfires. The leader selected
+was a man whose judgement might be depended upon to verify the truth
+of the matter. With a happy gift to distinguish between fact and
+fiction, he had often been successfully appealed to. He went and
+reported that he had seen no watchfires, but he had got a man, whom he
+brought back with him, carrying a Persian bow and quiver, and a
+sagaris or battleaxe like those worn by the Amazons. When asked "from
+what country he came," the prisoner answered that he was "a Persian,
+and was going from the army of Tiribazus to get provisions." They next
+asked him "how large the army was, and for what object it had been
+collected." His answer was that "it consisted of Tiribazus at the head
+of his own forces, and aided by some Chalybian and Taochian
+mercenaries. Tiribazus had got it together," he added, "meaning to
+attack the Hellenes on the high mountain pass, in a defile which was
+the sole passage."
+
+[2] Reading {Temeniten}, i.e. a native of Temenus, a district of
+    Syracuse; al. {Temniten}, i.e. from Temnus in the Aeolid; al.
+    {Temeniten}, i.e. from Temenum in the Argolid.
+
+When the generals heard this news, they resolved to collect the
+troops, and they set off at once, taking the prisoner to act as guide,
+and leaving a garrison behind with Sophaenetus the Stymphalian in       19
+command of those who remained in the camp. As soon as they had begun
+to cross the hills, the light infantry, advancing in front and
+catching sight of the camp, did not wait for the heavy infantry, but
+with a loud shout rushed upon the enemy's entrenchment. The natives,
+hearing the din and clatter, did not care to stop, but took rapidly to
+their heels. But, for all their expedition, some of them were killed,
+and as many as twenty horses were captured, with the tent of
+Tiribazus, and its contents, silver-footed couches and goblets,
+besides certain persons styling themselves the butlers and bakers. As
+soon as the generals of the heavy infantry division had learnt the
+news, they resolved to return to the camp with all speed, for fear of
+an attack being made on the remnant left behind. The recall was
+sounded and the retreat commenced; the camp was reached the same day.
+
+
+
+V
+
+The next day it was resolved that they should set off with all          1
+possible speed, before the enemy had time to collect and occupy the
+defile. Having got their kit and baggage together, they at once began
+their march through deep snow with several guides, and, crossing the
+high pass the same day on which Tiribazus was to have attacked them,
+got safely into cantonments. From this point they marched three desert
+stages--fifteen parassangs--to the river Euphrates, and crossed it in
+water up to the waist. The sources of the river were reported to be at
+no great distance. From this place they marched through deep snow over
+a flat country three stages--fifteen parasangs[1]. The last of these
+marches was trying, with the north wind blowing in their teeth, drying
+up everything and benumbing the men. Here one of the seers suggested
+to them to do sacrifice to Boreas, and sacrifice was done. The effect
+was obvious to all in the diminished fierceness of the blast. But
+there was six feet of snow, so that many of the baggage animals and
+slaves were lost, and about thirty of the men themselves.
+
+[1] Al. "ten," al. "five."
+
+They spent the whole night in kindling fire; for there was fortunately
+no dearth of wood at the halting-place; only those who came late into
+camp had no wood. Accordingly those who had arrived a good while and    5
+had kindled fires were not for allowing these late-comers near the
+fires, unless they would in return give a share of their corn or of
+any other victuals they might have. Here then a general exchange of
+goods was set up. Where the fire was kindled the snow melted, and
+great trenches formed themselves down to the bare earth, and here it
+was possible to measure the depth of the snow.
+
+Leaving these quarters, they marched the whole of the next day over
+snow, and many of the men were afflicted with "boulimia" (or
+hunger-faintness). Xenophon, who was guarding the rear, came upon some
+men who had dropt down, and he did not know what ailed them; but some
+one who was experienced in such matters suggested to him that they had
+evidently got boulimia; and if they got something to eat, they would
+revive. Then he went the round of the baggage train, and laying an
+embargo on any eatables he could see, doled out with his own hands, or
+sent off other able-bodied agents to distribute to the sufferers, who
+as soon as they had taken a mouthful got on their legs again and
+continued the march.
+
+On and on they marched, and about dusk Cheirisophus reached a village,
+and surprised some women and girls who had come from the village to
+fetch water at the fountain outside the stockade. These asked them who
+they were. The interpreters answered for them in Persian: "They were
+on their way from the king to the satrap;" in reply to which the women
+gave them to understand that the satrap was not at home, but was away
+a parasang farther on. As it was late they entered with the
+water-carriers within the stockade to visit the headman of the
+village. Accordingly Cheirisophus and as many of the troops as were
+able got into cantonments there, while the rest of the soldiers--those
+namely who were unable to complete the march--had to spend the night
+out, without food and without fire; under the circumstances some of
+the men perished.
+
+On the heels of the army hung perpetually bands of the enemy,
+snatching away disabled baggage animals and fighting with each other
+over the carcases. And in its track not seldom were left to their fate
+disabled soldiers, struck down with snow-blindness or with toes         12
+mortified by frostbite. As to the eyes, it was some alleviation
+against the snow to march with something black before them; for the
+feet, the only remedy was to keep in motion without stopping for an
+instant, and to loose the sandal at night. If they went to sleep with
+the sandals on, the thong worked into the feet, and the sandals were
+frozen fast to them. This was partly due to the fact that, since their
+old sandals had failed, they wore untanned brogues made of
+newly-flayed ox-hides. It was owing to some such dire necessity that a
+party of men fell out and were left behind, and seeing a black-looking
+patch of ground where the snow had evidently disappeared, they
+conjectured it must have been melted; and this was actually so, owing
+to a spring of some sort which was to be seen steaming up in a dell
+close by. To this they had turned aside and sat down, and were loth to
+go a step further. But Xenophon, with his rearguard, perceived them,
+and begged and implored them by all manner of means not to be left
+behind, telling them that the enemy were after them in large packs
+pursuing; and he ended by growing angry. They merely bade him put a
+knife to their throats; not one step farther would they stir. Then it
+seemed best to frighten the pursuing enemy if possible, and prevent
+their falling upon the invalids. It was already dusk, and the pursuers
+were advancing with much noise and hubbub, wrangling and disputing
+over their spoils. Then all of a sudden the rearguard, in the
+plenitude of health and strength[2], sprang up out of their lair and
+run upon the enemy, whilst those weary wights[3] bawled out as loud as
+their sick throats could sound, and clashed their spears against their
+shields; and the enemy in terror hurled themselves through the snow
+into the dell, and not one of them ever uttered a sound again.
+
+[2] Hug, after Rehdantz, would omit the words "in the plenitude of
+    health and strength."
+
+[3] Or, "the invalids."
+
+Xenophon and his party, telling the sick folk that next day people
+would come for them, set off, and before they had gone half a mile
+they fell in with some soldiers who had laid down to rest on the snow
+with their cloaks wrapped round them, but never a guard was
+established, and they made them get up. Their explanation was that      19
+those in front would not move on. Passing by this group he sent
+forward the strongest of his light infantry in advance, with orders to
+find out what the stoppage was. They reported that the whole army lay
+reposing in such fashion. That being so, Xenophon's men had nothing
+for it but to bivouac in the open air also, without fire and
+supperless, merely posting what pickets they could under the
+circumstances. But as soon as it drew towards day, Xenophon despatched
+the youngest of his men to the sick folk behind, with orders to make
+them get up and force them to proceed. Meanwhile Cheirisophus had sent
+some of his men quartered in the village to enquire how they fared in
+the rear; they were overjoyed to see them, and handed over the sick
+folk to them to carry into camp, while they themselves continued their
+march forward, and ere twenty furlongs were past reached the village
+in which Cheirisophus was quartered. As soon as the two divisions were
+met, the resolution was come to that it would be safe to billet the
+regiments throughout the villages; Cheirisophus remained where he was,
+while the rest drew lots for the villages in sight, and then, with
+their several detachments, marched off to their respective
+destinations.
+
+It was here that Polycrates, an Athenian and captain of a company,
+asked for leave of absence--he wished to be off on a quest of his own;
+and putting himself at the head of the active men of the division, he
+ran to the village which had been allotted to Xenophon. He surprised
+within it the villagers with their headman, and seventeen young horses
+which were being reared as a tribute for the king, and, last of all,
+the headman's own daughter, a young bride only eight days wed. Her
+husband had gone off to chase hares, and so he escaped being taken
+with the other villagers. The houses were underground structures with
+an aperture like the mouth of a well by which to enter, but they were
+broad and spacious below. The entrance for the beasts of burden was
+dug out, but the human occupants descended by a ladder. In these
+dwellings were to be found goats and sheep and cattle, and cocks and
+hens, with their various progeny. The flocks and herds were all reared
+under cover upon green food. There were stores within of wheat and
+barley and vegetables, and wine made from barley in great big bowls;    26
+the grains of barley malt lay floating in the beverage up to the lip
+of the vessel, and reeds lay in them, some longer, some shorter,
+without joints; when you were thirsty you must take one of these into
+your mouth, and suck. The beverage without admixture of water was very
+strong, and of a delicious flavour to certain palates, but the taste
+must be acquired.
+
+Xenophon made the headman of the village his guest at supper, and bade
+him keep a good heart; so far from robbing him of his children, they
+would fill his house full of good things in return for what they took
+before they went away; only he must set them an example, and discover
+some blessing or other for the army, until they found themselves with
+another tribe. To this he readily assented, and with the utmost
+cordiality showed them the cellar where the wine was buried. For this
+night then, having taken up their several quarters as described, they
+slumbered in the midst of plenty, one and all, with the headman under
+watch and ward, and his children with him safe in sight.
+
+But on the following day Xenophon took the headman and set off to
+Cheirisophus, making a round of the villages, and at each place
+turning in to visit the different parties. Everywhere alike he found
+them faring sumptuously and merry-making. There was not a single
+village where they did not insist on setting a breakfast before them,
+and on the same table were spread half a dozen dishes at least, lamb,
+kid, pork, veal, fowls, with various sorts of bread, some of wheat and
+some of barley. When, as an act of courtesy, any one wished to drink
+his neighbour's health, he would drag him to the big bowl, and when
+there, he must duck his head and take a long pull, drinking like an
+ox. The headman, they insisted everywhere, must accept as a present
+whatever he liked to have. But he would accept nothing, except where
+he espied any of his relations, when he made a point of taking them
+off, him or her, with himself.
+
+When they reached Cheirisophus they found a similar scene. There too    33
+the men were feasting in their quarters, garlanded with whisps of hay
+and dry grass, and Armenian boys were playing the part of waiters in
+barbaric costumes, only they had to point out by gesture to the boys
+what they were to do, like deaf and dumb. After the first formalities,
+when Cheirisophus and Xenophon had greeted one another like bosom
+friends, they interrogated the headman in common by means of the
+Persian-speaking interpreter. "What was the country?" they asked: he
+replied, "Armenia." And again, "For whom are the horses being bred?"
+"They are tribute for the king," he replied. "And the neighbouring
+country?" "Is the land of the Chalybes," he said; and he described the
+road which led to it. So for the present Xenophon went off, taking the
+headman back with him to his household and friends. He also made him a
+present of an oldish horse which he had got; he had heard that the
+headman was a priest of the sun, and so he could fatten up the beast
+and sacrifice him; otherwise he was afraid it might die outright, for
+it had been injured by the long marching. For himself he took his pick
+of the colts, and gave a colt apiece to each of his fellow-generals
+and officers. The horses here were smaller than the Persian horses,
+but much more spirited. It was here too that their friend the headman
+explained to them, how they should wrap small bags or sacks around the
+feet of the horses and other cattle when marching through the snow,
+for without such precautions the creatures sank up to their bellies.
+
+
+
+VI
+
+When a week had passed, on the eighth day Xenophon delivered over the   1
+guide (that is to say, the village headman) to Cheirisophus. He left
+the headman's household safe behind in the village, with the exception
+of his son, a lad in the bloom of youth. This boy was entrusted to
+Episthenes of Amphipolis to guard; if the headman proved himself a
+good guide, he was to take away his son also at his departure. They
+finally made his house the repository of all the good things they
+could contrive to get together; then they broke up their camp and
+commenced to march, the headman guiding them through the snow
+unfettered. When they had reached the third stage Cheirisophus flew     2
+into a rage with him, because he had not brought them to any villages.
+The headman pleaded that there were none in this part. Cheirisophus
+struck him, but forgot to bind him, and the end of it was that the
+headman ran away in the night and was gone, leaving his son behind
+him. This was the sole ground of difference between Cheirisophus and
+Xenophon during the march, this combination of ill-treatment and
+neglect in the case of the guide. As to the boy, Episthenes conceived
+a passion for him, and took him home with him, and found in him the
+most faithful of friends.
+
+After this they marched seven stages at the rate of five parasangs a
+day, to the banks of the river Phasis[1], which is a hundred feet
+broad: and thence they marched another couple of stages, ten
+parasangs; but at the pass leading down into the plain there appeared
+in front of them a mixed body of Chalybes and Taochians and
+Phasianians. When Cheirisophus caught sight of the enemy on the pass
+at a distance of about three or four miles, he ceased marching, not
+caring to approach the enemy with his troops in column, and he passed
+down the order to the others: to deploy their companies to the front,
+that the troops might form into line. As soon as the rearguard had
+come up, he assembled the generals and officers, and addressed them:
+"The enemy, as you see, are in occupation of the mountain pass, it is
+time we should consider how we are to make the best fight to win it.
+My opinion is, that we should give orders to the troops to take their
+morning meal, whilst we deliberate whether we should cross the
+mountains to-day or to-morrow." "My opinion," said Cleanor, "is, that
+as soon as we have breakfasted, we should arm for the fight and attack
+the enemy, without loss of time, for if we fritter away to-day, the
+enemy who are now content to look at us, will grow bolder, and with
+their growing courage, depend upon it, others more numerous will join
+them."
+
+[1] Probably a tributary of the Araxes = modern Pasin-Su.
+
+After him Xenophon spoke: "This," he said, "is how I see the matter;
+if fight we must, let us make preparation to sell our lives dearly,
+but if we desire to cross with the greatest ease, the point to
+consider is, how we may get the fewest wounds and throw away the
+smallest number of good men. Well then, that part of the mountain       11
+which is visible stretches nearly seven miles. Where are the men
+posted to intercept us? except at the road itself, they are nowhere to
+be seen. It is much better to try if possible to steal a point of this
+desert mountain unobserved, and before they know where we are, secure
+the prize, than to fly at a strong position and an enemy thoroughly
+prepared. Since it is much easier to march up a mountain without
+fighting than to tramp along a level when assailants are at either
+hand; and provided he has not to fight, a man will see what lies at
+his feet much more plainly even at night than in broad daylight in the
+midst of battle; and a rough road to feet that roam in peace may be
+pleasanter than a smooth surface with the bullets whistling about your
+ears[2]. Nor is it so impossible, I take it, to steal a march, since
+it is open to us to go by night, when we cannot be seen, and to fall
+back so far that they will never notice us. In my opinion, however, if
+we make a feint of attacking here, we shall find the mountain chain
+all the more deserted elsewhere, since the enemy will be waiting for
+us here in thicker swarm.
+
+[2] Or, more lit., "with the head a mark for missiles."
+
+"But what right have I to be drawing conclusions about stealing in
+your presence, Cheirisophus? for you Lacedaemonians, as I have often
+been told, you who belong to the 'peers,' practise stealing from your
+boyhood up; and it is no disgrace but honourable rather to steal,
+except such things as the law forbids; and in order, I presume, to
+stimulate your sense of secretiveness, and to make you master thieves,
+it is lawful for you further to get a whipping if you are caught. Now
+then you have a fine opportunity of displaying your training. But take
+care we are not caught stealing over the mountain, or we shall catch
+it ourselves." "For all that," retorted Cheirisophus, "I have heard
+that you Athenians are clever hands at stealing the public moneys; and
+that too though there is a fearful risk for the person so employed;
+but, I am told, it is your best men who are addicted to it; if it is
+your best men who are thought worthy to rule. So it is a fine
+opportunity for yourself also, Xenophon, to exhibit your education."    17
+"And I," replied Xenophon, "am ready to take the rear division, as
+soon as we have supped, and seize the mountain chain. I have already
+got guides, for the light troops laid an ambuscade, and seized some of
+the cut-purse vagabonds who hung on our rear. I am further informed by
+them that the mountain is not inaccessible, but is grazed by goats and
+cattle, so that if we can once get hold of any portion of it, there
+will be no difficulty as regards our animals--they can cross. As to
+the enemy, I expect they will not even wait for us any longer, when
+they once see us on a level with themselves on the heights, for they
+do not even at present care to come down and meet us on fair ground."
+Cheirisophus answered: "But why should you go and leave your command
+in the rear? Send others rather, unless a band of volunteers will
+present themselves." Thereupon Aristonymus the Methydrian came forward
+with some heavy infantry, and Nicomachus the Oetean with another body
+of light troops, and they made an agreement to kindle several
+watch-fires as soon as they held the heights. The arrangements made,
+they breakfasted; and after breakfast Cheirisophus advanced the whole
+army ten furlongs closer towards the enemy, so as to strengthen the
+impression that he intended to attack them at that point.
+
+But as soon as they had supped and night had fallen, the party under
+orders set off and occupied the mountain, while the main body rested
+where they were. Now as soon as the enemy perceived that the mountain
+was taken, they banished all thought of sleep, and kept many
+watch-fires blazing throughout the night. But at break of day
+Cheirisophus offered sacrifice, and began advancing along the road,
+while the detachment which held the mountain advanced pari passu by
+the high ground. The larger mass of the enemy, on his side, remained
+still on the mountain-pass, but a section of them turned to confront
+the detachment on the heights. Before the main bodies had time to draw
+together, the detachment on the height came to close quarters, and the
+Hellenes were victorious and gave chase. Meanwhile the light division
+of the Hellenes, issuing from the plain, were rapidly advancing
+against the serried lines of the enemy, whilst Cheirisophus followed
+up with his heavy infantry at quick march. But the enemy on the road    25
+no sooner saw their higher division being worsted than they fled, and
+some few of them were slain, and a vast number of wicker shields were
+taken, which the Hellenes hacked to pieces with their short swords and
+rendered useless. So when they had reached the summit of the pass,
+they sacrificed and set up a trophy, and descending into the plain,
+reached villages abounding in good things of every kind.
+
+
+
+VII
+
+After this they marched into the country of the Taochians five          1
+stages--thirty parasangs--and provisions failed; for the Taochians
+lived in strong places, into which they had carried up all their
+stores. Now when the army arrived before one of these strong places--a
+mere fortress, without city or houses, into which a motley crowd of
+men and women and numerous flocks and herds were
+gathered--Cheirisophus attacked at once. When the first regiment fell
+back tired, a second advanced, and again a third, for it was
+impossible to surround the place in full force, as it was encircled by
+a river. Presently Xenophon came up with the rearguard, consisting of
+both light and heavy infantry, whereupon Cheirisophus halted him with
+the words: "In the nick of time you have come; we must take this
+place, for the troops have no provisions, unless we take it."
+Thereupon they consulted together, and to Xenophon's inquiry, "What it
+was which hindered their simply walking in?" Cheirisophus replied,
+"There is just this one narrow approach which you see, but when we
+attempt to pass it by they roll down volleys of stones from yonder
+overhanging crag," pointing up, "and this is the state in which you
+find yourself, if you chance to be caught;" and he pointed to some
+poor fellows with their legs or ribs crushed to bits. "But when they
+have expended their ammunition," said Xenophon, "there is nothing
+else, is there, to hinder our passing? Certainly, except yonder
+handful of fellows, there is no one in front of us that we can see;
+and of them, only two or three apparently are armed, and the distance
+to be traversed under fire is, as your eyes will tell you, about one
+hundred and fifty feet as near as can be, and of this space the first
+hundred is thickly covered with great pines at intervals; under cover
+of these, what harm can come to our men from a pelt of stones, flying   6
+or rolling? So then, there is only fifty feet left to cross, during a
+lull of stones." "Ay," said Cheirisophus, "but with our first attempt
+to approach the bush a galling fire of stones commences." "The very
+thing we want," said the other, "for they will use up their ammunition
+all the quicker; but let us select a point from which we shall have
+only a brief space to run across, if we can, and from which it will be
+easier to get back, if we wish."
+
+Thereupon Cheirisophus and Xenophon set out with Callimachus the
+Parrhasian, the captain in command of the officers of the rearguard
+that day; the rest of the captains remained out of danger. That done,
+the next step was for a party of about seventy men to get away under
+the trees, not in a body, but one by one, every one using his best
+precaution; and Agasis the Stymphalian, and Aristonymous the
+Methydrian, who were also officers of the rearguard, were posted as
+supports outside the trees; for it was not possible for more than a
+single company to stand safely within the trees. Here Callimachus hit
+upon a pretty contrivance--he ran forward from the tree under which he
+was posted two or three paces, and as soon as the stones came
+whizzing, he retired easily, but at each excursion more than ten
+wagon-loads of rocks were expended. Agasias, seeing how Callimachus
+was amusing himself, and the whole army looking on as spectators, was
+seized with the fear that he might miss his chance of being first to
+run the gauntlet of the enemy's fire and get into the place. So,
+without a word of summons to his neighbour, Aristonymous, or to
+Eurylochus of Lusia, both comrades of his, or to any one else, off he
+set on his own account, and passed the whole detachment. But
+Callimachus, seeing him tearing past, caught hold of his shield by the
+rim, and in the meantime Aristonymous the Methydrian ran past both,
+and after him Eurylochus of Lusia; for they were one and all aspirants
+to valour, and in that high pursuit, each was the eager rival of the
+rest. So in this strife of honour, the three of them took the
+fortress, and when they had once rushed in, not a stone more was
+hurled from overhead.
+
+And here a terrible spectacle displayed itself: the women first cast
+their infants down the cliff, and then they cast themselves after       13
+their fallen little ones, and the men likewise. In such a scene,
+Aeneas the Stymphalian, an officer, caught sight of a man with a fine
+dress about to throw himself over, and seized hold of him to stop him;
+but the other caught him to his arms, and both were gone in an instant
+headlong down the crags, and were killed. Out of this place the merest
+handful of human beings were taken prisoners, but cattle and asses in
+abundance and flocks of sheep.
+
+From this place they marched through the Chalybes[1] seven stages,
+fifty parasangs. These were the bravest men whom they encountered on
+the whole march, coming cheerily to close quarters with them. They
+wore linen cuirasses reaching to the groin, and instead of the
+ordinary "wings" or basques, a thickly-plaited fringe of cords. They
+were also provided with greaves and helmets, and at the girdle a short
+sabre, about as long as the Laconian dagger, with which they cut the
+throats of those they mastered, and after severing the head from the
+trunk they would march along carrying it, singing and dancing, when
+they drew within their enemy's field of view. They carried also a
+spear fifteen cubits long, lanced at one end[2]. This folk stayed in
+regular townships, and whenever the Hellenes passed by they invariably
+hung close on their heels fighting. They had dwelling-places in their
+fortresses, and into them they had carried up their supplies, sot hat
+the Hellenes could get nothing from this district, but supported
+themselves on the flocks and herds they had taken from the Taochians.
+After this the Hellenes reached the river Harpasus, which was four
+hundred feet broad. Hence they marched through the Scythenians four
+stages--twenty parasangs--through a long level country to more
+villages, among which they halted three days, and got in supplies.
+
+[1] These are the Armeno-Chalybes, so called by Pliny in
+    contradistinction to another mountain tribe in Pontus so named,
+    who were famous for their forging, and from whom steel received
+    its Greek name {khalups}. With these latter we shall make
+    acquaintance later on.
+
+[2] I.e. with a single point or spike only, the Hellenic spear having
+    a spike at the butt end also.
+
+Passing on from thence in four stages of twenty parasangs, they         19
+reached a large and prosperous well-populated city, which went by the
+name of Gymnias[3], from which the governor of the country sent them a
+guide to lead them through a district hostile to his own. This guide
+told them that within five days he would lead them to a place from
+which they would see the sea, "and," he added, "if I fail of my word,
+you are free to take my life." Accordingly he put himself at their
+head; but he no sooner set foot in the country hostile to himself than
+he fell to encouraging them to burn and harry the land; indeed his
+exhortations were so earnest, it was plain that it was for this he had
+come, and not out of the good-will he bore the Hellenes.
+
+[3] Gymnias is supposed (by Grote, "Hist. of Greece," vol. ix. p. 161)
+    to be the same as that which is now called Gumisch-Kana--perhaps
+    "at no great distance from Baibut," Tozer, "Turkish Armenia," p.
+    432. Others have identified it with Erzeroum, others with Ispir.
+
+On the fifth day they reached the mountain, the name of which was
+Theches[4]. No sooner had the men in front ascended it and caught
+sight of the sea than a great cry arose, and Xenophon, in the
+rearguard, catching the sound of it, conjectured that another set of
+enemies must surely be attacking in front; for they were followed by
+the inhabitants of the country, which was all aflame; indeed the
+rearguard had killed some and captured others alive by laying an
+ambuscade; they had taken also about twenty wicker shields, covered
+with the raw hides of shaggy oxen.
+
+[4] Some MSS. give "the sacred mountain." The height in question has
+    been identified with "the ridge called Tekieh-Dagh to the east of
+    Gumisch-Kana, nearer to the sea than that place" (Grote, ib. p.
+    162), but the exact place from which they caught sight of the sea
+    has not been identified as yet, and other mountain ranges have
+    been suggested.
+
+But as the shout became louder and nearer, and those who from time to
+time came up, began racing at the top of their speed towards the
+shouters, and the shouting continually recommenced with yet greater
+volume as the numbers increased, Xenophon settled in his mind that
+something extraordinary must have happened, so he mounted his horse,
+and taking with him Lycius and the cavalry, he galloped to the rescue.
+Presently they could hear the soldiers shouting and passing on the
+joyful word, "The sea! the sea!"
+
+Thereupon they began running, rearguard and all, and the baggage        24
+animals and horses came galloping up. But when they had reached the
+summit, then indeed they fell to embracing one another--generals and
+officers and all--and the tears trickled down their cheeks. And on a
+sudden, some one, whoever it was, having passed down the order, the
+soldiers began bringing stones and erecting a great cairn, whereon
+they dedicated a host of untanned skins, and staves, and captured
+wicker shields, and with his own hand the guide hacked the shields to
+pieces, inviting the rest to follow his example. After this the
+Hellenes dismissed the guide with a present raised from the common
+store, to wit, a horse, a silver bowl, a Persian dress, and ten
+darics; but what he most begged to have were their rings, and of these
+he got several from the soldiers. So, after pointing out to them a
+village where they would find quarters, and the road by which they
+would proceed towards the land of the Macrones, as evening fell, he
+turned his back upon them in the night and was gone.
+
+
+
+VIII
+
+From this point the Hellenes marched through the country of the         1
+Macrones three stages--ten parasangs, and on the first day they
+reached the river, which formed the boundary between the land of the
+Macrones and the land of the Scythenians. Above them, on their right,
+they had a country of the sternest and ruggedest character, and on
+their left another river, into which the frontier river discharges
+itself, and which they must cross. This was thickly fringed with trees
+which, though not of any great bulk, were closely packed. As soon as
+they came up to them, the Hellenes proceeded to cut them down in their
+haste to get out of the place as soon as possible. But the Macrones,
+armed with wicker shields and lances and hair tunics, were already
+drawn up to receive them opposite the crossing. They were cheering one
+another on, and kept up a steady pelt of stones into the river, though
+they failed to reach the other side or do any harm.
+
+At this juncture one of the light infantry came up to Xenophon; he had
+been, he said, a slave at Athens, and he wished to tell him that he
+recognised the speech of these people. "I think," said he, "that this
+must be my native country, and if there is no objection I will have a
+talk with them." "No objection at all," replied Xenophon, "pray talk    5
+to them, and ask them first, who they are." In answer to this question
+they said, "they were Macrones." "Well, then," said he, "ask them why
+they are drawn up in battle and want to fight with us." They answered,
+"Because you are invading our country." The generals bade him say: "If
+so, it is with not intention certainly of doing it or you any harm:
+but we have been at war with the king, and are now returning to
+Hellas, and all we want is to reach the sea." The others asked, "Were
+they willing to give them pledges to that effect?" They replied: "Yes,
+they were ready to give and receive pledges to that effect." Then the
+Macrones gave a barbaric lance to the Hellenes, and the Hellenes a
+Hellenic lance to them: "for these," they said, "would serve as
+pledges," and both sides called upon the gods to witness.
+
+After the pledges were exchanged, the Macrones fell to vigorously
+hewing down trees and constructing a road to help them across,
+mingling freely with the Hellenes and fraternising in their midst, and
+they afforded them as good as market as they could, and for three days
+conducted them on their march, until they had brought them safely to
+the confines of the Colchians. At this point they were confronted by a
+great mountain chain, which however was accessible, and on it the
+Colchians were drawn up for battle. In the first instance, the
+Hellenes drew up opposite in line of battle, as though they were
+minded to assault the hill in that order; but afterwards the generals
+determined to hold a council of war, and consider how to make the
+fairest fight.
+
+Accordingly Xenophon said: "I am not for advancing in line, but advise
+to form companies by columns. To begin with, the line," he urged,
+"would be scattered and thrown into disorder at once; for we shall
+find the mountain full of inequalities, it will be pathless here and
+easy to traverse there. The mere fact of first having formed in line,
+and then seeing the line thrown into disorder, must exercise a
+disheartening effect. Again, if we advance several deep, the enemy
+will none the less overlap us, and turn their superfluous numbers to
+account as best they like; while, if we march in shallow order, we may
+fully expect our line to be cut through and through by the thick rain   11
+of missiles and rush of men, and if this happen anywhere along the
+line, the whole line will equally suffer. No; my notion is to form
+columns by companies, covering ground sufficient with spaces between
+the companies to allow the last companies of each flank to be outside
+the enemy's flanks. Thus we shall with our extreme companies be
+outside the enemy's line, and the best men at the head of their
+columns will lead the attack, and every company will pick its way
+where the ground is easy; also it will be difficult for the enemy to
+force his way into the intervening spaces, when there are companies on
+both sides; nor will it be easy for him to cut in twain any individual
+company marching in column. If, too, any particular company should be
+pressed, the neighbouring company will come to the rescue, or if at
+any point any single company succeed in reaching the height, from that
+moment not one man of the enemy will stand his ground."
+
+This proposal was carried, and they formed into columns by
+companies[1]. Then Xenophon, returning from the right wing to the
+left, addressed the soldiers. "Men," he said, "these men whom you see
+in front of you are the sole obstacles still interposed between us and
+the haven of our hopes so long deferred. We will swallow them up
+whole, without cooking[2], if we can."
+
+[1] For this formation, see "The Retreat of the Ten Thousand; a
+    military study for all time," by Lieut.-General J. L. Vaughan,
+    C.B.
+
+[2] Or, "we will gobble them up raw." He is thinking of the Homeric
+    line ("Iliad", iv. 35) "Perchance wert thou to enter within the
+    gates and long walls and devour Priam raw, and Priam's sons and
+    all the Trojans, then mightest thou assuage thine anger."--Leaf.
+
+The several divisions fell into position, the companies were formed
+into columns, and the result was a total of something like eighty
+companies of heavy infantry, each company consisting on an average of
+a hundred men. The light infantry and bowmen were arranged in three
+divisions--two outside to support the left and the right respectively,
+and the third in the centre--each division consisting of about six
+hundred men[3].
+
+[3] This suggests 1800 as the total of the peltasts, 8000 as the total
+    of the hoplites, but the companies were probably not limited to
+    100, and under "peltasts" were probably included other light
+    troops.
+
+Before starting, the generals passed the order to offer prayer; and     16
+with the prayer and battle hymn rising from their lips they commenced
+their advance. Cheirisophus and Xenophon, and the light infantry with
+them, advanced outside the enemy's line to right and left, and the
+enemy, seeing their advance, made an effort to keep parallel and
+confront them, but in order to do so, as he extended partly to right
+and partly to left, he was pulled to pieces, and there was a large
+space or hollow left in the centre of his line. Seeing them separate
+thus, the light infantry attached to the Arcadian battalion, under
+command of Aeschines, an Arcarnanian, mistook the movement for flight,
+and with a loud shout rushed on, and these were the first to scale the
+mountain summit; but they were closely followed up by the Arcadian
+heavy infantry, under command of Cleanor of Orchomenus.
+
+When they began running in that way, the enemy stood their ground no
+longer, but betook themselves to flight, one in one direction, one in
+another, and the Hellenes scaled the hill and found quarters in
+numerous villages which contained supplies in abundance. Here,
+generally speaking, there was nothing to excite their wonderment, but
+the numbers of bee-hives were indeed astonishing, and so were certain
+properties of the honey[4]. The effect upon the soldiers who tasted
+the combs was, that they all went for the nonce quite off their heads,
+and suffered from vomiting and diarrhoea, with a total inability to
+stand steady on their legs. A small dose produced a condition not
+unlike violent drunkenness, a large one an attack very like a fit of
+madness, and some dropped down, apparently at death's door. So they
+lay, hundreds of them, as if there had been a great defeat, a prey to
+the cruellest despondency. But the next day, none had died; and almost
+at the same hour of the day at which they had eaten they recovered
+their senses, and on the third or fourth day got on their legs again
+like convalescents after a severe course of medical treatment.
+
+[4] "Modern travellers attest the existence, in these regions, of
+    honey intoxicating and poisonous. . . . They point out the Azalea
+    Pontica as the flower from which the bees imbibe this peculiar
+    quality."--Grote, "Hist. of Greece," vol. ix. p. 155.
+
+From this place they marched on two stages--seven parasangs--and        22
+reached the sea at Trapezus[5], a populous Hellenic city on the Euxine
+Sea, a colony of the Sinopeans, in the territory of the Colchians.
+Here they halted about thirty days in the villages of the Colchians,
+which they used as a base of operations to ravage the whole territory
+of Colchis. The men of Trapezus supplied the army with a market,
+entertained them, and gave them, as gifts of hospitality, oxen and
+wheat and wine. Further, they negotiated with them in behalf of their
+neighbours the Colchians, who dwelt in the plain for the most part,
+and from this folk also came gifts of hospitality in the shape of
+cattle. And now the Hellenes made preparation for the sacrifice which
+they had vowed, and a sufficient number of cattle came in for them to
+offer thank-offerings for safe guidance to Zeus the Saviour, and to
+Heracles[6], and to the other gods, according to their vows. They
+instituted also a gymnastic contest on the mountain side, just where
+they were quartered, and chose Dracontius, a Spartan (who had been
+banished from home when a lad, having unintentionally slain another
+boy with a blow of his dagger), to superintend the course, and be
+president of the games
+
+[5] Trebizond.
+
+[6] Or, "to sacrifice to Zeus the Preserver, and to Heracles
+    thank-offerings for safe guidance," Heracles "the conductor"
+    having special sympathy with wanderers.
+
+As soon as the sacrifices were over, they handed over the hides of the
+beasts to Dracontius, and bade him lead the way to his racecourse. He
+merely waved his hand and pointed to where they were standing, and
+said, "There, this ridge is just the place for running, anywhere,
+everywhere." "But how," it was asked, "will they manage to wrestle on
+the hard scrubby ground?" "Oh! worse knocks for those who are thrown,"
+the president replied. There was a mile race for boys, the majority
+being captive lads; and for the long race more than sixty Cretans
+competed; there was wrestling, boxing, and the pankration[7].
+Altogether it was a beautiful spectacle. There was a large number of
+entries, and the emulation, with their companions, male and female,     27
+standing as spectators, was immense. There was horse-racing also; the
+riders had to gallop down a steep incline to the sea, and then turn
+and come up again to the altar, and on the descent more than half
+rolled head over heels, and then back they came toiling up the
+tremendous steep, scarcely out of a walking pace. Loud were the
+shouts, the laughter, and the cheers.
+
+[7] The pankration combined both wrestling and boxing.
+
+
+
+
+BOOK V
+
+[In the preceding portion of the narrative a detailed account
+is given of all that the Hellenes did, and how they fared on
+the march up with Cyrus; and also of all that befell them on
+their march subsequently, until they reached the seaboard of
+the Euxine Sea, or Pontus, and the Hellenic city of Trapezus,
+where they duly offered the sacrifice for safe deliverance
+which they had vowed to offer as soon as they set foot on a
+friendly soil.]
+
+
+
+I
+
+After this they met and took counsel concerning the remainder of the    1
+march. The first speaker was Antileon of Thurii. He rose and said:
+"For my part, sirs, I am weary by this time of getting kit together
+and packing up for a start, of walking and running and carrying heavy
+arms, and of tramping along in line, or mounting guard, and doing
+battle. The sole desire I now have is to cease from all these pains,
+and for the future, since here we have the sea before us, to sail on
+and on, 'stretched out in sleep,' like Odysseus, and so to find myself
+in Hellas." When they heard these remarks, the soldiers showed their
+approval with loud cries of "well said," and then another spoke to the
+same effect, and then another, and indeed all present. Then
+Cheirisophus got up and said: "I have a friend, sirs, who, as good hap
+will have it, is now high admiral, Anaxibius. If you like to send me
+to him, I think I can safely promise to return with some men-of-war
+and other vessels which will carry us. All you have to do, if you are
+really minded to go home by sea, is to wait here till I come. I will
+be back ere long." The soldiers were delighted at these words, and      4
+voted that Cheirisophus should set sail on his mission without delay.
+
+After him, Xenophon got up, and spoke as follows: "Cheirisophus, it is
+agreed, sets out in search of vessels, and we are going to await him.
+Let me tell you what, in my opinion, it is reasonable to do while we
+are waiting. First of all, we must provide ourselves with necessaries
+from hostile territory, for there is not a sufficient market, nor, if
+there were, have we, with a few solitary exceptions, the means of
+purchase. Now, the district is hostile, so that if you set off in
+search of provisions without care and precaution, the chances are that
+many of us will be lost. To meet this risk, I propose that we should
+organise foraging parties to capture provisions, and, for the rest,
+not roam about the country at random. The organisation of the matter
+should be left to us." (The resolution was passed.) "Please listen to
+another proposal;" he continued: "Some of you, no doubt, will be going
+out to pillage. It will be best, I think, that whoever does so should
+in each case before starting inform us of his intent, and in what
+direction he means to go, so that we may know the exact number of
+those who are out and of those who stop behind. Thus we shall be able
+to help in preparing and starting the expedition where necessary; and
+in case of aid or reinforcements being called for, we shall know in
+what direction to proceed; or, again, if the attempt is to be
+undertaken by raw or less expert hands, we may throw in the weight of
+our experience and advice by endeavouring to discover the strength of
+those whom they design to attack." This proposal was also carried.
+"Here is another point," he continued, "to which I would draw your
+attention. Our enemies will not lack leisure to make raids upon us:
+nor is it unnatural, that they should lay plots for us; for we have
+appropriated what is theirs; they are seated over us ever on the
+watch. I propose then that we should have regular outposts round the
+camp. If we take it in succession to do picket and outlook duty, the
+enemy will be less able to harry us. And here is another point for
+your observation; supposing we knew for certain that Cheirisophus must
+return with a sufficient number of vessels, there would be no need of   10
+the remark, but as that is still problematical, I propose that we
+should try to get together vessels on the spot also. If he comes and
+finds us already provided for here, we shall have more ships than we
+need, that is all; while, if he fails to bring them, we shall have the
+local supply to fall back upon. I see ships sailing past perpetually,
+so we have only to ask the loan of some war-ships from the men of
+Trapezus, and we can bring them into port, and safeguard them with
+their rudders unshipped, until we have enough to carry us. By this
+course I think we shall not fail of finding the means of transport
+requisite." That resolution was also passed. He proceeded: "Consider
+whether you think it equitable to support by means of a general fund
+the ships' companies which we so impress, while they wait here for our
+benefit, and to agree upon a fare, on the principle of repaying
+kindnesses in kind." That too was passed. "Well then," said he, "in
+case, after all, our endeavours should not be crowned with success,
+and we find that we have not vessels enough, I propose that we should
+enjoin on the cities along the seaboard the duty of constructing and
+putting in order the roads, which we hear are impassable. They will be
+only too glad to obey, no doubt, out of mere terror and their desire
+to be rid of us."
+
+This last proposal was met by loud cries and protestations against the
+idea of going by land at all. So, perceiving their infatuation, he did
+not put the question to the vote, but eventually persuaded the cities
+voluntarily to construct roads by the suggestion, "If you get your
+roads in good order, we shall all the sooner be gone." They further
+got a fifty-oared galley from the Trapezuntines, and gave the command
+of it to Dexippus, a Laconian, one of the perioeci[1]. This man
+altogether neglected to collect vessels on the offing, but slunk off
+himself, and vanished, ship and all, out of Pontus. Later on, however,
+he paid the penalty of his misdeeds. He became involved in some
+meddling and making in Thrace at the court of Seuthes, and was put to
+death by the Laconian Nicander. They also got a thirty-oared galley,
+the command of which was entrusted to Polycrates, an Athenian, and      16
+that officer brought into harbour to the camp all the vessels he could
+lay his hands on. If these were laden, they took out the freights and
+appointed guards to keep an eye on their preservation, whilst they
+used the ships themselves for transport service on the coast. While
+matters stood at this point, the Hellenes used to make forays with
+varying success; sometimes they captured prey and sometimes they
+failed. On one occasion Cleanetus led his own and another company
+against a strong position, and was killed himself, with many others of
+his party.
+
+[1] A native of the country parts of Laconia.
+
+
+
+II
+
+The time came when it was no longer possible to capture provisions,     1
+going and returning to the camp in one day. In consequence of this,
+Xenophon took some guides from the Trapezuntines and led half the army
+out against the Drilae, leaving the other half to guard the camp. That
+was necessary, since the Colchians, who had been ousted from their
+houses, were assembled thickly, and sat eyeing them from the heights
+above; on the other hand the Trapezuntines, being friendly to the
+native inhabitants, were not for leading the Hellenes to places where
+it was easy to capture provisions. But against the Drilae, from whom
+they personally suffered, they would lead them with enthusiasm, up
+into mountainous and scarcely accessible fortresses, and against the
+most warlike people of any in the Pontus.
+
+But when the Hellenes had reached the uplands, the Drilae set fire to
+all their fastnesses which they thought could be taken easily, and
+beat a retreat; and except here and there a stray pig or bullock or
+other animal which had escaped the fire there was nothing to capture;
+but there was one fastness which served as their metropolis: into this
+the different streams of people collected; round it ran a tremendously
+deep ravine, and the approaches to the place were difficult. So the
+light infantry ran forward five or six furlongs in advance of the
+heavy infantry, and crossed the ravine; and seeing quantities of sheep
+and other things, proceeded to attack the place. Close at their heels
+followed a number of those who had set out on the foray armed with
+spears, so that the storming party across the ravine amounted to more
+than two thousand. But, finding that they could not take the place by   5
+a coup-de-main, as there was a trench running round it, mounded up
+some breadth, with a stockade on the top of the earthwork and a
+close-packed row of wooden bastions, they made an attempt to run back,
+but the enemy fell upon them from the rear. To get away by a sudden
+rush was out of the question, since the descent from the fortress into
+the ravine only admitted of moving in single file. Under the
+circumstances they sent to Xenophon, who was in command of the heavy
+infantry. The messenger came and delivered his message: "There is a
+fastness choke full of all sorts of stores, but we cannot take it, it
+is too strong; nor can we easily get away; the enemy rush out and
+deliver battle, and the return is difficult."
+
+On hearing this, Xenophon pushed forward his heavy infantry to the
+edge of the ravine, and there ordered them to take up a position,
+while he himself with the officers crossed over to determine whether
+it were better to withdraw the party already across, or to bring over
+the heavy infantry also, on the supposition that the fortress might be
+taken. In favour of the latter opinion it was agreed that the retreat
+must cost many lives, and the officers were further disposed to think,
+they could take the place. Xenophon consented, relying on the victims,
+for the seers had announced, that there would be a battle, but that
+the result of the expedition would be good. So he sent the officers to
+bring the heavy troops across, while he himself remained, having drawn
+off all the light infantry and forbidden all sharp-shooting at long
+range. As soon as the heavy infantry had arrived, he ordered each
+captain to form his company, in whatever way he hoped to make it most
+effective in the coming struggle. Side by side together they stood,
+these captains, not for the first time to-day competitors for the
+award of manly virtue. While they were thus employed, he--the
+general--was engaged in passing down his order along the ranks of the
+light infantry and archers respectively to march with the javelin on
+its thong and the arrow to the string, ready at the word "shoot" to
+discharge their missiles, while the light troops were to have their
+wallets well stocked with slingstones; lastly, he despatched his        12
+adjutants to see to the proper carrying out of these orders.
+
+And now the preparations were complete: the officers and lieutenants
+and all others claiming to be peers of these, were drawn up in their
+several places. With a glance each was able to command the rest in the
+crescent-like disposition which the ground invited. Presently the
+notes of the battle hymn arose, the clarion spoke, and with a
+thrilling cry in honour of the warrior-god, commenced a rush of the
+heavy infantry at full speed under cover of a storm of missiles,
+lances, arrows, bullets, but most of all stones hurled from the hand
+with ceaseless pelt, while there were some who brought firebrands to
+bear. Overwhelmed by this crowd of missiles, the enemy left their
+stockades and their bastion towers, which gave Agasias the Stymphalian
+and Philoxenus of Pellene a chance not to be missed; laying aside
+their heavy arms, up they went in bare tunics only, and one hauled
+another up, and meantime another had mounted, and the place was taken,
+as they thought. Then the peltasts and light troops rushed in and
+began snatching what each man could. Xenophon the while, posted at the
+gates, kept back as many of the hoplites as he could, for there were
+other enemies now visible on certain strong citadel heights; and after
+a lapse of no long time a shout arose within, and the men came running
+back, some still clutching what they had seized; and presently here
+and there a wounded man; and mighty was the jostling about the
+portals. To the questions which were put to them the outpouring
+fugitives repeated the same story: there was a citadel within and
+enemies in crowds were making savage sallies and beating the fellows
+inside.
+
+At that Xenophon ordered Tolmides the herald to proclaim: "Enter all
+who are minded to capture aught." In poured the surging multitude, and
+the counter-current of persons elbowing their passage in prevailed
+over the stream of those who issued forth, until they beat back and
+cooped up the enemy within the citadel again. So outside the citadel
+everything was sacked and pillaged by the Hellenes, and the heavy
+infantry took up their position, some about the stockades, others       19
+along the road leading up to the citadel. Xenophon and the officers
+meantime considered the possibility of taking the citadel, for if so,
+their safety was assured; but if otherwise, it would be very difficult
+to get away. As the result of their deliberations they agreed that the
+place was impregnable. Then they began making preparations for the
+retreat. Each set of men proceeded to pull down the palisading which
+faced themselves; further, they sent away all who were useless or who
+had enough to do to carry their burdens, with the mass of the heavy
+infantry accompanying them; the officers in each case leaving behind
+men whom they could severally depend on.
+
+But as soon as they began to retreat, out rushed upon them from within
+a host of fellows, armed with wicker shields and lances, greaves and
+Paphlagonian helmets. Others might be seen scaling the houses on this
+side and that of the road leading into the citadel. Even pursuit in
+the direction of the citadel was dangerous, since the enemy kept
+hurling down on them great beams from above, so that to stop and to
+make off were alike dangerous, and night approaching was full of
+terrors. But in the midst of their fighting and their despair some god
+gave them a means of safety. All of a sudden, by whatsoever hand
+ignited, a flame shot up; it came from a house on the right hand, and
+as this gradually fell in, the people from the other houses on the
+right took to their heels and fled.
+
+Xenophon, laying this lesson of fortune to heart, gave orders to set
+fire to the left-hand houses also, which being of wood burned quickly,
+with the result that the occupants of these also took to flight. The
+men immediately at their front were the sole annoyance now, and these
+were safe to fall upon them as they made their exit and in their
+descent. Here then the word was passed for all who were out of range
+to bring up logs of wood and pile them between themselves and the
+enemy, and when there was enough of these they set them on fire; they
+also fired the houses along the trench-work itself, so as to occupy
+the attention of the enemy. Thus they got off, though with difficulty,
+and escaped from the place by putting a fire between them and the       27
+enemy; and the whole city was burnt down, houses, turrets, stockading,
+and everything belonging to it except the citadel.
+
+Next day the Hellenes were bent on getting back with the provisions;
+but as they dreaded the descent to Trapezus, which was precipitous and
+narrow, they laid a false ambuscade, and a Mysian, called after the
+name of his nation (Mysus)[1], took ten of the Cretans and halted in
+some thick brushy ground, where he made a feint of endeavouring to
+escape the notice of the enemy. The glint of their light shields,
+which were of brass, now and again gleamed through the brushwood. The
+enemy, seeing it all through the thicket, were confirmed in their
+fears of an ambuscade. But the army meanwhile was quietly making its
+descent; and when it appeared that they had crept down far enough, the
+signal was given to the Mysian to flee as fast as he could, and he,
+springing up, fled with his men. The rest of the party, that is the
+Cretans, saying, "We are caught if we race," left the road and plunged
+into a wood, and tumbling and rolling down the gullies were saved. The
+Mysian, fleeing along the road, kept crying for assistance, which they
+sent him, and picked him up wounded. The party of rescue now beat a
+retreat themselves with their face to the foe, exposed to a shower of
+missiles, to which some of the Cretan bowmen responded with their
+arrows. In this way they all reached the camp in safety.
+
+[1] Lit. "{Musos} (Mysus), a Mysian by birth, and {Musos} (Mysus) by
+    name."
+
+
+
+III
+
+Now when Cheirisophus did not arrive, and the supply of ships was       1
+insufficient, and to get provisions longer was impossible, they
+resolved to depart. On board the vessels they embarked the sick, and
+those above forty years of age, with the boys and women, and all the
+baggage which the solders were not absolutely forced to take for their
+own use. The two eldest generals, Philesius and Sophaenetus, were put
+in charge, and so the party embarked, while the rest resumed their
+march, for the road was now completely constructed. Continuing their
+march that day and the next, on the third they reached Cerasus, a
+Hellenic city on the sea, and a colony of Sinope, in the country of
+the Colchians. Here they halted ten days, and there was a review and
+numbering of the troops under arms, when there were found to be eight   3
+thousand six hundred men. So many had escaped; the rest had perished
+at the hands of the enemy, or by reason of the snow, or else disease.
+
+At this time and place they divided the money accruing from the
+captives sold, and a tithe selected for Apollo and Artemis of the
+Ephesians was divided between the generals, each of whom took a
+portion to guard for the gods, Neon the Asinaean[1] taking on behalf
+of Cheirisophus.
+
+[1] I.e. of Asine, perhaps the place named in Thuc. iv. 13, 54; vi. 93
+    situated on the western side of the Messenian bay. Strabo,
+    however, speaks of another Asine near Gytheum, but possibly means
+    Las. See Arnold's note to Thuc. iv. 13, and Smith's "Dict. Geog.
+    (s.v.)"
+
+Out of the portion which fell to Xenophon he caused a dedicatory
+offering to Apollo to be made and dedicated among the treasures of the
+Athenians at Delphi[2]. It was inscribed with his own name and that of
+Proxenus, his friend, who was killed with Clearchus. The gift for
+Artemis of the Ephesians was, in the first instance, left behind by
+him in Asia at the time when he left that part of the world himself
+with Agesilaus on the march into Boeotia[3]. He left it behind in
+charge of Megabyzus, the sacristan of the goddess, thinking that the
+voyage on which he was starting was fraught with danger. In the event
+of his coming out of it alive, he charged Megabyzus to restore to him
+the deposit; but should any evil happen to him, then he was to cause
+to be made and to dedicate on his behalf to Artemis, whatsoever thing
+he thought would be pleasing to the goddess.
+
+[2] Cf. Herod. i. 14; Strabo. ix. 420 for such private treasuries at
+    Delphi.
+
+[3] I.e. in the year B.C. 394. The circumstances under which Agesilaus
+    was recalled from Asia, with the details of his march and the
+    battle of Coronea, are described by Xenophon in the fourth book of
+    the "Hellenica."
+
+In the days of his banishment, when Xenophon was now established by
+the Lacedaemonians as a colonist in Scillus[4], a place which lies on   7
+the main road to Olympia, Megabyzus arrived on his way to Olympia as a
+spectator to attend the games, and restored to him the deposit.
+Xenophon took the money and bought for the goddess a plot of ground at
+a point indicated to him by the oracle. The plot, it so happened, had
+its own Selinus river flowing through it, just as at Ephesus the river
+Selinus flows past the temple of Artemis, and in both streams fish and
+mussels are to be found. On the estate at Scillus there is hunting and
+shooting of all the beasts of the chase that are.
+
+[4] Scillus, a town of Triphylia, a district of Elis. In B.C. 572 the
+    Eleians had razed Pisa and Scillus to the ground. But between B.C.
+    392 and 387 the Lacedaemonians, having previously (B.C. 400,
+    "Hell." III. ii. 30) compelled the Eleians to renounce their
+    supremacy over their dependent cities, colonised Scillus and
+    eventually gave it to Xenophon, then an exile from Athens.
+    Xenophon resided here from fifteen to twenty years, but was, it is
+    said, expelled from it by the Eleians soon after the battle of
+    Leuctra, in B.C. 371.--"Dict. Geog. (s.v.)" The site of the place,
+    and of Xenophon's temple, is supposed to be in the neighbourhood
+    of the modern village of Chrestena, or possibly nearer Mazi. To
+    reach Olympia, about 2 1/2 miles distant, one must cross the
+    Alpheus.
+
+Here with the sacred money he built an altar and a temple, and ever
+after, year by year, tithed the fruits of the land in their season and
+did sacrifice to the goddess, while all the citizens and neighbours,
+men and women, shared in the festival. The goddess herself provided
+for the banqueters meat and loaves and wine and sweetmeats, with
+portions of the victims sacrificed from the sacred pasture, as also of
+those which were slain in the chase; for Xenophon's own lads, with the
+lads of the other citizens, always made a hunting excursion against
+the festival day, in which any grown men who liked might join. The
+game was captured partly from the sacred district itself, partly from
+Pholoe[5], pigs and gazelles and stags. The place lies on the direct
+road from Lacedaemon to Olympia, about twenty furlongs from the temple
+of Zeus in Olympia, and within the sacred enclosure there is
+meadow-land and wood-covered hills, suited to the breeding of pigs and
+goats and cattle and horses, so that even the sumpter animals of the
+pilgrims passing to the feast fare sumptuously. The shrine is girdled
+by a grove of cultivated trees, yielding dessert fruits in their
+season. The temple itself is a facsimile on a small scale of the great
+temple at Ephesus, and the image of the goddess is like the golden
+statue at Ephesus, save only that it is made, not of gold, but of
+cypress wood. Beside the temple stands a column bearing this
+inscription:-- THE PLACE IS SACRED TO ARTEMIS. HE WHO HOLDS IT AND
+ENJOYS THE FRUITS OF IT IS BOUND TO SACRIFICE YEARLY A TITHE OF THE     13
+PRODUCE. AND FROM THE RESIDUE THEREOF TO KEEP IN REPAIR THE SHRINE. IF
+ANY MAN FAIL IN AUGHT OF THIS THE GODDESS HERSELF WILL LOOK TO IT THAT
+THE MATTER SHALL NOT SLEEP.
+
+[5] Pholoe. This mountain (north of the Alpheus) is an offshoot of
+    Erymanthus, crossing the Pisatis from east to west, and separating
+    the waters of the Peneus and the Ladon from those of the Alpheus
+    --"Dict. Geog." (Elis).
+
+IV
+
+
+
+From Cerasus they continued the march, the same portion of the troops   1
+being conveyed by sea as before, and the rest marching by land. When
+they had reached the frontiers of the Mossynoecians[1] they sent to
+him Timesitheus the Trapezuntine, who was the proxenos[2] of the
+Mossynoecians, to inquire whether they were to pass through their
+territory as friends or foes. They, trusting in their strongholds,
+replied that they would not give them passage. It was then that
+Timesitheus informed them that the Mossynoecians on the farther side
+of the country were hostile to these members of the tribe; and it was
+resolved to invite the former to make an alliance, if they wished it.
+So Timesitheus was sent, and came back with their chiefs. On their
+arrival there was a conference of the Mossynoecian chiefs and the
+generals of the Hellenes, and Xenophon made a speech which Timesitheus
+interpreted. He said: "Men of the Mossynoecians, our desire is to
+reach Hellas in safety; and since we have no vessels we must needs go
+by foot, but these people who, as we hear, are your enemies, prevent
+us. Will you take us for your allies? Now is your chance to exact
+vengeance for any wrong, which they at any time may have put upon you,
+and for the future they will be your subjects; but if you send us
+about our business, consider and ask yourselves from what quarter will
+you ever again obtain so strong a force to help you?" To this the
+chief of the Mossynoecians made answer:--that the proposal was in
+accordance with their wishes and they welcomed the alliance. "Good,"
+said Xenophon, "but to what use do you propose to put us, if we become
+your allies? And what will you in turn be able to do to assist our
+passage?" They replied: "We can make an incursion into this country
+hostile to yourselves and us, from the opposite side, and also send     10
+you ships and men to this place, who will aid you in fighting and
+conduct you on the road."
+
+[1] I.e. dwellers in mossyns, or wooden towers. See Herod. iii. 94;
+    vii. 78. Cf. also Strabo, xi. 41.
+
+[2] Or, "consul."
+
+On this understanding, they exchanged pledges and were gone. The next
+day they returned, bringing three hundred canoes, each hollowed out of
+a single trunk. There were three men in each, two of whom disembarked
+and fell into rank, whilst the third remained. Then the one set took
+the boats and sailed back again, whilst the other two-thirds who
+remained marshalled themselves in the following way. They stood in
+rows of about a hundred each, like the rows of dancers in a chorus,
+standing vis-a-vis to one another, and all bearing wicker shields,
+made of white oxhide, shaggy, and shaped like an ivy leaf; in the
+right hand they brandished a javelin about six cubits long, with a
+lance in front, and rounded like a ball at the butt end of the shaft.
+
+Their bodies were clad in short frocks, scarcely reaching to the knees
+and in texture closely resembling that of a linen bedclothes' bag; on
+their heads they wore leathern helmets just like the Paphlagonian
+helmet, with a tuft of hair in the middle, as like a tiara in shape as
+possible. They carried moreover iron battle-axes. Then one of them
+gave, as it were, the key-note and started, while the rest, taking up
+the strain and the step, followed singing and marking time. Passing
+through the various corps and heavy armed battalions of the Hellenes,
+they marched straight against the enemy, to what appeared the most
+assailable of his fortresses. It was situated in front of the city, or
+mother city, as it is called, which latter contains the high citadel
+of the Mossynoecians. This citadel was the real bone of contention,
+the occupants at any time being acknowledged as the masters of all the
+other Mossynoecians. The present holders (so it was explained) had no
+right to its possession; for the sake of self-aggrandisement they had
+seized what was really common property.
+
+Some of the Hellenes followed the attacking party, not under the
+orders of the generals, but for the sake of plunder. As they advanced,
+the enemy for a while kept quiet; but as they got near the place, they  16
+made a sortie and routed them, killing several of the barbarians as
+well as some of the Hellenes who had gone up with them; and so pursued
+them until they saw the Hellenes advancing to the rescue. Then they
+turned round and made off, first cutting off the heads of the dead men
+and flaunting them in the face of the Hellenes and of their own
+private foes, dancing the while and singing in a measured strain. But
+the Hellenes were much vexed to think that their foes had only been
+rendered bolder, while the Hellenes who had formed part of the
+expedition had turned tail and fled, in spite of their numbers; a
+thing which had not happened previously during the whole expedition.
+So Xenophon called a meeting of the Hellenes and spoke as follows:
+"Soldiers, do not in any wise be cast down by what has happened, be
+sure that good no less than evil will be the result; for to begin
+with, you now know certainly that those who are going to guide us are
+in very deed hostile to those with whom necessity drives us to
+quarrel; and, in the next place, some of our own body, these Hellenes
+who have made so light of orderly array and conjoint action with
+ourselves, as though they must needs achieve in the company of
+barbarians all they could with ourselves, have paid the penalty and
+been taught a lesson, so that another time they will be less prone to
+leave our ranks. But you must be prepared to show these friendly
+barbarians that you are of a better sort, and prove to the enemy that
+battle with the undisciplined is one thing, but with men like
+yourselves another."
+
+Accordingly they halted, as they were, that day. Next day they
+sacrificed and finding the victims favourable, they breakfasted,
+formed the companies into columns, and with their barbarians arranged
+in similar order on their left, began their march. Between the
+companies were the archers only slightly retired behind the front of
+the heavy infantry, on account of the enemy's active light troops, who
+ran down and kept up volleys of stones. These were held in check by
+the archers and peltasts; and steadily step by step the mass marched
+on, first to the position from which the barbarians and those with
+them had been driven two days back, and where the enemy were now drawn  23
+up to meet them. Thus it came to pass that the barbarians first
+grappled with the peltasts and maintained the battle until the heavy
+infantry were close, when they turned and fled. The peltasts followed
+without delay, and pursued them right up to their city, while the
+heavy troops in unbroken order followed. As soon as they were up at
+the houses of the capital, there and then the enemy, collecting all
+together in one strong body, fought valiantly, and hurled their
+javelins, or else clenched their long stout spears, almost too heavy
+for a man to wield, and did their best to ward off the attack at close
+quarters.
+
+But when the Hellenes, instead of giving way, kept massing together
+more thickly, the barbarians fled from this place also, and in a body
+deserted the fortress. Their king, who sat in his wooden tower or
+mossyn, built on the citadel (there he sits and there they maintain
+him, all at the common cost, and guard him narrowly), refused to come
+forth, as did also those in the fortress first taken, and so were
+burnt to a cinder where they were, their mossyns, themselves, and all.
+The Hellenes, pillaging and ransacking these places, discovered in the
+different houses treasures and magazines of loaves, pile upon pile,
+"the ancestral stores," as the Mossynoecians told them; but the new
+corn was laid up apart with the straw-stalk and ear together, and this
+was for the most part spelt. Slices of dolphin were another discovery,
+in narrow-necked jars, all properly salted and pickled; and there was
+blubber of dolphin in vessels, which the Mossynoecians used precisely
+as the Hellenes use oil. Then there were large stores of nuts on the
+upper floor, the broad kind without a division[3]. This was also a
+chief article of food with them--boiled nuts and baked loaves. Wine
+was also discovered. This, from its rough, dry quality, tasted sharp
+when drunk pure, but mixed with water was sweet and fragrant.
+
+[3] I.e. "chestnuts."
+
+The Hellenes breakfasted and then started forward on their march,
+having first delivered the stronghold to their allies among the
+Mossynoecians. As for the other strongholds belonging to tribes allied
+with their foes, which they passed en route, the most accessible were
+either deserted by their inhabitants or gave in their adhesion          30
+voluntarily. The following description will apply to the majority of
+them: the cities were on an average ten miles apart, some more, some
+less; but so elevated is the country and intersected by such deep
+clefts that if they chose to shout across to one another, their cries
+would be heard from one city to another. When, in the course of their
+march, they came upon a friendly population, these would entertain
+them with exhibitions of fatted children belonging to the wealthy
+classes, fed up on boiled chestnuts until they were as white as white
+can be, of skin plump and delicate, and very nearly as broad as they
+were long, with their backs variegated and their breasts tattooed with
+patterns of all sorts of flowers. They sought after the women in the
+Hellenic army, and would fain have laid with them openly in broad
+daylight, for that was their custom. The whole community, male and
+female alike, were fair-complexioned and white-skinned.
+
+It was agreed that this was the most barbaric and outlandish people
+that they had passed through on the whole expedition, and the furthest
+removed from the Hellenic customs, doing in a crowd precisely what
+other people would prefer to do in solitude, and when alone behaving
+exactly as others would behave in company, talking to themselves and
+laughing at their own expense, standing still and then again capering
+about, wherever they might chance to be, without rhyme or reason, as
+if their sole business were to show off to the rest of the world.
+
+
+
+V
+
+Through this country, friendly or hostile as the chance might be, the   1
+Hellenes marched, eight stages in all, and reached the Chalybes. These
+were a people few in number, and subject to the Mossynoecians. Their
+livelihood was for the most part derived from mining and forging iron.
+
+Thence they came to the Tibarenians. The country of the Tibarenians
+was far more level, and their fortresses lay on the seaboard and were
+less strong, whether by art or nature. The generals wanted to attack
+these places, so that the army might get some pickings, and they would
+not accept the gifts of hospitality which came in from the              2
+Tibarenians, but bidding them wait till they had taken counsel, they
+proceeded to offer sacrifice. After several abortive attempts, the
+seers at last pronounced an opinion that the gods in no wise
+countenanced war. Then they accepted the gifts of hospitality, and
+marching through what was now recognised as a friendly country, in two
+days reached Cotyora, a Hellenic city, and a colony of Sinope, albeit
+situated in the territory of the Tibarenians[1].
+
+[1] The MSS. here read, "Up to this point the expedition was conducted
+    on land, and the distance traversed on foot from the battle-field
+    near Babylon down to Cotyora amounted to one hundred and
+    twenty-two stages--that is to say, six hundred and twenty
+    parasangs, or eighteen thousand stades, or if measured in time, an
+    eight months' march." The words are probably the note of some
+    editor or commentator, though it is quite likely that the author
+    himself may have gone through such calculations and even have
+    inserted them as a note to his text.
+
+Here they halted forty-five days, during which they first of all
+sacrificed to the gods, and instituted processions, each set of the
+Hellenes according to their several tribes, with gymnastic contests.
+Provisions they got in meanwhile, partly from Paphlagonia, partly from
+the estates of the Cotyorites, for the latter would neither provide
+them a market nor receive their sick within their walls.
+
+Meanwhile ambassadors arrived from Sinope, full of fears, not only for
+the Cotyorites and their city, which belonged to Sinope, and brought
+in tribute, but also for the territory which, as they had heard, was
+being pillaged. Accordingly they came to the camp and made a speech.
+Hecatonymus, who was reported to be a clever orator, acted as their
+spokesman: "Soldiers," he said, "the city of the Sinopeans has sent us
+to offer you, as Hellenes, our compliments and congratulations on your
+victories over the barbarians; and next, to express our joyful
+satisfaction that you have surmounted all those terrible sufferings of
+which we have heard, and have reached this place in safety. As
+Hellenes we claim to receive at your hands, as fellow-Hellenes,
+kindness and not harm. We have certainly not ourselves set you an
+example heretofore of evil treatment. Now the Cotyorites are our
+colonists. It was we who gave them this country to dwell in, having     10
+taken it from the barbarians; for which reason also they, with the men
+of Cerasus and Trapezus, pay us an appointed tribute. So that,
+whatever mischief you inflict on the men of Cotyora, the city of
+Sinope takes as personal to herself. At the present time we hear that
+you have made forcible entry into their city, some of you, and are
+quartered in the houses, besides taking forcibly from the Cotyorite
+estates whatever you need, by hook and by crook. Now against these
+things we enter protest. If you mean to go on so doing, you will drive
+us to make friends with Corylas and the Paphlagonians, or any one else
+we can find."
+
+To meet these charges Xenophon, on behalf of the soldiers, rose and
+said: "As to ourselves, men of Sinope, having got so far, we are well
+content to have saved our bodies and our arms. Indeed it was
+impossible at one and the same moment to keep our enemies at bay and
+to despoil them of their goods and chattels. And now, since we have
+reached Hellenic cities, how has it fared with us? At Trapezus they
+gave us a market, and we paid for our provisions at a fair market
+price. In return for the honour they did us, and the gifts of
+hospitality they gave the army, we requited them with honour. Where
+the barbarian was friendly to them, we stayed our hands from injury;
+or under their escort, we did damage to their enemies to the utmost of
+our power. Ask them, what sort of people they found us. They are here,
+some of them, to answer for themselves. Their fellow-citizens and the
+state of Trapezus, for friendship's sake, have sent them with us to
+act as our guides.
+
+"But wherever we come, be it foreign or Hellenic soil, and find no
+market for provisions, we are wont to help ourselves, not out of
+insolence but from necessity. There have been tribes like the
+Carduchians, the Taochians, the Chaldaeans, which, albeit they were
+not subject to the great king, yet were no less formidable than
+independent. These we had to bring over by our arms. The necessity of
+getting provisions forced us; since they refused to offer us a market.
+Whereas some other folk, like the Macrones, in spite of their being
+barbarians, we regarded as our friends, simply because they did
+provide us with the best market in their power, and we took no single   18
+thing of theirs by force. But, to come to these Cotyorites, whom you
+claim to be your people, if we have taken aught from them, they have
+themselves to blame, for they did not deal with us as friends, but
+shut their gates in our faces. They would neither welcome us within
+nor furnish us with a market without. The only justification they
+alleged was that your governor[2] had authorised this conduct.
+
+[2] Lit. "harmost". The term, denoting properly a governor of the
+    islands and foreign cities sent out by the Lacedaemonians during
+    their supremacy, came, it would seem, to be adopted by other Greek
+    communities under somewhat similar circumstances. Cotyora receives
+    a harmost from her mother-city, Sinope. For the Greek colonies
+    here mentioned, see Kiepert's "Man. Anct. Geog." (Engl. tr., Mr.
+    G. A. Macmillan), p. 63.
+
+"As to your assertion," he continued, turning to Hecatonymus, "that we
+have got in by force and have taken up quarters, this is what we did.
+We requested them to receive our sick and wounded under cover; and
+when they refused to open their gates, we walked in where the place
+itself invited us. All the violence we have committed amounts to this,
+that our sick folk are quartered under cover, paying for their
+expenses, and we keep a sentry at the gates, so that our sick and
+wounded may not lie at the mercy of your governor, but we may have it
+in our power to remove them whenever we like. The rest of us, you
+observe, are camping under the canopy of heaven, in regular rank and
+file, and we are ready to requite kindness with kindness, but to repel
+evil vigorously. And as for your threat," he said, once again turning
+to the spokesman, "that you will, if it suits you, make alliance with
+Corylas and the Paphlagonians to attack us, for our part, we have no
+objection to fighting both sets of you, if so be we must; we have
+already fought others many times more numerous than you. Besides, 'if
+it suits us,' as you put it, to make the Paphlagonian our friend
+(report says that he has a hankering after your city and some other
+places on the seaboard), we can enhance the value of our friendship by
+helping to win for him what he covets."
+
+Thereupon the ambassadors showed very plainly their annoyance with
+Hecatonymus, on account of the style of his remarks, and one of them
+stept forward to explain that their intention in coming was not at all
+to raise a war, but on the contrary to demonstrate their friendliness.  24
+"And if you come to Sinope itself," the speaker continued, "we will
+welcome you there with gifts of hospitality. Meanwhile we will enjoin
+upon the citizens of this place to give you what they can; for we can
+see that every word of what you say is true." Thereupon the Cotyorites
+sent gifts of hospitality, and the generals of the Hellenes
+entertained the ambassadors of the Sinopeans. Many and friendly were
+the topics of conversation; freely flowed the talk on things in
+general; and, in particular, both parties were able to make inquiries
+and satisfy their curiosity concerning the remaining portion of the
+march.
+
+
+
+VI
+
+Such was the conclusion of that day. On the following day the generals  1
+summoned an assembly of the soldiers, when it was resolved to invite
+the men of Sinope, and to take advice with them touching the remainder
+of the journey. In the event of their having to continue it on foot,
+the Sinopeans through their acquaintance with Paphlagonia would be
+useful to them; while, if they had to go by sea, the services of the
+same people would be at a premium; for who but they could furnish
+ships sufficient for the army? Accordingly, they summoned their
+ambassadors, and took counsel with them, begging them, on the strength
+of the sacred ties which bind Hellenes to Hellenes, to inaugurate the
+good reception they had spoken of, by present kindliness and their
+best advice.
+
+Hecatonymus rose and wished at once to offer an apology with regard to
+what he had said about the possibility of making friends with the
+Paphlagonians. "The words were not intended," he said, "to convey a
+threat, as though they were minded to go to war with the Hellenes, but
+as meaning rather: albeit we have it in our power to be friendly with
+the barbarians, we will choose the Hellenes." Then, being urged to aid
+them by some advice, with a pious ejaculation, he commenced: "If I
+bestow upon you the best counsel I am able, God grant that blessings
+in abundance may descend on me; but if the contrary, may evil betide    4
+me! 'Sacred counsel[1],' as the saying goes--well, sirs, if ever the
+saying held, it should hold I think to-day; when, if I be proved to
+have given you good counsel, I shall not lack panegyrists, or if evil,
+your imprecations will be many-tongued.
+
+[1] Cf. Plato, "Theages," 122.
+
+"As to trouble, I am quite aware, we shall have much more trouble if
+you are conveyed by sea, for we must provide the vessels; whereas, if
+you go by land, all the fighting will evolve on you. Still, let come
+what may, it behoves me to state my views. I have an intimate
+acquaintance with the country of the Paphlagonians and their power.
+The country possesses the two features of hill and vale, that is to
+say, the fairest plains and the highest mountains. To begin with the
+mountains, I know the exact point at which you must make your entry.
+It is precisely where the horns of a mountain tower over both sides of
+the road. Let the merest handful of men occupy these and they can hold
+the pass with ease; for when that is done not all the enemies in the
+world could effect a passage. I could point out the whole with my
+finger, if you like to send any one with me to the scene.
+
+"So much for the mountain barrier. But the next thing I know is that
+there are plains and a cavalry which the barbarians themselves hold to
+be superior to the entire cavalry of the great king. Why, only the
+other day these people refused to present themselves to the summons of
+the king; their chief is too proud for that.
+
+"But now, supposing you were able to seize the mountain barrier, by
+stealth, or expedition, before the enemy could stop you; supposing
+further, you were able to win an engagement in the plain against not
+only their cavalry but their more than one hundred and twenty thousand
+infantry--you will only find yourself face to face with rivers, a
+series of them. First the Thermodon, three hundred feet broad, which I
+take it will be difficult to pass, especially with a host of foes in
+front and another following behind. Next comes the Iris river, three
+hundred feet broad; and thirdly, the Halys, at least two furlongs
+broad, which you could not possibly cross without vessels, and who is
+going to supply you with vessels? In the same way too the Parthenius    9
+is impassable, which you will reach if you cross the Halys. For my
+part, then, I consider the land-journey, I will not say difficult, but
+absolutely impossible for you. Whereas if you go by sea, you can coast
+along from here to Sinope, and from Sinope to Heraclea. From Heraclea
+onwards there is no difficulty, whether by land or by sea; for there
+are plenty of vessels at Heraclea."
+
+After he had finished his remarks, some of his hearers thought they
+detected a certain bias in them. He would not have spoken so, but for
+his friendship with Corylas, whose official representative he was.
+Others guessed he had an itching palm, and that he was hoping to
+receive a present for his "sacred advice." Others again suspected that
+his object was to prevent their going by foot and doing some mischief
+to the country of the Sinopeans. However that might be, the Hellenes
+voted in favour of continuing the journey by sea. After this Xenophon
+said: "Sinopeans, the army has chosen that method of procedure which
+you advise, and thus the matter stands. If there are sure to be
+vessels enough to make it impossible for a single man to be left
+behind, go by sea we will; but if part of us are to be left while part
+go by sea, we will not set foot on board the vessels. One fact we
+plainly recognise, strength is everything to us. So long as we have
+the mastery, we shall be able to protect ourselves and get provisions;
+but if we are once caught at the mercy of our foes, it is plain, we
+shall be reduced to slavery." On hearing this the ambassadors bade
+them send an embassy, which they did, to wit, Callimachus the
+Arcadian, and Ariston the Athenian, and Samolas the Achaean.
+
+So these set off, but meanwhile a thought shaped itself in the mind of
+Xenophon, as there before his eyes lay that vast army of Hellene
+hoplites, and that other array of peltasts, archers, and slingers,
+with cavalry to boot, and all in a state of thorough efficiency from
+long practice, hardened veterans, and all collected in Pontus, where
+to raise so large a force would cost a mint of money. Then the idea
+dawned upon him: how noble an opportunity to acquire new territory and  15
+power for Hellas, by the founding of a colony--a city of no mean size,
+moreover, said he to himself, as he reckoned up their own numbers--and
+besides themselves a population planted on the shores of Pontus.
+Thereupon he summoned Silanus the Ambraciot, the soothsayer of Cyrus
+above mentioned, and before breathing a syllable to any of the
+soldiers, he consulted the victims by sacrifice.
+
+But Silanus, in apprehension lest these ideas might embody themselves,
+and the army be permanently halted at some point or other, set a tale
+going among the men, to the effect that Xenophon was minded to detain
+the army and found a city in order to win himself a name and acquire
+power, Silanus himself being minded to reach Hellas with all possible
+speed, for the simple reason that he had still got the three thousand
+darics presented to him by Cyrus on the occasion of the sacrifice when
+he hit the truth so happily about the ten days. Silanus's story was
+variously received, some few of the soldiers thinking it would be an
+excellent thing to stay in that country; but the majority were
+strongly averse. The next incident was that Timasion the Dardanian,
+with Thorax the Boeotian, addressed themselves to some Heracleot and
+Sinopean traders who had come to Cotyora, and told them that if they
+did not find means to furnish the army with pay sufficient to keep
+them in provisions on the homeward voyage, all that great force would
+most likely settle down permanently in Pontus. "Xenophon has a pet
+idea," they continued, "which he urges upon us. We are to wait until
+the ships come, and then we are suddenly to turn round to the army and
+say: 'Soldiers, we now see the straits we are in, unable to keep
+ourselves in provisions on the return voyage, or to make our friends
+at home a little present at the end of our journey. But if you like to
+select some place on the inhabited seaboard of the Black Sea which may
+take your fancy and there put in, this is open to you to do. Those who
+like to go home, go; those who care to stay here, stay. You have got    20
+vessels now, so that you can make a sudden pounce upon any point you
+choose.'"
+
+The merchants went off with this tale and reported it to every city
+they came to in turn, nor did they go alone, but Timasion the
+Dardanian sent a fellow-citizen of his own, Eurymachus, with the
+Boeotian Thorax, to repeat the same story. So when it reached the ears
+of the men of Sinope and the Heracleots, they sent to Timasion and
+pressed him to accept of a gratuity, in return for which he was to
+arrange for the departure of the troops. Timasion was only too glad to
+hear this, and he took the opportunity when the soldiers were convened
+in meeting to make the following remarks: "Soldiers," he said, "do not
+set your thoughts on staying here; let Hellas, and Hellas only, be the
+object of your affection, for I am told that certain persons have been
+sacrificing on this very question, without saying a word to you. Now I
+can promise you, if you once leave these waters, to furnish you with
+regular monthly pay, dating from the first of the month, at the rate
+of one cyzicene[2] a head per month. I will bring you to the Troad,
+from which part I am an exile, and my own state is at your service.
+They will receive me with open arms. I will be your guide personally,
+and I will take you to places where you will get plenty of money. I
+know every corner of the Aeolid, and Phrygia, and the Troad, and
+indeed the whole satrapy of Pharnabazus, partly because it is my
+birthplace, partly from campaigns in that region with Clearchus and
+Dercylidas[3]."
+
+[2] A cyzicene stater = twenty-eight silver drachmae of Attic money
+    B.C. 335, in the time of Demosthenes; but, like the daric, this
+    gold coin would fluctuate in value relatively to silver. It
+    contained more grains of gold than the daric.
+
+[3] Of Dercylidas we hear more in the "Hellenica." In B.C. 411 he was
+    harmost at Abydos; in B.C. 399 he superseded Thimbron in Asia
+    Minor; and was himself superseded by Agesilaus in B.C. 396.
+
+No sooner had he ceased than up got Thorax the Boeotian. This was a
+man who had a standing battle with Xenophon about the generalship of
+the army. What he said was that, if they once got fairly out of the
+Euxine, there was the Chersonese, a beautiful and prosperous country,
+where they could settle or not, as they chose. Those who liked could
+stay; and those who liked could return to their homes; how ridiculous   25
+then, when there was so much territory in Hellas and to spare, to be
+poking about[4] in the land of the barbarian. "But until you find
+yourselves there," he added, "I, no less than Timasion, can guarantee
+you regular pay." This he said, knowing what promises had been made
+Timasion by the men of Heraclea and Sinope to induce them to set sail.
+
+[4] The word {masteuein} occurs above, and again below, and in other
+    writings of our author. It is probably Ionic or old Attic, and
+    occurs in poetry.
+
+Meanwhile Xenophon held his peace. Then up got Philesius and Lycon,
+two Achaeans: "It was monstrous," they said, "that Xenophon should be
+privately persuading people to stop there, and consulting the victims
+for that end, without letting the army into the secret, or breathing a
+syllable in public about the matter." When it came to this, Xenophon
+was forced to get up, and speak as follows: "Sirs, you are well aware
+that my habit is to sacrifice at all times; whether in your own behalf
+or my own, I strive in every thought, word, and deed to be directed as
+is best for yourselves and for me. And in the present instance my sole
+object was to learn whether it were better even so much as to broach
+the subject, and so take action, or to have absolutely nothing to do
+with the project. Now Silanus the soothsayer assured me by his answer
+of what was the main point: 'the victims were favourable.' No doubt
+Silanus knew that I was not unversed myself in his lore, as I have so
+often assisted at the sacrifice; but he added that there were symptoms
+in the victims of some guile or conspiracy against me. That was a
+happy discovery on his part, seeing that he was himself conspiring at
+the moment to traduce me before you; since it was he who set the tale
+going that I had actually made up my mind to carry out these projects
+without procuring your consent. Now, for my part, if I saw that you     30
+were in any difficulties, I should set myself to discover how you
+might capture a city, on the understanding of course that all who
+wished might sail away at once, leaving those who did not wish, to
+follow at a later date, with something perhaps in their pockets to
+benefit their friends at home. Now, however, as I see that the men of
+Heraclea and Sinope are to send you ships to assist you to sail away,
+and more than one person guarantees to give you regular monthly pay,
+it is, I admit, a rare chance to be safely piloted to the haven of our
+hopes, and at the same time to receive pay for our preservation. For
+myself I have done with that dream, and to those, who came to me to
+urge these projects, my advice is to have done with them. In fact,
+this is my view. As long as you stay together united as to-day, you
+will command respect and procure provisions; for might certainly
+exercises a right over what belongs to the weaker. But once broken up,
+with your force split into bits, you will neither be able to get
+subsistence, nor indeed will you get off without paying dearly for it.
+In fact, my resolution coincides precisely with yours. It is that we
+should set off for Hellas, and if any one stops behind, or is caught
+deserting before the whole army is in safety, let him be judged as an
+evil-doer. Pray let all who are in favour of this proposition hold up
+their hands."
+
+They all held them up; only Silanus began shouting and vainly striving
+to maintain the right of departure for all who liked to depart. But
+the soldiers would not suffer him, threatening him that if he were
+himself caught attempting to run away they would inflict the aforesaid
+penalty. After this, when the Heracleots learned that the departure by
+sea was resolved upon, and that the measure itself emanated from
+Xenophon, they sent the vessels indeed; but as to the money which they
+had promised to Timasion and Thorax as pay for the soldiers, they were
+not as good as their word, in fact they cheated them both. Thus the
+two who had guaranteed regular monthly pay were utterly confounded,
+and stood in terror of the soldiers. What they did then, was to take
+to them the other generals to whom they had communicated their former
+transactions (that is to say, all except Neon the Asniaean, who, as
+lieutenant-general, was acting for Cheirisophus during his continued
+absence). This done they came in a body to Xenophon and said that       36
+their views were changed. As they had now got the ships, they thought
+it best to sail to the Phasis, and seize the territory of the Phasians
+(whose present king was a descendant of Aeetes[5]). Xenophon's reply
+was curt:--Not one syllable would he have to say himself to the army
+in this matter, "But," he added, "if you like, you can summon an
+assembly and have your say." Thereupon Timasion the Dardanian set
+forth as his opinion:--It were best to hold no parliament at present,
+but first to go and conciliate, each of them, his own officers. Thus
+they went away and proceeded to execute their plans.
+
+[5] Aeetes is the patronym of the kings of Colchis from mythical times
+    onwards; e.g. Medea was the daughter of Aeetes.
+
+
+
+VII
+
+Presently the soldiers came to learn what was in course of agitation,   1
+and Neon gave out that Xenophon had persuaded the other generals to
+adopt his views, and had a plan to cheat the soldiers and take them
+back to the Phasis. The soldiers were highly indignant; meetings were
+held; little groups gathered ominously; and there seemed an alarming
+probability that they would repeat the violence with which they had
+lately treated the heralds of the Colchians and the clerks of the
+market; when all who did not save themselves by jumping into the sea
+were stoned to death. So Xenophon, seeing what a storm was brewing,
+resolved to anticipate matters so far as to summon a meeting of the
+men without delay, and thus prevent their collecting of their own
+accord, and he ordered the herald to announce an assembly. The voice
+of the herald was no sooner heard than they rushed with great
+readiness to the place of meeting. Then Xenophon, without accusing the
+generals of having come to him, made the following speech: "I hear
+that a charge is brought against me. It is I apparently who am going
+to cheat you and carry you off to Phasis. I beg you by all that is
+holy to listen to me; and if there be found any guilt in me, let me
+not leave this place till I have paid the penalty of my misdoing; but
+if my accusers are found guilty, treat them as they deserve. I
+presume, sirs, you know where the sun rises and where he sets, and
+that he who would go to Hellas must needs journey towards the sunset;
+whereas he who seeks the land of the barbarian must contrariwise fix    6
+his face towards the dawn. Now is that a point in which a man might
+hope to cheat you? Could any one make you believe that the sun rises
+here and sets there, or that he sets here and rises there? And
+doubtless you know this too, that it is Boreas, the north wind, who
+bears the mariner out of Pontus towards Hellas, and the south wind
+inwards towards the Phasis, whence the saying--
+
+      "'When the North wind doth blow
+        Home to Hellas we will go[1].'
+
+[1] Whether this was a local saying or a proverb I cannot say. The
+    words have a poetical ring about them: "When Borrhas blows, fair
+    voyages to Hellas."
+
+"He would be a clever fellow who could befool you into embarking with
+a south wind blowing. That sounds all very well, you think, only I may
+get you on board during a calm. Granted, but I shall be on board my
+one ship, and you on board another hundred at least, and how am I to
+constrain you to voyage with me against your will, or by what cajolery
+shall I carry you off? But I will imagine you so far befooled and
+bewitched by me, that I have got you to the Phasis; we proceed to
+disembark on dry land. At last it will come out, that wherever you
+are, you are not in Hellas, and the inventor of the trick will be one
+sole man, and you who have been caught by it will number something
+like ten thousand with swords in your hands. I do not know how a man
+could better ensure his own punishment than by embarking on such a
+policy with regards to himself and you.
+
+"Nay, these tales are the invention of silly fellows who are jealous
+of the honour you bestow on me. A most uncalled-for jealousy! Do I
+hinder any of them from speaking any word of import in his power? of
+striking a blow in your behalf and his own, if that is his choice? or,
+finally, of keeping his eyes and ears open to secure your safety? What
+is it? In your choice of leaders do I stand in the way of any one, is
+that it? Let him step forward, I yield him place; he shall be your
+general; only he must prove that he has your good at heart.
+
+"For myself, I have done; but for yourselves, if any of you conceive    11
+either that he himself could be the victim of a fraud, or that he
+could victimise any one else in such a thing as this, let him open his
+lips and explain to us how. Take your time, but when you have sifted
+the matter to your hearts' content, do not go away without suffering
+me to tell you of something which I see looming. If it should burst
+upon us and prove in fact anything like what it gives signs of being
+now, it is time for us to take counsel for ourselves and see that we
+do not prove ourselves to be the worst and basest of men in the sight
+of gods and men, be they friends or be they foes." The words moved the
+curiosity of the soldiers. They marvelled what this matter might be,
+and bade him explain. Thereupon he began again: "You will not have
+forgotten certain places in the hills--barbaric fastnesses, but
+friendly to the Cerasuntines--from which people used to come down and
+sell us large cattle and other things which they possessed, and if I
+mistake not, some of you went to the nearest of these places and made
+purchases in the market and came back again. Clearetus the captain
+learnt of this place, that it was but a little one and unguarded. Why
+should it be guarded since it was friendly? so the folk thought. Thus
+he stole upon it in the dead of night, and meant to sack it without
+saying a word to any of us. His design was, if he took the place, not
+to return again to the army, but to mount a vessel which, with his
+messmates on board her, was sailing past at the time, and stowing away
+what he had seized, to set sail and begone beyond the Euxine. All this
+had been agreed upon and arranged with his comrades on board the
+vessel, as I now discover. Accordingly, he summoned to his side all
+whom he could persuade, and set off at their head against the little
+place. But dawn overtook him on his march. The men collected out of
+their strongholds, and whether from a distance or close quarters, made
+such a fight that they killed Clearetus and a good many of the rest,
+and only a few of them got safe back to Cerasus.
+
+"These things took place on the day on which we started to come hither
+on foot; while some of those who were to go by sea were still at
+Cerasus, not having as yet weighed anchor. After this, according to     17
+what the Cerasuntines state, there arrived three inhabitants of the
+place which had been attacked; three elderly men, seeking an interview
+with our public assembly. Not finding us, they addressed themselves to
+the men of Cerasus, and told them, they were astonished that we should
+have thought it right to attack them; however, when, as the
+Cerasuntines assert, they had assured them that the occurrence was not
+authorised by public consent, they were pleased, and proposed to sail
+here, not only to state to us what had occurred, but to offer that
+those who were interested should take up and bury the bodies of the
+slain.
+
+"But among the Hellenes still at Cerasus were some of those who had
+escaped. They found out in which direction the barbarians were minded
+to go, and not only had the face themselves to pelt them with stones,
+but vociferously encouraged their neighbours to do the same. The three
+men--ambassadors, mark you--were slain, stoned to death. After this
+occurrence, the men of Cerasus came to us and reported the affair, and
+we generals, on being informed, were annoyed at what had taken place,
+and took counsel with the Cerasuntines how the dead bodies of the
+Hellenes might be buried. While seated in conclave outside the camp,
+we suddenly were aware of a great hubbub. We heard cries: 'Cut them
+down!' 'Shoot them!' 'Stone them!' and presently we caught sight of a
+mass of people racing towards us with stones in their hands, and
+others picking them up. The Cerasuntines, naturally enough,
+considering the incident they had lately witnessed, retired in terror
+to their vessels, and, upon my word, some of us did not feel too
+comfortable. All I could do was to go to them and inquire what it all
+meant. Some of them had not the slightest notion, although they had
+stones in their hands, but chancing on some one who was better
+informed, I was told by him that 'the clerks of the market were
+treating the army most scandalously.' Just then some one got sight of
+the market clerk, Zelarchus, making his way off towards the sea, and
+lifted up his voice aloud, and the rest responding to the cry as if a   24
+wild boar or a stag had been started, they rushed upon him.
+
+"The Cerasuntines, seeing a rush in their direction, thought that,
+without a doubt, it was directed against themselves, and fled with all
+speed and threw themselves into the sea, in which proceeding they were
+imitated by some few of our own men, and all who did not know how to
+swim were drowned. But now, what do you think of their case, these men
+of Cerasus? They had done no wrong. They were simply afraid that some
+madness had seized us, like that to which dogs are liable.
+
+"I say then, if proceedings like this are to be the order of the day,
+you had better consider what the ultimate condition of the army is
+like to be. As a body you will not have it in your power to undertake
+war against whom you like, or to conclude peace. But in private any
+one who chooses will conduct the army on any quest which takes his
+fancy. And when ambassadors come to you to demand peace, or whatever
+it may be, officious people will put them to death and prevent your
+hearing the proposals which brought them to you. The next step will be
+that those whom you as a body may choose as generals will be of no
+account; but any one who likes to elect himself general, and will
+adopt the formula 'Shoot him! shoot him!' will be competent to cut
+down whomsoever he pleases untried, be it general or private soldier,
+if only he have sufficient followers, as was the case just now. But
+just consider what these self-appointed generals have achieved for
+you. Zelarchus, the clerk of the market, may possibly have done you a
+wrong; if so, he has sailed off and is gone without paying you any
+penalty; or he may be guiltless, in which case we have driven him from
+the army in terror of perishing unjustly without a trial. While those
+who stoned the ambassadors have contrived so cleverly that we alone of
+all Hellenes cannot approach Cerasus safely without a strong force,
+and the corpses which the very men who slew them themselves invited us
+to bury, we cannot now pick up with safety even under a flag of truce.
+Who indeed would care to carry a flag of truce, or go as a herald with  30
+the blood of heralds upon his hands? All we could do was to implore
+the Cerasuntines to bury them.
+
+"If then you approve of such doings, have a resolution passed to that
+effect, so that, with a prospect of like occurrences in the future, a
+man may privately set up a guard and do his best to fix his tent where
+he can find a strong position with a commanding site. If, however,
+these seem to you to be the deeds rather of wild beasts than of human
+beings, bethink you of some means by which to stay them; or else, in
+heaven's name, how shall we do sacrifice to the gods gladly, with
+impious deeds to answer for? or how shall we, who lay the knife to
+each other's throats, give battle to our enemies? What friendly city
+will receive us when they see rampant lawlessness in our midst? Who
+will have the courage to afford us a market, when we prove our
+worthlessness in these weightiest concerns? and what becomes of the
+praise we expect to win from the mouths of men? who will vouchsafe it
+to us, if this is our behaviour? Should we not ourselves bestow the
+worst of names on the perpetrators of like deeds?"
+
+After this they rose, and, as one man, proposed that the ringleaders
+in these matters should be punished; and that for the future, to set
+an example of lawlessness should be forbidden. Every such ringleader
+was to be prosecuted on the capital charge; the generals were to bring
+all offenders to the bar of justice; prosecutions for all other
+misdemeanours committed since the death of Cyrus were to be
+instituted; and they ended by constituting the officers into a board
+of dicasts[2]; and upon the strong representation of Xenophon, with
+the concurrence of the soothsayers, it was resolved to purify the
+army, and this purification was made.
+
+[2] I.e. a board of judges or jurors.
+
+
+
+VIII
+
+It was further resolved that the generals themselves should undergo a   1
+judicial examination in reference to their conduct in past time. In
+course of investigation, Philesius and Xanthicles respectively were
+condemned to pay a sum of twenty minae, to meet a deficiency to that
+amount incurred during the guardianship of the cargoes of the
+merchantmen. Sophaenetus was fined ten minae for inadequate performance
+of his duty as one of the chief officers selected. Against Xenophon a
+charge was brought by certain people, who asserted that they had been
+beaten by him, and framed the indictment as one of personal outrage
+with violence[1]. Xenophon got up and demanded that the first speaker
+should state "where and when it was he had received these blows." The
+other, so challenged, answered, "When we were perishing of cold and
+there was a great depth of snow." Xenophon said: "Upon my word, with
+weather such as you describe, when our provisions had run out, when
+the wine could not even be smelt, when numbers were dropping down dead
+beat, so acute was the suffering, with the enemy close on our heels;
+certainly, if at such a season as that I was guilty of outrage, I
+plead guilty to being a more outrageous brute than the ass, which is
+too wanton, they say, to feel fatigue. Still, I wish you would tell
+us," said he, "what led to my striking you. Did I ask you for
+something and, on your refusing it to me, did I proceed to beat you?
+Was it a debt, for which I demanded payment? or a quarrel about some
+boy or other? Was I the worse for liquor, and behaving like a
+drunkard?" When the man met each of these questions with a negative,
+he questioned him further: "Are you a heavy infantry soldier?" "No,"
+said he. "A peltast, then?" "No, nor yet a peltast"; but he had been
+ordered by his messmates to drive a mule, although he was a free man.   5
+Then at last he recognised him, and inquired: "Are you the fellow who
+carried home the sick man?" "Yes, I am," said he, "thanks to your
+driving; and you made havoc of my messmates' kit." "Havoc!" said
+Xenophon: "Nay, I distributed it; some to one man, some to another to
+carry, and bade them bring the things safely to me; and when I got
+them back I delivered them all safely to you, and you, on your side,
+had rendered an account to me of the man. Let me tell you," he
+continued, turning to the court, "what the circumstances were; it is
+worth hearing:--
+
+[1] See the "Dict. of Antiq." 622 a. HYBREOS GRAPHE. In the case of
+    common assaults as opposed to indecent assault, the prosecution
+    seems to have been allowable only when the object of a wanton
+    attack was a free person. Cf. Arist. "Rhet." ii. 24.
+
+"A man was left behind from inability to proceed farther; I recognised
+the poor fellow sufficiently to see that he was one of ours, and I
+forced you, sir, to carry him to save his life. For if I am not much
+mistaken, the enemy were close at our heels?" The fellow assented to
+this. "Well then," said Xenophon, "after I had sent you forward, I
+overtook you again, as I came up with the rearguard; you were digging
+a trench with intent to bury the man; I pulled up and said something
+in commendation; as we stood by the poor fellow twitched his leg, and
+the bystanders all cried out, 'Why, the man's alive!' Your remark was:
+'Alive or not as he likes, I am not going to carry him' Then I struck
+you. Yes! you are right, for it looked very much as if you knew him to
+be alive." "Well," said he, "was he any the less dead when I reported
+him to you?" "Nay," retorted Xenophon, "by the same token we shall all
+one day be dead, but that is no reason why meantime we should all be
+buried alive?" Then there was a general shout: "If Xenophon had given
+the fellow a few more blows, it might have been better." The others
+were now called upon to state the grounds on which they had been
+beaten in each case; but when they refused to get up, he proceeded to
+state them himself.
+
+"I confess, sirs, to having struck certain men for failure in
+discipline. These were men who were quite content to owe their safety
+to us. Whilst the rest of the world marched on in rank and did
+whatever fighting had to be done, they preferred to leave the ranks,
+and rush forward to loot and enrich themselves at our expense. Now, if  13
+this conduct were to be the rule, general ruin would be the result. I
+do not deny that I have given blows to this man or the other who
+played the poltroon and refused to get up, helplessly abandoning
+himself to the enemy; and so I forced them to march on. For once in
+the severe wintry weather I myself happened to sit down for a long
+time, whilst waiting for a party who were getting their kit together,
+and I discovered how difficult it was to get up again and stretch
+one's legs. After this personal experience, whenever I saw any one
+else seated in slack and lazy mood, I tried to spur him on. The mere
+movement and effort to play the man caused warmth and moisture,
+whereas it was plain that sitting down and keeping quiet helped the
+blood to freeze and the toes to mortify, calamities which really
+befell several of the men, as you yourselves are aware.
+
+"I can imagine a third case, that of some straggler stopping behind,
+merely to rest for rest's sake, and hindering you in front and us
+behind alike from pressing on the march. If he got a blow with the
+fist from me it saved him a thrust with the lance from the enemy. In
+fact, the opportunity they enjoy to-day of taking vengeance on me for
+any treatment which I put upon them wrongfully, is derived from their
+salvation then; whereas, if they had fallen into the enemy's hands,
+let them ask themselves for what outrage, however great, they could
+expect to get satisfaction now. My defence," he continued, "is simple:
+if I chastised any one for his own good, I claim to suffer the same
+penalties as parents pay their children or masters their boys. Does
+not the surgeon also cauterise and cut us for our good? But if you
+really believe that these acts are the outcome of wanton insolence, I
+beg you to observe that although to-day, thank God! I am heartier than
+formerly, I wear a bolder front now than then, and I drink more wine,
+yet I never strike a soul; no, for I see that you have reached smooth
+water. When storm arises, and a great sea strikes the vessel
+amidships, a mere shake of the head will make the look-out man furious
+with the crew in the forecastle, or the helmsman with the men in the
+stern sheets, for at such a crisis even a slight slip may ruin
+everything. But I appeal to your own verdict, already recorded, in      21
+proof that I was justified in striking these men. You stood by, sirs,
+with swords, not voting tablets, in your hands, and it was in your
+power to aid the fellows if you liked; but, to speak the honest truth,
+you neither aided them nor did you join me in striking the disorderly.
+In other words, you enabled any evilly-disposed person among them to
+give rein to his wantonness by your passivity. For if you will be at
+pains to investigate, you will find that those who were then most
+cowardly are the ringleaders to-day in brutality and outrage.
+
+"There is Boiscus the boxer, a Thessalian, what a battle he fought
+then to escape carrying his shield! so tired was he, and to-day I am
+told he has stripped several citizens of Cotyora of the clothes on
+their backs. If then you are wise, you will treat this personage in a
+way the contrary to that in which men treat dogs. A savage dog is tied
+up on the day and loosed at night, but if you are wise you will tie
+this fellow up at night and only let him loose in the day.
+
+"But really," he added, "it does surprise me with what keenness you
+remember and recount the times when I incurred the hatred of some one;
+but some other occasions when I eased the burden of winter and storm
+for any of you, or beat off an enemy, or helped to minister to you in
+sickness and want, not a soul of you remembers these. Or when for any
+noble deed done by any of you I praised the doer, and according to my
+ability did honour to this brave man or that; these things have
+slipped from your memories, and are clean forgotten. Yet it were
+surely more noble, just, and holy, sweeter and kindlier to treasure
+the memory of good rather than of evil."
+
+He ended, and then one after another of the assembly got up and began
+recalling incidents of the kind suggested, and things ended not so
+unpleasantly after all.
+
+
+
+
+BOOK VI
+
+
+I
+
+After this, whilst waiting, they lived partly on supplies from the      1
+market, partly on the fruit of raids into Paphlagonia. The
+Paphlagonians, on their side, showed much skill in kidnapping
+stragglers, wherever they could lay hands on them, and in the night
+time tried to do mischief to those whose quarters were at a distance
+from the camp. The result was that their relations to one another were
+exceedingly hostile, so much so that Corylas, who was the chief of
+Paphlagonia at that date, sent ambassadors to the Hellenes, bearing
+horses and fine apparel, and charged with a proposal on the part of
+Corylas to make terms with the Hellenes on the principle of mutual
+forbearance from injuries. The generals replied that they would
+consult with the army about the matter. Meanwhile they gave them a
+hospitable reception, to which they invited certain members of the
+army whose claims were obvious. They sacrificed some of the captive
+cattle and other sacrificial beasts, and with these they furnished
+forth a sufficiently festal entertainment, and reclining on their
+truckle beds, fell to eating and drinking out of beakers made of horn
+which they happened to find in the country.
+
+But as soon as the libation was ended and they had sung the hymn, up
+got first some Thracians, who performed a dance under arms to the
+sound of a pipe, leaping high into the air with much nimbleness, and
+brandishing their swords, till at last one man struck his fellow, and
+every one thought he was really wounded, so skilfully and artistically  6
+did he fall, and the Paphlagonians screamed out. Then he that gave the
+blow stripped the other of his arms, and marched off chanting the
+"Sitalcas[1]," whilst others of the Thracians bore off the other, who
+lay as if dead, though he had not received even a scratch.
+
+[1] I.e. the national Thracian hymn; for Sitalcas the king, a national
+    hero, see Thuc. ii. 29.
+
+After this some Aenianians[2] and Magnesians got up and fell to
+dancing the Carpaea, as it is called, under arms. This was the manner
+of the dance: one man lays aside his arms and proceeds to drive a yoke
+of oxen, and while he drives he sows, turning him about frequently, as
+though he were afraid of something; up comes a cattle-lifter, and no
+sooner does the ploughman catch sight of him afar, than he snatches up
+his arms and confronts him. They fight in front of his team, and all
+in rhythm to the sound of the pipe. At last the robber binds the
+countryman and drives off the team. Or sometimes the cattle-driver
+binds the robber, and then he puts him under the yoke beside the oxen,
+with his two hands tied behind his back, and off he drives.
+
+[2] The Aenianians, an Aeolian people inhabiting the upper valley of
+    the Sperchius (the ancient Phthia); their capital was Hypata.
+    These men belonged to the army collected by Menon, the Thessalian.
+    So, doubtless, did the Magnesians, another Aeolian tribe occupying
+    the mountainous coast district on the east of Thessaly. See
+    Kiepert's "Man. Anct. Geog." (Macmillan's tr.), chap. vi.. 161,
+    170.
+
+After this a Mysian came in with a light shield in either hand and
+danced, at one time going through a pantomime, as if he were dealing
+with two assailants at once; at another plying his shields as if to
+face a single foe, and then again he would whirl about and throw
+somersaults, keeping the shields in his hands, so that it was a
+beautiful spectacle. Last of all he danced the Persian dance, clashing
+the shields together, crouching down on one knee and springing up
+again from earth; and all this he did in measured time to the sound of
+the flute. After him the Mantineans stepped upon the stage, and some
+other Arcadians also stood up; they had accoutred themselves in all
+their warlike finery. They marched with measured tread, pipes playing,
+to the tune of the 'warrior's march[3]'; the notes of the paean rose,   11
+lightly their limbs moved in dance, as in solemn procession to the
+holy gods. The Paphlagonians looked upon it as something truly strange
+that all these dances should be under arms; and the Mysians, seeing
+their astonishment persuaded one of the Arcadians who had got a
+dancing girl to let him introduce her, which he did after dressing her
+up magnificently and giving her a light shield. When, lithe of limb,
+she danced the Pyrrhic[4], loud clapping followed; and the
+Paphlagonians asked, "If these women fought by their side in battle?"
+to which they answered, "To be sure, it was the women who routed the
+great King, and drove him out of camp." So ended the night.
+
+[3] See Plato, "Rep." 400 B, for this "war measure"; also Aristoph.
+    "Clouds," 653.
+
+[4] For this famous dance, supposed to be of Doric (Cretan or Spartan)
+    origin, see Smith's "Dict. of Antiquities," "Saltatio"; also Guhl
+    and Koner, "The Life of the Greeks and Romans," Eng. tr.
+
+But next day the generals introduced the embassy to the army, and the
+soldiers passed a resolution in the sense proposed: between themselves
+and the Paphlagonians there was to be a mutual abstinence from
+injuries. After this the ambassadors went on their way, and the
+Hellenes, as soon as it was thought that sufficient vessels had
+arrived, went on board ship, and voyaged a day and a night with a fair
+breeze, keeping Paphlagonia on their left. And on the following day,
+arriving at Sinope, they came to moorings in the harbour of Harmene,
+near Sinope[5]. The Sinopeans, though inhabitants of Paphlagonia, are
+really colonists of the Milesians. They sent gifts of hospitality to
+the Hellenes, three thousand measures of barley with fifteen hundred
+jars of wine. At this place Cheirisophus rejoined them with a
+man-of-war. The soldiers certainly expected that, having come, he
+would have brought them something, but he brought them nothing, except
+complimentary phrases, on the part of Anaxibius, the high admiral, and
+the rest, who sent them their congratulations, coupled with a promise
+on the part of Anaxibius that, as soon as they were outside the
+Euxine, pay would be forthcoming.
+
+[5] Harmene, a port of Sinope, between four and five miles (fifty
+    stades) west of that important city, itself a port town. See
+    Smith, "Dict. Geog.," "Sinope"; and Kiepert, op. cit. chap. iv.
+    60.
+
+At Harmene the army halted five days; and now that they seemed to be    17
+so close to Hellas, the question how they were to reach home not
+empty-handed presented itself more forcibly to their minds than
+heretofore. The conclusion they came to was to appoint a single
+general, since one man would be better able to handle the troops, by
+night or by day, than was possible while the generalship was divided.
+If secrecy were desirable, it would be easier to keep matters dark, or
+if again expedition were an object, there would be less risk of
+arriving a day too late, since mutual explanations would be avoided,
+and whatever approved itself to the single judgement would at once be
+carried into effect, whereas previously the generals had done
+everything in obedience to the opinion of the majority.
+
+With these ideas working in their minds, they turned to Xenophon, and
+the officers came to him and told him that this was how the soldiers
+viewed matters; and each of them, displaying a warmth of kindly
+feeling, pressed him to accept the office. Xenophon partly would have
+liked to do so, in the belief that by so doing he would win to himself
+a higher repute in the esteem of his friends, and that his name would
+be reported to the city written large; and by some stroke of fortune
+he might even be the discoverer of some blessing to the army
+collectively.
+
+These and the like considerations elated him; he had a strong desire
+to hold the supreme command. But then again, as he turned the matter
+over, the conviction deepened in his mind that the issue of the future
+is to every man uncertain; and hence there was the risk of perhaps
+losing such reputation has he had already acquired. He was in sore
+straights, and, not knowing how to decide, it seemed best to him to
+lay the matter before heaven. Accordingly, he led two victims to the
+altar and made sacrifice to Zeus the King, for it was he and no other
+who had been named by the oracle at Delphi, and his belief was that
+the vision which he had beheld when he first essayed to undertake the
+joint administration of the army was sent to him by that god. He also
+recalled to mind a circumstance which befell him still earlier, when    23
+setting out from Ephesus to associate himself with Cyrus[6];--how an
+eagle screamed on his right hand from the east, and still remained
+perched, and the soothsayer who was escorting him said that it was a
+great and royal omen[7]; indicating glory and yet suffering; for the
+punier race of birds only attack the eagle when seated. "Yet," added
+he, "it bodes not gain in money; for the eagle seizes his food, not
+when seated, but on the wing."
+
+[6] Cf. "Cyrop." II. i. 1; an eagle appears to Cyrus on the frontiers
+    of Persia, when about to join his uncle Cyaxares, king of Media,
+    on his expedition against the Assyrian.
+
+[7] It is important to note that the Greek word {oionos}, a solitary
+    or lone-flying bird, also means an omen. "It was a mighty bird and
+    a mighty omen."
+
+Thus Xenophon sacrificed, and the god as plainly as might be gave him
+a sign, neither to demand the generalship, nor, if chosen, to accept
+the office. And that was how the matter stood when the army met, and
+the proposal to elect a single leader was unanimous. After this
+resolution was passed, they proposed Xenophon for election, and when
+it seemed quite evident that they would elect him, if he put the
+question to the vote, he got up and spoke as follows:--
+
+"Sirs, I am but mortal, and must needs be happy to be honoured by you.
+I thank you, and am grateful, and my prayer is that the gods may grant
+me to be an instrument of blessing to you. Still, when I consider it
+closer, thus, in the presence of a Lacedaemonian, to be preferred by
+you as general, seems to me but ill conducive either to your interests
+or to mine, since you will the less readily obtain from them hereafter
+anything you may need, while for myself I look upon acceptance as even
+somewhat dangerous. Do I not see and know with what persistence these
+Lacedaemonians prosecuted the war till finally they forced our State
+to acknowledge the leadership of Lacedaemon? This confession once
+extorted from their antagonists, they ceased warring at once, and the
+siege of the city was at an end. If, with these facts before my eyes,
+I seem to be doing all I can to neutralise their high self-esteem, I
+cannot escape the reflection that personally I may be taught wisdom by
+a painful process. But with your own idea that under a single general
+there will be less factiousness than when there were many, be assured   29
+that in choosing some other than me you will not find me factious. I
+hold that whosoever sets up factious opposition to his leader
+factiously opposes his own safety. While if you determine to choose
+me, I should not be surprised were that choice to entail upon you and
+me the resentment of other people."
+
+After those remarks on Xenophon's part, many more got up, one after
+another, insisting on the propriety of his undertaking the command.
+One of them, Agasias the Stymphalian, said: It was really ridiculous,
+if things had come to this pass that the Lacedeamonians are to fly
+into a rage because a number of friends have met together to dinner,
+and omitted to choose a Lacedaemonian to sit at the head of the table.
+"Really, if that is how matters stand," said he, "I do not see what
+right we have to be officers even, we who are only Arcadians." That
+sally brought down the plaudits of the assembly; and Xenophon, seeing
+that something more was needed, stepped forward again and spoke,
+"Pardon, sirs," he said, "let me make a clean breast of it. I swear to
+you by all the gods and goddesses; verily and indeed, I no sooner
+perceived your purpose, than I consulted the victims, whether it was
+better for you to entrust this leadership to me, and for me to
+undertake it, or the reverse. And the gods vouchsafed a sign to me so
+plain that even a common man might understand it, and perceive that
+from such sovereignty I must needs hold myself aloof."
+
+Under these circumstances they chose Cheirisophus, who, after his
+election, stepped forward and said: "Nay, sirs, be well assured of
+this, that had you chosen some one else, I for my part should not have
+set up factious opposition. As to Xenophon, I believe you have done
+him a good turn by not appointing him; for even now Dexippus has gone
+some way in traducing him to Anaxibius, as far as it lay in his power
+to do so, and that, in spite of my attempts to silence him. What he
+said was that he believed Xenophon would rather share the command of
+Clearchus's army with Timasion, a Dardanian, than with himself, a
+Laconian. But," continued Cheirisophus, "since your choice has fallen   33
+upon me, I will make it my endeavour to do you all the good in my
+power; so make your preparations to weigh anchor to-morrow; wind and
+weather permitting, we will voyage to Heraclea; every one must
+endeavour, therefore, to put in at that port; and for the rest we will
+consult, when we are come thither."
+
+
+
+II
+
+The next day they weighed anchor and set sail from Harmene with a fair  1
+breeze, two days' voyage along the coast. [As they coasted along they
+came in sight of Jason's beach[1], where, as the story says, the ship
+Argo came to moorings; and then the mouths of the rivers, first the
+Thermodon, then the Iris, then the Halys, and next to it the
+Parthenius.] Coasting past [the latter], they reached Heraclea[2], a
+Hellenic city and a colony of the Megarians, situated in the territory
+of the Mariandynians. So they came to anchorage off the Acherusian
+Chersonese, where Heracles[3] is said to have descended to bring up
+the dog Cerberus, at a point where they still show the marks of his
+descent, a deep cleft more than two furlongs down. Here the Heracleots
+sent the Hellenes, as gifts of hospitality, three thousand measures of
+barley and two thousand jars of wine, twenty beeves and one hundred
+sheep. Through the flat country here flows the Lycus river, as it is
+called, about two hundred feet in breadth.
+
+[1] I have left this passage in the text, although it involves, at
+    first sight, a topographical error on the part of whoever wrote
+    it, and Hug and other commentators regard it as spurious. Jason's
+    beach (the modern Yasoun Bouroun) and the three first-named rivers
+    lie between Cotyora and Sinope. Possibly the author, or one of his
+    editors, somewhat loosely inserted a recapitulatory note
+    concerning the scenery of this coasting voyage at this point. "By
+    the way, I ought to have told you that as they coasted along,"
+    etc.
+
+[2] One of the most powerful of commercial cities, distinguished as
+    Pontica (whence, in the middle ages, Penteraklia), now Eregli. It
+    was one of the older Greek settlements, and, like Kalchedon (to
+    give that town its proper name), a Megaro-Doric colony. See
+    Kiepert, op. cit. chap. iv. 62.
+
+[3] According to another version of the legend Heracles went down to
+    bring up Cerberus, not here, but at Taenarum.
+
+The soldiers held a meeting, and took counsel about the remainder of
+the journey: should they make their exit from the Pontus by sea or by
+land? and Lycon the Achaean got up and said: "I am astonished, sirs,
+that the generals do not endeavour to provide us more efficiently with
+provisions. These gifts of hospitality will not afford three days'      4
+victuals for the army; nor do I see from what region we are to provide
+ourselves as we march. My proposal, therefore, is to demand of the
+Heracleots at least three thousand cyzicenes." Another speaker
+suggested, "not less than ten thousand. Let us at once, before we
+break up this meeting, send ambassadors to the city and ascertain
+their answer to the demand and take counsel accordingly." Thereupon
+they proceeded to put up as ambassadors, first and foremost
+Cheirisophus, as he had been chosen general-in-chief; others also
+named Xenophon.
+
+But both Cheirisophus and Xenophon stoutly declined, maintaining both
+alike that they could not compel a Hellenic city, actually friendly,
+to give anything which they did not spontaneously offer. So, since
+these two appeared to be backward, the soldiers sent Lycon the
+Achaean, Callimachus the Parrhasian, and Agasias the Stymphalian.
+These three went and announced the resolutions passed by the army.
+Lycon, it was said, even went so far as to threaten certain
+consequences in case they refused to comply. The Heracleots said they
+would deliberate; and, without more ado, they got together their goods
+and chattels from their farms and fields outside, and dismantled the
+market outside and transferred it within, after which the gates were
+closed, and arms appeared at the battlements of the walls.
+
+At that check, the authors of these tumultuary measures fell to
+accusing the generals, as if they had marred the proceeding; and the
+Arcadians and Archaeans banded together, chiefly under the auspices of
+the two ringleaders, Callimachus the Parrhasian and Lycon the Achaean.
+The language they held was to this effect: It was outrageous that a
+single Athenian and a Lacedaemonian, who had not contributed a soldier
+to the expedition, should rule Peloponnesians; scandalous that they
+themselves should bear the toils whilst others pocketed the spoils,
+and that too though the preservation of the army was due to
+themselves; for, as every one must admit, to the Arcadians and          10
+Achaeans the credit of that achievement was due, and the rest of the
+army went for nothing (which was indeed so far true that the Arcadians
+and Achaeans did form numerically the larger half of the whole army).
+What then did common sense suggest? Why, that they, the Arcadians and
+Achaeans, should make common cause, choose generals for themselves
+independently, continue the march, and try somewhat to better their
+condition. This proposal was carried. All the Arcadians and Achaeans
+who chanced to be with Cheirisophus left him and Xenophon, setting up
+for themselves and choosing ten generals of their own. These ten, it
+was decreed, were to put into effect such measures as approved
+themselves to the majority. Thus the absolute authority vested in
+Cheirisophus was terminated there and then, within less than a week of
+his appointment.
+
+Xenophon, however was minded to prosecute the journey in their
+company, thinking that this would be a safer plan than for each to
+start on his own account. But Neon threw in his weight in favour of
+separate action. "Every one for himself," he said, for he had heard
+from Cheirisophus that Cleander, the Spartan governor-general at
+Byzantium, talked of coming to Calpe Haven with some war vessels.
+Neon's advice was due to his desire to secure a passage home in these
+war vessels for themselves and their soldiers, without allowing any
+one else to share in their good-fortune. As for Cheirisophus, he was
+at once so out of heart at the turn things had taken, and soured with
+the whole army, that he left it to his subordinate, Neon, to do just
+what he liked. Xenophon, on his side, would still have been glad to be
+quit of the expedition and sail home; but on offering sacrifice to
+Heracles the Leader, and seeking advice, whether it were better and
+more desirable to continue the march in charge of the soldiers who had
+remained faithful, or to take his departure, the god indicated to him
+by the victims that he should adopt the former course.
+
+In this way the army was now split up into three divisions[4]. First,
+the Arcadians and Achaeans, over four thousand five hundred men, all
+heavy infantry. Secondly, Cheirisophus and his men, viz. one thousand   16
+four hundred heavy infantry and the seven hundred peltasts, or
+Clearchus's Thracians. Thirdly, Xenophon's division of one thousand
+seven hundred heavy infantry, and three hundred peltasts; but then he
+alone had the cavalry--about forty troopers.
+
+[4] The total now amounted to 8640 and over.
+
+The Arcadians, who had bargained with the Heracleots and got some
+vessels from them, were the first to set sail; they hoped, by pouncing
+suddenly on the Bithynians, to make as large a haul as possible. With
+that object they disembarked at Calpe Haven[5], pretty nearly at the
+middle point in Thrace. Cheirisophus setting off straight from
+Heraclea, commenced a land march through the country; but having
+entered into Thrace, he preferred to cling to the seaboard, health and
+strength failing him. Xenophon, lastly, took vessels, and disembarking
+on the confines of Thrace and the Heracleotid, pushed forward through
+the heart of the country[6].
+
+[5] The Haven of Calpe = Kirpe Liman or Karpe in the modern maps. The
+    name is interesting as being also the ancient name of the rock
+    fortress of Gibraltar.
+
+[6] Some MSS. here read, "In the prior chapter will be found a
+    description of the manner in which the absolute command of
+    Cheirisophus was abruptly terminated and the army of the Hellenes
+    broken up. The sequel will show how each of these divisions
+    fared." The passage is probably one of those commentators' notes,
+    with which we are now familiar.
+
+
+
+III
+
+The Arcadians, disembarking under cover of night at Calpe Haven,        1
+marched against the nearest villages about thirty furlongs from the
+sea; and as soon as it was light, each of the ten generals led his
+company to attack one village, or if the village were large, a couple
+of companies advanced under their combined generals. They further
+agreed upon a certain knoll, where they were all eventually to
+assemble. So sudden was their attack that they seized a number of
+captives and enclosed a multitude of small cattle. But the Thracians
+who escaped began to collect again; for being light-armed troops they
+had slipped in large numbers through the hands of the heavy infantry;
+and now that they were got together they first attacked the company of
+the Arcadian general, Smicres, who had done his work and was retiring
+to the appointed meeting-place, driving along a large train of
+captives and cattle. For a good while the Hellenes maintained a
+running fight[1]; but at the passage of a gorge the enemy routed them,  5
+slaying Smicres himself and those with him to a man. The fate of
+another company under command of Hegesander, another of the ten, was
+nearly as bad; only eight men escaped, Hegesander being one of them.
+The remaining captains eventually met, some with somewhat to show for
+their pains, others empty-handed.
+
+[1] Lit. "marched and fought," as did the forlorn hope under Sir C.
+    Wilson making its way from Abu Klea to the Nile in Jan. 1885.
+
+The Thracians, having achieved this success, kept up a continual
+shouting and clatter of conversation to one another during the night;
+but with day-dawn they marshalled themselves right round the knoll on
+which the Hellenes were encamped--both cavalry in large numbers and
+light-armed troops--while every minute the stream of new-comers grew
+greater. Then they commenced an attack on the heavy infantry in all
+security, for the Hellenes had not a single bowman, javelin-man, or
+mounted trooper amongst them; while the enemy rushed forward on foot
+or galloped up on horseback and let fly their javelins. It was vain to
+attempt to retaliate, so lightly did they spring back and escape; and
+ever the attack renewed itself from every point, so that on one side
+man after man was wounded, on the other not a soul was touched; the
+result being that they could not stir from their position, and the
+Thracians ended by cutting them off even from their water. In their
+despair they began to parley about a truce, and finally various
+concessions were made and terms agreed to between them; but the
+Thracians would not hear of giving hostages in answer to the demand of
+the Hellenes; at that point the matter rested. So fared it with the
+Arcadians.
+
+As to Cheirisophus, that general prosecuted his march along the         10
+seaboard, and without check reached Calpe Haven. Xenophon advanced
+through the heart of the country; and his cavalry pushing on in front,
+came upon some old men pursuing their road somewither, who were
+brought to him, and in answer to his question, whether they had caught
+sight of another Hellenic army anywhere, told him all that had already
+taken place, adding that at present they were being besieged upon a
+knoll with all the Thracians in close circle round them. Thereupon he
+kept the old men under strict guard to serve as guides in case of
+need; next, having appointed outposts, he called a meeting of the
+soldiers, and addressed them: "Soldiers, some of the Arcadians are
+dead and the rest are being besieged upon a certain knoll. Now my own
+belief is, that if they are to perish, with their deaths the seal is
+set to our own fate: since we must reckon with an enemy at once
+numerous and emboldened. Clearly our best course is to hasten to their
+rescue, if haply we may find them still alive, and do battle by their
+side rather than suffer isolation, confronting danger single-handed.
+
+"Let us then at once push forward as far as may seem opportune till
+supper-time, and then encamp. As long as we are marching, let
+Timasion, with the cavalry, gallop on in front, but without losing
+sight of us; and let him examine all closely in front, so that nothing
+may escape our observation." (At the same time too, he sent out some
+nimble fellows of the light-armed troops to the flanks and to the high
+tops, who were to give a signal if they espied anything anywhere;
+ordering them to burn everything inflammable which lay in their path.)
+"As for ourselves," he continued, "we need not look to find cover in
+any direction; for it is a long step back to Heraclea and a long leap
+across to Chrysopolis, and the enemy is at the door. The shortest road
+is to Calpe Haven, where we suppose Cheirisophus, if safe, to be; but
+then, when we get there, at Calpe Haven there are no vessels for us to
+sail away in; and if we stop here, we have not provisions for a single
+day. Suppose the beleaguered Arcadians left to their fate, we shall
+find it but a sorry alternative to run the gauntlet with
+Cheirisophus's detachment alone; better to save them if we can, and     17
+with united forces work out our deliverance in common. But if so, we
+must set out with minds prepared, since to-day either a glorious death
+awaits us or the achievement of a deed of noblest emprise in the
+rescue of so many Hellene lives. Maybe it is God who leads us thus,
+God who chooses to humble the proud boaster, boasting as though he
+were exceedingly wise, but for us, the beginning of whose every act is
+by heaven's grace, that same God reserves a higher grade of honour.
+One duty I would recall to you, to apply your minds to the execution
+of the orders with promptitude."
+
+With these words he led the way. The cavalry, scattering as far in
+advance as was prudent, wherever they set foot, set fire. The peltasts
+moving parallel on the high ground were similarly employed, burning
+everything combustible they could discover. While the main army,
+wherever they came upon anything which had accidentally escaped,
+completed the work, so that the whole country looked as if it were
+ablaze; and the army might easily pass for a larger one. When the hour
+had come, they turned aside to a knoll and took up quarters; and there
+they espied the enemy's watch-fires. He was about forty furlongs
+distant. On their side also they kindled as many watch-fires as
+possible; but as soon as they had dined the order was passed to quench
+all the fires. So during the night they posted guards and slept. But
+at daybreak they offered prayers to the gods, and drawing up in order
+of battle, began marching with what speed they might. Timasion and the
+cavalry, who had the guides with them, and were moving on briskly in
+front, found themselves without knowing it at the very knoll upon
+which the Hellenes had been beleaguered. But no army could they
+discover, whether of friend or foe; only some starveling old women and
+men, with a few sheep and oxen which had been left behind. This news
+they reported to Xenophon and the main body. At first the marvel was
+what had happened; but ere long they found out by inquiries from the
+folk who had been left behind, that the Thracians had set off
+immediately after sundown, and were gone; the Hellenes had waited till
+morning before they made off, but in what direction, they could not     23
+say.
+
+On hearing this, Xenophon's troops first breakfasted, and then getting
+their kit together began their march, desiring to unite with the rest
+at Calpe's Haven without loss of time. As they continued their march,
+they came across the track of the Arcadians and Achaeans along the
+road to Calpe, and both divisions arriving eventually at the same
+place, were overjoyed to see one another again, and they embraced each
+other like brothers. Then the Arcadians inquired of Xenophon's
+officers--why they had quenched the watch-fires? "At first," said
+they, "when we lost sight of your watch-fires, we expected you to
+attack the enemy in the night; and the enemy, so at least we imagined,
+must have been afraid of that and so set off. The time at any rate at
+which they set off would correspond. But when the requisite time had
+elapsed and you did not come, we concluded that you must have learnt
+what was happening to us, and in terror had made a bolt for it to the
+seaboard. We resolved not to be left behind by you; and that is how we
+also came to march hither."
+
+
+
+IV
+
+During this day they contented themselves with bivouacking there on     1
+the beach at the harbour. The place which goes by the name of Calpe
+Haven is in Asiatic Thrace, the name given to a region extending from
+the mouth of the Euxine all the way to Heraclea, which lies on the
+right hand as you sail into the Euxine. It is a long day's voyage for
+a war-ship, using her three banks of oars, from Byzantium to Heraclea,
+and between these two there is not a single Hellenic or friendly city,
+but only these Bithynian Thracians, who have a bad reputation for the
+savagery with which they treat any Hellenes cast ashore by shipwreck
+or otherwise thrown into their power.
+
+Now the haven of Calpe lies exactly midway, halving the voyage between
+Byzantium and Heraclea. It is a long promontory running out into the
+sea; the seaward portion being a rocky precipice, at no point less
+than twenty fathoms high; but on the landward side there is a neck      3
+about four hundred feet wide; and the space inside the neck is capable
+of accommodating ten thousand inhabitants, and there is a haven
+immediately under the crag with a beach facing the west. Then there is
+a copious spring of fresh water flowing on the very marge of the sea
+commanded by the stronghold. Again, there is plenty of wood of various
+sorts; but most plentiful of all, fine shipbuilding timber down to the
+very edge of the sea. The upland stretches into the heart of the
+country for twenty furlongs at least. It is good loamy soil, free from
+stones. For a still greater distance the seaboard is thickly grown
+with large timber trees of every description. The surrounding country
+is beautiful and spacious, containing numerous well populated
+villages. The soil produces barley and wheat, and pulse of all sorts,
+millet and sesame, figs in ample supply, with numerous vines producing
+sweet wines, and indeed everything else except olives. Such is the
+character of the country.
+
+The tents were pitched on the seaward-facing beach, the soldiers being
+altogether averse to camping on ground which might so easily be
+converted into a city. Indeed, their arrival at the place at all
+seemed very like the crafty design of some persons who were minded to
+form a city. The aversion was not unnatural, since the majority of the
+soldiers had not left their homes on so long a voyage from scantiness
+or subsistence, but attracted by the fame of Cyrus's virtues; some of
+them bringing followers, while others had expended money on the
+expedition. And amongst them was a third set who had run away from
+fathers and mothers; while a different class had left children behind,
+hoping to return to them with money or other gains. Other people with
+Cyrus won great success, they were told[1]; why should it not be so
+with them? Being persons then of this description, the one longing of
+their hearts was to reach Hellas safely.
+
+[1] I.e. "his society was itself a passport to good fortune."
+
+It was on the day after their meeting that Xenophon sacrificed as a
+preliminary to a military expedition; for it was needful to march out
+in search of provisions, besides which he designed burying the dead.    9
+As soon as the victims proved favourable they all setout, the
+Arcadians following with the rest. The majority of the dead, who had
+lain already five days, they buried just where they had fallen, in
+groups; to remove their bodies now would have been impossible. Some
+few, who lay off the roads, they got together and buried with what
+splendour they could, considering the means in their power. Others
+they could not find, and for these they erected a great cenotaph[2],
+and covered it with wreaths. When it was all done, they returned home
+to camp. At that time they supped, and went to rest.
+
+[2] "Cenotaph", i.e. "an empty tomb." The word is interesting as
+    occurring only in Xenophon, until we come to the writers of the
+    common dialect. Compare "hyuscyamus," hogbean, our henbane, which
+    we also owe to Xenophon. "Oecon." i. 13, see Sauppe, "Lexil. Xen."
+    s.vv.
+
+Next day there was a general meeting of the soldiers, collected
+chiefly by Agasias the Stymphalian, a captain, and Hieronymus, an
+Eleian, also a captain, and other seniors of the Arcadians; and they
+passed a resolution that, for the future, whoever revived the idea of
+breaking up the army should be punished by death. And the army, it was
+decided, would now resume its old position under the command of its
+former generals. Though Cheirisophus, indeed, had already died under
+medical treatment for fever[3]; and Neon the Asinaean had taken his
+place.
+
+[3] This I take to be the meaning of the words, which are necessarily
+    ambiguous, since {pharmakon}, "a drug," also means "poison." Did
+    Cheirisophus conceivably die of fever brought on by some poisonous
+    draught? or did he take poison whilst suffering from fever? or did
+    he die under treatment?
+
+After these resolutions Xenophon got up and said: "Soldiers, the
+journey must now, I presume, be conducted on foot; indeed, this is
+clear, since we have no vessels; and we are driven to commence it at
+once, for we have no provisions if we stop. We then," he continued,
+"will sacrifice, and you must prepare yourselves to fight now, if
+ever, for the spirit of the enemy has revived."
+
+Thereupon the generals sacrificed, in the presence of the Arcadian
+seer, Arexion; for Silanus the Ambraciot had chartered a vessel at
+Heraclea and made his escape ere this. Sacrificing with a view to       13
+departure, the victims proved unfavourable to them. Accordingly they
+waited that day. Certain people were bold enough to say that Xenophon,
+out of his desire to colonise the place, had persuaded the seer to say
+that the victims were unfavourable to departure. Consequently he
+proclaimed by herald next morning that any one who liked should be
+present at the sacrifice; or if he were a seer he was bidden to be
+present and help to inspect the victims. Then he sacrificed, and there
+were numbers present; but though the sacrifice on the question of
+departure was repeated as many as three times, the victims were
+persistently unfavourable. Thereat the soldiers were in high dudgeon,
+for the provisions they had brought with them had reached the lowest
+ebb, and there was no market to be had.
+
+Consequently there was another meeting, and Xenophon spoke again:
+"Men," said he, "the victims are, as you may see for yourselves, not
+yet favourable to the march; but meanwhile, I can see for myself that
+you are in need of provisions; accordingly we must narrow the
+sacrifice to the particular point." Some one got up and said:
+"Naturally enough the victims are unfavourable, for, as I learnt from
+some one on a vessel which arrived here yesterday by accident,
+Cleander, the governor at Byzantium, intends coming here with ships
+and men-of-war." Thereat they were all in favour of stopping; but they
+must needs go out for provisions, and with this object he again
+sacrificed three times, and the victims remained adverse. Things had
+now reached such a pass that the men actually came to Xenophon's tent
+to proclaim that they had no provisions. His sole answer was that he
+would not lead them out till the victims were favourable.
+
+So again the next day he sacrificed; and nearly the whole army, so
+strong was the general anxiety, flocked round the victims; and now the
+very victims themselves failed. So the generals, instead of leading
+out the army, called the men together. Xenophon, as was incumbent on
+him, spoke: "It is quite possible that the enemy are collected in a
+body, and we shall have to fight. If we were to leave our baggage in
+the strong place" (pointing overhead) "and sally forth prepared for
+battle, the victims might favour us." But the soldiers, on hearing      22
+this proposal, cried out, "No need to take us inside that place;
+better sacrifice with all speed." Now sheep there were none any
+longer. So they purchased oxen from under a wagon and sacrificed; and
+Xenophon begged Cleanor the Arcadian to superintend the sacrifice on
+his behalf, in case there might be some change now. But even so there
+was no improvement.
+
+Now Neon was general in place of Cheirisophus, and seeing the men
+suffering so cruelly from want, he was willing to do them a good turn.
+So he got hold of some Heracleot or other who said he knew of villages
+close by from which they could get provisions, and proclaimed by
+herald: "If any one liked to come out and get provisions, be it known
+that he, Neon, would be their leader." So out came the men with
+spears, and wine skins and sacks and other vessels--two thousand
+strong in all. But when they had reached the villages and began to
+scatter for the purpose of foraging, Pharnabazus's cavalry were the
+first to fall upon them. They had come to the aid of the Bithynians,
+wishing, if possible, in conjunction with the latter, to hinder the
+Hellenes from entering Phrygia. These troopers killed no less than
+five hundred of the men; the rest fled for the lives up into the hill
+country.
+
+News of the catastrophe was presently brought into camp by one of
+those who had escaped, and Xenophon, seeing that the victims had not
+been favourable on that day, took a wagon bullock, in the absence of
+other sacrificial beasts, offered it up, and started for the rescue,
+he and the rest under thirty years of age to the last man. Thus they
+picked up the remnant of Neon's party and returned to camp. It was now
+about sunset; and the Hellenes in deep despondency were making their
+evening meal, when all of a sudden, through bush and brake, a party of
+Bithynians fell upon the pickets, cutting down some and chasing the
+rest into camp. In the midst of screams and shouts the Hellenes ran to
+their arms, one and all; yet to pursue or move the camp in the night
+seemed hardly safe, for the ground was thickly grown with bush; all
+they could do was to strengthen the outposts and keep watch under arms
+the livelong night.
+
+
+
+V
+
+And so they spent the night, but with day-dawn the generals led the     1
+way into the natural fastness, and the others picked up their arms and
+baggage and followed the lead. Before the breakfast-hour arrived, they
+had fenced off with a ditch the only side on which lay ingress into
+the place, and had palisaded off the whole, leaving only three gates.
+Anon a ship from Heraclea arrived bringing barleymeal, victim animals,
+and wine.
+
+Xenophon was up betimes, and made the usual offering before starting
+on an expedition, and at the first victim the sacrifice was
+favourable. Just as the sacrifice ended, the seer, Arexion the
+Parrhasian, caught sight of an eagle, which boded well, and bade
+Xenophon lead on. So they crossed the trench and grounded arms. Then
+proclamation was made by herald for the soldiers to breakfast and
+start on an expedition under arms; the mob of sutlers and the captured
+slaves would be left in camp. Accordingly the mass of the troops set
+out. Neon alone remained; for it seemed best to leave that general and
+his men to guard the contents of the camp. But when the officers and
+soldiers had left them in the lurch, they were so ashamed to stop in
+camp while the rest marched out, that they too set out, leaving only
+those above five-and-forty years of age.
+
+These then stayed, while the rest set out on the march. Before they
+had gone two miles, they stumbled upon dead bodies, and when they had
+brought up the rear of the column in a line with the first bodies to
+be seen, they began digging graves and burying all included in the
+column from end to end. After burying the first batch, they advanced,
+and again bringing the rear even with the first unburied bodies which
+appeared, they buried in the same way all which the line of troops
+included. Finally, reaching the road that led out of the villages
+where the bodies lay thick together, they collected them and laid them
+in a common grave.
+
+It was now about midday, when pushing forward the troops up to the
+villages without entering them, they proceeded to seize provisions,
+laying hands on everything they could set eyes on under cover of their  7
+lines; when suddenly they caught sight of the enemy cresting certain
+hillocks in front of them, duly marshalled in line--a large body of
+cavalry and infantry. It was Spithridates and Rhathines, sent by
+Pharnabazus with their force at their backs. As soon as the enemy
+caught sight of the Hellenes, they stood still, about two miles
+distant. Then Arexion the seer sacrificed, and at the first essay the
+victims were favourable. Whereupon Xenophon addressed the other
+generals: "I would advise, sirs, that we should detach one or more
+flying columns to support our main attack, so that in case of need at
+any point we may have reserves in readiness to assist our main body,
+and the enemy, in the confusion of battle, may find himself attacking
+the unbroken lines of troops not hitherto engaged." These views
+approved themselves to all. "Do you then," said he, "lead on the
+vanguard straight at the enemy. Do not let us stand parleying here,
+now that we have caught sight of him and he of us. I will detach the
+hindmost companies in the way we have decided upon and follow you."
+After that they quietly advanced, and he, withdrawing the rear-rank
+companies in three brigades consisting of a couple of hundred men
+apiece, commissioned the first on the right to follow the main body at
+the distance of a hundred feet. Samolas the Achaean was in command of
+this brigade. The duty of the second, under the command of Pyrrhias
+the Arcadian, was to follow in the centre. The last was posted on the
+left, with Phrasias, an Athenian, in command. As they advanced, the
+vanguard reached a large and difficult woody glen, and halted, not
+knowing whether the obstacle needed to be crossed or not. They passed
+down the word for the generals and officers to come forward to the
+front. Xenophon, wondering what it was that stopped the march, and
+presently hearing the above order passed along the ranks, rode up with
+all speed. As soon as they were met, Sophaenetus, as the eldest
+general, stated his opinion that the question, whether a gully of that
+kind ought to be crossed or not, was not worth discussing. Xenophon,
+with some ardour, retorted: "You know, sirs, I have not been in the
+habit hitherto of introducing you to danger which you might avoid. It
+is not your reputation for courage surely that is at stake, but your    14
+safe return home. But now the matter stands thus: It is impossible to
+retire from this point without a battle; if we do not advance against
+the enemy ourselves, he will follow us as soon as we have turned our
+backs and attack us. Consider, then; is it better to go and meet the
+foe with arms advanced, or with arms reversed to watch him as he
+assails us on our rear? You know this at any rate, that to retire
+before an enemy has nothing glorious about it, whereas attack
+engenders courage even in a coward. For my part, I would rather at any
+time attack with half my men than retreat with twice the number. As to
+these fellows, if we attack them, I am sure you do not really expect
+them to await us; though, if we retreat, we know for certain they will
+be emboldened to pursue us. Nay, if the result of crossing is to place
+a difficult gully behind us when we are on the point of engaging,
+surely that is an advantage worth seizing. At least, if it were left
+to me, I would choose that everything should appear smooth and
+passable to the enemy, which may invite retreat; but for ourselves we
+may bless the ground which teaches us that except in victory we have
+no deliverance. It astonishes me that any one should deem this
+particular gully a whit more terrible than any of the other barriers
+which we have successfully passed. How impassable was the plain, had
+we failed to conquer their cavalry! how insurmountable the mountains
+already traversed by us, with all their peltasts in hot pursuit at our
+heels! Nay, when we have safely reached the sea, the Pontus will
+present a somewhat formidable gully, when we have neither vessels to
+convey us away nor corn to keep us alive whilst we stop. But we shall
+no sooner be there than we must be off again to get provisions. Surely
+it is better to fight to-day after a good breakfast than to-morrow on
+an empty stomach. Sirs, the offerings are favourable to us, the omens
+are propitious, the victims more than promising; let us attack the
+enemy! Now that they have had a good look at us, these fellows must
+not be allowed to enjoy their dinners or choose a camp at their own
+sweet will."
+
+After that the officers bade him lead on. None gainsaid, and he led
+the way. His orders were to cross the gully, where each man chanced to  22
+find himself. By this method, as it seemed to him, the troops would
+more quickly mass themselves on the far side than was possible, if
+they defiled along[1] the bridge which spanned the gully. But once
+across he passed along the line and addressed the troops: "Sirs, call
+to mind what by help of the gods you have already done. Bethink you of
+the battles you have won at close quarters with the foe; of the fate
+which awaits those who flee before their foes. Forget not that we
+stand at the very doors of Hellas. Follow in the steps of Heracles,
+our guide, and cheer each the other onwards by name. Sweet were it
+surely by some brave and noble word or deed, spoken or done this day,
+to leave the memory of oneself in the hearts of those one loves."
+
+[1] Lit. "had they wound off thread by thread"; the metaphor is from
+    unwinding a ball of wool.
+
+These words were spoken as he rode past, and simultaneously he began
+leading on the troops in battle line; and, placing the peltasts on
+either flank of the main body, they moved against the enemy. Along the
+line the order had sped "to keep their spears at rest on the right
+shoulder until the bugle signal; then lower them for the charge, slow
+march, and even pace, no one to quicken into a run." Lastly, the
+watchword was passed, "Zeus the Saviour, Heracles our Guide." The
+enemy waited their approach, confident in the excellence of his
+position; but as they drew closer the Hellene light troops, with a
+loud alala! without waiting for the order, dashed against the foe. The
+latter, on their side, came forward eagerly to meet the charge, both
+the cavalry and the mass of the Bithynians; and these turned the
+peltasts. But when with counter-wave the phalanx of the heavy infantry
+rapidly advancing, faced them, and at the same time the bugle sounded,
+and the battle hymn rose from all lips, and after this a loud cheer
+rose, and at the same instant they couched their spears;--at this
+conjuncture the enemy no longer welcomed them, but fled. Timasion with
+his cavalry followed close, and, considering their scant numbers, they
+did great execution. It was the left wing of the enemy, in a line with
+which the Hellene cavalry were posted, that was so speedily scattered.
+But the right, which was not so hotly pursued, collected upon a knoll;  28
+and when the Hellenes saw them standing firm, it seemed the easiest
+and least dangerous course to go against them at once. Raising the
+battle hymn, they straightway fell upon them, but the others did not
+await their coming. Thereupon the peltasts gave chase until the right
+of the enemy was in its turn scattered, though with slight loss in
+killed; for the enemy's cavalry was numerous and threatening.
+
+But when the Hellenes saw the cavalry of Pharnabazus still standing in
+compact order, and the Bithynian horsemen massing together as if to
+join it, and like spectators gazing down from a knoll at the
+occurrences below; though weary, they determined to attack the enemy
+as best they could, and not suffer him to recover breath with reviving
+courage. So they formed in compact line and advanced. Thereupon the
+hostile cavalry turned and fled down the steep as swiftly as if they
+had been pursued by cavalry. In fact they sought the shelter of a
+gully, the existence of which was unknown to the Hellenes. The latter
+accordingly turned aside too soon and gave up the chase, for it was
+too late. Returning to the point where the first encounter took place
+they erected a trophy, and went back to the sea about sunset. It was
+something like seven miles to camp.
+
+
+
+VI
+
+After this the enemy confined themselves to their own concerns, and     1
+removed their households and property as far away as possible. The
+Hellenes, on their side, were still awaiting the arrival of Cleander
+with the ships of war and transports, which ought to be there soon. So
+each day they went out with the baggage animals and slaves and
+fearlessly brought in wheat and barley, wine and vegetables, millet
+and figs; since the district produced all good things, the olive alone
+excepted. When the army stayed in camp to rest, pillaging parties were
+allowed to go out, and those who went out appropriated the spoils; but
+when the whole army went out, if any one went off apart and seized      2
+anything, it was voted to be public property. Ere long there was an
+ample abundance of supplies of all sorts, for marketables arrived from
+Hellenic cities on all sides, and marts were established. Mariners
+coasting by, and hearing that a city was being founded and that there
+was a harbour, were glad to put in. Even the hostile tribes dwelling
+in the neighbourhood presently began to send envoys to Xenophon. It
+was he who was forming the place into a city, as they understood, and
+they would be glad to learn on what terms they might secure his
+friendship. He made a point of introducing these visitors to the
+soldiers.
+
+Meanwhile Cleander arrived with two ships of war, but not a single
+transport. At the moment of his arrival, as it happened, the army had
+taken the field, and a separate party had gone off on a pillaging
+expedition into the hills and had captured a number of small cattle.
+In thir apprehension of being deprived of them, these same people
+spoke to Dexippus (this was the same man who had made off from
+Trapezus with the fifty-oared galley), and urged him to save their
+sheep for them. "Take some for yourself," said they, "and give the
+rest back to us." So, without more ado, he drove off the soldiers
+standing near, who kept repeating that the spoil was public property.
+Then off he went to Cleander. "Here is an attempt," said he, "at
+robbery." Cleander bade him to bring up the culprit to him. Dexippus
+seized on some one, and was for haling him to the Spartan governor.
+Just then Agasias came across him and rescued the man, who was a
+member of his company; and the rest of the soldiers present set to
+work to stone Dexippus, calling him "traitor." Things looked so ill
+that a number of the crew of the ships of war took fright and fled to
+the sea, and with the rest Cleander himself. Xenophon and the other
+generals tried to hold the men back, assuring Cleander that the affair
+signified nothing at all, and that the origin of it was a decree pased
+by the army. That was to blame, if anything. But Cleander, goaded by
+Dexippus, and personally annoyed at the fright which he had
+experienced, threatened to sail away and publish an interdict against
+them, forbidding any city to receive them, as being public enemies.     9
+For at this date the Lacedaemonians held sway over the whole Hellenic
+world.
+
+Thereat the affair began to wear an ugly look, and the Hellenes begged
+and implored Cleander to reconsider his intention. He replied that he
+would be as good as his word, and that nothing should stop him, unless
+the man who set the example of stoning, with the other who rescued the
+prisoner, were given up to him. Now, one of the two whose persons were
+thus demanded--Agasias--had been a friend to Xenophon throughout; and
+that was just why Dexippus was all the more anxious to accuse him. In
+their perplexity the generals summoned a full meeting of the soldiers,
+and some speakers were disposed to make very light of Cleander and set
+him at naught. But Xenophon took a more serious view of the matter; he
+rose and addressed the meeting thus: "Soldiers, I cannot say that I
+feel disposed to make light of this business, if Cleander be allowed
+to go away, as he threatens to do, in his present temper towards us.
+There are Hellenic cities close by; but then the Lacedaemonians are
+the lords of Hellas, and they can, any one of them, carry out whatever
+they like in the cities. If then the first thing this Lacedaemonian
+does is to close the gates of Byzantium, and next to pass an order to
+the other governors, city by city, not to receive us because we are a
+set of lawless ruffians disloyal to the Lacedaemonians; and if,
+further, this report of us should reach the ears of their admiral,
+Anaxibius, to stay or to sail away will alike be difficult. Remember,
+the Lacedaemonians at the present time are lords alike on land and on
+sea. For the sake then of a single man, or for two men's sake, it is
+not right that the rest of us should be debarred from Hellas; but
+whatever they enjoin we must obey. Do not the cities which gave us
+birth yield them obedience also? For my own part, inasmuch as
+Dexippus, I believe, keeps telling Cleander that Agasias would never
+have done this had not I, Xenophon, bidden him, I absolve you of all
+complicity, and Agasias too, if Agasias himself states that I am in
+any way a prime mover in this matter. If I have set the fashion of
+stone-throwing or any other sort of violence I condemn myself--I say
+that I deserve the extreme penalty, and I will submit to undergo it. I  15
+further say that if any one else is accused, that man is bound to
+surrender himself to Cleander for judgement, for by this means you
+will be absolved entirely from the accusation. But as the matter now
+stands, it is cruel that just when we were aspiring to win praise and
+honour throughout Hellas, we are destined to sink below the level of
+the rest of the world, banned from the Hellenic cities whose common
+name we boast."
+
+After him Agasias got up, and said, "I swear to you, sirs, by the gods
+and goddesses, verily and indeed, neither Xenophon nor any one else
+among you bade me rescue the man. I saw an honest man--one of my own
+company--being taken up by Dexippus, the man who betrayed you, as you
+know full well. That I could not endure; I rescued him, I admit the
+fact. Do not you deliver me up. I will surrender myself, as Xenophon
+suggests, to Cleander to pass what verdict on me he thinks right. Do
+not, for the sake of such a matter, make foes of the Lacedaemonians;
+rather God grant that[1] each of you may safely reach the goal of his
+desire. Only do you choose from among yourselves and send with me to
+Cleander those who, in case of any omission on my part, may by their
+words and acts supply what is lacking." Thereupon the army granted him
+to choose for himself whom he would have go with him and to go; and he
+at once chose the generals. After this they all set off to
+Cleander--Agasias and the generals and the man who had been rescued by
+Agasias--and the generals spoke as follows: "The army has sent us to
+you, Cleander, and this is their bidding: 'If you have fault to find
+with all, they say, you ought to pass sentence on all, and do with
+them what seems best; or if the charge is against one man or two, or
+possibly several, what they expect of these people is to surrender
+themselves to you for judgement.' Accordingly, if you lay anything to
+the charge of us generals, here we stand at your bar. Or do you impute
+the fault to some one not here? tell us whom. Short of flying in the
+face of our authority, there is no one who will absent himself."
+
+[1] Reading with the best MSS., {sozoisthe}. Agasias ends his sentence
+    with a prayer. Al. {sozesthe}, "act so that each," etc.
+
+At this point Agasias stepped forward and said: "It was I, Cleander,    21
+who rescued the man before you yonder from Dexippus, when the latter
+was carrying him off, and it was I who gave the order to strike
+Dexippus. My plea is that I know the prisoner to be an honest man. As
+to Dexippus, I know that he was chosen by the army to command a
+fifty-oared galley, which we had obtained by request from the men of
+Trapezus for the express purpose of collecting vessels to carry us
+safely home. But this same Dexippus betrayed his fellow-soldiers, with
+whom he had been delivered from so many perils, and made off into
+hiding like a runaway slave, whereby we have robbed the Trapezuntines
+of their frigate, and must needs appear as knaves in their eyes for
+this man's sake. As to ourselves, as far as he could, he has ruined
+us; for, like the rest of us, he had heard how all but impossible it
+was for us to retreat by foot across the rivers and to reach Hellas in
+safety. That is the stamp of man whom I robbed of his prey. Now, had
+it been you yourself who carried him off, or one of your emissaries,
+or indeed any one short of a runaway from ourselves, be sure that I
+should have acted far otherwise. Be assured that if you put me to
+death at this time you are sacrificing a good, honest man for the sake
+of a coward and a scamp."
+
+When he had listened to these remarks, Cleander replied that if such
+had been the conduct of Dexippus, he could not congratulate him. "But
+still," he added, turning to the generals, "were Dexippus ever so
+great a scamp he ought not to suffer violence; but in the language of
+your own demand he was entitled to a fair trial, and so to obtain his
+deserts. What I have to say at present therefore is: leave your friend
+here and go your way, and when I give the order be present at the
+trial. I have no further charge against the army or any one, since the
+prisoner himself admits that he rescued the man." Then the man who had
+been rescued said: "In behalf of myself, Cleander, if possibly you
+think that I was being taken up for some misdeed, it is not so; I
+neither struck nor shot; I merely said, 'The sheep are public
+property;' for it was a resolution of the soldiers that whenever the
+army went out as a body any booty privately obtained was to be public
+property. That was all I said, and thereupon yonder fellow seized me    28
+and began dragging me off. He wanted to stop our mouths, so that he
+might have a share of the things himself, and keep the rest for these
+buccaneers, contrary to the ordinance." In answer to that Cleander
+said: "Very well, if that is your disposition you can stay behind too,
+and we will take your case into consideration also."
+
+Thereupon Cleander and his party proceeded to breakfast; but Xenophon
+collected the army in assembly, and advised their sending a deputation
+to Cleander to intercede in behalf of the men. Accordingly it was
+resolved to send some generals and officers with Dracontius the
+Spartan, and of the rest those who seemed best fitted to go. The
+deputation was to request Cleander by all means to release the two
+men. Accordingly Xenophon came and addressed him thus: "Cleander, you
+have the men; the army has bowed to you and assented to do what you
+wished with respect to these two members of their body and themselves
+in general. But now they beg and pray you to give up these two men,
+and not to put them to death. Many a good service have these two
+wrought for our army in past days. Let them but obtain this from you,
+and in return the army promises that, if you will put yourself at
+their head and the gracious gods approve, they will show you how
+orderly they are, how apt to obey their general, and, with heaven's
+help, to face their foes unflinchingly. They make this further request
+to you, that you will present yourself and take command of them and
+make trial of them. 'Test us ourselves,' they say, 'and test Dexippus,
+what each of us is like, and afterwards assign to each his due.'" When
+Cleander heard these things, he answered: "Nay, by the twin gods, I
+will answer you quickly enough. Here I make you a present of the two
+men, and I will as you say present myself, and then, if the gods
+vouchsafe, I will put myself at your head and lead you into Hellas.
+Very different is your language from the tale I used to hear
+concerning you from certain people, that you wanted to withdraw the
+army from allegiance to the Lacedaemonians."
+
+After this the deputation thanked him and retired, taking with them
+the two men; then Cleander sacrificed as a preliminary to marching and
+consorted friendlily with Xenophon, and the two struck up an alliance.  35
+When the Spartan saw with what good discipline the men carried out
+their orders, he was still more anxious to become their leader.
+However, in spite of sacrifices repeated on three successive days, the
+victims steadily remained unfavourable. So he summoned the generals
+and said to them: "The victims smile not on me, they suffer me not to
+lead you home; but be not out of heart at that. To you it is given, as
+it would appear, to bring your men safe home. Forwards then, and for
+our part, whenever you come yonder, we will bestow on you as warm a
+welcome as we may."
+
+Then the soldiers resolved to make him a present of the public cattle,
+which he accepted, but again gave back to them. So he sailed away; but
+the soldiers made division of the corn which they had collected and of
+the other captured property, and commenced their homeward march
+through the territory of the Bithynians.
+
+At first they confined themselves to the main road; but not chancing
+upon anything whereby they might reach a friendly territory with
+something in their pockets for themselves, they resolved to turn sharp
+round, and marched for one day and night in the opposite direction. By
+this proceeding they captured many slaves and much small cattle; and
+on the sixth day reached Chrysopolis in Chalcedonia[2]. Here they
+halted seven days while they disposed of their booty by sale.
+
+[2] The name should be written "Calchedonia." The false form drove out
+    the more correct, probably through a mispronunciation, based on a
+    wrong derivation, at some date long ago. The sites of Chrysopolis
+    and Calchedon correspond respectively to the modern Scutari and
+    Kadikoi.
+
+
+
+
+BOOK VII
+
+[In the earlier portion of the narrative will be found a
+detailed history of the fortunes of the Hellenes during their
+march up country with Cyrus down to the date of the battle;
+and, subsequently to his death, until they reached the Euxine;
+as also of all their doings in their efforts to escape from
+the Euxine, partly by land marches and partly under sail by
+sea, until they found themselves outside the mouth of the
+Black Sea (south of the Bosphorus) at Chrysopolis in Asia.]
+
+
+
+I
+
+At this point Pharnabazus, who was afraid that the army might           1
+undertake a campaign against his satrapy, sent to Anaxibius, the
+Spartan high admiral, who chanced to be in Byzantium, and begged him
+to convey the army out of Asia, undertaking to comply with his wishes
+in every respect. Anaxibius accordingly sent to summon the generals
+and officers to Byzantium, and promised that the soldiers should not
+lack pay for service, if they crossed the strait. The officers said
+that they would deliberate and return an answer. Xenophon individually
+informed them that he was about to quit the army at once, and was only
+anxious to set sail. Anaxibius pressed him not to be in so great a
+hurry: "Cross over with the rest," he said, "and then it will be time
+enough to think about quitting the army." This the other undertook to
+do.
+
+Now Seuthes the Thracian sent Medosades and begged Xenophon to use his
+influence to get the army across. "Tell Xenophon, if he will do his
+best for me in this matter, he will not regret it." Xenophon answered:
+"The army is in any case going to cross; so that, as far as that is
+concerned, Seuthes is under no obligation to me or to any one else;     6
+but as soon as it is once across, I personally shall be quit of it.
+Let Seuthes, therefore, as far as he may deem consistent with
+prudence, apply to those who are going to remain and will have a voice
+in affairs."
+
+After this the whole body of troops crossed to Byzantium. But
+Anaxibius, instead of proceeding to give pay, made proclamation that,
+"The soldiers were to take up their arms and baggage and go forth," as
+if all he wished were to ascertain their numbers and bid them
+god-speed at the same moment. The soldiers were not well pleased at
+that, because they had no money to furnish themselves with provisions
+for the march; and they sluggishly set about getting their baggage
+together. Xenophon meanwhile, being on terms of intimacy with the
+governor, Cleander, came to pay his host a final visit, and bid him
+adieu, being on the point of setting sail. But the other protested;
+"Do not do so, or else," said he, "you will be blamed, for even now
+certain people are disposed to hold you to account because the army is
+so slow in getting under weigh." The other answered, "Nay, I am not to
+blame for that. It is the men themselves, who are in want of
+provisions; that is why they are out of heart at their exodus." "All
+the same," he replied, "I advise you to go out, as if you intended to
+march with them, and when you are well outside, it will be time enough
+to take yourself off." "Well then," said Xenophon, "we will go and
+arrange all this with Anaxibius." They went and stated the case to the
+admiral, who insisted that they must do as he had said, and march out,
+bag and baggage, by the quickest road; and as an appendix to the
+former edict, he added, "Any one absenting himself from the review and
+the muster will have himself to blame for the consequences." This was
+peremptory. So out marched, the generals first, and then the rest; and
+now, with the exception of here a man and there, they were all
+outside; it was a "clean sweep"; and Eteonicus stood posted near the
+gates, ready to close them, as soon as the men were fairly out, and to
+thrust in the bolt pin.
+
+Then Anaxibius summoned the generals and captains, and addressed them:
+"Provisions you had better get from the Thracian villages; you will     13
+find plenty of barley, wheat, and other necessaries in them; and when
+you have got them, off with you to the Chersonese, where Cyniscus will
+take you into his service." Some of the soldiers overheard what was
+said, or possibly one of the officers was the medium of communication;
+however it was, the news was handed on to the army. As to the
+generals, their immediate concern was to try and gain some information
+as to Seuthes: "Was he hostile or friendly? also, would they have to
+march through the Sacred mountain[1], or round about through the
+middle of Thrace?"
+
+[1] So the mountain-range is named which runs parallel to the
+    Propontis (Sea of Marmora) from lat. 41 degrees N. circa to lat.
+    40 degrees 30'; from Bisanthe (Rhodosto) to the neck of the
+    Chersonese (Gallipoli).
+
+While they were discussing these points, the soldiers snatched up
+their arms and made a rush full speed at the gates, with the intention
+of getting inside the fortification again. But Eteonicus and his men,
+seeing the heavy infantry coming up at a run promptly closed the gates
+and thrust in the bolt pin. Then the soldiers fell to battering the
+gates, exclaiming that it was iniquitous to thrust them forth in this
+fashion into the jaws of their enemies. "If you do not of your own
+accord open the gates," they cried, "we will split them in half"; and
+another set rushed down to the sea, and so along the break-water and
+over the wall into the city; while a third set, consisting of those
+few who were still inside, having never left the city, seeing the
+affair at the gates, severed the bars with axes and flung the portals
+wide open; and the rest came pouring in.
+
+Xenophon, seeing what was happening, was seized with alarm lest the
+army betake itself to pillage, and ills incurable be wrought to the
+city, to himself, and to the soldiers. Then he set off, and, plunging
+into the throng, was swept through the gates with the crowd. The
+Byzantines no sooner saw the soldiers forcibly rushing in than they
+left the open square, and fled, some to the shipping, others to their
+homes, while those already indoors came racing out, and some fell to
+dragging down their ships of war, hoping possibly to be safe on board
+these; while there was not a soul who doubted but that the city was     19
+taken, and that they were all undone. Eteonicus made a swift retreat
+to the citadel. Anaxibius ran down to the sea, and, getting on board a
+fisherman's smack, sailed round to the acropolis, and at once sent off
+to fetch over the garrison troops from Chalcedon, since those already
+in the acropolis seemed hardly sufficient to keep the men in check.
+
+The soldiers, catching sight of Xenophon, threw themselves upon him,
+crying: "Now, Xenophon, is the time to prove yourself a man. You have
+got a city, you have got triremes, you have got money, you have got
+men; to-day, if you only chose, you can do us a good turn, and we will
+make you a great man." He replied: "Nay, I like what you say, and I
+will do it all; but if that is what you have set your hearts on, fall
+into rank and take up position at once." This he said, wishing to
+quiet them, and so passed the order along the lines himself, while
+bidding the rest to do the same: "Take up position; stand easy." But
+the men themselves, by a species of self-marshalling, fell into rank,
+and were soon formed, the heavy infantry eight deep, while the light
+infantry had run up to cover either wing. The Thracian Square, as it
+is called, is a fine site for manouvering, being bare of buildings and
+level. As soon as the arms were stacked and the men's tempers cooled,
+Xenophon called a general meeting of the soldiers, and made the
+following speech:--
+
+"Soldiers, I am not surprised at your wrath, or that you deem it
+monstrous treatment so to be cheated; but consider what will be the
+consequences if we gratify our indignation, and in return for such
+deception, avenge ourselves on the Lacedaemonians here present, and
+plunder an innocent city. We shall be declared enemies of the
+Lacedaemonians and their allies; and what sort of war that will be, we
+need not go far to conjecture. I take it, you have not forgotten some
+quite recent occurrences. We Athenians entered into war against the
+Lacedaemonians and their allies with a fleet consisting of not less
+than three hundred line-of-battle ships, including those in dock as
+well as those afloat. We had vast treasures stored up in the city, and
+a yearly income which, derived from home or foreign sources, amounted
+to no less than a thousand talents. Our empire included all the         27
+islands, and we were possessed of numerous cities both in Asia and in
+Europe. Amongst others, this very Byzantium, where we are now, was
+ours; and yet in the end we were vanquished, as you all very well
+know.
+
+"What, must we anticipate, will now be our fate? The Lacedaemonians
+have not only their old allies, but the Athenians and those who were
+at that time allies of Athens are added to them. Tissaphernes and all
+the rest of the Asiatics on the seaboard are our foes, not to speak of
+our arch-enemy, the king himself, up yonder, whom we came to deprive
+of his empire, and to kill, if possible. I ask then, with all these
+banded together against us, is there any one so insensate as to
+imagine that we can survive the contest? For heaven's sake, let us not
+go mad or loosely throw away our lives in war with our own native
+cities--nay, our own friends, our kith and our kin; for in one or
+other of the cities they are all included. Every city will march
+against us, and not unjustly, if, after refusing to hold one single
+barbarian city by right of conquest, we seize the first Hellenic city
+that we come to and make it a ruinous heap. For my part, my prayer is
+that before I see such things wrought by you, I, at any rate, may lie
+ten thousand fathoms under ground! My counsel to you, as Hellenes, is
+to try and obtain your just rights, through obedience to those who
+stand at the head of Hellas; and if so be that you fail in those
+demands, why, being more sinned against than sinning, need we rob
+ourselves of Hellas too? At present, I propose that we should send to
+Anaxibius and tell him that we have made an entrance into the city,
+not meditating violence, but merely to discover if he and his will
+show us any good; for if so, it is well; but of otherwise, at least we
+will let him see that he does not shut the door upon us as dupes and
+fools. We know the meaning of discipline; we turn our backs and go."
+
+This resolution was passed, and they sent Hieronymus an Eleian, with
+two others, Eurylochus an Arcadian and Philesius an Achaean, to
+deliver the message. So these set off on their errand. But while the
+soldiers were still seated in conclave, Coeratadas, of Thebes,          33
+arrived. He was a Theban not in exile, but with a taste for
+generalship, who made it his business to see if any city or nation
+were in need of his services. Thus, on the present occasion, he
+presented himself, and begged to state that he was ready to put
+himself at their head, and lead them into the Delta of Thrace[2], as
+it is called, where they would find themselves in a land of plenty;
+but until they got there, he would provide them with meat and drink
+enough and to spare. While they were still listening to this tale, the
+return message from Anaxibius came. His answer was: "The discipline,
+they had spoken of, was not a thing they would regret; indeed he would
+report their behaviour to the authorities at home; and for himself, he
+would take advice and do the best he could for them."
+
+[2] The exact locality, so called, is not known; doubtless it lay
+    somewhere between Byzantium and Salmydessus, possibly at Declus
+    (mod. Derkos); or possibly the narrow portion of Thrace between
+    the Euxine, Bosphorus, and Propontis went by this name. See note
+    in Pretor ad. loc., and "Dict. Geog." "Thracia."
+
+Thereupon the soldiers accepted Coeratadas as their general, and
+retired without the walls. Their new general undertook to present
+himself to the troops next day with sacrificial beasts and a
+soothsayer, with eatables also and drinkables for the army. Now, as
+soon as they were gone out, Anaxibius closed the gates and issued a
+proclamation to the effect that "any of the soldiers caught inside
+should be knocked down to the hammer and sold at once." Next day,
+Coeratadas arrived with the victims and the soothsayer. A string of
+twenty bearers bearing barleymeal followed at his heels, succeeded by
+other twenty carrying wine, and three laden with a supply of olives,
+and two others carrying, the one about as much garlic as a single man
+could lift, and the other a similar load of onions. These various
+supplies he set down, apparently for distribution, and began to
+sacrifice.
+
+Now Xenophon sent to Cleander, begging him to arrange matters so that
+he might be allowed to enter the walls, with a view to starting from
+Byzantium on his homeward voyage. Cleander came, and this is what he    39
+said: "I have come; but I was barely able to arrange what you want.
+Anaxibius insisted: 'It was not convenient that Xenophon should be
+inside while the soldiers are close to the walls without; the
+Byzantines at sixes and sevens moreover; and no love lost between the
+one party of them and the other.' Still, he ended by bidding you to
+come inside, if you were really minded to leave the town by sea with
+himself." Accordingly Xenophon bade the soldiers good-bye, and
+returned with Cleander within the walls.
+
+To return to Coeratadas. The first day he failed to get favourable
+signs at the sacrifice, and never a dole of rations did he make to the
+soldiers. On the second day the victims were standing ready near the
+altar, and so was Coeratadas, with chaplet crowned, all ready to
+sacrifice, when up comes Timasion the Dardanian, with Neon the
+Asinaean, and Cleanor of Orchomenus, forbidding Coeratadas to
+sacrifice: "He must understand there was an end to his generalship,
+unless he gave them provisions." The other bade them measure out the
+supplies, "Pray, dole them out." But when he found that he had a good
+deal short of a single day's provisions for each man, he picked up his
+paraphernalia of sacrifice and withdrew. As to being general, he would
+have nothing more to say to it.
+
+
+
+II
+
+Now these five were left--Neon the Asinaean, Phryniscus the Achaean,    1
+Philesius the Achaean, Xanthicles the Achaean, Timasion the
+Dardanian--at the head of the army, and they pushed on to some
+villages of the Thracians facing Byzantium, and there encamped. Now
+the generals could not agree. Cleanor and Phryniscus wished to march
+to join Seuthes, who had worked upon their feelings by presenting one
+with a horse and the other with a woman to wife. But Neon's object was
+to come to the Chersonese: "When we are under the wing of the
+Lacedaemonians," he thought, "I shall step to the front and command
+the whole army."
+
+Timasion's one ambition was to cross back again into Asia, hoping to
+be reinstated at home and end his exile. The soldiers shared the
+wishes of the last general. But, as time dragged on, many of the men
+sold their arms at different places and set sail as best they could;
+others [actually gave away their arms, some here, some there, and[1]]   3
+became absorbed in the cities. One man rejoiced. This was Anaxibius,
+to whom the break-up of the army was a blessing. "That is the way," he
+said to himself, "I can best gratify Pharnabazus."
+
+[1] The MSS. give the words so rendered--{oi de kai [didontes ta opla
+    kata tous khorous]}, which some critics emend {diadidontes},
+    others bracket as suspected, others expunge.
+
+But Anaxibius, while prosecuting his voyage from Byzantium, was met at
+Cyzicus by Aristarchus, the new governor, who was to succeed Cleander
+at Byzantium; and report said that a new admiral, Polus, if he had not
+actually arrived, would presently reach the Hellespont and relieve
+Anaxibius. The latter sent a parting injunction to Aristarchus to be
+sure and sell all the Cyreian soldiers he could lay hands on still
+lingering in Byzantium; for Cleander had not sold a single man of
+them; on the contrary, he had made it his business to tend the sick
+and wounded, pitying them, and insisting on their being received in
+the houses. Aristarchus changed all that, and was no sooner arrived in
+Byzantium than he sold no less than four hundred of them. Meanwhile
+Anaxibius, on his coasting voyage, reached Parium, and, according to
+the terms of their agreement, he sent to Pharnabazus. But the latter,
+learning that Aristarchus was the new governor at Byzantim, and that
+Anixibius had ceased to be admiral, turned upon him a cold shoulder,
+and set out concocting the same measures concerning the Cyreian army
+with Aristarchus, as he had lately been at work upon with Anaxibius.
+
+Anaxibius thereupon summoned Xenophon and bade him, by every manner of
+means, sail to the army with the utmost speed, and keep it together.
+"He was to collect the scattered fragments and march them down to
+Perinthus, and thence convey them across to Asia without loss of
+time." And herewith he put a thirty-oared galley at his service, and
+gave him a letter of authority and an officer to accompany him, with
+an order to the Perinthians "to escort Xenophon without delay on
+horseback to the army." So it was that Xenophon sailed across and
+eventually reached the army. The soldiers gave him a joyous welcome,
+and would have been only too glad to cross from Thrace into Asia under
+his leadership.
+
+But Seuthes, hearing that Xenophon had arrived, sent Medosades again,   10
+by sea to meet him, and begged him to bring the army to him; and
+whatever he thought would make his speech persuasive, he was ready to
+promise him. But the other replied, that none of these things were
+open to him to do; and with this answer Medosades departed, and the
+Hellenes proceeded to Perinthus. Here on arrival Neon withdrew his
+troops and encamped apart, having about eight hundred men; while the
+remainder of the army lay in one place under the walls of Perinthus.
+
+After this, Xenophon set himself to find vessels, so as to lose no
+time in crossing. But in the interval Aristarchus, the governor from
+Byzantium, arrived with a couple of war-ships, being moved to do so by
+Pharnabazus. To make doubly sure, he first forbade the skippers and
+shipmasters to carry the troops across, and then he visited the camp
+and informed the soldiers that their passage into Asia was forbidden.
+Xenophon replied that he was acting under the orders of Anaxibius, who
+had sent him thither for this express purpose; to which Aristarchus
+retorted, "For the matter of that, Anaxibius is no longer admiral, and
+I am governor in this quarter; if I catch any of you at sea, I will
+sink you." With these remarks he retired within the walls of
+Perinthus.
+
+Next day, he sent for the generals and officers of the army. They had
+already reached the fortification walls, when some one brought word to
+Xenophon that if he set foot inside, he would be seized, and either
+meet some ill fate there or more likely be delivered up to
+Pharnabazus. On hearing this Xenophon sent forward the rest of the
+party, but for himself pleaded that there was a sacrifice which he
+wished to offer. In this way he contrived to turn back and consult the
+victims, "Would the gods allow him to try and bring the army over to
+Seuthes?" On the one hand it was plain that the idea of crossing over
+to Asia in the face of this man with his ships of war, who meant to
+bar the passage, was too dangerous. Nor did he altogether like the
+notion of being blocked up in the Chersonese with an army in dire need
+of everything; where, besides being at the beck and call of the         15
+governor of the place, they would be debarred from the necessities of
+life.
+
+While Xenophon was thus employed, the generals and officers came back
+with a message from Aristarchus, who had told them they might retire
+for the present, but in the afternoon he would expect them. The former
+suspicions of a plot had now ripened to a certainty. Xenophon meantime
+had ascertained that the victims were favourable to his project. He
+personally, and the army as a whole, might with safety proceed to
+Seuthes, they seemed to say. Accordingly, he took with him Polycrates,
+the Athenian captain, and from each of the generals, not including
+Neon, some one man whom they could in each case trust, and in the
+night they set off to visit the army of Seuthes, sixty furlongs
+distant.
+
+As they approached, they came upon some deserted watch-fires, and
+their first impression was that Seuthes had shifted his position; but
+presently perceiving a confused sound (the voices of Seuthes' people
+signalling to one another), the explanation dawned on him: Seuthes
+kept his watch-fires kindled in front of, instead of behind, his night
+pickets, in order that the outposts, being in the dark, might escape
+notice, their numbers and position thus being a mystery; whilst any
+party approaching from the outside, so far from escaping notice,
+would, through the glare of the fire, stand out conspicuously.
+Perceiving how matters stood, Xenophon sent forward his interpreter,
+who was one of the party, and bade him inform Seuthes that Xenophon
+was there and craved conference with him. The others asked if he were
+an Athenian from the army yonder, and no sooner had the interpreter
+replied, "Yes, the same," than up they leapt and galloped off; and in
+less time than it takes to tell a couple of hundred peltasts had come
+up who seized and carried off Xenophon and those with him and brought
+them to Seuthes. The latter was in a tower right well guarded, and
+there were horses round it in a circle, standing all ready bitted and
+bridled; for his alarm was so great that he gave his horses their
+provender during the day[2], and during the nights he kept watch and    21
+ward with the brutes thus bitted and bridled. It was stated in
+explanation that in old days an ancestor of his, named Teres, had been
+in this very country with a large army, several of whom he had lost at
+the hands of the native inhabitants, besides being robbed of his
+baggage train. The inhabitants of the country are Thynians, and they
+are reputed to be far the most warlike set of fighters--especially at
+night.
+
+[2] I.e. "instead of letting them graze."
+
+When they drew near, Seuthes bade Xenophon enter, and bring with him
+any two he might choose. As soon as they were inside, they first
+greeted one another warmly, and then, according to the Thracian
+custom, pledged themselves in bowls of wine. There was further present
+at the elbow of Seuthes, Medosades, who on all occasions acted as his
+ambassador-in-chief. Xenophon took the initiative and spoke as
+follows: "You have sent to me, Seuthes, once and again. On the first
+occasion you sent Medosades yonder, to Chalcedon, and you begged me to
+use my influence in favour of the army crossing over from Asia. You
+promised me, in return for this conduct on my part, various
+kindnesses; at least that is what Medosades stated"; and before
+proceeding further he turned to Medosades and asked, "Is not that so?"
+The other assented. "Again, on a second occasion, the same Medosades
+came when I had crossed over from Parium to rejoin the army; and he
+promised me that if I would bring you the army, you would in various
+respects treat me as a friend and brother. He said especially with
+regard to certain seaboard places of which you are the owner and lord,
+that you were minded to make me a present of them." At this point he
+again questioned Medosades, "Whether the words attributed to him were
+exact?" and Medosades once more fully assented. "Come now," proceeded
+Xenophon, "recount what answer I made you, and first at Chalcedon."
+"You answered that the army was, in any case, about to cross over to
+Byzantium; and as far as that went, there was no need to pay you or
+any one else anything; and for yourself, you added, that once across
+you were minded to leave the army, which thing came to pass even as
+you said." "Well! what did I say," he asked, "at your next visit, when  28
+you came to me in Selybria?" "You said that the proposal was
+impossible; you were all going to Perinthus to cross into Asia."
+"Good," said Xenophon, "and in spite of it all, at the present moment,
+here I am myself, and Phryniscus, one of my colleagues, and Polycrates
+yonder, a captain; and outside, to represent the other generals (all
+except Neon the Laconian), the trustiest men they could find to send.
+So that if you wish to give these transactions the seal of still
+greater security, you have nothing to do but to summon them also; and
+do you, Polycrates, go and say from me, that I bid them leave their
+arms outside, and you can leave your own sword outside before you
+enter with them on your return."
+
+When Seuthes had heard so far, he interposed: "I should never mistrust
+an Athenian, for we are relatives already[3], I know; and the best of
+friends, I believe, we shall be." After that, as soon as the right men
+entered, Xenophon first questioned Seuthes as to what use he intended
+to make of the army, and he replied as follows: "Maesades was my
+father; his sway extended over the Melanditae, the Thynians, and the
+Tranipsae. Then the affairs of the Odrysians took a bad turn, and my
+father was driven out of this country, and later on died himself of
+sickness, leaving me to be brought up as an orphan at the court of
+Medocus, the present king. But I, when I had grown to man's estate,
+could not endure to live with my eyes fixed on another's board. So I
+seated myself on the seat by him as a suppliant, and begged him to
+give me as many men as he could spare, that I might wreak what
+mischief I could on those who had driven us forth from our land; that
+thus I might cease to live in dependence upon another's board, like a
+dog watching his master's hand. In answer to my petition, he gave me    34
+the men and the horses which you will see at break of day, and
+nowadays I live with these, pillaging my own ancestral land. But if
+you would join me, I think, with the help of heaven, we might easily
+recover my empire. That is what I want of you." "Well then," said
+Xenophon, "supposing we came, what should you be able to give us? the
+soldiers, the officers, and the generals? Tell us that these witnesses
+may report your answer." And he promised to give "to the common
+soldiers a cyzicene[4], to a captain twice as much, and to a general
+four times as much, with as much land as ever they liked, some yoke of
+oxen, and a fortified place upon the seaboard." "But now supposing,"
+said Xenophon, "we fail of success, in spite of our endeavours;
+suppose any intimidation on the part of the Lacedaemonians should
+arise; will you receive into your country any of us who may seek to
+find a refuge with you?" He answered: "Nay, not only so, but I shall
+look upon you as my brothers, entitled to share my seat, and the joint
+possessors of all the wealth which we may be able to acquire. And to
+you yourself, O Xenophon! I will give my daughter, and if you have a
+daughter, I will buy her in Thracian fashion; and I will give you
+Bisanthe as a dwelling-place, which is the fairest of all my
+possessions on the seaboard[5]."
+
+[3] Tradition said that the Thracians and Athenians were connected,
+    through the marriage of a former prince Tereus (or Teres) with
+    Procne, the daughter of Pandion. This old story, discredited by
+    Thucydides, ii. 29, is referred to in Arist. "Birds," 368 foll.
+    The Birds are about to charge the two Athenian intruders, when
+    Epops, king of the Birds, formerly Tereus, king of Thrace, but
+    long ago transformed into a hoopoe, intercedes in behalf of two
+    men, {tes emes gunaikos onte suggene kai phuleta}, "who are of my
+    lady's tribe and kin." As a matter of history, the Athenians had
+    in the year B.C. 431 made alliance with Sitalces, king of the
+    Odrysians (the son of Teres, the first founder of their empire),
+    and made his son, Sadocus, an Athenian citizen. Cf. Thuc. ib.;
+    Arist. Acharnians, 141 foll.
+
+[4] A cyzicene monthly is to be understood.
+
+[5] Bisanthe, one of the Ionic colonies founded by Samos, with the
+    Thracian name Rhaedestus (now Rodosto), strongly placed so as to
+    command the entrance into the Sacred mountain.
+
+
+
+III
+
+After listening to these proposals, they gave and accepted pledges of   1
+good faith; and so the deputation rode off. Before day they were back
+again in camp, and severally rendered a report to those who sent them.
+At dawn Aristarchus again summoned the generals and officers, but the
+latter resolved to have done with the visit to Aristarchus, and to
+summon a meeting of the army. In full conclave the soldiers met, with
+the exception of Neon's men, who remained about ten furlongs off. When
+they were met together Xenophon rose, and made the following
+announcement: "Men, Aristarchus with his ships of war hinders us from
+sailing where we fain would go; it is not even safe to set foot on      3
+board a vessel. But if he hinders us here, he hastens us there. 'Be
+off to the Chersonese,' says he, 'force a passage through the Sacred
+mountain.' If we master it and succeed in getting to that place, he
+has something in store for us. He promises that he will not sell you
+any more, as he did at Byzantium; you shall not be cheated again; you
+shall have pay; he will no longer, as now, suffer you to remain in
+want of provisions. That is his proposal. But Seuthes says that if you
+will go to him he will treat you well. What you have now to consider
+is, whether you will stay to debate this question, or leave its
+settlement till we have gone up into a land of provisions. If you ask
+me my opinion, it is this: Since here we have neither money to buy,
+nor leave to take without money what we need, why should we not go up
+into these villages where the right to help ourselves is conferred by
+might? There, unhampered by the want of bare necessaries, you can
+listen to what this man and the other wants of you and choose
+whichever sounds best. Let those," he added, "who agree to this, hold
+up their hands." They all held them up. "Retire then," said he, "and
+get your kit together, and at the word of command, follow your
+leader."
+
+After this, Xenophon put himself at the head and the rest followed.
+Neon, indeed, and other agents from Aristarchus tried to turn them
+from their purpose, but to their persuasions they turned a deaf ear.
+They had not advanced much more than three miles, when Seuthes met
+them; and Xenophon, seeing him, bade him ride up. He wished to tell
+him what they felt to be conducive to their interests, and in the
+presence of as many witnesses as possible. As soon as he had
+approached, Xenophon said: "We are going where the troops will have
+enough to live upon; when we are there, we will listen to you and to
+the emissaries of the Laconian, and choose between you both whatever
+seems best. If then you will lead us where provisions are to be got in
+plenty, we shall feel indebted to you for your hospitality." And
+Seuthes answered: "For the matter of that, I know many villages,
+close-packed and stocked with all kinds of provisions, just far enough  9
+off to give you a good appetite for your breakfasts." "Lead on then!"
+said Xenophon. When they had reached the villages in the afternoon,
+the soldiers met, and Seuthes made the following speech: "My request
+to you, sirs, is that you will take the field with me, and my promise
+to you is that I will give every man of you a cyzicene, and to the
+officers and generals at the customary rate; besides this I will
+honour those who show special merit. Food and drink you shall get as
+now for yourselves from the country; but whatever is captured, I shall
+claim to have myself, so that by distribution of it I may provide you
+with pay. Let them flee, let them creep into hiding-places, we shall
+be able to pursue after them, we will track them out; or if they
+resist, along with you we will endeavour to subdue them to our hands."
+Xenophon inquired: "And how far from the sea shall you expect the army
+to follow you?" "Nowhere more than seven days' journey," he answered,
+"and in many places less."
+
+After this, permission was given for all who wished to speak, and many
+spoke, but ever to one and the same tune: "What Seuthes said, was very
+right. It was winter, and for a man to sail home, even if he had the
+will to do so, was impossible. On the other hand, to continue long in
+a friendly country, where they must depend upon what they could
+purchase, was equally beyond their power. If they were to wear away
+time and support life in a hostile country, it was safer to do so with
+Seuthes than by themselves, not to speak of all these good things; but
+if they were going to get pay into the bargain, that indeed was a
+godsend." To complete the proceedings, Xenophon said: "If any one
+opposes the measure, let him state his views; if not, let the officer
+put the proposition to the vote." No one opposed; they put it to the
+vote, and the resolution was carried; and without loss of time, he
+informed Seuthes that they would take the field with him.
+
+After this the troops messed in their separate divisions, but the
+generals and officers were invited by Seuthes to dinner at a
+neighbouring village which was in his possession. When they were at
+the doors, and on the point of stepping in to dinner, they were met by  16
+a certain Heracleides, of Maronea[1]. He came up to each guest,
+addressing himself particularly to those who, as he conjectured, ought
+to be able to make a present to Seuthes. He addressed himself first to
+some Parians who were there to arrange a friendship with Medocus, the
+king of the Odrysians, and were bearers of presents to the king and to
+his wife. Heracleides reminded them: "Medocus is up country twelve
+days' journey from the sea; but Seuthes, now that he has got this
+army, will be lord on the sea-coast; as your neighbour, then, he is
+the man to do you good or do you ill. If you are wise, you will give
+him whatever he askes of you. On the whole, it will be laid out at
+better interest than if you have it to Medocus, who lives so far off."
+That was his mode of persuasion in their case. Next he came to
+Timasion the Dardanian, who, some one had told him, was the happy
+possessor of certain goblets and oriental carpets. What he said to him
+was: "It is customary when people are invited to dinner by Seuthes for
+the guests to make him a present; now if he should become a great
+person in these parts, he will be able to restore you to your native
+land, or to make you a rich man here." Such were the solicitations
+which he applied to each man in turn whom he accosted. Presently he
+came to Xenophon and said: "You are at once a citizen of no mean city,
+and with Seuthes also your own name is very great. Maybe you expect to
+obtain a fort or two in this country, just as others of your
+countrymen have done[2], and territory. It is only right and proper
+therefore that you should honour Seuthes in the most magnificent
+style. Be sure, I give this advice out of pure friendliness, for I
+know that the greater the gift that you are ready to bestow on him,
+the better the treatment you will receive at his hands." Xenophon, on
+hearing this, was in a sad dilemma, for he had brought with him, when
+he crossed from Parium, nothing but one boy and just enough to pay his
+travelling expenses.
+
+[1] A Greek colony in Thrace. Among Asiatico-Ionian colonies were
+    Abdera, founded by Teos, and Maroneia, celebrated for its wine,
+    founded by Chios about 540 B.C.--Kiepert, "Man. Anct. Geog." viii.
+    182.
+
+[2] Notably Alcibiades, who possessed two or three such fortresses.
+
+As soon as the company, consisting of the most powerful Thracians       21
+there present, with the generals and captains of the Hellenes, and any
+embassy from a state which might be there, had arrived, they were
+seated in a circle, and the dinner was served. Thereupon three-legged
+stools were brought in and placed in front of the assembled guests.
+They were laden with pieces of meat, piled up, and there were huge
+leavened-loaves fastened on to the pieces of meat with long skewers.
+The tables, as a rule, were set beside the guests at intervals. That
+was the custom; and Seuthes set the fashion of the performance. He
+took up the loaves which lay by his side and broke them into little
+pieces, and then threw the fragments here to one and there to another
+as seemed to him good; and so with the meat likewise, leaving for
+himself the merest taste. Then the rest fell to following the fashion
+set them, those that is who had tables placed beside them.
+
+Now there was an Arcadian, Arystas by name, a huge eater; he soon got
+tired of throwing the pieces about, and seized a good three-quarters
+loaf in his two hands, placed some pieces of meat upon his knees, and
+proceeded to discuss his dinner. Then beakers of wine were brought
+round, and every one partook in turn; but when the cupbearer came to
+Arystas and handed him the bowl, he looked up, and seeing that
+Xenophon had done eating: "Give it him," quoth he, "he is more at
+leisure. I have something better to do at present." Seuthes, hearing a
+remark, asked the cupbearer what was said, and the cupbearer, who knew
+how to talk Greek, explained. Then followed a peal of laughter.
+
+When the drinking had advanced somewhat, in came a Thracian with a
+white horse, who snatched the brimming bowl and said: "Here's a health
+to thee, O Seuthes! Let me present thee with this horse. Mounted on
+him, thou shalt capture whom thou choosest to pursue, or retiring from
+battle, thou shalt not dread the foe." He was followed by one who
+brought in a boy, and presented him in proper style with "Here's a
+health to thee, O Seuthes!" A third had "clothes for his wife."
+Timasion, the Dardanian, pledged Seuthes, and presented a silver
+bowl[3] and a carpet worth ten minae. Gnesippus, an Athenian, got up    28
+and said: "It was a good old custom, and a fine one too, that those
+who had, should give to the king for honour's sake, but to those who
+had not, the king should give; whereby, my lord," he added, "I too may
+one day have the wherewithal to give thee gifts and honour." Xenophon
+the while was racking his brains what he was to do; he was not the
+happier because he was seated in the seat next Seuthes as a mark of
+honour; and Heracleides bade the cupbearer hand him the bowl. The wine
+had perhaps a little mounted to his head; he rose, and manfully seized
+the cup, and spoke: "I also, Seuthes, have to present you with myself
+and these my dear comrades to be your trusty friends, and not one of
+them against his will. They are more ready, one and all, still more
+than I, to be your friends. Here they are; they ask nothing from you
+in return, rather they are forward to labour in your behalf; it will
+be their pleasure to bear the brunt of battle in voluntary service.
+With them, God willing, you will gain vast territory; you will recover
+what was once your forefathers'; you will win for yourself new lands;
+and not lands only, but horses many, and of men a multitude, and many
+a fair dame besides. You will not need to seize upon them in robber
+fashion; it is your friends here who, of their own accord, shall take
+and bring them to you, they shall lay them at your feet as gifts." Up
+got Seuthes and drained with him the cup, and with him sprinkled the
+last drops fraternally[4].
+
+[3] Or rather "saucer" ({phiale}).
+
+[4] For the Thracian custom, vide Suidas, s.v. {kataskedazein}.
+
+At this stage entered musicians blowing upon horns such as they use
+for signal calls, and trumpeting on trumpets, made of raw oxhide,
+tunes and airs, like the music of the double-octave harp[5]. Seuthes
+himself got up and shouted, trolling forth a war song; then he sprang
+from his place and leapt about as though he would guard himself
+against a missile, in right nimble style. Then came in a set of clowns
+and jesters.
+
+[5] Or, "magadis." This is said to have been one of the most perfect
+    instruments. It comprised two full octaves, the left hand playing
+    the same notes as the right an octave lower. Guhl and Koner, p.
+    203, Engl. transl. See also "Dict. Antiq." "Musica"; and Arist.
+    "Polit." xix. 18, {Dia ti e dia pason sumphonia adetai mone;
+    magasizousi gar tauten, allen de oudemian}, i.e. "since no
+    interval except the octave ({dia pason}) could be 'magidised' (the
+    effect of any other is well known to be intolerable), therefore no
+    other interval was employed at all."
+
+But when the sun began to set, the Hellenes rose from their seats. It   33
+was time, they said, to place the night sentinels and to pass the
+watchword; further, they begged of Seuthes to issue an order that none
+of the Thracians were to enter the Hellenic camp at night, "since
+between your Thracian foes and our Thracian friends there might be
+some confusion." As they sallied forth, Seuthes rose to accompany
+them, like the soberest of men. When they were outside, he summoned
+the generals apart and said: "Sirs, our enemies are not aware as yet
+of our alliance. If, therefore, we attack them before they take
+precautions not to be caught, or are prepared to repel assault, we
+shall make a fine haul of captives and other stock." The generals
+fully approved of these views, and bade him lead on. He answered:
+"Prepare and wait; as soon as the right time comes I will be with you.
+I shall pick up the peltasts and yourselves, and with the help of the
+gods, I will lead on." "But consider one point," urged Xenophon; "if
+we are to march by night, is not the Hellenic fashion best? When
+marching in the daytime that part of the army leads the van which
+seems best suited to the nature of the country to be traversed--heavy
+or light infantry, or cavalry; but by night our rule is that the
+slowest arm should take the lead. Thus we avoid the risk of being
+pulled to pieces: and it is not so easy for a man to give his
+neighbour the slip without intending, whereas the scattered fragments
+of an army are apt to fall foul of one another, and to cause damage or
+incur it in sheer ignorance." To this Seuthes replied: "You reason
+well, and I will adopt your custom. I will furnish you with guides
+chosen from the oldest experts of the country, and I will myself
+follow with the cavalry in the rear; it will not take me long, if need
+be, to present myself at the front." Then, for kinship's sake, they
+chose "Athenaia[6]" as their watchword. With this, they turned and
+sought repose.
+
+[6] "Our Lady of Athens."
+
+It was about midnight when Seuthes presented himself with his cavalry
+troopers armed with corselets, and his light infantry under arms. As    40
+soon as he had handed over to them the promised guides, the heavy
+infantry took the van, followed by the light troops in the centre,
+while the cavalry brought up the rear. At daybreak Seuthes rode up to
+the front. He complimented them on their method: so often had he
+himself, while marching by night with a mere handful of men, been
+separated with his cavalry from his infantry. "But now," said he, "we
+find ourselves at dawn of day all happily together, just as we ought
+to be. Do you wait for me here," he proceeded, "and recruit
+yourselves. I will take a look round and rejoin you." So saying he
+took a certain path over hill and rode off. As soon as he had reached
+deep snow, he looked to see whether there were footprints of human
+beings leading forward or in the opposite direction; and having
+satisfied himself that the road was untrodden, back he came,
+exclaiming: "God willing, sirs, it will be all right; we shall fall on
+the fellows, before they know where they are. I will lead on with the
+cavalry; so that if we catch sight of any one, he shall not escape and
+give warning to the enemy. Do you follow, and if you are left behind,
+keep to the trail of the horses. Once on the other side of the
+mountains, we shall find ourselves in numerous thriving villages."
+
+By the middle of the day he had already gained the top of the pass and
+looked down upon the villages below. Back he came riding to the heavy
+infantry and said: "I will at once send off the cavalry into the plain
+below, and the peltasts too, to attack the villages. Do you follow
+with what speed you may, so that in case of resistance you may lend us
+your aid." Hearing this, Xenophon dismounted, and the other asked:
+"Why do you dismount just when speed is the thing we want?" The other
+answered: "But you do not want me alone, I am sure. The hoplites will
+run all the quicker and more cheerily if I lead them on foot."
+
+Thereupon Seuthes went off, and Timasion with him, taking the Hellene
+squadron of something like forty troopers. Then Xenophon passed the
+order: the active young fellows up to thirty years of age from the
+different companies to the front; and off with these he went himself,
+bowling along[7]; while Cleanor led the other Hellenes. When they had   46
+reached the villages, Seuthes, with about thirty troopers, rode up,
+exclaiming: "Well, Xenophon, this is just what you said! the fellows
+are caught, but now look here. My cavalry have gone off unsupported;
+they are scattered in pursuit, one here, one there, and upon my word,
+I am more than half afraid the enemy will collect somewhere and do
+them a mischief. Some of us must remain in the villages, for they are
+swarming with human beings." "Well then," said Xenophon, "I will seize
+the heights with the men I have with me, and do you bid Cleanor extend
+his line along the level beside the villages." When they had done so,
+there were enclosed--of captives for the slave market, one thousand;
+of cattle, two thousand; and of other small cattle, ten thousand. For
+the time being they took up quarters there.
+
+[7] {etropkhaze}, a favourite word with our author. Herodotus uses it;
+    so does Aristot.; so also Polybius; but the Atticists condemn it,
+    except of course in poetry.
+
+
+
+IV
+
+But the next day Seuthes burnt the villages to the ground; he left not  1
+a single house, being minded to inspire terror in the rest of his
+enemies, and to show them what they also were to expect, if they
+refused obedience; and so he went back again. As to the booty, he sent
+off Heracliedes to Perinthus to dispose of it, with a view to future
+pay for the soldiers. But for himself he encamped with the Hellenes in
+the lowland country of the Thynians, the natives leaving the flats and
+betaking themselves in flight to the uplands.
+
+There was deep snow, and cold so intense that the water brought in for
+dinner and the wine within the jars froze; and many of the Hellenes
+had their noses and ears frost-bitten. Now they came to understand why
+the Thracians wear fox-skin caps on their heads and about their ears;
+and why, on the same principle, they are frocked not only about the
+chest and bust but so as to cover the loins and thighs as well; and
+why on horseback they envelop themselves in long shawls which reach
+down to the feet, instead of the ordinary short rider's cloak. Seuthes
+sent off some of the prisoners to the hills with a message to say that
+if they did not come down to their homes, and live quietly and obey
+him, he would burn down their villages and their corn, and leave them   5
+to perish with hunger. Thereupon down they came, women and children
+and the older men; the younger men preferred to quarter themselves in
+the villages on the skirts of the hills. On discovering this, Seuthes
+bade Xenophon take the youngest of the heavy infantry and join him on
+an expedition. They rose in the night, and by daybreak had reached the
+villages; but the majority of the inhabitants made good their escape,
+for the hills were close at hand. Those whom he did catch, Seuthes
+unsparingly shot down.
+
+Now there was a certain Olynthian, named Episthenes; he was a great
+lover of boys, and seeing a handsome lad, just in the bloom of youth,
+and carrying a light shield, about to be slain, he ran up to Xenophon
+and supplicated him to rescue the fair youth. Xenophon went to Seuthes
+and begged him not to put the boy to death. He explained to him the
+disposition of Episthenes; how he had once enrolled a company, the
+only qualification required being that of personal beauty; and with
+these handsome young men at his side there were none so brave as he.
+Seuthes put the question, "Would you like to die on his behalf,
+Episthenes?" whereat the other stretched out his neck, and said,
+"Strike, if the boy bids you, and will thank his preserver." Seuthes,
+turning to the boy, asked, "Shall I smite him instead of you?" The boy
+shook his head, imploring him to slay neither the one nor the other,
+whereupon Episthenes caught the lad in his arms, exclaiming, "It is
+time you did battle with me, Seuthes, for my boy; never will I yield
+him up," and Seuthes laughed: "what must be must," and so consented.
+
+In these villages he decided that they must bivouac, so that the men
+on the mountains might be still further deprived of subsistence.
+Stealthily descending he himself found quarters in the plain; while
+Xenophon with his picked troops encamped in the highest village on the
+skirts of the hills,; and the rest of the Hellenes hard by, among the
+highland Thracians[1], as they are called.
+
+[1] Cf. "Highlanders."
+
+After this, not many days had idly slipt away before the Thracians
+from the mountains came down and wished to arrange with Seuthes for     12
+terms of truce and hostages. Simultaneously came Xenophon and informed
+Seuthes that they were camped in bad quarters, with the enemy next
+door; "it would be pleasanter too," he added, "to bivouac in a strong
+position in the open, than under cover on the edge of destruction."
+The other bade him take heart and pointed to some of their hostages,
+as much as to say "Look there!" Parties also from the mountaineers
+came down and pleaded with Xenophon himself, to help arrange a truce
+for them. This he agreed to do, bidding them to pluck up heart, and
+assuring them that they would meet with no mischief, if they yielded
+obedience to Seuthes. All their parleying, however, was, as it turned
+out, merely to get a closer inspection of things. This happened in the
+day, and in the following night the Thynians descended from the hill
+country and made an attack. In each case, the guide was the master of
+the house attacked; otherwise it would have taxed their powers to
+discover the houses in the dark, which, for the sake of their flocks
+and herds, were palisaded all round with great stockades. As soon as
+they had reached the doors of any particular house, the attack began,
+some hurling in their spears, others belabouring with their clubs,
+which they carried, it was said, for the purpose of knocking off the
+lance points from the shaft. Others were busy setting the place on
+fire; and they kept calling Xenophon by name: "Come out, Xenophon, and
+die like a man, or we will roast you alive inside."
+
+By this time too the flames were making their appearance through the
+roof, and Xenophon and his followers were within, with their coats of
+mail on, and big shields, swords, and helmets. Then Silanus, a
+Macistian[2], a youth of some eighteen years, signalled on the
+trumpet; and in an instant, out they all leapt with their drawn
+swords, and the inmates of other quarters as well. The Thracians took
+to their heels, according to their custom, swinging their light
+shields round their backs. As they leapt over the stockade some were
+captured, hanging on the top with their shields caught in the palings;
+others missed the way out, and so were slain; and the Hellenes chased
+them hotly, till they were outside the village.
+
+[2] "Of Macistus," a town in the Triphylia near Scillus.
+
+A party of Thynians turned back, and as the men ran past in bold        18
+relief against a blazing house, they let fly a volley of javelins, out
+of the darkness into the glare, and wounded two captains, Hieronymus,
+an Euodean[3], and Theogenes, a Locrian. No one was killed, only the
+clothes and baggage of some of the men were consumed in the flames.
+Presently up came Seuthes to the rescue with seven troopers, the first
+to hand, and his Thracian trumpeteer by his side. Seeing that
+something had happened, he hastened to the rescue, and ever the while
+his bugler wound his horn, which music added terror to the foe.
+Arrived at length, he greeted them with outstretched hand, exclaiming,
+"I thought to find you all dead men."
+
+[3] If this is the same man as Hieronymus of Elis, who has been
+    mentioned two or three times already, possibly the word {Euodea}
+    points to some town or district of Elis; or perhaps the text is
+    corrupt.
+
+After that, Xenophon begged him to hand over the hostages to himself,
+and if so disposed, to join him on an expedition to the hills, or if
+not, to let him go alone. Accordingly the next day Seuthes delivered
+up the hostages. They were men already advanced in years, but the pick
+of the mountaineers, as they themselves gave out. Not merely did
+Seuthes do this, but he came himself, with his force at his back (and
+by this time he had treble his former force, for many of the
+Odrysians, hearing of his proceedings, came down to join in the
+campaign); and the Thynians, espying from the mountains the vast array
+of heavy infantry and light infantry and cavalry, rank upon rank, came
+down and supplicated him to make terms. "They were ready," they
+professed, "to do all that he demanded; let him take pledges of their
+good faith." So Seuthes summoned Xenophon and explained their
+proposals, adding that he should make no terms with them, if Xenophon
+wished to punish them for their night attack. The latter replied: "For
+my part, I should think their punishment is great enough already, if
+they are to be slaves instead of free men; still," he added, "I advise
+you for the future to take as hostages those who are most capable of
+doing mischief, and to let the old men abide in peace at home." So to
+a man they gave in their adhesion in that quarter of the country.
+
+
+
+V
+
+Crossing over in the direction of the Thracians above Byzantium, they   1
+reached the Delta, as it is called. Here they were no longer in the
+territory of the Maesades, but in the country of Teres the Odrysian
+[an ancient worthy[1]]. Here Heracleides met them with the proceeds of
+the spoil, and Seuthes picked out three pairs of mules (there were
+only three, the other teams being oxen); then he summoned Xenophon and
+bade him take them, and divide the rest between the generals and
+officers, to which Xenophon replied that for himself, he was content
+to receive his share another time, but added: "Make a present of these
+to my friends here, the generals who have served with me, and to the
+officers." So of the pairs of mules Timasion the Dardanian received
+one, Cleanor the Orchomenian one, and Phryniscus the Achaean one. The
+teams of oxen were divided among the officers. Then Seuthes proceeded
+to remit pay due for the month already passed, but all he could give
+was the equivalent of twenty days. Heracleides insisted that this was
+all he had got by his trafficking. Whereupon Xenophon with some warmth
+exclaimed: "Upon my word, Heracleides, I do not think you care for
+Seuthes' interest as you should. If you did, you have been at pains to
+bring back the full amount of the pay, even if you had had to raise a
+loan to do so, and, if by no other means, by selling the coat off your
+own back."
+
+[1] See above re previous Teres. The words "an ancient worthy" may
+    possibly be an editor's or commentator's note.
+
+What he said annoyed Heracleides, who was afraid of being ousted from
+the friendship of Seuthes, and from that day forward he did his best
+to calumniate Xenophon before Seuthes. The soldiers, on their side,
+laid the blame of course on Xenophon: "Where was their pay?" and
+Seuthes was vexed with him for persistently demanding it for them. Up
+to this date he had frequently referred to what he would do when he
+got to the seaboard again; how he intended to hand over to him
+Bisanthe, Ganos, and Neontichos[2]. But from this time forward he
+never mentioned one of them again. The slanderous tongue of
+Heracleides had whispered him:--it was not safe to hand over fortified  8
+towns to a man with a force at his back.
+
+[2] For Bisanthe see above. Ganos, a little lower down the coast, with
+    Neontichos once belonged to Alcibiades, if we may believe
+    Cornelius Nepos, "Alc." vii. 4, and Plutarch, "Alc." c. 36. See
+    above.
+
+Consequently Xenophon fell to considering what he ought to do as
+regards marching any further up the country; and Heracleides
+introduced the other generals to Seuthes, urging them to say that they
+were quite as well able to lead the army as Xenophon, and promising
+them that within a day or two they should have full pay for two
+months, and he again implored them to continue the campaign with
+Seuthes. To which Timasion replied that for his part he would continue
+no campaign without Xenophon; not even if they were to give him pay
+for five months; and what Timasion said, Phryniscus and Cleanor
+repeated; the views of all three coincided.
+
+Seuthes fell to upbraiding Heracleides in round terms. "Why had he not
+invited Xenophon with the others?" and presently they invited him, but
+by himself alone. He, perceiving the knavery of Heracleides, and that
+his object was to calumniate him with the other generals, presented
+himself; but at the same time he took care to bring all the generals
+and the officers. After their joint consent had been secured, they
+continued the campaign. Keeping the Pontus on their right, they passed
+through the millet-eating[3] Thracians, as they are called, and
+reached Salmydessus. This is a point at which many trading vessels
+bound for the Black Sea run aground and are wrecked, owing to a sort
+of marshy ledge or sandbank which runs out for a considerable distance
+into the sea[4]. The Thracians, who dwell in these parts, have set up
+pillars as boundary marks, and each set of them has the pillage of its
+own flotsom and jetsom; for in old days, before they set up these
+landmarks, the wreckers, it is said, used freely to fall foul of and
+slay one another. Here was a rich treasure trove, of beds and boxes     14
+numberless, with a mass of written books, and all the various things
+which mariners carry in their wooden chests. Having reduced this
+district, they turned round and went back again. By this time the army
+of Seuthes had grown to be considerably larger than the Hellenic army;
+for on the one hand, the Odrysians flocked down in still larger
+numbers, and on the other, the tribes which gave in their adhesion
+from time to time were amalgamated with his armament. They got into
+quarters on the flat country above Selybria at about three miles[5]
+distance from the sea. As to pay, not a penny was as yet forthcoming,
+and the soldiers were cruelly disaffected to Xenophon, whilst Seuthes,
+on his side, was no longer so friendlily disposed. If Xenophon ever
+wished to come face to face with him, want of leisure or some other
+difficulty always seemed to present itself.
+
+[3] Or, "the Melinophagi."
+
+[4] See, for a description of this savage coast, Aesch. "Prom." vinc.
+    726, etc.--
+
+"{trakheia pontou Salmudesia gnathos
+ekhthroxenos nautaisi, metruia neon.}"
+
+"The rugged Salmudesian jaw of the Black Sea,
+Inhospitable to sailors, stepmother of ships."
+
+But the poet is at fault in his geography, since he connects "the
+Salmydesian jaw" with the Thermodon.
+
+[5] Lit. "thirty stades." Selybria is about fourty-four miles from
+    Byzantium, two-thirds of the way to Perinthus.
+
+
+
+VI
+
+At this date, when nearly two months had already passed, an embassy     1
+arrived. These were two agents from Thibron--Charminus, a
+Lacedaemonian, and Polynicus. They were sent to say that the
+Lacedaemonians had resolved to open a campaign against Tissaphernes,
+and that Thibron, who had set sail to conduct the war, was anxious to
+avail himself of the troops. He could guarantee that each soldier
+should receive a daric a month as pay, the officers double pay, and
+the generals quadruple. The Lacedaemonian emissaries had no sooner
+arrived than Heracleides, having learnt that they had come in search
+of the Hellenic troops, goes off himself to Seuthes and says: "The
+best thing that could have happened; the Lacedaemonians want these
+troops and you have done with them, so that if you hand over the
+troops to them, you will do the Lacedaemonians a good turn and will
+cease to be bothered for pay any more. The country will be quit of
+them once and for ever."
+
+On hearing this Seuthes bade him introduce the emissaries. As soon as
+they had stated that the object of their coming was to treat for the
+Hellenic troops, he replied that he would willingly give them up, that
+his one desire was to be the friend and ally of Lacedaemon. So he
+invited them to partake of hospitality, and entertained them            3
+magnificently; but he did not invite Xenophon, nor indeed any of the
+other generals. Presently the Lacedaemonians asked: "What sort of man
+is Xenophon?" and Seuthes answered: "Not a bad fellow in most
+respects; but he is too much the soldiers' friend; and that is why it
+goes ill with him." They asked: "Does he play the popular leader?" and
+Heracleides answered: "Exactly so." "Well then," said they, "he will
+oppose our taking away the troops, will he not?" "To be sure he will,"
+said Heracleides; "but you have only to call a meeting of the whole
+body, and promise them pay, and little further heed will they pay to
+him; they will run off with you." "How then are we to get them
+collected?" they asked. "Early to-morrow," said Heracleides, "we will
+bring you to them; and I know," he added once more, "as soon as they
+set eyes on you, they will flock to you with alacrity." Thus the day
+ended.
+
+The next day Seuthes and Heracleides brought the two Laconian agents
+to the army, and the troops were collected, and the agents made a
+statement as follows: "The Lacedaemonians have resolved on war with
+Tissaphernes, who did you so much wrong. By going with us therefore
+you will punish your enemy, and each of you will get a daric a month,
+the officers twice that sum, and the generals quadruple." The soldiers
+lent willing ears, and up jumped one of the Arcadians at once, to find
+fault with Xenophon. Seuthes also was hard by, wishing to know what
+was going to happen. He stood within ear shot, and his interpreter by
+his side; not but what he could understand most of what was said in
+Greek himself. At this point the Arcadian spoke: "For the matter of
+that, Lacedaemonians, we should have been by your sides long ago, if
+Xenophon had not persuaded us and brought us hither. We have never
+ceased campaigning, night and day, the dismal winter through, but he
+reaps the fruit of our toils. Seuthes has enriched him privately, but
+deprives us of our honest earnings; so that, standing here as I do to
+address you first, all I can say is, that if I might see the fellow
+stoned to death as a penalty for all the long dance he has led us, I    10
+should feel I had got my pay in full, and no longer grudge the pains
+we have undergone." The speaker was followed by another and then
+another in the same strain; and after that Xenophon made the following
+speech:--
+
+"True is the old adage; there is nothing which mortal man may not
+expect to see. Here am I being accused by you to-day, just where my
+conscience tells me that I have displayed the greatest zeal on your
+behalf. Was I not actually on my road home when I turned back? Not,
+God knows, because I learned that you were in luck's way, but because
+I heard that you were in sore straits, and I wished to help you, if in
+any way I could. I returned, and Seuthes yonder sent me messenger
+after messenger, and made me promise upon promise, if only I could
+persuade you to come to him. Yet, as you yourselves will bear me
+witness, I was not to be diverted. Instead of setting my hand to do
+that, I simply led you to a point from which, with least loss of time,
+I thought you could cross into Asia. This I believed was the best
+thing for you, and you I knew desired it.
+
+"But when Aristarchus came with his ships of war and hindered our
+passage across, you will hardly quarrel with me for the step I then
+took in calling you together that we might advisedly consider our best
+course. Having heard both sides--first Aristarchus, who ordered you to
+march to the Chersonese, then Seuthes, who pleaded with you to
+undertake a campaign with himself--you all proposed to go with
+Seuthes; and you all gave your votes to that effect. What wrong did I
+commit in bringing you, whither you were eager to go? If, indeed,
+since the time when Seuthes began to tell lies and cheat us about the
+pay, I have supported him in this, you may justly find fault with me
+and hate me. But if I, who at first was most of all his friend, to-day
+am more than any one else at variance with him, how can I, who have
+chosen you and rejected Seuthes, in fairness be blamed by you for the
+very thing which has been the ground of quarrel between him and me?
+But you will tell me, perhaps, that I get from Seuthes what is by
+right yours, and that I deal subtly by you? But is it not clear that,
+if Seuthes has paid me anything, he has at any rate not done so with    16
+the intention of losing by what he gives me, whilst he is still your
+debtor? If he gave to me, he gave in order that, by a small gift to
+me, he might escape a larger payment to yourselves. But if that is
+what you really think has happened, you can render this whole scheme
+of ours null and void in an instant by exacting from him the money
+which is your due. It is clear, Seuthes will demand back from me
+whatever I have got from him, and he will have all the more right to
+do so, if I have failed to secure for him what he bargained for when I
+took his gifts. But indeed, I am far removed from enjoying what is
+yours, and I swear to you by all the gods and goddesses that I have
+not taken even what Seuthes promised me in private. He is present
+himself and listening, and he is aware in his own heart whether I
+swear falsely. And what will surprise you the more, I can swear
+besides, that I have not received even what the other generals have
+received, no, nor yet what some of the officers have received. But how
+so? why have I managed my affairs no better? I thought, sirs, the more
+I helped him to bear his poverty at the time, the more I should make
+him my friend in the day of his power. Whereas, it is just when I see
+the star of his good fortune rising, that I have come to divine the
+secret of his character.
+
+"Some one may say, are you not ashamed to be so taken in like a fool?
+Yes, I should be ashamed, if it had been an open enemy who had so
+deceived me. But, to my mind, when friend cheats friend, a deeper
+stain attaches to the perpetrator than to the victim of deceit.
+Whatever precaution a man may take against his friend, that we took in
+full. We certainly gave him no pretext for refusing to pay us what he
+promised. We were perfectly upright in our dealings with him. We did
+not dawdle over his affairs, nor did we shrink from any work to which
+he challenged us.
+
+"But you will say, I ought to have taken security of him at the time,
+so that had he fostered the wish, he might have lacked the ability to
+deceive. To meet that retort, I must beg you to listen to certain
+things, which I should never have said in his presence, except for
+your utter want of feeling towards me, or your extraordinary
+ingratitude. Try and recall the posture of your affairs, when I         24
+extricated you and brought you to Seuthes. Do you not recollect how at
+Perinthus Aristarchus shut the gates in your faces each time you
+offered to approach the town, and how you were driven to camp outside
+under the canopy of heaven? It was midwinter; you were thrown upon the
+resources of a market wherein few were the articles offered for sale,
+and scanty the wherewithal to purchase them. Yet stay in Thrace you
+must, for there were ships of war riding at anchor in the bay, ready
+to hinder your passage across; and what did that stay imply? It meant
+being in a hostile country, confronted by countless cavalry, legions
+of light infantry. And what had we? A heavy infantry force certainly,
+with which we could have dashed at villages in a body possibly, and
+seized a modicum of food at most; but as to pursuing the enemy with
+such a force as ours, or capturing men or cattle, the thing was out of
+the question; for when I rejoined you your original cavalry and light
+infantry divisions had disappeared. In such sore straits you lay!
+
+"Supposing that, without making any demands for pay whatever, I had
+merely won for you the alliance of Seuthes--whose cavalry and light
+infantry were just what you needed--would you not have thought that I
+had planned very well for you? I presume, it was through your
+partnership with him and his that you were able to find such complete
+stores of corn in the villages, when the Thracians were driven to take
+to their heels in such hot haste, and you had so large a share of
+captives and cattle. Why! from the day on which his cavalry force was
+attached to us, we never set eyes on a single foeman in the field,
+though up to that date the enemy with his cavalry and his light
+infantry used undauntedly to hang on our heels, and effectually
+prevented us from scattering in small bodies and reaping a rich
+harvest of provisions. But if he who partly gave you this security has
+failed to pay in full the wages due to you therefrom, is not that a
+terrible misfortune? So monstrous indeed that you think I ought not to
+go forth alive[1].
+
+[1] I.e. the fate of a scape-goat is too good for me.
+
+"But let me ask you, in what condition do you turn your backs on this   31
+land to-day? Have you not wintered here in the lap of plenty? Whatever
+you have got from Seuthes has been surplus gain. Your enemies have had
+to meet the bill of your expenses, whilst you led a merry round of
+existence, in which you have not once set eyes on the dead body of a
+comrade or lost one living man. Again, if you have achieved any, (or
+rather many) noble deeds against the Asiatic barbarian, you have them
+safe. And in addition to these to-day you have won for yourselves a
+second glory. You undertook a campaign against the European Thracians,
+and have mastered them. What I say then is, that these very matters
+which you make a ground of quarrel against myself, are rather
+blessings for which you ought to show gratitude to heaven.
+
+"Thus far I have confined myself to your side of the matter. Bear with
+me, I beg you, while we examine mine. When I first essayed to part
+with you and journey homewards, I was doubly blest. From your lips I
+had won some praise, and, thanks to you, I had obtained glory from the
+rest of Hellas. I was trusted by the Lacedaemonians; else would they
+not have sent me back to you. Whereas to-day I turn to go, calumniated
+before the Lacedaemonians by yourselves, detested in your behalf by
+Seuthes, whom I meant so to benefit, by help of you, that I should
+find in him a refuge for myself and for my children, if children I
+might have, in after time. And you the while, for whose sake I have
+incurred so much hate, the hate of people far superior to me in
+strength, you, for whom I have not yet ceased to devise all the good I
+can, entertain such sentiments about me. Why? I am no renegade or
+runaway slave, you have got hold of. If you carry out what you say, be
+sure you will have done to death a man who has passed many a vigil in
+watching over you; who has shared with you many a toil and run many a
+risk in turn and out of turn; who, thanks to the gracious gods! has by
+your side set up full many a trophy over the barbarian; who, lastly,
+has strained every nerve in his body to protect you against
+yourselves. And so it is, that to-day you can move freely, where you
+choose, by sea or by land, and no one can say you nay; and you, on      37
+whom this large liberty dawns, who are sailing to a long desired goal,
+who are sought after by the greatest of military powers, who have pay
+in prospect, and for leaders these Lacedaemonians, our acknowledged
+chiefs: now is the appointed time, you think, to put me to a speedy
+death. But in the days of our difficulties it was very different, O ye
+men of marvellous memory! No! in those days you called me 'father!'
+and you promised you would bear me ever in mind, 'your benefactor.'
+Not so, however, not so ungracious are those who have come to you
+to-day; nor, if I mistake not, have you bettered yourselves in their
+eyes by your treatment of me."
+
+With these words he paused, and Charminus the Lacedaemonian got up and
+said: "Nay, by the Twins, you are wrong, surely, in your anger against
+this man; I myself can bear testimony in his favour. When Polynicus
+and I asked Seuthes, what sort of a man he was? Seuthes answered:--he
+had but one fault to find with him, that he was too much the soldiers'
+friend, which also was the cause why things went wrong with him,
+whether as regards us Lacedaemonians or himself, Seuthes."
+
+Upon that Eurylochus of Lusia, an Arcadian, got up and said
+(addressing the two Lacedaemonians), "Yes, sirs; and what strikes me
+is that you cannot begin your generalship of us better than by
+exacting from Seuthes our pay. Whether he like it or no, let him pay
+in full; and do not take us away before."
+
+Polycrates the Athenian, who was put forward by Xenophon, said: "If my
+eyes do not deceive me, sirs, there stands Heracleides, yonder, the
+man who received the property won by our toil, who took and sold it,
+and never gave back either to Seuthes or to us the proceeds of the
+sale, but kept the money to himself, like the thief he is. If we are
+wise, we will lay hold of him, for he is no Thracian, but a Hellene;
+and against Hellenes is the wrong he has committed."
+
+When Heracleides heard these words, he was in great consternation; so
+he came to Seuthes and said: "If we are wise we will get away from
+here out of reach of these fellows." So they mounted their horses and
+were gone in a trice, galloping to their own camp. Subsequently         42
+Seuthes sent Abrozelmes, his private interpreter, to Xenophon, begging
+him to stay behind with one thousand heavy troops; and engaging duly
+to deliver to him the places on the seaboard, and the other things
+which he had promised; and then, as a great secret, he told him, that
+he had heard from Polynicus that if he once got into the clutches of
+the Lacedaemonians, Thibron was certain to put him to death. Similar
+messages kept coming to Xenophon by letter or otherwise from several
+quarters, warning him that he was calumniated, and had best be on his
+guard. Hearing which, he took two victims and sacrificed to Zeus the
+King: "Whether it were better and happier to stay with Seuthes on the
+terms proposed, or depart with the army?" The answer he received was,
+"Depart."
+
+
+
+VII
+
+After this, Seuthes removed his camp to some considerable distance;     1
+and the Hellenes took up their quarters in some villages, selecting
+those in which they could best supply their commissariat, on the road
+to the sea. Now these particular villages had been given by Seuthes to
+Medosades. Accordingly, when the latter saw his property in the
+villages being expended by the Hellenes, he was not over well pleased;
+and taking with him an Odrysian, a powerful person amongst those who
+had come down from the interior, and about thirty mounted troopers, he
+came and challenged Xenophon to come forth from the Hellenic host. He,
+taking some of the officers and others of a character to be relied
+upon, came forward. Then Medosades, addressing Xenophon, said: "You
+are doing wrong to pillage our villages; we give you fair warning--I,
+in behalf of Seuthes, and this man by my side, who comes from Medocus,
+the king up country--to begone out of the land. If you refuse,
+understand, we have no notion of handing it over to you; but if you
+injure our country we will retaliate upon you as foes."
+
+Xenophon, hearing what they had to say, replied: "Such language
+addressed to us by you, of all people, is hard to answer. Yet for the
+sake of the young man with you, I will attempt to do so, that at least
+he may learn how different your nature is from ours. We," he
+continued, "before we were your friends, had the free run of this
+country, moving this way or that, as it took our fancy, pillaging and   5
+burning just as we chose; and you yourself, Medosades, whenever you
+came to us on an embassy, camped with us, without apprehension of any
+foe. As a tribe collectively you scarcely approached the country at
+all, or if you found yourselves in it, you bivouacked with your horses
+bitted and bridled, as being in the territory of your superiors.
+Presently you made friends with us, and, thanks to us, by God's help
+you have won this country, out of which to-day you seek to drive us; a
+country which we held by our own strength and gave to you. No hostile
+force, as you well know, was capable of expelling us. It might have
+been expected of you personally to speed us on our way with some gift,
+in return for the good we did you. Not so; even though our backs are
+turned to go, we are too slow in our movements for you. You will not
+suffer us to take up quarters even, if you can help it, and these
+words arouse no shame in you, either before the gods, or this
+Odrysian, in whose eyes to-day you are man of means, though until you
+cultivated our friendship you lived a robber's life, as you have told
+us. However, why do you address yourself to me? I am no longer in
+command. Our generals are the Lacedaemonians, to whom you and yours
+delivered the army for withdrawal; and that, without even inviting me
+to attend, you most marvellous of men, so that if I lost their favour
+when I brought you the troops, I might now win their gratitude by
+restoring them."
+
+As soon as the Odrysian had heard this statement, he exclaimed: "For
+my part, Medosades, I sink under the earth for very shame at what I
+hear. If I had known the truth before, I would never have accompanied
+you. As it is, I return at once. Never would King Medocus applaud me,
+if I drove forth his benefactors." With these words, he mounted his
+horse and rode away, and with him the rest of his horsemen, except
+four or five. But Medosades, still vexed by the pillaging of the
+country, urged Xenophon to summon the two Lacedaemonians; and he,
+taking the pick of his men, came to Charminus and Polynicus and
+informed them that they were summoned by Medosades; probably they,
+like himself, would be warned to leave the country; "if so," he added,  14
+"you will be able to recover the pay which is owing to the army. You
+can say to them, that the army has requested you to assist in exacting
+their pay from Seuthes, whether he like it or not; that they have
+promised, as soon as they get this, cheerfully to follow you; that the
+demand seems to you to be only just, and that you have accordingly
+promised not to leave, until the soldiers have got their dues." The
+Lacedaemonians accepted the suggestion: they would apply these
+arguments and others the most forcible they could hit upon; and with
+the proper representatives of the army, they immediately set off.
+
+On their arrival Charminus spoke: "If you have anything to say to us,
+Medosades, say it; but if not, we have something to say to you." And
+Medosades submissively made answer: "I say," said he, "and Seuthes
+says the same: we think we have a right to ask that those who have
+become our friends should not be ill-treated by you; whatever ill you
+do to them you really do to us, for they are a part of us." "Good!"
+replied the Lacedaemonians, "and we intend to go away as soon as those
+who won for you the people and the territory in question have got
+their pay. Failing that, we are coming without further delay to assist
+them and to punish certain others who have broken their oaths and done
+them wrong. If it should turn out that you come under this head, when
+we come to exact justice, we shall begin with you." Xenophon added:
+"Would you prefer, Medosades, to leave it to these people themselves,
+in whose country we are (your friends, since this is the designation
+you prefer), to decide by ballot, which of the two should leave the
+country, you or we?" To that proposal he shook his head, but he
+trusted the two Laconians might be induced to go to Seuthes about the
+pay, adding, "Seuthes, I am sure, will lend a willing ear;" or if they
+could not go, then he prayed them to send Xenophon with himself,
+promising to lend the latter all the aid in his power, and finally he
+begged them not to burn the villages. Accordingly they sent Xenophon,
+and with him a serviceable staff. Being arrived, he addressed Seuthes
+thus:--
+
+"Seuthes, I am here to advance no claims, but to show you, if I can,    21
+how unjust it was on your part to be angered with me because I
+zealously demanded of you on behalf of the soldiers what you promised
+them. According to my belief, it was no less to your interest to
+deliver it up, than it was to theirs to receive it. I cannot forget
+that, next to the gods, it was they who raised you up to a conspicuous
+eminence, when they made you king of large territory and many men, a
+position in which you cannot escape notice, whether you do good or do
+evil. For a man so circumstanced, I regarded it as a great thing that
+he should avoid the suspicion even of ungrateful parting with his
+benefactors. It was a great thing, I thought, that you should be well
+spoken of by six thousand human beings; but the greatest thing of all,
+that you should in no wise discredit the sincerity of your own word.
+For what of the man who cannot be trusted? I see that the words of his
+mouth are but vain words, powerless, and unhonoured; but with him who
+is seen to regard truth, the case is otherwise. He can achieve by his
+words what another achieves by force. If he seeks to bring the foolish
+to their senses--his very frown, I perceive, has a more sobering
+effect than the chastisement inflicted by another. Or in negotiations
+the very promises of such an one are of equal weight with the gifts of
+another.
+
+"Try and recall to mind in your own case, what advance of money you
+made to us to purchase our alliance. You know you did not advance one
+penny. It was simply confidence in the sincerity of your word which
+incited all these men to assist you in your campaign, and so to
+acquire for you an empire, worth many times more than thirty talents,
+which is all they now claim to receive. Here then, first of all, goes
+the credit which won for you your kingdom, sold for so mean a sum. Let
+me remind you of the great importance which you then attached to the
+acquisition of your present conquests. I am certain that to achieve
+what stands achieved to-day, you would willingly have foregone the
+gain of fifty times that paltry sum. To me it seems that to lose your
+present fortune were a more serious loss than never to have won it;
+since surely it is harder to be poor after being rich than never to     28
+have tasted wealth at all, and more painful to sink to the level of a
+subject, being a king, then never to have worn a crown.
+
+"You cannot forget that your present vassals were not persuaded to
+become your subjects out of love for you, but by sheer force; and but
+for some restraining dread they would endeavour to be free again
+to-morrow. And how do you propose to stimulate their sense of awe, and
+keep them in good behaviour towards you? Shall they see our soldiers
+so disposed towards you that a word on your part would suffice to keep
+them now, or if necessary would bring them back again to-morrow? while
+others hearing from us a hundred stories in your praise, hasten to
+present themselves at your desire? Or will you drive them to conclude
+adversely, that through mistrust of what has happened now, no second
+set of soldiers will come to help you, for even these troops of ours
+are more their friends than yours? And indeed it was not because they
+fell short of us in numbers that they became your subjects, but from
+lack of proper leaders. There is a danger, therefore, now lest they
+should choose as their protectors some of us who regard ourselves as
+wronged by you, or even better men than us--the Lacedaemonians
+themselves; supposing our soldiers undertake to serve with more
+enthusiasm, if the debt you owe to them be first exacted; and the
+Lacedaemonians, who need their services, consent to this request. It
+is plain, at any rate, that the Thracians, now prostrate at your feet,
+would display far more enthusiasm in attacking, than in assisting you;
+for your mastery means their slavery, and your defeat their liberty.
+
+"Again, the country is now yours, and from this time forward you have
+to make provision for what is yours; and how will you best secure it
+an immunity from ill? Either these soldiers receive their dues and go,
+leaving a legacy of peace behind, or they stay and occupy an enemy's
+country, whilst you endeavour, by aid of a still larger army, to open
+a new campaign and turn them out; and your new troops will also need
+provisions. Or again, which will be the greater drain on your purse?
+to pay off your present debt, or, with that still owing, to bid for
+more troops, and of a better quality?
+
+"Heracleides, as he used to prove to me, finds the sum excessive. But   35
+surely it is a far less serious thing for you to take and pay it back
+to-day than it would have been to pay the tithe of it, before we came
+to you; since the limit between less and more is no fixed number, but
+depends on the relative capacity of payer and recipient, and your
+yearly income now is larger than the whole property which you
+possessed in earlier days.
+
+"Well, Seuthes, for myself these remarks are the expression of
+friendly forethought for a friend. They are expressed in the double
+hope that you may show yourself worthy of the good things which the
+gods have given you, and that my reputation may not be ruined with the
+army. For I must assure you that to-day, if I wished to injure a foe,
+I could not do so with this army. Nor again, if I wished to come and
+help you, should I be competent to the task; such is the disposition
+of the troops towards me. And yet I call you to witness, along with
+the gods who know, that never have I received anything from you on
+account of the soldiers. Never to this day have I, to my private gain,
+asked for what was theirs, nor even claimed the promises which were
+made to myself; and I swear to you, not even had you proposed to pay
+me my dues, would I have accepted them, unless the soldiers also had
+been going to receive theirs too; how could I? How shameful it would
+have been in me, so to have secured my own interests, whilst I
+disregarded the disastrous state of theirs, I being so honoured by
+them. Of course to the mind of Heracleides this is all silly talk;
+since the one great object is to keep money by whatever means. That is
+not my tenet, Seuthes. I believe that no fairer or brighter jewel can
+be given to a man, and most of all a prince, than the threefold grace
+of valour, justice, and generosity. He that possesses these is rich in
+the multitude of friends which surround him; rich also in the desire
+of others to be included in their number. While he prospers, he is
+surrounded by those who will rejoice with him in his joy; or if
+misfortune overtake him, he has no lack of sympathisers to give him
+help. However, if you have failed to learn from my deeds that I was,
+heart and soul, your friend; if my words are powerless to reveal the
+fact to-day, I would at least direct your attention to what the         43
+soldiers said; you were standing by and heard what those who sought to
+blame me said. They accused me to the Lacedaemonians, and the point of
+their indictment was that I set greater store by yourself than by the
+Lacedaemonians; but, as regards themselves, the charge was that I took
+more pains to secure the success of your interests than their own.
+They suggested that I had actually taken gifts from you. Was it, do
+you suppose, because they detected some ill-will in me towards you
+that they made the allegation? Was it not rather, that they had
+noticed my abundant zeal on your behalf?
+
+"All men believe, I think, that a fund of kindly feeling is due to him
+from whom we accept gifts. But what is your behaviour? Before I had
+ministered to you in any way, or done you a single service, you
+welcomed me kindly with your eyes, your voice, your hospitality, and
+you could not sate yourself with promises of all the fine things that
+were to follow. But having once achieved your object, and become the
+great man you now are, as great indeed as I could make you, you can
+stand by and see me degraded among my own soldiers! Well, time will
+teach you--that I fully believe--to pay whatever seems to you right,
+and even without the lessons of that teacher you will hardly care to
+see whose who have spent themselves in benefiting you, become your
+accusers. Only, when you do pay your debt, I beg of you to use your
+best endeavour to right me with the soldiers. Leave me at least where
+you found me; that is all I ask."
+
+After listening to this appeal, Seuthes called down curses on him,
+whose fault it was, that the debt had not long ago been paid, and, if
+the general suspicion was correct, this was Heracleides. "For myself,"
+said Seuthes, "I never had any idea of robbing you of your just dues.
+I will repay." Then Xenophon rejoined: "Since you are minded to pay, I
+only ask that you will do so through me, and will not suffer me on
+your account to hold a different position in the army from what I held
+when we joined you." He replied: "As far as that goes, so far from
+holding a less honoured position among your own men on my account, if
+you will stay with me, keeping only a thousand heavy infantry, I will
+deliver to you the fortified places and everything I promised." The
+other answered: "On these terms I may not accept them, only let us go   51
+free." "Nay, but I know," said Seuthes, "that it is safer for you to
+bide with me than to go away." Then Xenophon again: "For your
+forethought I thank you, but I may not stay. Somewhere I may rise to
+honour, and that, be sure, shall redound to your gain also." Thereupon
+Seuthes spoke: "Of silver I have but little; that little, however, I
+give to you, one talent; but of beeves I can give you six hundred
+head, and of sheep four thousand, and of slaves six score. These take,
+and the hostages besides, who wronged you, and begone." Xenophon
+laughed and said: "But supposing these all together do not amount to
+the pay; for whom is the talent, shall I say? It is a little dangerous
+for myself, is it not? I think I had better be on the look-out for
+stones when I return. You heard the threats?"
+
+So for the moment he stayed there, but the next day Seuthes gave up to
+them what he had promised, and sent an escort to drive the cattle. The
+soldiers at first maintained that Xenophon had gone to take up his
+abode with Seuthes, and to receive what he had been promised; so when
+they saw him they were pleased, and ran to meet him. And Xenophon,
+seeing Charminus and Polynicus, said: "Thanks to your intervention,
+this much has been saved for the army. My duty is to deliver this
+fraction over to your keeping; do you divide and distribute it to the
+soldiers." Accordingly they took the property and appointed official
+vendors of the booty, and in the end incurred considerable blame.
+Xenophon held aloof. In fact it was no secret that he was making his
+preparations to return home, for as yet the vote of banishment had not
+been passed at Athens[1]. But the authorities in the camp came to him
+and begged him not to go away until he had conducted the army to its
+destination, and handed it over to Thibron.
+
+[1] I.e. "at this moment the vote of banishment had not been passed
+    which would prevent his return to Athens." The natural inference
+    from these words is, I think, that the vote of banishment was
+    presently passed, at any rate considerably earlier than the battle
+    of Coronea in B.C. 394, five years and a half afterwards.
+
+
+
+VIII
+
+From this place they sailed across to Lampsacus, and here Xenophon was  1
+met by Eucleides the soothsayer, a Phliasian, the son of Cleagoras,
+who painted "the dreams[1]" in the Lycium. Eucleides congratulated
+Xenophon upon his safe return, and asked him how much gold he had got?
+and Xenophon had to confess: "Upon my word, I shall have barely enough
+to get home, unless I sell my horse, and what I have about my person."
+The other could not credit the statement. Now when the Lampsacenes
+sent gifts of hospitality to Xenophon, and he was sacrificing to
+Apollo, he requested the presence of Eucleides; and the latter, seeing
+the victims, said: "Now I believe what you said about having no money.
+But I am certain," he continued, "if it were ever to come, there is an
+obstacle in the way. If nothing else, you are that obstacle yourself."
+Xenophon admitted the force of that remark. Then the other: "Zeus
+Meilichios[2] is an obstacle to you, I am sure," adding in another
+tone of voice, "have you tried sacrificing to that god, as I was wont
+to sacrifice and offer whole burnt offerings for you at home?"
+Xenophon replied that since he had been abroad, he had not sacrificed
+to that god. Accordingly Eucleides counselled him to sacrifice in the
+old customary way: he was sure that his fortune would improve. The
+next day Xenophon went on to Ophrynium and sacrificed, offering a
+holocaust of swine, after the custom of his family, and the signs
+which he obtained were favourable. That very day Bion and Nausicleides
+arrived laden with gifts for the army. These two were hospitably
+entertained by Xenophon, and were kind enough to repurchase the horse
+he had sold in Lampsacus for fifty darics; suspecting that he had
+parted with it out of need, and hearing that he was fond of the beast
+they restored it to him, refusing to be remunerated.
+
+[1] Reading {ta enupnia}, or if {ta entoikhia} with Hug and others,
+    translate "the wall-paintings" or the "frescoes." Others think
+    that a writing, not a painting, is referred to.
+
+[2] Zeus Meilichios, or the gentle one. See Thuc. i. 126. The festival
+    of the Diasia at Athens was in honour of that god, or rather of
+    Zeus under that aspect. Cf. Arist. "Clouds," 408.
+
+From that place they marched through the Troad, and, crossing Mount
+Ida, arrived at Antandrus, and then pushed along the seaboard of Mysia
+to the plain of Thebe[3]. Thence they made their way through            8
+Adramytium and Certonus[4] by Atarneus, coming into the plain of the
+Caicus, and so reached Pergamus in Mysia.
+
+[3] Thebe, a famous ancient town in Mysia, at the southern foot of Mt.
+    Placius, which is often mentioned in Homer ("Il." i. 366, vi. 397,
+    xxii. 479, ii. 691). See "Dict. Geog." s.v. The name {Thebes
+    pedion} preserves the site. Cf. above {Kaustrou pedion}, and such
+    modern names as "the Campagna" or "Piano di Sorrento."
+
+[4] The site of Certonus is not ascertained. Some critics have
+    conjectured that the name should be Cytonium, a place between
+    Mysia and Lydia; and Hug, who reads {Kutoniou}, omits {odeusantes
+    par 'Atanea}, "they made their way by Atarneus," as a gloss.
+
+Here Xenophon was hospitably entertained at the house of Hellas, the
+wife of Gongylus the Eretrian[5], the mother of Gorgion and Gongylus.
+From her he learnt that Asidates, a Persian notable, was in the plain.
+"If you take thirty men and go by night, you will take him prisoner,"
+she said, "wife, children, money, and all; of money he has a store;"
+and to show them the way to these treasures, she sent her own cousin
+and Daphnagoras, whom she set great store by. So then Xenophon, with
+these two to assist, did sacrifice; and Basias, an Eleian, the
+soothsayer in attendance, said that the victims were as promising as
+could be, and the great man would be an easy prey. Accordingly, after
+dinner he set off, taking with him the officers who had been his
+staunchest friends and confidants throughout; as he wished to do them
+a good turn. A number of others came thrusting themselves on their
+company, to the number of six hundred, but the officers repelled them:
+"They had no notion of sharing their portion of the spoil," they said,
+"just as though the property lay already at their feet."
+
+[5] Cf. Thuc. i. 128; also "Hell." III. i. 6.
+
+About midnight they arrived. The slaves occupying the precincts of the
+tower, with the mass of goods and chattles, slipped through their
+fingers, their sole anxiety being to capture Asidates and his
+belongings. So they brought their batteries to bear, but failing to
+take the tower by assault (since it was high and solid, and well
+supplied with ramparts, besides having a large body of warlike
+defenders), they endeavoured to undermine it. The wall was eight clay
+bricks thick, but by daybreak the passage was effected and the wall
+undermined. At the first gleam of light through the aperture, one of    14
+the defendants inside, with a large ox-spit, smote right through the
+thigh of the man nearest the hole, and the rest discharged their
+arrows so hotly that it was dangerous to come anywhere near the
+passage; and what with their shouting and kindling of beacon fires, a
+relief party at length arrived, consisting of Itabelius at the head of
+his force, and a body of Assyrian heavy infantry from Comania, and
+some Hyrcanian cavalry[6], the latter also being mercenaries of the
+king. There were eighty of them, and another detachment of light
+troops, about eight hundred, and more from Parthenium, and more again
+from Apollonia and the neighbouring places, also cavalry.
+
+[6] The Hyrcanian cavalry play an important part in the "Cyropaedeia."
+    They are the Scirites of the Assyrian army who came over to Cyrus
+    after the first battle. Their country is the fertile land touching
+    the south-eastern corner of the Caspian. Cf. "Cyrop." IV. ii. 8,
+    where the author (or an editor) appends a note on the present
+    status of the Hyrcanians.
+
+It was now high time to consider how they were to beat a retreat. So
+seizing all the cattle and sheep to be had, with the slaves, they put
+them within a hollow square and proceed to drive them off. Not that
+they had a thought to give to the spoils now, but for precaution's
+sake and for fear lest if they left the goods and chattels behind and
+made off, the retreat would rapidly degenerate into a stampede, the
+enemy growing bolder as the troops lost heart. For the present then
+they retired as if they meant to do battle for the spoils. As soon as
+Gongylus espied how few the Hellenes were and how large the attacking
+party, out he came himself, in spite of his mother, with his private
+force, wishing to share in the action. Another too joined in the
+rescue--Procles, from Halisarna and Teuthrania, a descendant of
+Damaratus. By this time Xenophon and his men were being sore pressed
+by the arrows and slingstones, though they marched in a curve so as to
+keep their shields facing the missiles, and even so, barely crossed the
+river Carcasus, nearly half of them wounded. Here it was that Agasias
+the Stymphalian, the captain, received his wound, while keeping up a
+steady unflagging fight against the enemy from beginning to end. And
+so they reached home in safety with about two hundred captives, and
+sheep enough for sacrifices.
+
+The next day Xenophon sacrificed and led out the whole army under the   20
+cover of night, intending to pierce far into the heart of Lydia with a
+view to lulling to sleep the enemy's alarm at his proxmity, and so in
+fact to put him off his guard. But Asidates, hearing that Xenophon had
+again sacrificed with the intention of another attack, and was
+approaching with his whole army, left his tower and took up quarters
+in some villages lying under the town of Parthenium. Here Xenophon's
+party fell in with him, and took him prisoner, with his wife, his
+children, his horses, and all that he had; and so the promise of the
+earlier victims was literally fulfilled. After that they returned
+again to Pergamus, and here Xenophon might well thank God with a warm
+heart, for the Laconians, the officers, the other generals, and the
+soldiers as a body united to give him the pick of horses and cattle
+teams, and the rest; so that he was now in a position himself to do
+another a good turn.
+
+Meanwhile Thibron arrived and received the troops which he
+incorporated with the rest of his Hellenic forces, and so proceeded to
+prosecute a war against Tissaphernes and Pharnabazus[7].
+
+[7] The MSS. add: "The following is a list of the governors of the
+    several territories of the king which were traversed by us during
+    the expedition: Artimas, governor of Lydia; Artacamas, of Phrygia;
+    Mithridates, of Lycaonia and Cappadocia; Syennesis, of Cilicia;
+    Dernes, of Phoenicia and Arabia; Belesys, of Syria and Assyria;
+    Rhoparas, of Babylon; Arbacus, of Media; Tiribazus, of the
+    Phasians and Hesperites. Then some independent tribes--the
+    Carduchians or Kurds, and Chalybes, and Chaldaeans, and Macrones,
+    and Colchians, and Mossynoecians, and Coetians, and Tibarenians.
+    Then Corylas, the governor of Paphlagonia; Pharnabazus, of the
+    Bithynians; Seuthes, of the European Thracians. The entire
+    journey, ascent and descent, consisted of two hundred and fifteen
+    stages = one thousand one hundred and fifty-five parasangs =
+    thirty-four thousand six hundred and fifty stades. Computed in
+    time, the length of ascent and descent together amounted to one
+    year and three months." The annotator apparently computes the
+    distance from Ephesus to Cotyora.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of The Project Gutenberg Etext of Anabasis by Xenophon
+
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+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en">
+  <head>
+    <title>
+      Anabasis, by Xenophon
+    </title>
+    <style type="text/css" xml:space="preserve">
+
+    body { margin:5%; background:#faebd0; text-align:justify}
+    P { text-indent: 1em; margin-top: .25em; margin-bottom: .25em; }
+    H1,H2,H3,H4,H5,H6 { text-align: center; margin-left: 15%; margin-right: 15%; }
+    hr  { width: 50%; text-align: center;}
+    .foot { margin-left: 20%; margin-right: 20%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -3em; font-size: 90%; }
+    blockquote {font-size: 97%; font-style: italic; margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%;}
+    .mynote    {background-color: #DDE; color: #000; padding: .5em; margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 95%;}
+    .toc       { margin-left: 10%; margin-bottom: .75em;}
+    .toc2      { margin-left: 20%;}
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+               margin: 0; padding: 0; position: absolute; right: 1%;
+               text-align: right;}
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+  <body>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Anabasis, by Xenophon
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Anabasis
+
+Author: Xenophon
+
+Translator: H. G. Dakyns
+
+Release Date: August 13, 2008 [EBook #1170]
+Last Updated: January 15, 2013
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ANABASIS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by John Bickers, and David Widger
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />
+    </p>
+    <h1>
+      ANABASIS
+    </h1>
+    <p>
+      <br />
+    </p>
+    <h2>
+      By Xenophon
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      <br />
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      Translation by H. G. Dakyns
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+                  Dedicated To
+                  Rev. B. Jowett, M.A.
+                  Master of Balliol College
+                  Regius Professor of Greek in the University of Oxford
+        </pre>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+                  Xenophon the Athenian was born 431 B.C. He was a
+                  pupil of Socrates. He marched with the Spartans,
+                  and was exiled from Athens. Sparta gave him land
+                  and property in Scillus, where he lived for many
+                  years before having to move once more, to settle
+                  in Corinth. He died in 354 B.C.
+
+                  The Anabasis is his story of the march to Persia
+                  to aid Cyrus, who enlisted Greek help to try and
+                  take the throne from Artaxerxes, and the ensuing
+                  return of the Greeks, in which Xenophon played a
+                  leading role. This occurred between 401 B.C. and
+                  March 399 B.C.
+        </pre>
+    <p>
+      <br /> <br />
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <p>
+      <br /> <br />
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <big><b>CONTENTS</b></big>
+      </p>
+      <p>
+        <br />
+      </p>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <a href="#link2H_4_0003"> <b>BOOK I.</b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
+        </a>
+      </p>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <a href="#link2H_4_0004"> I. </a>
+      </p>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <a href="#link2H_4_0005"> II </a>
+      </p>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <a href="#link2H_4_0006"> III </a>
+      </p>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <a href="#link2H_4_0007"> IV </a>
+      </p>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <a href="#link2H_4_0008"> V </a>
+      </p>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <a href="#link2H_4_0009"> VI </a>
+      </p>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <a href="#link2H_4_0010"> VII </a>
+      </p>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <a href="#link2H_4_0011"> VIII </a>
+      </p>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <a href="#link2H_4_0012"> IX </a>
+      </p>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <a href="#link2H_4_0013"> X </a>
+      </p>
+      <p>
+        <br />
+      </p>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <a href="#link2H_4_0014"> <b>BOOK II</b> </a>
+      </p>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <a href="#link2H_4_0015"> I </a>
+      </p>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <a href="#link2H_4_0016"> II </a>
+      </p>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <a href="#link2H_4_0017"> III </a>
+      </p>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <a href="#link2H_4_0018"> IV </a>
+      </p>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <a href="#link2H_4_0019"> V </a>
+      </p>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <a href="#link2H_4_0020"> VI </a>
+      </p>
+      <p>
+        <br />
+      </p>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <a href="#link2H_4_0021"> <b>BOOK III</b> </a>
+      </p>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <a href="#link2H_4_0022"> I </a>
+      </p>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <a href="#link2H_4_0023"> II </a>
+      </p>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <a href="#link2H_4_0024"> III </a>
+      </p>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <a href="#link2H_4_0025"> IV </a>
+      </p>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <a href="#link2H_4_0026"> V </a>
+      </p>
+      <p>
+        <br />
+      </p>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <a href="#link2H_4_0027"> <b>BOOK IV</b> </a>
+      </p>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <a href="#link2H_4_0028"> I </a>
+      </p>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <a href="#link2H_4_0029"> II </a>
+      </p>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <a href="#link2H_4_0030"> III </a>
+      </p>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <a href="#link2H_4_0031"> IV </a>
+      </p>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <a href="#link2H_4_0032"> V </a>
+      </p>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <a href="#link2H_4_0033"> VI </a>
+      </p>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <a href="#link2H_4_0034"> VII </a>
+      </p>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <a href="#link2H_4_0035"> VIII </a>
+      </p>
+      <p>
+        <br />
+      </p>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <a href="#link2H_4_0036"> <b>BOOK V</b> </a>
+      </p>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <a href="#link2H_4_0037"> I </a>
+      </p>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <a href="#link2H_4_0038"> II </a>
+      </p>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <a href="#link2H_4_0039"> III </a>
+      </p>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <a href="#link2H_4_0040"> IV </a>
+      </p>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <a href="#link2H_4_0041"> V </a>
+      </p>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <a href="#link2H_4_0042"> VI </a>
+      </p>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <a href="#link2H_4_0043"> VII </a>
+      </p>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <a href="#link2H_4_0044"> VIII </a>
+      </p>
+      <p>
+        <br />
+      </p>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <a href="#link2H_4_0045"> <b>BOOK VI</b> </a>
+      </p>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <a href="#link2H_4_0046"> I </a>
+      </p>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <a href="#link2H_4_0047"> II </a>
+      </p>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <a href="#link2H_4_0048"> III </a>
+      </p>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <a href="#link2H_4_0049"> IV </a>
+      </p>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <a href="#link2H_4_0050"> V </a>
+      </p>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <a href="#link2H_4_0051"> VI </a>
+      </p>
+      <p>
+        <br />
+      </p>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <a href="#link2H_4_0052"> <b>BOOK VII</b> </a>
+      </p>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <a href="#link2H_4_0053"> I </a>
+      </p>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <a href="#link2H_4_0054"> II </a>
+      </p>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <a href="#link2H_4_0055"> III </a>
+      </p>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <a href="#link2H_4_0056"> IV </a>
+      </p>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <a href="#link2H_4_0057"> V </a>
+      </p>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <a href="#link2H_4_0058"> VI </a>
+      </p>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <a href="#link2H_4_0059"> VII </a>
+      </p>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <a href="#link2H_4_0060"> VIII </a>
+      </p>
+      <p>
+        <br />
+      </p>
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      <br /> <br />
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <p>
+      <br /> <br /> <a name="link2H_4_0001" id="link2H_4_0001">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <h4>
+      PREPARER'S NOTE
+    </h4>
+    <p>
+      This was typed from Dakyns' series, "The Works of Xenophon," a four-volume
+      set. The complete list of Xenophon's works (though there is doubt about
+      some of these) is:
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+     Work                                   Number of books
+
+     The Anabasis                                         7
+     The Hellenica                                        7
+     The Cyropaedia                                       8
+     The Memorabilia                                      4
+     The Symposium                                        1
+     The Economist                                        1
+     On Horsemanship                                      1
+     The Sportsman                                        1
+     The Cavalry General                                  1
+     The Apology                                          1
+     On Revenues                                          1
+     The Hiero                                            1
+     The Agesilaus                                        1
+     The Polity of the Athenians and the Lacedaemonians   2
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Text in brackets "{}" is my transliteration of Greek text into English
+      using an Oxford English Dictionary alphabet table. The diacritical marks
+      have been lost.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0002" id="link2H_4_0002">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h1>
+      ANABASIS
+    </h1>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0003" id="link2H_4_0003">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a> BOOK I <a name="link2H_4_0004" id="link2H_4_0004">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      I.
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      Darius and Parysatis had two sons: the elder was named Artaxerxes, and the
+      younger Cyrus. Now, as Darius lay sick and felt that the end of life drew
+      near, he wished both his sons to be with him. The elder, as it chanced,
+      was already there, but Cyrus he must needs send for from the province over
+      which he had made him satrap, having appointed him general moreover of all
+      the forces that muster in the plain of the Castolus. Thus Cyrus went up,
+      taking with him Tissaphernes as his friend, and accompanied also by a body
+      of Hellenes, three hundred heavy armed men, under the command of Xenias
+      the Parrhasian (1).
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) Parrhasia, a district and town in the south-west of Arcadia.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Now when Darius was dead, and Artaxerxes was established in the kingdom,
+      Tissaphernes brought slanderous accusations against Cyrus before his
+      brother, the king, of harbouring designs against him. And Artaxerxes,
+      listening to the words of Tissaphernes, laid hands upon Cyrus, desiring to
+      put him to death; but his mother made intercession for him, and sent him
+      back again in safety to his province. He then, having so escaped through
+      peril and dishonour, fell to considering, not only how he might avoid ever
+      again being in his brother's power, but how, if possible, he might become
+      king in his stead. Parysatis, his mother, was his first resource; for she
+      had more love for Cyrus than for Artaxerxes upon his throne. Moreover
+      Cyrus's behaviour towards all who came to him from the king's court was
+      such that, when he sent them away again, they were better friends to
+      himself than to the king his brother. Nor did he neglect the barbarians in
+      his own service; but trained them, at once to be capable as warriors and
+      devoted adherents of himself. Lastly, he began collecting his Hellenic
+      armament, but with the utmost secrecy, so that he might take the king as
+      far as might be at unawares.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The manner in which he contrived the levying of the troops was as follows:
+      First, he sent orders to the commandants of garrisons in the cities (so
+      held by him), bidding them to get together as large a body of picked
+      Peloponnesian troops as they severally were able, on the plea that
+      Tissaphernes was plotting against their cities; and truly these cities of
+      Ionia had originally belonged to Tissaphernes, being given to him by the
+      king; but at this time, with the exception of Miletus, they had all
+      revolted to Cyrus. In Miletus, Tissaphernes, having become aware of
+      similar designs, had forestalled the conspirators by putting some to death
+      and banishing the remainder. Cyrus, on his side, welcomed these fugitives,
+      and having collected an army, laid siege to Miletus by sea and land,
+      endeavouring to reinstate the exiles; and this gave him another pretext
+      for collecting an armament. At the same time he sent to the king, and
+      claimed, as being the king's brother, that these cities should be given to
+      himself rather than that Tissaphernes should continue to govern them; and
+      in furtherance of this end, the queen, his mother, co-operated with him,
+      so that the king not only failed to see the design against himself, but
+      concluded that Cyrus was spending his money on armaments in order to make
+      war on Tissaphernes. Nor did it pain him greatly to see the two at war
+      together, and the less so because Cyrus was careful to remit the tribute
+      due to the king from the cities which belonged to Tissaphernes.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      A third army was being collected for him in the Chersonese, over against
+      Abydos, the origin of which was as follows: There was a Lacedaemonian
+      exile, named Clearchus, with whom Cyrus had become associated. Cyrus
+      admired the man, and made him a present of ten thousand darics (2).
+      Clearchus took the gold, and with the money raised an army, and using the
+      Chersonese as his base of operations, set to work to fight the Thracians
+      north of the Hellespont, in the interests of the Hellenes, and with such
+      happy result that the Hellespontine cities, of their own accord, were
+      eager to contribute funds for the support of his troops. In this way,
+      again, an armament was being secretly maintained for Cyrus.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (2) A Persian gold coin = 125.55 grains of gold.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Then there was the Thessalian Aristippus, Cyrus's friend (3), who, under
+      pressure of the rival political party at home, had come to Cyrus and asked
+      him for pay for two thousand mercenaries, to be continued for three
+      months, which would enable him, he said, to gain the upper hand of his
+      antagonists. Cyrus replied by presenting him with six months' pay for four
+      thousand mercenaries&mdash;only stipulating that Aristippus should not
+      come to terms with his antagonists without final consultation with
+      himself. In this way he secured to himself the secret maintenance of a
+      fourth armament.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (3) Lit. "guest-friend." Aristippus was, as we learn from the "Meno"
+    of Plato, a native of Larisa, of the family of the Aleuadae, and a
+    pupil of Gorgias. He was also a lover of Menon, whom he appears to
+    have sent on this expedition instead of himself.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Further, he bade Proxenus, a Boeotian, who was another friend, get
+      together as many men as possible, and join him in an expedition which he
+      meditated against the Pisidians (4), who were causing annoyance to his
+      territory. Similarly two other friends, Sophaenetus the Stymphalian (5),
+      and Socrates the Achaean, had orders to get together as many men as
+      possible and come to him, since he was on the point of opening a campaign,
+      along with Milesian exiles, against Tissaphernes. These orders were duly
+      carried out by the officers in question.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (4) Lit. "into the country of the Pisidians."
+
+ (5) Of Stymphalus in Arcadia.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0005" id="link2H_4_0005">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      II
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      But when the right moment seemed to him to have come, at which he should
+      begin his march into the interior, the pretext which he put forward was
+      his desire to expel the Pisidians utterly out of the country; and he began
+      collecting both his Asiatic and his Hellenic armaments, avowedly against
+      that people. From Sardis in each direction his orders sped: to Clearchus,
+      to join him there with the whole of his army; to Aristippus, to come to
+      terms with those at home, and to despatch to him the troops in his employ;
+      to Xenias the Arcadian, who was acting as general-in-chief of the foreign
+      troops in the cities, to present himself with all the men available,
+      excepting only those who were actually needed to garrison the citadels. He
+      next summoned the troops at present engaged in the siege of Miletus, and
+      called upon the exiles to follow him on his intended expedition, promising
+      them that if he were successful in his object, he would not pause until he
+      had reinstated them in their native city. To this invitation they
+      hearkened gladly; they believed in him; and with their arms they presented
+      themselves at Sardis. So, too, Xenias arrived at Sardis with the
+      contingent from the cities, four thousand hoplites; Proxenus, also, with
+      fifteen hundred hoplites and five hundred light-armed troops; Sophaenetus
+      the Stymphalian, with one thousand hoplites; Socrates the Achaean, with
+      five hundred hoplites; while the Megarion Pasion came with three hundred
+      hoplites and three hundred peltasts (1). This latter officer, as well as
+      Socrates, belonged to the force engaged against Miletus. These all joined
+      him at Sardis.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) "Targeteers" armed with a light shield instead of the larger one
+    of the hoplite, or heavy infantry soldier. Iphicrates made great
+    use of this arm at a later date.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      But Tissaphernes did not fail to note these proceedings. An equipment so
+      large pointed to something more than an invasion of Pisidia: so he argued;
+      and with what speed he might, he set off to the king, attended by about
+      five hundred horse. The king, on his side, had no sooner heard from
+      Tissaphernes of Cyrus's great armament, than he began to make
+      counter-preparations.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Thus Cyrus, with the troops which I have named, set out from Sardis, and
+      marched on and on through Lydia three stages, making two-and-twenty
+      parasangs (2), to the river Maeander. That river is two hundred feet (3)
+      broad, and was spanned by a bridge consisting of seven boats. Crossing it,
+      he marched through Phrygia a single stage, of eight parasangs, to
+      Colossae, an inhabited city (4), prosperous and large. Here he remained
+      seven days, and was joined by Menon the Thessalian, who arrived with one
+      thousand hoplites and five hundred peltasts, Dolopes, Aenianes, and
+      Olynthians. From this place he marched three stages, twenty parasangs in
+      all, to Celaenae, a populous city of Phrygia, large and prosperous. Here
+      Cyrus owned a palace and a large park (5) full of wild beasts, which he
+      used to hunt on horseback, whenever he wished to give himself or his
+      horses exercise. Through the midst of the park flows the river Maeander,
+      the sources of which are within the palace buildings, and it flows through
+      the city of Celaenae. The great king also has a palace in Celaenae, a
+      strong place, on the sources of another river, the Marsyas, at the foot of
+      the acropolis. This river also flows through the city, discharging itself
+      into the Maeander, and is five-and-twenty feet broad. Here is the place
+      where Apollo is said to have flayed Marsyas, when he had conquered him in
+      the contest of skill. He hung up the skin of the conquered man, in the
+      cavern where the spring wells forth, and hence the name of the river,
+      Marsyas. It was on this site that Xerxes, as tradition tells, built this
+      very palace, as well as the citadel of Celaenae itself, on his retreat
+      from Hellas, after he had lost the famous battle. Here Cyrus remained for
+      thirty days, during which Clearchus the Lacedaemonian arrived with one
+      thousand hoplites and eight hundred Thracian peltasts and two hundred
+      Cretan archers. At the same time, also, came Sosis the Syracusian with
+      three thousand hoplites, and Sophaenetus the Arcadian (6) with one
+      thousand hoplites; and here Cyrus held a review, and numbered his Hellenes
+      in the park, and found that they amounted in all to eleven thousand
+      hoplites and about two thousand peltasts.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (2) The Persian "farsang" = 30 stades, nearly 1 league, 3 1/2 statute
+    miles, though not of uniform value in all parts of Asia.
+
+ (3) "Two plethra": the plethron = about 101 English feet.
+
+ (4) Lit. "inhabited," many of the cities of Asia being then as now
+    deserted, but the suggestion is clearly at times "thickly
+    inhabited," "populous."
+
+ (5) Lit. "paradise," an oriental word = park or pleasure ground.
+
+ (6) Perhaps this should be Agias the Arcadian, as Mr. Macmichael
+    suggests. Sophaenetus has already been named above.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      From this place he continued his march two stages&mdash;ten parasangs&mdash;to
+      the populous city of Peltae, where he remained three days; while Xenias,
+      the Arcadian, celebrated the Lycaea (7) with sacrifice, and instituted
+      games. The prizes were headbands of gold; and Cyrus himself was a
+      spectator of the contest. From this place the march was continued two
+      stages&mdash;twelve parasangs&mdash;to Ceramon-agora, a populous city, the
+      last on the confines of Mysia. Thence a march of three stages&mdash;thirty
+      parasangs&mdash;brought him to Caystru-pedion (8), a populous city. Here
+      Cyrus halted five days; and the soldiers, whose pay was now more than
+      three months in arrear, came several times to the palace gates demanding
+      their dues; while Cyrus put them off with fine words and expectations, but
+      could not conceal his vexation, for it was not his fashion to stint
+      payment, when he had the means. At this point Epyaxa, the wife of
+      Syennesis, the king of the Cilicians, arrived on a visit to Cyrus; and it
+      was said that Cyrus received a large gift of money from the queen. At this
+      date, at any rate, Cyrus gave the army four months' pay. The queen was
+      accompanied by a bodyguard of Cilicians and Aspendians; and, if report
+      speaks truly, Cyrus had intimate relations with the queen.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (7) The Lycaea, an Arcadian festival in honour of Zeus {Arcaios}, akin
+    to the Roman Lupercalia, which was originally a shepherd festival,
+    the introduction of which the Romans ascribe to the Arcadian
+    Evander.
+
+ (8) Lit. "plain of the Cayster," like Ceramon-agora, "the market of
+    the Ceramians" above, the name of a town.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      From this place he marched two stages&mdash;ten parasangs&mdash;to
+      Thymbrium, a populous city. Here, by the side of the road, is the spring
+      of Midas, the king of Phrygia, as it is called, where Midas, as the story
+      goes, caught the satyr by drugging the spring with wine. From this place
+      he marched two stages&mdash;ten parasangs&mdash;to Tyriaeum, a populous
+      city. Here he halted three days; and the Cilician queen, according to the
+      popular account, begged Cyrus to exhibit his armament for her amusement.
+      The latter being only too glad to make such an exhibition, held a review
+      of the Hellenes and barbarians in the plain. He ordered the Hellenes to
+      draw up their lines and post themselves in their customary battle order,
+      each general marshalling his own battalion. Accordingly they drew up
+      four-deep. The right was held by Menon and those with him; the left by
+      Clearchus and his men; the centre by the remaining generals with theirs.
+      Cyrus first inspected the barbarians, who marched past in troops of horses
+      and companies of infantry. He then inspected the Hellenes; driving past
+      them in his chariot, with the queen in her carriage. And they all had
+      brass helmets and purple tunics, and greaves, and their shields uncovered
+      (9).
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (9) I.e. ready for action, c.f. "bayonets fixed".
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      After he had driven past the whole body, he drew up his chariot in front
+      of the centre of the battle-line, and sent his interpreter Pigres to the
+      generals of the Hellenes, with orders to present arms and to advance along
+      the whole line. This order was repeated by the generals to their men; and
+      at the sound of the bugle, with shields forward and spears in rest, they
+      advanced to meet the enemy. The pace quickened, and with a shout the
+      soldiers spontaneously fell into a run, making in the direction of the
+      camp. Great was the panic of the barbarians. The Cilician queen in her
+      carriage turned and fled; the sutlers in the marketing place left their
+      wares and took to their heels; and the Hellenes meanwhile came into camp
+      with a roar of laughter. What astounded the queen was the brilliancy and
+      order of the armament; but Cyrus was pleased to see the terror inspired by
+      the Hellenes in the hearts of the Asiatics.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      From this place he marched on three stages&mdash;twenty parasangs&mdash;to
+      Iconium, the last city of Phrygia, where he remained three days. Thence he
+      marched through Lycaonia five stages&mdash;thirty parasangs. This was
+      hostile country, and he gave it over to the Hellenes to pillage. At this
+      point Cyrus sent back the Cilician queen to her own country by the
+      quickest route; and to escort her he sent the soldiers of Menon, and Menon
+      himself. With the rest of the troops he continued his march through
+      Cappadocia four stages&mdash;twenty-five parasangs&mdash;to Dana, a
+      populous city, large and flourishing. Here they halted three days, within
+      which interval Cyrus put to death, on a charge of conspiracy, a Persian
+      nobleman named Megaphernes, a wearer of the royal purple; and along with
+      him another high dignitary among his subordinate commanders.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      From this place they endeavoured to force a passage into Cilicia. Now the
+      entrance was by an exceedingly steep cart-road, impracticable for an army
+      in face of a resisting force; and report said that Syennesis was on the
+      summit of the pass guarding the approach. Accordingly they halted a day in
+      the plain; but next day came a messenger informing them that Syenesis had
+      left the pass; doubtless, after perceiving that Menon's army was already
+      in Cilicia on his own side of the mountains; and he had further been
+      informed that ships of war, belonging to the Lacedaemonians and to Cyrus
+      himself, with Tamos on board as admiral, were sailing round from Ionia to
+      Cilicia. Whatever the reason might be, Cyrus made his way up into the
+      hills without let or hindrance, and came in sight of the tents where the
+      Cilicians were on guard. From that point he descended gradually into a
+      large and beautiful plain country, well watered, and thickly covered with
+      trees of all sorts and vines. This plain produces sesame plentifully, as
+      also panic and millet and barley and wheat; and it is shut in on all sides
+      by a steep and lofty wall of mountains from sea to sea. Descending through
+      this plain country, he advanced four stages&mdash;twenty-five parasangs&mdash;to
+      Tarsus, a large and prosperous city of Cilicia. Here stood the palace of
+      Syennesis, the king of the country; and through the middle of the city
+      flows a river called the Cydnus, two hundred feet broad. They found that
+      the city had been deserted by its inhabitants, who had betaken themselves,
+      with Syennesis, to a strong place on the hills. All had gone, except the
+      tavern-keepers. The sea-board inhabitants of Soli and Issi also remained.
+      Now Epyaxa, Syennesis's queen, had reached Tarsus five days in advance of
+      Cyrus. During their passage over the mountains into the plain, two
+      companies of Menon's army were lost. Some said they had been cut down by
+      the Cilicians, while engaged on some pillaging affair; another account was
+      that they had been left behind, and being unable to overtake the main
+      body, or discover the route, had gone astray and perished. However it was,
+      they numbered one hundred hoplites; and when the rest arrived, being in a
+      fury at the destruction of their fellow soldiers, they vented their spleen
+      by pillaging the city of Tarsus and the palace to boot. Now when Cyrus had
+      marched into the city, he sent for Syennesis to come to him; but the
+      latter replied that he had never yet put himself into the hands of any one
+      who was his superior, nor was he willing to accede to the proposal of
+      Cyrus now; until, in the end, his wife persuaded him, and he accepted
+      pledges of good faith. After this they met, and Syennesis gave Cyrus large
+      sums in aid of his army; while Cyrus presented him with the customary
+      royal gifts&mdash;to wit, a horse with a gold bit, a necklace of gold, a
+      gold bracelet, and a gold scimitar, a Persian dress, and lastly, the
+      exemption of his territory from further pillage, with the privilege of
+      taking back the slaves that had been seized, wherever they might chance to
+      come upon them.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0006" id="link2H_4_0006">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      III
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      At Tarsus Cyrus and his army halted for twenty days; the soldiers refusing
+      to advance further, since the suspicion ripened in their minds, that the
+      expedition was in reality directed against the king; and as they insisted,
+      they had not engaged their services for that object. Clearchus set the
+      example of trying to force his men to continue their march; but he had no
+      sooner started at the head of his troops than they began to pelt him and
+      his baggage train, and Clearchus had a narrow escape of being stoned to
+      death there and then. Later on, when he perceived that force was useless,
+      he summoned an assembly of his own men; and for a long while he stood and
+      wept, while the men gazed in silent astonishment. At last he spoke as
+      follows: "Fellow soldiers, do not marvel that I am sorely distressed on
+      account of the present troubles. Cyrus has been no ordinary friend to me.
+      When I was in banishment he honoured me in various ways, and made me also
+      a present of ten thousand darics. These I accepted, but not to lay them up
+      for myself for private use; not to squander them in pleasure, but to
+      expend them on yourselves. And, first of all, I went to war with the
+      Thracians, and with you to aid, I wreaked vengeance on them in behalf of
+      Hellas; driving them out of the Chersonese, when they wanted to deprive
+      its Hellenic inhabitants of their lands. But as soon as Cyrus summoned me,
+      I took you with me and set out, so that, if my benefactor had any need of
+      me, I might requite him for the good treatment I myself had received at
+      his hands.... But since you are not minded to continue the march with me,
+      one of two things is left to me to do; either I must renounce you for the
+      sake of my friendship with Cyrus, or I must go with you at the cost of
+      deceiving him. Whether I am about to do right or not, I cannot say, but I
+      choose yourselves; and, whatever betide, I mean to share your fate. Never
+      shall it be said of me by any one that, having led Greek troops against
+      the barbarians (1), I betrayed the Hellenes, and chose the friendship of
+      the barbarian. No! since you do not choose to obey and follow me, I will
+      follow after you. Whatever betide, I will share your fate. I look upon you
+      as my country, my friends, my allies; with you I think I shall be
+      honoured, wherever I be; without you I do not see how I can help a friend
+      or hurt a foe. My decision is taken. Wherever you go, I go also."
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) Lit. "into the country of the barbarian."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Such were his words. But the soldiers, not only his own, but the rest
+      also, when they heard what he said, and how he had scouted the idea of
+      going up to the great king's palace (2), expressed their approval; and
+      more than two thousand men deserted Xenias and Pasion, and took their arms
+      and baggage-train, and came and encamped with Clearchus. But Cyrus, in
+      despair and vexation at this turn of affairs, sent for Clearchus. He
+      refused to come; but, without the knowledge of the soldiers, sent a
+      message to Cyrus, bidding him keep a good heart, for that all would
+      arrange itself in the right way; and bade him keep on sending for him,
+      whilst he himself refused to go. After that he got together his own men,
+      with those who had joined him, and of the rest any who chose to come, and
+      spoke as follows: "Fellow soldiers, it is clear that the relations of
+      Cyrus to us are identical with ours to him. We are no longer his soldiers,
+      since we have ceased to follow him; and he, on his side, is no longer our
+      paymaster. He, however, no doubt considers himself wronged by us; and
+      though he goes on sending for me, I cannot bring myself to go to him: for
+      two reasons, chiefly from a sense of shame, for I am forced to admit to
+      myself that I have altogether deceived him; but partly, too, because I am
+      afraid of his seizing me and inflicting a penalty on the wrongs which he
+      conceives that I have done him. In my opinion, then, this is no time for
+      us to go to sleep and forget all about ourselves, rather it is high time
+      to deliberate on our next move; and as long as we do remain here, we had
+      better bethink us how we are to abide in security; or, if we are resolved
+      to turn our backs at once, what will be the safest means of retreat; and,
+      further, how we are to procure supplies, for without supplies there is no
+      profit whatsoever in the general or the private soldier. The man with whom
+      we have to deal is an excellent friend to his friends, but a very
+      dangerous enemy to his foes. And he is backed by a force of infantry and
+      cavalry and ships such as we all alike very well see and know, since we
+      can hardly be said to have posted ourselves at any great distance from
+      him. If, then, any one has a suggestion to make, now is the time to
+      speak." With these words he ceased.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (2) Or "how he insisted that he was not going up."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Then various speakers stood up; some of their own motion to propound their
+      views; others inspired by Clearchus to dilate on the hopeless difficulty
+      of either staying, or going back without the goodwill of Cyrus. One of
+      these, in particular, with a make-believe of anxiety to commence the
+      homeward march without further pause, called upon them instantly to choose
+      other generals, if Clearchus were not himself prepared to lead them back:
+      "Let them at once purchase supplies" (the market being in the heart of the
+      Asiatic camp), "let them pack up their baggage: let them," he added, "go
+      to Cyrus and ask for some ships in order to return by sea: if he refused
+      to give them ships, let them demand of him a guide to lead them back
+      through a friendly district; and if he would not so much as give them a
+      guide, they could but put themselves, without more ado, in marching order,
+      and send on a detachment to occupy the pass&mdash;before Cyrus and the
+      Cilicians, whose property," the speaker added, "we have so plentifully
+      pillaged, can anticipate us." Such were the remarks of that speaker; he
+      was followed by Clearchus, who merely said: "As to my acting personally as
+      general at this season, pray do not propose it: I can see numerous
+      obstacles to my doing so. Obedience, in the fullest, I can render to the
+      man of your choice, that is another matter: and you shall see and know
+      that I can play my part, under command, with the best of you."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      After Clearchus another spokesman stood up, and proceeded to point out the
+      simplicity of the speaker, who proposed to ask for vessels, just as if
+      Cyrus were minded to renounce the expedition and sail back again. "And let
+      me further point out," he said, "what a simple-minded notion it is to beg
+      a guide of the very man whose designs we are marring. If we can trust any
+      guide whom Cyrus may vouchsafe to us, why not order Cyrus at once to
+      occupy the pass on our behoof? For my part, I should think twice before I
+      set foot on any ships that he might give us, for fear lest he should sink
+      them with his men-of-war; and I should equally hesitate to follow any
+      guide of his: he might lead us into some place out of which we should find
+      it impossible to escape. I should much prefer, if I am to return home
+      against the will of Cyrus at all, to give him the slip, and so begone:
+      which indeed is impossible. But these schemes are simply nonsensical. My
+      proposal is that a deputation of fit persons, with Clearchus, should go to
+      Cyrus: let them go to Cyrus and ask him: what use he proposes to make of
+      us? and if the business is at all similar to that on which he once before
+      employed a body of foreigners&mdash;let us by all means follow: let us
+      show that we are the equals of those who accompanied him on his march up
+      formerly. But if the design should turn out to be of larger import than
+      the former one&mdash;involving more toil and more danger&mdash;we should
+      ask him, either to give us good reasons for following his lead, or else
+      consent to send us away into a friendly country. In this way, whether we
+      follow him, we shall do so as friends, and with heart and soul, or whether
+      we go back, we shall do so in security. The answer to this shall be
+      reported to us here, and when we have heard it, we will advise as to our
+      best course."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      This resolution was carried, and they chose and sent a deputation with
+      Clearchus, who put to Cyrus the questions which had been agreed upon by
+      the army. Cyrus replied as follows: That he had received news that
+      Abrocomas, an enemy of his, was posted on the Euphrates, twelve stages
+      off; his object was to march against this aforesaid Abrocomas: and if he
+      were still there, he wished to inflict punishment on him, "or if he be
+      fled" (so the reply concluded), "we will there deliberate on the best
+      course." The deputation received the answer and reported it to the
+      soldiers. The suspicion that he was leading them against the king was not
+      dispelled; but it seemed best to follow him. They only demanded an
+      increase of pay, and Cyrus promised to give them half as much again as
+      they had hitherto received&mdash;that is to say, a daric and a half a
+      month to each man, instead of a daric. Was he really leading them to
+      attack the king? Not even at this moment was any one apprised of the fact,
+      at any rate in any open and public manner.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0007" id="link2H_4_0007">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      IV
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      From this point he marched two stages&mdash;ten parasangs&mdash;to the
+      river Psarus, which is two hundred feet broad, and from the Psarus he
+      marched a single stage&mdash;five parasangs&mdash;to Issi, the last city
+      in Cilicia. It lies on the seaboard&mdash;a prosperous, large and
+      flourishing town. Here they halted three days, and here Cyrus was joined
+      by his fleet. There were thirty-five ships from Peloponnesus, with the
+      Lacedaemonian admiral Pythagoras on board. These had been piloted from
+      Ephesus by Tamos the Egyptian, who himself had another fleet of
+      twenty-five ships belonging to Cyrus. These had formed Tamos's blockading
+      squadron at Miletus, when that city sided with Tissaphernes; he had also
+      used them in other military services rendered to Cyrus in his operations
+      against that satrap. There was a third officer on board the fleet, the
+      Lacedaemonian Cheirisophus, who had been sent for by Cyrus, and had
+      brought with him seven hundred hoplites, over whom he was to act as
+      general in the service of Cyrus. The fleet lay at anchor opposite Cyrus's
+      tent. Here too another reinforcement presented itself. This was a body of
+      four hundred hoplites, Hellenic mercenaries in the service of Abrocomas,
+      who deserted him for Cyrus, and joined in the campaign against the king.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      From Issi, he marched a single stage&mdash;five parasangs&mdash;to the
+      gates of Cilicia and Syria. This was a double fortress: the inner and
+      nearer one, which protects Cilicia, was held by Syennesis and a garrison
+      of Cilicians; the outer and further one, protecting Syria, was reported to
+      be garrisoned by a body of the king's troops. Through the gap between the
+      two fortresses flows a river named the Carsus, which is a hundred feet
+      broad, and the whole space between was scarcely more than six hundred
+      yards. To force a passage here would be impossible, so narrow was the pass
+      itself, with the fortification walls stretching down to the sea, and
+      precipitous rocks above; while both fortresses were furnished with gates.
+      It was the existence of this pass which had induced Cyrus to send for the
+      fleet, so as to enable him to lead a body of hoplites inside and outside
+      the gates; and so to force a passage through the enemy, if he were
+      guarding the Syrian gate, as he fully expected to find Abrocomas doing
+      with a large army. This, however, Abrocomas had not done; but as soon as
+      he learnt that Cyrus was in Cilicia, he had turned round and made his exit
+      from Phoenicia, to join the king with an army amounting, as report said,
+      to three hundred thousand men.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      From this point Cyrus pursued his march, through Syria a single stage&mdash;five
+      parasangs&mdash;to Myriandus, a city inhabited by Phoenicians, on the
+      sea-coast. This was a commercial port, and numerous merchant vessels were
+      riding at anchor in the harbour. Here they halted seven days, and here
+      Xenias the Arcadian general, and Pasion the Megarian got on board a
+      trader, and having stowed away their most valuable effects, set sail for
+      home; most people explained the act as the outcome of a fit of jealousy,
+      because Cyrus had allowed Clearchus to retain their men, who had deserted
+      to him, in hopes of returning to Hellas instead of marching against the
+      king; when the two had so vanished, a rumour spread that Cyrus was after
+      them with some ships of war, and some hoped the cowards might be caught,
+      others pitied them, if that should be their fate.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But Cyrus summoned the generals and addressed them: "Xenias and Pasion,"
+      he said, "have taken leave of us; but they need not flatter themselves
+      that in so doing they have stolen into hiding. I know where they are gone;
+      nor will they owe their escape to speed; I have men-of-war to capture
+      their craft, if I like. But heaven help me! if I mean to pursue them:
+      never shall it be said of me, that I turn people to account as long as
+      they stay with me, but as soon as they are minded to be off, I seize and
+      maltreat them, and strip them of their wealth. Not so! let them go with
+      the consciousness that our behaviour to them is better than theirs to us.
+      And yet I have their children and wives safe under lock and key in
+      Tralles; but they shall not be deprived even of these. They shall receive
+      them back in return for their former goodness to me." So he spoke, and the
+      Hellenes, even those who had been out of heart at the thought of marching
+      up the country, when they heard of the nobleness of Cyrus, were happier
+      and more eager to follow him on his path.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      After this Cyrus marched onwards four stages&mdash;twenty parasangs&mdash;to
+      the river Chalus. That river is a hundred feet broad, and is stocked with
+      tame fish which the Syrians regard as gods, and will not suffer to be
+      injured&mdash;and so too the pigeons of the place. The villages in which
+      they encamped belonged to Parysatis, as part of her girdle money (1). From
+      this point he marched on five stages&mdash;thirty parasangs&mdash;to the
+      sources of the river Dardas, which is a hundred feet broad. Here stood the
+      palace of Belesys, the ruler of Syria, with its park&mdash;which was a
+      very large and beautiful one, and full of the products of all the seasons
+      in their course. But Cyrus cut down the park and burnt the palace. Thence
+      he marched on three stages&mdash;fifteen parasangs&mdash;to the river
+      Euphrates, which is nearly half a mile broad. A large and flourishing
+      city, named Thapsacus, stands on its banks. Here they halted five days,
+      and here Cyrus sent for the generals of the Hellenes, and told them that
+      the advance was now to be upon Babylon, against the great king; he bade
+      them communicate this information to the soldiers and persuade them to
+      follow. The generals called an assembly, and announced the news to the
+      soldiers. The latter were indignant and angry with the generals, accusing
+      them of having kept secret what they had long known; and refused to go,
+      unless such a bribe of money were given them as had been given to their
+      predecessors, when they went up with Cyrus to the court of his father, not
+      as now to fight a battle, but on a peaceful errand&mdash;the visit of a
+      son to his father by invitation. The demand was reported to Cyrus by the
+      generals, and he undertook to give each man five silver minae as soon as
+      Babylon was reached, and their pay in full, until he had safely conveyed
+      them back to Ionia again. In this manner the Hellenic force were persuaded&mdash;that
+      is to say, the majority of them. Menon, indeed, before it was clear what
+      the rest of the soldiers would do&mdash;whether, in fact they would follow
+      Cyrus or not&mdash;collected his own troops apart and made them the
+      following speech; "Men," he said, "if you will listen to me, there is a
+      method by which, without risk or toil, you may win the special favour of
+      Cyrus beyond the rest of the soldiers. You ask what it is I would have you
+      to do? I will tell you. Cyrus at this instant is begging the Hellenes to
+      follow him to attack the king. I say then: Cross the Euphrates at once,
+      before it is clear what answer the rest will make; if they vote in favour
+      of following, you will get the credit of having set the example, and Cyrus
+      will be grateful to you. He will look upon you as being the heartiest in
+      his cause; he will repay, as of all others he best knows how; while, if
+      the rest vote against crossing, we shall go back again; but as the sole
+      adherents, whose fidelity he can altogether trust, it is you whom Cyrus
+      will turn to account, as commandants of garrisons or captains of
+      companies. You need only ask him for whatever you want, and you will get
+      it from him, as being the friends of Cyrus."
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) Cf. Plat. "Alcib." i. 123 B. "Why, I have been informed by a
+    credible person, who went up to the king (at Susa), that he passed
+    through a large tract of excellent land, extending for nearly a
+    day's journey, which the people of the country called the queen's
+    girdle, and another which they called her veil," etc. Olympiodorus
+    and the Scholiast both think that Plato here refers to Xenophon
+    and this passage of the "Anabasis." Grote thinks it very probable
+    that Plato had in his mind Xenophon (either his "Anabasis" or
+    personal communications with him).
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      The men heard and obeyed, and before the rest had given their answer, they
+      were already across. But when Cyrus perceived that Menon's troops had
+      crossed, he was well pleased, and he sent Glus to the division in
+      question, with this message: "Soldiers, accept my thanks at present;
+      eventually you shall thank me. I will see to that, or my name is not
+      Cyrus." The soldiers therefore could not but pray heartily for his
+      success; so high their hopes ran. But to Menon, it was said, he sent gifts
+      with lordly liberality. This done, Cyrus proceeded to cross; and in his
+      wake followed the rest of the armament to a man. As they forded, never a
+      man was wetted above the chest: nor ever until this moment, said the men
+      of Thapascus, had the river been so crossed on foot, boats had always been
+      required; but these, at the present time, Abrocomas, in his desire to
+      hinder Cyrus from crossing, had been at pains to burn. Thus the passage
+      was looked upon as a thing miraculous; the river had manifestly retired
+      before the face of Cyrus, like a courtier bowing to his future king. From
+      this place he continued his march through Syria nine stages&mdash;fifty
+      parasangs&mdash;and they reached the river Araxes. Here were several
+      villages full of corn and wine; in which they halted three days, and
+      provisioned the army.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0008" id="link2H_4_0008">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      V
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      Thence he marched on through Arabia, keeping the Euphrates on the right,
+      five desert stages&mdash;thirty-five parasangs. In this region the ground
+      was one long level plain, stretching far and wide like the sea, full of
+      absinth; whilst all the other vegetation, whether wood or reed, was sweet
+      scented like spice or sweet herb; there were no trees; but there was wild
+      game of all kinds&mdash;wild asses in greatest abundance, with plenty of
+      ostriches; besides these, there were bustards and antelopes. These
+      creatures were occasionally chased by the cavalry. The asses, when
+      pursued, would run forward a space, and then stand still&mdash;their pace
+      being much swifter than that of horses; and as soon as the horses came
+      close, they went through the same performance. The only way to catch them
+      was for the riders to post themselves at intervals, and to hunt them in
+      relays, as it were. The flesh of those they captured was not unlike
+      venison, only more tender. No one was lucky enough to capture an ostrich.
+      Some of the troopers did give chase, but it had soon to be abandoned; for
+      the bird, in its effort to escape, speedily put a long interval between
+      itself and its pursuers; plying its legs at full speed, and using its
+      wings the while like a sail. The bustards were not so hard to catch when
+      started suddenly; for they only take short flights, like partridges, and
+      are soon tired. Their flesh is delicious.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      As the army wended its way through this region, they reached the river
+      Mascas, which is one hundred feet in breadth. Here stood a big deserted
+      city called Corsote, almost literally environed by the stream, which flows
+      round it in a circle. Here they halted three days and provisioned
+      themselves. Thence they continued their march thirteen desert stages&mdash;ninety
+      parasangs&mdash;with the Euphrates still on their right, until they
+      reached the Gates. On these marches several of the baggage animals
+      perished of hunger, for there was neither grass nor green herb, or tree of
+      any sort; but the country throughout was barren. The inhabitants make
+      their living by quarrying millstones on the river banks, which they work
+      up and take to Babylon and sell, purchasing corn in exchange for their
+      goods. Corn failed the army, and was not to be got for money, except in
+      the Lydian market open in Cyrus's Asiatic army; where a kapithe of wheat
+      or barley cost four shekels; the shekel being equal to seven and a half
+      Attic obols, whilst the kapithe is the equivalent of two Attic choeneces
+      (1), dry measure, so that the soldiers subsisted on meat alone for the
+      whole period. Some of the stages were very long, whenever they had to push
+      on to find water or fodder; and once they found themselves involved in a
+      narrow way, where the deep clay presented an obstacle to the progress of
+      the wagons. Cyrus, with the nobles about him, halted to superintend the
+      operation, and ordered Glus and Pigres to take a body of barbarians and to
+      help in extricating the wagons. As they seemed to be slow about the
+      business, he turned round angrily to the Persian nobles and bade them lend
+      a hand to force the wagons out. Then, if ever, what goes to constitute one
+      branch of good discipline, was to be witnessed. Each of those addressed,
+      just where he chanced to be standing, threw off his purple cloak, and
+      flung himself into the work with as much eagerness as if it had been a
+      charge for victory. Down a steep hill side they flew, with their costly
+      tunics and embroidered trousers&mdash;some with the circlets round their
+      necks, and bracelets on their arms&mdash;in an instant, they had sprung
+      into the miry clay, and in less time than one could have conceived, they
+      had landed the wagons safe on terra firma.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) The choenix = about 1 quart (or, according to others, 1 1/2 pint).
+    It was the minimum allowance of corn for a man, say a slave, per
+    diem. The Spartan was allowed at the public table 2 choenices a
+    day.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Altogether it was plain that Cyrus was bent on pressing on the march, and
+      averse to stoppages, except where he halted for the sake of provisioning
+      or some other necessary object; being convinced that the more rapidly he
+      advanced, the less prepared for battle would he find the king; while the
+      slower his own progress, the larger would be the hostile army which he
+      would find collected. Indeed, the attentive observer could see, at a
+      glance, that if the king's empire was strong in its extent of territory
+      and the number of inhabitants, that strength is compensated by an inherent
+      weakness, dependent upon the length of roads and the inevitable dispersion
+      of defensive forces, where an invader insists upon pressing home the war
+      by forced marches.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      On the opposite side of the Euphrates to the point reached on one of these
+      desert stages, was a large and flourishing city named Charmande. From this
+      town the soldiers made purchases of provisions, crossing the river on
+      rafts, in the following fashion: They took the skins which they used as
+      tent coverings, and filled them with light grass; they then compressed and
+      stitched them tightly together by the ends, so that the water might not
+      touch the hay. On these they crossed and got provisions: wine made from
+      the date-nut, and millet or panic-corn, the common staple of the country.
+      Some dispute or other here occurred between the soldiers of Menon and
+      Clearchus, in which Clearchus sentenced one of Menon's men, as the
+      delinquent, and had him flogged. The man went back to his own division and
+      told them. Hearing what had been done to their comrade, his fellows
+      fretted and fumed, and were highly incensed against Clearchus. The same
+      day Clearchus visited the passage of the river, and after inspecting the
+      market there, was returning with a few followers, on horseback, to his
+      tent, and had to pass through Menon's quarters. Cyrus had not yet come up,
+      but was riding up in the same direction. One of Menon's men, who was
+      splitting wood, caught sight of Clearchus as he rode past, and aimed a
+      blow at him with his axe. The aim took no effect; when another hurled a
+      stone at him, and a third, and then several, with shouts and hisses.
+      Clearchus made a rapid retreat to his own troops, and at once ordered them
+      to get under arms. He bade his hoplites remain in position with their
+      shields resting against their knees, while he, at the head of his
+      Thracians and horsemen, of which he had more than forty in his army&mdash;Thracians
+      for the most part&mdash;advanced against Menon's soldiers, so that the
+      latter, with Menon himself, were panic-stricken, and ran to seize their
+      arms; some even stood riveted to the spot, in perplexity at the
+      occurrence. Just then Proxenus came up from behind, as chance would have
+      it, with his division of hoplites, and without a moment's hesitation
+      marched into the open space between the rival parties, and grounded arms;
+      then he fell to begging Clearchus to desist. The latter was not too well
+      pleased to hear his trouble mildly spoken of, when he had barely escaped
+      being stoned to death; and he bade Proxenus retire and leave the
+      intervening space open. At this juncture Cyrus arrived and inquired what
+      was happening. There was no time for hesitation. With his javelins firmly
+      grasped in his hands he galloped up&mdash;escorted by some of his faithful
+      bodyguard, who were present&mdash;and was soon in the midst, exclaiming:
+      "Clearchus, Proxenus, and you other Hellenes yonder, you know not what you
+      do. As surely as you come to blows with one another, our fate is sealed&mdash;this
+      very day I shall be cut to pieces, and so will you: your turn will follow
+      close on mine. Let our fortunes once take an evil turn, and these
+      barbarians whom you see around will be worse foes to us than those who are
+      at present serving the king." At these words Clearchus came to his senses.
+      Both parties paused from battle, and retired to their quarters: order
+      reigned.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0009" id="link2H_4_0009">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      VI
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      As they advanced from this point (opposite Charmande), they came upon the
+      hoof-prints and dung of horses at frequent intervals. It looked like the
+      trail of some two thousand horses. Keeping ahead of the army, these
+      fellows burnt up the grass and everything else that was good for use. Now
+      there was a Persian, named Orontas; he was closely related to the king by
+      birth: and in matters pertaining to war reckoned among the best of Persian
+      warriors. Having formerly been at war with Cyrus, and afterwards
+      reconciled to him, he now made a conspiracy to destroy him. he made a
+      proposal to Cyrus: if Cyrus would furnish him with a thousand horsemen, he
+      would deal with these troopers, who were burning down everything in front
+      of them; he would lay an ambuscade and cut them down, or he would capture
+      a host of them alive; in any case, he would put a stop to their
+      aggressiveness and burnings; he would see to it that they did not ever get
+      a chance of setting eyes on Cyrus's army and reporting its advent to the
+      king. The proposal seemed plausible to Cyrus, who accordingly authorised
+      Orontas to take a detachment from each of the generals, and be gone. He,
+      thinking that he had got his horsemen ready to his hand, wrote a letter to
+      the king, announcing that he would ere long join him with as many troopers
+      as he could bring; he bade him, at the same time, instruct the royal
+      cavalry to welcome him as a friend. The letter further contained certain
+      reminders of his former friendship and fidelity. This despatch he
+      delivered into the hands of one who was a trusty messenger, as he thought;
+      but the bearer took and gave it to Cyrus. Cyrus read it. Orontas was
+      arrested. Then Cyrus summoned to his tent seven of the noblest Persians
+      among his personal attendants, and sent orders to the Hellenic generals to
+      bring up a body of hoplites. These troops were to take up a position round
+      his tent. This the generals did; bringing up about three thousand
+      hoplites. Clearchus was also invited inside, to assist at the
+      court-martial; a compliment due to the position he held among the other
+      generals, in the opinion not only of Cyrus, but also of the rest of the
+      court. When he came out, he reported the circumstances of the trial (as to
+      which, indeed, there was no mystery) to his friends. He said that Cyrus
+      opened the inquiry with these words: "I have invited you hither, my
+      friends, that I may take advice with you, and carry out whatever, in the
+      sight of God and man, it is right for me to do, as concerning the man
+      before you, Orontas. The prisoner was, in the first instance, given to me
+      by my father, to be my faithful subject. In the next place, acting, to use
+      his own words, under the orders of my brother, and having hold of the
+      acropolis of Sardis, he went to war with me. I met war with war, and
+      forced him to think it more prudent to desist from war with me: whereupon
+      we shook hands, exchanging solemn pledges. After that," and at this point
+      Cyrus turned to Orontas, and addressed him personally&mdash;"after that,
+      did I do you any wrong?" Answer, "Never." Again another question: "Then
+      later on, having received, as you admit, no injury from me, did you revolt
+      to the Mysians and injure my territory, as far as in you lay?"&mdash;"I
+      did," was the reply. "Then, once more having discovered the limits of your
+      power, did you flee to the altar of Artemis, crying out that you repented?
+      and did you thus work upon my feelings, that we a second time shook hands
+      and made interchange of solemn pledges? Are these things so?" Orontas
+      again assented. "Then what injury have you received from me," Cyrus asked,
+      "that now for the third time, you have been detected in a treasonous plot
+      against me?"&mdash;"I must needs do so," he answered. Then Cyrus put one
+      more question: "But the day may come, may it not, when you will once again
+      be hostile to my brother, and a faithful friend to myself?" The other
+      answered: "Even if I were, you could never be brought to believe it,
+      Cyrus."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      At this point Cyrus turned to those who were present and said: "Such has
+      been the conduct of the prisoner in the past: such is his language now. I
+      now call upon you, and you first, Clearchus, to declare your opinion&mdash;what
+      think you?" And Clearchus answered: "My advice to you is to put this man
+      out of the way as soon as may be, so that we may be saved the necessity of
+      watching him, and have more leisure, as far as he is concerned, to requite
+      the services of those whose friendship is sincere."&mdash;"To this
+      opinion," he told us, "the rest of the court adhered." After that, at the
+      bidding of Cyrus, each of those present, in turn, including the kinsmen of
+      Orontas, took him by the girdle; which is as much as to say, "Let him die
+      the death," and then those appointed led him out; and they who in old days
+      were wont to do obeisance to him, could not refrain, even at that moment,
+      from bowing down before him, albeit they knew he was being led forth to
+      death.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      After they had conducted him to the tent of Artapates, the trustiest of
+      Cyrus's wand-bearers, none set eyes upon him ever again, alive or dead. No
+      one, of his own knowledge, could declare the manner of his death; though
+      some conjectured one thing and some another. No tomb to mark his
+      resting-place, either then or since, was ever seen.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0010" id="link2H_4_0010">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      VII
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      From this place Cyrus marched through Babylonia three stages&mdash;twelve
+      parasangs. Now, on the third stage, about midnight, Cyrus held a review of
+      the Hellenes and Asiatics in the plain, expecting that the king would
+      arrive the following day with his army to offer battle. He gave orders to
+      Clearchus to take command of the right wing, and to Menon the Thessalian
+      of the left, while he himself undertook to the disposition of his own
+      forces in person. After the review, with the first approach of day,
+      deserters from the great king arrived, bringing Cyrus information about
+      the royal army. Then Cyrus summoned the generals and captains of the
+      Hellenes, and held a council of war to arrange the plan of battle. He took
+      this opportunity also to address the following words of compliment and
+      encouragement to the meeting: "Men of Hellas," he said, "it is certainly
+      not from dearth of barbarians to fight my battles that I put myself at
+      your head as my allies; but because I hold you to be better and stronger
+      than many barbarians. That is why I took you. See then that you prove
+      yourselves to be men worthy of the liberty which you possess, and which I
+      envy you. Liberty&mdash;it is a thing which, be well assured, I would
+      choose in preference to all my other possessions, multiplied many times.
+      But I would like you to know into what sort of struggle you are going:
+      learn its nature from one who knows. Their numbers are great, and they
+      come on with much noise; but if you can hold out against these two things,
+      I confess I am ashamed to think, what a sorry set of folk you will find
+      the inhabitants of this land to be. But you are men, and brave you must
+      be, being men: it is agreed; then if you wish to return home, any of you,
+      I undertake to send you back, in such sort that your friends at home shall
+      envy you; but I flatter myself I shall persuade many of you to accept what
+      I will offer you here, in lieu of what you left at home."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Here Gaulites, a Samian exile, and a trusty friend of Cyrus, being
+      present, exclaimed: "Ay, Cyrus, but some say you can afford to make large
+      promises now, because you are in the crisis of impending danger; but let
+      matters go well with you, will you recollect? They shake their heads.
+      Indeed, some add that, even if you did recollect, and were ever so
+      willing, you would not be able to make good all your promises, and repay."
+      When Cyrus heard that, he answered: "You forget, sirs, my father's empire
+      stretches southwards to a region where men cannot dwell by reason of the
+      heat, and northwards to a region uninhabitable through cold; but all the
+      intervening space is mapped out in satrapies belonging to my brother's
+      friends: so that if the victory be ours, it will be ours also to put our
+      friends in possession in their room. On the whole my fear is, not that I
+      may not have enough to give to each of my friends, but lest I may not have
+      friends enough on whom to bestow what I have to give, and to each of you
+      Hellenes I will give a crown of gold."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      So they, when they heard these words, were once more elated than ever
+      themselves, and spread the good news among the rest outside. And there
+      came into his presence both the generals and some of the other Hellenes
+      also, claiming to know what they should have in the event of victory; and
+      Cyrus satisfied the expectations of each and all, and so dismissed them.
+      Now the advice and admonition of all who came into conversation with him
+      was, not to enter the battle himself, but to post himself in rear of
+      themselves; and at this season Clearchus put a question to him: "But do
+      you think that your brother will give battle to you, Cyrus?" and Cyrus
+      answered: "Not without a battle, be assured, shall the prize be won; if he
+      be the son of Darius and Parysatis, and a brother of mine."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In the final arming for battle at this juncture, the numbers were as
+      follows: Of Hellenes there were ten thousand four hundred heavy infantry
+      with two thousand five hundred targeteers, while the barbarians with Cyrus
+      reached a total of one hundred thousand. He had too about twenty
+      scythe-chariots. The enemy's forces were reported to number one million
+      two hundred thousand, with two hundred scythe-chariots, besides which he
+      had six thousand cavalry under Artagerses. These formed the immediate
+      vanguard of the king himself. The royal army was marshalled by four
+      generals or field-marshals, each in command of three hundred thousand men.
+      Their names were Abrocomas, Tissaphernes, Gobryas, and Arbaces. (But of
+      this total not more than nine hundred thousand were engaged in the battle,
+      with one hundred and fifty scythe-chariots; since Abrocomas, on his march
+      from Phoenicia, arrived five days too late for the battle.) Such was the
+      information brought to Cyrus by deserters who came in from the king's army
+      before the battle, and it was corroborated after the battle by those of
+      the enemy who were taken prisoners.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      From this place Cyrus advanced one stage&mdash;three parasangs&mdash;with
+      the whole body of his troops, Hellenic and barbarian alike in order of
+      battle. He expected the king to give battle the same day, for in the
+      middle of this day's march a deep sunk trench was reached, thirty feet
+      broad, and eighteen feet deep. The trench was carried inland through the
+      plain, twelve parasang's distance, to the wall of Media (1). (Here are
+      canals, flowing from the river Tigris; they are four in number, each a
+      hundred feet broad, and very deep, with corn ships plying upon them; they
+      empty themselves into the Euphrates, and are at intervals of one parasang
+      apart, and are spanned by bridges.)
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) For "the wall of Media" see Grote, "Hist. of Greece," vol. ix. p.
+    87 and foll. note 1 (1st ed.), and various authorities there
+    quoted or referred to. The next passage enclosed in  () may
+    possibly be a commentator's or editor's note, but, on the whole, I
+    have thought it best to keep the words in the text instead of
+    relegating them, as heretofore, to a note. Perhaps some future
+    traveller may clear up all difficulties.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Between the Euphrates and the trench was a narrow passage, twenty feet
+      only in breadth. The trench itself had been constructed by the great king
+      upon hearing of Cyrus's approach, to serve as a line of defence. Through
+      this narrow passage then Cyrus and his army passed, and found themselves
+      safe inside the trench. So there was no battle to be fought with the king
+      that day; only there were numerous unmistakable traces of horse and
+      infantry in retreat. Here Cyrus summoned Silanus, his Ambraciot
+      soothsayer, and presented him with three thousand darics; because eleven
+      days back, when sacrificing, he had told him that the king would not fight
+      within ten days, and Cyrus had answered: "Well, then, if he does not fight
+      within that time, he will not fight at all; and if your prophecy comes
+      true, I promise you ten talents." So now, that the ten days were passed,
+      he presented him with the above sum.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But as the king had failed to hinder the passage of Cyrus's army at the
+      trench, Cyrus himself and the rest concluded that he must have abandoned
+      the idea of offering battle, so that next day Cyrus advanced with less
+      than his former caution. On the third day he was conducting the march,
+      seated in his carriage, with only a small body of troops drawn up in front
+      of him. The mass of the army was moving on in no kind of order: the
+      soldiers having consigned their heavy arms to be carried in the wagons or
+      on the backs of beasts.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0011" id="link2H_4_0011">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      VIII
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      It was already about full market time (1) and the halting-place at which
+      the army was to take up quarters was nearly reached, when Pategyas, a
+      Persian, a trusty member of Cyrus's personal staff, came galloping up at
+      full speed on his horse, which was bathed in sweat, and to every one he
+      met he shouted in Greek and Persian, as fast as he could ejaculate the
+      words: "The king is advancing with a large army ready for battle." Then
+      ensued a scene of wild confusion. The Hellenes and all alike were
+      expecting to be attacked on the instant, and before they could form their
+      lines. Cyrus sprang from his carriage and donned his corselet; then
+      leaping on to his charger's back, with the javelins firmly clutched, he
+      passed the order to the rest, to arm themselves and fall into their
+      several ranks.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) I.e. between 9 and 10 A.M.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      The orders were carried out with alacrity; the ranks shaped themselves.
+      Clearchus held the right wing resting on the Euphrates, Proxenus was next,
+      and after him the rest, while Menon with his troops held the Hellenic
+      left. Of the Asiatics, a body of Paphlagonian cavalry, one thousand
+      strong, were posted beside Clearchus on the right, and with them stood the
+      Hellenic peltasts. On the left was Ariaeus, Cyrus's second in command, and
+      the rest of the barbarian host. Cyrus was with his bodyguard of cavalry
+      about six hundred strong, all armed with corselets like Cyrus, and
+      cuirasses and helmets; but not so Cyrus: he went into battle with head
+      unhelmeted (2). So too all the horses with Cyrus wore forehead-pieces and
+      breast-pieces, and the troopers carried short Hellenic swords.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (2) The MSS. add, "to expose oneself to the risks of war bareheaded
+    is, it is said, a practice common to the Persians," which I regard
+    as a commentator's note, if not an original marginal note of some
+    early editor, possibly of the author himself. The "Cyropaedeia" is
+    full of such comments, "pieces justificatives" inserted into the
+    text.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      It was now mid-day, and the enemy was not yet in sight; but with the
+      approach of afternoon was seen dust like a white cloud, and after a
+      considerable interval a black pall as it were spread far and high above
+      the plain. As they came nearer, very soon was seen here and there a glint
+      of bronze and spear-points; and the ranks could plainly be distinguished.
+      On the left were troopers wearing white cuirasses. That is Tissaphernes in
+      command, they said, and next to these a body of men bearing
+      wicker-shields, and next again heavy-armed infantry, with long wooden
+      shields reaching to the feet. These were the Egyptians, they said, and
+      then other cavalry, other bowmen; all were in national divisions, each
+      nation marching in densely-crowded squares. And all along their front was
+      a line of chariots at considerable intervals from one another&mdash;the
+      famous scythe-chariots, as they were named&mdash;having their scythes
+      fitted to the axle-trees and stretching out slantwise, while others
+      protruded under the chariot-seats, facing the ground, so as to cut through
+      all they encountered. The design was to let them dash full speed into the
+      ranks of the Hellenes and cut them through.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Curiously enough the anticipation of Cyrus, when at the council of war he
+      admonished the Hellenes not to mind the shouting of the Asiatics, was not
+      justified. Instead of shouting, they came on in deep silence, softly and
+      slowly, with even tread. At this instant, Cyrus, riding past in person,
+      accompanied by Pigres, his interpreter, and three or four others, called
+      aloud to Clearchus to advance against the enemy's centre, for there the
+      king was to be found: "And if we strike home at this point," he added,
+      "our work is finished." Clearchus, though he could see the compact body at
+      the centre, and had been told by Cyrus that the king lay outside the
+      Hellenic left (for, owing to numerical superiority, the king, while
+      holding his own centre, could well overlap Cyrus's extreme left), still
+      hesitated to draw off his right wing from the river, for fear of being
+      turned on both flanks; and he simply replied, assuring Cyrus that he would
+      take care all went well.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      At this time the barbarian army was evenly advancing, and the Hellenic
+      division was still riveted to the spot, completing its formation as the
+      various contingents came up. Cyrus, riding past at some distance from the
+      lines, glanced his eye first in one direction and then in the other, so as
+      to take a complete survey of friends and foes; when Xenophon the Athenian,
+      seeing him, rode up from the Hellenic quarter to meet him, asking him
+      whether he had any orders to give. Cyrus, pulling up his horse, begged him
+      to make the announcement generally known that the omens from the victims,
+      internal and external alike, were good (3). While he was still speaking,
+      he heard a confused murmur passing through the ranks, and asked what it
+      meant. The other replied that it was the watchword being passed down for
+      the second time. Cyrus wondered who had given the order, and asked what
+      the watchword was. On being told it was "Zeus our Saviour and Victory," he
+      replied, "I accept it; so let it be," and with that remark rode away to
+      his own position. And now the two battle lines were no more than three or
+      four furlongs apart, when the Hellenes began chanting the paean, and at
+      the same time advanced against the enemy.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (3) I.e. the omens from inspecting the innards of the victims, and the
+    omens from the acts and movements of the victims.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      But with the forward movement a certain portion of the line curved onwards
+      in advance, with wave-like sinuosity, and the portion left behind
+      quickened to a run; and simultaneously a thrilling cry burst from all
+      lips, like that in honour of the war-god&mdash;eleleu! eleleu! and the
+      running became general. Some say they clashed their shields and spears,
+      thereby causing terror to the horses (4); and before they had got within
+      arrowshot the barbarians swerved and took to flight. And now the Hellenes
+      gave chase with might and main, checked only by shouts to one another not
+      to race, but to keep their ranks. The enemy's chariots, reft of their
+      charioteers, swept onwards, some through the enemy themselves, others past
+      the Hellenes. They, as they saw them coming, opened a gap and let them
+      pass. One fellow, like some dumbfoundered mortal on a racecourse, was
+      caught by the heels, but even he, they said, received no hurt, nor indeed,
+      with the single exception of some one on the left wing who was said to
+      have been wounded by an arrow, did any Hellene in this battle suffer a
+      single hurt.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (4) Some critics regard this sentence as an editor's or commentator's
+    note.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Cyrus, seeing the Hellene's conquering, as far as they at any rate were
+      concerned, and in hot pursuit, was well content; but in spite of his joy
+      and the salutations offered him at that moment by those about him, as
+      though he were already king, he was not led away to join in the pursuit,
+      but keeping his squadron of six hundred horsemen in cloe order, waited and
+      watched to see what the king himself would do. The king, he knew, held the
+      centre of the Persian army. Indeed it is the fashion for the Asiatic
+      monarch to occupy that position during action, for this twofold reason: he
+      holds the safest place, with his troops on either side of him, while, if
+      he has occasion to despatch any necessary rider along the lines, his
+      troops will receive the message in half the time. The king accordingly on
+      this occasion held the centre of his army, but for all that, he was
+      outside Cyrus's left wing; and seeing that no one offered him battle in
+      front, nor yet the troops in front of him, he wheeled as if to encircle
+      the enemy. It was then that Cyrus, in apprehension lest the king might get
+      round to the rear and cut to pieces the Hellenic body, charged to meet
+      him. Attacking with his six hundred, he mastered the line of troops in
+      front of the king, and put to flight the six thousand, cutting down, as is
+      said, with his own hand their general, Artagerses.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But as soon as the rout commenced, Cyrus's own six hundred themselves, in
+      the ardour of pursuit, were scattered, with the exception of a handful who
+      were left with Cyrus himself&mdash;chiefly his table companions,
+      so-called. Left alone with these, he caught sight of the king, and the
+      close throng about him. Unable longer to contain himself, with a cry, "I
+      see the man," he rushed at him and dealt a blow at his chest, wounding him
+      through the corselet. This, according to the statement of Ctesias the
+      surgeon (5), who further states that he himself healed the wound. As Cyrus
+      delivered the blow, some one struck him with a javelin under the eye
+      severely; and in the struggle which then ensued between the king and Cyrus
+      and those about them to protect one or other, we have the statement of
+      Ctesias as to the number slain on the king's side, for he was by his side.
+      On the other, Cyrus himself fell, and eight of his bravest companions lay
+      on the top of him. The story says that Artapes, the trustiest among his
+      wand-wearers, when he saw that Cyrus had fallen to the ground, leapt from
+      his horse and threw his arms about him. Then, as one account says, the
+      king bade one slay him as a worthy victim to his brother: others say that
+      Artapates drew his scimitar and slew himself by his own hand. A golden
+      scimitar it is true, he had; he wore also a collar and bracelets and the
+      other ornaments such as the noblest Persians wear; for his kindliness and
+      fidelity had won him honours at the hands of Cyrus.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (5) "Ctesias, the son of Ctesiochus, was a physician of Cnidos.
+    Seventeen years of his life were passed at the court of Persia,
+    fourteen in the service of Darios, three in that of Artaxerxes; he
+    returned to Greece in 398 B.C.," and "was employed by Artaxerxes
+    in diplomatic services." See Mure; also Ch. Muller, for his life
+    and works. He wrote (1) a history on Persian affairs in three
+    parts&mdash;Assyrian, Median, Persian&mdash;with a chapter "On Tributes;"
+    (2) a history of Indian affairs (written in the vein of Sir John
+    Maundeville, Kt.); (3) a Periplus; (4) a treatise on Mountains;
+    (5) a treatise on Rivers.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0012" id="link2H_4_0012">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      IX
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      So died Cyrus; a man the kingliest (1) and most worthy to rule of all the
+      Persians who have lived since the elder Cyrus: according to the concurrent
+      testimony of all who are reputed to have known him intimately. To begin
+      from the beginning, when still a boy, and whilst being brought up with his
+      brother and the other lads, his unrivalled excellence was recognised. For
+      the sons of the noblest Persians, it must be known, are brought up, one
+      and all, at the king's portals. Here lessons of sobriety and self-control
+      may largely be laid to heart, while there is nothing base or ugly for eye
+      or ear to feed upon. There is the daily spectacle ever before the boys of
+      some receiving honour from the king, and again of others receiving
+      dishonour; and the tale of all this is in their ears, so that from
+      earliest boyhood they learn how to rule and to be ruled.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) The character now to be drawn is afterwards elaborated into the
+    Cyrus of the Cyropaedeia.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      In this courtly training Cyrus earned a double reputation; first he was
+      held to be a paragon of modesty among his fellows, rendering an obedience
+      to his elders which exceeded that of many of his own inferiors; and next
+      he bore away the palm for skill in horsemanship and for love of the animal
+      itself. Nor less in matters of war, in the use of the bow and the javelin,
+      was he held by men in general to be at once the aptest of learners and the
+      most eager practiser. As soon as his age permitted, the same pre-eminence
+      showed itself in his fondness for the chase, not without a certain
+      appetite for perilous adventure in facing the wild beasts themselves. Once
+      a bear made a furious rush at him (2), and without wincing he grappled
+      with her, and was pulled from his horse, receiving wounds the scars of
+      which were visible through life; but in the end he slew the creature, nor
+      did he forget him who first came to his aid, but made him enviable in the
+      eyes of many.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (2) The elder Cyrus, when a boy, kills not a bear but a boar.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      After he had been sent down by his father to be satrap of Lydia and Great
+      Phrygia and Cappadocia, and had been appointed general of the forces,
+      whose business it is to muster in the plain of the Castolus, nothing was
+      more noticeable in his conduct than the importance which he attached to
+      the faithful fulfilment of every treaty or compact or undertaking entered
+      into with others. He would tell no lies to any one. Thus doubtless it was
+      that he won the confidence alike of individuals and of the communities
+      entrusted to his care; or in case of hostility, a treaty made with Cyrus
+      was a guarantee sufficient to the combatant that he would suffer nothing
+      contrary to its terms. Therefore, in the war with Tissaphernes, all the
+      states of their own accord chose Cyrus in lieu of Tissaphernes, except
+      only the men of Miletus, and these were only alienated through fear of
+      him, because he refused to abandon their exiled citizens; and his deeds
+      and words bore emphatic witness to his principle: even if they were
+      weakened in number or in fortune, he would never abandon those who had
+      once become his friends.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      He made no secret of his endeavour to outdo his friends and his foes alike
+      in reciprocity of conduct. The prayer has been attributed to him, "God
+      grant I may live along enough to recompense my friends and requite my foes
+      with a strong arm." However this may be, no one, at least in our days,
+      ever drew together so ardent a following of friends, eager to lay at his
+      feet their money, their cities, their own lives and persons; nor is it to
+      be inferred from this that he suffered the malefactor and the wrongdoer to
+      laugh him to scorn; on the contrary, these he punished most unflinchingly.
+      It was no rare sight to see on the well-trodden highways, men who had
+      forfeited hand or foot or eye; the result being that throughout the
+      satrapy of Cyrus any one, Hellene or barbarian, provided he were innocent,
+      might fearlessly travel wherever he pleased, and take with him whatever he
+      felt disposed. However, as all allowed, it was for the brave in war that
+      he reserved especial honour. To take the first instance to hand, he had a
+      war with the Pisidians and Mysians. Being himself at the head of an
+      expedition into those territories, he could observe those who voluntarily
+      encountered risks; these he made rulers of the territory which he
+      subjected, and afterwards honoured them with other gifts. So that, if the
+      good and brave were set on a pinnacle of fortune, cowards were recognised
+      as their natural slaves; and so it befell that Cyrus never had lack of
+      volunteers in any service of danger, whenever it was expected that his eye
+      would be upon them.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      So again, wherever he might discover any one ready to distinguish himself
+      in the service of uprightness, his delight was to make this man richer
+      than those who seek for gain by unfair means. On the same principle, his
+      own administration was in all respects uprightly conducted, and, in
+      particular, he secured the services of an army worthy of the name.
+      Generals, and subalterns alike, came to him from across the seas, not
+      merely to make money, but because they saw that loyalty to Cyrus was a
+      more profitable investment than so many pounds a month. Let any man
+      whatsoever render him willing service, such enthusiasm was sure to win its
+      reward. And so Cyrus could always command the service of the best
+      assistants, it was said, whatever the work might be.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Or if he saw any skilful and just steward who furnished well the country
+      over which he ruled, and created revenues, so far from robbing him at any
+      time, to him who had, he delighted to give more. So that toil was a
+      pleasure, and gains were amassed with confidence, and least of all from
+      Cyrus would a man conceal the amount of his possessions, seeing that he
+      showed no jealousy of wealth openly avowed, but his endeavour was rather
+      to turn to account the riches of those who kept them secret. Towards the
+      friends he had made, whose kindliness he knew, or whose fitness as
+      fellow-workers with himself, in aught which he might wish to carry out, he
+      had tested, he showed himself in turn an adept in the arts of courtesy.
+      Just in proportion as he felt the need of this friend or that to help him,
+      so he tried to help each of them in return in whatever seemed to be their
+      heart's desire.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Many were the gifts bestowed on him, for many and diverse reasons; no one
+      man, perhaps, ever received more; no one, certainly, was ever more ready
+      to bestow them upon others, with an eye ever to the taste of each, so as
+      to gratify what he saw to be the individual requirement. Many of these
+      presents were sent to him to serve as personal adornments of the body or
+      for battle; and as touching these he would say, "How am I to deck myself
+      out in all these? to my mind a man's chief ornament is the adornment of
+      nobly-adorned friends." Indeed, that he should triumph over his friends in
+      the great matters of welldoing is not surprising, seeing that he was much
+      more powerful than they, but that he should go beyond them in minute
+      attentions, and in an eager desire to give pleasure, seems to me, I must
+      confess, more admirable. Frequently when he had tasted some specially
+      excellent wine, he would send the half remaining flagon to some friend
+      with a message to say: "Cyrus says, this is the best wine he has tasted
+      for a long time, that is his excuse for sending it to you. He hopes you
+      will drink it up to-day with a choice party of friends." Or, perhaps, he
+      would send the remainder of a dish of geese, half loaves of bread, and so
+      forth, the bearer being instructed to say: "This is Cyrus's favourite
+      dish, he hopes you will taste it yourself." Or, perhaps, there was a great
+      dearth of provender, when, through the number of his servants and his own
+      careful forethought, he was enabled to get supplies for himself; at such
+      times he would send to his friends in different parts, bidding them feed
+      their horses on his hay, since it would not do for the horses that carried
+      his friends to go starving. Then, on any long march or expedition, where
+      the crowd of lookers-on would be large, he would call his friends to him
+      and entertain them with serious talk, as much as to say, "These I delight
+      to honour."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      So that, for myself, and from all that I can hear, I should be disposed to
+      say that no one, Greek or barbarian, was ever so beloved. In proof of
+      this, I may cite the fact that, though Cyrus was the king's vassal and
+      slave, no one ever forsook him to join his master, if I may except the
+      attempt of Orontas, which was abortive. That man, indeed, had to learn
+      that Cyrus was closer to the heart of him on whose fidelity he relied than
+      he himself was. On the other hand, many a man revolted from the king to
+      Cyrus, after they went to war with one another; nor were these nobodies,
+      but rather persons high in the king's affection; yet for all that, they
+      believed that their virtues would obtain a reward more adequate from Cyrus
+      than from the king. Another great proof at once of his own worth and of
+      his capacity rightly to discern all loyal, loving and firm friendship is
+      afforded by an incident which belongs to the last moment of his life. He
+      was slain, but fighting for his life beside him fell also every one of his
+      faithful bodyguard of friends and table-companions, with the sole
+      exception of Ariaeus, who was in command of the cavalry on the left, and
+      he no sooner perceived the fall of Cyrus than he betook himself to flight,
+      with the whole body of troops under his lead.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0013" id="link2H_4_0013">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      X
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      Then the head of Cyrus and his right hand were severed from the body. But
+      the king and those about him pursued and fell upon the Cyreian camp, and
+      the troops of Ariaeus no longer stood their ground, but fled through their
+      own camp back to the halting-place of the night before&mdash;a distance of
+      four parasangs, it was said. So the king and those with him fell to
+      ravaging right and left, and amongst other spoil he captured the Phocaean
+      woman, who was a concubine of Cyrus, witty and beautiful, if fame speaks
+      correctly. The Milesian, who was the younger, was also seized by some of
+      the king's men; but, letting go her outer garment, she made good her
+      escape to the Hellenes, who had been left among the camp followers on
+      guard. These fell at once into line and put to the sword many of the
+      pillagers, though they lost some men themselves; they stuck to the place
+      and succeeded in saving not only that lady, but all else, whether chattels
+      or human beings, which lay within their reach.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      At this point the king and the Hellenes were something like three miles
+      apart; the one set were pursuing their opponents just as if their conquest
+      had been general; the others were pillaging as merrily as if their victory
+      were already universal. But when the Hellenes learnt that the king and his
+      troops were in the baggage camp; and the king, on his side, was informed
+      by Tissaphernes that the Hellenes were victorious in their quarter of the
+      field, and had gone forward in pursuit, the effect was instantaneous. The
+      king massed his troops and formed into line. Clearchus summoned Proxenus,
+      who was next him, and debated whether to send a detachment or to go in a
+      body to the camp to save it.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Meanwhile the king was seen again advancing, as it seemed, from the rear;
+      and the Hellenes, turning right about, prepared to receive his attack then
+      and there. But instead of advancing upon them at that point, he drew off,
+      following the line by which he had passed earlier in the day, outside the
+      left wing of his opponent, and so picked up in his passage those who had
+      deserted to the Hellenes during the battle, as also Tissaphernes and his
+      division. The latter had not fled in the first shock of the encounter; he
+      had charged parallel to the line of the Euphrates into the Greek peltasts,
+      and through them. But charge as he might, he did not lay low a single man.
+      On the contrary, the Hellenes made a gap to let them through, hacking them
+      with their swords and hurling their javelins as they passed. Episthenes of
+      Amphipolis was in command of the peltasts, and he showed himself a
+      sensible man, it was said. Thus it was that Tissaphernes, having got
+      through haphazard, with rather the worst of it, failed to wheel round and
+      return the way he came, but reaching the camp of the Hellenes, there fell
+      in with the king; and falling into order again, the two divisions advanced
+      side by side.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      When they were parallel with the (original) left wing of the Hellenes,
+      fear seized the latter lest they might take them in flank and enfold them
+      on both sides and cut them down. In this apprehension they determined to
+      extend their line and place the river on their rear. But while they
+      deliberated, the king passed by and ranged his troops in line to meet
+      them, in exactly the same position in which he had advanced to offer
+      battle at the commencement of the engagement. The Hellenes, now seeing
+      them in close proximity and in battle order, once again raised the paean
+      and began the attack with still greater enthusiasm than before: and once
+      again the barbarians did not wait to receive them, but took to flight,
+      even at a greater distance than before. The Hellenes pressed the pursuit
+      until they reached a certain village, where they halted, for above the
+      village rose a mound, on which the king and his party rallied and
+      reformed; they had no infantry any longer, but the crest was crowded with
+      cavalry, so that it was impossible to discover what was happening. They
+      did see, they said, the royal standard, a kind of golden eagle, with wings
+      extended, perched on a bar of wood and raised upon a lance.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But as soon as the Hellenes again moved onwards, the hostile cavalry at
+      once left the hillock&mdash;not in a body any longer, but in fragments&mdash;some
+      streaming from one side, some from another; and the crest was gradually
+      stripped of its occupants, till at last the company was gone. Accordingly,
+      Clearchus did not ascend the crest, but posting his army at its base, he
+      sent Lycius of Syracuse and another to the summit, with orders to inspect
+      the condition of things on the other side, and to report results. Lycius
+      galloped up and investigated, bringing back news that they were fleeing
+      might and main. Almost at that instant the sun sank beneath the horizon.
+      There the Hellenes halted; they grounded arms and rested, marvelling the
+      while that Cyrus was not anywhere to be seen, and that no messenger had
+      come from him. For they were in complete ignorance of his death, and
+      conjectured that either he had gone off in pursuit, or had pushed forward
+      to occupy some point. Left to themselves, they now deliberated, whether
+      they should stay where they were and have the baggage train brought up, or
+      should return to camp. They resolved to return, and about supper time
+      reached the tents. Such was the conclusion of this day.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      They found the larger portion of their property pillaged, eatables and
+      drinkables alike, not excepting the wagons laden with corn and wine, which
+      Cyrus had prepared in case of some extreme need overtaking the expedition,
+      to divide among the Hellenes. There were four hundred of these wagons, it
+      was said, and these had now been ransacked by the king and his men; so
+      that the greater number of the Hellenes went supperless, having already
+      gone without their breakfasts, since the king had appeared before the
+      usual halt for breakfast. Accordingly, in no better plight than this they
+      passed the night.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0014" id="link2H_4_0014">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      BOOK II
+    </h2>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+     (In the previous book will be found a full account of the
+     method by which Cyrus collected a body of Greeks when
+     meditating an expedition against his brother Artaxerxes; as
+     also of various occurrences on the march up; of the battle
+     itself, and of the death of Cyrus; and lastly, a description
+     of the arrival of the Hellenes in camp after the battle, and
+     as to how they betook themselves to rest, none suspecting
+     but what they were altogether victorious and that Cyrus
+     lived.)
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0015" id="link2H_4_0015">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      I
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      With the break of day the generals met, and were surprised that Cyrus
+      should not have appeared himself, or at any rate have sent some one to
+      tell them what to do. Accordingly, they resolved to put what they had
+      together, to get under arms, and to push forward until they effected
+      junction with Cyrus. Just as they were on the point of starting, with the
+      rising sun came Procles the ruler of Teuthrania. He was a descendant of
+      Damaratus (1) the Laconian, and with him also came Glus the son of Tamos.
+      These two told them, first, that Cyrus was dead; next, that Ariaeus had
+      retreated with the rest of the barbarians to the halting-place whence they
+      had started at dawn on the previous day; and wished to inform them that,
+      if they were minded to come, he would wait for this one day, but on the
+      morrow he should return home again to Ionia, whence he came.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) The Spartan king who was deposed in B.C. 491, whereupon he fled to
+    King Darius, and settled in south-western Mysia. See Herod. vi.
+    50, 61-70. We shall hear more of his descendant, Procles, the
+    ruler of Teuthrania, in the last chapter of this work.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      When they heard these tidings, the generals were sorely distressed; so too
+      were the rest of the Hellenes when they were informed of it. Then
+      Clearchus spoke as follows: "Would that Cyrus were yet alive! But since he
+      is dead, take back this answer to Ariaeus, that we, at any rate, have
+      conquered the king; and, as you yourselves may see, there is not a man
+      left in the field to meet us. Indeed, had you not arrived, we should ere
+      this have begun our march upon the king. Now, we can promise to Ariaeus
+      that, if he will join us here, we will place him on the king's throne.
+      Surely to those who conquer empire pertains." With these words he sent
+      back the messengers and with them he sent Cheirisophus the Laconian, and
+      Menon the Thessalian. That was what Menon himself wished, being, as he
+      was, a friend and intimate of Ariaeus, and bound by mutual ties of
+      hospitality. So these set off, and Clearchus waited for them.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The soldiers furnished themselves with food (and drink) as best they might&mdash;falling
+      back on the baggage animals, and cutting up oxen and asses. There was no
+      lack of firewood; they need only step forward a few paces from the line
+      where the battle was fought, and they would find arrows to hand in
+      abundance, which the Hellenes had forced the deserters from the king to
+      throw away. There were arrows and wicker shields also, and the huge wooden
+      shields of the Egyptians. There were many targets also, and empty wagons
+      left to be carried off. Here was a store which they were not slow to make
+      use of to cook their meat and serve their meals that day.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      It was now about full market hour (2) when heralds from the king and
+      Tissaphernes arrived. These were barbarians with one exception. This was a
+      certain Phalinus, a Hellene who lived at the court of Tissaphernes, and
+      was held in high esteem. He gave himself out to be a connoisseur of
+      tactics and the art of fighting with heavy arms. These were the men who
+      now came up, and having summoned the generals of the Hellenes, they
+      delivered themselves of the following message: "The great king having won
+      the victory and slain Cyrus, bids the Hellenes to surrender their arms; to
+      betake themselves to the gates of the king's palace, and there obtain for
+      themselves what terms they can." That was what the heralds said, and the
+      Hellenes listened with heavy hearts; but Clearchus spoke, and his words
+      were few; "Conquerors do not, as a rule, give up their arms"; then turning
+      to the others he added, "I leave it to you, my fellow-generals, to make
+      the best and noblest answer, that ye may, to these gentlemen. I will
+      rejoin you presently." At the moment an official had summoned him to come
+      and look at the entrails which had been taken out, for, as it chanced, he
+      was engaged in sacrificing. As soon as he was gone, Cleanor the Arcadian,
+      by right of seniority, answered: "They would sooner die than give up their
+      arms." Then Proxenus the Theban said: "For my part, I marvel if the king
+      demands our arms as our master, or for the sake of friendship merely, as
+      presents. If as our master, why need he ask for them rather than come and
+      take them? But if he would fain wheedle us out of them by fine speeches,
+      he should tell us what the soldiers will receive in turn for such
+      kindness." In answer to him Phalinus said: "The king claims to have
+      conquered, because he has put Cyrus to death; and who is there now to
+      claim the kingdom as against himself? He further flatters himself that you
+      also are in his power, since he holds you in the heart of his country,
+      hemmed in by impassable rivers; and he can at any moment bring against you
+      a multitude so vast that even if leave were given to rise and slay you
+      could not kill them." After him Theopompus (3) the Athenian spoke.
+      "Phalinus," he said, "at this instant, as you yourself can see, we have
+      nothing left but our arms and our valour. If we keep the former we imagine
+      we can make use of the latter; but if we deliver up our arms we shall
+      presently be robbed of our lives. Do not suppose then that we are going to
+      give up to you the only good things which we possess. We prefer to keep
+      them; and by their help we will do battle with you for the good things
+      which are yours." Phalinus laughed when he heard those words, and said:
+      "Spoken like a philosopher, my fine young man, and very pretty reasoning
+      too; yet, let me tell you, your wits are somewhat scattered if you imagine
+      that your valour will get the better of the king's power." There were one
+      or two others, it was said, who with a touch of weakness in their tone or
+      argument, made answer: "They had proved good and trusty friends to Cyrus,
+      and the king might find them no less valuable. If he liked to be friends
+      with them, he might turn them to any use that pleased his fancy, say for a
+      campaign against Egypt. Their arms were at his service; they would help to
+      lay that country at his feet."
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (2) 10 A.M.
+
+ (3) So the best MSS. Others read "Xenophon," which Kruger maintains to
+    be the true reading. He suggests that "Theopompus" may have crept
+    into the text from a marginal note of a scholiast, "Theopompus"
+    (the historian) "gives the remark to Proxenus."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Just then Clearchus returned, and wished to know what answer they had
+      given. The words were barely out of his mouth before Phalinus
+      interrupting, answered: "As for your friends here, one says one thing and
+      one another; will you please give us your opinion"; and he replied: "The
+      sight of you, Phalinus, caused me much pleasure; and not only me, but all
+      of us, I feel sure; for you are a Hellene even as we are&mdash;every one
+      of us whom you see before you. In our present plight we would like to take
+      you into our counsel as to what we had better do touching your proposals.
+      I beg you then solemnly, in the sight of heaven&mdash;do you tender us
+      such advice as you shall deem best and worthiest, and such as shall bring
+      you honour of after time, when it will be said of you how once on a time
+      Phalinus was sent by the great king to bid certain Hellenes yield up their
+      arms, and when they had taken him into their counsel, he gave them such
+      and such advice. You know that whatever advice you do give us cannot fail
+      to be reported in Hellas."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Clearchus threw out these leading remarks in hopes that this man, who was
+      the ambassador from the king, might himself be led to advise them not to
+      give up their arms, in which case the Hellenes would be still more
+      sanguine and hopeful. But, contrary to his expectation, Phalinus turned
+      round and said: "I say that if you have one chance, one hope in ten
+      thousand to wage a war with the king successfully, do not give up your
+      arms. That is my advice. If, however, you have no chance of escape without
+      the king's consent, then I say save yourselves in the only way you can."
+      And Clearchus answered: "So, then, that is your deliberate view? Well,
+      this is our answer, take it back. We conceive that in either case, whether
+      we are expected to be friends with the king, we shall be worth more as
+      friends if we keep our arms than if we yield them to another; or whether
+      we are to go to war, we shall fight better with them than without." And
+      Phalinus said: "That answer we will repeat; but the king bade me tell you
+      this besides, 'Whilst you remain here there is truce; but one step forward
+      or one step back, the truce ends; there is war.' Will you then please
+      inform us as to that point also? Are you minded to stop and keep truce, or
+      is there to be war? What answer shall I take from you?" And Clearchus
+      replied: "Pray answer that we hold precisely the same views on this point
+      as the king."&mdash;"How say you the same views?" asked Phalinus.
+      Clearchus made answer: "As long as we stay here there is truce, but a step
+      forward or a step backward, the truce ends; there is war." The other again
+      asked: "Peace or war, what answer shall I make?" Clearchus returned answer
+      once again in the same words: "Truce if we stop, but if we move forwards
+      or backwards war." But what he was minded really to do, that he refused to
+      make further manifest.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0016" id="link2H_4_0016">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      II
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      Phalinus and those that were with him turned and went. But the messengers
+      from Ariaeus, Procles and Cheirisophus came back. As to Menon, he stayed
+      behind with Ariaeus, They brought back this answer from Ariaeus: "'There
+      are many Persians,' he says, 'better than himself who will not suffer him
+      to sit upon the king's throne; but if you are minded to go back with him,
+      you must join him this very night, otherwise he will set off himself
+      to-morrow on the homeward route.'" And Clearchus said: "It had best stand
+      thus between us then. If we come, well and good, be it as you propose; but
+      if we do not come, do whatsoever you think most conducive to your
+      interests." And so he kept these also in the dark as to his real
+      intention.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      After this, when the sun was already sinking, he summoned the generals and
+      officers, and made the following statement: "Sirs, I sacrificed and found
+      the victims unfavourable to an advance against the king. After all, it is
+      not so surprising perhaps, for, as I now learn, between us and the king
+      flows the river Tigris, navigable for big vessels, and we could not
+      possibly cross it without boats, and boats we have none. On the other
+      hand, to stop here is out of the question, for there is no possibility of
+      getting provisions. However, the victims were quite agreeable to us
+      joining the friends of Cyrus. This is what we must do then. Let each go
+      away and sup on whatever he has. At the first sound of the bugle to turn
+      in, get kit and baggage together; at the second signal, place them on the
+      baggage animals; and at the third, fall in and follow the lead, with the
+      baggage animals on the inside protected by the river, and the troops
+      outside." After hearing the orders, the generals and officers retired, and
+      did as they were bid; and for the future Clearchus led, and the rest
+      followed in obedience to his orders, not that they had expressly chosen
+      him, but they saw that he alone had the sense and wisdom requisite in a
+      general, while the rest were inexperienced (1).
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) The MSS. add the words, "The total distance of the route, taking
+    Ephesus in Ionia as the starting point up to the field of battle,
+    consisted of 93 stages, 535 parasangs, or 16,050 furlongs; from
+    the battle-field to Babylon (reckoned a three days' journey) would
+    have been another 360 stades," which may well be an editor's or
+    commentator's marginal note.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Here, under cover of the darkness which descended, the Thracian
+      Miltocythes, with forty horsemen and three hundred Thracian infantry,
+      deserted to the king; but the rest of the troops&mdash;Clearchus leading
+      and the rest following in accordance with the orders promulgated&mdash;took
+      their departure, and about midnight reached their first stage, having come
+      up with Ariaeus and his army. They grounded arms just as they stood in
+      rank, and the generals and officers of the Hellenes met in the tent of
+      Ariaeus. There they exchanged oaths&mdash;the Hellenes on the one side and
+      Ariaeus with his principal officers on the other&mdash;not to betray one
+      another, but to be true to each other as allies. The Asiatics further
+      solemnly pledged themselves by oath to lead the way without treachery. The
+      oaths were ratified by the sacrifice of a bull, a wolf (2), a boar, and a
+      ram over a shield. The Hellenes dipped a sword, the barbarians a lance,
+      into the blood of the victims.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (2) It is a question whether the words "a wolf" ought not to be
+    omitted.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      As soon as the pledge was taken, Clearchus spoke: "And now, Ariaeus," he
+      said, "since you and we have one expedition in prospect, will you tell us
+      what you think about the route; shall we return the way we came, or have
+      you devised a better?" He answered: "To return the same way is to perish
+      to a man by hunger; for at this moment we have no provisions whatsoever.
+      During the seventeen last stages, even on our way hither, we could extract
+      nothing from the country; or, if there was now and again anything, we
+      passed over and utterly consumed it. At this time our project is to take
+      another and a longer journey certainly, but we shall not be in straits for
+      provisions. The earliest stages must be very long, as long as we can make
+      them; the object is to put as large a space as possible between us and the
+      royal army; once we are two or three days' journey off, the danger is
+      over. The king will never overtake us. With a small army he will not dare
+      to dog our heels, and with a vast equipment he will lack the power to
+      march quickly. Perhaps he, too, may even find a scarcity of provisions.
+      There," said he, "you asked for my opinion, see, I have given it."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Here was a plan of the campaign, which was equivalent to a stampede:
+      helter-skelter they were to run away, or get into hiding somehow; but
+      fortune proved a better general. For as soon as it was day they
+      recommenced the journey, keeping the sun on their right, and calculating
+      that with the westering rays they would have reached villages in the
+      territory of Babylonia, and in this hope they were not deceived. While it
+      was yet afternoon, they thought they caught sight of some of the enemy's
+      cavalry; and those of the Hellenes who were not in rank ran to their
+      ranks; and Ariaeus, who was riding in a wagon to nurse a wound, got down
+      and donned his cuirass, the rest of his party following his example.
+      Whilst they were arming themselves, the scouts, who had been sent forward,
+      came back with the information that they were not cavalry but baggage
+      animals grazing. It was at once clear to all that they must be somewhere
+      in the neighbourhood of the king's encampment. Smoke could actually be
+      seen rising, evidently from villages not far ahead. Clearchus hesitated to
+      advance upon the enemy, knowing that the troops were tired and hungry; and
+      indeed it was already late. On the other hand he had no mind either to
+      swerve from his route&mdash;guarding against any appearance of flight.
+      Accordingly he marched straight as an arrow, and with sunset entered the
+      nearest villages with his vanguard and took up quarters.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      These villages had been thoroughly sacked and dismantled by the royal army&mdash;down
+      to the very woodwork and furniture of the houses. Still, the vanguard
+      contrived to take up their quarters in some sort of fashion; but the rear
+      division, coming up in the dark, had to bivouac as best they could, one
+      detachment after another; and a great noise they made, with hue and cry to
+      one another, so that the enemy could hear them; and those in their
+      immediate proximity actually took to their heels, left their quarters, and
+      decamped, as was plain enough next morning, when not a beast was to be
+      seen, nor sign of camp or wreath of smoke anywhere in the neighbourhood.
+      The king, as it would appear, was himself quite taken aback by the advent
+      of the army; as he fully showed by his proceedings next day.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      During the progress of this night the Hellenes had their turn of scare&mdash;a
+      panic seized them, and there was a noise and clatter, hardly to be
+      explained except by the visitation of some sudden terror. But Clearchus
+      had with him the Eleian Tolmides, the best herald of his time; him he
+      ordered to proclaim silence, and then to give out this proclamation of the
+      generals: "Whoever will give any information as to who let an ass into the
+      camp shall receive a talent of silver in reward." On hearing this
+      proclamation the soldiers made up their minds that their fear was
+      baseless, and their generals safe and sound. At break of day Clearchus
+      gave the order to the Hellenes to get under arms in line of battle, and
+      take up exactly the same position as they held on the day of the battle.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0017" id="link2H_4_0017">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      III
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      And now comes the proof of what I stated above&mdash;that the king was
+      utterly taken aback by the sudden apparition of the army; only the day
+      before, he had sent and demanded the surrender of their arms&mdash;and
+      now, with the rising sun, came heralds sent by him to arrange a truce.
+      These, having reached the advanced guard, asked for the generals. The
+      guard reported their arrival; and Clearchus, who was busy inspecting the
+      ranks, sent back word to the heralds that they must await his leisure.
+      Having carefully arranged the troops so that from every side they might
+      present the appearance of a compact battle line without a single unarmed
+      man in sight, he summoned the ambassadors, and himself went forward to
+      meet them with the soldiers, who for choice accoutrement and noble aspect
+      were the flower of his force; a course which he had invited the other
+      generals also to adopt.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      And now, being face to face with the ambassadors, he questioned them as to
+      what their wishes were. They replied that they had come to arrange a
+      truce, and were persons competent to carry proposals from the king to the
+      Hellenes and from the Hellenes to the king. He returned answer to them:
+      "Take back word then to your master, that we need a battle first, for we
+      have had no breakfast; and he will be a brave man who will dare mention
+      the word 'truce' to Hellenes without providing them with breakfast." With
+      this message the heralds rode off, but were back again in no time, which
+      was a proof that the king, or some one appointed by him to transact the
+      business, was hard by. They reported that "the message seemed reasonable
+      to the king; they had now come bringing guides who, if a truce were
+      arranged, would conduct them where they would get provisions." Clearchus
+      inquired "whether the truce was offered to the individual men merely as
+      they went and came, or to all alike." "To all," they replied, "until the
+      king receives your final answer." When they had so spoken, Clearchus,
+      having removed the ambassadors, held a council; and it was resolved to
+      make a truce at once, and then quietly to go and secure provisions; and
+      Clearchus said: "I agree to the resolution; still I do not propose to
+      announce it at once, but to wile away time till the ambassadors begin to
+      fear that we have decided against the truce; though I suspect," he added,
+      "the same fear will be operative on the minds of our soldiers also." As
+      soon as the right moment seemed to have arrived, he delivered his answer
+      in favour of the truce, and bade the ambassadors at once conduct them to
+      the provisions.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      So these led the way; and Clearchus, without relaxing precaution, in spite
+      of having secured a truce, marched after them with his army in line and
+      himself in command of the rearguard. Over and over again they encountered
+      trenches and conduits so full of water that they could not be crossed
+      without bridges; but they contrived well enough for these by means of
+      trunks of palm trees which had fallen, or which they cut down for the
+      occasion. And here Clearchus's system of superintendence was a study in
+      itself; as he stood with a spear in his left hand and a stick in the
+      other; and when it seemed to him there was any dawdling among the parties
+      told off to the work, he would pick out the right man and down would come
+      the stick; nor, at the same time, was he above plunging into the mud and
+      lending a hand himself, so that every one else was forced for very shame
+      to display equal alacrity. The men told off for the business were the men
+      of thirty years of age; but even the elder men, when they saw the energy
+      of Clearchus, could not resist lending their aid also. What stimulated the
+      haste of Clearchus was the suspicion in his mind that these trenches were
+      not, as a rule, so full of water, since it was not the season to irrigate
+      the plain; and he fancied that the king had let the water on for the
+      express purpose of vividly presenting to the Hellenes the many dangers
+      with which their march was threatened at the very start.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Proceeding on their way they reached some villages, where their guides
+      indicated to them that they would find provisions. They were found to
+      contain plenty of corn, and wine made from palm dates, and an acidulated
+      beverage extracted by boiling from the same fruit. As to the palm nuts or
+      dates themselves, it was noticeable that the sort which we are accustomed
+      to see in Hellas were set aside for the domestic servants; those put aside
+      for the masters are picked specimens, and are simply marvellous for their
+      beauty and size, looking like great golden lumps of amber; some specimens
+      they dried and preserved as sweetmeats. Sweet enough they were as an
+      accompaniment of wine, but apt to give headache. Here, too, for the first
+      time in their lives, the men tasted the brain (1) of the palm. No one
+      could help being struck by the beauty of this object, and the peculiarity
+      of its delicious flavour; but this, like the dried fruits, was exceedingly
+      apt to give headache. When this cabbage or brain has been removed from the
+      palm the whole tree withers from top to bottom.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) I.e. the cabbage-like crown.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      In these villages they remained three days, and a deputation from the
+      great king arrived&mdash;Tissaphernes and the king's brother-in-law and
+      three other Persians&mdash;with a retinue of many slaves. As soon as the
+      generals of the Hellenes had presented themselves, Tissaphernes opened the
+      proceedings with the following speech, through the lips of an interpreter:
+      "Men of Hellas, I am your next-door neighbour in Hellas. Therefore was it
+      that I, when I saw into what a sea of troubles you were fallen, regarded
+      it as a godsend, if by any means I might obtain, as a boon from the king,
+      the privilege of bringing you back in safety to your own country: and
+      that, I take it, will earn me gratitude from you and all Hellas. In this
+      determination I preferred my request to the king; I claimed it as a favour
+      which was fairly my due; for was it not I who first announced to him the
+      hostile approach of Cyrus? who supported that announcement by the aid I
+      brought; who alone among the officers confronted with the Hellenes in
+      battle did not flee, but charged right through and united my troops with
+      the king inside your camp, where he was arrived, having slain Cyrus; it
+      was I, lastly, who gave chase to the barbarians under Cyrus, with the help
+      of those here present with me at this moment, which are also among the
+      trustiest followers of our lord the king. Now, I counsel you to give a
+      moderate answer, so that it may be easier for me to carry out my design,
+      if haply I may obtain from him some good thing on your behalf."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Thereupon the Hellenes retired and took counsel. Then they answered, and
+      Clearchus was their spokesman: "We neither mustered as a body to make war
+      against the king, nor was our march conducted with that object. But it was
+      Cyrus, as you know, who invented many and divers pretexts, that he might
+      take you off your guard, and transport us hither. Yet, after a while, when
+      we saw that he was in sore straits, we were ashamed in the sight of God
+      and man to betray him, whom we had permitted for so long a season to
+      benefit us. But now that Cyrus is dead, we set up no claim to his kingdom
+      against the king himself; there is neither person nor thing for the sake
+      of which we would care to injure the king's country; we would not choose
+      to kill him if we could, rather we would march straight home, if we were
+      not molested; but, God helping us, we will retaliate on all who injure us.
+      On the other hand, if any be found to benefit us, we do not mean to be
+      outdone in kindly deeds, as far as in us lies."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      So he spoke, and Tissaphernes listened and replied: "That answer will I
+      take back to the king and bring you word from him again. Until I come
+      again, let the truce continue, and we will furnish you with a market." All
+      next day he did not come back, and the Hellenes were troubled with
+      anxieties, but on the third day he arrived with the news that he had
+      obtained from the king the boon he asked; he was permitted to save the
+      Hellenes, though there were many gainsayers who argued that it was not
+      seemly for the king to let those who had marched against him depart in
+      peace. And at last he said: "You may now, if you like, take pledges from
+      us, that we will make the countries through which you pass friendly to
+      you, and will lead you back without treachery into Hellas, and will
+      furnish you with a market; and wherever you cannot purchase, we will
+      permit you to take provisions from the district. You, on your side, must
+      swear that you will march as through a friendly country, without damage&mdash;merely
+      taking food and drink wherever we fail to supply a market&mdash;or, if we
+      afford a market, you shall only obtain provisions by paying for them."
+      This was agreed to, and oaths and pledges exchanged between them&mdash;Tissaphernes
+      and the king's brother-in-law upon the one side, and the generals and
+      officers of the Hellenes on the other. After this Tissaphernes said: "And
+      now I go back to the king; as soon as I have transacted what I have a mind
+      to, I will come back, ready equipped, to lead you away to Hellas, and to
+      return myself to my own dominion."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0018" id="link2H_4_0018">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      IV
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      After these things the Hellenes and Ariaeus waited for Tissaphernes, being
+      encamped close to one another: for more than twenty days they waited,
+      during which time there came visitors to Ariaeus, his brother and other
+      kinsfolk. To those under him came certain other Persians, encouraging them
+      and bearing pledges to some of them from the king himself&mdash;that he
+      would bear no grudge against them on account of the part they bore in the
+      expedition against him with Cyrus, or for aught else of the things which
+      were past. Whilst these overtures were being made, Ariaeus and his friends
+      gave manifest signs of paying less attention to the Hellenes, so much so
+      that, if for no other reason, the majority of the latter were not well
+      pleased, and they came to Clearchus and the other generals, asking what
+      they were waiting for. "Do we not know full well," they said, "that the
+      king would give a great deal to destroy us, so that other Hellenes may
+      take warning and think twice before they march against the king. To-day it
+      suits his purpose to induce us to stop here, because his army is
+      scattered; but as soon as he has got together another armament, attack us
+      most certainly he will. How do we know he is not at this moment digging
+      away at trenches, or running up walls, to make our path impassable. It is
+      not to be supposed that he will desire us to return to Hellas with a tale
+      how a handful of men like ourselves beat the king at his own gates,
+      laughed him to scorn, and then came home again." Clearchus replied: "I too
+      am keenly aware of all this; but I reason thus: if we turn our backs now,
+      they will say, we mean war and are acting contrary to the truce, and then
+      what follows? First of all, no one will furnish us with a market or means
+      of providing ourselves with food. Next, we shall have no one to guide us;
+      moreover, such action on our part will be a signal to Ariaeus to hold
+      aloof from us, so that not a friend will be left to us; even those who
+      were formerly our friends will now be numbered with our enemies. What
+      other river, or rivers, we may find we have to cross, I do not know; but
+      this we know, to cross the Euphrates in face of resistance is impossible.
+      You see, in the event of being driven to an engagement, we have no cavalry
+      to help us, but with the enemy it is the reverse&mdash;not only the most,
+      but the best of his troops are cavalry, so that if we are victorious, we
+      shall kill no one, but if we are defeated, not a man of us can escape. For
+      my part, I cannot see why the king, who has so many advantages on his
+      side, if he desires to destroy us, should swear oaths and tender solemn
+      pledges merely in order to perjure himself in the sight of heaven, to
+      render his word worthless and his credit discreditable the wide world
+      over." These arguments he propounded at length.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Meanwhile Tissaphernes came back, apparently ready to return home; he had
+      his own force with him, and so had Orontas, who was also present, his. The
+      latter brought, moreover, his bride with him, the king's daughter, whom he
+      had just wedded. The journey was now at length fairly commenced.
+      Tissaphernes led the way, and provided a market. They advanced, and
+      Ariaeus advanced too, at the head of Cyrus's Asiatic troops, side by side
+      with Tissaphernes and Orontas, and with these two he also pitched his
+      camp. The Hellenes, holding them in suspicion, marched separately with the
+      guides, and they encamped on each occasion a parasang apart, or rather
+      less; and both parties kept watch upon each other as if they were enemies,
+      which hardly tended to lull suspicion; and sometimes, whilst foraging for
+      wood and grass and so forth on the same ground, blows were exchanged,
+      which occasioned further embitterments. Three stages they had accomplished
+      ere they reached the wall of Media, as it is called, and passed within it.
+      It was built of baked bricks laid upon bitumen. It was twenty feet broad
+      and a hundred feet high, and the length of it was said to be twenty
+      parasangs. It lies at no great distance from Babylon.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      From this point they marched two stages&mdash;eight parasangs&mdash;and
+      crossed two canals, the first by a regular bridge, the other spanned by a
+      bridge of seven boats. These canals issued from the Tigris, and from them
+      a whole system of minor trenches was cut, leading over the country, large
+      ones to begin with, and then smaller and smaller, till at last they become
+      the merest runnels, like those in Hellas used for watering millet fields.
+      They reached the river Tigris. At this point there was a large and thickly
+      populated city named Sittace, at a distance of fifteen furlongs from the
+      river. The Hellenes accordingly encamped by the side of that city, near a
+      large and beautiful park, which was thick with all sorts of trees.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The Asiatics had crossed the Tigris, but somehow were entirely hidden from
+      view. After supper, Proxenus and Xenophon were walking in front of the
+      place d'armes, when a man came up and demanded of the advanced guard where
+      he could find Proxenus or Clearchus. He did not ask for Menon, and that
+      too though he came from Ariaeus, who was Menon's friend. As soon as
+      Proxenus had said: "I am he, whom you seek," the man replied: "I have been
+      sent by Ariaeus and Artaozus, who have been trusty friends to Cyrus in
+      past days, and are your well-wishers. They warn you to be on your guard,
+      in case the barbarians attack you in the night. There is a large body of
+      troops in the neighbouring park. They also warn you to send and occupy the
+      bridge over the Tigris, since Tissaphernes is minded to break it down in
+      the night, if he can, so that you may not cross, but be caught between the
+      river and the canal." On hearing this they took the man to Clearchus and
+      acquainted him with his statement. Clearchus, on his side, was much
+      disturbed, and indeed alarmed at the news. But a young fellow who was
+      present (1), struck with an idea, suggested that the two statements were
+      inconsistent; as to the contemplated attack and the proposed destruction
+      of the bridge. Clearly, the attacking party must either conquer or be
+      worsted: if they conquer, what need of their breaking down the bridge?
+      "Why! if there were half a dozen bridges," said he, "we should not be any
+      the more able to save ourselves by flight&mdash;there would be no place to
+      flee to; but, in the opposite case, suppose we win, with the bridge broken
+      down, it is they who will not be able to save themselves by flight; and,
+      what is worse for them, not a single soul will be able to bring them
+      succour from the other side, for all their numbers, since the bridge will
+      be broken down."
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) Possibly Xenophon himself.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Clearchus listened to the reasoning, and then he asked the messenger, "How
+      large the country between the Tigris and the canal might be?" "A large
+      district," he replied, "and in it are villages and cities numerous and
+      large." Then it dawned upon them: the barbarians had sent the man with
+      subtlety, in fear lest the Hellenes should cut the bridge and occupy the
+      island territory, with the strong defences of the Tigris on the one side
+      and of the canal on the other; supplying themselves with provisions from
+      the country so included, large and rich as it was, with no lack of hands
+      to till it; in addition to which, a harbour of refuge and asylum would be
+      found for any one, who was minded to do the king a mischief.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      After this they retired to rest in peace, not, however, neglecting to send
+      a guard to occupy the bridge in spite of all, and there was no attack from
+      any quarter whatsoever; nor did any of the enemy's people approach the
+      bridges: so the guards were able to report next morning. But as soon as it
+      was morning, they proceeded to cross the bridge, which consisted of
+      thirty-seven vessels, and in so doing they used the utmost precaution
+      possible; for reports were brought by some of the Hellenes with
+      Tissaphernes that an attempt was to be made to attack them while crossing.
+      All this turned out to be false, though it is true that while crossing
+      they did catch sight of Glus watching, with some others, to see if they
+      crossed the river; but as soon as he had satisfied himself on that point,
+      he rode off and was gone.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      From the river Tigris they advanced four stages&mdash;twenty parasangs&mdash;to
+      the river Physcus, which is a hundred feet broad and spanned by a bridge.
+      Here lay a large and populous city named Opis, close to which the Hellenes
+      were encountered by the natural brother of Cyrus and Artaxerxes, who was
+      leading a large army from Susa and Ecbatana to assist the king. He halted
+      his troops and watched the Helleens march past. Clearchus led them in
+      column two abreast: and from time to time the vanguard came to a
+      standstill, just so often and just so long the effect repeated itself down
+      to the hindmost man: halt! halt! halt! along the whole line: so that even
+      to the Hellenes themselves their army seemed enormous; and the Persian was
+      fairly astonished at the spectacle.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      From this place they marched through Media six desert stages&mdash;thirty
+      parasangs&mdash;to the villages of Parysatis, Cyrus's and the king's
+      mother. These Tissaphernes, in mockery of Cyrus, delivered over to the
+      Hellenes to plunder, except that the folk in them were not to be made
+      slaves. They contained much corn, cattle, and other property. From this
+      place they advanced four desert stages&mdash;twenty parasangs&mdash;keeping
+      the Tigris on the left. On the first of these stages, on the other side of
+      the river, lay a large city; it was a well-to-do place named Caenae, from
+      which the natives used to carry across loaves and cheeses and wine on
+      rafts made of skins.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0019" id="link2H_4_0019">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      V
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      After this they reached the river Zapatas (1), which is four hundred feet
+      broad, and here they halted three days. During the interval suspicions
+      were rife, though no act of treachery displayed itself. Clearchus
+      accordingly resolved to bring to an end these feelings of mistrust, before
+      they led to war. Consequently, he sent a messenger to the Persian to say
+      that he desired an interview with him; to which the other readily
+      consented. As soon as they were met, Clearchus spoke as follows:
+      "Tissaphernes," he said, "I do not forget that oaths have been exchanged
+      between us, and right hands shaken, in token that we will abstain from
+      mutual injury; but I can see that you watch us narrowly, as if we were
+      foes; and we, seeing this, watch you narrowly in return. But as I fail to
+      discover, after investigation, that you are endeavouring to do us a
+      mischief&mdash;and I am quite sure that nothing of the sort has ever
+      entered our heads with regard to you&mdash;the best plan seemed to me to
+      come and talk the matter over with you, so that, if possible, we might
+      dispel the mutual distrust on either side. For I have known people ere
+      now, the victims in some cases of calumny, or possibly of mere suspicion,
+      who in apprehension of one another and eager to deal the first blow, have
+      committed irreparable wrong against those who neither intended nor so much
+      as harboured a thought of mischief against them. I have come to you under
+      a conviction that such misunderstandings may best be put a stop to by
+      personal intercourse, and I wish to instruct you plainly that you are
+      wrong in mistrusting us. The first and weightiest reason is that the
+      oaths, which we took in the sight of heaven, are a barrier to mutual
+      hostility. I envy not the man whose conscience tells him that he has
+      disregarded these! For in a war with heaven, by what swiftness of foot can
+      a man escape?&mdash;in what quarter find refuge?&mdash;in what darkness
+      slink away and be hid?&mdash;to what strong fortress scale and be out of
+      reach? Are not all things in all ways subject to the gods? is not their
+      lordship over all alike outspread? As touching the gods, therefore, and
+      our oaths, that is how I view this matter. To their safe keeping we
+      consigned the friendship which we solemnly contracted. But turning to
+      matters human, you I look upon as our greatest blessing in this present
+      time. With you every path is plain to us, every river passable, and of
+      provisions we shall know no stint. But without you, all our way is through
+      darkness; for we known nothing concerning it, every river will be an
+      obstacle, each multitude a terror; but, worst terror of all, the vast
+      wilderness, so full of endless perplexity. Nay, if in a fit of madness we
+      murdered you, what then? in slaying our benefactor should we not have
+      challenged to enter the lists against us a more formidable antagonist in
+      the king himself? Let me tell you, how many high hopes I should rob myself
+      of, were I to take in hand to do you mischief.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) The Greater Zab, which flows into the Tigris near a town now
+    called Senn, with which most travellers identify Caenae.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      "I coveted the friendship of Cyrus; I believed him to be abler than any
+      man of his day to benefit those whom he chose; but to-day I look and,
+      behold, it is you who are in his place; the power which belonged to Cyrus
+      and his territory are yours now. You have them, and your own satrapy
+      besides, safe and sound; while the king's power, which was a thorn in the
+      side of Cyrus, is your support. This being so, it would be madness not to
+      wish to be your friend. But I will go further and state to you the reasons
+      of my confidence, that you on your side will desire our friendship. I know
+      that the Mysians are a cause of trouble to you, and I flatter myself that
+      with my present force I could render them humbly obedient to you. This
+      applies to the Pisidians also; and I am told there are many other such
+      tribes besides. I think I can deal with them all; they shall cease from
+      being a constant disturbance to your peace and prosperity. Then there are
+      the Egyptians (2). I know your anger against them to-day is very great.
+      Nor can I see what better force you will find to help you in chastising
+      them than this which marches at my back to-day. Again, if you seek the
+      friendship of any of your neighbours round, there shall be no friend so
+      great as you; if any one annoys you, with us as your faithful servitors
+      you shall belord it over him; and such service we will render you, not as
+      hirelings merely for pay's sake, but for the gratitude which we shall
+      rightly feel to you, to whom we owe our lives. As I dwell on these
+      matters, I confess, the idea of your feeling mistrust of us is so
+      astonishing, that I would give much to discover the name of the man, who
+      is so clever of speech that he can persuade you that we harbour designs
+      against you." Clearchus ended, and Tissaphernes responded thus&mdash;
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (2) We learn from Diodorus Siculus, xiv. 35, that the Egyptians had
+    revolted from the Persians towards the end of the reign of Darius.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      "I am glad, Clearchus, to listen to your sensible remarks; for with the
+      sentiments you hold, if you were to devise any mischief against me, it
+      could only be out of malevolence to yourself. But if you imagine that you,
+      on your side, have any better reason to mistrust the king and me, than we
+      you, listen to me in turn, and I will undeceive you. I ask you, does it
+      seem to you that we lack the means, if we had the will, to destroy you?
+      have we not horsemen enough, or infantry, or whatever other arm you like,
+      whereby we may be able to injure you, without risk of suffering in return?
+      or, possibly, do we seem to you to lack the physical surroundings suitable
+      for attacking you? Do you not see all these great plains, which you find
+      it hard enough to traverse even when they are friendly? and all yonder
+      great mountain chains left for you to cross, which we can at any time
+      occupy in advance and render impassable? and all those rivers, on whose
+      banks we can deal craftily by you, checking and controlling and choosing
+      the right number of you whom we care to fight! Nay, there are some which
+      you will not be able to cross at all, unless we transport you to the other
+      side.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "And if at all these points we were worsted, yet 'fire,' as they say, 'is
+      stronger than the fruit of the field': we can burn it down and call up
+      famine in arms against you; against which you, for all your bravery, will
+      never be able to contend. Why then, with all these avenues of attack, this
+      machinery of war, open to us, not one of which can be turned against
+      ourselves, why should we select from among them all that method, which
+      alone in the sight of God is impious and of man abominable? Surely it
+      belongs to people altogether without resources, who are helplessly
+      struggling in the toils of fate, and are villains to boot, to seek
+      accomplishment of their desires by perjury to heaven and faithlessness to
+      their fellows. We are not so unreasoning, Clearchus, nor so foolish.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Why, when we had it in our power to destroy you, did we not proceed to do
+      it? Know well that the cause of this was nothing less than my passion to
+      prove myself faithful to the Hellenes, and that, as Cyrus went up, relying
+      on a foreign force attracted by payment, I in turn might go down strong in
+      the same through service rendered. Various ways in which you Hellenes may
+      be useful to me you yourself have mentioned, but there is one still
+      greater. It is the great king's privilege alone to wear the tiara upright
+      upon his head, yet in your presence it may be given to another mortal to
+      wear it upright, here, upon his heart."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Throughout this speech he seemed to Clearchus to be speaking the truth,
+      and he rejoined: "Then are not those worthy of the worst penalties who, in
+      spite of all that exists to cement our friendship, endeavour by slander to
+      make us enemies?" "Even so," replied Tissaphernes, "and if your generals
+      and captains care to come in some open and public way, I will name to you
+      those who tell me that you are plotting against me and the army under me."
+      "Good," replied Clearchus. "I will bring all, and I will show you, on my
+      side, the source from which I derive my information concerning you."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      After this conversation Tissaphernes, with kindliest expression, invited
+      Clearchus to remain with him at the time, and entertained him at dinner.
+      Next day Clearchus returned to the camp, and made no secret of his
+      persuasion that he at any rate stood high in the affections of
+      Tissaphernes, and he reported what he had said, insisting that those
+      invited ought to go to Tissaphernes, and that any Hellene convicted of
+      calumnious language ought to be punished, not only as traitors themselves,
+      but as disaffected to their fellow-countrymen. The slanderer and traducer
+      was Menon; so, at any rate, he suspected, because he knew that he had had
+      meetings with Tissaphernes whilst he was with Ariaeus, and was factiously
+      opposed to himself, plotting how to win over the whole army to him, as a
+      means of winning the good graces of Tissaphernes. But Clearchus wanted the
+      entire army to give its mind to no one else, and that refractory people
+      should be put out of the way. Some of the soldiers protested: the captains
+      and generals had better not all go; it was better not to put too much
+      confidence in Tissaphernes. But Clearchus insisted so strongly that
+      finally it was arranged for five generals to go and twenty captains. These
+      were accompanied by about two hundred of the other soldiers, who took the
+      opportunity of marketing.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      On arrival at the doors of Tissaphernes's quarters the generals were
+      summoned inside. They were Proxenus the Boeotian, Menon the Thessalian,
+      Agias the Arcadian, Clearchus the Laconian, and Socrates the Achaean;
+      while the captains remained at the doors. Not long after that, at one and
+      the same signal, those within were seized and those without cut down;
+      after which some of the barbarian horsemen galloped over the plain,
+      killing every Hellene they encountered, bond or free. The Hellenes, as
+      they looked from the camp, viewed that strange horsemanship with surprise,
+      and could not explain to themselves what it all meant, until Nicarchus the
+      Arcadian came tearing along for bare life with a wound in the belly, and
+      clutching his protruding entrails in his hands. He told them all that had
+      happened. Instantly the Hellenes ran to their arms, one and all, in utter
+      consternation, and fully expecting that the enemy would instantly be down
+      upon the camp. However, they did not all come; only Ariaeus came, and
+      Artaozus and Mithridates, who were Cyrus's most faithful friends; but the
+      interpreter of the Hellenes said he saw and recognised the brother of
+      Tissaphernes also with them. They had at their back other Persians also,
+      armed with cuirasses, as many as three hundred. As soon as they were
+      within a short distance, they bade any general or captain of the Hellenes
+      who might be there to approach and hear a message from the king. After
+      this, two Hellene generals went out with all precaution. These were
+      Cleanor the Orchomenian (3), and Sophaenetus the Stymphalion, attended by
+      Xenophon the Athenian, who went to learn news of Proxenus. Cheirisophus
+      was at the time away in a village with a party gathering provisions. As
+      soon as they had halted within earshot, Ariaeus said: "Hellenes, Clearchus
+      being shown to have committed perjury and to have broken the truce, has
+      suffered the penalty, and he is dead; but Proxenus and Menon, in return
+      for having given information of his treachery, are in high esteem and
+      honour. As to yourselves, the king demands your arms. He claims them as
+      his, since they belonged to Cyrus, who was his slave." To this the
+      Hellenes made answer by the mouth of Cleanor of Orchomenus, their
+      spokesman, who said, addressing Ariaeus: "Thou villain, Ariaeus, and you
+      the rest of you, who were Cyrus's friends, have you no shame before God or
+      man, first to swear to us that you have the same friends and the same
+      enemies as we ourselves, and then to turn and betray us, making common
+      cause with Tissaphernes, that most impious and villainous of men? With him
+      you have murdered the very men to whom you gave your solemn word and oath,
+      and to the rest of us turned traitors; and, having so done, you join hand
+      with our enemies to come against us." Ariaeus answered: "There is no doubt
+      but that Clearchus has been known for some time to harbour designs against
+      Tissaphernes and Orontas, and all of us who side with them." Taking up
+      this assertion, Xenophon said: "Well, then, granting that Clearchus broke
+      the truce contrary to our oaths, he has his deserts, for perjurers deserve
+      to perish; but where are Proxenus and Menon, our generals and your good
+      friends and benefactors, as you admit? Send them back to us. Surely, just
+      because they are friends of both parites, they will try to give us the
+      best advice for you and for us."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      At this, the Asiatics stood discussing with one another for a long while,
+      and then they went away without vouchsafing a word.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0020" id="link2H_4_0020">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      VI
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      The generals who were thus seized were taken up to the king and there
+      decapitated. The first of these, Clearchus, was a thorough soldier, and a
+      true lover of fighting. This is the testimony of all who knew him
+      intimately. As long as the war between the Lacedaemonians and Athenians
+      lasted, he could find occupation at home; but after the peace, he
+      persuaded his own city that the Thracians were injuring the Hellenes, and
+      having secured his object, set sail, empowered by the ephorate to make war
+      upon the Thracians north of the Chersonese and Perinthus. But he had no
+      sooner fairly started than, for some reason or other, the ephors changed
+      their minds, and endeavoured to bring him back again from the isthmus.
+      Thereupon he refused further obedience, and went off with sails set for
+      the Hellespont. In consequence he was condemned to death by the Spartan
+      authorities for disobedience to orders; and now, finding himself an exile,
+      he came to Cyrus. Working on the feelings of that prince, in language
+      described elsewhere, he received from his entertainer a present of ten
+      thousand darics. Having got this money, he did not sink into a life of
+      ease and indolence, but collected an army with it, carried on war against
+      the Thracians, and conquered them in battle, and from that date onwards
+      harried and plundered them with war incessantly, until Cyrus wanted his
+      army; whereupon he at once went off, in hopes of finding another sphere of
+      warfare in his company.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      These, I take it, were the characteristic acts of a man whose affections
+      are set on warfare. When it is open to him to enjoy peace with honour, no
+      shame, no injury attached, still he prefers war; when he may live at home
+      at ease, he insists on toil, if only it may end in fighting; when it is
+      given to him to keep his riches without risk, he would rather lessen his
+      fortune by the pastime of battle. To put it briefly, war was his mistress;
+      just as another man will spend his fortune on a favourite, or to gratify
+      some pleasure, so he chose to squander his substance on soldiering.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But if the life of a soldier was a passion with him, he was none the less
+      a soldier born, as herein appears; danger was a delight to him; he courted
+      it, attacking the enemy by night or by day; and in difficulties he did not
+      lose his head, as all who ever served in a campaign with him would with
+      one consent allow. A good solder! the question arises, Was he equally good
+      as a commander? It must be admitted that, as far as was compatible with
+      his quality of temper, he was; none more so. Capable to a singular degree
+      of devising how his army was to get supplies, and of actually getting
+      them, he was also capable of impressing upon those about him that
+      Clearchus must be obeyed; and that he brought about by the very hardness
+      of his nature. With a scowling expression and a harshly-grating voice, he
+      chastised with severity, and at times with such fury, that he was sorry
+      afterwards himself for what he had done. Yet it was not without purpose
+      that he applied the whip; he had a theory that there was no good to be got
+      out of an unchastened army. A saying of his is recorded to the effect that
+      the soldier who is to mount guard and keep his hands off his friends, and
+      be ready to dash without a moment's hesitation against the foe&mdash;must
+      fear his commander more than the enemy. Accordingly, in any strait, this
+      was the man whom the soldiers were eager to obey, and they would have no
+      other in his place. The cloud which lay upon his brow, at those times lit
+      up with brightness; his face became radiant, and the old sternness was so
+      charged with vigour and knitted strength to meet the foe, that it savoured
+      of salvation, not of cruelty. But when the pinch of danger was past, and
+      it was open to them to go and taste subordination under some other
+      officer, many forsook him. So lacking in grace of manner was he; but was
+      ever harsh and savage, so that the feeling of the soldiers towards him was
+      that of schoolboys to a master. In other words, though it was not his good
+      fortune ever to have followers inspired solely by friendship or goodwill,
+      yet those who found themselves under him, either by State appointment or
+      through want, or other arch necessity, yielded him implicit obedience.
+      From the moment that he led them to victory, the elements which went to
+      make his soldiers efficient were numerous enough. There was the feeling of
+      confidence in facing the foe, which never left them, and there was the
+      dread of punishment at his hands to keep them orderly. In this way and to
+      this extent he knew how to rule; but to play a subordinate part himself he
+      had no great taste; so, at any rate, it was said. At the time of his death
+      he must have been about fifty years of age.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Proxenus, the Boeotian, was of a different temperament. It had been the
+      dream of his boyhood to become a man capable of great achievements. In
+      obedience to this passionate desire it was, that he paid his fee to
+      Gorgias of Leontini (1). After enojoying that teacher's society, he
+      flattered himself that he must be at once qualified to rule; and while he
+      was on friendly terms with the leaders of the age, he was not to be
+      outdone in reciprocity of service (2). In this mood he threw himself into
+      the projects of Cyrus, and in return expected to derive from this essay
+      the reward of a great name, large power, and wide wealth. But for all that
+      he pitched his hopes so high, it was none the less evident that he would
+      refuse to gain any of the ends he set before him wrongfully. Righteously
+      and honourably he would obtain them, if he might, or else forego them. As
+      a commander he had the art of leading gentlemen, but he failed to inspire
+      adequately either respect for himself or fear in the soldiers under him.
+      Indeed, he showed a more delicate regard for his soldiers than his
+      subordinates for him, and he was indisputably more apprehensive of
+      incurring their hatred than they were of losing their fidelity. The one
+      thing needful to real and recognised generalship was, he thought, to
+      praise the virtuous and to withhold praise from the evildoer. It can be
+      easily understood, then, that of those who were brought in contact with
+      him, the good and noble indeed were his well-wishers; but he laid himself
+      open to the machinations of the base, who looked upon him as a person to
+      be dealt with as they liked. At the time of his death he was only thirty
+      years of age.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) The famous rhetorician of Leontini, 485-380 B.C. His fee was 1
+    minae.
+
+ (2) Proxenus, like Cyrus, is to some extent a prototype of the Cyrus
+    of the "Cyropaedia." In other words, the author, in delineating
+    the portrait of his ideal prince, drew from the recollection of
+    many princely qualities observed by him in the characters of many
+    friends. Apart from the intrinsic charm of the story, the
+    "Anabasis" is interesting as containing the raw material of
+    experience and reflection which "this young scholar or
+    philosopher," our friend, the author, will one day turn to
+    literary account.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      As to Menon the Thessalian (3), the mainspring of his action was obvious;
+      what he sought after insatiably was wealth. Rule he sought after only as a
+      stepping-stone to larger spoils. Honours and high estate he craved for
+      simply that he might extend the area of his gains; and if he studied to be
+      on friendly terms with the powerful, it was in order that he might commit
+      wrong with impunity. The shortest road to the achievement of his desires
+      lay, he thought, through false swearing, lying, and cheating; for in his
+      vocabulary simplicity and truth were synonyms of folly. Natural affection
+      he clearly entertained for nobody. If he called a man his friend it might
+      be looked upon as certain that he was bent on ensnaring him. Laughter at
+      an enemy he considered out of place, but his whole conversation turned
+      upon the ridicule of his associates. In like manner, the possessions of
+      his foes were secure from his designs, since it was no easy task, he
+      thought, to steal from people on their guard; but it was his particular
+      good fortune to have discovered how easy it is to rob a friend in the
+      midst of his security. If it were a perjured person or a wrongdoer, he
+      dreaded him as well armed and intrenched; but the honourable and the
+      truth-loving he tried to practise on, regarding them as weaklings devoid
+      of manhood. And as other men pride themselves on piety and truth and
+      righteousness, so Menon prided himself on a capacity for fraud, on the
+      fabrication of lies, on the mockery and scorn of friends. The man who was
+      not a rogue he ever looked upon as only half educated. Did he aspire to
+      the first place in another man's friendship, he set about his object by
+      slandering those who stood nearest to him in affection. He contrived to
+      secure the obedience of his solders by making himself an accomplice in
+      their misdeeds, and the fluency with which he vaunted his own capacity and
+      readiness for enormous guilt was a sufficient title to be honoured and
+      courted by them. Or if any one stood aloof from him, he set it down as a
+      meritorious act of kindness on his part that during their intercourse he
+      had not robbed him of existence.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (3) For a less repulsive conception of Menon's character, however
+    unhistorical, see Plato's "Meno," and Prof. Jowlett's
+    Introduction, "Plato," vol. i. p. 265: "He is a Thessalian
+    Alcibiades, rich and luxurious&mdash;a spoilt child of fortune."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      As to certain obscure charges brought against his character, these may
+      certainly be fabrications. I confine myself to the following facts, which
+      are known to all. He was in the bloom of youth when he procured from
+      Aristippus the command of his mercenaries; he had not yet lost that bloom
+      when he became exceedingly intimate with Ariaeus, a barbarian, whose
+      liking for fair young men was the explanation; and before he had grown a
+      beard himself, he had contracted a similar relationship with a bearded
+      favourite named Tharypas. When his fellow-generals were put to death on
+      the plea that they had marched with Cyrus against the king, he alone,
+      although he had shared their conduct, was exempted from their fate. But
+      after their deaths the vengeance of the king fell upon him, and he was put
+      to death, not like Clearchus and the others by what would appear to be the
+      speediest of deaths&mdash;decapitation&mdash;but, as report says, he lived
+      for a year in pain and disgrace and died the death of a felon.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Agias the Arcadian and Socrates the Achaean were both among the sufferers
+      who were put to death. To the credit, be it said, of both, no one ever
+      derided either as cowardly in war: no one ever had a fault to find with
+      either on the score of friendship. They were both about thirty-five years
+      of age.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0021" id="link2H_4_0021">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      BOOK III
+    </h2>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (In the preceding pages of the narrative will be found a full
+account, not only of the doings of the Hellenes during the
+advance of Cyrus till the date of the battle, but of the
+incidents which befell them after Cyrus' death at the
+commencement of the retreat, while in company with
+Tissaphernes during the truce.)
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0022" id="link2H_4_0022">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      I
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      After the generals had been seized, and the captains and soldiers who
+      formed their escort had been killed, the Hellenes lay in deep perplexity&mdash;a
+      prey to painful reflections. Here were they at the king's gates, and on
+      every side environing them were many hostile cities and tribes of men. Who
+      was there now to furnish them with a market? Separated from Hellas by more
+      than a thousand miles, they had not even a guide to point the way.
+      Impassable rivers lay athwart their homeward route, and hemmed them in.
+      Betrayed even by the Asiatics, at whose side they had marched with Cyrus
+      to the attack, they were left in isolation. Without a single mounted
+      trooper to aid them in pursuit: was it not perfectly plain that if they
+      won a battle, their enemies would escape to a man, but if they were beaten
+      themselves, not one soul of them would survive?
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Haunted by such thoughts, and with hearts full of despair, but few of them
+      tasted food that evening; but few of them kindled even a fire, and many
+      never came into camp at all that night, but took their rest where each
+      chanced to be. They could not close their eyes for very pain and yearning
+      after their fatherlands or their parents, the wife or child whom they
+      never expected to look upon again. Such was the plight in which each and
+      all tried to seek repose.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Now there was in that host a certain man, an Athenian (1), Xenophon, who
+      had accompanied Cyrus, neither as a general, nor as an officer, nor yet as
+      a private soldier, but simply on the invitation of an old friend,
+      Proxenus. This old friend had sent to fetch him from home, promising, if
+      he would come, to introduce him to Cyrus, "whom," said Proxenus, "I
+      consider to be worth my fatherland and more to me."
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) The reader should turn to Grote's comments on the first appearance
+    of Xenophon. He has been mentioned before, of course, more than
+    once before; but he now steps, as the protagonist, upon the scene,
+    and as Grote says: "It is in true Homeric vein, and in something
+    like Homeric language, that Xenophon (to whom we owe the whole
+    narrative of the expedition) describes his dream, or the
+    intervention of Oneiros, sent by Zeus, from which this renovating
+    impulse took its rise."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Xenophon having read the letter, consulted Socrates the Athenian, whether
+      he should accept or refuse the invitation. Socrates, who had a suspicion
+      that the State of Athens might in some way look askance at my friendship
+      with Cyrus, whose zealous co-operation with the Lacedaemonians against
+      Athens in the war was not forgotten, advised Xenophon to go to Delphi and
+      there to consult the god as to the desirability of such a journey.
+      Xenophon went and put the question to Apollo, to which of the gods he must
+      pray and do sacrifice, so that he might best accomplish his intended
+      journey and return in safety, with good fortune. Then Apollo answered him:
+      "To such and such gods must thou do sacrifice," and when he had returned
+      home he reported to Socrates the oracle. But he, when he heard, blamed
+      Xenophon that he had not, in the first instance, inquired of the god,
+      whether it were better for him to go or to stay, but had taken on himself
+      to settle that point affirmatively, by inquiring straightway, how he might
+      best perform the journey. "Since, however," continued Socrates, "you did
+      so put the question, you should do what the god enjoined." Thus, and
+      without further ado, Xenophon offered sacrifice to those whom the god had
+      named, and set sail on his voyage. He overtook Proxenus and Cyrus at
+      Sardis, when they were just ready to start on the march up country, and
+      was at once introduced to Cyrus. Proxenus eagerly pressed him to stop&mdash;a
+      request which Cyrus with like ardour supported, adding that as soon as the
+      campaign was over he would send him home. The campaign referred to was
+      understood to be against the Pisidians. That is how Xenophon came to join
+      the expedition, deceived indeed, though not by Proxenus, who was equally
+      in the dark with the rest of the Hellenes, not counting Clearchus, as to
+      the intended attack upon the king. Then, though the majority were in
+      apprehension of the journey, which was not at all to their minds, yet, for
+      very shame of one another and Cyrus, they continued to follow him, and
+      with the rest went Xenophon.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      And now in this season of perplexity, he too, with the rest, was in sore
+      distress, and could not sleep; but anon, getting a snatch of sleep, he had
+      a dream. It seemed to him in a vision that there was a storm of thunder
+      and lightning, and a bolt fell on his father's house, and thereupon the
+      house was all in a blaze. He sprung up in terror, and pondering the
+      matter, decided that in part the dream was good: in that he had seen a
+      great light from Zeus, whilst in the midst of toil and danger. But partly
+      too he feared it, for evidently it had come from Zeus the king. And the
+      fire kindled all around&mdash;what could that mean but that he was hemmed
+      in by various perplexities, and so could not escape from the country of
+      the king? The full meaning, however, is to be discovered from what
+      happened after the dream.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      This is what took place. As soon as he was fully awake, the first clear
+      thought which came into his head was, Why am I lying here? The night
+      advances; with the day, it is like enough, the enemy will be upon us. If
+      we are to fall into the hands of the king, what is left us but to face the
+      most horrible of sights, and to suffer the most fearful pains, and then to
+      die, insulted, an ignominious death? To defend ourselves&mdash;to ward off
+      that fate&mdash;not a hand stirs: no one is preparing, none cares; but
+      here we lie, as though it were time to rest and take our ease. I too! what
+      am I waiting for? a general to undertake the work? and from what city? am
+      I waiting till I am older mysef and of riper age? older I shall never be,
+      if to-day I betray myself to my enemies.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Thereupon he got up, and called together first Proxenus's officers; and
+      when they were met, he said: "Sleep, sirs, I cannot, nor can you, I fancy,
+      nor lie here longer, when I see in what straits we are. Our enemy, we may
+      be sure, did not open war upon us till he felt he had everything amply
+      ready; yet none of us shows a corresponding anxiety to enter the lists of
+      battle in the bravest style.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "And yet, if we yield ourselves and fall into the king's power, need we
+      ask what our fate will be? This man, who, when his own brother, the son of
+      the same parents, was dead, was not content with that, but severed head
+      and hand from the body, and nailed them to a cross. We, then, who have not
+      even the tie of blood in our favour, but who marched against him, meaning
+      to make a slave of him instead of a king&mdash;and to slay him if we
+      could: what is likely to be our fate at his hands? Will he not go all
+      lengths so that, by inflicting on us the extreme of ignominy and torture,
+      he may rouse in the rest of mankind a terror of ever marching against him
+      any more? There is no question but that our business is to avoid by all
+      means getting into his clutches.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "For my part, all the while the truce lasted, I never ceased pitying
+      ourselves and congratulating the king and those with him, as, like a
+      helpless spectator, I surveyed the extent and quality of their territory,
+      the plenteousness of their provisions, the multitude of their dependants,
+      their cattle, their gold, and their apparel. And then to turn and ponder
+      the condition of our soldiers, without part or lot in these good things,
+      except we bought it; few, I knew, had any longer the wherewithal to buy,
+      and yet our oath held us down, so that we could not provide ourselves
+      otherwise than by purchase. I say, as I reasoned thus, there were times
+      when I dreaded the truce more than I now dread war.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Now, however, that they have abruptly ended the truce, there is an end
+      also to their own insolence and to our suspicion. All these good things of
+      theirs are now set as prizes for the combatants. To whichsoever of us
+      shall prove the better men, will they fall as guerdons; and the gods
+      themselves are the judges of the strife. The gods, who full surely will be
+      on our side, seeing it is our enemies who have taken their names falsely;
+      whilst we, with much to lure us, yet for our oath's sake, and the gods who
+      were our witnesses, sternly held aloof. So that, it seems to me, we have a
+      right to enter upon this contest with much more heart than our foes; and
+      further, we are possessed of bodies more capable than theirs of bearing
+      cold and heat and labour; souls too we have, by the help of heaven, better
+      and braver; nay, the men themselves are more vulnerable, more mortal, than
+      ourselves, if so be the gods vouchsafe to give us victory once again.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Howbeit, for I doubt not elsewhere similar reflections are being made,
+      whatsoever betide, let us not, in heaven's name, wait for others to come
+      and challenge us to noble deeds; let us rather take the lead in
+      stimulating the rest to valour. Show yourselves to be the bravest of
+      officers, and among generals, the worthiest to command. For myself, if you
+      choose to start forwards on this quest, I will follow; or, if you bid me
+      lead you, my age shall be no excuse to stand between me and your orders.
+      At least I am of full age, I take it, to avert misfortune from my own
+      head."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Such were the speaker's words; and the officers, when they heard, all,
+      with one exception, called upon him to put himself at their head. This was
+      a certain Apollonides there present, who spoke in the Boeotian dialect.
+      This man's opinion was that it was mere nonsense for any one to pretend
+      they could obtain safety otherwise than by an appeal to the king, if he
+      had skill to enforce it; and at the same time he began to dilate on the
+      difficulties. But Xenophon cut him short. "O most marvellous of men!
+      though you have eyes to see, you do not perceive; though you have ears to
+      hear, you do not recollect. You were present with the rest of us now here
+      when, after the death of Cyrus, the king, vaunting himself on that
+      occurrence, sent dictatorially to bid us lay down our arms. But when we,
+      instead of giving up our arms, put them on and went and pitched our camp
+      near him, his manner changed. It is hard to say what he did not do, he was
+      so at his wit's end, sending us embassies and begging for a truce, and
+      furnishing provisions the while, until he had got it. Or to take the
+      contrary instance, when just now, acting precisely on your principles, our
+      generals and captains went, trusting to the truce, unarmed to a conference
+      with them, what came of it? what is happening at this instant? Beaten,
+      goaded with pricks, insulted, poor souls, they cannot even die: though
+      death, I ween, would be very sweet. And you, who know all this, how can
+      you say that it is mere nonsense to talk of self-defence? how can you bid
+      us go again and try the arts of persuasion? In my opinion, sirs, we ought
+      not to admit this fellow to the same rank with ourselves; rather ought we
+      to deprive him of his captaincy, and load him with packs and treat him as
+      such. The man is a disgrace to his own fatherland and the whole of Hellas,
+      that, being a Hellene, he is what he is."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Here Agasias the Stymphalian broke in, exclaiming: "Nay, this fellow has
+      no connection either with Boeotia or with Hellas, none whatever. I have
+      noted both his ears bored like a Lydian's." And so it was. Him then they
+      banished. But the rest visited the ranks, and wherever a general was left,
+      they summoned the general; where he was gone, the lieutenant-general; and
+      where again the captain alone was left, the captain. As soon as they were
+      all met, they seated themselves in front of the place d'armes: the
+      assembled generals and officers, numbering about a hundred. It was nearly
+      midnight when this took place.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Thereupon Hieronymous the Eleian, the eldest of Proxenus's captains,
+      commenced speaking as follows: "Generals and captains, it seemed right to
+      us, in view of the present crisis, ourselves to assemble and to summon
+      you, that we might advise upon some practicable course. Would you,
+      Xenophon, repeat what you said to us?"
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Thereupon Xenophon spoke as follows: "We all know only too well, that the
+      king and Tissaphernes have seized as many of us as they could, and it is
+      clear they are plotting to destroy the rest of us if they can. Our
+      business is plain: it is to do all we can to avoid getting into the power
+      of the barbarians; rather, if we can, we will get them into our power.
+      Rely upon this then, all you who are here assembled, now is your great
+      opportunity. The soldiers outside have their eyes fixed upon you; if they
+      think that you are faint-hearted, they will turn cowards; but if you show
+      them that you are making your own preparations to attack the enemy, and
+      setting an example to the rest&mdash;follow you, be assured, they will:
+      imitate you they will. May be, it is but right and fair that you should
+      somewhat excel them, for you are generals, you are commanders of brigades
+      or regiments; and if, while it was peace, you had the advantage in wealth
+      and position, so now, when it is war, you are expected to rise superior to
+      the common herd&mdash;to think for them, to toil for them, whenever there
+      be need.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "At this very moment you would confer a great boon on the army, if you
+      made it your business to appoint generals and officers to fill the places
+      of those that are lost. For without leaders nothing good or noble, to put
+      it concisely, was ever wrought anywhere; and in military matters this is
+      absolutely true; for if discipline is held to be of saving virtue, the
+      want of it has been the ruin of many ere now. Well, then! when you have
+      appointed all the commanders necessary, it would only be opportune, I take
+      it, if you were to summon the rest of the soldiers and speak some words of
+      encouragement. Even now, I daresay you noticed yourselves the crestfallen
+      air with which they came into camp, the despondency with which they fell
+      to picket duty, so that, unless there is a change for the better, I do not
+      know for what service they will be fit; whether by night, if need were, or
+      even by day. The thing is to get them to turn their thoughts to what they
+      mean to do, instead of to what they are likely to suffer. Do that, and
+      their spirits will soon revive wonderfully. You know, I need hardly remind
+      you, it is not numbers or strength that gives victory in war; but, heaven
+      helping them, to one or other of two combatants it is given to dash with
+      stouter hearts to meet the foe, and such onset, in nine cases out of ten,
+      those others refuse to meet. This observation, also, I have laid to heart,
+      that they, who in matters of war seek in all ways to save their lives, are
+      just they who, as a rule, die dishonourably; whereas they who, recognising
+      that death is the common lot and destiny of all men, strive hard to die
+      nobly: these more frequently, as I observe, do after all attain to old
+      age, or, at any rate, while life lasts, they spend their days more
+      happily. This lesson let all lay to heart this day, for we are just at
+      such a crisis of our fate. Now is the season to be brave ourselves, and to
+      stimulate the rest by our example."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      With these words he ceased; and after him, Cheirisophus said: "Xenophon,
+      hitherto I knew only so much of you as that you were, I heard, an
+      Athenian, but now I must commend you for your words and for your conduct.
+      I hope that there may be many more like you, for it would prove a public
+      blessing." Then turning to the officers: "And now," said he, "let us waste
+      no time; retire at once, I beg you, and choose leaders where you need
+      them. After you have made your elections, come back to the middle of the
+      camp, and bring the newly appointed officers. After that, we will there
+      summon a general meeting of the soldiers. Let Tolmides, the herald," he
+      added, "be in attendance." With these words on his lips he got up, in
+      order that what was needful might be done at once without delay. After
+      this the generals were chosen. These were Timasion the Dardanian, in place
+      of Clearchus; Xanthicles, an Achaean, in place of Socrates; Cleanor, an
+      Arcadian, in place of Agias; Philesius, an Achaean, in place of Menon; and
+      in place of Proxenus, Xenophon the Athenian.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0023" id="link2H_4_0023">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      II
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      By the time the new generals had been chosen, the first faint glimmer of
+      dawn had hardly commenced, as they met in the centre of the camp, and
+      resolved to post an advance guard and to call a general meeting of the
+      soldiers. Now, when these had come together, Cheirisophus the
+      Lacedaemonian first rose and spoke as follows: "Fellow-soldiers, the
+      present posture of affairs is not pleasant, seeing that we are robbed of
+      so many generals and captains and soldiers; and more than that, our former
+      allies, Ariaeus and his men, have betrayed us; still, we must rise above
+      our circumstances to prove ourselves brave men, and not give in, but try
+      to save ourselves by glorious victory if we can; or, if not, at least to
+      die gloriously, and never, while we have breath in our bodies, fall into
+      the hands of our enemies. In which latter case, I fear, we shall suffer
+      things, which I pray the gods may visit rather upon those we hate."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      At this point Cleanor the Ochomenian stood up and spoke as follows: "You
+      see, men, the perjury and the impiety of the king. You see the
+      faithlessness of Tissaphernes, professing that he was next-door neighbour
+      to Hellas, and would give a good deal to save us, in confirmation of which
+      he took an oath to us himself, he gave us the pledge of his right hand,
+      and then, with a lie upon his lips, this same man turned round and
+      arrested our generals. He had no reverence even for Zeus, the god of
+      strangers; but, after entertaining Clearchus at his own board as a friend,
+      he used his hospitality to delude and decoy his victims. And Ariaeus, whom
+      we offered to make king, with whom we exchanged pledges not to betray each
+      other, even this man, without a particle of fear of the gods, or respect
+      for Cyrus in his grave, though he was most honoured by Cyrus in lifetime,
+      even he has turned aside to the worst foes of Cyrus, and is doing his best
+      to injure the dead man's friends. Them may the gods requite as they
+      deserve! But we, with these things before our eyes, will not any more be
+      cheated and cajoled by them; we will make the best fight we can, and
+      having made it, whatever the gods think fit to send, we will accept."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      After him Xenophon arose; he was arrayed for war in his bravest apparel
+      (1): "For," said he to himself, "if the gods grant victory, the finest
+      attire will match with victory best; or if I must needs die, then for one
+      who has aspired to the noblest, it is well there should be some outward
+      correspondence between his expectation and his end." He began his speech
+      as follows: "Cleanor has spoken of the perjury and faithlessness of the
+      barbarians, and you yourselves know them only too well, I fancy. If then
+      we are minded to enter a second time into terms of friendship with them,
+      with the experience of what our generals, who in all confidence entrusted
+      themselves to their power, have suffered, reason would we should feel deep
+      despondency. If, on the other hand, we purpose to take our good swords in
+      our hands and to inflict punishment on them for what they have done, and
+      from this time forward will be on terms of downright war with them, then,
+      God helping, we have many a bright hope of safety." The words were
+      scarcely spoken when someone sneezed (2), and with one impulse the
+      soldiers bowed in worship; and Xenophon proceeded: "I propose, sirs,
+      since, even as we spoke of safety, an omen from Zeus the Saviour has
+      appeared, we vow a vow to sacrifice to the Saviour thank-offerings for
+      safe deliverance, wheresoever first we reach a friendly country; and let
+      us couple with that vow another of individual assent, that we will offer
+      to the rest of the gods 'according to our ability.' Let all those who are
+      in favour of this proposal hold up their hands." They all held up their
+      hands, and there and then they vowed a vow and chanted the battle hymn.
+      But as soon as these sacred matters were duly ended, he began once more
+      thus: "I was saying that many and bright are the hopes we have of safety.
+      First of all, we it is who confirm and ratify the oaths we take by heaven,
+      but our enemies have taken false oaths and broken the truce, contrary to
+      their solemn word. This being so, it is but natural that the gods should
+      be opposed to our enemies, but with ourselves allied; the gods, who are
+      able to make the great ones quickly small, and out of sore perplexity can
+      save the little ones with ease, what time it pleases them. In the next
+      place, let me recall to your minds the dangers of our own forefathers,
+      that you may see and know that bravery is your heirloom, and that by the
+      aid of the gods brave men are rescued even out of the midst of sorest
+      straits." So was it when the Persians came, and their attendant hosts (3),
+      with a very great armament, to wipe out Athens from the face of the earth&mdash;the
+      men of Athens had the heart to withstand them and conquered them. Then
+      they vowed to Artemis that for every man they slew of the enemy, they
+      would sacrifice to the goddess goats so many; and when they could not find
+      sufficient for the slain, they resolved to offer yearly five hundred; and
+      to this day they perform that sacrifice. And at a somewhat later date,
+      when Xerxes assembled his countless hosts and marched upon Hellas, then
+      (4) too our fathers conquered the forefathers of our foes by land and by
+      sea.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) So it is said of the Russian General Skobelef, that he had a
+    strange custom of going into battle in his cleanest uniform,
+    perfumed, and wearing a diamond-hilted sword, "in order that," as
+    he said, "he might die in his best attire."
+
+ (2) For this ancient omen see "Odyssey," xvii. 541: "Even as she
+    spake, and Telemachus sneezed loudly, and around the roof rung
+    wondrously. And Penelope laughed."... "Dost thou not mark how
+    my son has sneezed a blessing on all my words?"
+
+ (3) See Herod. vi. 114; the allusion is to the invasion of Greeze by
+    Datis and Artaphernes, and to their defeat at Marathon, B.C. 490.
+    "Heredotus estimates the number of those who fell on the Persian
+    side at 6400 men: the number of Athenian dead is accurately known,
+    since all were collected for the last solemn obsequies&mdash;they were
+    192."&mdash;Grote, "Hist. of Greece," vol. v. p. 475.
+
+ (4) Then = at Salamis, B.C. 480, and at Plataea and Mycale, B.C. 479,
+    on the same day.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      "And proofs of these things are yet to be seen in trophies; but the
+      greatest witness of all is the freedom of our cities&mdash;the liberty of
+      that land in which you were born and bred. For you call no man master or
+      lord; you bow your heads to none save to the gods alone. Such were your
+      forefathers, and their sons are ye. Think not I am going to say that you
+      put to shame in any way your ancestry&mdash;far from it. Not many days
+      since, you too were drawn up in battle face to face with these true
+      descendants of their ancestors, and by the help of heaven you conquered
+      them, though they many times outnumbered you. At that time, it was to win
+      a throne for Cyrus that you showed your bravery; to-day, when the struggle
+      is for your own salvation, what is more natural than that you should show
+      yourselves braver and more zealous still. Nay, it is very meet and right
+      that you should be more undaunted still to-day to face the foe. The other
+      day, though you had not tested them, and before your eyes lay their
+      immeasurable host, you had the heart to go against them with the spirit of
+      your fathers. To-day you have made trial of them, and knowing that,
+      however many times your number, they do not care to await your onset, what
+      concern have you now to be afraid of them?
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Nor let any one suppose that herein is a point of weakness, in that
+      Cyrus's troops, who before were drawn up by your side, have now deserted
+      us, for they are even worse cowards still than those we worsted. At any
+      rate they have deserted us, and sought refuge with them. Leaders of the
+      forlorn hope of flight&mdash;far better is it to have them brigaded with
+      the enemy than shoulder to shoulder in our ranks. But if any of you is out
+      of heart to think that we have no cavalry, while the enemy have many
+      squadrons to command, lay to heart this doctrine, that ten thousand horse
+      only equal ten thousand men upon their backs, neither less nor more. Did
+      any one ever die in battle from the bite or kick of a horse? It is the
+      men, the real swordsmen, who do whatever is done in battles. In fact we,
+      on our stout shanks, are better mounted than those cavalry fellows; there
+      they hang on to their horses' necks in mortal dread, not only of us, but
+      of falling off; while we, well planted upon earth, can deal far heavier
+      blows to our assailants, and aim more steadily at who we will. There is
+      one point, I admit, in which their cavalry have the whip-hand of us; it is
+      safer for them than it is for us to run away.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "May be, however, you are in good heart about the fighting, but annoyed to
+      think that Tissaphernes will not guide us any more, and that the king will
+      not furnish us with a market any longer. Now, consider, is it better for
+      us to have a guide like Tissaphernes, whom we know to be plotting against
+      us, or to take our chance of the stray people whom we catch and compel to
+      guide us, who will know that any mistake made in leading us will be a sad
+      mistake for their own lives? Again, is it better to be buying provisions
+      in a market of their providing, in scant measure and at high prices,
+      without even the money to pay for them any longer; or, by right of
+      conquest, to help ourselves, applying such measure as suits our fancy
+      best?
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Or again, perhaps you admit that our present position is not without its
+      advantages, but you feel sure that the rivers are a difficulty, and think
+      that you were never more taken in than when you crossed them; if so,
+      consider whether, after all, this is not perhaps the most foolish thing
+      which the barbarians have done. No river is impassable throughout;
+      whatever difficulties it may present at some distance from its source, you
+      need only make your way up to the springhead, and there you may cross it
+      without wetting more than your ankles. But, granted that the rivers do bar
+      our passage, and that guides are not forthcoming, what care we? We need
+      feel no alarm for all that. We have heard of the Mysians, a people whom we
+      certainly cannot admit to be better than ourselves; and yet they inhabit
+      numbers of large and prosperous cities in the king's own country without
+      asking leave. The Pisidians are an equally good instance, or the
+      Lycaonians. We have seen with our own eyes how they fare: seizing
+      fortresses down in the plains, and reaping the fruits of these men's
+      territory. As to us, I go so far as to assert, we ought never to have let
+      it be seen that we were bent on getting home: at any rate, not so soon; we
+      should have begun stocking and furnishing ourselves, as if we fully meant
+      to settle down for life somewhere or other hereabouts. I am sure that the
+      king would be thrice glad to give the Mysians as many guides as they like,
+      or as many hostages as they care to demand, in return for a safe conduct
+      out of his country; he would make carriage roads for them, and if they
+      preferred to take their departure in coaches and four, he would not say
+      them nay. So too, I am sure, he would be only too glad to accommodate us
+      in the same way, if he saw us preparing to settle down here. But, perhaps,
+      it is just as well that we did not stop; for I fear, if once we learn to
+      live in idleness and to batten in luxury and dalliance with these tall and
+      handsome Median and Persian women and maidens, we shall be like the
+      Lotus-eaters (5), and forget the road home altogether.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (5) See "Odyssey," ix. 94, "ever feeding on the Lotus and forgetful of
+    returning."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      "It seems to me that it is only right, in the first instance, to make an
+      effort to return to Hellas and to revisit our hearths and homes, if only
+      to prove to other Hellenes that it is their own faults if they are poor
+      and needy (6), seeing it is in their power to give to those now living a
+      pauper life at home a free passage hither, and convert them into
+      well-to-do burghers at once. Now, sirs, is it not clear that all these
+      good things belong to whoever has strength to hold them?
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (6) Here seems to be the germ&mdash;unless, indeed, the thought had been
+    conceived above&mdash;here at any rate the first conscious expression
+    of the colonisation scheme, of which we shall hear more below, in
+    reference to Cotyora; the Phasis; Calpe. It appears again fifty
+    years later in the author's pamphlet "On Revenues," chapters i.
+    and vi. For the special evils of the fourth century B.C., and the
+    growth of pauperism between B.C. 401 and 338, see Jebb, "Attic
+    Orators," vol i. p. 17.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      "Let us look another matter in the face. How are we to march most safely?
+      or where blows are needed, how are we to fight to the best advantage? That
+      is the question.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "The first thing which I recommend is to burn the wagons we have got, so
+      that we may be free to march wherever the army needs, and not,
+      practically, make our baggage train our general. And, next, we should
+      throw our tents into the bonfire also: for these again are only a trouble
+      to carry, and do not contribute one grain of good either for fighting or
+      getting provisions. Further, let us get rid of all superfluous baggage,
+      save only what we require for the sake of war, or meat and drink, so that
+      as many of us as possible may be under arms, and as few as possible doing
+      porterage. I need not remind you that, in case of defeat, the owners'
+      goods are not their own; but if we master our foes, we will make them our
+      baggage bearers.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "It only rests for me to name the one thing which I look upon as the
+      greatest of all. You see, the enemy did not dare to bring war to bear upon
+      us until they had first seized our generals; they felt that whilst our
+      rulers were there, and we obeyed them, they were no match for us in war;
+      but having got hold of them, they fully expected that the consequent
+      confusion and anarchy would prove fatal to us. What follows? This:
+      Officers and leaders ought to be more vigilant ever than their
+      predecessors; subordinates still more orderly and obedient to those in
+      command now than even they were to those who are gone. And you should pass
+      a resolution that, in case of insubordination, any one who stands by is to
+      aid the officer in chastising the offender. So the enemy will be mightily
+      deceived; for on this day they will behold ten thousand Clearchuses
+      instead of one, who will not suffer one man to play the coward. And now it
+      is high time I brought my remarks to an end, for may be the enemy will be
+      here anon. Let those who are in favour of these proposals confirm them
+      with all speed, that they may be realised in fact; or if any other course
+      seem better, let not any one, even though he be a private soldier, shrink
+      from proposing it. Our common safety is our common need."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      After this Cheirisophus spoke. He said: "If there is anything else to be
+      done, beyond what Xenophon has mentioned, we shall be able to carry it out
+      presently; but with regard to what he has already proposed, it seems to me
+      the best course to vote upon the matters at once. Those who are in favour
+      of Xenophon's proposals, hold up their hands." They all held them up.
+      Xenophon rose again and said: "Listen, sirs, while I tell you what I think
+      we have need of besides. It is clear that we must march where we can get
+      provisions. Now, I am told there are some splendid villages not more than
+      two miles and a half distant. I should not be surprised, then, if the
+      enemy were to hang on our heels and dog us as we retire, like cowardly
+      curs which rush out at the passer-by and bite him if they can, but when
+      you turn upon them they run away. Such will be their tactics, I take it.
+      It may be safer, then, to march in a hollow square, so as to place the
+      baggage animals and our mob of sutlers in greater security. It will save
+      time to make the appointments at once, and to settle who leads the square
+      and directs the vanguard; who will take command of the two flanks, and who
+      of the rearguard; so that, when the enemy appears, we shall not need to
+      deliberate, but can at once set in motion the machinery in existence.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "If any one has any better plan, we need not adopt mine; but if not,
+      suppose Cheirisophus takes the lead, as he is a Lacedaemonian, and the two
+      eldest generals take in charge the two wings respectively, whilst Timasion
+      and I, the two youngest, will for the present guard the rear. For the
+      rest, we can but make experiment of this arrangement, and alter it with
+      deliberation, as from time to time any improvement suggests itself. If any
+      one has a better plan to propose, let him do so."... No dissentient voice
+      was heard. Accordingly he said: "Those in favour of this resolution, hold
+      up their hands." The resolution was carried. "And now," said he, "it would
+      be well to separate and carry out what we have decreed. If any of you has
+      set his heart on seeing his friends again, let him remember to prove
+      himself a man; there is no other way to achieve his heart's wish. Or is
+      mere living an object with any of you, strive to conquer; if to slay is
+      the privilege of victory, to die is the doom of the defeated. Or perhaps
+      to gain money and wealth is your ambition, strive again for mastery; have
+      not conquerors the double gain of keeping what is their own, whilst they
+      seize the possessions of the vanquished?"
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0024" id="link2H_4_0024">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      III
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      The speaking was ended; they got up and retired; then they burnt the
+      wagons and the tents, and after sharing with one another what each needed
+      out of their various superfluities, they threw the remnant into the fire.
+      Having done that, they proceeded to make their breakfasts. While they were
+      breakfasting, Mithridates came with about thirty horsemen, and summoning
+      the generals within earshot, he thus addressed them: "Men of Hellas, I
+      have been faithful to Cyrus, as you know well, and to-day I am your
+      well-wisher; indeed, I am here spending my days in great fear: if then I
+      could see any salutory course in prospect, I should be disposed to join
+      you with all my retainers. Please inform me, then, as to what you propose,
+      regarding me as your friend and well-wisher, anxious only to pursue his
+      march in your company." The generals held council, and resolved to give
+      the following answer, Cheirisophus acting as spokesman: "We have resolved
+      to make our way through the country, inflicting the least possible damage,
+      provided we are allowed a free passage homewards; but if any one tries to
+      hinder us, he will have to fight it out with us, and we shall bring all
+      the force in our power to bear." Thereat Mithridates set himself to prove
+      to them that their deliverance, except with the king's good pleasure, was
+      hopeless. Then the meaning of his mission was plain. He was an agent in
+      disguise; in fact, a relation of Tissaphernes was in attendance to keep a
+      check on his loyalty. After that, the generals resolved that it would be
+      better to proclaim open war, without truce or herald, as long as they were
+      in the enemy's country; for they used to come and corrupt the soldiers,
+      and they were even successful with one officer&mdash;Nicarchus (1), an
+      Arcadian, who went off in the night with about twenty men.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) Can this be the same man whose escape is so graphically described
+    above?
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      After this, they breakfasted and crossed the river Zapatas, marching in
+      regular order, with the beasts and mob of the army in the middle. They had
+      not advanced far on their route when Mithridates made his appearance
+      again, with about a couple of hundred horsemen at his back, and bowmen and
+      slingers twice as many, as nimble fellows as a man might hope to see. He
+      approached the Hellenes as if he were friendly; but when they had got
+      fairly to close quarters, all of a sudden some of them, whether mounted or
+      on foot, began shooting with their bows and arrows, and another set with
+      slings, wounding the men. The rearguard of the Hellenes suffered for a
+      while severely without being able to retaliate, for the Cretans had a
+      shorter range than the Persians, and at the same time, being light-armed
+      troops, they lay cooped up within the ranks of the heavy infantry, while
+      the javelin men again did not shoot far enough to reach the enemy's
+      slingers. This being so, Xenophon thought there was nothing for it but to
+      charge, and charge they did; some of the heavy and light infantry, who
+      were guarding the rear, with him; but for all their charging they did not
+      catch a single man.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The dearth of cavalry told against the Hellenes; nor were their infantry
+      able to overhaul the enemy's infantry, with the long start they had, and
+      considering the shortness of the race, for it was out of the question to
+      pursue them far from the main body of the army. On the other hand, the
+      Asiatic cavalry, even while fleeing, poured volleys of arrows behind their
+      backs, and wounded the pursuers; while the Hellenes must fall back
+      fighting every step of the way they had measured in the pursuit; so that
+      by the end of that day they had not gone much more than three miles; but
+      in the late afternoon they reached the villages.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Here there was a return of the old despondency. Cheirisophus and the
+      eldest of the generals blamed Xenophon for leaving the main body to give
+      chase and endangering himself thereby, while he could not damage the enemy
+      one whit the more. Xenophon admitted that they were right in blaming him:
+      no better proof of that was wanted than the result. "The fact is," he
+      added, "I was driven to pursue; it was too trying to look on and see our
+      men suffer so badly, and be unable to retaliate. However, when we did
+      charge, there is no denying the truth of what you say; we were not a whit
+      more able to injure the enemy, while we had considerable difficulty in
+      beating a retreat ourselves. Thank heaven they did not come upon us in any
+      great force, but were only a handful of men; so that the injury they did
+      us was not large, as it might have been; and at least it has served to
+      show us what we need. At present the enemy shoot and sling beyond our
+      range, so that our Cretan archers are no match for them; our hand-throwers
+      cannot reach as far; and when we pursue, it is not possible to push the
+      pursuit to any great distance from the main body, and within the short
+      distance no foot-soldier, however fleet of foot, could overtake another
+      foot-soldier who has a bow-shot the start of him. If, then, we are to
+      exclude them from all possibility of injuring us as we march, we must get
+      slingers as soon as possible and cavalry. I am told there are in the army
+      some Rhodians, most of whom, they say, know how to sling, and their
+      missile will reach even twice as far as the Persian slings (which, on
+      account of their being loaded with stones as big as one's fist, have a
+      comparatively short range; but the Rhodians are skilled in the use of
+      leaden bullets (2)). Suppose, then, we investigate and find out first of
+      all who among them possess slings, and for these slings offer the owner
+      the money value; and to another, who will plait some more, hand over the
+      money price; and for a third, who will volunteer to be enrolled as a
+      slinger, invent some other sort of privilege, I think we shall soon find
+      people to come forward capable of helping us. There are horses in the army
+      I know; some few with myself, others belonging to Clearchus's stud, and a
+      good many others captured from the enemy, used for carrying baggage. Let
+      us take the pick of these, supplying their places by ordinary baggage
+      animals, and equipping the horses for cavalry. I should not wonder if our
+      troopers gave some annoyance to these fugitives."
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (2) These words sound to me like an author's note, parenthetically,
+    and perhaps inadvertently, inserted into the text. It is an
+    "aside" to the reader, which in a modern book would appear as a
+    footnote.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      These proposals were carried, and that night two hundred slingers were
+      enrolled, and next day as many as fifty horse and horsemen passed muster
+      as duly qualified; buff jackets and cuirasses were provided for them, and
+      a commandant of cavalry appointed to command&mdash;Lycius, the son of
+      Polystratus, by name, an Athenian.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0025" id="link2H_4_0025">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      IV
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      That day they remained inactive, but the next they rose earlier than
+      usual, and set out betimes, for they had a ravine to cross, where they
+      feared the enemy might attack them in the act of crossing. When they were
+      across, Mithridates appeared again with one thousand horse, and archers
+      and slingers to the number of four thousand. This whole body he had got by
+      request from Tissaphernes, and in return he undertook to deliver up the
+      Hellenes to Tissaphernes. He had grown contemptuous since his late attack,
+      when, with so small a detachment, he had done, as he thought, a good deal
+      of mischief, without the slightest loss to himself.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      When the Hellenes were not only right across, but had got about a mile
+      from the ravine, Mithridates also crossed with his forces. An order had
+      been passed down the lines, what light infantry and what heavy infantry
+      were to take part in the pursuit; and the cavalry were instructed to
+      follow up the pursuit with confidence, as a considerable support was in
+      their rear. So, when Mithridates had come up with them, and they were well
+      within arrow and sling shot, the bugle sounded the signal to the Hellenes;
+      and immediately the detachment under orders rushed to close quarters, and
+      the cavalry charged. There the enemy preferred not to wait, but fled
+      towards the ravine. In this pursuit the Asiatics lost several of their
+      infantry killed, and of their cavalry as many as eighteen were taken
+      prisoners in the ravine. As to those who were slain the Hellenes, acting
+      upon impulse, mutilated their bodies, by way of impressing their enemy
+      with as frightful an image as possible.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      So fared the foe and so fell back; but the Hellenes, continuing their
+      march in safety for the rest of that day, reached the river Tigris. Here
+      they came upon a large deserted city, the name of which was Larissa (1): a
+      place inhabited by the Medes in days of old; the breadth of its walls was
+      twenty-five feet, and the height of them a hundred, and the circuit of the
+      whole two parasangs. It was built of clay-bricks, supported on a stone
+      basis twenty feet high. This city the king of the Persians (2) besieged,
+      what time the Persians strove to snatch their empire from the Medes, but
+      he could in no wise take it; then a cloud hid the face of the sun and
+      blotted out the light thereof, until the inhabitants were gone out of the
+      city, and so it was taken. By the side of this city there was a stone
+      pyramid in breadth a hundred feet, and in height two hundred feet; in it
+      were many of the barbarians who had fled for refuge from the neighbouring
+      villages.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) Larissa, on the side of the modern Nimrud (the south-west corner,
+    as is commonly supposed, of Nineveh). The name is said to mean
+    "citadel," and is given to various Greek cities (of which several
+    occur in Xenophon).
+
+ (2) I.e. Cyrus the Great.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      From this place they marched one stage of six parasangs to a great
+      deserted fortress (which lay over against the city), and the name of that
+      city was Mespila (3). The Medes once dwelt in it. The basement was made of
+      polished stone full of shells; fifty feet was the breadth of it, and fifty
+      feet the height; and on this basement was reared a wall of brick, the
+      breadth whereof was fifty feet and the height thereof four hundred; and
+      the circuit of the wall was six parasangs. Hither, as the story goes,
+      Medea (4), the king's wife, betook herself in flight what time the Medes
+      lost their empire at the hands of the Persians. To this city also the king
+      of the Pesians laid siege, but could not take it either by length of days
+      or strength of hand. But Zeus sent amazement on the inhabitants thereof,
+      and so it was taken.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (3) Opposite Mosul, the north-west portion of the ancient Nineveh,
+    about eighteen miles above Larissa. The circuit of Nineveh is said
+    to have been about fifty-six miles. It was overthrown by Cyrus in
+    B.C. 558.
+
+ (4) The wife of Astyages, the last king of Media. Some think "the wall
+    of Media" should be "Medea's wall," constructed in the period of
+    Queen Nitocris, B.C. 560.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      From this place they marched one stage&mdash;four parasangs. But, while
+      still on this stage, Tissaphernes made his appearance. He had with him his
+      own cavalry and a force belonging to Orontas, who had the king's daughter
+      to wife; and there were, moreover, with them the Asiatics whom Cyrus had
+      taken with him on his march up; together with those whom the king's
+      brother had brought as a reinforcement to the king; besides those whom
+      Tissaphernes himself had received as a gift from the king, so that the
+      armament appeared to be very great. When they were close, he halted some
+      of his regiments at the rear and wheeled others into position on either
+      flank, but hesitated to attack, having no mind apparently to run any
+      risks, and contenting himself with an order to his slingers to sling and
+      his archers to shoot. But when the Rhodian slingers and the bowmen (5),
+      posted at intervals, retaliated, and every shot told (for with the utmost
+      pains to miss it would have been hard to do so under the circumstanecs),
+      then Tissaphernes with all speed retired out of range, the other regiments
+      following suit; and for the rest of the day the one party advanced and the
+      other followed. But now the Asiatics had ceased to be dangerous with their
+      sharpshooting. For the Rhodians could reach further than the Persian
+      slingers, or, indeed, than most of the bowmen. The Persian bows are of
+      great size, so that the Cretans found the arrows which were picked up
+      serviceable, and persevered in using their enemies' arrows, and practised
+      shooting with them, letting them fly upwards to a great height (6). There
+      were also plenty of bowstrings found in the villages&mdash;and lead, which
+      they turned to account for their slings. As a result of this day, then,
+      the Hellenes chancing upon some villages had no sooner encamped than the
+      barbarians fell back, having had distinctly the worst of it in the
+      skirmishing.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (5) The best MSS read {Skuthai}, Scythians; if this is correct, it is
+    only the technical name for "archers." Cf. Arrian, "Tact." ii. 13.
+    The police at Athens were technically so called, as being composed
+    of Scythian slaves. Cf. Aristoph. "Thesm." 1017.
+
+ (6) I.e., in practising, in order to get the maximum range they let
+    fly the arrows, not horizontally, but up into the air. Sir W.
+    Raleigh (Hist. of the World, III. x. 8) says that Xenophon
+    "trained his archers to short compass, who had been accustomed to
+    the point blank," but this is surely not Xenophon's meaning.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      The next day was a day of inaction: they halted and took in supplies, as
+      there was much corn in the villages; but on the day following, the march
+      was continued through the plain (of the Tigris), and Tissaphernes still
+      hung on their skirts with his skirmishers. And now it was that the
+      Hellenes discovered the defect of marching in a square with an enemy
+      following. As a matter of necessity, whenever the wings of an army so
+      disposed draw together, either where a road narrows, or hills close in, or
+      a bridge has to be crossed, the heavy infantry cannot help being squeezed
+      out of their ranks, and march with difficulty, partly from actual
+      pressure, and partly from the general confusion that ensues. Or, supposing
+      the wings are again extended, the troops have hardly recovered from their
+      former distress before they are pulled asunder, and there is a wide space
+      between the wings, and the men concerned lose confidence in themselves,
+      especially with an enemy close behind. What happened, when a bridge had to
+      be crossed or other passage effected, was, that each unit of the force
+      pressed on in anxiety to get over first, and at these moments it was easy
+      for the enemy to make an attack. The generals accordingly, having
+      recognised the defect, set about curing it. To do so, they made six lochi,
+      or divisions of a hundred men apiece, each of which had its own set of
+      captains and under-officers in command of half and quarter companies. It
+      was the duty of these new companies, during a march, whenever the flanks
+      needed to close in, to fall back to the rear, so as to disencumber the
+      wings. This they did by wheeling clear of them. When the sides of the
+      oblong again extended, they filled up the interstices, if the gap were
+      narrow, by columns of companies, if broader, by columns of half-companies,
+      or, if broader still, by columns of quarter-companies, so that the space
+      between was always filled up. If again it were necessary to effect a
+      passage by bridge or otherwise, there was no confusion, the several
+      companies crossing in turns; or, if the occasion arose to form in line of
+      battle, these companies came up to the front and fell in (7).
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (7) In the passage above I have translated {lokhoi} companies, and, as
+    usual, {lokhagoi} captains. The half company is technically called
+    a pentecostys, and a quarter company an enomoty, and the officers
+    in charge of them respectively penteconter and enomotarch. These
+    would be equivalent nearly to our subalterns and sergeants, and in
+    the evolutions described would act as guides and markers in charge
+    of their sections. Grote thinks there were six companies formed on
+    each flank&mdash;twelve in all. See "Hist. of Greece," vol. ix. p. 123,
+    note (1st ed.)
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      In this way they advanced four stages, but ere the fifth was completed,
+      they came in sight of a palace of some sort, with villages clustered round
+      it; they could further see that the road leading to this place pursued its
+      course over high undulating hillocks, the spur of the mountain range,
+      under which lay the village. These knolls were a welcome sight to the
+      Hellenes, naturally enough, as the enemy were cavalry. However, when they
+      had issued from the plain and ascended the first crest, and were in the
+      act of descending it so as to mount the next, at this juncture the
+      barbarians came upon them. From the high ground down the sheer steep they
+      poured a volley of darts, slingstones, and arrows, which they discharged
+      "under the lash (8)," wounding many, until they got the better of the
+      Hellenic light troops, and drove them for shelter behind the heavy
+      infantry, so that this day that arm was altogether useless, huddling in
+      the mob of sutlers, both slingers and archers alike.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (8) I.e. the Persian leaders were seen flogging their men to the
+    attack. Cf. Herod. vii. 22. 3.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      But when the Hellenes, being so pressed, made an attempt to pursue, they
+      could barely scale to the summit, being heavy-armed troops, while the
+      enemy as lightly sprung away; and they suffered similarly in retiring to
+      join the rest of the army. And then, on the second hill, the whole had to
+      be gone through again; so that when it came to the third hillock, they
+      determined not to move the main body of troops from their position until
+      they had brought up a squadron of light infantry from the right flank of
+      the square to a point on the mountain range. When this detachment were
+      once posted above their pursuers, the latter desisted from attacking the
+      main body in its descent, for fear of being cut off and finding themselves
+      between two assailants. Thus the rest of the day they moved on in two
+      divisions: one set keeping to the road by the hillocks, the other marching
+      parallel on the higher level along the mountains; and thus they reached
+      the villages and appointed eight surgeons to attend to the many wounded.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Here they halted three days for the sake of the wounded chiefly, while a
+      further inducement was the plentiful supply of provisions which they
+      found, wheat and wine, and large stores of barley laid up for horses.
+      These supplies had been collected by the ruling satrap of the country. On
+      the fourth day they began their descent into the plain; but when
+      Tissaphernes overtook them, necessity taught them to camp in the first
+      village they caught sight of, and give over the attempt of marching and
+      fighting simultaneously, as so many were hors de combat, being either on
+      the list of wounded themselves, or else engaged in carrying the wounded,
+      or laden with the heavy arms of those so occupied. But when they were once
+      encamped, and the barbarians, advancing upon the village, made an attempt
+      to harass them with their sharp-shooters, the superiority of the Hellenes
+      was pronounced. To sustain a running fight with an enemy constantly
+      attacking was one thing; to keep him at arm's length from a fixed base of
+      action another: and the difference was much in their favour.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But when it was late afternoon, the time had come for the enemy to
+      withdraw, since the habit of the barbarian was never to encamp within
+      seven or eight miles of the Hellenic camp. This he did in apprehension of
+      a night attack, for a Persian army is good for nothing at night. Their
+      horses are haltered, and, as a rule, hobbled as well, to prevent their
+      escaping, as they might if loose; so that, if any alarm occurs, the
+      trooper has to saddle and bridle his horse, and then he must put on his
+      own cuirass, and then mount&mdash;all which performances are difficult at
+      night and in the midst of confusion. For this reason they always encamped
+      at a distance from the Hellenes.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      When the Hellenes perceived that they were preparing to retire, and that
+      the order was being given, the herald's cry, "Pack up for starting," might
+      be heard before the enemy was fairly out of earshot. For a while the
+      Asiatics paused, as if unwilling to be gone; but as night closed in, off
+      they went, for it did not suit their notions of expediency to set off on a
+      march and arrive by night. And now, when the Hellenes saw that they were
+      really and clearly gone, they too broke up their camp and pursued their
+      march till they had traversed seven and a half miles. Thus the distance
+      between the two armies grew to be so great, that the next day the enemy
+      did not appear at all, nor yet on the third day; but on the fourth the
+      barbarians had pushed on by a forced night march and occupied a commanding
+      position on the right, where the Hellenes had to pass. It was a narrow
+      mountain spur (9) overhanging the descent into the plain.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (9) Lit. "a mere nail tip."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      But when Cheirisophus saw that this ridge was occupied, he summoned
+      Xenophon from the rear, bidding him at the same time to bring up peltasts
+      to the front. That Xenophon hesitated to do, for Tissaphernes and his
+      whole army were coming up and were well within sight. Galloping up to the
+      front himself, he asked: "Why do you summon me?" The other answered him:
+      "The reason is plain; look yonder; this crest which overhangs our descent
+      has been occupied. There is no passing, until we have dislodged these
+      fellows; why have you not brought up the light infantry?" Xenophon
+      explained: he had not thought it desirable to leave the rear unprotected,
+      with an enemy appearing in the field of view. "However, it is time," he
+      added, "to decide how we are to dislodge these fellows from the crest." At
+      this moment his eye fell on the peak of the mountain, rising immediately
+      above their army, and he could see an approach leading from it to the
+      crest in question where the enemy lay. He exclaimed: "The best thing we
+      can do, Cheirisophus, is to make a dash at the height itself, and with
+      what speed we may. If we take it, the party in command of the road will
+      never be able to stop. If you like, stay in command of the army, and I
+      will go; or, if you prefer, do you go to the mountain, and I will stay
+      here."&mdash;"I leave it to you," Cheirisophus answered, "to choose which
+      you like best." Xenophon remarking, "I am the younger," elected to go; but
+      he stipulated for a detachment from the front to accompany him, since it
+      was a long way to fetch up troops from the rear. Accordingly Cheirisophus
+      furnished him with the light infantry from the front, reoccupying their
+      place by those from the centre. He also gave him, to form part of the
+      detachment, the three hundred of the picked corps (10) under his own
+      command at the head of the square.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (10) Some think that these three hundred are three of the detached
+    companies described above; others, that they were a picked corps
+    in attendance on the commander-in-chief.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      They set out from the low ground with all the haste imaginable. But the
+      enemy in position on the crest no sooner perceived their advance upon the
+      summit of the pass than they themselves set off full tilt in a rival race
+      for the summit too. Hoarse were the shouts of the Hellenic troops as the
+      men cheered their companions forwards, and hoarse the answering shouts
+      from the troops of Tissaphernes, urging on theirs. Xenophon, mounted on
+      his charger, rode beside his men, and roused their ardour the while. "Now
+      for it, brave sirs; bethink you that this race is for Hellas!&mdash;now or
+      never!&mdash;to find your boys, your wives; one small effort, and the rest
+      of the march we shall pursue in peace, without ever a blow to strike; now
+      for it." But Soteridas the Sicyonian said: "We are not on equal terms,
+      Xenophon; you are mounted on a horse; I can hardly get along with my
+      shield to carry;" and he, on hearing the reproach, leapt from his horse.
+      In another instant he had pushed Soteridas from the ranks, snatched from
+      him his shield, and begun marching as quickly as he might under the
+      circumstances, having his horseman's cuirass to carry as well, so that he
+      was sore pressed; but he continued to cheer on the troops: exhorting those
+      in front to lead on and the men toiling behind to follow up (11).
+      Soteridas was not spared by the rest of the men. They gave him blows, they
+      pelted him, they showered him with abuse, till they compelled him to take
+      back his shield and march on; and the other, remounting, led them on
+      horseback as long as the footing held; but when the ground became too
+      steep, he left his horse and pressed forward on foot, and so they found
+      themselves on the summit before the enemy.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (11) Some MSS. "and the men behind to pass him by, as he could but ill
+    keep up the pace."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0026" id="link2H_4_0026">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      V
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      There and then the barbarians turned and fled as best they might, and the
+      Hellenes held the summit, while the troops with Tissaphernes and Ariaeus
+      turned aside and disappeared by another road. The main body with
+      Cheirisophus made its way down into the plain and encamped in a village
+      filled with good things of divers sorts. Nor did this village stand alone;
+      there were others not a few in this plain of the Tigris equally
+      overflowing with plenty. It was now afternoon; and all of a sudden the
+      enemy came in sight on the plain, and succeeded in cutting down some of
+      the Hellenes belonging to parties who were scattered over the flat land in
+      quest of spoil. Indeed, many herds of cattle had been caught whilst being
+      conveyed across to the other side of the river. And now Tissaphernes and
+      his troops made an attempt to burn the villages, and some of the Hellenes
+      were disposed to take the matter deeply to heart, being apprehensive that
+      they might not know where to get provisions if the enemy burnt the
+      villages.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Cheirisophus and his men were returning from their sally of defence when
+      Xenophon and his party descended, and the latter rode along the ranks as
+      the rescuing party came up, and greeted them thus: "Do you not see, men of
+      Hellas, they admit that the country is now ours; what they stipulated
+      against our doing when they made the treaty, viz. that we were not to fire
+      the king's country, they are now themselves doing&mdash;setting fire to it
+      as if it were not their own. But we will be even with them; if they leave
+      provisions for themselves anywhere, there also shall they see us
+      marching;" and, turning to Cheirisophus, he added: "But it strikes me, we
+      should sally forth against these incendiaries and protect our country."
+      Cheirisophus retorted: "That is not quite my view; I say, let us do a
+      little burning ourselves, and they will cease all the quicker."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      When they had got back to the villages, while the rest were busy about
+      provisions, the generals and officers met: and here there was deep
+      despondency. For on the one side were exceedingly high mountains; on the
+      other a river of such depth that they failed to reach the bottom with
+      their spears. In the midst of their perplexities, a Rhodian came up with a
+      proposal, as follows: "I am ready, sirs to carry you across, four thousand
+      heavy infantry at a time; if you will furnish me with what I need and give
+      me a talent into the bargain for my pains." When asked, "What shall you
+      need?" he replied: "Two thousand wine-skins. I see there are plenty of
+      sheep and goats and asses. They have only to be flayed, and their skins
+      inflated, and they will readily give us a passage. I shall want also the
+      straps which you use for the baggage animals. With these I shall couple
+      the skins to one another; then I shall moor each skin by attaching stones
+      and letting them down like anchors into the water. Then I shall carry them
+      across, and when I have fastened the links at both ends, I shall place
+      layers of wood on them and a coating of earth on the top of that. You will
+      see in a minute that there's no danger of your drowning, for every skin
+      will be able to support a couple of men without sinking, and the wood and
+      earth will prevent your slipping off."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The generals thought it a pretty invention enough, but its realisation
+      impracticable, for on the other side were masses of cavalry posted and
+      ready to bar the passage; who, to begin with, would not suffer the first
+      detachment of crossers to carry out any item of the programme.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Under these circumstances, the next day they turned right about face, and
+      began retracing their steps in the direction of Babylon to the unburnt
+      villages, having previously set fire to those they left, so that the enemy
+      did not ride up to them, but stood and stared, all agape to see in what
+      direction the Hellenes would betake themselves and what they were minded
+      to do. Here, again, while the rest of the soldiers were busy about
+      provisions, the generals and officers met in council, and after collecting
+      the prisoners together, submitted them to a cross-examination touching the
+      whole country round, the names, and so forth, of each district.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The prisoners informed them that the regions south, through which they had
+      come, belonged to the district towards Babylon and Media; the road east
+      led to Susa and Ecbatana, where the king is said to spend summer and
+      spring; crossing the river, the road west led to Lydia and Ionia; and the
+      part through the mountains facing towards the Great Bear, led, they said,
+      to the Carduchians (1). They were a people, so said the prisoners,
+      dwelling up on the hills, addicted to war, and not subject to the king; so
+      much so that once, when a royal army one hundred and twenty thousand
+      strong had invaded them, not a man came back, owing to the intricacies of
+      the country. Occasionally, however, they made truce or treaty with the
+      satrap in the plain, and, for the nonce, there would be intercourse: "they
+      will come in and out amongst us," "and we will go in and out amongst
+      them," said the captives.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) See Dr. Kiepert, "Man. Anc. Geog." (Mr. G. A. Macmillan) iv. 47.
+    The Karduchians or Kurds belong by speech to the Iranian stock,
+    forming in fact their farthest outpost to the west, little given
+    to agriculture, but chiefly to the breeding of cattle. Their name,
+    pronounced Kardu by the ancient Syrians and Assyrians, Kordu by
+    the Armenians (plural Kordukh), first appears in its narrower
+    sense in western literature in the pages of the eye-witness
+    Xenophon as {Kardoukhoi}. Later writers knew of a small kingdom
+    here at the time of the Roman occupation, ruled by native princes,
+    who after Tigranes II (about 80 B.C.) recognised the overlordship
+    of the Armenian king. Later it became a province of the Sassanid
+    kingdom, and as such was in 297 A.D. handed over among the
+    regiones transtigritanae to the Roman empire, but in 364 was again
+    ceded to Persia.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      After hearing these statements, the generals seated apart those who
+      claimed to have any special knowledge of the country in any direction;
+      they put them to sit apart without making it clear which particular route
+      they intended to take. Finally the resolution to which they came was that
+      they must force a passage through the hills into the territory of the
+      Kurds; since, according to what their informants told them, when they had
+      once passed these, they would find themselves in Armenia&mdash;the rich
+      and large territory governed by Orontas; and from Armenia, it would be
+      easy to proceed in any direction whatever. Thereupon they offered
+      sacrifice, so as to be ready to start on the march as soon as the right
+      moment appeared to have arrived. Their chief fear was that the high pass
+      over the mountains must be occupied in advance: and a general order was
+      issued, that after supper every one should get his kit together for
+      starting, and repose, in readiness to follow as soon as the word of
+      command was given.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0027" id="link2H_4_0027">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      BOOK IV
+    </h2>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (In the preceding portion of the narrative a full account is
+given of the incidents of the march up to the battle, and of
+the occurrences after the battle during the truce which was
+established between the king and the Hellenes, who marched up
+with Cyrus, and thirdly, of the fighting to which the Hellenes
+were exposed, after the king and Tissaphernes had broken the
+treaty, while a Persian army hung on their rear. Having
+finally reached a point at which the Tigris was absolutely
+impassable owing to its depth and breadth, while there was no
+passage along the bank itself, and the Carduchian hills hung
+sheer over the river, the generals took the resolution above
+mentioned of forcing a passage through the mountains. The
+information derived from the prisoners taken along the way led
+them to believe that once across the Carduchian mountains they
+would have the choice either of crossing the Tigris&mdash;if they
+liked to do so&mdash;at its sources in Armenia, or of going round
+them, if so they preferred. Report further said that the
+sources of the Euphrates also were not far from those of the
+Tigris, and this is actually the case. The advance into the
+country of the Carduchians was conducted with a view partly to
+secrecy, and partly to speed, so as to effect their entry
+before the enemy could occupy the passes.)
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0028" id="link2H_4_0028">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      I
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      It was now about the last watch, and enough of the night remained to allow
+      them to cross the valley under cover of darkness; when, at the word of
+      command, they rose and set off on their march, reaching the mountains at
+      daybreak. At this stage of the march Cheirisophus, at the head of his own
+      division, with the whole of the light troops, led the van, while Xenophon
+      followed behind with the heavy infantry of the rearguard, but without any
+      light troops, since there seemed to be no danger of pursuit or attack from
+      the rear, while they were making their way up hill. Cheirisophus reached
+      the summit without any of the enemy perceiving him. Then he led on slowly,
+      and the rest of the army followed, wave upon wave, cresting the summit and
+      descending into the villages which nestled in the hollows and recesses of
+      the hills.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Thereupon the Carduchians abandoned their dwelling places, and with their
+      wives and children fled to the mountains; so there was plenty of
+      provisions to be got for the mere trouble of taking, and the homesteads
+      too were well supplied with a copious store of bronze vessels and utensils
+      which the Hellenes kept their hands off, abstaining at the same time from
+      all pursuit of the folk themselves, gently handling them, in hopes that
+      the Carduchians might be willing to give them friendly passage through
+      their country, since they too were enemies of the king: only they helped
+      themselves to such provisions as fell in their way, which indeed was a
+      sheer necessity. But the Carduchians neither gave ear, when they called to
+      them, nor showed any other friendly sign; and now, as the last of the
+      Hellenes descended into the villages from the pass, they were already in
+      the dark, since, owing to the narrowness of the road, the whole day had
+      been spent in the ascent and descent. At that instant a party of the
+      Carduchians, who had collected, made an attack on the hindmost men,
+      killing some and wounding others with stones and arrows&mdash;though it
+      was quite a small body who attacked. The fact was, the approach of the
+      Hellenic army had taken them by surprise; if, however, they had mustered
+      in larger force at this time, the chances are that a large portion of the
+      army would have been annihilated. As it was, they got into quarters, and
+      bivouacked in the villages that night, while the Carduchians kept many
+      watch-fires blazing in a circle on the mountains, and kept each other in
+      sight all round.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But with the dawn the generals and officers of the Hellenes met and
+      resolved to proceed, taking only the necessary number of stout baggage
+      animals, and leaving the weaklings behind. They resolved further to let go
+      free all the lately-captured slaves in the host; for the pace of the march
+      was necessarily rendered slow by the quantity of animals and prisoners,
+      and the number of non-combatants in attendance on these was excessive,
+      while, with such a crowd of human beings to satisfy, twice the amount of
+      provisions had to be procured and carried. These resolutions passed, they
+      caused a proclamation by herald to be made for their enforcement.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      When they had breakfasted and the march recommenced, the generals planted
+      themselves a little to one side in a narrow place, and when they found any
+      of the aforesaid slaves or other property still retained, they confiscated
+      them. The soldiers yielded obedience, except where some smuggler, prompted
+      by desire of a good-looking boy or woman, managed to make off with his
+      prize. During this day they contrived to get along after a fashion, now
+      fighting and now resting. But on the next day they were visited by a great
+      storm, in spite of which they were obliged to continue the march, owing to
+      insufficiency of provisions. Cheirisophus was as usual leading in front,
+      while Xenophon headed the rearguard, when the enemy began a violent and
+      sustained attack. At one narrow place after another they came up quite
+      close, pouring in volleys of arrows and slingstones, so that the Hellenes
+      had no choice but to make sallies in pursuit and then again recoil, making
+      but very little progress. Over and over again Xenophon would send an order
+      to the front to slacken pace, when the enemy were pressing their attack
+      severely. As a rule, when the word was so passed up, Cheirisophus
+      slackened; but sometimes instead of slackening, Cheirisophus quickened,
+      sending down a counter-order to the rear to follow on quickly. It was
+      clear that there was something or other happening, but there was no time
+      to go to the front and discover the cause of the hurry. Under the
+      circumstances the march, at any rate in the rear, became very like a rout,
+      and here a brave man lost his life, Cleonymus the Laconian, shot with an
+      arrow in the ribs right through shield and corselet, as also Basias, an
+      Arcadian, shot clean through the head.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      As soon as they reached a halting-place, Xenophon, without more ado, came
+      up to Cheirisophus, and took him to task for not having waited, "whereby,"
+      he said, "we were forced to fight and flee at the same moment; and now it
+      has cost us the lives of two fine fellows; they are dead, and we were not
+      able to pick up their bodies or bury them." Cheirisophus answered: "Look
+      up there," pointing as he spoke to the mountain, "do you see how
+      inaccessible it all is? only this one road, which you see, going straight
+      up, and on it all that crowd of men who have seized and are guarding the
+      single exit. That is why I hastened on, and why I could not wait for you,
+      hoping to be beforehand with them yonder in seizing the pass: the guides
+      we have got say there is no other way." And Xenophon replied: "But I have
+      got two prisoners also; the enemy annoyed us so much that we laid an
+      ambuscade for them, which also gave us time to recover our breaths; we
+      killed some of them, and did our best to catch one or two alive&mdash;for
+      this very reason&mdash;that we might have guides who knew the country, to
+      depend upon."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The two were brought up at once and questioned separately: "Did they know
+      of any other road than the one visible?" The first said no; and in spite
+      of all sorts of terrors applied to extract a better answer&mdash;"no," he
+      persisted. When nothing could be got out of him, he was killed before the
+      eyes of his fellow. This latter then explained: "Yonder man said, he did
+      not know, because he has got a daughter married to a husband in those
+      parts. I can take you," he added, "by a good road, practicable even for
+      beasts." And when asked whether there was any point on it difficult to
+      pass, he replied that there was a col which it would be impossible to pass
+      unless it were occupied in advance.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Then it was resolved to summon the officers of the light infantry and some
+      of those of the heavy infantry, and to acquaint them with the state of
+      affairs, and ask them whether any of them were minded to distinguish
+      themselves, and would step forward as volunteers on an expedition. Two or
+      three heavy infantry soldiers stepped forward at once&mdash;two Arcadians,
+      Aristonymus of Methydrium, and Agasias of Stymphalus&mdash;and in
+      emulation of these, a third, also an Arcadian, Callimachus from Parrhasia,
+      who said he was ready to go, and would get volunteers from the whole army
+      to join him. "I know," he added, "there will be no lack of youngsters to
+      follow where I lead." After that they asked, "Were there any captains of
+      light infantry willing to accompany the expedition?" Aristeas, a Chian,
+      who on several occasions proved his usefulness to the army on such
+      service, volunteered.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0029" id="link2H_4_0029">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      II
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      It was already late afternoon, when they ordered the storming party to
+      take a snatch of food and set off; then they bound the guide and handed
+      him over to them. The agreement was, that if they succeeded in taking the
+      summit they were to guard the position that night, and at daybreak to give
+      a signal by bugle. At this signal the party on the summit were to attack
+      the enemy in occupation of the visible pass, while the generals with the
+      main body would bring up their succours; making their way up with what
+      speed they might. With this understanding, off they set, two thousand
+      strong; and there was a heavy downpour of rain, but Xenophon, with his
+      rearguard, began advancing to the visible pass, so that the enemy might
+      fix his attention on this road, and the party creeping round might, as
+      much as possible, elude observation. Now when the rearguard, so advancing,
+      had reached a ravine which they must cross in order to strike up the
+      steep, at that instant the barbarians began rolling down great boulders,
+      each a wagon load (1), some larger, some smaller; against the rocks they
+      crashed and splintered flying like slingstones in every direction&mdash;so
+      that it was absolutely out of the question even to approach the entrance
+      of the pass. Some of the officers finding themselves baulked at this
+      point, kept trying other ways, nor did they desist till darkness set in;
+      and then, when they thought they would not be seen retiring, they returned
+      to supper. Some of them who had been on duty in the rearguard had had no
+      breakfast (it so happened). However, the enemy never ceased rolling down
+      their stones all through the night, as was easy to infer from the booming
+      sound.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) I.e. several ton weight.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      The party with the guide made a circuit and surprised the enemy's guards
+      seated round their fire, and after killing some, and driving out the rest,
+      took their places, thinking that they were in possession of the height. As
+      a matter of fact they were not, for above them lay a breast-like hill (2)
+      skirted by the narrow road on which they had found the guards seated.
+      Still, from the spot in question there was an approach to the enemy, who
+      were seated on the pass before mentioned.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (2) Or, "mamelon."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Here then they passed the night, but at the first glimpse of dawn they
+      marched stealthily and in battle order against the enemy. There was a
+      mist, so that they could get quite close without being observed. But as
+      soon as they caught sight of one another, the trumpet sounded, and with a
+      loud cheer they rushed upon the fellows, who did not wait their coming,
+      but left the road and made off; with the loss of only a few lives however,
+      so nimble were they. Cheirisophus and his men, catching the sound of the
+      bugle, charged up by the well-marked road, while others of the generals
+      pushed their way up by pathless routes, where each division chanced to be;
+      the men mounting as they were best able, and hoisting one another up by
+      means of their spears; and these were the first to unite with the party
+      who had already taken the position by storm. Xenophon, with the rearguard,
+      followed the path which the party with the guide had taken, since it was
+      easiest for the beasts of burthen; one half of his men he had posted in
+      rear of the baggage animals; the other half he had with himself. In their
+      course they encountered a crest above the road, occupied by the enemy,
+      whom they must either dislodge or be themselves cut off from the rest of
+      the Hellenes. The men by themselves could have taken the same route as the
+      rest, but the baggage animals could not mount by any other way than this.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Here then, with shouts of encouragement to each other, they dashed at the
+      hill with their storming columns, not from all sides, but leaving an
+      avenue of escape for the enemy, if he chose to avail himself of it. For a
+      while, as the men scrambled up where each best could, the natives kept up
+      a fire of arrows and darts, yet did not receive them at close quarters,
+      but presently left the position in flight. No sooner, however, were the
+      Hellenes safely past this crest, than they came in sight of another in
+      front of them, also occupied, and deemed it advisable to storm it also.
+      But now it struck Xenophon that if they left the ridge just taken
+      unprotected in their rear, the enemy might re-occupy it and attack the
+      baggage animals as they filed past, presenting a long extended line owing
+      to the narrowness of the road by which they made their way. To obviate
+      this, he left some officers in charge of the ridge&mdash;Cephisodorus, son
+      of Cephisophon, an Athenian; Amphicrates, the son of Amphidemus, an
+      Athenian; and Archagoras, an Argive exile&mdash;while he in person with
+      the rest of the men attacked the second ridge; this they took in the same
+      fashion, only to find that they had still a third knoll left, far the
+      steepest of the three. This was none other than the mamelon mentioned as
+      above the outpost, which had been captured over their fire by the
+      volunteer storming party in the night. But when the Hellenes were close,
+      the natives, to the astonishment of all, without a struggle deserted the
+      knoll. It was conjectured that they had left their position from fear of
+      being encircled and besieged, but the fact was that they, from their
+      higher ground, had been able to see what was going on in the rear, and had
+      all made off in this fashion to attack the rearguard.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      So then Xenophon, with the youngest men, scaled up to the top, leaving
+      orders to the rest to march on slowly, so as to allow the hindmost
+      companies to unite with them; they were to advance by the road, and when
+      they reached the level to ground arms (3). Meanwhile the Argive Archagoras
+      arrived, in full flight, with the announcement that they had been
+      dislodged from the first ridge, and that Cephisodorus and Amphicrates were
+      slain, with a number of others besides, all in fact who had not jumped
+      down the crags and so reached the rearguard. After this achievement the
+      barbarians came to a crest facing the mamelon, and Xenophon held a
+      colloquy with them by means of an interpreter, to negotiate a truce, and
+      demanded back the dead bodies. These they agreed to restore if he would
+      not burn their houses, and to these terms Xenophon agreed. Meanwhile, as
+      the rest of the army filed past, and the colloquy was proceeding, all the
+      people of the place had time to gather gradually, and the enemy formed;
+      and as soon as the Hellenes began to descend from the mamelon to join the
+      others where the troops were halted, on rushed the foe, in full force,
+      with hue and cry. They reached the summit of the mamelon from which
+      Xenophon was descending, and began rolling down crags. One man's leg was
+      crushed to pieces. Xenophon was left by his shield-bearer, who carried off
+      his shield, but Eurylochus of Lusia (4), an Arcadian hoplite, ran up to
+      him, and threw his shield in front to protect both of them; so the two
+      together beat a retreat, and so too the rest, and joined the serried ranks
+      of the main body.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (3) To take up position.
+
+ (4) I.e. of Lusi (or Lusia), a town (or district) in Northern Arcadia.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      After this the whole Hellenic force united, and took up their quarters
+      there in numerous beautiful dwellings, with an ample store of provisions,
+      for there was wine so plentiful that they had it in cemented cisterns.
+      Xenophon and Cheirisophus arranged to recover the dead, and in return
+      restored the guide; afterwards they did everything for the dead, according
+      to the means at their disposal, with the customary honours paid to good
+      men.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Next day they set off without a guide; and the enemy, by keeping up a
+      continuous battle and occupying in advance every narrow place, obstructed
+      passage after passage. Accordingly, whenever the van was obstructed,
+      Xenophon, from behind, made a dash up the hills and broke the barricade,
+      and freed the vanguard by endeavouring to get above the obstructing enemy.
+      Whenever the rear was the point attacked, Cheirisophus, in the same way,
+      made a detour, and by endeavouring to mount higher than the barricaders,
+      freed the passage for the rear rank; and in this way, turn and turn about,
+      they rescued each other, and paid unflinching attention to their mutual
+      needs. At times it happened that, the relief party having mounted,
+      encountered considerable annoyance in their descent from the barbarians,
+      who were so agile that they allowed them to come up quite close, before
+      they turned back, and still escaped, partly no doubt because the only
+      weapons they had to carry were bows and slings.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      They were, moreover, excellent archers, using bows nearly three cubits
+      long and arrows more than two cubits. When discharging the arrow, they
+      draw the string by getting a purchase with the left foot planted forward
+      on the lower end of the bow. The arrows pierced through shield and
+      cuirass, and the Hellenes, when they got hold of them, used them as
+      javelins, fitting them to their thongs. In these districts the Cretans
+      were highly serviceable. They were under the command of Stratocles, a
+      Cretan.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0030" id="link2H_4_0030">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      III
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      During this day they bivouacked in the villages which lie above the plain
+      of the river Centrites (1), which is about two hundred feet broad. It is
+      the frontier river between Armenia and the country of the Carduchians.
+      Here the Hellenes recruited themselves, and the sight of the plain filled
+      them with joy, for the river was but six or seven furlongs distant from
+      the mountains of the Carduchians. For the moment then they bivouacked
+      right happily; they had their provisions, they had also many memories of
+      the labours that were now passed; seeing that the last seven days spent in
+      traversing the country of the Carduchians had been one long continuous
+      battle, which had cost them more suffering than the whole of their
+      troubles at the hands of the king and Tissaphernes put together. As though
+      they were truly quit of them for ever, they laid their heads to rest in
+      sweet content.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) I.e. the Eastern Tigris.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      But with the morrow's dawn they espied horsemen at a certain point across
+      the river, armed cap-a-pie, as if they meant to dispute the passage.
+      Infantry, too, drawn up in line upon the banks above the cavalry,
+      threatened to prevent them debouching into Armenia. These troops were
+      Armenian and Mardian and Chaldaean mercenaries belonging to Orontas and
+      Artuchas. The last of the three, the Chaldaeans, were said to be a free
+      and brave set of people. They were armed with long wicker shields and
+      lances. The banks before named on which they were drawn up were a hundred
+      yards or more distant from the river, and the single road which was
+      visible was one leading upwards and looking like a regular artificially
+      constructed highway. At this point the Hellenes endeavoured to cross, but
+      on their making the attempt the water proved to be more than breast-deep,
+      and the river bed was rough with great slippery stones, and as to holding
+      their arms in the water, it was out of the question&mdash;the stream swept
+      them away&mdash;or if they tried to carry them over the head, the body was
+      left exposed to the arrows and other missiles; accordingly they turned
+      back and encamped there by the bank of the river.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      At the point where they had themselves been last night, up on the
+      mountains, they could see the Carduchians collected in large numbers and
+      under arms. A shadow of deep despair again descended on their souls,
+      whichever way they turned their eyes&mdash;in front lay the river so
+      difficult to ford; over, on the other side, a new enemy threatening to bar
+      the passage; on the hills behind, the Carduchians ready to fall upon their
+      rear should they once again attempt to cross. Thus for this day and night
+      they halted, sunk in perplexity. But Xenophon had a dream. In his sleep he
+      thought that he was bound in fetters, but these, of their own accord, fell
+      from off him, so that he was loosed, and could stretch his legs as freely
+      as he wished (2). So at the first glimpse of daylight he came to
+      Cheirisophus and told him that he had hopes that all things would go well,
+      and related to him his dream.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (2) It is impossible to give the true sense and humour of the passage
+    in English, depending, as it does, on the double meaning of
+    {diabainein} (1) to cross (a river), (2) to stride or straddle (of
+    the legs). The army is unable to cross the Centrites; Xenophon
+    dreams that he is fettered, but the chains drop off his legs and
+    he is able to stride as freely as ever; next morning the two young
+    men come to him with the story how they have found themselves able
+    to walk cross the river instead of having to swim it. It is
+    obvious to Xenophon that the dream is sent from Heaven.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      The other was well pleased, and with the first faint gleam of dawn the
+      generals all were present and did sacrifice; and the victims were
+      favourable in the first essay. Retiring from the sacrifice, the generals
+      and officers issued an order to the troops to take their breakfasts; and
+      while Xenophon was taking his, two young men came running up to him, for
+      every one knew that, breakfasting or supping, he was always accessible, or
+      that even if asleep any one was welcome to awaken him who had anything to
+      say bearing on the business of war. What the two young men had at this
+      time to say was that they had been collecting brushwood for fire, and had
+      presently espied on the opposite side, in among some rocks which came down
+      to the river's brink, an old man and some women and little girls
+      depositing, as it would appear, bags of clothes in a cavernous rock. When
+      they saw them, it struck them that it was safe to cross; in any case the
+      enemy's cavalry could not approach at this point. So they stripped naked,
+      expecting to have to swim for it, and with their long knives in their
+      hands began crossing, but going forward crossed without being wet up to
+      the fork. Once across they captured the clothes, and came back again.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Accordingly Xenophon at once poured out a libation himself, and bade the
+      two young fellows fill the cup and pray to the gods, who showed to him
+      this vision and to them a passage, to bring all other blessings for them
+      to accomplishment. When he had poured out the libation, he at once led the
+      two young men to Cheirisophus, and they repeated to him their story.
+      Cheirisophus, on hearing it, offered libations also, and when they had
+      performed them, they sent a general order to the troops to pack up ready
+      for starting, while they themselves called a meeting of the generals and
+      took counsel how they might best effect a passage, so as to overpower the
+      enemy in front without suffering any loss from the men behind. And they
+      resolved that Cheirisophus should lead the van and cross with half the
+      army, the other half still remaining behind under Xenophon, while the
+      baggage animals and the mob of sutlers were to cross between the two
+      divisions.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      When all was duly ordered the move began, the young men pioneering them,
+      and keeping the river on their left. It was about four furlongs' march to
+      the crossing, and as they moved along the bank, the squadrons of cavalry
+      kept pace with them on the opposite side.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But when they had reached a point in a line with the ford, and the
+      cliff-like banks of the river, they grounded arms, and first Cheirisophus
+      himself placed a wreath upon his brows, and throwing off his cloak (3),
+      resumed his arms, passing the order to all the rest to do the same, and
+      bade the captains form their companies in open order in deep columns, some
+      to left and some to right of himself. Meanwhile the soothsayers were
+      slaying a victim over the river, and the enemy were letting fly their
+      arrows and slingstones; but as yet they were out of range. As soon as the
+      victims were favourable, all the soldiers began singing the battle hymn,
+      and with the notes of the paean mingled the shouting of the men
+      accompanied by the shriller chant of the women, for there were many women
+      (4) in the camp.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (3) Or, "having doffed it," i.e. the wreath, an action which the
+    soldiers would perform symbolically, if Grote is right in his
+    interpretation of the passage, "Hist. of Greece," vol. ix. p. 137.
+
+ (4) Lit. "comrade-women."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      So Cheirisophus with his detachment stepped in. But Xenophon, taking the
+      most active-bodied of the rearguard, began running back at full speed to
+      the passage facing the egress into the hills of Armenia, making a feint of
+      crossing at that point to intercept their cavalry on the river bank. The
+      enemy, seeing Cheirisophus's detachment easily crossing the stream, and
+      Xenophon's men racing back, were seized with the fear of being
+      intercepted, and fled at full speed in the direction of the road which
+      emerges from the stream. But when they were come opposite to it they raced
+      up hill towards their mountains. Then Lycius, who commanded the cavalry,
+      and Aeschines, who was in command of the division of light infantry
+      attached to Cheirisophus, no sooner saw them fleeing so lustily than they
+      were after them, and the soldiers shouted not to fall behind (5), but to
+      follow them right up to the mountains. Cheirisophus, on getting across,
+      forbore to pursue the cavalry, but advanced by the bluffs which reached to
+      the river to attack the enemy overhead. And these, seeing their own
+      cavalry fleeing, seeing also the heavy infantry advancing upon them,
+      abandoned the heights above the river.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (5) Or, "to stick tight to them and not to be outdone"; or, as others
+    understand, "the (infantry) soldiers clamoured not to be left
+    behind, but to follow them up into the mountains."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Xenophon, as soon as he saw that things were going well on the other side,
+      fell back with all speed to join the troops engaged in crossing, for by
+      this time the Carduchians were well in sight, descending into the plain to
+      attack their rear.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Cheirisophus was in possession of the higher ground, and Lycius, with his
+      little squadron, in an attempt to follow up the pursuit, had captured some
+      stragglers of their baggage-bearers, and with them some handsome apparel
+      and drinking-cups. The baggage animals of the Hellenes and the mob of
+      non-combatants were just about to cross, when Xenonphon turned his troops
+      right about to face the Carduchians. Vis-a-vis he formed his line, passing
+      the order to the captains each to form his company into sections, and to
+      deploy them into line by the left, the captains of companies and
+      lieutenants in command of sections to advance to meet the Carduchians,
+      while the rear leaders would keep their position facing the river. But
+      when the Carduchians saw the rearguard so stript of the mass, and looking
+      now like a mere handful of men, they advanced all the more quickly,
+      singing certain songs the while. Then, as matters were safe with him,
+      Cheirisophus sent back the peltasts and slingers and archers to join
+      Xenophon, with orders to carry out his instructions. They were in the act
+      of recrossing, when Xenophon, who saw their intention, sent a messenger
+      across, bidding them wait there at the river's brink without crossing; but
+      as soon as he and his detachment began to cross they were to step in
+      facing him in two flanking divisions right and left of them, as if in the
+      act of crossing; the javelin men with their javelins on the thong, and the
+      bowmen with their arrows on the string; but they were not to advance far
+      into the stream. The order passed to his own men was: "Wait till you are
+      within sling-shot, and the shield rattles, then sound the paean and charge
+      the enemy. As soon as he turns, and the bugle from the river sounds for
+      'the attack,' you will face about to the right, the rear rank leading, and
+      the whole detachment falling back and crossing the river as quickly as
+      possible, every one preserving his original rank, so as to avoid
+      tramelling one another: the bravest man is he who gets to the other side
+      first."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The Carduchians, seeing that the remnant left was the merest handful (for
+      many even of those whose duty it was to remain had gone off in their
+      anxiety to protect their beasts of burden, or their personal kit, or their
+      mistresses), bore down upon them valorously, and opened fire with
+      slingstones and arrows. But the Hellenes, raising the battle hymn, dashed
+      at them at a run, and they did not await them; armed well enough for
+      mountain warfare, and with a view to sudden attack followed by speedy
+      flight, they were not by any means sufficiently equipped for an engagement
+      at close quarters. At this instant the signal of the bugle was heard. Its
+      notes added wings to the flight of the barbarians, but the Hellenes turned
+      right about in the opposite direction, and betook themselves to the river
+      with what speed they might. Some of the enemy, here a man and there
+      another, perceived, and running back to the river, let fly their arrows
+      and wounded a few; but the majority, even when the Hellenes were well
+      across, were still to be seen pursuing their flight. The detachment which
+      came to meet Xenophon's men, carried away by their valour, advanced
+      further than they had need to, and had to cross back again in the rear of
+      Xenophon's men, and of these too a few were wounded.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0031" id="link2H_4_0031">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      IV
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      The passage effected, they fell into line about mid-day, and marched
+      through Armenian territory, one long plain with smooth rolling hillocks,
+      not less than five parasangs in distance; for owing to the wars of this
+      people with the Carduchians there were no villages near the river. The
+      village eventually reached was large, and possessed a palace belonging to
+      the satrap, and most of the houses were crowned with turrets; provisions
+      were plentiful.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      From this village they marched two stages&mdash;ten parasangs&mdash;until
+      they had surmounted the sources of the river Tigris; and from this point
+      they marched three stages&mdash;fifteen parasangs&mdash;to the river
+      Teleboas. This was a fine stream, though not large, and there were many
+      villages about it. The district was named Western Armenia. The
+      lieutenant-governor of it was Tiribazus, the king's friend, and whenever
+      the latter paid a visit, he alone had the privilege of mounting the king
+      upon his horse. This officer rode up to the Hellenes with a body of
+      cavalry, and sending forward an interpreter, stated that he desired a
+      colloquy with the leaders. The generals resolved to hear what he had to
+      say; and advancing on their side to within speaking distance, they
+      demanded what he wanted. He replied that he wished to make a treaty with
+      them, in accordance with which he on his side would abstain from injuring
+      the Hellenes, if they would not burn his houses, but merely take such
+      provisions as they needed. This proposal satisfied the generals, and a
+      treaty was made on the terms suggested.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      From this place they marched three stages&mdash;fifteen parasangs&mdash;through
+      plain country, Tiribazus the while keeping close behind with his own
+      forces more than a mile off. Presently they reached a palace with villages
+      clustered round about it, which were full of supplies in great variety.
+      But while they were encamping in the night, there was a heavy fall of
+      snow, and in the morning it was resolved to billet out the different
+      regiments, with their generals, throughout the villages. There was no
+      enemy in sight, and the proceeding seemed prudent, owing to the quantity
+      of snow. In these quarters they had for provisions all the good things
+      there are&mdash;sacrificial beasts, corn, old wines with an exquisite
+      bouquet, dried grapes, and vegetables of all sorts. But some of the
+      stragglers from the camp reported having seen an army, and the blaze of
+      many watchfires in the night. Accordingly the generals concluded that it
+      was not prudent to separate their quarters in this way, and a resolution
+      was passed to bring the troops together again. After that they reunited,
+      the more so that the weather promised to be fine with a clear sky; but
+      while they lay there in open quarters, during the night down came so thick
+      a fall of snow that it completely covered up the stacks of arms and the
+      men themselves lying down. It cramped and crippled the baggage animals;
+      and there was great unreadiness to get up, so gently fell the snow as they
+      lay there warm and comfortable, and formed a blanket, except where it
+      slipped off the sleepers' shoulders; and it was not until Xenophon roused
+      himself to get up, and, without his cloak on (1), began to split wood,
+      that quickly first one and then another got up, and taking the log away
+      from him, fell to splitting. Thereat the rest followed suit, got up, and
+      began kindling fire and oiling their bodies, for there was a scented
+      unguent to be found there in abundance, which they used instead of oil. It
+      was made from pig's fat, sesame, bitter almonds, and turpentine. There was
+      a sweet oil also to be found, made of the same ingredients.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) Or, as we should say, "in his shirt sleeves." Doubtless he lay
+    with his {imation} or cloak loosely wrapped round him; as he
+    sprang to his feet he would throw it off, or it would fall off,
+    and with the simple inner covering of the {khiton} to protect him,
+    and arms free, he fell to chopping the wood, only half clad.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      After this it was resolved that they must again separate their quarters
+      and get under cover in the villages. At this news the soldiers, with much
+      joy and shouting, rushed upon the covered houses and the provisions; but
+      all who in their blind folly had set fire to the houses when they left
+      them before, now paid the penalty in the poor quarters they got. From this
+      place one night they sent off a party under Democrates, a Temenite (2), up
+      into the mountains, where the stragglers reported having seen watchfires.
+      The leader selected was a man whose judgement might be depended upon to
+      verify the truth of the matter. With a happy gift to distinguish between
+      fact and fiction, he had often been successfully appealed to. He went and
+      reported that he had seen no watchfires, but he had got a man, whom he
+      brought back with him, carrying a Persian bow and quiver, and a sagaris or
+      battleaxe like those worn by the Amazons. When asked "from what country he
+      came," the prisoner answered that he was "a Persian, and was going from
+      the army of Tiribazus to get provisions." They next asked him "how large
+      the army was, and for what object it had been collected." His answer was
+      that "it consisted of Tiribazus at the head of his own forces, and aided
+      by some Chalybian and Taochian mercenaries. Tiribazus had got it
+      together," he added, "meaning to attack the Hellenes on the high mountain
+      pass, in a defile which was the sole passage."
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (2) Reading {Temeniten}, i.e. a native of Temenus, a district of
+    Syracuse; al. {Temniten}, i.e. from Temnus in the Aeolid; al.
+    {Temeniten}, i.e. from Temenum in the Argolid.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      When the generals heard this news, they resolved to collect the troops,
+      and they set off at once, taking the prisoner to act as guide, and leaving
+      a garrison behind with Sophaenetus the Stymphalian in command of those who
+      remained in the camp. As soon as they had begun to cross the hills, the
+      light infantry, advancing in front and catching sight of the camp, did not
+      wait for the heavy infantry, but with a loud shout rushed upon the enemy's
+      entrenchment. The natives, hearing the din and clatter, did not care to
+      stop, but took rapidly to their heels. But, for all their expedition, some
+      of them were killed, and as many as twenty horses were captured, with the
+      tent of Tiribazus, and its contents, silver-footed couches and goblets,
+      besides certain persons styling themselves the butlers and bakers. As soon
+      as the generals of the heavy infantry division had learnt the news, they
+      resolved to return to the camp with all speed, for fear of an attack being
+      made on the remnant left behind. The recall was sounded and the retreat
+      commenced; the camp was reached the same day.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0032" id="link2H_4_0032">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      V
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      The next day it was resolved that they should set off with all possible
+      speed, before the enemy had time to collect and occupy the defile. Having
+      got their kit and baggage together, they at once began their march through
+      deep snow with several guides, and, crossing the high pass the same day on
+      which Tiribazus was to have attacked them, got safely into cantonments.
+      From this point they marched three desert stages&mdash;fifteen parassangs&mdash;to
+      the river Euphrates, and crossed it in water up to the waist. The sources
+      of the river were reported to be at no great distance. From this place
+      they marched through deep snow over a flat country three stages&mdash;fifteen
+      parasangs (1). The last of these marches was trying, with the north wind
+      blowing in their teeth, drying up everything and benumbing the men. Here
+      one of the seers suggested to them to do sacrifice to Boreas, and
+      sacrifice was done. The effect was obvious to all in the diminished
+      fierceness of the blast. But there was six feet of snow, so that many of
+      the baggage animals and slaves were lost, and about thirty of the men
+      themselves.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) Al. "ten," al. "five."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      They spent the whole night in kindling fire; for there was fortunately no
+      dearth of wood at the halting-place; only those who came late into camp
+      had no wood. Accordingly those who had arrived a good while and had
+      kindled fires were not for allowing these late-comers near the fires,
+      unless they would in return give a share of their corn or of any other
+      victuals they might have. Here then a general exchange of goods was set
+      up. Where the fire was kindled the snow melted, and great trenches formed
+      themselves down to the bare earth, and here it was possible to measure the
+      depth of the snow.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Leaving these quarters, they marched the whole of the next day over snow,
+      and many of the men were afflicted with "boulimia" (or hunger-faintness).
+      Xenophon, who was guarding the rear, came upon some men who had dropt
+      down, and he did not know what ailed them; but some one who was
+      experienced in such matters suggested to him that they had evidently got
+      boulimia; and if they got something to eat, they would revive. Then he
+      went the round of the baggage train, and laying an embargo on any eatables
+      he could see, doled out with his own hands, or sent off other able-bodied
+      agents to distribute to the sufferers, who as soon as they had taken a
+      mouthful got on their legs again and continued the march.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      On and on they marched, and about dusk Cheirisophus reached a village, and
+      surprised some women and girls who had come from the village to fetch
+      water at the fountain outside the stockade. These asked them who they
+      were. The interpreters answered for them in Persian: "They were on their
+      way from the king to the satrap;" in reply to which the women gave them to
+      understand that the satrap was not at home, but was away a parasang
+      farther on. As it was late they entered with the water-carriers within the
+      stockade to visit the headman of the village. Accordingly Cheirisophus and
+      as many of the troops as were able got into cantonments there, while the
+      rest of the soldiers&mdash;those namely who were unable to complete the
+      march&mdash;had to spend the night out, without food and without fire;
+      under the circumstances some of the men perished.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      On the heels of the army hung perpetually bands of the enemy, snatching
+      away disabled baggage animals and fighting with each other over the
+      carcases. And in its track not seldom were left to their fate disabled
+      soldiers, struck down with snow-blindness or with toes mortified by
+      frostbite. As to the eyes, it was some alleviation against the snow to
+      march with something black before them; for the feet, the only remedy was
+      to keep in motion without stopping for an instant, and to loose the sandal
+      at night. If they went to sleep with the sandals on, the thong worked into
+      the feet, and the sandals were frozen fast to them. This was partly due to
+      the fact that, since their old sandals had failed, they wore untanned
+      brogues made of newly-flayed ox-hides. It was owing to some such dire
+      necessity that a party of men fell out and were left behind, and seeing a
+      black-looking patch of ground where the snow had evidently disappeared,
+      they conjectured it must have been melted; and this was actually so, owing
+      to a spring of some sort which was to be seen steaming up in a dell close
+      by. To this they had turned aside and sat down, and were loth to go a step
+      further. But Xenophon, with his rearguard, perceived them, and begged and
+      implored them by all manner of means not to be left behind, telling them
+      that the enemy were after them in large packs pursuing; and he ended by
+      growing angry. They merely bade him put a knife to their throats; not one
+      step farther would they stir. Then it seemed best to frighten the pursuing
+      enemy if possible, and prevent their falling upon the invalids. It was
+      already dusk, and the pursuers were advancing with much noise and hubbub,
+      wrangling and disputing over their spoils. Then all of a sudden the
+      rearguard, in the plenitude of health and strength (2), sprang up out of
+      their lair and run upon the enemy, whilst those weary wights (3) bawled
+      out as loud as their sick throats could sound, and clashed their spears
+      against their shields; and the enemy in terror hurled themselves through
+      the snow into the dell, and not one of them ever uttered a sound again.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (2) Hug, after Rehdantz, would omit the words "in the plenitude of
+    health and strength."
+
+ (3) Or, "the invalids."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Xenophon and his party, telling the sick folk that next day people would
+      come for them, set off, and before they had gone half a mile they fell in
+      with some soldiers who had laid down to rest on the snow with their cloaks
+      wrapped round them, but never a guard was established, and they made them
+      get up. Their explanation was that those in front would not move on.
+      Passing by this group he sent forward the strongest of his light infantry
+      in advance, with orders to find out what the stoppage was. They reported
+      that the whole army lay reposing in such fashion. That being so,
+      Xenophon's men had nothing for it but to bivouac in the open air also,
+      without fire and supperless, merely posting what pickets they could under
+      the circumstances. But as soon as it drew towards day, Xenophon despatched
+      the youngest of his men to the sick folk behind, with orders to make them
+      get up and force them to proceed. Meanwhile Cheirisophus had sent some of
+      his men quartered in the village to enquire how they fared in the rear;
+      they were overjoyed to see them, and handed over the sick folk to them to
+      carry into camp, while they themselves continued their march forward, and
+      ere twenty furlongs were past reached the village in which Cheirisophus
+      was quartered. As soon as the two divisions were met, the resolution was
+      come to that it would be safe to billet the regiments throughout the
+      villages; Cheirisophus remained where he was, while the rest drew lots for
+      the villages in sight, and then, with their several detachments, marched
+      off to their respective destinations.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      It was here that Polycrates, an Athenian and captain of a company, asked
+      for leave of absence&mdash;he wished to be off on a quest of his own; and
+      putting himself at the head of the active men of the division, he ran to
+      the village which had been allotted to Xenophon. He surprised within it
+      the villagers with their headman, and seventeen young horses which were
+      being reared as a tribute for the king, and, last of all, the headman's
+      own daughter, a young bride only eight days wed. Her husband had gone off
+      to chase hares, and so he escaped being taken with the other villagers.
+      The houses were underground structures with an aperture like the mouth of
+      a well by which to enter, but they were broad and spacious below. The
+      entrance for the beasts of burden was dug out, but the human occupants
+      descended by a ladder. In these dwellings were to be found goats and sheep
+      and cattle, and cocks and hens, with their various progeny. The flocks and
+      herds were all reared under cover upon green food. There were stores
+      within of wheat and barley and vegetables, and wine made from barley in
+      great big bowls; the grains of barley malt lay floating in the beverage up
+      to the lip of the vessel, and reeds lay in them, some longer, some
+      shorter, without joints; when you were thirsty you must take one of these
+      into your mouth, and suck. The beverage without admixture of water was
+      very strong, and of a delicious flavour to certain palates, but the taste
+      must be acquired.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Xenophon made the headman of the village his guest at supper, and bade him
+      keep a good heart; so far from robbing him of his children, they would
+      fill his house full of good things in return for what they took before
+      they went away; only he must set them an example, and discover some
+      blessing or other for the army, until they found themselves with another
+      tribe. To this he readily assented, and with the utmost cordiality showed
+      them the cellar where the wine was buried. For this night then, having
+      taken up their several quarters as described, they slumbered in the midst
+      of plenty, one and all, with the headman under watch and ward, and his
+      children with him safe in sight.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But on the following day Xenophon took the headman and set off to
+      Cheirisophus, making a round of the villages, and at each place turning in
+      to visit the different parties. Everywhere alike he found them faring
+      sumptuously and merry-making. There was not a single village where they
+      did not insist on setting a breakfast before them, and on the same table
+      were spread half a dozen dishes at least, lamb, kid, pork, veal, fowls,
+      with various sorts of bread, some of wheat and some of barley. When, as an
+      act of courtesy, any one wished to drink his neighbour's health, he would
+      drag him to the big bowl, and when there, he must duck his head and take a
+      long pull, drinking like an ox. The headman, they insisted everywhere,
+      must accept as a present whatever he liked to have. But he would accept
+      nothing, except where he espied any of his relations, when he made a point
+      of taking them off, him or her, with himself.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      When they reached Cheirisophus they found a similar scene. There too the
+      men were feasting in their quarters, garlanded with whisps of hay and dry
+      grass, and Armenian boys were playing the part of waiters in barbaric
+      costumes, only they had to point out by gesture to the boys what they were
+      to do, like deaf and dumb. After the first formalities, when Cheirisophus
+      and Xenophon had greeted one another like bosom friends, they interrogated
+      the headman in common by means of the Persian-speaking interpreter. "What
+      was the country?" they asked: he replied, "Armenia." And again, "For whom
+      are the horses being bred?" "They are tribute for the king," he replied.
+      "And the neighbouring country?" "Is the land of the Chalybes," he said;
+      and he described the road which led to it. So for the present Xenophon
+      went off, taking the headman back with him to his household and friends.
+      He also made him a present of an oldish horse which he had got; he had
+      heard that the headman was a priest of the sun, and so he could fatten up
+      the beast and sacrifice him; otherwise he was afraid it might die
+      outright, for it had been injured by the long marching. For himself he
+      took his pick of the colts, and gave a colt apiece to each of his
+      fellow-generals and officers. The horses here were smaller than the
+      Persian horses, but much more spirited. It was here too that their friend
+      the headman explained to them, how they should wrap small bags or sacks
+      around the feet of the horses and other cattle when marching through the
+      snow, for without such precautions the creatures sank up to their bellies.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0033" id="link2H_4_0033">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      VI
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      When a week had passed, on the eighth day Xenophon delivered over the
+      guide (that is to say, the village headman) to Cheirisophus. He left the
+      headman's household safe behind in the village, with the exception of his
+      son, a lad in the bloom of youth. This boy was entrusted to Episthenes of
+      Amphipolis to guard; if the headman proved himself a good guide, he was to
+      take away his son also at his departure. They finally made his house the
+      repository of all the good things they could contrive to get together;
+      then they broke up their camp and commenced to march, the headman guiding
+      them through the snow unfettered. When they had reached the third stage
+      Cheirisophus flew into a rage with him, because he had not brought them to
+      any villages. The headman pleaded that there were none in this part.
+      Cheirisophus struck him, but forgot to bind him, and the end of it was
+      that the headman ran away in the night and was gone, leaving his son
+      behind him. This was the sole ground of difference between Cheirisophus
+      and Xenophon during the march, this combination of ill-treatment and
+      neglect in the case of the guide. As to the boy, Episthenes conceived a
+      passion for him, and took him home with him, and found in him the most
+      faithful of friends.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      After this they marched seven stages at the rate of five parasangs a day,
+      to the banks of the river Phasis (1), which is a hundred feet broad: and
+      thence they marched another couple of stages, ten parasangs; but at the
+      pass leading down into the plain there appeared in front of them a mixed
+      body of Chalybes and Taochians and Phasianians. When Cheirisophus caught
+      sight of the enemy on the pass at a distance of about three or four miles,
+      he ceased marching, not caring to approach the enemy with his troops in
+      column, and he passed down the order to the others: to deploy their
+      companies to the front, that the troops might form into line. As soon as
+      the rearguard had come up, he assembled the generals and officers, and
+      addressed them: "The enemy, as you see, are in occupation of the mountain
+      pass, it is time we should consider how we are to make the best fight to
+      win it. My opinion is, that we should give orders to the troops to take
+      their morning meal, whilst we deliberate whether we should cross the
+      mountains to-day or to-morrow." "My opinion," said Cleanor, "is, that as
+      soon as we have breakfasted, we should arm for the fight and attack the
+      enemy, without loss of time, for if we fritter away to-day, the enemy who
+      are now content to look at us, will grow bolder, and with their growing
+      courage, depend upon it, others more numerous will join them."
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) Probably a tributary of the Araxes = modern Pasin-Su.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      After him Xenophon spoke: "This," he said, "is how I see the matter; if
+      fight we must, let us make preparation to sell our lives dearly, but if we
+      desire to cross with the greatest ease, the point to consider is, how we
+      may get the fewest wounds and throw away the smallest number of good men.
+      Well then, that part of the mountain which is visible stretches nearly
+      seven miles. Where are the men posted to intercept us? except at the road
+      itself, they are nowhere to be seen. It is much better to try if possible
+      to steal a point of this desert mountain unobserved, and before they know
+      where we are, secure the prize, than to fly at a strong position and an
+      enemy thoroughly prepared. Since it is much easier to march up a mountain
+      without fighting than to tramp along a level when assailants are at either
+      hand; and provided he has not to fight, a man will see what lies at his
+      feet much more plainly even at night than in broad daylight in the midst
+      of battle; and a rough road to feet that roam in peace may be pleasanter
+      than a smooth surface with the bullets whistling about your ears (2). Nor
+      is it so impossible, I take it, to steal a march, since it is open to us
+      to go by night, when we cannot be seen, and to fall back so far that they
+      will never notice us. In my opinion, however, if we make a feint of
+      attacking here, we shall find the mountain chain all the more deserted
+      elsewhere, since the enemy will be waiting for us here in thicker swarm.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (2) Or, more lit., "with the head a mark for missiles."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      "But what right have I to be drawing conclusions about stealing in your
+      presence, Cheirisophus? for you Lacedaemonians, as I have often been told,
+      you who belong to the 'peers,' practise stealing from your boyhood up; and
+      it is no disgrace but honourable rather to steal, except such things as
+      the law forbids; and in order, I presume, to stimulate your sense of
+      secretiveness, and to make you master thieves, it is lawful for you
+      further to get a whipping if you are caught. Now then you have a fine
+      opportunity of displaying your training. But take care we are not caught
+      stealing over the mountain, or we shall catch it ourselves." "For all
+      that," retorted Cheirisophus, "I have heard that you Athenians are clever
+      hands at stealing the public moneys; and that too though there is a
+      fearful risk for the person so employed; but, I am told, it is your best
+      men who are addicted to it; if it is your best men who are thought worthy
+      to rule. So it is a fine opportunity for yourself also, Xenophon, to
+      exhibit your education." "And I," replied Xenophon, "am ready to take the
+      rear division, as soon as we have supped, and seize the mountain chain. I
+      have already got guides, for the light troops laid an ambuscade, and
+      seized some of the cut-purse vagabonds who hung on our rear. I am further
+      informed by them that the mountain is not inaccessible, but is grazed by
+      goats and cattle, so that if we can once get hold of any portion of it,
+      there will be no difficulty as regards our animals&mdash;they can cross.
+      As to the enemy, I expect they will not even wait for us any longer, when
+      they once see us on a level with themselves on the heights, for they do
+      not even at present care to come down and meet us on fair ground."
+      Cheirisophus answered: "But why should you go and leave your command in
+      the rear? Send others rather, unless a band of volunteers will present
+      themselves." Thereupon Aristonymus the Methydrian came forward with some
+      heavy infantry, and Nicomachus the Oetean with another body of light
+      troops, and they made an agreement to kindle several watch-fires as soon
+      as they held the heights. The arrangements made, they breakfasted; and
+      after breakfast Cheirisophus advanced the whole army ten furlongs closer
+      towards the enemy, so as to strengthen the impression that he intended to
+      attack them at that point.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But as soon as they had supped and night had fallen, the party under
+      orders set off and occupied the mountain, while the main body rested where
+      they were. Now as soon as the enemy perceived that the mountain was taken,
+      they banished all thought of sleep, and kept many watch-fires blazing
+      throughout the night. But at break of day Cheirisophus offered sacrifice,
+      and began advancing along the road, while the detachment which held the
+      mountain advanced pari passu by the high ground. The larger mass of the
+      enemy, on his side, remained still on the mountain-pass, but a section of
+      them turned to confront the detachment on the heights. Before the main
+      bodies had time to draw together, the detachment on the height came to
+      close quarters, and the Hellenes were victorious and gave chase. Meanwhile
+      the light division of the Hellenes, issuing from the plain, were rapidly
+      advancing against the serried lines of the enemy, whilst Cheirisophus
+      followed up with his heavy infantry at quick march. But the enemy on the
+      road no sooner saw their higher division being worsted than they fled, and
+      some few of them were slain, and a vast number of wicker shields were
+      taken, which the Hellenes hacked to pieces with their short swords and
+      rendered useless. So when they had reached the summit of the pass, they
+      sacrificed and set up a trophy, and descending into the plain, reached
+      villages abounding in good things of every kind.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0034" id="link2H_4_0034">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      VII
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      After this they marched into the country of the Taochians five stages&mdash;thirty
+      parasangs&mdash;and provisions failed; for the Taochians lived in strong
+      places, into which they had carried up all their stores. Now when the army
+      arrived before one of these strong places&mdash;a mere fortress, without
+      city or houses, into which a motley crowd of men and women and numerous
+      flocks and herds were gathered&mdash;Cheirisophus attacked at once. When
+      the first regiment fell back tired, a second advanced, and again a third,
+      for it was impossible to surround the place in full force, as it was
+      encircled by a river. Presently Xenophon came up with the rearguard,
+      consisting of both light and heavy infantry, whereupon Cheirisophus halted
+      him with the words: "In the nick of time you have come; we must take this
+      place, for the troops have no provisions, unless we take it." Thereupon
+      they consulted together, and to Xenophon's inquiry, "What it was which
+      hindered their simply walking in?" Cheirisophus replied, "There is just
+      this one narrow approach which you see, but when we attempt to pass it by
+      they roll down volleys of stones from yonder overhanging crag," pointing
+      up, "and this is the state in which you find yourself, if you chance to be
+      caught;" and he pointed to some poor fellows with their legs or ribs
+      crushed to bits. "But when they have expended their ammunition," said
+      Xenophon, "there is nothing else, is there, to hinder our passing?
+      Certainly, except yonder handful of fellows, there is no one in front of
+      us that we can see; and of them, only two or three apparently are armed,
+      and the distance to be traversed under fire is, as your eyes will tell
+      you, about one hundred and fifty feet as near as can be, and of this space
+      the first hundred is thickly covered with great pines at intervals; under
+      cover of these, what harm can come to our men from a pelt of stones,
+      flying or rolling? So then, there is only fifty feet left to cross, during
+      a lull of stones." "Ay," said Cheirisophus, "but with our first attempt to
+      approach the bush a galling fire of stones commences." "The very thing we
+      want," said the other, "for they will use up their ammunition all the
+      quicker; but let us select a point from which we shall have only a brief
+      space to run across, if we can, and from which it will be easier to get
+      back, if we wish."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Thereupon Cheirisophus and Xenophon set out with Callimachus the
+      Parrhasian, the captain in command of the officers of the rearguard that
+      day; the rest of the captains remained out of danger. That done, the next
+      step was for a party of about seventy men to get away under the trees, not
+      in a body, but one by one, every one using his best precaution; and Agasis
+      the Stymphalian, and Aristonymous the Methydrian, who were also officers
+      of the rearguard, were posted as supports outside the trees; for it was
+      not possible for more than a single company to stand safely within the
+      trees. Here Callimachus hit upon a pretty contrivance&mdash;he ran forward
+      from the tree under which he was posted two or three paces, and as soon as
+      the stones came whizzing, he retired easily, but at each excursion more
+      than ten wagon-loads of rocks were expended. Agasias, seeing how
+      Callimachus was amusing himself, and the whole army looking on as
+      spectators, was seized with the fear that he might miss his chance of
+      being first to run the gauntlet of the enemy's fire and get into the
+      place. So, without a word of summons to his neighbour, Aristonymous, or to
+      Eurylochus of Lusia, both comrades of his, or to any one else, off he set
+      on his own account, and passed the whole detachment. But Callimachus,
+      seeing him tearing past, caught hold of his shield by the rim, and in the
+      meantime Aristonymous the Methydrian ran past both, and after him
+      Eurylochus of Lusia; for they were one and all aspirants to valour, and in
+      that high pursuit, each was the eager rival of the rest. So in this strife
+      of honour, the three of them took the fortress, and when they had once
+      rushed in, not a stone more was hurled from overhead.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      And here a terrible spectacle displayed itself: the women first cast their
+      infants down the cliff, and then they cast themselves after their fallen
+      little ones, and the men likewise. In such a scene, Aeneas the
+      Stymphalian, an officer, caught sight of a man with a fine dress about to
+      throw himself over, and seized hold of him to stop him; but the other
+      caught him to his arms, and both were gone in an instant headlong down the
+      crags, and were killed. Out of this place the merest handful of human
+      beings were taken prisoners, but cattle and asses in abundance and flocks
+      of sheep.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      From this place they marched through the Chalybes (1) seven stages, fifty
+      parasangs. These were the bravest men whom they encountered on the whole
+      march, coming cheerily to close quarters with them. They wore linen
+      cuirasses reaching to the groin, and instead of the ordinary "wings" or
+      basques, a thickly-plaited fringe of cords. They were also provided with
+      greaves and helmets, and at the girdle a short sabre, about as long as the
+      Laconian dagger, with which they cut the throats of those they mastered,
+      and after severing the head from the trunk they would march along carrying
+      it, singing and dancing, when they drew within their enemy's field of
+      view. They carried also a spear fifteen cubits long, lanced at one end
+      (2). This folk stayed in regular townships, and whenever the Hellenes
+      passed by they invariably hung close on their heels fighting. They had
+      dwelling-places in their fortresses, and into them they had carried up
+      their supplies, so that the Hellenes could get nothing from this district,
+      but supported themselves on the flocks and herds they had taken from the
+      Taochians. After this the Hellenes reached the river Harpasus, which was
+      four hundred feet broad. Hence they marched through the Scythenians four
+      stages&mdash;twenty parasangs&mdash;through a long level country to more
+      villages, among which they halted three days, and got in supplies.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) These are the Armeno-Chalybes, so called by Pliny in
+    contradistinction to another mountain tribe in Pontus so named,
+    who were famous for their forging, and from whom steel received
+    its Greek name {khalups}. With these latter we shall make
+    acquaintance later on.
+
+ (2) I.e. with a single point or spike only, the Hellenic spear having
+    a spike at the butt end also.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Passing on from thence in four stages of twenty parasangs, they reached a
+      large and prosperous well-populated city, which went by the name of
+      Gymnias (3), from which the governor of the country sent them a guide to
+      lead them through a district hostile to his own. This guide told them that
+      within five days he would lead them to a place from which they would see
+      the sea, "and," he added, "if I fail of my word, you are free to take my
+      life." Accordingly he put himself at their head; but he no sooner set foot
+      in the country hostile to himself than he fell to encouraging them to burn
+      and harry the land; indeed his exhortations were so earnest, it was plain
+      that it was for this he had come, and not out of the good-will he bore the
+      Hellenes.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (3) Gymnias is supposed (by Grote, "Hist. of Greece," vol. ix. p. 161)
+    to be the same as that which is now called Gumisch-Kana&mdash;perhaps
+    "at no great distance from Baibut," Tozer, "Turkish Armenia," p.
+    432. Others have identified it with Erzeroum, others with Ispir.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      On the fifth day they reached the mountain, the name of which was Theches
+      (4). No sooner had the men in front ascended it and caught sight of the
+      sea than a great cry arose, and Xenophon, in the rearguard, catching the
+      sound of it, conjectured that another set of enemies must surely be
+      attacking in front; for they were followed by the inhabitants of the
+      country, which was all aflame; indeed the rearguard had killed some and
+      captured others alive by laying an ambuscade; they had taken also about
+      twenty wicker shields, covered with the raw hides of shaggy oxen.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (4) Some MSS. give "the sacred mountain." The height in question has
+    been identified with "the ridge called Tekieh-Dagh to the east of
+    Gumisch-Kana, nearer to the sea than that place" (Grote, ib. p.
+    162), but the exact place from which they caught sight of the sea
+    has not been identified as yet, and other mountain ranges have
+    been suggested.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      But as the shout became louder and nearer, and those who from time to time
+      came up, began racing at the top of their speed towards the shouters, and
+      the shouting continually recommenced with yet greater volume as the
+      numbers increased, Xenophon settled in his mind that something
+      extraordinary must have happened, so he mounted his horse, and taking with
+      him Lycius and the cavalry, he galloped to the rescue. Presently they
+      could hear the soldiers shouting and passing on the joyful word, "The sea!
+      the sea!"
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Thereupon they began running, rearguard and all, and the baggage animals
+      and horses came galloping up. But when they had reached the summit, then
+      indeed they fell to embracing one another&mdash;generals and officers and
+      all&mdash;and the tears trickled down their cheeks. And on a sudden, some
+      one, whoever it was, having passed down the order, the soldiers began
+      bringing stones and erecting a great cairn, whereon they dedicated a host
+      of untanned skins, and staves, and captured wicker shields, and with his
+      own hand the guide hacked the shields to pieces, inviting the rest to
+      follow his example. After this the Hellenes dismissed the guide with a
+      present raised from the common store, to wit, a horse, a silver bowl, a
+      Persian dress, and ten darics; but what he most begged to have were their
+      rings, and of these he got several from the soldiers. So, after pointing
+      out to them a village where they would find quarters, and the road by
+      which they would proceed towards the land of the Macrones, as evening
+      fell, he turned his back upon them in the night and was gone.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0035" id="link2H_4_0035">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      VIII
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      From this point the Hellenes marched through the country of the Macrones
+      three stages&mdash;ten parasangs, and on the first day they reached the
+      river, which formed the boundary between the land of the Macrones and the
+      land of the Scythenians. Above them, on their right, they had a country of
+      the sternest and ruggedest character, and on their left another river,
+      into which the frontier river discharges itself, and which they must
+      cross. This was thickly fringed with trees which, though not of any great
+      bulk, were closely packed. As soon as they came up to them, the Hellenes
+      proceeded to cut them down in their haste to get out of the place as soon
+      as possible. But the Macrones, armed with wicker shields and lances and
+      hair tunics, were already drawn up to receive them opposite the crossing.
+      They were cheering one another on, and kept up a steady pelt of stones
+      into the river, though they failed to reach the other side or do any harm.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      At this juncture one of the light infantry came up to Xenophon; he had
+      been, he said, a slave at Athens, and he wished to tell him that he
+      recognised the speech of these people. "I think," said he, "that this must
+      be my native country, and if there is no objection I will have a talk with
+      them." "No objection at all," replied Xenophon, "pray talk to them, and
+      ask them first, who they are." In answer to this question they said, "they
+      were Macrones." "Well, then," said he, "ask them why they are drawn up in
+      battle and want to fight with us." They answered, "Because you are
+      invading our country." The generals bade him say: "If so, it is with not
+      intention certainly of doing it or you any harm: but we have been at war
+      with the king, and are now returning to Hellas, and all we want is to
+      reach the sea." The others asked, "Were they willing to give them pledges
+      to that effect?" They replied: "Yes, they were ready to give and receive
+      pledges to that effect." Then the Macrones gave a barbaric lance to the
+      Hellenes, and the Hellenes a Hellenic lance to them: "for these," they
+      said, "would serve as pledges," and both sides called upon the gods to
+      witness.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      After the pledges were exchanged, the Macrones fell to vigorously hewing
+      down trees and constructing a road to help them across, mingling freely
+      with the Hellenes and fraternising in their midst, and they afforded them
+      as good as market as they could, and for three days conducted them on
+      their march, until they had brought them safely to the confines of the
+      Colchians. At this point they were confronted by a great mountain chain,
+      which however was accessible, and on it the Colchians were drawn up for
+      battle. In the first instance, the Hellenes drew up opposite in line of
+      battle, as though they were minded to assault the hill in that order; but
+      afterwards the generals determined to hold a council of war, and consider
+      how to make the fairest fight.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Accordingly Xenophon said: "I am not for advancing in line, but advise to
+      form companies by columns. To begin with, the line," he urged, "would be
+      scattered and thrown into disorder at once; for we shall find the mountain
+      full of inequalities, it will be pathless here and easy to traverse there.
+      The mere fact of first having formed in line, and then seeing the line
+      thrown into disorder, must exercise a disheartening effect. Again, if we
+      advance several deep, the enemy will none the less overlap us, and turn
+      their superfluous numbers to account as best they like; while, if we march
+      in shallow order, we may fully expect our line to be cut through and
+      through by the thick rain of missiles and rush of men, and if this happen
+      anywhere along the line, the whole line will equally suffer. No; my notion
+      is to form columns by companies, covering ground sufficient with spaces
+      between the companies to allow the last companies of each flank to be
+      outside the enemy's flanks. Thus we shall with our extreme companies be
+      outside the enemy's line, and the best men at the head of their columns
+      will lead the attack, and every company will pick its way where the ground
+      is easy; also it will be difficult for the enemy to force his way into the
+      intervening spaces, when there are companies on both sides; nor will it be
+      easy for him to cut in twain any individual company marching in column.
+      If, too, any particular company should be pressed, the neighbouring
+      company will come to the rescue, or if at any point any single company
+      succeed in reaching the height, from that moment not one man of the enemy
+      will stand his ground."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      This proposal was carried, and they formed into columns by companies (1).
+      Then Xenophon, returning from the right wing to the left, addressed the
+      soldiers. "Men," he said, "these men whom you see in front of you are the
+      sole obstacles still interposed between us and the haven of our hopes so
+      long deferred. We will swallow them up whole, without cooking (2), if we
+      can."
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) For this formation, see "The Retreat of the Ten Thousand; a
+    military study for all time," by Lieut.-General J. L. Vaughan,
+    C.B.
+
+ (2) Or, "we will gobble them up raw." He is thinking of the Homeric
+    line ("Iliad", iv. 35) "Perchance wert thou to enter within the
+    gates and long walls and devour Priam raw, and Priam's sons and
+    all the Trojans, then mightest thou assuage thine anger."&mdash;Leaf.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      The several divisions fell into position, the companies were formed into
+      columns, and the result was a total of something like eighty companies of
+      heavy infantry, each company consisting on an average of a hundred men.
+      The light infantry and bowmen were arranged in three divisions&mdash;two
+      outside to support the left and the right respectively, and the third in
+      the centre&mdash;each division consisting of about six hundred men (3).
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (3) This suggests 1800 as the total of the peltasts, 8000 as the total
+    of the hoplites, but the companies were probably not limited to
+    100, and under "peltasts" were probably included other light
+    troops.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Before starting, the generals passed the order to offer prayer; and with
+      the prayer and battle hymn rising from their lips they commenced their
+      advance. Cheirisophus and Xenophon, and the light infantry with them,
+      advanced outside the enemy's line to right and left, and the enemy, seeing
+      their advance, made an effort to keep parallel and confront them, but in
+      order to do so, as he extended partly to right and partly to left, he was
+      pulled to pieces, and there was a large space or hollow left in the centre
+      of his line. Seeing them separate thus, the light infantry attached to the
+      Arcadian battalion, under command of Aeschines, an Arcarnanian, mistook
+      the movement for flight, and with a loud shout rushed on, and these were
+      the first to scale the mountain summit; but they were closely followed up
+      by the Arcadian heavy infantry, under command of Cleanor of Orchomenus.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      When they began running in that way, the enemy stood their ground no
+      longer, but betook themselves to flight, one in one direction, one in
+      another, and the Hellenes scaled the hill and found quarters in numerous
+      villages which contained supplies in abundance. Here, generally speaking,
+      there was nothing to excite their wonderment, but the numbers of bee-hives
+      were indeed astonishing, and so were certain properties of the honey (4).
+      The effect upon the soldiers who tasted the combs was, that they all went
+      for the nonce quite off their heads, and suffered from vomiting and
+      diarrhoea, with a total inability to stand steady on their legs. A small
+      dose produced a condition not unlike violent drunkenness, a large one an
+      attack very like a fit of madness, and some dropped down, apparently at
+      death's door. So they lay, hundreds of them, as if there had been a great
+      defeat, a prey to the cruellest despondency. But the next day, none had
+      died; and almost at the same hour of the day at which they had eaten they
+      recovered their senses, and on the third or fourth day got on their legs
+      again like convalescents after a severe course of medical treatment.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (4) "Modern travellers attest the existence, in these regions, of
+    honey intoxicating and poisonous.... They point out the Azalea
+    Pontica as the flower from which the bees imbibe this peculiar
+    quality."&mdash;Grote, "Hist. of Greece," vol. ix. p. 155.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      From this place they marched on two stages&mdash;seven parasangs&mdash;and
+      reached the sea at Trapezus (5), a populous Hellenic city on the Euxine
+      Sea, a colony of the Sinopeans, in the territory of the Colchians. Here
+      they halted about thirty days in the villages of the Colchians, which they
+      used as a base of operations to ravage the whole territory of Colchis. The
+      men of Trapezus supplied the army with a market, entertained them, and
+      gave them, as gifts of hospitality, oxen and wheat and wine. Further, they
+      negotiated with them in behalf of their neighbours the Colchians, who
+      dwelt in the plain for the most part, and from this folk also came gifts
+      of hospitality in the shape of cattle. And now the Hellenes made
+      preparation for the sacrifice which they had vowed, and a sufficient
+      number of cattle came in for them to offer thank-offerings for safe
+      guidance to Zeus the Saviour, and to Heracles (6), and to the other gods,
+      according to their vows. They instituted also a gymnastic contest on the
+      mountain side, just where they were quartered, and chose Dracontius, a
+      Spartan (who had been banished from home when a lad, having
+      unintentionally slain another boy with a blow of his dagger), to
+      superintend the course, and be president of the games.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (5) Trebizond.
+
+ (6) Or, "to sacrifice to Zeus the Preserver, and to Heracles
+    thank-offerings for safe guidance," Heracles "the conductor"
+    having special sympathy with wanderers.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      As soon as the sacrifices were over, they handed over the hides of the
+      beasts to Dracontius, and bade him lead the way to his racecourse. He
+      merely waved his hand and pointed to where they were standing, and said,
+      "There, this ridge is just the place for running, anywhere, everywhere."
+      "But how," it was asked, "will they manage to wrestle on the hard scrubby
+      ground?" "Oh! worse knocks for those who are thrown," the president
+      replied. There was a mile race for boys, the majority being captive lads;
+      and for the long race more than sixty Cretans competed; there was
+      wrestling, boxing, and the pankration (7). Altogether it was a beautiful
+      spectacle. There was a large number of entries, and the emulation, with
+      their companions, male and female, standing as spectators, was immense.
+      There was horse-racing also; the riders had to gallop down a steep incline
+      to the sea, and then turn and come up again to the altar, and on the
+      descent more than half rolled head over heels, and then back they came
+      toiling up the tremendous steep, scarcely out of a walking pace. Loud were
+      the shouts, the laughter, and the cheers.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (7) The pankration combined both wrestling and boxing.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0036" id="link2H_4_0036">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      BOOK V
+    </h2>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (In the preceding portion of the narrative a detailed account
+is given of all that the Hellenes did, and how they fared on
+the march up with Cyrus; and also of all that befell them on
+their march subsequently, until they reached the seaboard of
+the Euxine Sea, or Pontus, and the Hellenic city of Trapezus,
+where they duly offered the sacrifice for safe deliverance
+which they had vowed to offer as soon as they set foot on a
+friendly soil.)
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0037" id="link2H_4_0037">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      I
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      After this they met and took counsel concerning the remainder of the
+      march. The first speaker was Antileon of Thurii. He rose and said: "For my
+      part, sirs, I am weary by this time of getting kit together and packing up
+      for a start, of walking and running and carrying heavy arms, and of
+      tramping along in line, or mounting guard, and doing battle. The sole
+      desire I now have is to cease from all these pains, and for the future,
+      since here we have the sea before us, to sail on and on, 'stretched out in
+      sleep,' like Odysseus, and so to find myself in Hellas." When they heard
+      these remarks, the soldiers showed their approval with loud cries of "well
+      said," and then another spoke to the same effect, and then another, and
+      indeed all present. Then Cheirisophus got up and said: "I have a friend,
+      sirs, who, as good hap will have it, is now high admiral, Anaxibius. If
+      you like to send me to him, I think I can safely promise to return with
+      some men-of-war and other vessels which will carry us. All you have to do,
+      if you are really minded to go home by sea, is to wait here till I come. I
+      will be back ere long." The soldiers were delighted at these words, and
+      voted that Cheirisophus should set sail on his mission without delay.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      After him, Xenophon got up, and spoke as follows: "Cheirisophus, it is
+      agreed, sets out in search of vessels, and we are going to await him. Let
+      me tell you what, in my opinion, it is reasonable to do while we are
+      waiting. First of all, we must provide ourselves with necessaries from
+      hostile territory, for there is not a sufficient market, nor, if there
+      were, have we, with a few solitary exceptions, the means of purchase. Now,
+      the district is hostile, so that if you set off in search of provisions
+      without care and precaution, the chances are that many of us will be lost.
+      To meet this risk, I propose that we should organise foraging parties to
+      capture provisions, and, for the rest, not roam about the country at
+      random. The organisation of the matter should be left to us." (The
+      resolution was passed.) "Please listen to another proposal;" he continued:
+      "Some of you, no doubt, will be going out to pillage. It will be best, I
+      think, that whoever does so should in each case before starting inform us
+      of his intent, and in what direction he means to go, so that we may know
+      the exact number of those who are out and of those who stop behind. Thus
+      we shall be able to help in preparing and starting the expedition where
+      necessary; and in case of aid or reinforcements being called for, we shall
+      know in what direction to proceed; or, again, if the attempt is to be
+      undertaken by raw or less expert hands, we may throw in the weight of our
+      experience and advice by endeavouring to discover the strength of those
+      whom they design to attack." This proposal was also carried. "Here is
+      another point," he continued, "to which I would draw your attention. Our
+      enemies will not lack leisure to make raids upon us: nor is it unnatural,
+      that they should lay plots for us; for we have appropriated what is
+      theirs; they are seated over us ever on the watch. I propose then that we
+      should have regular outposts round the camp. If we take it in succession
+      to do picket and outlook duty, the enemy will be less able to harry us.
+      And here is another point for your observation; supposing we knew for
+      certain that Cheirisophus must return with a sufficient number of vessels,
+      there would be no need of the remark, but as that is still problematical,
+      I propose that we should try to get together vessels on the spot also. If
+      he comes and finds us already provided for here, we shall have more ships
+      than we need, that is all; while, if he fails to bring them, we shall have
+      the local supply to fall back upon. I see ships sailing past perpetually,
+      so we have only to ask the loan of some war-ships from the men of
+      Trapezus, and we can bring them into port, and safeguard them with their
+      rudders unshipped, until we have enough to carry us. By this course I
+      think we shall not fail of finding the means of transport requisite." That
+      resolution was also passed. He proceeded: "Consider whether you think it
+      equitable to support by means of a general fund the ships' companies which
+      we so impress, while they wait here for our benefit, and to agree upon a
+      fare, on the principle of repaying kindnesses in kind." That too was
+      passed. "Well then," said he, "in case, after all, our endeavours should
+      not be crowned with success, and we find that we have not vessels enough,
+      I propose that we should enjoin on the cities along the seaboard the duty
+      of constructing and putting in order the roads, which we hear are
+      impassable. They will be only too glad to obey, no doubt, out of mere
+      terror and their desire to be rid of us."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      This last proposal was met by loud cries and protestations against the
+      idea of going by land at all. So, perceiving their infatuation, he did not
+      put the question to the vote, but eventually persuaded the cities
+      voluntarily to construct roads by the suggestion, "If you get your roads
+      in good order, we shall all the sooner be gone." They further got a
+      fifty-oared galley from the Trapezuntines, and gave the command of it to
+      Dexippus, a Laconian, one of the perioeci (1). This man altogether
+      neglected to collect vessels on the offing, but slunk off himself, and
+      vanished, ship and all, out of Pontus. Later on, however, he paid the
+      penalty of his misdeeds. He became involved in some meddling and making in
+      Thrace at the court of Seuthes, and was put to death by the Laconian
+      Nicander. They also got a thirty-oared galley, the command of which was
+      entrusted to Polycrates, an Athenian, and that officer brought into
+      harbour to the camp all the vessels he could lay his hands on. If these
+      were laden, they took out the freights and appointed guards to keep an eye
+      on their preservation, whilst they used the ships themselves for transport
+      service on the coast. While matters stood at this point, the Hellenes used
+      to make forays with varying success; sometimes they captured prey and
+      sometimes they failed. On one occasion Cleanetus led his own and another
+      company against a strong position, and was killed himself, with many
+      others of his party.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) A native of the country parts of Laconia.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0038" id="link2H_4_0038">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      II
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      The time came when it was no longer possible to capture provisions, going
+      and returning to the camp in one day. In consequence of this, Xenophon
+      took some guides from the Trapezuntines and led half the army out against
+      the Drilae, leaving the other half to guard the camp. That was necessary,
+      since the Colchians, who had been ousted from their houses, were assembled
+      thickly, and sat eyeing them from the heights above; on the other hand the
+      Trapezuntines, being friendly to the native inhabitants, were not for
+      leading the Hellenes to places where it was easy to capture provisions.
+      But against the Drilae, from whom they personally suffered, they would
+      lead them with enthusiasm, up into mountainous and scarcely accessible
+      fortresses, and against the most warlike people of any in the Pontus.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But when the Hellenes had reached the uplands, the Drilae set fire to all
+      their fastnesses which they thought could be taken easily, and beat a
+      retreat; and except here and there a stray pig or bullock or other animal
+      which had escaped the fire there was nothing to capture; but there was one
+      fastness which served as their metropolis: into this the different streams
+      of people collected; round it ran a tremendously deep ravine, and the
+      approaches to the place were difficult. So the light infantry ran forward
+      five or six furlongs in advance of the heavy infantry, and crossed the
+      ravine; and seeing quantities of sheep and other things, proceeded to
+      attack the place. Close at their heels followed a number of those who had
+      set out on the foray armed with spears, so that the storming party across
+      the ravine amounted to more than two thousand. But, finding that they
+      could not take the place by a coup-de-main, as there was a trench running
+      round it, mounded up some breadth, with a stockade on the top of the
+      earthwork and a close-packed row of wooden bastions, they made an attempt
+      to run back, but the enemy fell upon them from the rear. To get away by a
+      sudden rush was out of the question, since the descent from the fortress
+      into the ravine only admitted of moving in single file. Under the
+      circumstances they sent to Xenophon, who was in command of the heavy
+      infantry. The messenger came and delivered his message: "There is a
+      fastness choke full of all sorts of stores, but we cannot take it, it is
+      too strong; nor can we easily get away; the enemy rush out and deliver
+      battle, and the return is difficult."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      On hearing this, Xenophon pushed forward his heavy infantry to the edge of
+      the ravine, and there ordered them to take up a position, while he himself
+      with the officers crossed over to determine whether it were better to
+      withdraw the party already across, or to bring over the heavy infantry
+      also, on the supposition that the fortress might be taken. In favour of
+      the latter opinion it was agreed that the retreat must cost many lives,
+      and the officers were further disposed to think, they could take the
+      place. Xenophon consented, relying on the victims, for the seers had
+      announced, that there would be a battle, but that the result of the
+      expedition would be good. So he sent the officers to bring the heavy
+      troops across, while he himself remained, having drawn off all the light
+      infantry and forbidden all sharp-shooting at long range. As soon as the
+      heavy infantry had arrived, he ordered each captain to form his company,
+      in whatever way he hoped to make it most effective in the coming struggle.
+      Side by side together they stood, these captains, not for the first time
+      to-day competitors for the award of manly virtue. While they were thus
+      employed, he&mdash;the general&mdash;was engaged in passing down his order
+      along the ranks of the light infantry and archers respectively to march
+      with the javelin on its thong and the arrow to the string, ready at the
+      word "shoot" to discharge their missiles, while the light troops were to
+      have their wallets well stocked with slingstones; lastly, he despatched
+      his adjutants to see to the proper carrying out of these orders.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      And now the preparations were complete: the officers and lieutenants and
+      all others claiming to be peers of these, were drawn up in their several
+      places. With a glance each was able to command the rest in the
+      crescent-like disposition which the ground invited. Presently the notes of
+      the battle hymn arose, the clarion spoke, and with a thrilling cry in
+      honour of the warrior-god, commenced a rush of the heavy infantry at full
+      speed under cover of a storm of missiles, lances, arrows, bullets, but
+      most of all stones hurled from the hand with ceaseless pelt, while there
+      were some who brought firebrands to bear. Overwhelmed by this crowd of
+      missiles, the enemy left their stockades and their bastion towers, which
+      gave Agasias the Stymphalian and Philoxenus of Pellene a chance not to be
+      missed; laying aside their heavy arms, up they went in bare tunics only,
+      and one hauled another up, and meantime another had mounted, and the place
+      was taken, as they thought. Then the peltasts and light troops rushed in
+      and began snatching what each man could. Xenophon the while, posted at the
+      gates, kept back as many of the hoplites as he could, for there were other
+      enemies now visible on certain strong citadel heights; and after a lapse
+      of no long time a shout arose within, and the men came running back, some
+      still clutching what they had seized; and presently here and there a
+      wounded man; and mighty was the jostling about the portals. To the
+      questions which were put to them the outpouring fugitives repeated the
+      same story: there was a citadel within and enemies in crowds were making
+      savage sallies and beating the fellows inside.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      At that Xenophon ordered Tolmides the herald to proclaim: "Enter all who
+      are minded to capture aught." In poured the surging multitude, and the
+      counter-current of persons elbowing their passage in prevailed over the
+      stream of those who issued forth, until they beat back and cooped up the
+      enemy within the citadel again. So outside the citadel everything was
+      sacked and pillaged by the Hellenes, and the heavy infantry took up their
+      position, some about the stockades, others along the road leading up to
+      the citadel. Xenophon and the officers meantime considered the possibility
+      of taking the citadel, for if so, their safety was assured; but if
+      otherwise, it would be very difficult to get away. As the result of their
+      deliberations they agreed that the place was impregnable. Then they began
+      making preparations for the retreat. Each set of men proceeded to pull
+      down the palisading which faced themselves; further, they sent away all
+      who were useless or who had enough to do to carry their burdens, with the
+      mass of the heavy infantry accompanying them; the officers in each case
+      leaving behind men whom they could severally depend on.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But as soon as they began to retreat, out rushed upon them from within a
+      host of fellows, armed with wicker shields and lances, greaves and
+      Paphlagonian helmets. Others might be seen scaling the houses on this side
+      and that of the road leading into the citadel. Even pursuit in the
+      direction of the citadel was dangerous, since the enemy kept hurling down
+      on them great beams from above, so that to stop and to make off were alike
+      dangerous, and night approaching was full of terrors. But in the midst of
+      their fighting and their despair some god gave them a means of safety. All
+      of a sudden, by whatsoever hand ignited, a flame shot up; it came from a
+      house on the right hand, and as this gradually fell in, the people from
+      the other houses on the right took to their heels and fled.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Xenophon, laying this lesson of fortune to heart, gave orders to set fire
+      to the left-hand houses also, which being of wood burned quickly, with the
+      result that the occupants of these also took to flight. The men
+      immediately at their front were the sole annoyance now, and these were
+      safe to fall upon them as they made their exit and in their descent. Here
+      then the word was passed for all who were out of range to bring up logs of
+      wood and pile them between themselves and the enemy, and when there was
+      enough of these they set them on fire; they also fired the houses along
+      the trench-work itself, so as to occupy the attention of the enemy. Thus
+      they got off, though with difficulty, and escaped from the place by
+      putting a fire between them and the enemy; and the whole city was burnt
+      down, houses, turrets, stockading, and everything belonging to it except
+      the citadel.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Next day the Hellenes were bent on getting back with the provisions; but
+      as they dreaded the descent to Trapezus, which was precipitous and narrow,
+      they laid a false ambuscade, and a Mysian, called after the name of his
+      nation (Mysus) (1), took ten of the Cretans and halted in some thick
+      brushy ground, where he made a feint of endeavouring to escape the notice
+      of the enemy. The glint of their light shields, which were of brass, now
+      and again gleamed through the brushwood. The enemy, seeing it all through
+      the thicket, were confirmed in their fears of an ambuscade. But the army
+      meanwhile was quietly making its descent; and when it appeared that they
+      had crept down far enough, the signal was given to the Mysian to flee as
+      fast as he could, and he, springing up, fled with his men. The rest of the
+      party, that is the Cretans, saying, "We are caught if we race," left the
+      road and plunged into a wood, and tumbling and rolling down the gullies
+      were saved. The Mysian, fleeing along the road, kept crying for
+      assistance, which they sent him, and picked him up wounded. The party of
+      rescue now beat a retreat themselves with their face to the foe, exposed
+      to a shower of missiles, to which some of the Cretan bowmen responded with
+      their arrows. In this way they all reached the camp in safety.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) Lit. "{Musos} (Mysus), a Mysian by birth, and {Musos} (Mysus) by
+    name."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0039" id="link2H_4_0039">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      III
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      Now when Cheirisophus did not arrive, and the supply of ships was
+      insufficient, and to get provisions longer was impossible, they resolved
+      to depart. On board the vessels they embarked the sick, and those above
+      forty years of age, with the boys and women, and all the baggage which the
+      solders were not absolutely forced to take for their own use. The two
+      eldest generals, Philesius and Sophaenetus, were put in charge, and so the
+      party embarked, while the rest resumed their march, for the road was now
+      completely constructed. Continuing their march that day and the next, on
+      the third they reached Cerasus, a Hellenic city on the sea, and a colony
+      of Sinope, in the country of the Colchians. Here they halted ten days, and
+      there was a review and numbering of the troops under arms, when there were
+      found to be eight thousand six hundred men. So many had escaped; the rest
+      had perished at the hands of the enemy, or by reason of the snow, or else
+      disease.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      At this time and place they divided the money accruing from the captives
+      sold, and a tithe selected for Apollo and Artemis of the Ephesians was
+      divided between the generals, each of whom took a portion to guard for the
+      gods, Neon the Asinaean (1) taking on behalf of Cheirisophus.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) I.e. of Asine, perhaps the place named in Thuc. iv. 13, 54; vi.
+    situated on the western side of the Messenian bay. Strabo,
+    however, speaks of another Asine near Gytheum, but possibly means
+    Las. See Arnold's note to Thuc. iv. 13, and Smith's "Dict. Geog.
+    (s.v.)"
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Out of the portion which fell to Xenophon he caused a dedicatory offering
+      to Apollo to be made and dedicated among the treasures of the Athenians at
+      Delphi (2). It was inscribed with his own name and that of Proxenus, his
+      friend, who was killed with Clearchus. The gift for Artemis of the
+      Ephesians was, in the first instance, left behind by him in Asia at the
+      time when he left that part of the world himself with Agesilaus on the
+      march into Boeotia (3). He left it behind in charge of Megabyzus, the
+      sacristan of the goddess, thinking that the voyage on which he was
+      starting was fraught with danger. In the event of his coming out of it
+      alive, he charged Megabyzus to restore to him the deposit; but should any
+      evil happen to him, then he was to cause to be made and to dedicate on his
+      behalf to Artemis, whatsoever thing he thought would be pleasing to the
+      goddess.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (2) Cf. Herod. i. 14; Strabo. ix. 420 for such private treasuries at
+    Delphi.
+
+ (3) I.e. in the year B.C. 394. The circumstances under which Agesilaus
+    was recalled from Asia, with the details of his march and the
+    battle of Coronea, are described by Xenophon in the fourth book of
+    the "Hellenica."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      In the days of his banishment, when Xenophon was now established by the
+      Lacedaemonians as a colonist in Scillus (4), a place which lies on the
+      main road to Olympia, Megabyzus arrived on his way to Olympia as a
+      spectator to attend the games, and restored to him the deposit. Xenophon
+      took the money and bought for the goddess a plot of ground at a point
+      indicated to him by the oracle. The plot, it so happened, had its own
+      Selinus river flowing through it, just as at Ephesus the river Selinus
+      flows past the temple of Artemis, and in both streams fish and mussels are
+      to be found. On the estate at Scillus there is hunting and shooting of all
+      the beasts of the chase that are.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (4) Scillus, a town of Triphylia, a district of Elis. In B.C. 572 the
+    Eleians had razed Pisa and Scillus to the ground. But between B.C.
+    392 and 387 the Lacedaemonians, having previously (B.C. 400,
+    "Hell." III. ii. 30) compelled the Eleians to renounce their
+    supremacy over their dependent cities, colonised Scillus and
+    eventually gave it to Xenophon, then an exile from Athens.
+    Xenophon resided here from fifteen to twenty years, but was, it is
+    said, expelled from it by the Eleians soon after the battle of
+    Leuctra, in B.C. 371.&mdash;"Dict. Geog. (s.v.)" The site of the place,
+    and of Xenophon's temple, is supposed to be in the neighbourhood
+    of the modern village of Chrestena, or possibly nearer Mazi. To
+    reach Olympia, about 2 1/2 miles distant, one must cross the
+    Alpheus.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Here with the sacred money he built an altar and a temple, and ever after,
+      year by year, tithed the fruits of the land in their season and did
+      sacrifice to the goddess, while all the citizens and neighbours, men and
+      women, shared in the festival. The goddess herself provided for the
+      banqueters meat and loaves and wine and sweetmeats, with portions of the
+      victims sacrificed from the sacred pasture, as also of those which were
+      slain in the chase; for Xenophon's own lads, with the lads of the other
+      citizens, always made a hunting excursion against the festival day, in
+      which any grown men who liked might join. The game was captured partly
+      from the sacred district itself, partly from Pholoe (5), pigs and gazelles
+      and stags. The place lies on the direct road from Lacedaemon to Olympia,
+      about twenty furlongs from the temple of Zeus in Olympia, and within the
+      sacred enclosure there is meadow-land and wood-covered hills, suited to
+      the breeding of pigs and goats and cattle and horses, so that even the
+      sumpter animals of the pilgrims passing to the feast fare sumptuously. The
+      shrine is girdled by a grove of cultivated trees, yielding dessert fruits
+      in their season. The temple itself is a facsimile on a small scale of the
+      great temple at Ephesus, and the image of the goddess is like the golden
+      statue at Ephesus, save only that it is made, not of gold, but of cypress
+      wood. Beside the temple stands a column bearing this inscription:&mdash;THE
+      PLACE IS SACRED TO ARTEMIS. HE WHO HOLDS IT AND ENJOYS THE FRUITS OF IT IS
+      BOUND TO SACRIFICE YEARLY A TITHE OF THE PRODUCE. AND FROM THE RESIDUE
+      THEREOF TO KEEP IN REPAIR THE SHRINE. IF ANY MAN FAIL IN AUGHT OF THIS THE
+      GODDESS HERSELF WILL LOOK TO IT THAT THE MATTER SHALL NOT SLEEP.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (5) Pholoe. This mountain (north of the Alpheus) is an offshoot of
+    Erymanthus, crossing the Pisatis from east to west, and separating
+    the waters of the Peneus and the Ladon from those of the Alpheus
+    &mdash;"Dict. Geog." (Elis).
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0040" id="link2H_4_0040">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      IV
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      From Cerasus they continued the march, the same portion of the troops
+      being conveyed by sea as before, and the rest marching by land. When they
+      had reached the frontiers of the Mossynoecians (1) they sent to him
+      Timesitheus the Trapezuntine, who was the proxenos (2) of the
+      Mossynoecians, to inquire whether they were to pass through their
+      territory as friends or foes. They, trusting in their strongholds, replied
+      that they would not give them passage. It was then that Timesitheus
+      informed them that the Mossynoecians on the farther side of the country
+      were hostile to these members of the tribe; and it was resolved to invite
+      the former to make an alliance, if they wished it. So Timesitheus was
+      sent, and came back with their chiefs. On their arrival there was a
+      conference of the Mossynoecian chiefs and the generals of the Hellenes,
+      and Xenophon made a speech which Timesitheus interpreted. He said: "Men of
+      the Mossynoecians, our desire is to reach Hellas in safety; and since we
+      have no vessels we must needs go by foot, but these people who, as we
+      hear, are your enemies, prevent us. Will you take us for your allies? Now
+      is your chance to exact vengeance for any wrong, which they at any time
+      may have put upon you, and for the future they will be your subjects; but
+      if you send us about our business, consider and ask yourselves from what
+      quarter will you ever again obtain so strong a force to help you?" To this
+      the chief of the Mossynoecians made answer:&mdash;that the proposal was in
+      accordance with their wishes and they welcomed the alliance. "Good," said
+      Xenophon, "but to what use do you propose to put us, if we become your
+      allies? And what will you in turn be able to do to assist our passage?"
+      They replied: "We can make an incursion into this country hostile to
+      yourselves and us, from the opposite side, and also send you ships and men
+      to this place, who will aid you in fighting and conduct you on the road."
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) I.e. dwellers in mossyns, or wooden towers. See Herod. iii. 94;
+    vii. 78. Cf. also Strabo, xi. 41.
+
+ (2) Or, "consul."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      On this understanding, they exchanged pledges and were gone. The next day
+      they returned, bringing three hundred canoes, each hollowed out of a
+      single trunk. There were three men in each, two of whom disembarked and
+      fell into rank, whilst the third remained. Then the one set took the boats
+      and sailed back again, whilst the other two-thirds who remained marshalled
+      themselves in the following way. They stood in rows of about a hundred
+      each, like the rows of dancers in a chorus, standing vis-a-vis to one
+      another, and all bearing wicker shields, made of white oxhide, shaggy, and
+      shaped like an ivy leaf; in the right hand they brandished a javelin about
+      six cubits long, with a lance in front, and rounded like a ball at the
+      butt end of the shaft.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Their bodies were clad in short frocks, scarcely reaching to the knees and
+      in texture closely resembling that of a linen bedclothes' bag; on their
+      heads they wore leathern helmets just like the Paphlagonian helmet, with a
+      tuft of hair in the middle, as like a tiara in shape as possible. They
+      carried moreover iron battle-axes. Then one of them gave, as it were, the
+      key-note and started, while the rest, taking up the strain and the step,
+      followed singing and marking time. Passing through the various corps and
+      heavy armed battalions of the Hellenes, they marched straight against the
+      enemy, to what appeared the most assailable of his fortresses. It was
+      situated in front of the city, or mother city, as it is called, which
+      latter contains the high citadel of the Mossynoecians. This citadel was
+      the real bone of contention, the occupants at any time being acknowledged
+      as the masters of all the other Mossynoecians. The present holders (so it
+      was explained) had no right to its possession; for the sake of
+      self-aggrandisement they had seized what was really common property.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Some of the Hellenes followed the attacking party, not under the orders of
+      the generals, but for the sake of plunder. As they advanced, the enemy for
+      a while kept quiet; but as they got near the place, they made a sortie and
+      routed them, killing several of the barbarians as well as some of the
+      Hellenes who had gone up with them; and so pursued them until they saw the
+      Hellenes advancing to the rescue. Then they turned round and made off,
+      first cutting off the heads of the dead men and flaunting them in the face
+      of the Hellenes and of their own private foes, dancing the while and
+      singing in a measured strain. But the Hellenes were much vexed to think
+      that their foes had only been rendered bolder, while the Hellenes who had
+      formed part of the expedition had turned tail and fled, in spite of their
+      numbers; a thing which had not happened previously during the whole
+      expedition. So Xenophon called a meeting of the Hellenes and spoke as
+      follows: "Soldiers, do not in any wise be cast down by what has happened,
+      be sure that good no less than evil will be the result; for to begin with,
+      you now know certainly that those who are going to guide us are in very
+      deed hostile to those with whom necessity drives us to quarrel; and, in
+      the next place, some of our own body, these Hellenes who have made so
+      light of orderly array and conjoint action with ourselves, as though they
+      must needs achieve in the company of barbarians all they could with
+      ourselves, have paid the penalty and been taught a lesson, so that another
+      time they will be less prone to leave our ranks. But you must be prepared
+      to show these friendly barbarians that you are of a better sort, and prove
+      to the enemy that battle with the undisciplined is one thing, but with men
+      like yourselves another."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Accordingly they halted, as they were, that day. Next day they sacrificed
+      and finding the victims favourable, they breakfasted, formed the companies
+      into columns, and with their barbarians arranged in similar order on their
+      left, began their march. Between the companies were the archers only
+      slightly retired behind the front of the heavy infantry, on account of the
+      enemy's active light troops, who ran down and kept up volleys of stones.
+      These were held in check by the archers and peltasts; and steadily step by
+      step the mass marched on, first to the position from which the barbarians
+      and those with them had been driven two days back, and where the enemy
+      were now drawn up to meet them. Thus it came to pass that the barbarians
+      first grappled with the peltasts and maintained the battle until the heavy
+      infantry were close, when they turned and fled. The peltasts followed
+      without delay, and pursued them right up to their city, while the heavy
+      troops in unbroken order followed. As soon as they were up at the houses
+      of the capital, there and then the enemy, collecting all together in one
+      strong body, fought valiantly, and hurled their javelins, or else clenched
+      their long stout spears, almost too heavy for a man to wield, and did
+      their best to ward off the attack at close quarters.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But when the Hellenes, instead of giving way, kept massing together more
+      thickly, the barbarians fled from this place also, and in a body deserted
+      the fortress. Their king, who sat in his wooden tower or mossyn, built on
+      the citadel (there he sits and there they maintain him, all at the common
+      cost, and guard him narrowly), refused to come forth, as did also those in
+      the fortress first taken, and so were burnt to a cinder where they were,
+      their mossyns, themselves, and all. The Hellenes, pillaging and ransacking
+      these places, discovered in the different houses treasures and magazines
+      of loaves, pile upon pile, "the ancestral stores," as the Mossynoecians
+      told them; but the new corn was laid up apart with the straw-stalk and ear
+      together, and this was for the most part spelt. Slices of dolphin were
+      another discovery, in narrow-necked jars, all properly salted and pickled;
+      and there was blubber of dolphin in vessels, which the Mossynoecians used
+      precisely as the Hellenes use oil. Then there were large stores of nuts on
+      the upper floor, the broad kind without a division (3). This was also a
+      chief article of food with them&mdash;boiled nuts and baked loaves. Wine
+      was also discovered. This, from its rough, dry quality, tasted sharp when
+      drunk pure, but mixed with water was sweet and fragrant.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (3) I.e. "chestnuts."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      The Hellenes breakfasted and then started forward on their march, having
+      first delivered the stronghold to their allies among the Mossynoecians. As
+      for the other strongholds belonging to tribes allied with their foes,
+      which they passed en route, the most accessible were either deserted by
+      their inhabitants or gave in their adhesion voluntarily. The following
+      description will apply to the majority of them: the cities were on an
+      average ten miles apart, some more, some less; but so elevated is the
+      country and intersected by such deep clefts that if they chose to shout
+      across to one another, their cries would be heard from one city to
+      another. When, in the course of their march, they came upon a friendly
+      population, these would entertain them with exhibitions of fatted children
+      belonging to the wealthy classes, fed up on boiled chestnuts until they
+      were as white as white can be, of skin plump and delicate, and very nearly
+      as broad as they were long, with their backs variegated and their breasts
+      tattooed with patterns of all sorts of flowers. They sought after the
+      women in the Hellenic army, and would fain have laid with them openly in
+      broad daylight, for that was their custom. The whole community, male and
+      female alike, were fair-complexioned and white-skinned.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      It was agreed that this was the most barbaric and outlandish people that
+      they had passed through on the whole expedition, and the furthest removed
+      from the Hellenic customs, doing in a crowd precisely what other people
+      would prefer to do in solitude, and when alone behaving exactly as others
+      would behave in company, talking to themselves and laughing at their own
+      expense, standing still and then again capering about, wherever they might
+      chance to be, without rhyme or reason, as if their sole business were to
+      show off to the rest of the world.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0041" id="link2H_4_0041">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      V
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      Through this country, friendly or hostile as the chance might be, the
+      Hellenes marched, eight stages in all, and reached the Chalybes. These
+      were a people few in number, and subject to the Mossynoecians. Their
+      livelihood was for the most part derived from mining and forging iron.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Thence they came to the Tibarenians. The country of the Tibarenians was
+      far more level, and their fortresses lay on the seaboard and were less
+      strong, whether by art or nature. The generals wanted to attack these
+      places, so that the army might get some pickings, and they would not
+      accept the gifts of hospitality which came in from the Tibarenians, but
+      bidding them wait till they had taken counsel, they proceeded to offer
+      sacrifice. After several abortive attempts, the seers at last pronounced
+      an opinion that the gods in no wise countenanced war. Then they accepted
+      the gifts of hospitality, and marching through what was now recognised as
+      a friendly country, in two days reached Cotyora, a Hellenic city, and a
+      colony of Sinope, albeit situated in the territory of the Tibarenians (1).
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) The MSS. here read, "Up to this point the expedition was conducted
+    on land, and the distance traversed on foot from the battle-field
+    near Babylon down to Cotyora amounted to one hundred and
+    twenty-two stages&mdash;that is to say, six hundred and twenty
+    parasangs, or eighteen thousand stades, or if measured in time, an
+    eight months' march." The words are probably the note of some
+    editor or commentator, though it is quite likely that the author
+    himself may have gone through such calculations and even have
+    inserted them as a note to his text.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Here they halted forty-five days, during which they first of all
+      sacrificed to the gods, and instituted processions, each set of the
+      Hellenes according to their several tribes, with gymnastic contests.
+      Provisions they got in meanwhile, partly from Paphlagonia, partly from the
+      estates of the Cotyorites, for the latter would neither provide them a
+      market nor receive their sick within their walls.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Meanwhile ambassadors arrived from Sinope, full of fears, not only for the
+      Cotyorites and their city, which belonged to Sinope, and brought in
+      tribute, but also for the territory which, as they had heard, was being
+      pillaged. Accordingly they came to the camp and made a speech.
+      Hecatonymus, who was reported to be a clever orator, acted as their
+      spokesman: "Soldiers," he said, "the city of the Sinopeans has sent us to
+      offer you, as Hellenes, our compliments and congratulations on your
+      victories over the barbarians; and next, to express our joyful
+      satisfaction that you have surmounted all those terrible sufferings of
+      which we have heard, and have reached this place in safety. As Hellenes we
+      claim to receive at your hands, as fellow-Hellenes, kindness and not harm.
+      We have certainly not ourselves set you an example heretofore of evil
+      treatment. Now the Cotyorites are our colonists. It was we who gave them
+      this country to dwell in, having taken it from the barbarians; for which
+      reason also they, with the men of Cerasus and Trapezus, pay us an
+      appointed tribute. So that, whatever mischief you inflict on the men of
+      Cotyora, the city of Sinope takes as personal to herself. At the present
+      time we hear that you have made forcible entry into their city, some of
+      you, and are quartered in the houses, besides taking forcibly from the
+      Cotyorite estates whatever you need, by hook and by crook. Now against
+      these things we enter protest. If you mean to go on so doing, you will
+      drive us to make friends with Corylas and the Paphlagonians, or any one
+      else we can find."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      To meet these charges Xenophon, on behalf of the soldiers, rose and said:
+      "As to ourselves, men of Sinope, having got so far, we are well content to
+      have saved our bodies and our arms. Indeed it was impossible at one and
+      the same moment to keep our enemies at bay and to despoil them of their
+      goods and chattels. And now, since we have reached Hellenic cities, how
+      has it fared with us? At Trapezus they gave us a market, and we paid for
+      our provisions at a fair market price. In return for the honour they did
+      us, and the gifts of hospitality they gave the army, we requited them with
+      honour. Where the barbarian was friendly to them, we stayed our hands from
+      injury; or under their escort, we did damage to their enemies to the
+      utmost of our power. Ask them, what sort of people they found us. They are
+      here, some of them, to answer for themselves. Their fellow-citizens and
+      the state of Trapezus, for friendship's sake, have sent them with us to
+      act as our guides.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "But wherever we come, be it foreign or Hellenic soil, and find no market
+      for provisions, we are wont to help ourselves, not out of insolence but
+      from necessity. There have been tribes like the Carduchians, the
+      Taochians, the Chaldaeans, which, albeit they were not subject to the
+      great king, yet were no less formidable than independent. These we had to
+      bring over by our arms. The necessity of getting provisions forced us;
+      since they refused to offer us a market. Whereas some other folk, like the
+      Macrones, in spite of their being barbarians, we regarded as our friends,
+      simply because they did provide us with the best market in their power,
+      and we took no single thing of theirs by force. But, to come to these
+      Cotyorites, whom you claim to be your people, if we have taken aught from
+      them, they have themselves to blame, for they did not deal with us as
+      friends, but shut their gates in our faces. They would neither welcome us
+      within nor furnish us with a market without. The only justification they
+      alleged was that your governor (2) had authorised this conduct.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (2) Lit. "harmost". The term, denoting properly a governor of the
+    islands and foreign cities sent out by the Lacedaemonians during
+    their supremacy, came, it would seem, to be adopted by other Greek
+    communities under somewhat similar circumstances. Cotyora receives
+    a harmost from her mother-city, Sinope. For the Greek colonies
+    here mentioned, see Kiepert's "Man. Anct. Geog." (Engl. tr., Mr.
+    G. A. Macmillan), p. 63.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      "As to your assertion," he continued, turning to Hecatonymus, "that we
+      have got in by force and have taken up quarters, this is what we did. We
+      requested them to receive our sick and wounded under cover; and when they
+      refused to open their gates, we walked in where the place itself invited
+      us. All the violence we have committed amounts to this, that our sick folk
+      are quartered under cover, paying for their expenses, and we keep a sentry
+      at the gates, so that our sick and wounded may not lie at the mercy of
+      your governor, but we may have it in our power to remove them whenever we
+      like. The rest of us, you observe, are camping under the canopy of heaven,
+      in regular rank and file, and we are ready to requite kindness with
+      kindness, but to repel evil vigorously. And as for your threat," he said,
+      once again turning to the spokesman, "that you will, if it suits you, make
+      alliance with Corylas and the Paphlagonians to attack us, for our part, we
+      have no objection to fighting both sets of you, if so be we must; we have
+      already fought others many times more numerous than you. Besides, 'if it
+      suits us,' as you put it, to make the Paphlagonian our friend (report says
+      that he has a hankering after your city and some other places on the
+      seaboard), we can enhance the value of our friendship by helping to win
+      for him what he covets."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Thereupon the ambassadors showed very plainly their annoyance with
+      Hecatonymus, on account of the style of his remarks, and one of them stept
+      forward to explain that their intention in coming was not at all to raise
+      a war, but on the contrary to demonstrate their friendliness. "And if you
+      come to Sinope itself," the speaker continued, "we will welcome you there
+      with gifts of hospitality. Meanwhile we will enjoin upon the citizens of
+      this place to give you what they can; for we can see that every word of
+      what you say is true." Thereupon the Cotyorites sent gifts of hospitality,
+      and the generals of the Hellenes entertained the ambassadors of the
+      Sinopeans. Many and friendly were the topics of conversation; freely
+      flowed the talk on things in general; and, in particular, both parties
+      were able to make inquiries and satisfy their curiosity concerning the
+      remaining portion of the march.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0042" id="link2H_4_0042">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      VI
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      Such was the conclusion of that day. On the following day the generals
+      summoned an assembly of the soldiers, when it was resolved to invite the
+      men of Sinope, and to take advice with them touching the remainder of the
+      journey. In the event of their having to continue it on foot, the
+      Sinopeans through their acquaintance with Paphlagonia would be useful to
+      them; while, if they had to go by sea, the services of the same people
+      would be at a premium; for who but they could furnish ships sufficient for
+      the army? Accordingly, they summoned their ambassadors, and took counsel
+      with them, begging them, on the strength of the sacred ties which bind
+      Hellenes to Hellenes, to inaugurate the good reception they had spoken of,
+      by present kindliness and their best advice.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Hecatonymus rose and wished at once to offer an apology with regard to
+      what he had said about the possibility of making friends with the
+      Paphlagonians. "The words were not intended," he said, "to convey a
+      threat, as though they were minded to go to war with the Hellenes, but as
+      meaning rather: albeit we have it in our power to be friendly with the
+      barbarians, we will choose the Hellenes." Then, being urged to aid them by
+      some advice, with a pious ejaculation, he commenced: "If I bestow upon you
+      the best counsel I am able, God grant that blessings in abundance may
+      descend on me; but if the contrary, may evil betide me! 'Sacred counsel
+      (1),' as the saying goes&mdash;well, sirs, if ever the saying held, it
+      should hold I think to-day; when, if I be proved to have given you good
+      counsel, I shall not lack panegyrists, or if evil, your imprecations will
+      be many-tongued.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) Cf. Plato, "Theages," 122.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      "As to trouble, I am quite aware, we shall have much more trouble if you
+      are conveyed by sea, for we must provide the vessels; whereas, if you go
+      by land, all the fighting will evolve on you. Still, let come what may, it
+      behoves me to state my views. I have an intimate acquaintance with the
+      country of the Paphlagonians and their power. The country possesses the
+      two features of hill and vale, that is to say, the fairest plains and the
+      highest mountains. To begin with the mountains, I know the exact point at
+      which you must make your entry. It is precisely where the horns of a
+      mountain tower over both sides of the road. Let the merest handful of men
+      occupy these and they can hold the pass with ease; for when that is done
+      not all the enemies in the world could effect a passage. I could point out
+      the whole with my finger, if you like to send any one with me to the
+      scene.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "So much for the mountain barrier. But the next thing I know is that there
+      are plains and a cavalry which the barbarians themselves hold to be
+      superior to the entire cavalry of the great king. Why, only the other day
+      these people refused to present themselves to the summons of the king;
+      their chief is too proud for that.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "But now, supposing you were able to seize the mountain barrier, by
+      stealth, or expedition, before the enemy could stop you; supposing
+      further, you were able to win an engagement in the plain against not only
+      their cavalry but their more than one hundred and twenty thousand infantry&mdash;you
+      will only find yourself face to face with rivers, a series of them. First
+      the Thermodon, three hundred feet broad, which I take it will be difficult
+      to pass, especially with a host of foes in front and another following
+      behind. Next comes the Iris river, three hundred feet broad; and thirdly,
+      the Halys, at least two furlongs broad, which you could not possibly cross
+      without vessels, and who is going to supply you with vessels? In the same
+      way too the Parthenius is impassable, which you will reach if you cross
+      the Halys. For my part, then, I consider the land-journey, I will not say
+      difficult, but absolutely impossible for you. Whereas if you go by sea,
+      you can coast along from here to Sinope, and from Sinope to Heraclea. From
+      Heraclea onwards there is no difficulty, whether by land or by sea; for
+      there are plenty of vessels at Heraclea."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      After he had finished his remarks, some of his hearers thought they
+      detected a certain bias in them. He would not have spoken so, but for his
+      friendship with Corylas, whose official representative he was. Others
+      guessed he had an itching palm, and that he was hoping to receive a
+      present for his "sacred advice." Others again suspected that his object
+      was to prevent their going by foot and doing some mischief to the country
+      of the Sinopeans. However that might be, the Hellenes voted in favour of
+      continuing the journey by sea. After this Xenophon said: "Sinopeans, the
+      army has chosen that method of procedure which you advise, and thus the
+      matter stands. If there are sure to be vessels enough to make it
+      impossible for a single man to be left behind, go by sea we will; but if
+      part of us are to be left while part go by sea, we will not set foot on
+      board the vessels. One fact we plainly recognise, strength is everything
+      to us. So long as we have the mastery, we shall be able to protect
+      ourselves and get provisions; but if we are once caught at the mercy of
+      our foes, it is plain, we shall be reduced to slavery." On hearing this
+      the ambassadors bade them send an embassy, which they did, to wit,
+      Callimachus the Arcadian, and Ariston the Athenian, and Samolas the
+      Achaean.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      So these set off, but meanwhile a thought shaped itself in the mind of
+      Xenophon, as there before his eyes lay that vast army of Hellene hoplites,
+      and that other array of peltasts, archers, and slingers, with cavalry to
+      boot, and all in a state of thorough efficiency from long practice,
+      hardened veterans, and all collected in Pontus, where to raise so large a
+      force would cost a mint of money. Then the idea dawned upon him: how noble
+      an opportunity to acquire new territory and power for Hellas, by the
+      founding of a colony&mdash;a city of no mean size, moreover, said he to
+      himself, as he reckoned up their own numbers&mdash;and besides themselves
+      a population planted on the shores of Pontus. Thereupon he summoned
+      Silanus the Ambraciot, the soothsayer of Cyrus above mentioned, and before
+      breathing a syllable to any of the soldiers, he consulted the victims by
+      sacrifice.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But Silanus, in apprehension lest these ideas might embody themselves, and
+      the army be permanently halted at some point or other, set a tale going
+      among the men, to the effect that Xenophon was minded to detain the army
+      and found a city in order to win himself a name and acquire power, Silanus
+      himself being minded to reach Hellas with all possible speed, for the
+      simple reason that he had still got the three thousand darics presented to
+      him by Cyrus on the occasion of the sacrifice when he hit the truth so
+      happily about the ten days. Silanus's story was variously received, some
+      few of the soldiers thinking it would be an excellent thing to stay in
+      that country; but the majority were strongly averse. The next incident was
+      that Timasion the Dardanian, with Thorax the Boeotian, addressed
+      themselves to some Heracleot and Sinopean traders who had come to Cotyora,
+      and told them that if they did not find means to furnish the army with pay
+      sufficient to keep them in provisions on the homeward voyage, all that
+      great force would most likely settle down permanently in Pontus. "Xenophon
+      has a pet idea," they continued, "which he urges upon us. We are to wait
+      until the ships come, and then we are suddenly to turn round to the army
+      and say: 'Soldiers, we now see the straits we are in, unable to keep
+      ourselves in provisions on the return voyage, or to make our friends at
+      home a little present at the end of our journey. But if you like to select
+      some place on the inhabited seaboard of the Black Sea which may take your
+      fancy and there put in, this is open to you to do. Those who like to go
+      home, go; those who care to stay here, stay. You have got vessels now, so
+      that you can make a sudden pounce upon any point you choose.'"
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The merchants went off with this tale and reported it to every city they
+      came to in turn, nor did they go alone, but Timasion the Dardanian sent a
+      fellow-citizen of his own, Eurymachus, with the Boeotian Thorax, to repeat
+      the same story. So when it reached the ears of the men of Sinope and the
+      Heracleots, they sent to Timasion and pressed him to accept of a gratuity,
+      in return for which he was to arrange for the departure of the troops.
+      Timasion was only too glad to hear this, and he took the opportunity when
+      the soldiers were convened in meeting to make the following remarks:
+      "Soldiers," he said, "do not set your thoughts on staying here; let
+      Hellas, and Hellas only, be the object of your affection, for I am told
+      that certain persons have been sacrificing on this very question, without
+      saying a word to you. Now I can promise you, if you once leave these
+      waters, to furnish you with regular monthly pay, dating from the first of
+      the month, at the rate of one cyzicene (2) a head per month. I will bring
+      you to the Troad, from which part I am an exile, and my own state is at
+      your service. They will receive me with open arms. I will be your guide
+      personally, and I will take you to places where you will get plenty of
+      money. I know every corner of the Aeolid, and Phrygia, and the Troad, and
+      indeed the whole satrapy of Pharnabazus, partly because it is my
+      birthplace, partly from campaigns in that region with Clearchus and
+      Dercylidas (3)."
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (2) A cyzicene stater = twenty-eight silver drachmae of Attic money
+    B.C. 335, in the time of Demosthenes; but, like the daric, this
+    gold coin would fluctuate in value relatively to silver. It
+    contained more grains of gold than the daric.
+
+ (3) Of Dercylidas we hear more in the "Hellenica." In B.C. 411 he was
+    harmost at Abydos; in B.C. 399 he superseded Thimbron in Asia
+    Minor; and was himself superseded by Agesilaus in B.C. 396.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      No sooner had he ceased than up got Thorax the Boeotian. This was a man
+      who had a standing battle with Xenophon about the generalship of the army.
+      What he said was that, if they once got fairly out of the Euxine, there
+      was the Chersonese, a beautiful and prosperous country, where they could
+      settle or not, as they chose. Those who liked could stay; and those who
+      liked could return to their homes; how ridiculous then, when there was so
+      much territory in Hellas and to spare, to be poking about (4) in the land
+      of the barbarian. "But until you find yourselves there," he added, "I, no
+      less than Timasion, can guarantee you regular pay." This he said, knowing
+      what promises had been made Timasion by the men of Heraclea and Sinope to
+      induce them to set sail.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (4) The word {masteuein} occurs above, and again below, and in other
+    writings of our author. It is probably Ionic or old Attic, and
+    occurs in poetry.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Meanwhile Xenophon held his peace. Then up got Philesius and Lycon, two
+      Achaeans: "It was monstrous," they said, "that Xenophon should be
+      privately persuading people to stop there, and consulting the victims for
+      that end, without letting the army into the secret, or breathing a
+      syllable in public about the matter." When it came to this, Xenophon was
+      forced to get up, and speak as follows: "Sirs, you are well aware that my
+      habit is to sacrifice at all times; whether in your own behalf or my own,
+      I strive in every thought, word, and deed to be directed as is best for
+      yourselves and for me. And in the present instance my sole object was to
+      learn whether it were better even so much as to broach the subject, and so
+      take action, or to have absolutely nothing to do with the project. Now
+      Silanus the soothsayer assured me by his answer of what was the main
+      point: 'the victims were favourable.' No doubt Silanus knew that I was not
+      unversed myself in his lore, as I have so often assisted at the sacrifice;
+      but he added that there were symptoms in the victims of some guile or
+      conspiracy against me. That was a happy discovery on his part, seeing that
+      he was himself conspiring at the moment to traduce me before you; since it
+      was he who set the tale going that I had actually made up my mind to carry
+      out these projects without procuring your consent. Now, for my part, if I
+      saw that you were in any difficulties, I should set myself to discover how
+      you might capture a city, on the understanding of course that all who
+      wished might sail away at once, leaving those who did not wish, to follow
+      at a later date, with something perhaps in their pockets to benefit their
+      friends at home. Now, however, as I see that the men of Heraclea and
+      Sinope are to send you ships to assist you to sail away, and more than one
+      person guarantees to give you regular monthly pay, it is, I admit, a rare
+      chance to be safely piloted to the haven of our hopes, and at the same
+      time to receive pay for our preservation. For myself I have done with that
+      dream, and to those, who came to me to urge these projects, my advice is
+      to have done with them. In fact, this is my view. As long as you stay
+      together united as to-day, you will command respect and procure
+      provisions; for might certainly exercises a right over what belongs to the
+      weaker. But once broken up, with your force split into bits, you will
+      neither be able to get subsistence, nor indeed will you get off without
+      paying dearly for it. In fact, my resolution coincides precisely with
+      yours. It is that we should set off for Hellas, and if any one stops
+      behind, or is caught deserting before the whole army is in safety, let him
+      be judged as an evil-doer. Pray let all who are in favour of this
+      proposition hold up their hands."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      They all held them up; only Silanus began shouting and vainly striving to
+      maintain the right of departure for all who liked to depart. But the
+      soldiers would not suffer him, threatening him that if he were himself
+      caught attempting to run away they would inflict the aforesaid penalty.
+      After this, when the Heracleots learned that the departure by sea was
+      resolved upon, and that the measure itself emanated from Xenophon, they
+      sent the vessels indeed; but as to the money which they had promised to
+      Timasion and Thorax as pay for the soldiers, they were not as good as
+      their word, in fact they cheated them both. Thus the two who had
+      guaranteed regular monthly pay were utterly confounded, and stood in
+      terror of the soldiers. What they did then, was to take to them the other
+      generals to whom they had communicated their former transactions (that is
+      to say, all except Neon the Asniaean, who, as lieutenant-general, was
+      acting for Cheirisophus during his continued absence). This done they came
+      in a body to Xenophon and said that their views were changed. As they had
+      now got the ships, they thought it best to sail to the Phasis, and seize
+      the territory of the Phasians (whose present king was a descendant of
+      Aeetes (5)). Xenophon's reply was curt:&mdash;Not one syllable would he
+      have to say himself to the army in this matter, "But," he added, "if you
+      like, you can summon an assembly and have your say." Thereupon Timasion
+      the Dardanian set forth as his opinion:&mdash;It were best to hold no
+      parliament at present, but first to go and conciliate, each of them, his
+      own officers. Thus they went away and proceeded to execute their plans.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (5) Aeetes is the patronym of the kings of Colchis from mythical times
+    onwards; e.g. Medea was the daughter of Aeetes.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0043" id="link2H_4_0043">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      VII
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      Presently the soldiers came to learn what was in course of agitation, and
+      Neon gave out that Xenophon had persuaded the other generals to adopt his
+      views, and had a plan to cheat the soldiers and take them back to the
+      Phasis. The soldiers were highly indignant; meetings were held; little
+      groups gathered ominously; and there seemed an alarming probability that
+      they would repeat the violence with which they had lately treated the
+      heralds of the Colchians and the clerks of the market; when all who did
+      not save themselves by jumping into the sea were stoned to death. So
+      Xenophon, seeing what a storm was brewing, resolved to anticipate matters
+      so far as to summon a meeting of the men without delay, and thus prevent
+      their collecting of their own accord, and he ordered the herald to
+      announce an assembly. The voice of the herald was no sooner heard than
+      they rushed with great readiness to the place of meeting. Then Xenophon,
+      without accusing the generals of having come to him, made the following
+      speech: "I hear that a charge is brought against me. It is I apparently
+      who am going to cheat you and carry you off to Phasis. I beg you by all
+      that is holy to listen to me; and if there be found any guilt in me, let
+      me not leave this place till I have paid the penalty of my misdoing; but
+      if my accusers are found guilty, treat them as they deserve. I presume,
+      sirs, you know where the sun rises and where he sets, and that he who
+      would go to Hellas must needs journey towards the sunset; whereas he who
+      seeks the land of the barbarian must contrariwise fix his face towards the
+      dawn. Now is that a point in which a man might hope to cheat you? Could
+      any one make you believe that the sun rises here and sets there, or that
+      he sets here and rises there? And doubtless you know this too, that it is
+      Boreas, the north wind, who bears the mariner out of Pontus towards
+      Hellas, and the south wind inwards towards the Phasis, whence the saying&mdash;
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+      "'When the North wind doth blow
+        Home to Hellas we will go (1).'
+
+ (1) Whether this was a local saying or a proverb I cannot say. The
+    words have a poetical ring about them: "When Borrhas blows, fair
+    voyages to Hellas."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      "He would be a clever fellow who could befool you into embarking with a
+      south wind blowing. That sounds all very well, you think, only I may get
+      you on board during a calm. Granted, but I shall be on board my one ship,
+      and you on board another hundred at least, and how am I to constrain you
+      to voyage with me against your will, or by what cajolery shall I carry you
+      off? But I will imagine you so far befooled and bewitched by me, that I
+      have got you to the Phasis; we proceed to disembark on dry land. At last
+      it will come out, that wherever you are, you are not in Hellas, and the
+      inventor of the trick will be one sole man, and you who have been caught
+      by it will number something like ten thousand with swords in your hands. I
+      do not know how a man could better ensure his own punishment than by
+      embarking on such a policy with regards to himself and you.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Nay, these tales are the invention of silly fellows who are jealous of
+      the honour you bestow on me. A most uncalled-for jealousy! Do I hinder any
+      of them from speaking any word of import in his power? of striking a blow
+      in your behalf and his own, if that is his choice? or, finally, of keeping
+      his eyes and ears open to secure your safety? What is it? In your choice
+      of leaders do I stand in the way of any one, is that it? Let him step
+      forward, I yield him place; he shall be your general; only he must prove
+      that he has your good at heart.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "For myself, I have done; but for yourselves, if any of you conceive
+      either that he himself could be the victim of a fraud, or that he could
+      victimise any one else in such a thing as this, let him open his lips and
+      explain to us how. Take your time, but when you have sifted the matter to
+      your hearts' content, do not go away without suffering me to tell you of
+      something which I see looming. If it should burst upon us and prove in
+      fact anything like what it gives signs of being now, it is time for us to
+      take counsel for ourselves and see that we do not prove ourselves to be
+      the worst and basest of men in the sight of gods and men, be they friends
+      or be they foes." The words moved the curiosity of the soldiers. They
+      marvelled what this matter might be, and bade him explain. Thereupon he
+      began again: "You will not have forgotten certain places in the hills&mdash;barbaric
+      fastnesses, but friendly to the Cerasuntines&mdash;from which people used
+      to come down and sell us large cattle and other things which they
+      possessed, and if I mistake not, some of you went to the nearest of these
+      places and made purchases in the market and came back again. Clearetus the
+      captain learnt of this place, that it was but a little one and unguarded.
+      Why should it be guarded since it was friendly? so the folk thought. Thus
+      he stole upon it in the dead of night, and meant to sack it without saying
+      a word to any of us. His design was, if he took the place, not to return
+      again to the army, but to mount a vessel which, with his messmates on
+      board her, was sailing past at the time, and stowing away what he had
+      seized, to set sail and begone beyond the Euxine. All this had been agreed
+      upon and arranged with his comrades on board the vessel, as I now
+      discover. Accordingly, he summoned to his side all whom he could persuade,
+      and set off at their head against the little place. But dawn overtook him
+      on his march. The men collected out of their strongholds, and whether from
+      a distance or close quarters, made such a fight that they killed Clearetus
+      and a good many of the rest, and only a few of them got safe back to
+      Cerasus.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "These things took place on the day on which we started to come hither on
+      foot; while some of those who were to go by sea were still at Cerasus, not
+      having as yet weighed anchor. After this, according to what the
+      Cerasuntines state, there arrived three inhabitants of the place which had
+      been attacked; three elderly men, seeking an interview with our public
+      assembly. Not finding us, they addressed themselves to the men of Cerasus,
+      and told them, they were astonished that we should have thought it right
+      to attack them; however, when, as the Cerasuntines assert, they had
+      assured them that the occurrence was not authorised by public consent,
+      they were pleased, and proposed to sail here, not only to state to us what
+      had occurred, but to offer that those who were interested should take up
+      and bury the bodies of the slain.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "But among the Hellenes still at Cerasus were some of those who had
+      escaped. They found out in which direction the barbarians were minded to
+      go, and not only had the face themselves to pelt them with stones, but
+      vociferously encouraged their neighbours to do the same. The three men&mdash;ambassadors,
+      mark you&mdash;were slain, stoned to death. After this occurrence, the men
+      of Cerasus came to us and reported the affair, and we generals, on being
+      informed, were annoyed at what had taken place, and took counsel with the
+      Cerasuntines how the dead bodies of the Hellenes might be buried. While
+      seated in conclave outside the camp, we suddenly were aware of a great
+      hubbub. We heard cries: 'Cut them down!' 'Shoot them!' 'Stone them!' and
+      presently we caught sight of a mass of people racing towards us with
+      stones in their hands, and others picking them up. The Cerasuntines,
+      naturally enough, considering the incident they had lately witnessed,
+      retired in terror to their vessels, and, upon my word, some of us did not
+      feel too comfortable. All I could do was to go to them and inquire what it
+      all meant. Some of them had not the slightest notion, although they had
+      stones in their hands, but chancing on some one who was better informed, I
+      was told by him that 'the clerks of the market were treating the army most
+      scandalously.' Just then some one got sight of the market clerk,
+      Zelarchus, making his way off towards the sea, and lifted up his voice
+      aloud, and the rest responding to the cry as if a wild boar or a stag had
+      been started, they rushed upon him.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "The Cerasuntines, seeing a rush in their direction, thought that, without
+      a doubt, it was directed against themselves, and fled with all speed and
+      threw themselves into the sea, in which proceeding they were imitated by
+      some few of our own men, and all who did not know how to swim were
+      drowned. But now, what do you think of their case, these men of Cerasus?
+      They had done no wrong. They were simply afraid that some madness had
+      seized us, like that to which dogs are liable.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "I say then, if proceedings like this are to be the order of the day, you
+      had better consider what the ultimate condition of the army is like to be.
+      As a body you will not have it in your power to undertake war against whom
+      you like, or to conclude peace. But in private any one who chooses will
+      conduct the army on any quest which takes his fancy. And when ambassadors
+      come to you to demand peace, or whatever it may be, officious people will
+      put them to death and prevent your hearing the proposals which brought
+      them to you. The next step will be that those whom you as a body may
+      choose as generals will be of no account; but any one who likes to elect
+      himself general, and will adopt the formula 'Shoot him! shoot him!' will
+      be competent to cut down whomsoever he pleases untried, be it general or
+      private soldier, if only he have sufficient followers, as was the case
+      just now. But just consider what these self-appointed generals have
+      achieved for you. Zelarchus, the clerk of the market, may possibly have
+      done you a wrong; if so, he has sailed off and is gone without paying you
+      any penalty; or he may be guiltless, in which case we have driven him from
+      the army in terror of perishing unjustly without a trial. While those who
+      stoned the ambassadors have contrived so cleverly that we alone of all
+      Hellenes cannot approach Cerasus safely without a strong force, and the
+      corpses which the very men who slew them themselves invited us to bury, we
+      cannot now pick up with safety even under a flag of truce. Who indeed
+      would care to carry a flag of truce, or go as a herald with the blood of
+      heralds upon his hands? All we could do was to implore the Cerasuntines to
+      bury them.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "If then you approve of such doings, have a resolution passed to that
+      effect, so that, with a prospect of like occurrences in the future, a man
+      may privately set up a guard and do his best to fix his tent where he can
+      find a strong position with a commanding site. If, however, these seem to
+      you to be the deeds rather of wild beasts than of human beings, bethink
+      you of some means by which to stay them; or else, in heaven's name, how
+      shall we do sacrifice to the gods gladly, with impious deeds to answer
+      for? or how shall we, who lay the knife to each other's throats, give
+      battle to our enemies? What friendly city will receive us when they see
+      rampant lawlessness in our midst? Who will have the courage to afford us a
+      market, when we prove our worthlessness in these weightiest concerns? and
+      what becomes of the praise we expect to win from the mouths of men? who
+      will vouchsafe it to us, if this is our behaviour? Should we not ourselves
+      bestow the worst of names on the perpetrators of like deeds?"
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      After this they rose, and, as one man, proposed that the ringleaders in
+      these matters should be punished; and that for the future, to set an
+      example of lawlessness should be forbidden. Every such ringleader was to
+      be prosecuted on the capital charge; the generals were to bring all
+      offenders to the bar of justice; prosecutions for all other misdemeanours
+      committed since the death of Cyrus were to be instituted; and they ended
+      by constituting the officers into a board of dicasts (2); and upon the
+      strong representation of Xenophon, with the concurrence of the
+      soothsayers, it was resolved to purify the army, and this purification was
+      made.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (2) I.e. a board of judges or jurors.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0044" id="link2H_4_0044">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      VIII
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      It was further resolved that the generals themselves should undergo a
+      judicial examination in reference to their conduct in past time. In course
+      of investigation, Philesius and Xanthicles respectively were condemned to
+      pay a sum of twenty minae, to meet a deficiency to that amount incurred
+      during the guardianship of the cargoes of the merchantmen. Sophaenetus was
+      fined ten minae for inadequate performance of his duty as one of the chief
+      officers selected. Against Xenophon a charge was brought by certain
+      people, who asserted that they had been beaten by him, and framed the
+      indictment as one of personal outrage with violence (1). Xenophon got up
+      and demanded that the first speaker should state "where and when it was he
+      had received these blows." The other, so challenged, answered, "When we
+      were perishing of cold and there was a great depth of snow." Xenophon
+      said: "Upon my word, with weather such as you describe, when our
+      provisions had run out, when the wine could not even be smelt, when
+      numbers were dropping down dead beat, so acute was the suffering, with the
+      enemy close on our heels; certainly, if at such a season as that I was
+      guilty of outrage, I plead guilty to being a more outrageous brute than
+      the ass, which is too wanton, they say, to feel fatigue. Still, I wish you
+      would tell us," said he, "what led to my striking you. Did I ask you for
+      something and, on your refusing it to me, did I proceed to beat you? Was
+      it a debt, for which I demanded payment? or a quarrel about some boy or
+      other? Was I the worse for liquor, and behaving like a drunkard?" When the
+      man met each of these questions with a negative, he questioned him
+      further: "Are you a heavy infantry soldier?" "No," said he. "A peltast,
+      then?" "No, nor yet a peltast"; but he had been ordered by his messmates
+      to drive a mule, although he was a free man. Then at last he recognised
+      him, and inquired: "Are you the fellow who carried home the sick man?"
+      "Yes, I am," said he, "thanks to your driving; and you made havoc of my
+      messmates' kit." "Havoc!" said Xenophon: "Nay, I distributed it; some to
+      one man, some to another to carry, and bade them bring the things safely
+      to me; and when I got them back I delivered them all safely to you, and
+      you, on your side, had rendered an account to me of the man. Let me tell
+      you," he continued, turning to the court, "what the circumstances were; it
+      is worth hearing:&mdash;
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) See the "Dict. of Antiq." 622 a. HYBREOS GRAPHE. In the case of
+    common assaults as opposed to indecent assault, the prosecution
+    seems to have been allowable only when the object of a wanton
+    attack was a free person. Cf. Arist. "Rhet." ii. 24.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      "A man was left behind from inability to proceed farther; I recognised the
+      poor fellow sufficiently to see that he was one of ours, and I forced you,
+      sir, to carry him to save his life. For if I am not much mistaken, the
+      enemy were close at our heels?" The fellow assented to this. "Well then,"
+      said Xenophon, "after I had sent you forward, I overtook you again, as I
+      came up with the rearguard; you were digging a trench with intent to bury
+      the man; I pulled up and said something in commendation; as we stood by
+      the poor fellow twitched his leg, and the bystanders all cried out, 'Why,
+      the man's alive!' Your remark was: 'Alive or not as he likes, I am not
+      going to carry him' Then I struck you. Yes! you are right, for it looked
+      very much as if you knew him to be alive." "Well," said he, "was he any
+      the less dead when I reported him to you?" "Nay," retorted Xenophon, "by
+      the same token we shall all one day be dead, but that is no reason why
+      meantime we should all be buried alive?" Then there was a general shout:
+      "If Xenophon had given the fellow a few more blows, it might have been
+      better." The others were now called upon to state the grounds on which
+      they had been beaten in each case; but when they refused to get up, he
+      proceeded to state them himself.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "I confess, sirs, to having struck certain men for failure in discipline.
+      These were men who were quite content to owe their safety to us. Whilst
+      the rest of the world marched on in rank and did whatever fighting had to
+      be done, they preferred to leave the ranks, and rush forward to loot and
+      enrich themselves at our expense. Now, if this conduct were to be the
+      rule, general ruin would be the result. I do not deny that I have given
+      blows to this man or the other who played the poltroon and refused to get
+      up, helplessly abandoning himself to the enemy; and so I forced them to
+      march on. For once in the severe wintry weather I myself happened to sit
+      down for a long time, whilst waiting for a party who were getting their
+      kit together, and I discovered how difficult it was to get up again and
+      stretch one's legs. After this personal experience, whenever I saw any one
+      else seated in slack and lazy mood, I tried to spur him on. The mere
+      movement and effort to play the man caused warmth and moisture, whereas it
+      was plain that sitting down and keeping quiet helped the blood to freeze
+      and the toes to mortify, calamities which really befell several of the
+      men, as you yourselves are aware.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "I can imagine a third case, that of some straggler stopping behind,
+      merely to rest for rest's sake, and hindering you in front and us behind
+      alike from pressing on the march. If he got a blow with the fist from me
+      it saved him a thrust with the lance from the enemy. In fact, the
+      opportunity they enjoy to-day of taking vengeance on me for any treatment
+      which I put upon them wrongfully, is derived from their salvation then;
+      whereas, if they had fallen into the enemy's hands, let them ask
+      themselves for what outrage, however great, they could expect to get
+      satisfaction now. My defence," he continued, "is simple: if I chastised
+      any one for his own good, I claim to suffer the same penalties as parents
+      pay their children or masters their boys. Does not the surgeon also
+      cauterise and cut us for our good? But if you really believe that these
+      acts are the outcome of wanton insolence, I beg you to observe that
+      although to-day, thank God! I am heartier than formerly, I wear a bolder
+      front now than then, and I drink more wine, yet I never strike a soul; no,
+      for I see that you have reached smooth water. When storm arises, and a
+      great sea strikes the vessel amidships, a mere shake of the head will make
+      the look-out man furious with the crew in the forecastle, or the helmsman
+      with the men in the stern sheets, for at such a crisis even a slight slip
+      may ruin everything. But I appeal to your own verdict, already recorded,
+      in proof that I was justified in striking these men. You stood by, sirs,
+      with swords, not voting tablets, in your hands, and it was in your power
+      to aid the fellows if you liked; but, to speak the honest truth, you
+      neither aided them nor did you join me in striking the disorderly. In
+      other words, you enabled any evilly-disposed person among them to give
+      rein to his wantonness by your passivity. For if you will be at pains to
+      investigate, you will find that those who were then most cowardly are the
+      ringleaders to-day in brutality and outrage.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "There is Boiscus the boxer, a Thessalian, what a battle he fought then to
+      escape carrying his shield! so tired was he, and to-day I am told he has
+      stripped several citizens of Cotyora of the clothes on their backs. If
+      then you are wise, you will treat this personage in a way the contrary to
+      that in which men treat dogs. A savage dog is tied up on the day and
+      loosed at night, but if you are wise you will tie this fellow up at night
+      and only let him loose in the day.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "But really," he added, "it does surprise me with what keenness you
+      remember and recount the times when I incurred the hatred of some one; but
+      some other occasions when I eased the burden of winter and storm for any
+      of you, or beat off an enemy, or helped to minister to you in sickness and
+      want, not a soul of you remembers these. Or when for any noble deed done
+      by any of you I praised the doer, and according to my ability did honour
+      to this brave man or that; these things have slipped from your memories,
+      and are clean forgotten. Yet it were surely more noble, just, and holy,
+      sweeter and kindlier to treasure the memory of good rather than of evil."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      He ended, and then one after another of the assembly got up and began
+      recalling incidents of the kind suggested, and things ended not so
+      unpleasantly after all.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0045" id="link2H_4_0045">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      BOOK VI
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0046" id="link2H_4_0046">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      I
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      After this, whilst waiting, they lived partly on supplies from the market,
+      partly on the fruit of raids into Paphlagonia. The Paphlagonians, on their
+      side, showed much skill in kidnapping stragglers, wherever they could lay
+      hands on them, and in the night time tried to do mischief to those whose
+      quarters were at a distance from the camp. The result was that their
+      relations to one another were exceedingly hostile, so much so that
+      Corylas, who was the chief of Paphlagonia at that date, sent ambassadors
+      to the Hellenes, bearing horses and fine apparel, and charged with a
+      proposal on the part of Corylas to make terms with the Hellenes on the
+      principle of mutual forbearance from injuries. The generals replied that
+      they would consult with the army about the matter. Meanwhile they gave
+      them a hospitable reception, to which they invited certain members of the
+      army whose claims were obvious. They sacrificed some of the captive cattle
+      and other sacrificial beasts, and with these they furnished forth a
+      sufficiently festal entertainment, and reclining on their truckle beds,
+      fell to eating and drinking out of beakers made of horn which they
+      happened to find in the country.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But as soon as the libation was ended and they had sung the hymn, up got
+      first some Thracians, who performed a dance under arms to the sound of a
+      pipe, leaping high into the air with much nimbleness, and brandishing
+      their swords, till at last one man struck his fellow, and every one
+      thought he was really wounded, so skilfully and artistically did he fall,
+      and the Paphlagonians screamed out. Then he that gave the blow stripped
+      the other of his arms, and marched off chanting the "Sitalcas (1)," whilst
+      others of the Thracians bore off the other, who lay as if dead, though he
+      had not received even a scratch.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) I.e. the national Thracian hymn; for Sitalcas the king, a national
+    hero, see Thuc. ii. 29.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      After this some Aenianians (2) and Magnesians got up and fell to dancing
+      the Carpaea, as it is called, under arms. This was the manner of the
+      dance: one man lays aside his arms and proceeds to drive a yoke of oxen,
+      and while he drives he sows, turning him about frequently, as though he
+      were afraid of something; up comes a cattle-lifter, and no sooner does the
+      ploughman catch sight of him afar, than he snatches up his arms and
+      confronts him. They fight in front of his team, and all in rhythm to the
+      sound of the pipe. At last the robber binds the countryman and drives off
+      the team. Or sometimes the cattle-driver binds the robber, and then he
+      puts him under the yoke beside the oxen, with his two hands tied behind
+      his back, and off he drives.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (2) The Aenianians, an Aeolian people inhabiting the upper valley of
+    the Sperchius (the ancient Phthia); their capital was Hypata.
+    These men belonged to the army collected by Menon, the Thessalian.
+    So, doubtless, did the Magnesians, another Aeolian tribe occupying
+    the mountainous coast district on the east of Thessaly. See
+    Kiepert's "Man. Anct. Geog." (Macmillan's tr.), chap. vi.. 161,
+    170.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      After this a Mysian came in with a light shield in either hand and danced,
+      at one time going through a pantomime, as if he were dealing with two
+      assailants at once; at another plying his shields as if to face a single
+      foe, and then again he would whirl about and throw somersaults, keeping
+      the shields in his hands, so that it was a beautiful spectacle. Last of
+      all he danced the Persian dance, clashing the shields together, crouching
+      down on one knee and springing up again from earth; and all this he did in
+      measured time to the sound of the flute. After him the Mantineans stepped
+      upon the stage, and some other Arcadians also stood up; they had accoutred
+      themselves in all their warlike finery. They marched with measured tread,
+      pipes playing, to the tune of the 'warrior's march (3)'; the notes of the
+      paean rose, lightly their limbs moved in dance, as in solemn procession to
+      the holy gods. The Paphlagonians looked upon it as something truly strange
+      that all these dances should be under arms; and the Mysians, seeing their
+      astonishment persuaded one of the Arcadians who had got a dancing girl to
+      let him introduce her, which he did after dressing her up magnificently
+      and giving her a light shield. When, lithe of limb, she danced the Pyrrhic
+      (4), loud clapping followed; and the Paphlagonians asked, "If these women
+      fought by their side in battle?" to which they answered, "To be sure, it
+      was the women who routed the great King, and drove him out of camp." So
+      ended the night.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (3) See Plato, "Rep." 400 B, for this "war measure"; also Aristoph.
+    "Clouds," 653.
+
+ (4) For this famous dance, supposed to be of Doric (Cretan or Spartan)
+    origin, see Smith's "Dict. of Antiquities," "Saltatio"; also Guhl
+    and Koner, "The Life of the Greeks and Romans," Eng. tr.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      But next day the generals introduced the embassy to the army, and the
+      soldiers passed a resolution in the sense proposed: between themselves and
+      the Paphlagonians there was to be a mutual abstinence from injuries. After
+      this the ambassadors went on their way, and the Hellenes, as soon as it
+      was thought that sufficient vessels had arrived, went on board ship, and
+      voyaged a day and a night with a fair breeze, keeping Paphlagonia on their
+      left. And on the following day, arriving at Sinope, they came to moorings
+      in the harbour of Harmene, near Sinope (5). The Sinopeans, though
+      inhabitants of Paphlagonia, are really colonists of the Milesians. They
+      sent gifts of hospitality to the Hellenes, three thousand measures of
+      barley with fifteen hundred jars of wine. At this place Cheirisophus
+      rejoined them with a man-of-war. The soldiers certainly expected that,
+      having come, he would have brought them something, but he brought them
+      nothing, except complimentary phrases, on the part of Anaxibius, the high
+      admiral, and the rest, who sent them their congratulations, coupled with a
+      promise on the part of Anaxibius that, as soon as they were outside the
+      Euxine, pay would be forthcoming.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (5) Harmene, a port of Sinope, between four and five miles (fifty
+    stades) west of that important city, itself a port town. See
+    Smith, "Dict. Geog.," "Sinope"; and Kiepert, op. cit. chap. iv.
+    60.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      At Harmene the army halted five days; and now that they seemed to be so
+      close to Hellas, the question how they were to reach home not empty-handed
+      presented itself more forcibly to their minds than heretofore. The
+      conclusion they came to was to appoint a single general, since one man
+      would be better able to handle the troops, by night or by day, than was
+      possible while the generalship was divided. If secrecy were desirable, it
+      would be easier to keep matters dark, or if again expedition were an
+      object, there would be less risk of arriving a day too late, since mutual
+      explanations would be avoided, and whatever approved itself to the single
+      judgement would at once be carried into effect, whereas previously the
+      generals had done everything in obedience to the opinion of the majority.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      With these ideas working in their minds, they turned to Xenophon, and the
+      officers came to him and told him that this was how the soldiers viewed
+      matters; and each of them, displaying a warmth of kindly feeling, pressed
+      him to accept the office. Xenophon partly would have liked to do so, in
+      the belief that by so doing he would win to himself a higher repute in the
+      esteem of his friends, and that his name would be reported to the city
+      written large; and by some stroke of fortune he might even be the
+      discoverer of some blessing to the army collectively.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      These and the like considerations elated him; he had a strong desire to
+      hold the supreme command. But then again, as he turned the matter over,
+      the conviction deepened in his mind that the issue of the future is to
+      every man uncertain; and hence there was the risk of perhaps losing such
+      reputation has he had already acquired. He was in sore straights, and, not
+      knowing how to decide, it seemed best to him to lay the matter before
+      heaven. Accordingly, he led two victims to the altar and made sacrifice to
+      Zeus the King, for it was he and no other who had been named by the oracle
+      at Delphi, and his belief was that the vision which he had beheld when he
+      first essayed to undertake the joint administration of the army was sent
+      to him by that god. He also recalled to mind a circumstance which befell
+      him still earlier, when setting out from Ephesus to associate himself with
+      Cyrus (6);&mdash;how an eagle screamed on his right hand from the east,
+      and still remained perched, and the soothsayer who was escorting him said
+      that it was a great and royal omen (7); indicating glory and yet
+      suffering; for the punier race of birds only attack the eagle when seated.
+      "Yet," added he, "it bodes not gain in money; for the eagle seizes his
+      food, not when seated, but on the wing."
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (6) Cf. "Cyrop." II. i. 1; an eagle appears to Cyrus on the frontiers
+    of Persia, when about to join his uncle Cyaxares, king of Media,
+    on his expedition against the Assyrian.
+
+ (7) It is important to note that the Greek word {oionos}, a solitary
+    or lone-flying bird, also means an omen. "It was a mighty bird and
+    a mighty omen."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Thus Xenophon sacrificed, and the god as plainly as might be gave him a
+      sign, neither to demand the generalship, nor, if chosen, to accept the
+      office. And that was how the matter stood when the army met, and the
+      proposal to elect a single leader was unanimous. After this resolution was
+      passed, they proposed Xenophon for election, and when it seemed quite
+      evident that they would elect him, if he put the question to the vote, he
+      got up and spoke as follows:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Sirs, I am but mortal, and must needs be happy to be honoured by you. I
+      thank you, and am grateful, and my prayer is that the gods may grant me to
+      be an instrument of blessing to you. Still, when I consider it closer,
+      thus, in the presence of a Lacedaemonian, to be preferred by you as
+      general, seems to me but ill conducive either to your interests or to
+      mine, since you will the less readily obtain from them hereafter anything
+      you may need, while for myself I look upon acceptance as even somewhat
+      dangerous. Do I not see and know with what persistence these
+      Lacedaemonians prosecuted the war till finally they forced our State to
+      acknowledge the leadership of Lacedaemon? This confession once extorted
+      from their antagonists, they ceased warring at once, and the siege of the
+      city was at an end. If, with these facts before my eyes, I seem to be
+      doing all I can to neutralise their high self-esteem, I cannot escape the
+      reflection that personally I may be taught wisdom by a painful process.
+      But with your own idea that under a single general there will be less
+      factiousness than when there were many, be assured that in choosing some
+      other than me you will not find me factious. I hold that whosoever sets up
+      factious opposition to his leader factiously opposes his own safety. While
+      if you determine to choose me, I should not be surprised were that choice
+      to entail upon you and me the resentment of other people."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      After those remarks on Xenophon's part, many more got up, one after
+      another, insisting on the propriety of his undertaking the command. One of
+      them, Agasias the Stymphalian, said: It was really ridiculous, if things
+      had come to this pass that the Lacedeamonians are to fly into a rage
+      because a number of friends have met together to dinner, and omitted to
+      choose a Lacedaemonian to sit at the head of the table. "Really, if that
+      is how matters stand," said he, "I do not see what right we have to be
+      officers even, we who are only Arcadians." That sally brought down the
+      plaudits of the assembly; and Xenophon, seeing that something more was
+      needed, stepped forward again and spoke, "Pardon, sirs," he said, "let me
+      make a clean breast of it. I swear to you by all the gods and goddesses;
+      verily and indeed, I no sooner perceived your purpose, than I consulted
+      the victims, whether it was better for you to entrust this leadership to
+      me, and for me to undertake it, or the reverse. And the gods vouchsafed a
+      sign to me so plain that even a common man might understand it, and
+      perceive that from such sovereignty I must needs hold myself aloof."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Under these circumstances they chose Cheirisophus, who, after his
+      election, stepped forward and said: "Nay, sirs, be well assured of this,
+      that had you chosen some one else, I for my part should not have set up
+      factious opposition. As to Xenophon, I believe you have done him a good
+      turn by not appointing him; for even now Dexippus has gone some way in
+      traducing him to Anaxibius, as far as it lay in his power to do so, and
+      that, in spite of my attempts to silence him. What he said was that he
+      believed Xenophon would rather share the command of Clearchus's army with
+      Timasion, a Dardanian, than with himself, a Laconian. But," continued
+      Cheirisophus, "since your choice has fallen upon me, I will make it my
+      endeavour to do you all the good in my power; so make your preparations to
+      weigh anchor to-morrow; wind and weather permitting, we will voyage to
+      Heraclea; every one must endeavour, therefore, to put in at that port; and
+      for the rest we will consult, when we are come thither."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0047" id="link2H_4_0047">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      II
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      The next day they weighed anchor and set sail from Harmene with a fair
+      breeze, two days' voyage along the coast. (As they coasted along they came
+      in sight of Jason's beach (1), where, as the story says, the ship Argo
+      came to moorings; and then the mouths of the rivers, first the Thermodon,
+      then the Iris, then the Halys, and next to it the Parthenius.) Coasting
+      past (the latter), they reached Heraclea (2), a Hellenic city and a colony
+      of the Megarians, situated in the territory of the Mariandynians. So they
+      came to anchorage off the Acherusian Chersonese, where Heracles (3) is
+      said to have descended to bring up the dog Cerberus, at a point where they
+      still show the marks of his descent, a deep cleft more than two furlongs
+      down. Here the Heracleots sent the Hellenes, as gifts of hospitality,
+      three thousand measures of barley and two thousand jars of wine, twenty
+      beeves and one hundred sheep. Through the flat country here flows the
+      Lycus river, as it is called, about two hundred feet in breadth.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) I have left this passage in the text, although it involves, at
+    first sight, a topographical error on the part of whoever wrote
+    it, and Hug and other commentators regard it as spurious. Jason's
+    beach (the modern Yasoun Bouroun) and the three first-named rivers
+    lie between Cotyora and Sinope. Possibly the author, or one of his
+    editors, somewhat loosely inserted a recapitulatory note
+    concerning the scenery of this coasting voyage at this point. "By
+    the way, I ought to have told you that as they coasted along,"
+    etc.
+
+ (2) One of the most powerful of commercial cities, distinguished as
+    Pontica (whence, in the middle ages, Penteraklia), now Eregli. It
+    was one of the older Greek settlements, and, like Kalchedon (to
+    give that town its proper name), a Megaro-Doric colony. See
+    Kiepert, op. cit. chap. iv. 62.
+
+ (3) According to another version of the legend Heracles went down to
+    bring up Cerberus, not here, but at Taenarum.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      The soldiers held a meeting, and took counsel about the remainder of the
+      journey: should they make their exit from the Pontus by sea or by land?
+      and Lycon the Achaean got up and said: "I am astonished, sirs, that the
+      generals do not endeavour to provide us more efficiently with provisions.
+      These gifts of hospitality will not afford three days' victuals for the
+      army; nor do I see from what region we are to provide ourselves as we
+      march. My proposal, therefore, is to demand of the Heracleots at least
+      three thousand cyzicenes." Another speaker suggested, "not less than ten
+      thousand. Let us at once, before we break up this meeting, send
+      ambassadors to the city and ascertain their answer to the demand and take
+      counsel accordingly." Thereupon they proceeded to put up as ambassadors,
+      first and foremost Cheirisophus, as he had been chosen general-in-chief;
+      others also named Xenophon.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But both Cheirisophus and Xenophon stoutly declined, maintaining both
+      alike that they could not compel a Hellenic city, actually friendly, to
+      give anything which they did not spontaneously offer. So, since these two
+      appeared to be backward, the soldiers sent Lycon the Achaean, Callimachus
+      the Parrhasian, and Agasias the Stymphalian. These three went and
+      announced the resolutions passed by the army. Lycon, it was said, even
+      went so far as to threaten certain consequences in case they refused to
+      comply. The Heracleots said they would deliberate; and, without more ado,
+      they got together their goods and chattels from their farms and fields
+      outside, and dismantled the market outside and transferred it within,
+      after which the gates were closed, and arms appeared at the battlements of
+      the walls.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      At that check, the authors of these tumultuary measures fell to accusing
+      the generals, as if they had marred the proceeding; and the Arcadians and
+      Archaeans banded together, chiefly under the auspices of the two
+      ringleaders, Callimachus the Parrhasian and Lycon the Achaean. The
+      language they held was to this effect: It was outrageous that a single
+      Athenian and a Lacedaemonian, who had not contributed a soldier to the
+      expedition, should rule Peloponnesians; scandalous that they themselves
+      should bear the toils whilst others pocketed the spoils, and that too
+      though the preservation of the army was due to themselves; for, as every
+      one must admit, to the Arcadians and Achaeans the credit of that
+      achievement was due, and the rest of the army went for nothing (which was
+      indeed so far true that the Arcadians and Achaeans did form numerically
+      the larger half of the whole army). What then did common sense suggest?
+      Why, that they, the Arcadians and Achaeans, should make common cause,
+      choose generals for themselves independently, continue the march, and try
+      somewhat to better their condition. This proposal was carried. All the
+      Arcadians and Achaeans who chanced to be with Cheirisophus left him and
+      Xenophon, setting up for themselves and choosing ten generals of their
+      own. These ten, it was decreed, were to put into effect such measures as
+      approved themselves to the majority. Thus the absolute authority vested in
+      Cheirisophus was terminated there and then, within less than a week of his
+      appointment.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Xenophon, however was minded to prosecute the journey in their company,
+      thinking that this would be a safer plan than for each to start on his own
+      account. But Neon threw in his weight in favour of separate action. "Every
+      one for himself," he said, for he had heard from Cheirisophus that
+      Cleander, the Spartan governor-general at Byzantium, talked of coming to
+      Calpe Haven with some war vessels. Neon's advice was due to his desire to
+      secure a passage home in these war vessels for themselves and their
+      soldiers, without allowing any one else to share in their good-fortune. As
+      for Cheirisophus, he was at once so out of heart at the turn things had
+      taken, and soured with the whole army, that he left it to his subordinate,
+      Neon, to do just what he liked. Xenophon, on his side, would still have
+      been glad to be quit of the expedition and sail home; but on offering
+      sacrifice to Heracles the Leader, and seeking advice, whether it were
+      better and more desirable to continue the march in charge of the soldiers
+      who had remained faithful, or to take his departure, the god indicated to
+      him by the victims that he should adopt the former course.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In this way the army was now split up into three divisions (4). First, the
+      Arcadians and Achaeans, over four thousand five hundred men, all heavy
+      infantry. Secondly, Cheirisophus and his men, viz. one thousand four
+      hundred heavy infantry and the seven hundred peltasts, or Clearchus's
+      Thracians. Thirdly, Xenophon's division of one thousand seven hundred
+      heavy infantry, and three hundred peltasts; but then he alone had the
+      cavalry&mdash;about forty troopers.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (4) The total now amounted to 8640 and over.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      The Arcadians, who had bargained with the Heracleots and got some vessels
+      from them, were the first to set sail; they hoped, by pouncing suddenly on
+      the Bithynians, to make as large a haul as possible. With that object they
+      disembarked at Calpe Haven (5), pretty nearly at the middle point in
+      Thrace. Cheirisophus setting off straight from Heraclea, commenced a land
+      march through the country; but having entered into Thrace, he preferred to
+      cling to the seaboard, health and strength failing him. Xenophon, lastly,
+      took vessels, and disembarking on the confines of Thrace and the
+      Heracleotid, pushed forward through the heart of the country (6).
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (5) The Haven of Calpe = Kirpe Liman or Karpe in the modern maps. The
+    name is interesting as being also the ancient name of the rock
+    fortress of Gibraltar.
+
+ (6) Some MSS. here read, "In the prior chapter will be found a
+    description of the manner in which the absolute command of
+    Cheirisophus was abruptly terminated and the army of the Hellenes
+    broken up. The sequel will show how each of these divisions
+    fared." The passage is probably one of those commentators' notes,
+    with which we are now familiar.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0048" id="link2H_4_0048">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      III
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      The Arcadians, disembarking under cover of night at Calpe Haven, marched
+      against the nearest villages about thirty furlongs from the sea; and as
+      soon as it was light, each of the ten generals led his company to attack
+      one village, or if the village were large, a couple of companies advanced
+      under their combined generals. They further agreed upon a certain knoll,
+      where they were all eventually to assemble. So sudden was their attack
+      that they seized a number of captives and enclosed a multitude of small
+      cattle. But the Thracians who escaped began to collect again; for being
+      light-armed troops they had slipped in large numbers through the hands of
+      the heavy infantry; and now that they were got together they first
+      attacked the company of the Arcadian general, Smicres, who had done his
+      work and was retiring to the appointed meeting-place, driving along a
+      large train of captives and cattle. For a good while the Hellenes
+      maintained a running fight (1); but at the passage of a gorge the enemy
+      routed them, slaying Smicres himself and those with him to a man. The fate
+      of another company under command of Hegesander, another of the ten, was
+      nearly as bad; only eight men escaped, Hegesander being one of them. The
+      remaining captains eventually met, some with somewhat to show for their
+      pains, others empty-handed.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) Lit. "marched and fought," as did the forlorn hope under Sir C.
+    Wilson making its way from Abu Klea to the Nile in Jan. 1885.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      The Thracians, having achieved this success, kept up a continual shouting
+      and clatter of conversation to one another during the night; but with
+      day-dawn they marshalled themselves right round the knoll on which the
+      Hellenes were encamped&mdash;both cavalry in large numbers and light-armed
+      troops&mdash;while every minute the stream of new-comers grew greater.
+      Then they commenced an attack on the heavy infantry in all security, for
+      the Hellenes had not a single bowman, javelin-man, or mounted trooper
+      amongst them; while the enemy rushed forward on foot or galloped up on
+      horseback and let fly their javelins. It was vain to attempt to retaliate,
+      so lightly did they spring back and escape; and ever the attack renewed
+      itself from every point, so that on one side man after man was wounded, on
+      the other not a soul was touched; the result being that they could not
+      stir from their position, and the Thracians ended by cutting them off even
+      from their water. In their despair they began to parley about a truce, and
+      finally various concessions were made and terms agreed to between them;
+      but the Thracians would not hear of giving hostages in answer to the
+      demand of the Hellenes; at that point the matter rested. So fared it with
+      the Arcadians.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      As to Cheirisophus, that general prosecuted his march along the seaboard,
+      and without check reached Calpe Haven. Xenophon advanced through the heart
+      of the country; and his cavalry pushing on in front, came upon some old
+      men pursuing their road somewither, who were brought to him, and in answer
+      to his question, whether they had caught sight of another Hellenic army
+      anywhere, told him all that had already taken place, adding that at
+      present they were being besieged upon a knoll with all the Thracians in
+      close circle round them. Thereupon he kept the old men under strict guard
+      to serve as guides in case of need; next, having appointed outposts, he
+      called a meeting of the soldiers, and addressed them: "Soldiers, some of
+      the Arcadians are dead and the rest are being besieged upon a certain
+      knoll. Now my own belief is, that if they are to perish, with their deaths
+      the seal is set to our own fate: since we must reckon with an enemy at
+      once numerous and emboldened. Clearly our best course is to hasten to
+      their rescue, if haply we may find them still alive, and do battle by
+      their side rather than suffer isolation, confronting danger single-handed.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Let us then at once push forward as far as may seem opportune till
+      supper-time, and then encamp. As long as we are marching, let Timasion,
+      with the cavalry, gallop on in front, but without losing sight of us; and
+      let him examine all closely in front, so that nothing may escape our
+      observation." (At the same time too, he sent out some nimble fellows of
+      the light-armed troops to the flanks and to the high tops, who were to
+      give a signal if they espied anything anywhere; ordering them to burn
+      everything inflammable which lay in their path.) "As for ourselves," he
+      continued, "we need not look to find cover in any direction; for it is a
+      long step back to Heraclea and a long leap across to Chrysopolis, and the
+      enemy is at the door. The shortest road is to Calpe Haven, where we
+      suppose Cheirisophus, if safe, to be; but then, when we get there, at
+      Calpe Haven there are no vessels for us to sail away in; and if we stop
+      here, we have not provisions for a single day. Suppose the beleaguered
+      Arcadians left to their fate, we shall find it but a sorry alternative to
+      run the gauntlet with Cheirisophus's detachment alone; better to save them
+      if we can, and with united forces work out our deliverance in common. But
+      if so, we must set out with minds prepared, since to-day either a glorious
+      death awaits us or the achievement of a deed of noblest emprise in the
+      rescue of so many Hellene lives. Maybe it is God who leads us thus, God
+      who chooses to humble the proud boaster, boasting as though he were
+      exceedingly wise, but for us, the beginning of whose every act is by
+      heaven's grace, that same God reserves a higher grade of honour. One duty
+      I would recall to you, to apply your minds to the execution of the orders
+      with promptitude."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      With these words he led the way. The cavalry, scattering as far in advance
+      as was prudent, wherever they set foot, set fire. The peltasts moving
+      parallel on the high ground were similarly employed, burning everything
+      combustible they could discover. While the main army, wherever they came
+      upon anything which had accidentally escaped, completed the work, so that
+      the whole country looked as if it were ablaze; and the army might easily
+      pass for a larger one. When the hour had come, they turned aside to a
+      knoll and took up quarters; and there they espied the enemy's watch-fires.
+      He was about forty furlongs distant. On their side also they kindled as
+      many watch-fires as possible; but as soon as they had dined the order was
+      passed to quench all the fires. So during the night they posted guards and
+      slept. But at daybreak they offered prayers to the gods, and drawing up in
+      order of battle, began marching with what speed they might. Timasion and
+      the cavalry, who had the guides with them, and were moving on briskly in
+      front, found themselves without knowing it at the very knoll upon which
+      the Hellenes had been beleaguered. But no army could they discover,
+      whether of friend or foe; only some starveling old women and men, with a
+      few sheep and oxen which had been left behind. This news they reported to
+      Xenophon and the main body. At first the marvel was what had happened; but
+      ere long they found out by inquiries from the folk who had been left
+      behind, that the Thracians had set off immediately after sundown, and were
+      gone; the Hellenes had waited till morning before they made off, but in
+      what direction, they could not say.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      On hearing this, Xenophon's troops first breakfasted, and then getting
+      their kit together began their march, desiring to unite with the rest at
+      Calpe's Haven without loss of time. As they continued their march, they
+      came across the track of the Arcadians and Achaeans along the road to
+      Calpe, and both divisions arriving eventually at the same place, were
+      overjoyed to see one another again, and they embraced each other like
+      brothers. Then the Arcadians inquired of Xenophon's officers&mdash;why
+      they had quenched the watch-fires? "At first," said they, "when we lost
+      sight of your watch-fires, we expected you to attack the enemy in the
+      night; and the enemy, so at least we imagined, must have been afraid of
+      that and so set off. The time at any rate at which they set off would
+      correspond. But when the requisite time had elapsed and you did not come,
+      we concluded that you must have learnt what was happening to us, and in
+      terror had made a bolt for it to the seaboard. We resolved not to be left
+      behind by you; and that is how we also came to march hither."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0049" id="link2H_4_0049">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      IV
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      During this day they contented themselves with bivouacking there on the
+      beach at the harbour. The place which goes by the name of Calpe Haven is
+      in Asiatic Thrace, the name given to a region extending from the mouth of
+      the Euxine all the way to Heraclea, which lies on the right hand as you
+      sail into the Euxine. It is a long day's voyage for a war-ship, using her
+      three banks of oars, from Byzantium to Heraclea, and between these two
+      there is not a single Hellenic or friendly city, but only these Bithynian
+      Thracians, who have a bad reputation for the savagery with which they
+      treat any Hellenes cast ashore by shipwreck or otherwise thrown into their
+      power.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Now the haven of Calpe lies exactly midway, halving the voyage between
+      Byzantium and Heraclea. It is a long promontory running out into the sea;
+      the seaward portion being a rocky precipice, at no point less than twenty
+      fathoms high; but on the landward side there is a neck about four hundred
+      feet wide; and the space inside the neck is capable of accommodating ten
+      thousand inhabitants, and there is a haven immediately under the crag with
+      a beach facing the west. Then there is a copious spring of fresh water
+      flowing on the very marge of the sea commanded by the stronghold. Again,
+      there is plenty of wood of various sorts; but most plentiful of all, fine
+      shipbuilding timber down to the very edge of the sea. The upland stretches
+      into the heart of the country for twenty furlongs at least. It is good
+      loamy soil, free from stones. For a still greater distance the seaboard is
+      thickly grown with large timber trees of every description. The
+      surrounding country is beautiful and spacious, containing numerous well
+      populated villages. The soil produces barley and wheat, and pulse of all
+      sorts, millet and sesame, figs in ample supply, with numerous vines
+      producing sweet wines, and indeed everything else except olives. Such is
+      the character of the country.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The tents were pitched on the seaward-facing beach, the soldiers being
+      altogether averse to camping on ground which might so easily be converted
+      into a city. Indeed, their arrival at the place at all seemed very like
+      the crafty design of some persons who were minded to form a city. The
+      aversion was not unnatural, since the majority of the soldiers had not
+      left their homes on so long a voyage from scantiness or subsistence, but
+      attracted by the fame of Cyrus's virtues; some of them bringing followers,
+      while others had expended money on the expedition. And amongst them was a
+      third set who had run away from fathers and mothers; while a different
+      class had left children behind, hoping to return to them with money or
+      other gains. Other people with Cyrus won great success, they were told
+      (1); why should it not be so with them? Being persons then of this
+      description, the one longing of their hearts was to reach Hellas safely.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) I.e. "his society was itself a passport to good fortune."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      It was on the day after their meeting that Xenophon sacrificed as a
+      preliminary to a military expedition; for it was needful to march out in
+      search of provisions, besides which he designed burying the dead. As soon
+      as the victims proved favourable they all set out, the Arcadians following
+      with the rest. The majority of the dead, who had lain already five days,
+      they buried just where they had fallen, in groups; to remove their bodies
+      now would have been impossible. Some few, who lay off the roads, they got
+      together and buried with what splendour they could, considering the means
+      in their power. Others they could not find, and for these they erected a
+      great cenotaph (2), and covered it with wreaths. When it was all done,
+      they returned home to camp. At that time they supped, and went to rest.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (2) "Cenotaph", i.e. "an empty tomb." The word is interesting as
+    occurring only in Xenophon, until we come to the writers of the
+    common dialect. Compare "hyuscyamus," hogbean, our henbane, which
+    we also owe to Xenophon. "Oecon." i. 13, see Sauppe, "Lexil. Xen."
+    s.vv.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Next day there was a general meeting of the soldiers, collected chiefly by
+      Agasias the Stymphalian, a captain, and Hieronymus, an Eleian, also a
+      captain, and other seniors of the Arcadians; and they passed a resolution
+      that, for the future, whoever revived the idea of breaking up the army
+      should be punished by death. And the army, it was decided, would now
+      resume its old position under the command of its former generals. Though
+      Cheirisophus, indeed, had already died under medical treatment for fever
+      (3); and Neon the Asinaean had taken his place.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (3) This I take to be the meaning of the words, which are necessarily
+    ambiguous, since {pharmakon}, "a drug," also means "poison." Did
+    Cheirisophus conceivably die of fever brought on by some poisonous
+    draught? or did he take poison whilst suffering from fever? or did
+    he die under treatment?
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      After these resolutions Xenophon got up and said: "Soldiers, the journey
+      must now, I presume, be conducted on foot; indeed, this is clear, since we
+      have no vessels; and we are driven to commence it at once, for we have no
+      provisions if we stop. We then," he continued, "will sacrifice, and you
+      must prepare yourselves to fight now, if ever, for the spirit of the enemy
+      has revived."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Thereupon the generals sacrificed, in the presence of the Arcadian seer,
+      Arexion; for Silanus the Ambraciot had chartered a vessel at Heraclea and
+      made his escape ere this. Sacrificing with a view to departure, the
+      victims proved unfavourable to them. Accordingly they waited that day.
+      Certain people were bold enough to say that Xenophon, out of his desire to
+      colonise the place, had persuaded the seer to say that the victims were
+      unfavourable to departure. Consequently he proclaimed by herald next
+      morning that any one who liked should be present at the sacrifice; or if
+      he were a seer he was bidden to be present and help to inspect the
+      victims. Then he sacrificed, and there were numbers present; but though
+      the sacrifice on the question of departure was repeated as many as three
+      times, the victims were persistently unfavourable. Thereat the soldiers
+      were in high dudgeon, for the provisions they had brought with them had
+      reached the lowest ebb, and there was no market to be had.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Consequently there was another meeting, and Xenophon spoke again: "Men,"
+      said he, "the victims are, as you may see for yourselves, not yet
+      favourable to the march; but meanwhile, I can see for myself that you are
+      in need of provisions; accordingly we must narrow the sacrifice to the
+      particular point." Some one got up and said: "Naturally enough the victims
+      are unfavourable, for, as I learnt from some one on a vessel which arrived
+      here yesterday by accident, Cleander, the governor at Byzantium, intends
+      coming here with ships and men-of-war." Thereat they were all in favour of
+      stopping; but they must needs go out for provisions, and with this object
+      he again sacrificed three times, and the victims remained adverse. Things
+      had now reached such a pass that the men actually came to Xenophon's tent
+      to proclaim that they had no provisions. His sole answer was that he would
+      not lead them out till the victims were favourable.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      So again the next day he sacrificed; and nearly the whole army, so strong
+      was the general anxiety, flocked round the victims; and now the very
+      victims themselves failed. So the generals, instead of leading out the
+      army, called the men together. Xenophon, as was incumbent on him, spoke:
+      "It is quite possible that the enemy are collected in a body, and we shall
+      have to fight. If we were to leave our baggage in the strong place"
+      (pointing overhead) "and sally forth prepared for battle, the victims
+      might favour us." But the soldiers, on hearing this proposal, cried out,
+      "No need to take us inside that place; better sacrifice with all speed."
+      Now sheep there were none any longer. So they purchased oxen from under a
+      wagon and sacrificed; and Xenophon begged Cleanor the Arcadian to
+      superintend the sacrifice on his behalf, in case there might be some
+      change now. But even so there was no improvement.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Now Neon was general in place of Cheirisophus, and seeing the men
+      suffering so cruelly from want, he was willing to do them a good turn. So
+      he got hold of some Heracleot or other who said he knew of villages close
+      by from which they could get provisions, and proclaimed by herald: "If any
+      one liked to come out and get provisions, be it known that he, Neon, would
+      be their leader." So out came the men with spears, and wine skins and
+      sacks and other vessels&mdash;two thousand strong in all. But when they
+      had reached the villages and began to scatter for the purpose of foraging,
+      Pharnabazus's cavalry were the first to fall upon them. They had come to
+      the aid of the Bithynians, wishing, if possible, in conjunction with the
+      latter, to hinder the Hellenes from entering Phrygia. These troopers
+      killed no less than five hundred of the men; the rest fled for the lives
+      up into the hill country.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      News of the catastrophe was presently brought into camp by one of those
+      who had escaped, and Xenophon, seeing that the victims had not been
+      favourable on that day, took a wagon bullock, in the absence of other
+      sacrificial beasts, offered it up, and started for the rescue, he and the
+      rest under thirty years of age to the last man. Thus they picked up the
+      remnant of Neon's party and returned to camp. It was now about sunset; and
+      the Hellenes in deep despondency were making their evening meal, when all
+      of a sudden, through bush and brake, a party of Bithynians fell upon the
+      pickets, cutting down some and chasing the rest into camp. In the midst of
+      screams and shouts the Hellenes ran to their arms, one and all; yet to
+      pursue or move the camp in the night seemed hardly safe, for the ground
+      was thickly grown with bush; all they could do was to strengthen the
+      outposts and keep watch under arms the livelong night.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0050" id="link2H_4_0050">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      V
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      And so they spent the night, but with day-dawn the generals led the way
+      into the natural fastness, and the others picked up their arms and baggage
+      and followed the lead. Before the breakfast-hour arrived, they had fenced
+      off with a ditch the only side on which lay ingress into the place, and
+      had palisaded off the whole, leaving only three gates. Anon a ship from
+      Heraclea arrived bringing barleymeal, victim animals, and wine.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Xenophon was up betimes, and made the usual offering before starting on an
+      expedition, and at the first victim the sacrifice was favourable. Just as
+      the sacrifice ended, the seer, Arexion the Parrhasian, caught sight of an
+      eagle, which boded well, and bade Xenophon lead on. So they crossed the
+      trench and grounded arms. Then proclamation was made by herald for the
+      soldiers to breakfast and start on an expedition under arms; the mob of
+      sutlers and the captured slaves would be left in camp. Accordingly the
+      mass of the troops set out. Neon alone remained; for it seemed best to
+      leave that general and his men to guard the contents of the camp. But when
+      the officers and soldiers had left them in the lurch, they were so ashamed
+      to stop in camp while the rest marched out, that they too set out, leaving
+      only those above five-and-forty years of age.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      These then stayed, while the rest set out on the march. Before they had
+      gone two miles, they stumbled upon dead bodies, and when they had brought
+      up the rear of the column in a line with the first bodies to be seen, they
+      began digging graves and burying all included in the column from end to
+      end. After burying the first batch, they advanced, and again bringing the
+      rear even with the first unburied bodies which appeared, they buried in
+      the same way all which the line of troops included. Finally, reaching the
+      road that led out of the villages where the bodies lay thick together,
+      they collected them and laid them in a common grave.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      It was now about midday, when pushing forward the troops up to the
+      villages without entering them, they proceeded to seize provisions, laying
+      hands on everything they could set eyes on under cover of their lines;
+      when suddenly they caught sight of the enemy cresting certain hillocks in
+      front of them, duly marshalled in line&mdash;a large body of cavalry and
+      infantry. It was Spithridates and Rhathines, sent by Pharnabazus with
+      their force at their backs. As soon as the enemy caught sight of the
+      Hellenes, they stood still, about two miles distant. Then Arexion the seer
+      sacrificed, and at the first essay the victims were favourable. Whereupon
+      Xenophon addressed the other generals: "I would advise, sirs, that we
+      should detach one or more flying columns to support our main attack, so
+      that in case of need at any point we may have reserves in readiness to
+      assist our main body, and the enemy, in the confusion of battle, may find
+      himself attacking the unbroken lines of troops not hitherto engaged."
+      These views approved themselves to all. "Do you then," said he, "lead on
+      the vanguard straight at the enemy. Do not let us stand parleying here,
+      now that we have caught sight of him and he of us. I will detach the
+      hindmost companies in the way we have decided upon and follow you." After
+      that they quietly advanced, and he, withdrawing the rear-rank companies in
+      three brigades consisting of a couple of hundred men apiece, commissioned
+      the first on the right to follow the main body at the distance of a
+      hundred feet. Samolas the Achaean was in command of this brigade. The duty
+      of the second, under the command of Pyrrhias the Arcadian, was to follow
+      in the centre. The last was posted on the left, with Phrasias, an
+      Athenian, in command. As they advanced, the vanguard reached a large and
+      difficult woody glen, and halted, not knowing whether the obstacle needed
+      to be crossed or not. They passed down the word for the generals and
+      officers to come forward to the front. Xenophon, wondering what it was
+      that stopped the march, and presently hearing the above order passed along
+      the ranks, rode up with all speed. As soon as they were met, Sophaenetus,
+      as the eldest general, stated his opinion that the question, whether a
+      gully of that kind ought to be crossed or not, was not worth discussing.
+      Xenophon, with some ardour, retorted: "You know, sirs, I have not been in
+      the habit hitherto of introducing you to danger which you might avoid. It
+      is not your reputation for courage surely that is at stake, but your safe
+      return home. But now the matter stands thus: It is impossible to retire
+      from this point without a battle; if we do not advance against the enemy
+      ourselves, he will follow us as soon as we have turned our backs and
+      attack us. Consider, then; is it better to go and meet the foe with arms
+      advanced, or with arms reversed to watch him as he assails us on our rear?
+      You know this at any rate, that to retire before an enemy has nothing
+      glorious about it, whereas attack engenders courage even in a coward. For
+      my part, I would rather at any time attack with half my men than retreat
+      with twice the number. As to these fellows, if we attack them, I am sure
+      you do not really expect them to await us; though, if we retreat, we know
+      for certain they will be emboldened to pursue us. Nay, if the result of
+      crossing is to place a difficult gully behind us when we are on the point
+      of engaging, surely that is an advantage worth seizing. At least, if it
+      were left to me, I would choose that everything should appear smooth and
+      passable to the enemy, which may invite retreat; but for ourselves we may
+      bless the ground which teaches us that except in victory we have no
+      deliverance. It astonishes me that any one should deem this particular
+      gully a whit more terrible than any of the other barriers which we have
+      successfully passed. How impassable was the plain, had we failed to
+      conquer their cavalry! how insurmountable the mountains already traversed
+      by us, with all their peltasts in hot pursuit at our heels! Nay, when we
+      have safely reached the sea, the Pontus will present a somewhat formidable
+      gully, when we have neither vessels to convey us away nor corn to keep us
+      alive whilst we stop. But we shall no sooner be there than we must be off
+      again to get provisions. Surely it is better to fight to-day after a good
+      breakfast than to-morrow on an empty stomach. Sirs, the offerings are
+      favourable to us, the omens are propitious, the victims more than
+      promising; let us attack the enemy! Now that they have had a good look at
+      us, these fellows must not be allowed to enjoy their dinners or choose a
+      camp at their own sweet will."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      After that the officers bade him lead on. None gainsaid, and he led the
+      way. His orders were to cross the gully, where each man chanced to find
+      himself. By this method, as it seemed to him, the troops would more
+      quickly mass themselves on the far side than was possible, if they defiled
+      along (1) the bridge which spanned the gully. But once across he passed
+      along the line and addressed the troops: "Sirs, call to mind what by help
+      of the gods you have already done. Bethink you of the battles you have won
+      at close quarters with the foe; of the fate which awaits those who flee
+      before their foes. Forget not that we stand at the very doors of Hellas.
+      Follow in the steps of Heracles, our guide, and cheer each the other
+      onwards by name. Sweet were it surely by some brave and noble word or
+      deed, spoken or done this day, to leave the memory of oneself in the
+      hearts of those one loves."
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) Lit. "had they wound off thread by thread"; the metaphor is from
+    unwinding a ball of wool.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      These words were spoken as he rode past, and simultaneously he began
+      leading on the troops in battle line; and, placing the peltasts on either
+      flank of the main body, they moved against the enemy. Along the line the
+      order had sped "to keep their spears at rest on the right shoulder until
+      the bugle signal; then lower them for the charge, slow march, and even
+      pace, no one to quicken into a run." Lastly, the watchword was passed,
+      "Zeus the Saviour, Heracles our Guide." The enemy waited their approach,
+      confident in the excellence of his position; but as they drew closer the
+      Hellene light troops, with a loud alala! without waiting for the order,
+      dashed against the foe. The latter, on their side, came forward eagerly to
+      meet the charge, both the cavalry and the mass of the Bithynians; and
+      these turned the peltasts. But when with counter-wave the phalanx of the
+      heavy infantry rapidly advancing, faced them, and at the same time the
+      bugle sounded, and the battle hymn rose from all lips, and after this a
+      loud cheer rose, and at the same instant they couched their spears;&mdash;at
+      this conjuncture the enemy no longer welcomed them, but fled. Timasion
+      with his cavalry followed close, and, considering their scant numbers,
+      they did great execution. It was the left wing of the enemy, in a line
+      with which the Hellene cavalry were posted, that was so speedily
+      scattered. But the right, which was not so hotly pursued, collected upon a
+      knoll; and when the Hellenes saw them standing firm, it seemed the easiest
+      and least dangerous course to go against them at once. Raising the battle
+      hymn, they straightway fell upon them, but the others did not await their
+      coming. Thereupon the peltasts gave chase until the right of the enemy was
+      in its turn scattered, though with slight loss in killed; for the enemy's
+      cavalry was numerous and threatening.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But when the Hellenes saw the cavalry of Pharnabazus still standing in
+      compact order, and the Bithynian horsemen massing together as if to join
+      it, and like spectators gazing down from a knoll at the occurrences below;
+      though weary, they determined to attack the enemy as best they could, and
+      not suffer him to recover breath with reviving courage. So they formed in
+      compact line and advanced. Thereupon the hostile cavalry turned and fled
+      down the steep as swiftly as if they had been pursued by cavalry. In fact
+      they sought the shelter of a gully, the existence of which was unknown to
+      the Hellenes. The latter accordingly turned aside too soon and gave up the
+      chase, for it was too late. Returning to the point where the first
+      encounter took place they erected a trophy, and went back to the sea about
+      sunset. It was something like seven miles to camp.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0051" id="link2H_4_0051">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      VI
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      After this the enemy confined themselves to their own concerns, and
+      removed their households and property as far away as possible. The
+      Hellenes, on their side, were still awaiting the arrival of Cleander with
+      the ships of war and transports, which ought to be there soon. So each day
+      they went out with the baggage animals and slaves and fearlessly brought
+      in wheat and barley, wine and vegetables, millet and figs; since the
+      district produced all good things, the olive alone excepted. When the army
+      stayed in camp to rest, pillaging parties were allowed to go out, and
+      those who went out appropriated the spoils; but when the whole army went
+      out, if any one went off apart and seized anything, it was voted to be
+      public property. Ere long there was an ample abundance of supplies of all
+      sorts, for marketables arrived from Hellenic cities on all sides, and
+      marts were established. Mariners coasting by, and hearing that a city was
+      being founded and that there was a harbour, were glad to put in. Even the
+      hostile tribes dwelling in the neighbourhood presently began to send
+      envoys to Xenophon. It was he who was forming the place into a city, as
+      they understood, and they would be glad to learn on what terms they might
+      secure his friendship. He made a point of introducing these visitors to
+      the soldiers.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Meanwhile Cleander arrived with two ships of war, but not a single
+      transport. At the moment of his arrival, as it happened, the army had
+      taken the field, and a separate party had gone off on a pillaging
+      expedition into the hills and had captured a number of small cattle. In
+      thir apprehension of being deprived of them, these same people spoke to
+      Dexippus (this was the same man who had made off from Trapezus with the
+      fifty-oared galley), and urged him to save their sheep for them. "Take
+      some for yourself," said they, "and give the rest back to us." So, without
+      more ado, he drove off the soldiers standing near, who kept repeating that
+      the spoil was public property. Then off he went to Cleander. "Here is an
+      attempt," said he, "at robbery." Cleander bade him to bring up the culprit
+      to him. Dexippus seized on some one, and was for haling him to the Spartan
+      governor. Just then Agasias came across him and rescued the man, who was a
+      member of his company; and the rest of the soldiers present set to work to
+      stone Dexippus, calling him "traitor." Things looked so ill that a number
+      of the crew of the ships of war took fright and fled to the sea, and with
+      the rest Cleander himself. Xenophon and the other generals tried to hold
+      the men back, assuring Cleander that the affair signified nothing at all,
+      and that the origin of it was a decree pased by the army. That was to
+      blame, if anything. But Cleander, goaded by Dexippus, and personally
+      annoyed at the fright which he had experienced, threatened to sail away
+      and publish an interdict against them, forbidding any city to receive
+      them, as being public enemies. For at this date the Lacedaemonians held
+      sway over the whole Hellenic world.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Thereat the affair began to wear an ugly look, and the Hellenes begged and
+      implored Cleander to reconsider his intention. He replied that he would be
+      as good as his word, and that nothing should stop him, unless the man who
+      set the example of stoning, with the other who rescued the prisoner, were
+      given up to him. Now, one of the two whose persons were thus demanded&mdash;Agasias&mdash;had
+      been a friend to Xenophon throughout; and that was just why Dexippus was
+      all the more anxious to accuse him. In their perplexity the generals
+      summoned a full meeting of the soldiers, and some speakers were disposed
+      to make very light of Cleander and set him at naught. But Xenophon took a
+      more serious view of the matter; he rose and addressed the meeting thus:
+      "Soldiers, I cannot say that I feel disposed to make light of this
+      business, if Cleander be allowed to go away, as he threatens to do, in his
+      present temper towards us. There are Hellenic cities close by; but then
+      the Lacedaemonians are the lords of Hellas, and they can, any one of them,
+      carry out whatever they like in the cities. If then the first thing this
+      Lacedaemonian does is to close the gates of Byzantium, and next to pass an
+      order to the other governors, city by city, not to receive us because we
+      are a set of lawless ruffians disloyal to the Lacedaemonians; and if,
+      further, this report of us should reach the ears of their admiral,
+      Anaxibius, to stay or to sail away will alike be difficult. Remember, the
+      Lacedaemonians at the present time are lords alike on land and on sea. For
+      the sake then of a single man, or for two men's sake, it is not right that
+      the rest of us should be debarred from Hellas; but whatever they enjoin we
+      must obey. Do not the cities which gave us birth yield them obedience
+      also? For my own part, inasmuch as Dexippus, I believe, keeps telling
+      Cleander that Agasias would never have done this had not I, Xenophon,
+      bidden him, I absolve you of all complicity, and Agasias too, if Agasias
+      himself states that I am in any way a prime mover in this matter. If I
+      have set the fashion of stone-throwing or any other sort of violence I
+      condemn myself&mdash;I say that I deserve the extreme penalty, and I will
+      submit to undergo it. I further say that if any one else is accused, that
+      man is bound to surrender himself to Cleander for judgement, for by this
+      means you will be absolved entirely from the accusation. But as the matter
+      now stands, it is cruel that just when we were aspiring to win praise and
+      honour throughout Hellas, we are destined to sink below the level of the
+      rest of the world, banned from the Hellenic cities whose common name we
+      boast."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      After him Agasias got up, and said, "I swear to you, sirs, by the gods and
+      goddesses, verily and indeed, neither Xenophon nor any one else among you
+      bade me rescue the man. I saw an honest man&mdash;one of my own company&mdash;being
+      taken up by Dexippus, the man who betrayed you, as you know full well.
+      That I could not endure; I rescued him, I admit the fact. Do not you
+      deliver me up. I will surrender myself, as Xenophon suggests, to Cleander
+      to pass what verdict on me he thinks right. Do not, for the sake of such a
+      matter, make foes of the Lacedaemonians; rather God grant that (1) each of
+      you may safely reach the goal of his desire. Only do you choose from among
+      yourselves and send with me to Cleander those who, in case of any omission
+      on my part, may by their words and acts supply what is lacking." Thereupon
+      the army granted him to choose for himself whom he would have go with him
+      and to go; and he at once chose the generals. After this they all set off
+      to Cleander&mdash;Agasias and the generals and the man who had been
+      rescued by Agasias&mdash;and the generals spoke as follows: "The army has
+      sent us to you, Cleander, and this is their bidding: 'If you have fault to
+      find with all, they say, you ought to pass sentence on all, and do with
+      them what seems best; or if the charge is against one man or two, or
+      possibly several, what they expect of these people is to surrender
+      themselves to you for judgement.' Accordingly, if you lay anything to the
+      charge of us generals, here we stand at your bar. Or do you impute the
+      fault to some one not here? tell us whom. Short of flying in the face of
+      our authority, there is no one who will absent himself."
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) Reading with the best MSS., {sozoisthe}. Agasias ends his sentence
+    with a prayer. Al. {sozesthe}, "act so that each," etc.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      At this point Agasias stepped forward and said: "It was I, Cleander, who
+      rescued the man before you yonder from Dexippus, when the latter was
+      carrying him off, and it was I who gave the order to strike Dexippus. My
+      plea is that I know the prisoner to be an honest man. As to Dexippus, I
+      know that he was chosen by the army to command a fifty-oared galley, which
+      we had obtained by request from the men of Trapezus for the express
+      purpose of collecting vessels to carry us safely home. But this same
+      Dexippus betrayed his fellow-soldiers, with whom he had been delivered
+      from so many perils, and made off into hiding like a runaway slave,
+      whereby we have robbed the Trapezuntines of their frigate, and must needs
+      appear as knaves in their eyes for this man's sake. As to ourselves, as
+      far as he could, he has ruined us; for, like the rest of us, he had heard
+      how all but impossible it was for us to retreat by foot across the rivers
+      and to reach Hellas in safety. That is the stamp of man whom I robbed of
+      his prey. Now, had it been you yourself who carried him off, or one of
+      your emissaries, or indeed any one short of a runaway from ourselves, be
+      sure that I should have acted far otherwise. Be assured that if you put me
+      to death at this time you are sacrificing a good, honest man for the sake
+      of a coward and a scamp."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      When he had listened to these remarks, Cleander replied that if such had
+      been the conduct of Dexippus, he could not congratulate him. "But still,"
+      he added, turning to the generals, "were Dexippus ever so great a scamp he
+      ought not to suffer violence; but in the language of your own demand he
+      was entitled to a fair trial, and so to obtain his deserts. What I have to
+      say at present therefore is: leave your friend here and go your way, and
+      when I give the order be present at the trial. I have no further charge
+      against the army or any one, since the prisoner himself admits that he
+      rescued the man." Then the man who had been rescued said: "In behalf of
+      myself, Cleander, if possibly you think that I was being taken up for some
+      misdeed, it is not so; I neither struck nor shot; I merely said, 'The
+      sheep are public property;' for it was a resolution of the soldiers that
+      whenever the army went out as a body any booty privately obtained was to
+      be public property. That was all I said, and thereupon yonder fellow
+      seized me and began dragging me off. He wanted to stop our mouths, so that
+      he might have a share of the things himself, and keep the rest for these
+      buccaneers, contrary to the ordinance." In answer to that Cleander said:
+      "Very well, if that is your disposition you can stay behind too, and we
+      will take your case into consideration also."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Thereupon Cleander and his party proceeded to breakfast; but Xenophon
+      collected the army in assembly, and advised their sending a deputation to
+      Cleander to intercede in behalf of the men. Accordingly it was resolved to
+      send some generals and officers with Dracontius the Spartan, and of the
+      rest those who seemed best fitted to go. The deputation was to request
+      Cleander by all means to release the two men. Accordingly Xenophon came
+      and addressed him thus: "Cleander, you have the men; the army has bowed to
+      you and assented to do what you wished with respect to these two members
+      of their body and themselves in general. But now they beg and pray you to
+      give up these two men, and not to put them to death. Many a good service
+      have these two wrought for our army in past days. Let them but obtain this
+      from you, and in return the army promises that, if you will put yourself
+      at their head and the gracious gods approve, they will show you how
+      orderly they are, how apt to obey their general, and, with heaven's help,
+      to face their foes unflinchingly. They make this further request to you,
+      that you will present yourself and take command of them and make trial of
+      them. 'Test us ourselves,' they say, 'and test Dexippus, what each of us
+      is like, and afterwards assign to each his due.'" When Cleander heard
+      these things, he answered: "Nay, by the twin gods, I will answer you
+      quickly enough. Here I make you a present of the two men, and I will as
+      you say present myself, and then, if the gods vouchsafe, I will put myself
+      at your head and lead you into Hellas. Very different is your language
+      from the tale I used to hear concerning you from certain people, that you
+      wanted to withdraw the army from allegiance to the Lacedaemonians."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      After this the deputation thanked him and retired, taking with them the
+      two men; then Cleander sacrificed as a preliminary to marching and
+      consorted friendlily with Xenophon, and the two struck up an alliance.
+      When the Spartan saw with what good discipline the men carried out their
+      orders, he was still more anxious to become their leader. However, in
+      spite of sacrifices repeated on three successive days, the victims
+      steadily remained unfavourable. So he summoned the generals and said to
+      them: "The victims smile not on me, they suffer me not to lead you home;
+      but be not out of heart at that. To you it is given, as it would appear,
+      to bring your men safe home. Forwards then, and for our part, whenever you
+      come yonder, we will bestow on you as warm a welcome as we may."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Then the soldiers resolved to make him a present of the public cattle,
+      which he accepted, but again gave back to them. So he sailed away; but the
+      soldiers made division of the corn which they had collected and of the
+      other captured property, and commenced their homeward march through the
+      territory of the Bithynians.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      At first they confined themselves to the main road; but not chancing upon
+      anything whereby they might reach a friendly territory with something in
+      their pockets for themselves, they resolved to turn sharp round, and
+      marched for one day and night in the opposite direction. By this
+      proceeding they captured many slaves and much small cattle; and on the
+      sixth day reached Chrysopolis in Chalcedonia (2). Here they halted seven
+      days while they disposed of their booty by sale.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (2) The name should be written "Calchedonia." The false form drove out
+    the more correct, probably through a mispronunciation, based on a
+    wrong derivation, at some date long ago. The sites of Chrysopolis
+    and Calchedon correspond respectively to the modern Scutari and
+    Kadikoi.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0052" id="link2H_4_0052">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      BOOK VII
+    </h2>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (In the earlier portion of the narrative will be found a
+detailed history of the fortunes of the Hellenes during their
+march up country with Cyrus down to the date of the battle;
+and, subsequently to his death, until they reached the Euxine;
+as also of all their doings in their efforts to escape from
+the Euxine, partly by land marches and partly under sail by
+sea, until they found themselves outside the mouth of the
+Black Sea (south of the Bosphorus) at Chrysopolis in Asia.)
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0053" id="link2H_4_0053">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      I
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      At this point Pharnabazus, who was afraid that the army might undertake a
+      campaign against his satrapy, sent to Anaxibius, the Spartan high admiral,
+      who chanced to be in Byzantium, and begged him to convey the army out of
+      Asia, undertaking to comply with his wishes in every respect. Anaxibius
+      accordingly sent to summon the generals and officers to Byzantium, and
+      promised that the soldiers should not lack pay for service, if they
+      crossed the strait. The officers said that they would deliberate and
+      return an answer. Xenophon individually informed them that he was about to
+      quit the army at once, and was only anxious to set sail. Anaxibius pressed
+      him not to be in so great a hurry: "Cross over with the rest," he said,
+      "and then it will be time enough to think about quitting the army." This
+      the other undertook to do.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Now Seuthes the Thracian sent Medosades and begged Xenophon to use his
+      influence to get the army across. "Tell Xenophon, if he will do his best
+      for me in this matter, he will not regret it." Xenophon answered: "The
+      army is in any case going to cross; so that, as far as that is concerned,
+      Seuthes is under no obligation to me or to any one else; but as soon as it
+      is once across, I personally shall be quit of it. Let Seuthes, therefore,
+      as far as he may deem consistent with prudence, apply to those who are
+      going to remain and will have a voice in affairs."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      After this the whole body of troops crossed to Byzantium. But Anaxibius,
+      instead of proceeding to give pay, made proclamation that, "The soldiers
+      were to take up their arms and baggage and go forth," as if all he wished
+      were to ascertain their numbers and bid them god-speed at the same moment.
+      The soldiers were not well pleased at that, because they had no money to
+      furnish themselves with provisions for the march; and they sluggishly set
+      about getting their baggage together. Xenophon meanwhile, being on terms
+      of intimacy with the governor, Cleander, came to pay his host a final
+      visit, and bid him adieu, being on the point of setting sail. But the
+      other protested; "Do not do so, or else," said he, "you will be blamed,
+      for even now certain people are disposed to hold you to account because
+      the army is so slow in getting under weigh." The other answered, "Nay, I
+      am not to blame for that. It is the men themselves, who are in want of
+      provisions; that is why they are out of heart at their exodus." "All the
+      same," he replied, "I advise you to go out, as if you intended to march
+      with them, and when you are well outside, it will be time enough to take
+      yourself off." "Well then," said Xenophon, "we will go and arrange all
+      this with Anaxibius." They went and stated the case to the admiral, who
+      insisted that they must do as he had said, and march out, bag and baggage,
+      by the quickest road; and as an appendix to the former edict, he added,
+      "Any one absenting himself from the review and the muster will have
+      himself to blame for the consequences." This was peremptory. So out
+      marched, the generals first, and then the rest; and now, with the
+      exception of here a man and there, they were all outside; it was a "clean
+      sweep"; and Eteonicus stood posted near the gates, ready to close them, as
+      soon as the men were fairly out, and to thrust in the bolt pin.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Then Anaxibius summoned the generals and captains, and addressed them:
+      "Provisions you had better get from the Thracian villages; you will find
+      plenty of barley, wheat, and other necessaries in them; and when you have
+      got them, off with you to the Chersonese, where Cyniscus will take you
+      into his service." Some of the soldiers overheard what was said, or
+      possibly one of the officers was the medium of communication; however it
+      was, the news was handed on to the army. As to the generals, their
+      immediate concern was to try and gain some information as to Seuthes: "Was
+      he hostile or friendly? also, would they have to march through the Sacred
+      mountain (1), or round about through the middle of Thrace?"
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) So the mountain-range is named which runs parallel to the
+    Propontis (Sea of Marmora) from lat. 41 degrees N. circa to lat.
+    40 degrees 30'; from Bisanthe (Rhodosto) to the neck of the
+    Chersonese (Gallipoli).
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      While they were discussing these points, the soldiers snatched up their
+      arms and made a rush full speed at the gates, with the intention of
+      getting inside the fortification again. But Eteonicus and his men, seeing
+      the heavy infantry coming up at a run promptly closed the gates and thrust
+      in the bolt pin. Then the soldiers fell to battering the gates, exclaiming
+      that it was iniquitous to thrust them forth in this fashion into the jaws
+      of their enemies. "If you do not of your own accord open the gates," they
+      cried, "we will split them in half"; and another set rushed down to the
+      sea, and so along the break-water and over the wall into the city; while a
+      third set, consisting of those few who were still inside, having never
+      left the city, seeing the affair at the gates, severed the bars with axes
+      and flung the portals wide open; and the rest came pouring in.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Xenophon, seeing what was happening, was seized with alarm lest the army
+      betake itself to pillage, and ills incurable be wrought to the city, to
+      himself, and to the soldiers. Then he set off, and, plunging into the
+      throng, was swept through the gates with the crowd. The Byzantines no
+      sooner saw the soldiers forcibly rushing in than they left the open
+      square, and fled, some to the shipping, others to their homes, while those
+      already indoors came racing out, and some fell to dragging down their
+      ships of war, hoping possibly to be safe on board these; while there was
+      not a soul who doubted but that the city was taken, and that they were all
+      undone. Eteonicus made a swift retreat to the citadel. Anaxibius ran down
+      to the sea, and, getting on board a fisherman's smack, sailed round to the
+      acropolis, and at once sent off to fetch over the garrison troops from
+      Chalcedon, since those already in the acropolis seemed hardly sufficient
+      to keep the men in check.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The soldiers, catching sight of Xenophon, threw themselves upon him,
+      crying: "Now, Xenophon, is the time to prove yourself a man. You have got
+      a city, you have got triremes, you have got money, you have got men;
+      to-day, if you only chose, you can do us a good turn, and we will make you
+      a great man." He replied: "Nay, I like what you say, and I will do it all;
+      but if that is what you have set your hearts on, fall into rank and take
+      up position at once." This he said, wishing to quiet them, and so passed
+      the order along the lines himself, while bidding the rest to do the same:
+      "Take up position; stand easy." But the men themselves, by a species of
+      self-marshalling, fell into rank, and were soon formed, the heavy infantry
+      eight deep, while the light infantry had run up to cover either wing. The
+      Thracian Square, as it is called, is a fine site for manouvering, being
+      bare of buildings and level. As soon as the arms were stacked and the
+      men's tempers cooled, Xenophon called a general meeting of the soldiers,
+      and made the following speech:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Soldiers, I am not surprised at your wrath, or that you deem it monstrous
+      treatment so to be cheated; but consider what will be the consequences if
+      we gratify our indignation, and in return for such deception, avenge
+      ourselves on the Lacedaemonians here present, and plunder an innocent
+      city. We shall be declared enemies of the Lacedaemonians and their allies;
+      and what sort of war that will be, we need not go far to conjecture. I
+      take it, you have not forgotten some quite recent occurrences. We
+      Athenians entered into war against the Lacedaemonians and their allies
+      with a fleet consisting of not less than three hundred line-of-battle
+      ships, including those in dock as well as those afloat. We had vast
+      treasures stored up in the city, and a yearly income which, derived from
+      home or foreign sources, amounted to no less than a thousand talents. Our
+      empire included all the islands, and we were possessed of numerous cities
+      both in Asia and in Europe. Amongst others, this very Byzantium, where we
+      are now, was ours; and yet in the end we were vanquished, as you all very
+      well know.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "What, must we anticipate, will now be our fate? The Lacedaemonians have
+      not only their old allies, but the Athenians and those who were at that
+      time allies of Athens are added to them. Tissaphernes and all the rest of
+      the Asiatics on the seaboard are our foes, not to speak of our arch-enemy,
+      the king himself, up yonder, whom we came to deprive of his empire, and to
+      kill, if possible. I ask then, with all these banded together against us,
+      is there any one so insensate as to imagine that we can survive the
+      contest? For heaven's sake, let us not go mad or loosely throw away our
+      lives in war with our own native cities&mdash;nay, our own friends, our
+      kith and our kin; for in one or other of the cities they are all included.
+      Every city will march against us, and not unjustly, if, after refusing to
+      hold one single barbarian city by right of conquest, we seize the first
+      Hellenic city that we come to and make it a ruinous heap. For my part, my
+      prayer is that before I see such things wrought by you, I, at any rate,
+      may lie ten thousand fathoms under ground! My counsel to you, as Hellenes,
+      is to try and obtain your just rights, through obedience to those who
+      stand at the head of Hellas; and if so be that you fail in those demands,
+      why, being more sinned against than sinning, need we rob ourselves of
+      Hellas too? At present, I propose that we should send to Anaxibius and
+      tell him that we have made an entrance into the city, not meditating
+      violence, but merely to discover if he and his will show us any good; for
+      if so, it is well; but of otherwise, at least we will let him see that he
+      does not shut the door upon us as dupes and fools. We know the meaning of
+      discipline; we turn our backs and go."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      This resolution was passed, and they sent Hieronymus an Eleian, with two
+      others, Eurylochus an Arcadian and Philesius an Achaean, to deliver the
+      message. So these set off on their errand. But while the soldiers were
+      still seated in conclave, Coeratadas, of Thebes, arrived. He was a Theban
+      not in exile, but with a taste for generalship, who made it his business
+      to see if any city or nation were in need of his services. Thus, on the
+      present occasion, he presented himself, and begged to state that he was
+      ready to put himself at their head, and lead them into the Delta of Thrace
+      (2), as it is called, where they would find themselves in a land of
+      plenty; but until they got there, he would provide them with meat and
+      drink enough and to spare. While they were still listening to this tale,
+      the return message from Anaxibius came. His answer was: "The discipline,
+      they had spoken of, was not a thing they would regret; indeed he would
+      report their behaviour to the authorities at home; and for himself, he
+      would take advice and do the best he could for them."
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (2) The exact locality, so called, is not known; doubtless it lay
+    somewhere between Byzantium and Salmydessus, possibly at Declus
+    (mod. Derkos); or possibly the narrow portion of Thrace between
+    the Euxine, Bosphorus, and Propontis went by this name. See note
+    in Pretor ad. loc., and "Dict. Geog." "Thracia."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Thereupon the soldiers accepted Coeratadas as their general, and retired
+      without the walls. Their new general undertook to present himself to the
+      troops next day with sacrificial beasts and a soothsayer, with eatables
+      also and drinkables for the army. Now, as soon as they were gone out,
+      Anaxibius closed the gates and issued a proclamation to the effect that
+      "any of the soldiers caught inside should be knocked down to the hammer
+      and sold at once." Next day, Coeratadas arrived with the victims and the
+      soothsayer. A string of twenty bearers bearing barleymeal followed at his
+      heels, succeeded by other twenty carrying wine, and three laden with a
+      supply of olives, and two others carrying, the one about as much garlic as
+      a single man could lift, and the other a similar load of onions. These
+      various supplies he set down, apparently for distribution, and began to
+      sacrifice.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Now Xenophon sent to Cleander, begging him to arrange matters so that he
+      might be allowed to enter the walls, with a view to starting from
+      Byzantium on his homeward voyage. Cleander came, and this is what he said:
+      "I have come; but I was barely able to arrange what you want. Anaxibius
+      insisted: 'It was not convenient that Xenophon should be inside while the
+      soldiers are close to the walls without; the Byzantines at sixes and
+      sevens moreover; and no love lost between the one party of them and the
+      other.' Still, he ended by bidding you to come inside, if you were really
+      minded to leave the town by sea with himself." Accordingly Xenophon bade
+      the soldiers good-bye, and returned with Cleander within the walls.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      To return to Coeratadas. The first day he failed to get favourable signs
+      at the sacrifice, and never a dole of rations did he make to the soldiers.
+      On the second day the victims were standing ready near the altar, and so
+      was Coeratadas, with chaplet crowned, all ready to sacrifice, when up
+      comes Timasion the Dardanian, with Neon the Asinaean, and Cleanor of
+      Orchomenus, forbidding Coeratadas to sacrifice: "He must understand there
+      was an end to his generalship, unless he gave them provisions." The other
+      bade them measure out the supplies, "Pray, dole them out." But when he
+      found that he had a good deal short of a single day's provisions for each
+      man, he picked up his paraphernalia of sacrifice and withdrew. As to being
+      general, he would have nothing more to say to it.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0054" id="link2H_4_0054">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      II
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      Now these five were left&mdash;Neon the Asinaean, Phryniscus the Achaean,
+      Philesius the Achaean, Xanthicles the Achaean, Timasion the Dardanian&mdash;at
+      the head of the army, and they pushed on to some villages of the Thracians
+      facing Byzantium, and there encamped. Now the generals could not agree.
+      Cleanor and Phryniscus wished to march to join Seuthes, who had worked
+      upon their feelings by presenting one with a horse and the other with a
+      woman to wife. But Neon's object was to come to the Chersonese: "When we
+      are under the wing of the Lacedaemonians," he thought, "I shall step to
+      the front and command the whole army."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Timasion's one ambition was to cross back again into Asia, hoping to be
+      reinstated at home and end his exile. The soldiers shared the wishes of
+      the last general. But, as time dragged on, many of the men sold their arms
+      at different places and set sail as best they could; others (actually gave
+      away their arms, some here, some there, and (1)) became absorbed in the
+      cities. One man rejoiced. This was Anaxibius, to whom the break-up of the
+      army was a blessing. "That is the way," he said to himself, "I can best
+      gratify Pharnabazus."
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) The MSS. give the words so rendered&mdash;{oi de kai  (didontes ta opla
+    kata tous khorous)}, which some critics emend {diadidontes},
+    others bracket as suspected, others expunge.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      But Anaxibius, while prosecuting his voyage from Byzantium, was met at
+      Cyzicus by Aristarchus, the new governor, who was to succeed Cleander at
+      Byzantium; and report said that a new admiral, Polus, if he had not
+      actually arrived, would presently reach the Hellespont and relieve
+      Anaxibius. The latter sent a parting injunction to Aristarchus to be sure
+      and sell all the Cyreian soldiers he could lay hands on still lingering in
+      Byzantium; for Cleander had not sold a single man of them; on the
+      contrary, he had made it his business to tend the sick and wounded,
+      pitying them, and insisting on their being received in the houses.
+      Aristarchus changed all that, and was no sooner arrived in Byzantium than
+      he sold no less than four hundred of them. Meanwhile Anaxibius, on his
+      coasting voyage, reached Parium, and, according to the terms of their
+      agreement, he sent to Pharnabazus. But the latter, learning that
+      Aristarchus was the new governor at Byzantim, and that Anixibius had
+      ceased to be admiral, turned upon him a cold shoulder, and set out
+      concocting the same measures concerning the Cyreian army with Aristarchus,
+      as he had lately been at work upon with Anaxibius.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Anaxibius thereupon summoned Xenophon and bade him, by every manner of
+      means, sail to the army with the utmost speed, and keep it together. "He
+      was to collect the scattered fragments and march them down to Perinthus,
+      and thence convey them across to Asia without loss of time." And herewith
+      he put a thirty-oared galley at his service, and gave him a letter of
+      authority and an officer to accompany him, with an order to the
+      Perinthians "to escort Xenophon without delay on horseback to the army."
+      So it was that Xenophon sailed across and eventually reached the army. The
+      soldiers gave him a joyous welcome, and would have been only too glad to
+      cross from Thrace into Asia under his leadership.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But Seuthes, hearing that Xenophon had arrived, sent Medosades again, by
+      sea to meet him, and begged him to bring the army to him; and whatever he
+      thought would make his speech persuasive, he was ready to promise him. But
+      the other replied, that none of these things were open to him to do; and
+      with this answer Medosades departed, and the Hellenes proceeded to
+      Perinthus. Here on arrival Neon withdrew his troops and encamped apart,
+      having about eight hundred men; while the remainder of the army lay in one
+      place under the walls of Perinthus.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      After this, Xenophon set himself to find vessels, so as to lose no time in
+      crossing. But in the interval Aristarchus, the governor from Byzantium,
+      arrived with a couple of war-ships, being moved to do so by Pharnabazus.
+      To make doubly sure, he first forbade the skippers and shipmasters to
+      carry the troops across, and then he visited the camp and informed the
+      soldiers that their passage into Asia was forbidden. Xenophon replied that
+      he was acting under the orders of Anaxibius, who had sent him thither for
+      this express purpose; to which Aristarchus retorted, "For the matter of
+      that, Anaxibius is no longer admiral, and I am governor in this quarter;
+      if I catch any of you at sea, I will sink you." With these remarks he
+      retired within the walls of Perinthus.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Next day, he sent for the generals and officers of the army. They had
+      already reached the fortification walls, when some one brought word to
+      Xenophon that if he set foot inside, he would be seized, and either meet
+      some ill fate there or more likely be delivered up to Pharnabazus. On
+      hearing this Xenophon sent forward the rest of the party, but for himself
+      pleaded that there was a sacrifice which he wished to offer. In this way
+      he contrived to turn back and consult the victims, "Would the gods allow
+      him to try and bring the army over to Seuthes?" On the one hand it was
+      plain that the idea of crossing over to Asia in the face of this man with
+      his ships of war, who meant to bar the passage, was too dangerous. Nor did
+      he altogether like the notion of being blocked up in the Chersonese with
+      an army in dire need of everything; where, besides being at the beck and
+      call of the governor of the place, they would be debarred from the
+      necessities of life.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      While Xenophon was thus employed, the generals and officers came back with
+      a message from Aristarchus, who had told them they might retire for the
+      present, but in the afternoon he would expect them. The former suspicions
+      of a plot had now ripened to a certainty. Xenophon meantime had
+      ascertained that the victims were favourable to his project. He
+      personally, and the army as a whole, might with safety proceed to Seuthes,
+      they seemed to say. Accordingly, he took with him Polycrates, the Athenian
+      captain, and from each of the generals, not including Neon, some one man
+      whom they could in each case trust, and in the night they set off to visit
+      the army of Seuthes, sixty furlongs distant.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      As they approached, they came upon some deserted watch-fires, and their
+      first impression was that Seuthes had shifted his position; but presently
+      perceiving a confused sound (the voices of Seuthes' people signalling to
+      one another), the explanation dawned on him: Seuthes kept his watch-fires
+      kindled in front of, instead of behind, his night pickets, in order that
+      the outposts, being in the dark, might escape notice, their numbers and
+      position thus being a mystery; whilst any party approaching from the
+      outside, so far from escaping notice, would, through the glare of the
+      fire, stand out conspicuously. Perceiving how matters stood, Xenophon sent
+      forward his interpreter, who was one of the party, and bade him inform
+      Seuthes that Xenophon was there and craved conference with him. The others
+      asked if he were an Athenian from the army yonder, and no sooner had the
+      interpreter replied, "Yes, the same," than up they leapt and galloped off;
+      and in less time than it takes to tell a couple of hundred peltasts had
+      come up who seized and carried off Xenophon and those with him and brought
+      them to Seuthes. The latter was in a tower right well guarded, and there
+      were horses round it in a circle, standing all ready bitted and bridled;
+      for his alarm was so great that he gave his horses their provender during
+      the day (2), and during the nights he kept watch and ward with the brutes
+      thus bitted and bridled. It was stated in explanation that in old days an
+      ancestor of his, named Teres, had been in this very country with a large
+      army, several of whom he had lost at the hands of the native inhabitants,
+      besides being robbed of his baggage train. The inhabitants of the country
+      are Thynians, and they are reputed to be far the most warlike set of
+      fighters&mdash;especially at night.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (2) I.e. "instead of letting them graze."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      When they drew near, Seuthes bade Xenophon enter, and bring with him any
+      two he might choose. As soon as they were inside, they first greeted one
+      another warmly, and then, according to the Thracian custom, pledged
+      themselves in bowls of wine. There was further present at the elbow of
+      Seuthes, Medosades, who on all occasions acted as his ambassador-in-chief.
+      Xenophon took the initiative and spoke as follows: "You have sent to me,
+      Seuthes, once and again. On the first occasion you sent Medosades yonder,
+      to Chalcedon, and you begged me to use my influence in favour of the army
+      crossing over from Asia. You promised me, in return for this conduct on my
+      part, various kindnesses; at least that is what Medosades stated"; and
+      before proceeding further he turned to Medosades and asked, "Is not that
+      so?" The other assented. "Again, on a second occasion, the same Medosades
+      came when I had crossed over from Parium to rejoin the army; and he
+      promised me that if I would bring you the army, you would in various
+      respects treat me as a friend and brother. He said especially with regard
+      to certain seaboard places of which you are the owner and lord, that you
+      were minded to make me a present of them." At this point he again
+      questioned Medosades, "Whether the words attributed to him were exact?"
+      and Medosades once more fully assented. "Come now," proceeded Xenophon,
+      "recount what answer I made you, and first at Chalcedon." "You answered
+      that the army was, in any case, about to cross over to Byzantium; and as
+      far as that went, there was no need to pay you or any one else anything;
+      and for yourself, you added, that once across you were minded to leave the
+      army, which thing came to pass even as you said." "Well! what did I say,"
+      he asked, "at your next visit, when you came to me in Selybria?" "You said
+      that the proposal was impossible; you were all going to Perinthus to cross
+      into Asia." "Good," said Xenophon, "and in spite of it all, at the present
+      moment, here I am myself, and Phryniscus, one of my colleagues, and
+      Polycrates yonder, a captain; and outside, to represent the other generals
+      (all except Neon the Laconian), the trustiest men they could find to send.
+      So that if you wish to give these transactions the seal of still greater
+      security, you have nothing to do but to summon them also; and do you,
+      Polycrates, go and say from me, that I bid them leave their arms outside,
+      and you can leave your own sword outside before you enter with them on
+      your return."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      When Seuthes had heard so far, he interposed: "I should never mistrust an
+      Athenian, for we are relatives already (3), I know; and the best of
+      friends, I believe, we shall be." After that, as soon as the right men
+      entered, Xenophon first questioned Seuthes as to what use he intended to
+      make of the army, and he replied as follows: "Maesades was my father; his
+      sway extended over the Melanditae, the Thynians, and the Tranipsae. Then
+      the affairs of the Odrysians took a bad turn, and my father was driven out
+      of this country, and later on died himself of sickness, leaving me to be
+      brought up as an orphan at the court of Medocus, the present king. But I,
+      when I had grown to man's estate, could not endure to live with my eyes
+      fixed on another's board. So I seated myself on the seat by him as a
+      suppliant, and begged him to give me as many men as he could spare, that I
+      might wreak what mischief I could on those who had driven us forth from
+      our land; that thus I might cease to live in dependence upon another's
+      board, like a dog watching his master's hand. In answer to my petition, he
+      gave me the men and the horses which you will see at break of day, and
+      nowadays I live with these, pillaging my own ancestral land. But if you
+      would join me, I think, with the help of heaven, we might easily recover
+      my empire. That is what I want of you." "Well then," said Xenophon,
+      "supposing we came, what should you be able to give us? the soldiers, the
+      officers, and the generals? Tell us that these witnesses may report your
+      answer." And he promised to give "to the common soldiers a cyzicene (4),
+      to a captain twice as much, and to a general four times as much, with as
+      much land as ever they liked, some yoke of oxen, and a fortified place
+      upon the seaboard." "But now supposing," said Xenophon, "we fail of
+      success, in spite of our endeavours; suppose any intimidation on the part
+      of the Lacedaemonians should arise; will you receive into your country any
+      of us who may seek to find a refuge with you?" He answered: "Nay, not only
+      so, but I shall look upon you as my brothers, entitled to share my seat,
+      and the joint possessors of all the wealth which we may be able to
+      acquire. And to you yourself, O Xenophon! I will give my daughter, and if
+      you have a daughter, I will buy her in Thracian fashion; and I will give
+      you Bisanthe as a dwelling-place, which is the fairest of all my
+      possessions on the seaboard (5)."
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (3) Tradition said that the Thracians and Athenians were connected,
+    through the marriage of a former prince Tereus (or Teres) with
+    Procne, the daughter of Pandion. This old story, discredited by
+    Thucydides, ii. 29, is referred to in Arist. "Birds," 368 foll.
+    The Birds are about to charge the two Athenian intruders, when
+    Epops, king of the Birds, formerly Tereus, king of Thrace, but
+    long ago transformed into a hoopoe, intercedes in behalf of two
+    men, {tes emes gunaikos onte suggene kai phuleta}, "who are of my
+    lady's tribe and kin." As a matter of history, the Athenians had
+    in the year B.C. 431 made alliance with Sitalces, king of the
+    Odrysians (the son of Teres, the first founder of their empire),
+    and made his son, Sadocus, an Athenian citizen. Cf. Thuc. ib.;
+    Arist. Acharnians, 141 foll.
+
+ (4) A cyzicene monthly is to be understood.
+
+ (5) Bisanthe, one of the Ionic colonies founded by Samos, with the
+    Thracian name Rhaedestus (now Rodosto), strongly placed so as to
+    command the entrance into the Sacred mountain.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0055" id="link2H_4_0055">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      III
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      After listening to these proposals, they gave and accepted pledges of good
+      faith; and so the deputation rode off. Before day they were back again in
+      camp, and severally rendered a report to those who sent them. At dawn
+      Aristarchus again summoned the generals and officers, but the latter
+      resolved to have done with the visit to Aristarchus, and to summon a
+      meeting of the army. In full conclave the soldiers met, with the exception
+      of Neon's men, who remained about ten furlongs off. When they were met
+      together Xenophon rose, and made the following announcement: "Men,
+      Aristarchus with his ships of war hinders us from sailing where we fain
+      would go; it is not even safe to set foot on board a vessel. But if he
+      hinders us here, he hastens us there. 'Be off to the Chersonese,' says he,
+      'force a passage through the Sacred mountain.' If we master it and succeed
+      in getting to that place, he has something in store for us. He promises
+      that he will not sell you any more, as he did at Byzantium; you shall not
+      be cheated again; you shall have pay; he will no longer, as now, suffer
+      you to remain in want of provisions. That is his proposal. But Seuthes
+      says that if you will go to him he will treat you well. What you have now
+      to consider is, whether you will stay to debate this question, or leave
+      its settlement till we have gone up into a land of provisions. If you ask
+      me my opinion, it is this: Since here we have neither money to buy, nor
+      leave to take without money what we need, why should we not go up into
+      these villages where the right to help ourselves is conferred by might?
+      There, unhampered by the want of bare necessaries, you can listen to what
+      this man and the other wants of you and choose whichever sounds best. Let
+      those," he added, "who agree to this, hold up their hands." They all held
+      them up. "Retire then," said he, "and get your kit together, and at the
+      word of command, follow your leader."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      After this, Xenophon put himself at the head and the rest followed. Neon,
+      indeed, and other agents from Aristarchus tried to turn them from their
+      purpose, but to their persuasions they turned a deaf ear. They had not
+      advanced much more than three miles, when Seuthes met them; and Xenophon,
+      seeing him, bade him ride up. He wished to tell him what they felt to be
+      conducive to their interests, and in the presence of as many witnesses as
+      possible. As soon as he had approached, Xenophon said: "We are going where
+      the troops will have enough to live upon; when we are there, we will
+      listen to you and to the emissaries of the Laconian, and choose between
+      you both whatever seems best. If then you will lead us where provisions
+      are to be got in plenty, we shall feel indebted to you for your
+      hospitality." And Seuthes answered: "For the matter of that, I know many
+      villages, close-packed and stocked with all kinds of provisions, just far
+      enough off to give you a good appetite for your breakfasts." "Lead on
+      then!" said Xenophon. When they had reached the villages in the afternoon,
+      the soldiers met, and Seuthes made the following speech: "My request to
+      you, sirs, is that you will take the field with me, and my promise to you
+      is that I will give every man of you a cyzicene, and to the officers and
+      generals at the customary rate; besides this I will honour those who show
+      special merit. Food and drink you shall get as now for yourselves from the
+      country; but whatever is captured, I shall claim to have myself, so that
+      by distribution of it I may provide you with pay. Let them flee, let them
+      creep into hiding-places, we shall be able to pursue after them, we will
+      track them out; or if they resist, along with you we will endeavour to
+      subdue them to our hands." Xenophon inquired: "And how far from the sea
+      shall you expect the army to follow you?" "Nowhere more than seven days'
+      journey," he answered, "and in many places less."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      After this, permission was given for all who wished to speak, and many
+      spoke, but ever to one and the same tune: "What Seuthes said, was very
+      right. It was winter, and for a man to sail home, even if he had the will
+      to do so, was impossible. On the other hand, to continue long in a
+      friendly country, where they must depend upon what they could purchase,
+      was equally beyond their power. If they were to wear away time and support
+      life in a hostile country, it was safer to do so with Seuthes than by
+      themselves, not to speak of all these good things; but if they were going
+      to get pay into the bargain, that indeed was a godsend." To complete the
+      proceedings, Xenophon said: "If any one opposes the measure, let him state
+      his views; if not, let the officer put the proposition to the vote." No
+      one opposed; they put it to the vote, and the resolution was carried; and
+      without loss of time, he informed Seuthes that they would take the field
+      with him.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      After this the troops messed in their separate divisions, but the generals
+      and officers were invited by Seuthes to dinner at a neighbouring village
+      which was in his possession. When they were at the doors, and on the point
+      of stepping in to dinner, they were met by a certain Heracleides, of
+      Maronea (1). He came up to each guest, addressing himself particularly to
+      those who, as he conjectured, ought to be able to make a present to
+      Seuthes. He addressed himself first to some Parians who were there to
+      arrange a friendship with Medocus, the king of the Odrysians, and were
+      bearers of presents to the king and to his wife. Heracleides reminded
+      them: "Medocus is up country twelve days' journey from the sea; but
+      Seuthes, now that he has got this army, will be lord on the sea-coast; as
+      your neighbour, then, he is the man to do you good or do you ill. If you
+      are wise, you will give him whatever he askes of you. On the whole, it
+      will be laid out at better interest than if you have it to Medocus, who
+      lives so far off." That was his mode of persuasion in their case. Next he
+      came to Timasion the Dardanian, who, some one had told him, was the happy
+      possessor of certain goblets and oriental carpets. What he said to him
+      was: "It is customary when people are invited to dinner by Seuthes for the
+      guests to make him a present; now if he should become a great person in
+      these parts, he will be able to restore you to your native land, or to
+      make you a rich man here." Such were the solicitations which he applied to
+      each man in turn whom he accosted. Presently he came to Xenophon and said:
+      "You are at once a citizen of no mean city, and with Seuthes also your own
+      name is very great. Maybe you expect to obtain a fort or two in this
+      country, just as others of your countrymen have done (2), and territory.
+      It is only right and proper therefore that you should honour Seuthes in
+      the most magnificent style. Be sure, I give this advice out of pure
+      friendliness, for I know that the greater the gift that you are ready to
+      bestow on him, the better the treatment you will receive at his hands."
+      Xenophon, on hearing this, was in a sad dilemma, for he had brought with
+      him, when he crossed from Parium, nothing but one boy and just enough to
+      pay his travelling expenses.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) A Greek colony in Thrace. Among Asiatico-Ionian colonies were
+    Abdera, founded by Teos, and Maroneia, celebrated for its wine,
+    founded by Chios about 540 B.C.&mdash;Kiepert, "Man. Anct. Geog." viii.
+    182.
+
+ (2) Notably Alcibiades, who possessed two or three such fortresses.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      As soon as the company, consisting of the most powerful Thracians there
+      present, with the generals and captains of the Hellenes, and any embassy
+      from a state which might be there, had arrived, they were seated in a
+      circle, and the dinner was served. Thereupon three-legged stools were
+      brought in and placed in front of the assembled guests. They were laden
+      with pieces of meat, piled up, and there were huge leavened-loaves
+      fastened on to the pieces of meat with long skewers. The tables, as a
+      rule, were set beside the guests at intervals. That was the custom; and
+      Seuthes set the fashion of the performance. He took up the loaves which
+      lay by his side and broke them into little pieces, and then threw the
+      fragments here to one and there to another as seemed to him good; and so
+      with the meat likewise, leaving for himself the merest taste. Then the
+      rest fell to following the fashion set them, those that is who had tables
+      placed beside them.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Now there was an Arcadian, Arystas by name, a huge eater; he soon got
+      tired of throwing the pieces about, and seized a good three-quarters loaf
+      in his two hands, placed some pieces of meat upon his knees, and proceeded
+      to discuss his dinner. Then beakers of wine were brought round, and every
+      one partook in turn; but when the cupbearer came to Arystas and handed him
+      the bowl, he looked up, and seeing that Xenophon had done eating: "Give it
+      him," quoth he, "he is more at leisure. I have something better to do at
+      present." Seuthes, hearing a remark, asked the cupbearer what was said,
+      and the cupbearer, who knew how to talk Greek, explained. Then followed a
+      peal of laughter.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      When the drinking had advanced somewhat, in came a Thracian with a white
+      horse, who snatched the brimming bowl and said: "Here's a health to thee,
+      O Seuthes! Let me present thee with this horse. Mounted on him, thou shalt
+      capture whom thou choosest to pursue, or retiring from battle, thou shalt
+      not dread the foe." He was followed by one who brought in a boy, and
+      presented him in proper style with "Here's a health to thee, O Seuthes!" A
+      third had "clothes for his wife." Timasion, the Dardanian, pledged
+      Seuthes, and presented a silver bowl (3) and a carpet worth ten minae.
+      Gnesippus, an Athenian, got up and said: "It was a good old custom, and a
+      fine one too, that those who had, should give to the king for honour's
+      sake, but to those who had not, the king should give; whereby, my lord,"
+      he added, "I too may one day have the wherewithal to give thee gifts and
+      honour." Xenophon the while was racking his brains what he was to do; he
+      was not the happier because he was seated in the seat next Seuthes as a
+      mark of honour; and Heracleides bade the cupbearer hand him the bowl. The
+      wine had perhaps a little mounted to his head; he rose, and manfully
+      seized the cup, and spoke: "I also, Seuthes, have to present you with
+      myself and these my dear comrades to be your trusty friends, and not one
+      of them against his will. They are more ready, one and all, still more
+      than I, to be your friends. Here they are; they ask nothing from you in
+      return, rather they are forward to labour in your behalf; it will be their
+      pleasure to bear the brunt of battle in voluntary service. With them, God
+      willing, you will gain vast territory; you will recover what was once your
+      forefathers'; you will win for yourself new lands; and not lands only, but
+      horses many, and of men a multitude, and many a fair dame besides. You
+      will not need to seize upon them in robber fashion; it is your friends
+      here who, of their own accord, shall take and bring them to you, they
+      shall lay them at your feet as gifts." Up got Seuthes and drained with him
+      the cup, and with him sprinkled the last drops fraternally (4).
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (3) Or rather "saucer" ({phiale}).
+
+ (4) For the Thracian custom, vide Suidas, s.v. {kataskedazein}.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      At this stage entered musicians blowing upon horns such as they use for
+      signal calls, and trumpeting on trumpets, made of raw oxhide, tunes and
+      airs, like the music of the double-octave harp (5). Seuthes himself got up
+      and shouted, trolling forth a war song; then he sprang from his place and
+      leapt about as though he would guard himself against a missile, in right
+      nimble style. Then came in a set of clowns and jesters.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (5) Or, "magadis." This is said to have been one of the most perfect
+    instruments. It comprised two full octaves, the left hand playing
+    the same notes as the right an octave lower. Guhl and Koner, p.
+    203, Engl. transl. See also "Dict. Antiq." "Musica"; and Arist.
+    "Polit." xix. 18, {Dia ti e dia pason sumphonia adetai mone;
+    magasizousi gar tauten, allen de oudemian}, i.e. "since no
+    interval except the octave ({dia pason}) could be 'magidised' (the
+    effect of any other is well known to be intolerable), therefore no
+    other interval was employed at all."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      But when the sun began to set, the Hellenes rose from their seats. It was
+      time, they said, to place the night sentinels and to pass the watchword;
+      further, they begged of Seuthes to issue an order that none of the
+      Thracians were to enter the Hellenic camp at night, "since between your
+      Thracian foes and our Thracian friends there might be some confusion." As
+      they sallied forth, Seuthes rose to accompany them, like the soberest of
+      men. When they were outside, he summoned the generals apart and said:
+      "Sirs, our enemies are not aware as yet of our alliance. If, therefore, we
+      attack them before they take precautions not to be caught, or are prepared
+      to repel assault, we shall make a fine haul of captives and other stock."
+      The generals fully approved of these views, and bade him lead on. He
+      answered: "Prepare and wait; as soon as the right time comes I will be
+      with you. I shall pick up the peltasts and yourselves, and with the help
+      of the gods, I will lead on." "But consider one point," urged Xenophon;
+      "if we are to march by night, is not the Hellenic fashion best? When
+      marching in the daytime that part of the army leads the van which seems
+      best suited to the nature of the country to be traversed&mdash;heavy or
+      light infantry, or cavalry; but by night our rule is that the slowest arm
+      should take the lead. Thus we avoid the risk of being pulled to pieces:
+      and it is not so easy for a man to give his neighbour the slip without
+      intending, whereas the scattered fragments of an army are apt to fall foul
+      of one another, and to cause damage or incur it in sheer ignorance." To
+      this Seuthes replied: "You reason well, and I will adopt your custom. I
+      will furnish you with guides chosen from the oldest experts of the
+      country, and I will myself follow with the cavalry in the rear; it will
+      not take me long, if need be, to present myself at the front." Then, for
+      kinship's sake, they chose "Athenaia (6)" as their watchword. With this,
+      they turned and sought repose.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (6) "Our Lady of Athens."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      It was about midnight when Seuthes presented himself with his cavalry
+      troopers armed with corselets, and his light infantry under arms. As soon
+      as he had handed over to them the promised guides, the heavy infantry took
+      the van, followed by the light troops in the centre, while the cavalry
+      brought up the rear. At daybreak Seuthes rode up to the front. He
+      complimented them on their method: so often had he himself, while marching
+      by night with a mere handful of men, been separated with his cavalry from
+      his infantry. "But now," said he, "we find ourselves at dawn of day all
+      happily together, just as we ought to be. Do you wait for me here," he
+      proceeded, "and recruit yourselves. I will take a look round and rejoin
+      you." So saying he took a certain path over hill and rode off. As soon as
+      he had reached deep snow, he looked to see whether there were footprints
+      of human beings leading forward or in the opposite direction; and having
+      satisfied himself that the road was untrodden, back he came, exclaiming:
+      "God willing, sirs, it will be all right; we shall fall on the fellows,
+      before they know where they are. I will lead on with the cavalry; so that
+      if we catch sight of any one, he shall not escape and give warning to the
+      enemy. Do you follow, and if you are left behind, keep to the trail of the
+      horses. Once on the other side of the mountains, we shall find ourselves
+      in numerous thriving villages."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      By the middle of the day he had already gained the top of the pass and
+      looked down upon the villages below. Back he came riding to the heavy
+      infantry and said: "I will at once send off the cavalry into the plain
+      below, and the peltasts too, to attack the villages. Do you follow with
+      what speed you may, so that in case of resistance you may lend us your
+      aid." Hearing this, Xenophon dismounted, and the other asked: "Why do you
+      dismount just when speed is the thing we want?" The other answered: "But
+      you do not want me alone, I am sure. The hoplites will run all the quicker
+      and more cheerily if I lead them on foot."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Thereupon Seuthes went off, and Timasion with him, taking the Hellene
+      squadron of something like forty troopers. Then Xenophon passed the order:
+      the active young fellows up to thirty years of age from the different
+      companies to the front; and off with these he went himself, bowling along
+      (7); while Cleanor led the other Hellenes. When they had reached the
+      villages, Seuthes, with about thirty troopers, rode up, exclaiming: "Well,
+      Xenophon, this is just what you said! the fellows are caught, but now look
+      here. My cavalry have gone off unsupported; they are scattered in pursuit,
+      one here, one there, and upon my word, I am more than half afraid the
+      enemy will collect somewhere and do them a mischief. Some of us must
+      remain in the villages, for they are swarming with human beings." "Well
+      then," said Xenophon, "I will seize the heights with the men I have with
+      me, and do you bid Cleanor extend his line along the level beside the
+      villages." When they had done so, there were enclosed&mdash;of captives
+      for the slave market, one thousand; of cattle, two thousand; and of other
+      small cattle, ten thousand. For the time being they took up quarters
+      there.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (7) {etropkhaze}, a favourite word with our author. Herodotus uses it;
+    so does Aristot.; so also Polybius; but the Atticists condemn it,
+    except of course in poetry.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0056" id="link2H_4_0056">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      IV
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      But the next day Seuthes burnt the villages to the ground; he left not a
+      single house, being minded to inspire terror in the rest of his enemies,
+      and to show them what they also were to expect, if they refused obedience;
+      and so he went back again. As to the booty, he sent off Heracliedes to
+      Perinthus to dispose of it, with a view to future pay for the soldiers.
+      But for himself he encamped with the Hellenes in the lowland country of
+      the Thynians, the natives leaving the flats and betaking themselves in
+      flight to the uplands.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      There was deep snow, and cold so intense that the water brought in for
+      dinner and the wine within the jars froze; and many of the Hellenes had
+      their noses and ears frost-bitten. Now they came to understand why the
+      Thracians wear fox-skin caps on their heads and about their ears; and why,
+      on the same principle, they are frocked not only about the chest and bust
+      but so as to cover the loins and thighs as well; and why on horseback they
+      envelop themselves in long shawls which reach down to the feet, instead of
+      the ordinary short rider's cloak. Seuthes sent off some of the prisoners
+      to the hills with a message to say that if they did not come down to their
+      homes, and live quietly and obey him, he would burn down their villages
+      and their corn, and leave them to perish with hunger. Thereupon down they
+      came, women and children and the older men; the younger men preferred to
+      quarter themselves in the villages on the skirts of the hills. On
+      discovering this, Seuthes bade Xenophon take the youngest of the heavy
+      infantry and join him on an expedition. They rose in the night, and by
+      daybreak had reached the villages; but the majority of the inhabitants
+      made good their escape, for the hills were close at hand. Those whom he
+      did catch, Seuthes unsparingly shot down.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Now there was a certain Olynthian, named Episthenes; he was a great lover
+      of boys, and seeing a handsome lad, just in the bloom of youth, and
+      carrying a light shield, about to be slain, he ran up to Xenophon and
+      supplicated him to rescue the fair youth. Xenophon went to Seuthes and
+      begged him not to put the boy to death. He explained to him the
+      disposition of Episthenes; how he had once enrolled a company, the only
+      qualification required being that of personal beauty; and with these
+      handsome young men at his side there were none so brave as he. Seuthes put
+      the question, "Would you like to die on his behalf, Episthenes?" whereat
+      the other stretched out his neck, and said, "Strike, if the boy bids you,
+      and will thank his preserver." Seuthes, turning to the boy, asked, "Shall
+      I smite him instead of you?" The boy shook his head, imploring him to slay
+      neither the one nor the other, whereupon Episthenes caught the lad in his
+      arms, exclaiming, "It is time you did battle with me, Seuthes, for my boy;
+      never will I yield him up," and Seuthes laughed: "what must be must," and
+      so consented.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In these villages he decided that they must bivouac, so that the men on
+      the mountains might be still further deprived of subsistence. Stealthily
+      descending he himself found quarters in the plain; while Xenophon with his
+      picked troops encamped in the highest village on the skirts of the hills,;
+      and the rest of the Hellenes hard by, among the highland Thracians (1), as
+      they are called.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) Cf. "Highlanders."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      After this, not many days had idly slipt away before the Thracians from
+      the mountains came down and wished to arrange with Seuthes for terms of
+      truce and hostages. Simultaneously came Xenophon and informed Seuthes that
+      they were camped in bad quarters, with the enemy next door; "it would be
+      pleasanter too," he added, "to bivouac in a strong position in the open,
+      than under cover on the edge of destruction." The other bade him take
+      heart and pointed to some of their hostages, as much as to say "Look
+      there!" Parties also from the mountaineers came down and pleaded with
+      Xenophon himself, to help arrange a truce for them. This he agreed to do,
+      bidding them to pluck up heart, and assuring them that they would meet
+      with no mischief, if they yielded obedience to Seuthes. All their
+      parleying, however, was, as it turned out, merely to get a closer
+      inspection of things. This happened in the day, and in the following night
+      the Thynians descended from the hill country and made an attack. In each
+      case, the guide was the master of the house attacked; otherwise it would
+      have taxed their powers to discover the houses in the dark, which, for the
+      sake of their flocks and herds, were palisaded all round with great
+      stockades. As soon as they had reached the doors of any particular house,
+      the attack began, some hurling in their spears, others belabouring with
+      their clubs, which they carried, it was said, for the purpose of knocking
+      off the lance points from the shaft. Others were busy setting the place on
+      fire; and they kept calling Xenophon by name: "Come out, Xenophon, and die
+      like a man, or we will roast you alive inside."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      By this time too the flames were making their appearance through the roof,
+      and Xenophon and his followers were within, with their coats of mail on,
+      and big shields, swords, and helmets. Then Silanus, a Macistian (2), a
+      youth of some eighteen years, signalled on the trumpet; and in an instant,
+      out they all leapt with their drawn swords, and the inmates of other
+      quarters as well. The Thracians took to their heels, according to their
+      custom, swinging their light shields round their backs. As they leapt over
+      the stockade some were captured, hanging on the top with their shields
+      caught in the palings; others missed the way out, and so were slain; and
+      the Hellenes chased them hotly, till they were outside the village.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (2) "Of Macistus," a town in the Triphylia near Scillus.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      A party of Thynians turned back, and as the men ran past in bold relief
+      against a blazing house, they let fly a volley of javelins, out of the
+      darkness into the glare, and wounded two captains, Hieronymus, an Euodean
+      (3), and Theogenes, a Locrian. No one was killed, only the clothes and
+      baggage of some of the men were consumed in the flames. Presently up came
+      Seuthes to the rescue with seven troopers, the first to hand, and his
+      Thracian trumpeteer by his side. Seeing that something had happened, he
+      hastened to the rescue, and ever the while his bugler wound his horn,
+      which music added terror to the foe. Arrived at length, he greeted them
+      with outstretched hand, exclaiming, "I thought to find you all dead men."
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (3) If this is the same man as Hieronymus of Elis, who has been
+    mentioned two or three times already, possibly the word {Euodea}
+    points to some town or district of Elis; or perhaps the text is
+    corrupt.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      After that, Xenophon begged him to hand over the hostages to himself, and
+      if so disposed, to join him on an expedition to the hills, or if not, to
+      let him go alone. Accordingly the next day Seuthes delivered up the
+      hostages. They were men already advanced in years, but the pick of the
+      mountaineers, as they themselves gave out. Not merely did Seuthes do this,
+      but he came himself, with his force at his back (and by this time he had
+      treble his former force, for many of the Odrysians, hearing of his
+      proceedings, came down to join in the campaign); and the Thynians, espying
+      from the mountains the vast array of heavy infantry and light infantry and
+      cavalry, rank upon rank, came down and supplicated him to make terms.
+      "They were ready," they professed, "to do all that he demanded; let him
+      take pledges of their good faith." So Seuthes summoned Xenophon and
+      explained their proposals, adding that he should make no terms with them,
+      if Xenophon wished to punish them for their night attack. The latter
+      replied: "For my part, I should think their punishment is great enough
+      already, if they are to be slaves instead of free men; still," he added,
+      "I advise you for the future to take as hostages those who are most
+      capable of doing mischief, and to let the old men abide in peace at home."
+      So to a man they gave in their adhesion in that quarter of the country.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0057" id="link2H_4_0057">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      V
+    </h2>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+Crossing over in the direction of the Thracians above Byzantium, they
+reached the Delta, as it is called. Here they were no longer in the
+territory of the Maesades, but in the country of Teres the Odrysian
+ (an ancient worthy (1)). Here Heracleides met them with the proceeds of
+the spoil, and Seuthes picked out three pairs of mules (there were
+only three, the other teams being oxen); then he summoned Xenophon and
+bade him take them, and divide the rest between the generals and
+officers, to which Xenophon replied that for himself, he was content
+to receive his share another time, but added: "Make a present of these
+to my friends here, the generals who have served with me, and to the
+officers." So of the pairs of mules Timasion the Dardanian received
+one, Cleanor the Orchomenian one, and Phryniscus the Achaean one. The
+teams of oxen were divided among the officers. Then Seuthes proceeded
+to remit pay due for the month already passed, but all he could give
+was the equivalent of twenty days. Heracleides insisted that this was
+all he had got by his trafficking. Whereupon Xenophon with some warmth
+exclaimed: "Upon my word, Heracleides, I do not think you care for
+Seuthes' interest as you should. If you did, you have been at pains to
+bring back the full amount of the pay, even if you had had to raise a
+loan to do so, and, if by no other means, by selling the coat off your
+own back."
+
+ (1) See above re previous Teres. The words "an ancient worthy" may
+    possibly be an editor's or commentator's note.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      What he said annoyed Heracleides, who was afraid of being ousted from the
+      friendship of Seuthes, and from that day forward he did his best to
+      calumniate Xenophon before Seuthes. The soldiers, on their side, laid the
+      blame of course on Xenophon: "Where was their pay?" and Seuthes was vexed
+      with him for persistently demanding it for them. Up to this date he had
+      frequently referred to what he would do when he got to the seaboard again;
+      how he intended to hand over to him Bisanthe, Ganos, and Neontichos (2).
+      But from this time forward he never mentioned one of them again. The
+      slanderous tongue of Heracleides had whispered him:&mdash;it was not safe
+      to hand over fortified towns to a man with a force at his back.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (2) For Bisanthe see above. Ganos, a little lower down the coast, with
+    Neontichos once belonged to Alcibiades, if we may believe
+    Cornelius Nepos, "Alc." vii. 4, and Plutarch, "Alc." c. 36. See
+    above.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Consequently Xenophon fell to considering what he ought to do as regards
+      marching any further up the country; and Heracleides introduced the other
+      generals to Seuthes, urging them to say that they were quite as well able
+      to lead the army as Xenophon, and promising them that within a day or two
+      they should have full pay for two months, and he again implored them to
+      continue the campaign with Seuthes. To which Timasion replied that for his
+      part he would continue no campaign without Xenophon; not even if they were
+      to give him pay for five months; and what Timasion said, Phryniscus and
+      Cleanor repeated; the views of all three coincided.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Seuthes fell to upbraiding Heracleides in round terms. "Why had he not
+      invited Xenophon with the others?" and presently they invited him, but by
+      himself alone. He, perceiving the knavery of Heracleides, and that his
+      object was to calumniate him with the other generals, presented himself;
+      but at the same time he took care to bring all the generals and the
+      officers. After their joint consent had been secured, they continued the
+      campaign. Keeping the Pontus on their right, they passed through the
+      millet-eating (3) Thracians, as they are called, and reached Salmydessus.
+      This is a point at which many trading vessels bound for the Black Sea run
+      aground and are wrecked, owing to a sort of marshy ledge or sandbank which
+      runs out for a considerable distance into the sea (4). The Thracians, who
+      dwell in these parts, have set up pillars as boundary marks, and each set
+      of them has the pillage of its own flotsom and jetsom; for in old days,
+      before they set up these landmarks, the wreckers, it is said, used freely
+      to fall foul of and slay one another. Here was a rich treasure trove, of
+      beds and boxes numberless, with a mass of written books, and all the
+      various things which mariners carry in their wooden chests. Having reduced
+      this district, they turned round and went back again. By this time the
+      army of Seuthes had grown to be considerably larger than the Hellenic
+      army; for on the one hand, the Odrysians flocked down in still larger
+      numbers, and on the other, the tribes which gave in their adhesion from
+      time to time were amalgamated with his armament. They got into quarters on
+      the flat country above Selybria at about three miles (5) distance from the
+      sea. As to pay, not a penny was as yet forthcoming, and the soldiers were
+      cruelly disaffected to Xenophon, whilst Seuthes, on his side, was no
+      longer so friendlily disposed. If Xenophon ever wished to come face to
+      face with him, want of leisure or some other difficulty always seemed to
+      present itself.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (3) Or, "the Melinophagi."
+
+ (4) See, for a description of this savage coast, Aesch. "Prom." vinc.
+    726, etc.&mdash;
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      "{trakheia pontou Salmudesia gnathos ekhthroxenos nautaisi, metruia
+      neon.}"
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "The rugged Salmudesian jaw of the Black Sea, Inhospitable to sailors,
+      stepmother of ships."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But the poet is at fault in his geography, since he connects "the
+      Salmydesian jaw" with the Thermodon.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (5) Lit. "thirty stades." Selybria is about fourty-four miles from
+    Byzantium, two-thirds of the way to Perinthus.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0058" id="link2H_4_0058">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      VI
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      At this date, when nearly two months had already passed, an embassy
+      arrived. These were two agents from Thibron&mdash;Charminus, a
+      Lacedaemonian, and Polynicus. They were sent to say that the
+      Lacedaemonians had resolved to open a campaign against Tissaphernes, and
+      that Thibron, who had set sail to conduct the war, was anxious to avail
+      himself of the troops. He could guarantee that each soldier should receive
+      a daric a month as pay, the officers double pay, and the generals
+      quadruple. The Lacedaemonian emissaries had no sooner arrived than
+      Heracleides, having learnt that they had come in search of the Hellenic
+      troops, goes off himself to Seuthes and says: "The best thing that could
+      have happened; the Lacedaemonians want these troops and you have done with
+      them, so that if you hand over the troops to them, you will do the
+      Lacedaemonians a good turn and will cease to be bothered for pay any more.
+      The country will be quit of them once and for ever."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      On hearing this Seuthes bade him introduce the emissaries. As soon as they
+      had stated that the object of their coming was to treat for the Hellenic
+      troops, he replied that he would willingly give them up, that his one
+      desire was to be the friend and ally of Lacedaemon. So he invited them to
+      partake of hospitality, and entertained them magnificently; but he did not
+      invite Xenophon, nor indeed any of the other generals. Presently the
+      Lacedaemonians asked: "What sort of man is Xenophon?" and Seuthes
+      answered: "Not a bad fellow in most respects; but he is too much the
+      soldiers' friend; and that is why it goes ill with him." They asked: "Does
+      he play the popular leader?" and Heracleides answered: "Exactly so." "Well
+      then," said they, "he will oppose our taking away the troops, will he
+      not?" "To be sure he will," said Heracleides; "but you have only to call a
+      meeting of the whole body, and promise them pay, and little further heed
+      will they pay to him; they will run off with you." "How then are we to get
+      them collected?" they asked. "Early to-morrow," said Heracleides, "we will
+      bring you to them; and I know," he added once more, "as soon as they set
+      eyes on you, they will flock to you with alacrity." Thus the day ended.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The next day Seuthes and Heracleides brought the two Laconian agents to
+      the army, and the troops were collected, and the agents made a statement
+      as follows: "The Lacedaemonians have resolved on war with Tissaphernes,
+      who did you so much wrong. By going with us therefore you will punish your
+      enemy, and each of you will get a daric a month, the officers twice that
+      sum, and the generals quadruple." The soldiers lent willing ears, and up
+      jumped one of the Arcadians at once, to find fault with Xenophon. Seuthes
+      also was hard by, wishing to know what was going to happen. He stood
+      within ear shot, and his interpreter by his side; not but what he could
+      understand most of what was said in Greek himself. At this point the
+      Arcadian spoke: "For the matter of that, Lacedaemonians, we should have
+      been by your sides long ago, if Xenophon had not persuaded us and brought
+      us hither. We have never ceased campaigning, night and day, the dismal
+      winter through, but he reaps the fruit of our toils. Seuthes has enriched
+      him privately, but deprives us of our honest earnings; so that, standing
+      here as I do to address you first, all I can say is, that if I might see
+      the fellow stoned to death as a penalty for all the long dance he has led
+      us, I should feel I had got my pay in full, and no longer grudge the pains
+      we have undergone." The speaker was followed by another and then another
+      in the same strain; and after that Xenophon made the following speech:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "True is the old adage; there is nothing which mortal man may not expect
+      to see. Here am I being accused by you to-day, just where my conscience
+      tells me that I have displayed the greatest zeal on your behalf. Was I not
+      actually on my road home when I turned back? Not, God knows, because I
+      learned that you were in luck's way, but because I heard that you were in
+      sore straits, and I wished to help you, if in any way I could. I returned,
+      and Seuthes yonder sent me messenger after messenger, and made me promise
+      upon promise, if only I could persuade you to come to him. Yet, as you
+      yourselves will bear me witness, I was not to be diverted. Instead of
+      setting my hand to do that, I simply led you to a point from which, with
+      least loss of time, I thought you could cross into Asia. This I believed
+      was the best thing for you, and you I knew desired it.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "But when Aristarchus came with his ships of war and hindered our passage
+      across, you will hardly quarrel with me for the step I then took in
+      calling you together that we might advisedly consider our best course.
+      Having heard both sides&mdash;first Aristarchus, who ordered you to march
+      to the Chersonese, then Seuthes, who pleaded with you to undertake a
+      campaign with himself&mdash;you all proposed to go with Seuthes; and you
+      all gave your votes to that effect. What wrong did I commit in bringing
+      you, whither you were eager to go? If, indeed, since the time when Seuthes
+      began to tell lies and cheat us about the pay, I have supported him in
+      this, you may justly find fault with me and hate me. But if I, who at
+      first was most of all his friend, to-day am more than any one else at
+      variance with him, how can I, who have chosen you and rejected Seuthes, in
+      fairness be blamed by you for the very thing which has been the ground of
+      quarrel between him and me? But you will tell me, perhaps, that I get from
+      Seuthes what is by right yours, and that I deal subtly by you? But is it
+      not clear that, if Seuthes has paid me anything, he has at any rate not
+      done so with the intention of losing by what he gives me, whilst he is
+      still your debtor? If he gave to me, he gave in order that, by a small
+      gift to me, he might escape a larger payment to yourselves. But if that is
+      what you really think has happened, you can render this whole scheme of
+      ours null and void in an instant by exacting from him the money which is
+      your due. It is clear, Seuthes will demand back from me whatever I have
+      got from him, and he will have all the more right to do so, if I have
+      failed to secure for him what he bargained for when I took his gifts. But
+      indeed, I am far removed from enjoying what is yours, and I swear to you
+      by all the gods and goddesses that I have not taken even what Seuthes
+      promised me in private. He is present himself and listening, and he is
+      aware in his own heart whether I swear falsely. And what will surprise you
+      the more, I can swear besides, that I have not received even what the
+      other generals have received, no, nor yet what some of the officers have
+      received. But how so? why have I managed my affairs no better? I thought,
+      sirs, the more I helped him to bear his poverty at the time, the more I
+      should make him my friend in the day of his power. Whereas, it is just
+      when I see the star of his good fortune rising, that I have come to divine
+      the secret of his character.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Some one may say, are you not ashamed to be so taken in like a fool? Yes,
+      I should be ashamed, if it had been an open enemy who had so deceived me.
+      But, to my mind, when friend cheats friend, a deeper stain attaches to the
+      perpetrator than to the victim of deceit. Whatever precaution a man may
+      take against his friend, that we took in full. We certainly gave him no
+      pretext for refusing to pay us what he promised. We were perfectly upright
+      in our dealings with him. We did not dawdle over his affairs, nor did we
+      shrink from any work to which he challenged us.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "But you will say, I ought to have taken security of him at the time, so
+      that had he fostered the wish, he might have lacked the ability to
+      deceive. To meet that retort, I must beg you to listen to certain things,
+      which I should never have said in his presence, except for your utter want
+      of feeling towards me, or your extraordinary ingratitude. Try and recall
+      the posture of your affairs, when I extricated you and brought you to
+      Seuthes. Do you not recollect how at Perinthus Aristarchus shut the gates
+      in your faces each time you offered to approach the town, and how you were
+      driven to camp outside under the canopy of heaven? It was midwinter; you
+      were thrown upon the resources of a market wherein few were the articles
+      offered for sale, and scanty the wherewithal to purchase them. Yet stay in
+      Thrace you must, for there were ships of war riding at anchor in the bay,
+      ready to hinder your passage across; and what did that stay imply? It
+      meant being in a hostile country, confronted by countless cavalry, legions
+      of light infantry. And what had we? A heavy infantry force certainly, with
+      which we could have dashed at villages in a body possibly, and seized a
+      modicum of food at most; but as to pursuing the enemy with such a force as
+      ours, or capturing men or cattle, the thing was out of the question; for
+      when I rejoined you your original cavalry and light infantry divisions had
+      disappeared. In such sore straits you lay!
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Supposing that, without making any demands for pay whatever, I had merely
+      won for you the alliance of Seuthes&mdash;whose cavalry and light infantry
+      were just what you needed&mdash;would you not have thought that I had
+      planned very well for you? I presume, it was through your partnership with
+      him and his that you were able to find such complete stores of corn in the
+      villages, when the Thracians were driven to take to their heels in such
+      hot haste, and you had so large a share of captives and cattle. Why! from
+      the day on which his cavalry force was attached to us, we never set eyes
+      on a single foeman in the field, though up to that date the enemy with his
+      cavalry and his light infantry used undauntedly to hang on our heels, and
+      effectually prevented us from scattering in small bodies and reaping a
+      rich harvest of provisions. But if he who partly gave you this security
+      has failed to pay in full the wages due to you therefrom, is not that a
+      terrible misfortune? So monstrous indeed that you think I ought not to go
+      forth alive (1).
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) I.e. the fate of a scape-goat is too good for me.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      "But let me ask you, in what condition do you turn your backs on this land
+      to-day? Have you not wintered here in the lap of plenty? Whatever you have
+      got from Seuthes has been surplus gain. Your enemies have had to meet the
+      bill of your expenses, whilst you led a merry round of existence, in which
+      you have not once set eyes on the dead body of a comrade or lost one
+      living man. Again, if you have achieved any, (or rather many) noble deeds
+      against the Asiatic barbarian, you have them safe. And in addition to
+      these to-day you have won for yourselves a second glory. You undertook a
+      campaign against the European Thracians, and have mastered them. What I
+      say then is, that these very matters which you make a ground of quarrel
+      against myself, are rather blessings for which you ought to show gratitude
+      to heaven.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Thus far I have confined myself to your side of the matter. Bear with me,
+      I beg you, while we examine mine. When I first essayed to part with you
+      and journey homewards, I was doubly blest. From your lips I had won some
+      praise, and, thanks to you, I had obtained glory from the rest of Hellas.
+      I was trusted by the Lacedaemonians; else would they not have sent me back
+      to you. Whereas to-day I turn to go, calumniated before the Lacedaemonians
+      by yourselves, detested in your behalf by Seuthes, whom I meant so to
+      benefit, by help of you, that I should find in him a refuge for myself and
+      for my children, if children I might have, in after time. And you the
+      while, for whose sake I have incurred so much hate, the hate of people far
+      superior to me in strength, you, for whom I have not yet ceased to devise
+      all the good I can, entertain such sentiments about me. Why? I am no
+      renegade or runaway slave, you have got hold of. If you carry out what you
+      say, be sure you will have done to death a man who has passed many a vigil
+      in watching over you; who has shared with you many a toil and run many a
+      risk in turn and out of turn; who, thanks to the gracious gods! has by
+      your side set up full many a trophy over the barbarian; who, lastly, has
+      strained every nerve in his body to protect you against yourselves. And so
+      it is, that to-day you can move freely, where you choose, by sea or by
+      land, and no one can say you nay; and you, on whom this large liberty
+      dawns, who are sailing to a long desired goal, who are sought after by the
+      greatest of military powers, who have pay in prospect, and for leaders
+      these Lacedaemonians, our acknowledged chiefs: now is the appointed time,
+      you think, to put me to a speedy death. But in the days of our
+      difficulties it was very different, O ye men of marvellous memory! No! in
+      those days you called me 'father!' and you promised you would bear me ever
+      in mind, 'your benefactor.' Not so, however, not so ungracious are those
+      who have come to you to-day; nor, if I mistake not, have you bettered
+      yourselves in their eyes by your treatment of me."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      With these words he paused, and Charminus the Lacedaemonian got up and
+      said: "Nay, by the Twins, you are wrong, surely, in your anger against
+      this man; I myself can bear testimony in his favour. When Polynicus and I
+      asked Seuthes, what sort of a man he was? Seuthes answered:&mdash;he had
+      but one fault to find with him, that he was too much the soldiers' friend,
+      which also was the cause why things went wrong with him, whether as
+      regards us Lacedaemonians or himself, Seuthes."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Upon that Eurylochus of Lusia, an Arcadian, got up and said (addressing
+      the two Lacedaemonians), "Yes, sirs; and what strikes me is that you
+      cannot begin your generalship of us better than by exacting from Seuthes
+      our pay. Whether he like it or no, let him pay in full; and do not take us
+      away before."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Polycrates the Athenian, who was put forward by Xenophon, said: "If my
+      eyes do not deceive me, sirs, there stands Heracleides, yonder, the man
+      who received the property won by our toil, who took and sold it, and never
+      gave back either to Seuthes or to us the proceeds of the sale, but kept
+      the money to himself, like the thief he is. If we are wise, we will lay
+      hold of him, for he is no Thracian, but a Hellene; and against Hellenes is
+      the wrong he has committed."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      When Heracleides heard these words, he was in great consternation; so he
+      came to Seuthes and said: "If we are wise we will get away from here out
+      of reach of these fellows." So they mounted their horses and were gone in
+      a trice, galloping to their own camp. Subsequently Seuthes sent
+      Abrozelmes, his private interpreter, to Xenophon, begging him to stay
+      behind with one thousand heavy troops; and engaging duly to deliver to him
+      the places on the seaboard, and the other things which he had promised;
+      and then, as a great secret, he told him, that he had heard from Polynicus
+      that if he once got into the clutches of the Lacedaemonians, Thibron was
+      certain to put him to death. Similar messages kept coming to Xenophon by
+      letter or otherwise from several quarters, warning him that he was
+      calumniated, and had best be on his guard. Hearing which, he took two
+      victims and sacrificed to Zeus the King: "Whether it were better and
+      happier to stay with Seuthes on the terms proposed, or depart with the
+      army?" The answer he received was, "Depart."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0059" id="link2H_4_0059">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      VII
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      After this, Seuthes removed his camp to some considerable distance; and
+      the Hellenes took up their quarters in some villages, selecting those in
+      which they could best supply their commissariat, on the road to the sea.
+      Now these particular villages had been given by Seuthes to Medosades.
+      Accordingly, when the latter saw his property in the villages being
+      expended by the Hellenes, he was not over well pleased; and taking with
+      him an Odrysian, a powerful person amongst those who had come down from
+      the interior, and about thirty mounted troopers, he came and challenged
+      Xenophon to come forth from the Hellenic host. He, taking some of the
+      officers and others of a character to be relied upon, came forward. Then
+      Medosades, addressing Xenophon, said: "You are doing wrong to pillage our
+      villages; we give you fair warning&mdash;I, in behalf of Seuthes, and this
+      man by my side, who comes from Medocus, the king up country&mdash;to
+      begone out of the land. If you refuse, understand, we have no notion of
+      handing it over to you; but if you injure our country we will retaliate
+      upon you as foes."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Xenophon, hearing what they had to say, replied: "Such language addressed
+      to us by you, of all people, is hard to answer. Yet for the sake of the
+      young man with you, I will attempt to do so, that at least he may learn
+      how different your nature is from ours. We," he continued, "before we were
+      your friends, had the free run of this country, moving this way or that,
+      as it took our fancy, pillaging and burning just as we chose; and you
+      yourself, Medosades, whenever you came to us on an embassy, camped with
+      us, without apprehension of any foe. As a tribe collectively you scarcely
+      approached the country at all, or if you found yourselves in it, you
+      bivouacked with your horses bitted and bridled, as being in the territory
+      of your superiors. Presently you made friends with us, and, thanks to us,
+      by God's help you have won this country, out of which to-day you seek to
+      drive us; a country which we held by our own strength and gave to you. No
+      hostile force, as you well know, was capable of expelling us. It might
+      have been expected of you personally to speed us on our way with some
+      gift, in return for the good we did you. Not so; even though our backs are
+      turned to go, we are too slow in our movements for you. You will not
+      suffer us to take up quarters even, if you can help it, and these words
+      arouse no shame in you, either before the gods, or this Odrysian, in whose
+      eyes to-day you are man of means, though until you cultivated our
+      friendship you lived a robber's life, as you have told us. However, why do
+      you address yourself to me? I am no longer in command. Our generals are
+      the Lacedaemonians, to whom you and yours delivered the army for
+      withdrawal; and that, without even inviting me to attend, you most
+      marvellous of men, so that if I lost their favour when I brought you the
+      troops, I might now win their gratitude by restoring them."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      As soon as the Odrysian had heard this statement, he exclaimed: "For my
+      part, Medosades, I sink under the earth for very shame at what I hear. If
+      I had known the truth before, I would never have accompanied you. As it
+      is, I return at once. Never would King Medocus applaud me, if I drove
+      forth his benefactors." With these words, he mounted his horse and rode
+      away, and with him the rest of his horsemen, except four or five. But
+      Medosades, still vexed by the pillaging of the country, urged Xenophon to
+      summon the two Lacedaemonians; and he, taking the pick of his men, came to
+      Charminus and Polynicus and informed them that they were summoned by
+      Medosades; probably they, like himself, would be warned to leave the
+      country; "if so," he added, "you will be able to recover the pay which is
+      owing to the army. You can say to them, that the army has requested you to
+      assist in exacting their pay from Seuthes, whether he like it or not; that
+      they have promised, as soon as they get this, cheerfully to follow you;
+      that the demand seems to you to be only just, and that you have
+      accordingly promised not to leave, until the soldiers have got their
+      dues." The Lacedaemonians accepted the suggestion: they would apply these
+      arguments and others the most forcible they could hit upon; and with the
+      proper representatives of the army, they immediately set off.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      On their arrival Charminus spoke: "If you have anything to say to us,
+      Medosades, say it; but if not, we have something to say to you." And
+      Medosades submissively made answer: "I say," said he, "and Seuthes says
+      the same: we think we have a right to ask that those who have become our
+      friends should not be ill-treated by you; whatever ill you do to them you
+      really do to us, for they are a part of us." "Good!" replied the
+      Lacedaemonians, "and we intend to go away as soon as those who won for you
+      the people and the territory in question have got their pay. Failing that,
+      we are coming without further delay to assist them and to punish certain
+      others who have broken their oaths and done them wrong. If it should turn
+      out that you come under this head, when we come to exact justice, we shall
+      begin with you." Xenophon added: "Would you prefer, Medosades, to leave it
+      to these people themselves, in whose country we are (your friends, since
+      this is the designation you prefer), to decide by ballot, which of the two
+      should leave the country, you or we?" To that proposal he shook his head,
+      but he trusted the two Laconians might be induced to go to Seuthes about
+      the pay, adding, "Seuthes, I am sure, will lend a willing ear;" or if they
+      could not go, then he prayed them to send Xenophon with himself, promising
+      to lend the latter all the aid in his power, and finally he begged them
+      not to burn the villages. Accordingly they sent Xenophon, and with him a
+      serviceable staff. Being arrived, he addressed Seuthes thus:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Seuthes, I am here to advance no claims, but to show you, if I can, how
+      unjust it was on your part to be angered with me because I zealously
+      demanded of you on behalf of the soldiers what you promised them.
+      According to my belief, it was no less to your interest to deliver it up,
+      than it was to theirs to receive it. I cannot forget that, next to the
+      gods, it was they who raised you up to a conspicuous eminence, when they
+      made you king of large territory and many men, a position in which you
+      cannot escape notice, whether you do good or do evil. For a man so
+      circumstanced, I regarded it as a great thing that he should avoid the
+      suspicion even of ungrateful parting with his benefactors. It was a great
+      thing, I thought, that you should be well spoken of by six thousand human
+      beings; but the greatest thing of all, that you should in no wise
+      discredit the sincerity of your own word. For what of the man who cannot
+      be trusted? I see that the words of his mouth are but vain words,
+      powerless, and unhonoured; but with him who is seen to regard truth, the
+      case is otherwise. He can achieve by his words what another achieves by
+      force. If he seeks to bring the foolish to their senses&mdash;his very
+      frown, I perceive, has a more sobering effect than the chastisement
+      inflicted by another. Or in negotiations the very promises of such an one
+      are of equal weight with the gifts of another.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Try and recall to mind in your own case, what advance of money you made
+      to us to purchase our alliance. You know you did not advance one penny. It
+      was simply confidence in the sincerity of your word which incited all
+      these men to assist you in your campaign, and so to acquire for you an
+      empire, worth many times more than thirty talents, which is all they now
+      claim to receive. Here then, first of all, goes the credit which won for
+      you your kingdom, sold for so mean a sum. Let me remind you of the great
+      importance which you then attached to the acquisition of your present
+      conquests. I am certain that to achieve what stands achieved to-day, you
+      would willingly have foregone the gain of fifty times that paltry sum. To
+      me it seems that to lose your present fortune were a more serious loss
+      than never to have won it; since surely it is harder to be poor after
+      being rich than never to have tasted wealth at all, and more painful to
+      sink to the level of a subject, being a king, then never to have worn a
+      crown.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "You cannot forget that your present vassals were not persuaded to become
+      your subjects out of love for you, but by sheer force; and but for some
+      restraining dread they would endeavour to be free again to-morrow. And how
+      do you propose to stimulate their sense of awe, and keep them in good
+      behaviour towards you? Shall they see our soldiers so disposed towards you
+      that a word on your part would suffice to keep them now, or if necessary
+      would bring them back again to-morrow? while others hearing from us a
+      hundred stories in your praise, hasten to present themselves at your
+      desire? Or will you drive them to conclude adversely, that through
+      mistrust of what has happened now, no second set of soldiers will come to
+      help you, for even these troops of ours are more their friends than yours?
+      And indeed it was not because they fell short of us in numbers that they
+      became your subjects, but from lack of proper leaders. There is a danger,
+      therefore, now lest they should choose as their protectors some of us who
+      regard ourselves as wronged by you, or even better men than us&mdash;the
+      Lacedaemonians themselves; supposing our soldiers undertake to serve with
+      more enthusiasm, if the debt you owe to them be first exacted; and the
+      Lacedaemonians, who need their services, consent to this request. It is
+      plain, at any rate, that the Thracians, now prostrate at your feet, would
+      display far more enthusiasm in attacking, than in assisting you; for your
+      mastery means their slavery, and your defeat their liberty.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Again, the country is now yours, and from this time forward you have to
+      make provision for what is yours; and how will you best secure it an
+      immunity from ill? Either these soldiers receive their dues and go,
+      leaving a legacy of peace behind, or they stay and occupy an enemy's
+      country, whilst you endeavour, by aid of a still larger army, to open a
+      new campaign and turn them out; and your new troops will also need
+      provisions. Or again, which will be the greater drain on your purse? to
+      pay off your present debt, or, with that still owing, to bid for more
+      troops, and of a better quality?
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Heracleides, as he used to prove to me, finds the sum excessive. But
+      surely it is a far less serious thing for you to take and pay it back
+      to-day than it would have been to pay the tithe of it, before we came to
+      you; since the limit between less and more is no fixed number, but depends
+      on the relative capacity of payer and recipient, and your yearly income
+      now is larger than the whole property which you possessed in earlier days.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Well, Seuthes, for myself these remarks are the expression of friendly
+      forethought for a friend. They are expressed in the double hope that you
+      may show yourself worthy of the good things which the gods have given you,
+      and that my reputation may not be ruined with the army. For I must assure
+      you that to-day, if I wished to injure a foe, I could not do so with this
+      army. Nor again, if I wished to come and help you, should I be competent
+      to the task; such is the disposition of the troops towards me. And yet I
+      call you to witness, along with the gods who know, that never have I
+      received anything from you on account of the soldiers. Never to this day
+      have I, to my private gain, asked for what was theirs, nor even claimed
+      the promises which were made to myself; and I swear to you, not even had
+      you proposed to pay me my dues, would I have accepted them, unless the
+      soldiers also had been going to receive theirs too; how could I? How
+      shameful it would have been in me, so to have secured my own interests,
+      whilst I disregarded the disastrous state of theirs, I being so honoured
+      by them. Of course to the mind of Heracleides this is all silly talk;
+      since the one great object is to keep money by whatever means. That is not
+      my tenet, Seuthes. I believe that no fairer or brighter jewel can be given
+      to a man, and most of all a prince, than the threefold grace of valour,
+      justice, and generosity. He that possesses these is rich in the multitude
+      of friends which surround him; rich also in the desire of others to be
+      included in their number. While he prospers, he is surrounded by those who
+      will rejoice with him in his joy; or if misfortune overtake him, he has no
+      lack of sympathisers to give him help. However, if you have failed to
+      learn from my deeds that I was, heart and soul, your friend; if my words
+      are powerless to reveal the fact to-day, I would at least direct your
+      attention to what the soldiers said; you were standing by and heard what
+      those who sought to blame me said. They accused me to the Lacedaemonians,
+      and the point of their indictment was that I set greater store by yourself
+      than by the Lacedaemonians; but, as regards themselves, the charge was
+      that I took more pains to secure the success of your interests than their
+      own. They suggested that I had actually taken gifts from you. Was it, do
+      you suppose, because they detected some ill-will in me towards you that
+      they made the allegation? Was it not rather, that they had noticed my
+      abundant zeal on your behalf?
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "All men believe, I think, that a fund of kindly feeling is due to him
+      from whom we accept gifts. But what is your behaviour? Before I had
+      ministered to you in any way, or done you a single service, you welcomed
+      me kindly with your eyes, your voice, your hospitality, and you could not
+      sate yourself with promises of all the fine things that were to follow.
+      But having once achieved your object, and become the great man you now
+      are, as great indeed as I could make you, you can stand by and see me
+      degraded among my own soldiers! Well, time will teach you&mdash;that I
+      fully believe&mdash;to pay whatever seems to you right, and even without
+      the lessons of that teacher you will hardly care to see whose who have
+      spent themselves in benefiting you, become your accusers. Only, when you
+      do pay your debt, I beg of you to use your best endeavour to right me with
+      the soldiers. Leave me at least where you found me; that is all I ask."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      After listening to this appeal, Seuthes called down curses on him, whose
+      fault it was, that the debt had not long ago been paid, and, if the
+      general suspicion was correct, this was Heracleides. "For myself," said
+      Seuthes, "I never had any idea of robbing you of your just dues. I will
+      repay." Then Xenophon rejoined: "Since you are minded to pay, I only ask
+      that you will do so through me, and will not suffer me on your account to
+      hold a different position in the army from what I held when we joined
+      you." He replied: "As far as that goes, so far from holding a less
+      honoured position among your own men on my account, if you will stay with
+      me, keeping only a thousand heavy infantry, I will deliver to you the
+      fortified places and everything I promised." The other answered: "On these
+      terms I may not accept them, only let us go free." "Nay, but I know," said
+      Seuthes, "that it is safer for you to bide with me than to go away." Then
+      Xenophon again: "For your forethought I thank you, but I may not stay.
+      Somewhere I may rise to honour, and that, be sure, shall redound to your
+      gain also." Thereupon Seuthes spoke: "Of silver I have but little; that
+      little, however, I give to you, one talent; but of beeves I can give you
+      six hundred head, and of sheep four thousand, and of slaves six score.
+      These take, and the hostages besides, who wronged you, and begone."
+      Xenophon laughed and said: "But supposing these all together do not amount
+      to the pay; for whom is the talent, shall I say? It is a little dangerous
+      for myself, is it not? I think I had better be on the look-out for stones
+      when I return. You heard the threats?"
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      So for the moment he stayed there, but the next day Seuthes gave up to
+      them what he had promised, and sent an escort to drive the cattle. The
+      soldiers at first maintained that Xenophon had gone to take up his abode
+      with Seuthes, and to receive what he had been promised; so when they saw
+      him they were pleased, and ran to meet him. And Xenophon, seeing Charminus
+      and Polynicus, said: "Thanks to your intervention, this much has been
+      saved for the army. My duty is to deliver this fraction over to your
+      keeping; do you divide and distribute it to the soldiers." Accordingly
+      they took the property and appointed official vendors of the booty, and in
+      the end incurred considerable blame. Xenophon held aloof. In fact it was
+      no secret that he was making his preparations to return home, for as yet
+      the vote of banishment had not been passed at Athens (1). But the
+      authorities in the camp came to him and begged him not to go away until he
+      had conducted the army to its destination, and handed it over to Thibron.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) I.e. "at this moment the vote of banishment had not been passed
+    which would prevent his return to Athens." The natural inference
+    from these words is, I think, that the vote of banishment was
+    presently passed, at any rate considerably earlier than the battle
+    of Coronea in B.C. 394, five years and a half afterwards.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0060" id="link2H_4_0060">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      VIII
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      From this place they sailed across to Lampsacus, and here Xenophon was met
+      by Eucleides the soothsayer, a Phliasian, the son of Cleagoras, who
+      painted "the dreams (1)" in the Lycium. Eucleides congratulated Xenophon
+      upon his safe return, and asked him how much gold he had got? and Xenophon
+      had to confess: "Upon my word, I shall have barely enough to get home,
+      unless I sell my horse, and what I have about my person." The other could
+      not credit the statement. Now when the Lampsacenes sent gifts of
+      hospitality to Xenophon, and he was sacrificing to Apollo, he requested
+      the presence of Eucleides; and the latter, seeing the victims, said: "Now
+      I believe what you said about having no money. But I am certain," he
+      continued, "if it were ever to come, there is an obstacle in the way. If
+      nothing else, you are that obstacle yourself." Xenophon admitted the force
+      of that remark. Then the other: "Zeus Meilichios (2) is an obstacle to
+      you, I am sure," adding in another tone of voice, "have you tried
+      sacrificing to that god, as I was wont to sacrifice and offer whole burnt
+      offerings for you at home?" Xenophon replied that since he had been
+      abroad, he had not sacrificed to that god. Accordingly Eucleides
+      counselled him to sacrifice in the old customary way: he was sure that his
+      fortune would improve. The next day Xenophon went on to Ophrynium and
+      sacrificed, offering a holocaust of swine, after the custom of his family,
+      and the signs which he obtained were favourable. That very day Bion and
+      Nausicleides arrived laden with gifts for the army. These two were
+      hospitably entertained by Xenophon, and were kind enough to repurchase the
+      horse he had sold in Lampsacus for fifty darics; suspecting that he had
+      parted with it out of need, and hearing that he was fond of the beast they
+      restored it to him, refusing to be remunerated.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (1) Reading {ta enupnia}, or if {ta entoikhia} with Hug and others,
+    translate "the wall-paintings" or the "frescoes." Others think
+    that a writing, not a painting, is referred to.
+
+ (2) Zeus Meilichios, or the gentle one. See Thuc. i. 126. The festival
+    of the Diasia at Athens was in honour of that god, or rather of
+    Zeus under that aspect. Cf. Arist. "Clouds," 408.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      From that place they marched through the Troad, and, crossing Mount Ida,
+      arrived at Antandrus, and then pushed along the seaboard of Mysia to the
+      plain of Thebe (3). Thence they made their way through Adramytium and
+      Certonus (4) by Atarneus, coming into the plain of the Caicus, and so
+      reached Pergamus in Mysia.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (3) Thebe, a famous ancient town in Mysia, at the southern foot of Mt.
+    Placius, which is often mentioned in Homer ("Il." i. 366, vi. 397,
+    xxii. 479, ii. 691). See "Dict. Geog." s.v. The name {Thebes
+    pedion} preserves the site. Cf. above {Kaustrou pedion}, and such
+    modern names as "the Campagna" or "Piano di Sorrento."
+
+ (4) The site of Certonus is not ascertained. Some critics have
+    conjectured that the name should be Cytonium, a place between
+    Mysia and Lydia; and Hug, who reads {Kutoniou}, omits {odeusantes
+    par 'Atanea}, "they made their way by Atarneus," as a gloss.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Here Xenophon was hospitably entertained at the house of Hellas, the wife
+      of Gongylus the Eretrian (5), the mother of Gorgion and Gongylus. From her
+      he learnt that Asidates, a Persian notable, was in the plain. "If you take
+      thirty men and go by night, you will take him prisoner," she said, "wife,
+      children, money, and all; of money he has a store;" and to show them the
+      way to these treasures, she sent her own cousin and Daphnagoras, whom she
+      set great store by. So then Xenophon, with these two to assist, did
+      sacrifice; and Basias, an Eleian, the soothsayer in attendance, said that
+      the victims were as promising as could be, and the great man would be an
+      easy prey. Accordingly, after dinner he set off, taking with him the
+      officers who had been his staunchest friends and confidants throughout; as
+      he wished to do them a good turn. A number of others came thrusting
+      themselves on their company, to the number of six hundred, but the
+      officers repelled them: "They had no notion of sharing their portion of
+      the spoil," they said, "just as though the property lay already at their
+      feet."
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (5) Cf. Thuc. i. 128; also "Hell." III. i. 6.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      About midnight they arrived. The slaves occupying the precincts of the
+      tower, with the mass of goods and chattles, slipped through their fingers,
+      their sole anxiety being to capture Asidates and his belongings. So they
+      brought their batteries to bear, but failing to take the tower by assault
+      (since it was high and solid, and well supplied with ramparts, besides
+      having a large body of warlike defenders), they endeavoured to undermine
+      it. The wall was eight clay bricks thick, but by daybreak the passage was
+      effected and the wall undermined. At the first gleam of light through the
+      aperture, one of the defendants inside, with a large ox-spit, smote right
+      through the thigh of the man nearest the hole, and the rest discharged
+      their arrows so hotly that it was dangerous to come anywhere near the
+      passage; and what with their shouting and kindling of beacon fires, a
+      relief party at length arrived, consisting of Itabelius at the head of his
+      force, and a body of Assyrian heavy infantry from Comania, and some
+      Hyrcanian cavalry (6), the latter also being mercenaries of the king.
+      There were eighty of them, and another detachment of light troops, about
+      eight hundred, and more from Parthenium, and more again from Apollonia and
+      the neighbouring places, also cavalry.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (6) The Hyrcanian cavalry play an important part in the "Cyropaedeia."
+    They are the Scirites of the Assyrian army who came over to Cyrus
+    after the first battle. Their country is the fertile land touching
+    the south-eastern corner of the Caspian. Cf. "Cyrop." IV. ii. 8,
+    where the author (or an editor) appends a note on the present
+    status of the Hyrcanians.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      It was now high time to consider how they were to beat a retreat. So
+      seizing all the cattle and sheep to be had, with the slaves, they put them
+      within a hollow square and proceed to drive them off. Not that they had a
+      thought to give to the spoils now, but for precaution's sake and for fear
+      lest if they left the goods and chattels behind and made off, the retreat
+      would rapidly degenerate into a stampede, the enemy growing bolder as the
+      troops lost heart. For the present then they retired as if they meant to
+      do battle for the spoils. As soon as Gongylus espied how few the Hellenes
+      were and how large the attacking party, out he came himself, in spite of
+      his mother, with his private force, wishing to share in the action.
+      Another too joined in the rescue&mdash;Procles, from Halisarna and
+      Teuthrania, a descendant of Damaratus. By this time Xenophon and his men
+      were being sore pressed by the arrows and slingstones, though they marched
+      in a curve so as to keep their shields facing the missiles, and even so,
+      barely crossed the river Carcasus, nearly half of them wounded. Here it
+      was that Agasias the Stymphalian, the captain, received his wound, while
+      keeping up a steady unflagging fight against the enemy from beginning to
+      end. And so they reached home in safety with about two hundred captives,
+      and sheep enough for sacrifices.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The next day Xenophon sacrificed and led out the whole army under the
+      cover of night, intending to pierce far into the heart of Lydia with a
+      view to lulling to sleep the enemy's alarm at his proxmity, and so in fact
+      to put him off his guard. But Asidates, hearing that Xenophon had again
+      sacrificed with the intention of another attack, and was approaching with
+      his whole army, left his tower and took up quarters in some villages lying
+      under the town of Parthenium. Here Xenophon's party fell in with him, and
+      took him prisoner, with his wife, his children, his horses, and all that
+      he had; and so the promise of the earlier victims was literally fulfilled.
+      After that they returned again to Pergamus, and here Xenophon might well
+      thank God with a warm heart, for the Laconians, the officers, the other
+      generals, and the soldiers as a body united to give him the pick of horses
+      and cattle teams, and the rest; so that he was now in a position himself
+      to do another a good turn.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Meanwhile Thibron arrived and received the troops which he incorporated
+      with the rest of his Hellenic forces, and so proceeded to prosecute a war
+      against Tissaphernes and Pharnabazus (7).
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+ (7) The MSS. add: "The following is a list of the governors of the
+    several territories of the king which were traversed by us during
+    the expedition: Artimas, governor of Lydia; Artacamas, of Phrygia;
+    Mithridates, of Lycaonia and Cappadocia; Syennesis, of Cilicia;
+    Dernes, of Phoenicia and Arabia; Belesys, of Syria and Assyria;
+    Rhoparas, of Babylon; Arbacus, of Media; Tiribazus, of the
+    Phasians and Hesperites. Then some independent tribes&mdash;the
+    Carduchians or Kurds, and Chalybes, and Chaldaeans, and Macrones,
+    and Colchians, and Mossynoecians, and Coetians, and Tibarenians.
+    Then Corylas, the governor of Paphlagonia; Pharnabazus, of the
+    Bithynians; Seuthes, of the European Thracians. The entire
+    journey, ascent and descent, consisted of two hundred and fifteen
+    stages = one thousand one hundred and fifty-five parasangs =
+    thirty-four thousand six hundred and fifty stades. Computed in
+    time, the length of ascent and descent together amounted to one
+    year and three months." The annotator apparently computes the
+    distance from Ephesus to Cotyora.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Anabasis, by Xenophon
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+</pre>
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+</html>
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Anabasis, by Xenophon
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Anabasis
+
+Author: Xenophon
+
+Translator: H. G. Dakyns
+
+Posting Date: August 13, 2008 [EBook #1170]
+Release Date: January, 1998
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ANABASIS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by John Bickers
+
+
+
+
+
+ANABASIS
+
+By Xenophon
+
+Translation by H. G. Dakyns
+
+
+
+
+          Dedicated To
+          Rev. B. Jowett, M.A.
+          Master of Balliol College
+          Regius Professor of Greek in the University of Oxford
+
+
+
+          Xenophon the Athenian was born 431 B.C. He was a
+          pupil of Socrates. He marched with the Spartans,
+          and was exiled from Athens. Sparta gave him land
+          and property in Scillus, where he lived for many
+          years before having to move once more, to settle
+          in Corinth. He died in 354 B.C.
+
+          The Anabasis is his story of the march to Persia
+          to aid Cyrus, who enlisted Greek help to try and
+          take the throne from Artaxerxes, and the ensuing
+          return of the Greeks, in which Xenophon played a
+          leading role. This occurred between 401 B.C. and
+          March 399 B.C.
+
+
+
+
+PREPARER'S NOTE
+
+This was typed from Dakyns' series, "The Works of Xenophon," a
+four-volume set. The complete list of Xenophon's works (though
+there is doubt about some of these) is:
+
+     Work                                   Number of books
+
+     The Anabasis                                         7
+     The Hellenica                                        7
+     The Cyropaedia                                       8
+     The Memorabilia                                      4
+     The Symposium                                        1
+     The Economist                                        1
+     On Horsemanship                                      1
+     The Sportsman                                        1
+     The Cavalry General                                  1
+     The Apology                                          1
+     On Revenues                                          1
+     The Hiero                                            1
+     The Agesilaus                                        1
+     The Polity of the Athenians and the Lacedaemonians   2
+
+Text in brackets "{}" is my transliteration of Greek text into
+English using an Oxford English Dictionary alphabet table. The
+diacritical marks have been lost.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ANABASIS
+
+BY
+
+XENOPHON
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ANABASIS
+
+
+
+BOOK I
+
+
+
+
+I.
+
+
+Darius and Parysatis had two sons: the elder was named Artaxerxes, and  1
+the younger Cyrus. Now, as Darius lay sick and felt that the end of
+life drew near, he wished both his sons to be with him. The elder, as
+it chanced, was already there, but Cyrus he must needs send for from
+the province over which he had made him satrap, having appointed him
+general moreover of all the forces that muster in the plain of the
+Castolus. Thus Cyrus went up, taking with him Tissaphernes as his
+friend, and accompanied also by a body of Hellenes, three hundred
+heavy armed men, under the command of Xenias the Parrhasian (1).
+
+ (1) Parrhasia, a district and town in the south-west of Arcadia.
+
+Now when Darius was dead, and Artaxerxes was established in the
+kingdom, Tissaphernes brought slanderous accusations against Cyrus
+before his brother, the king, of harbouring designs against him. And
+Artaxerxes, listening to the words of Tissaphernes, laid hands upon
+Cyrus, desiring to put him to death; but his mother made intercession
+for him, and sent him back again in safety to his province. He then,
+having so escaped through peril and dishonour, fell to considering,
+not only how he might avoid ever again being in his brother's power,
+but how, if possible, he might become king in his stead. Parysatis,
+his mother, was his first resource; for she had more love for Cyrus
+than for Artaxerxes upon his throne. Moreover Cyrus's behaviour
+towards all who came to him from the king's court was such that, when
+he sent them away again, they were better friends to himself than to    5
+the king his brother. Nor did he neglect the barbarians in his own
+service; but trained them, at once to be capable as warriors and
+devoted adherents of himself. Lastly, he began collecting his Hellenic
+armament, but with the utmost secrecy, so that he might take the king
+as far as might be at unawares.
+
+The manner in which he contrived the levying of the troops was as
+follows: First, he sent orders to the commandants of garrisons in the
+cities (so held by him), bidding them to get together as large a body
+of picked Peloponnesian troops as they severally were able, on the
+plea that Tissaphernes was plotting against their cities; and truly
+these cities of Ionia had originally belonged to Tissaphernes, being
+given to him by the king; but at this time, with the exception of
+Miletus, they had all revolted to Cyrus. In Miletus, Tissaphernes,
+having become aware of similar designs, had forestalled the
+conspirators by putting some to death and banishing the remainder.
+Cyrus, on his side, welcomed these fugitives, and having collected an
+army, laid siege to Miletus by sea and land, endeavouring to reinstate
+the exiles; and this gave him another pretext for collecting an
+armament. At the same time he sent to the king, and claimed, as being
+the king's brother, that these cities should be given to himself
+rather than that Tissaphernes should continue to govern them; and in
+furtherance of this end, the queen, his mother, co-operated with him,
+so that the king not only failed to see the design against himself,
+but concluded that Cyrus was spending his money on armaments in order
+to make war on Tissaphernes. Nor did it pain him greatly to see the
+two at war together, and the less so because Cyrus was careful to
+remit the tribute due to the king from the cities which belonged to
+Tissaphernes.
+
+A third army was being collected for him in the Chersonese, over
+against Abydos, the origin of which was as follows: There was a
+Lacedaemonian exile, named Clearchus, with whom Cyrus had become
+associated. Cyrus admired the man, and made him a present of ten
+thousand darics (2). Clearchus took the gold, and with the money raised  9
+an army, and using the Chersonese as his base of operations, set to
+work to fight the Thracians north of the Hellespont, in the interests
+of the Hellenes, and with such happy result that the Hellespontine
+cities, of their own accord, were eager to contribute funds for the
+support of his troops. In this way, again, an armament was being
+secretly maintained for Cyrus.
+
+ (2) A Persian gold coin = 125.55 grains of gold.
+
+Then there was the Thessalian Aristippus, Cyrus's friend (3), who,
+under pressure of the rival political party at home, had come to Cyrus
+and asked him for pay for two thousand mercenaries, to be continued
+for three months, which would enable him, he said, to gain the upper
+hand of his antagonists. Cyrus replied by presenting him with six
+months' pay for four thousand mercenaries--only stipulating that
+Aristippus should not come to terms with his antagonists without final
+consultation with himself. In this way he secured to himself the
+secret maintenance of a fourth armament.
+
+ (3) Lit. "guest-friend." Aristippus was, as we learn from the "Meno"
+    of Plato, a native of Larisa, of the family of the Aleuadae, and a
+    pupil of Gorgias. He was also a lover of Menon, whom he appears to
+    have sent on this expedition instead of himself.
+
+Further, he bade Proxenus, a Boeotian, who was another friend, get
+together as many men as possible, and join him in an expedition which
+he meditated against the Pisidians (4), who were causing annoyance to
+his territory. Similarly two other friends, Sophaenetus the
+Stymphalian (5), and Socrates the Achaean, had orders to get together
+as many men as possible and come to him, since he was on the point of
+opening a campaign, along with Milesian exiles, against Tissaphernes.
+These orders were duly carried out by the officers in question.
+
+ (4) Lit. "into the country of the Pisidians."
+
+ (5) Of Stymphalus in Arcadia.
+
+
+
+
+II
+
+But when the right moment seemed to him to have come, at which he       1
+should begin his march into the interior, the pretext which he put
+forward was his desire to expel the Pisidians utterly out of the
+country; and he began collecting both his Asiatic and his Hellenic
+armaments, avowedly against that people. From Sardis in each direction
+his orders sped: to Clearchus, to join him there with the whole of his
+army; to Aristippus, to come to terms with those at home, and to
+despatch to him the troops in his employ; to Xenias the Arcadian, who
+was acting as general-in-chief of the foreign troops in the cities, to
+present himself with all the men available, excepting only those who
+were actually needed to garrison the citadels. He next summoned the
+troops at present engaged in the siege of Miletus, and called upon the
+exiles to follow him on his intended expedition, promising them that
+if he were successful in his object, he would not pause until he had
+reinstated them in their native city. To this invitation they
+hearkened gladly; they believed in him; and with their arms they
+presented themselves at Sardis. So, too, Xenias arrived at Sardis with
+the contingent from the cities, four thousand hoplites; Proxenus,
+also, with fifteen hundred hoplites and five hundred light-armed
+troops; Sophaenetus the Stymphalian, with one thousand hoplites;
+Socrates the Achaean, with five hundred hoplites; while the Megarion
+Pasion came with three hundred hoplites and three hundred peltasts (1).
+This latter officer, as well as Socrates, belonged to the force
+engaged against Miletus. These all joined him at Sardis.
+
+ (1) "Targeteers" armed with a light shield instead of the larger one
+    of the hoplite, or heavy infantry soldier. Iphicrates made great
+    use of this arm at a later date.
+
+But Tissaphernes did not fail to note these proceedings. An equipment
+so large pointed to something more than an invasion of Pisidia: so he
+argued; and with what speed he might, he set off to the king, attended
+by about five hundred horse. The king, on his side, had no sooner
+heard from Tissaphernes of Cyrus's great armament, than he began to
+make counter-preparations.
+
+Thus Cyrus, with the troops which I have named, set out from Sardis,
+and marched on and on through Lydia three stages, making
+two-and-twenty parasangs (2), to the river Maeander. That river is two
+hundred feet (3) broad, and was spanned by a bridge consisting of seven
+boats. Crossing it, he marched through Phrygia a single stage, of
+eight parasangs, to Colossae, an inhabited city (4), prosperous and      6
+large. Here he remained seven days, and was joined by Menon the
+Thessalian, who arrived with one thousand hoplites and five hundred
+peltasts, Dolopes, Aenianes, and Olynthians. From this place he
+marched three stages, twenty parasangs in all, to Celaenae, a populous
+city of Phrygia, large and prosperous. Here Cyrus owned a palace and a
+large park (5) full of wild beasts, which he used to hunt on horseback,
+whenever he wished to give himself or his horses exercise. Through the
+midst of the park flows the river Maeander, the sources of which are
+within the palace buildings, and it flows through the city of
+Celaenae. The great king also has a palace in Celaenae, a strong
+place, on the sources of another river, the Marsyas, at the foot of
+the acropolis. This river also flows through the city, discharging
+itself into the Maeander, and is five-and-twenty feet broad. Here is
+the place where Apollo is said to have flayed Marsyas, when he had
+conquered him in the contest of skill. He hung up the skin of the
+conquered man, in the cavern where the spring wells forth, and hence
+the name of the river, Marsyas. It was on this site that Xerxes, as
+tradition tells, built this very palace, as well as the citadel of
+Celaenae itself, on his retreat from Hellas, after he had lost the
+famous battle. Here Cyrus remained for thirty days, during which
+Clearchus the Lacedaemonian arrived with one thousand hoplites and
+eight hundred Thracian peltasts and two hundred Cretan archers. At the
+same time, also, came Sosis the Syracusian with three thousand
+hoplites, and Sophaenetus the Arcadian (6) with one thousand hoplites;
+and here Cyrus held a review, and numbered his Hellenes in the park,
+and found that they amounted in all to eleven thousand hoplites and
+about two thousand peltasts.
+
+ (2) The Persian "farsang" = 30 stades, nearly 1 league, 3 1/2 statute
+    miles, though not of uniform value in all parts of Asia.
+
+ (3) "Two plethra": the plethron = about 101 English feet.
+
+ (4) Lit. "inhabited," many of the cities of Asia being then as now
+    deserted, but the suggestion is clearly at times "thickly
+    inhabited," "populous."
+
+ (5) Lit. "paradise," an oriental word = park or pleasure ground.
+
+ (6) Perhaps this should be Agias the Arcadian, as Mr. Macmichael
+    suggests. Sophaenetus has already been named above.
+
+From this place he continued his march two stages--ten parasangs--to    10
+the populous city of Peltae, where he remained three days; while
+Xenias, the Arcadian, celebrated the Lycaea (7) with sacrifice, and
+instituted games. The prizes were headbands of gold; and Cyrus himself
+was a spectator of the contest. From this place the march was
+continued two stages--twelve parasangs--to Ceramon-agora, a populous
+city, the last on the confines of Mysia. Thence a march of three
+stages--thirty parasangs--brought him to Caystru-pedion (8), a populous
+city. Here Cyrus halted five days; and the soldiers, whose pay was now
+more than three months in arrear, came several times to the palace
+gates demanding their dues; while Cyrus put them off with fine words
+and expectations, but could not conceal his vexation, for it was not
+his fashion to stint payment, when he had the means. At this point
+Epyaxa, the wife of Syennesis, the king of the Cilicians, arrived on a
+visit to Cyrus; and it was said that Cyrus received a large gift of
+money from the queen. At this date, at any rate, Cyrus gave the army
+four months' pay. The queen was accompanied by a bodyguard of
+Cilicians and Aspendians; and, if report speaks truly, Cyrus had
+intimate relations with the queen.
+
+ (7) The Lycaea, an Arcadian festival in honour of Zeus {Arcaios}, akin
+    to the Roman Lupercalia, which was originally a shepherd festival,
+    the introduction of which the Romans ascribe to the Arcadian
+    Evander.
+
+ (8) Lit. "plain of the Cayster," like Ceramon-agora, "the market of
+    the Ceramians" above, the name of a town.
+
+From this place he marched two stages--ten parasangs--to Thymbrium, a
+populous city. Here, by the side of the road, is the spring of Midas,
+the king of Phrygia, as it is called, where Midas, as the story goes,
+caught the satyr by drugging the spring with wine. From this place he
+marched two stages--ten parasangs--to Tyriaeum, a populous city. Here
+he halted three days; and the Cilician queen, according to the popular
+account, begged Cyrus to exhibit his armament for her amusement. The
+latter being only too glad to make such an exhibition, held a review
+of the Hellenes and barbarians in the plain. He ordered the Hellenes
+to draw up their lines and post themselves in their customary battle
+order, each general marshalling his own battalion. Accordingly they
+drew up four-deep. The right was held by Menon and those with him; the  15
+left by Clearchus and his men; the centre by the remaining generals
+with theirs. Cyrus first inspected the barbarians, who marched past in
+troops of horses and companies of infantry. He then inspected the
+Hellenes; driving past them in his chariot, with the queen in her
+carriage. And they all had brass helmets and purple tunics, and
+greaves, and their shields uncovered (9).
+
+ (9) I.e. ready for action, c.f. "bayonets fixed".
+
+After he had driven past the whole body, he drew up his chariot in
+front of the centre of the battle-line, and sent his interpreter
+Pigres to the generals of the Hellenes, with orders to present arms
+and to advance along the whole line. This order was repeated by the
+generals to their men; and at the sound of the bugle, with shields
+forward and spears in rest, they advanced to meet the enemy. The pace
+quickened, and with a shout the soldiers spontaneously fell into a
+run, making in the direction of the camp. Great was the panic of the
+barbarians. The Cilician queen in her carriage turned and fled; the
+sutlers in the marketing place left their wares and took to their
+heels; and the Hellenes meanwhile came into camp with a roar of
+laughter. What astounded the queen was the brilliancy and order of the
+armament; but Cyrus was pleased to see the terror inspired by the
+Hellenes in the hearts of the Asiatics.
+
+From this place he marched on three stages--twenty parasangs--to
+Iconium, the last city of Phrygia, where he remained three days.
+Thence he marched through Lycaonia five stages--thirty parasangs. This
+was hostile country, and he gave it over to the Hellenes to pillage.
+At this point Cyrus sent back the Cilician queen to her own country by
+the quickest route; and to escort her he sent the soldiers of Menon,
+and Menon himself. With the rest of the troops he continued his march
+through Cappadocia four stages--twenty-five parasangs--to Dana, a
+populous city, large and flourishing. Here they halted three days,
+within which interval Cyrus put to death, on a charge of conspiracy, a
+Persian nobleman named Megaphernes, a wearer of the royal purple; and
+along with him another high dignitary among his subordinate
+commanders.
+
+From this place they endeavoured to force a passage into Cilicia. Now   21
+the entrance was by an exceedingly steep cart-road, impracticable for
+an army in face of a resisting force; and report said that Syennesis
+was on the summit of the pass guarding the approach. Accordingly they
+halted a day in the plain; but next day came a messenger informing
+them that Syenesis had left the pass; doubtless, after perceiving that
+Menon's army was already in Cilicia on his own side of the mountains;
+and he had further been informed that ships of war, belonging to the
+Lacedaemonians and to Cyrus himself, with Tamos on board as admiral,
+were sailing round from Ionia to Cilicia. Whatever the reason might
+be, Cyrus made his way up into the hills without let or hindrance, and
+came in sight of the tents where the Cilicians were on guard. From
+that point he descended gradually into a large and beautiful plain
+country, well watered, and thickly covered with trees of all sorts and
+vines. This plain produces sesame plentifully, as also panic and
+millet and barley and wheat; and it is shut in on all sides by a steep
+and lofty wall of mountains from sea to sea. Descending through this
+plain country, he advanced four stages--twenty-five parasangs--to
+Tarsus, a large and prosperous city of Cilicia. Here stood the palace
+of Syennesis, the king of the country; and through the middle of the
+city flows a river called the Cydnus, two hundred feet broad. They
+found that the city had been deserted by its inhabitants, who had
+betaken themselves, with Syennesis, to a strong place on the hills.
+All had gone, except the tavern-keepers. The sea-board inhabitants of
+Soli and Issi also remained. Now Epyaxa, Syennesis's queen, had
+reached Tarsus five days in advance of Cyrus. During their passage
+over the mountains into the plain, two companies of Menon's army were
+lost. Some said they had been cut down by the Cilicians, while engaged
+on some pillaging affair; another account was that they had been left
+behind, and being unable to overtake the main body, or discover the
+route, had gone astray and perished. However it was, they numbered one
+hundred hoplites; and when the rest arrived, being in a fury at the
+destruction of their fellow soldiers, they vented their spleen by
+pillaging the city of Tarsus and the palace to boot. Now when Cyrus
+had marched into the city, he sent for Syennesis to come to him; but    26
+the latter replied that he had never yet put himself into the hands of
+any one who was his superior, nor was he willing to accede to the
+proposal of Cyrus now; until, in the end, his wife persuaded him, and
+he accepted pledges of good faith. After this they met, and Syennesis
+gave Cyrus large sums in aid of his army; while Cyrus presented him
+with the customary royal gifts--to wit, a horse with a gold bit, a
+necklace of gold, a gold bracelet, and a gold scimitar, a Persian
+dress, and lastly, the exemption of his territory from further
+pillage, with the privilege of taking back the slaves that had been
+seized, wherever they might chance to come upon them.
+
+
+
+
+III
+
+At Tarsus Cyrus and his army halted for twenty days; the soldiers       1
+refusing to advance further, since the suspicion ripened in their
+minds, that the expedition was in reality directed against the king;
+and as they insisted, they had not engaged their services for that
+object. Clearchus set the example of trying to force his men to
+continue their march; but he had no sooner started at the head of his
+troops than they began to pelt him and his baggage train, and
+Clearchus had a narrow escape of being stoned to death there and then.
+Later on, when he perceived that force was useless, he summoned an
+assembly of his own men; and for a long while he stood and wept, while
+the men gazed in silent astonishment. At last he spoke as follows:
+"Fellow soldiers, do not marvel that I am sorely distressed on account
+of the present troubles. Cyrus has been no ordinary friend to me. When
+I was in banishment he honoured me in various ways, and made me also a
+present of ten thousand darics. These I accepted, but not to lay them
+up for myself for private use; not to squander them in pleasure, but
+to expend them on yourselves. And, first of all, I went to war with
+the Thracians, and with you to aid, I wreaked vengeance on them in
+behalf of Hellas; driving them out of the Chersonese, when they wanted
+to deprive its Hellenic inhabitants of their lands. But as soon as
+Cyrus summoned me, I took you with me and set out, so that, if my
+benefactor had any need of me, I might requite him for the good
+treatment I myself had received at his hands.... But since you are
+not minded to continue the march with me, one of two things is left to  5
+me to do; either I must renounce you for the sake of my friendship
+with Cyrus, or I must go with you at the cost of deceiving him.
+Whether I am about to do right or not, I cannot say, but I choose
+yourselves; and, whatever betide, I mean to share your fate. Never
+shall it be said of me by any one that, having led Greek troops
+against the barbarians (1), I betrayed the Hellenes, and chose the
+friendship of the barbarian. No! since you do not choose to obey and
+follow me, I will follow after you. Whatever betide, I will share your
+fate. I look upon you as my country, my friends, my allies; with you I
+think I shall be honoured, wherever I be; without you I do not see how
+I can help a friend or hurt a foe. My decision is taken. Wherever you
+go, I go also."
+
+ (1) Lit. "into the country of the barbarian."
+
+Such were his words. But the soldiers, not only his own, but the rest
+also, when they heard what he said, and how he had scouted the idea of
+going up to the great king's palace (2), expressed their approval; and
+more than two thousand men deserted Xenias and Pasion, and took their
+arms and baggage-train, and came and encamped with Clearchus. But
+Cyrus, in despair and vexation at this turn of affairs, sent for
+Clearchus. He refused to come; but, without the knowledge of the
+soldiers, sent a message to Cyrus, bidding him keep a good heart, for
+that all would arrange itself in the right way; and bade him keep on
+sending for him, whilst he himself refused to go. After that he got
+together his own men, with those who had joined him, and of the rest
+any who chose to come, and spoke as follows: "Fellow soldiers, it is
+clear that the relations of Cyrus to us are identical with ours to
+him. We are no longer his soldiers, since we have ceased to follow
+him; and he, on his side, is no longer our paymaster. He, however, no
+doubt considers himself wronged by us; and though he goes on sending
+for me, I cannot bring myself to go to him: for two reasons, chiefly
+from a sense of shame, for I am forced to admit to myself that I have
+altogether deceived him; but partly, too, because I am afraid of his
+seizing me and inflicting a penalty on the wrongs which he conceives    11
+that I have done him. In my opinion, then, this is no time for us to
+go to sleep and forget all about ourselves, rather it is high time to
+deliberate on our next move; and as long as we do remain here, we had
+better bethink us how we are to abide in security; or, if we are
+resolved to turn our backs at once, what will be the safest means of
+retreat; and, further, how we are to procure supplies, for without
+supplies there is no profit whatsoever in the general or the private
+soldier. The man with whom we have to deal is an excellent friend to
+his friends, but a very dangerous enemy to his foes. And he is backed
+by a force of infantry and cavalry and ships such as we all alike very
+well see and know, since we can hardly be said to have posted
+ourselves at any great distance from him. If, then, any one has a
+suggestion to make, now is the time to speak." With these words he
+ceased.
+
+ (2) Or "how he insisted that he was not going up."
+
+Then various speakers stood up; some of their own motion to propound
+their views; others inspired by Clearchus to dilate on the hopeless
+difficulty of either staying, or going back without the goodwill of
+Cyrus. One of these, in particular, with a make-believe of anxiety to
+commence the homeward march without further pause, called upon them
+instantly to choose other generals, if Clearchus were not himself
+prepared to lead them back: "Let them at once purchase supplies" (the
+market being in the heart of the Asiatic camp), "let them pack up
+their baggage: let them," he added, "go to Cyrus and ask for some
+ships in order to return by sea: if he refused to give them ships, let
+them demand of him a guide to lead them back through a friendly
+district; and if he would not so much as give them a guide, they could
+but put themselves, without more ado, in marching order, and send on a
+detachment to occupy the pass--before Cyrus and the Cilicians, whose
+property," the speaker added, "we have so plentifully pillaged, can
+anticipate us." Such were the remarks of that speaker; he was followed
+by Clearchus, who merely said: "As to my acting personally as general
+at this season, pray do not propose it: I can see numerous obstacles
+to my doing so. Obedience, in the fullest, I can render to the man of   15
+your choice, that is another matter: and you shall see and know that I
+can play my part, under command, with the best of you."
+
+After Clearchus another spokesman stood up, and proceeded to point out
+the simplicity of the speaker, who proposed to ask for vessels, just
+as if Cyrus were minded to renounce the expedition and sail back
+again. "And let me further point out," he said, "what a simple-minded
+notion it is to beg a guide of the very man whose designs we are
+marring. If we can trust any guide whom Cyrus may vouchsafe to us, why
+not order Cyrus at once to occupy the pass on our behoof? For my part,
+I should think twice before I set foot on any ships that he might give
+us, for fear lest he should sink them with his men-of-war; and I
+should equally hesitate to follow any guide of his: he might lead us
+into some place out of which we should find it impossible to escape. I
+should much prefer, if I am to return home against the will of Cyrus
+at all, to give him the slip, and so begone: which indeed is
+impossible. But these schemes are simply nonsensical. My proposal is
+that a deputation of fit persons, with Clearchus, should go to Cyrus:
+let them go to Cyrus and ask him: what use he proposes to make of us?
+and if the business is at all similar to that on which he once before
+employed a body of foreigners--let us by all means follow: let us show
+that we are the equals of those who accompanied him on his march up
+formerly. But if the design should turn out to be of larger import
+than the former one--involving more toil and more danger--we should
+ask him, either to give us good reasons for following his lead, or
+else consent to send us away into a friendly country. In this way,
+whether we follow him, we shall do so as friends, and with heart and
+soul, or whether we go back, we shall do so in security. The answer to
+this shall be reported to us here, and when we have heard it, we will
+advise as to our best course."
+
+This resolution was carried, and they chose and sent a deputation with
+Clearchus, who put to Cyrus the questions which had been agreed upon
+by the army. Cyrus replied as follows: That he had received news that
+Abrocomas, an enemy of his, was posted on the Euphrates, twelve stages  20
+off; his object was to march against this aforesaid Abrocomas: and if
+he were still there, he wished to inflict punishment on him, "or if he
+be fled" (so the reply concluded), "we will there deliberate on the
+best course." The deputation received the answer and reported it to
+the soldiers. The suspicion that he was leading them against the king
+was not dispelled; but it seemed best to follow him. They only
+demanded an increase of pay, and Cyrus promised to give them half as
+much again as they had hitherto received--that is to say, a daric and
+a half a month to each man, instead of a daric. Was he really leading
+them to attack the king? Not even at this moment was any one apprised
+of the fact, at any rate in any open and public manner.
+
+
+
+
+IV
+
+From this point he marched two stages--ten parasangs--to the river      1
+Psarus, which is two hundred feet broad, and from the Psarus he
+marched a single stage--five parasangs--to Issi, the last city in
+Cilicia. It lies on the seaboard--a prosperous, large and flourishing
+town. Here they halted three days, and here Cyrus was joined by his
+fleet. There were thirty-five ships from Peloponnesus, with the
+Lacedaemonian admiral Pythagoras on board. These had been piloted from
+Ephesus by Tamos the Egyptian, who himself had another fleet of
+twenty-five ships belonging to Cyrus. These had formed Tamos's
+blockading squadron at Miletus, when that city sided with
+Tissaphernes; he had also used them in other military services
+rendered to Cyrus in his operations against that satrap. There was a
+third officer on board the fleet, the Lacedaemonian Cheirisophus, who
+had been sent for by Cyrus, and had brought with him seven hundred
+hoplites, over whom he was to act as general in the service of Cyrus.
+The fleet lay at anchor opposite Cyrus's tent. Here too another
+reinforcement presented itself. This was a body of four hundred
+hoplites, Hellenic mercenaries in the service of Abrocomas, who         3
+deserted him for Cyrus, and joined in the campaign against the king.
+
+From Issi, he marched a single stage--five parasangs--to the gates of
+Cilicia and Syria. This was a double fortress: the inner and nearer
+one, which protects Cilicia, was held by Syennesis and a garrison of
+Cilicians; the outer and further one, protecting Syria, was reported
+to be garrisoned by a body of the king's troops. Through the gap
+between the two fortresses flows a river named the Carsus, which is a
+hundred feet broad, and the whole space between was scarcely more than
+six hundred yards. To force a passage here would be impossible, so
+narrow was the pass itself, with the fortification walls stretching
+down to the sea, and precipitous rocks above; while both fortresses
+were furnished with gates. It was the existence of this pass which had
+induced Cyrus to send for the fleet, so as to enable him to lead a
+body of hoplites inside and outside the gates; and so to force a
+passage through the enemy, if he were guarding the Syrian gate, as he
+fully expected to find Abrocomas doing with a large army. This,
+however, Abrocomas had not done; but as soon as he learnt that Cyrus
+was in Cilicia, he had turned round and made his exit from Phoenicia,
+to join the king with an army amounting, as report said, to three
+hundred thousand men.
+
+From this point Cyrus pursued his march, through Syria a single
+stage--five parasangs--to Myriandus, a city inhabited by Phoenicians,
+on the sea-coast. This was a commercial port, and numerous merchant
+vessels were riding at anchor in the harbour. Here they halted seven
+days, and here Xenias the Arcadian general, and Pasion the Megarian
+got on board a trader, and having stowed away their most valuable
+effects, set sail for home; most people explained the act as the
+outcome of a fit of jealousy, because Cyrus had allowed Clearchus to
+retain their men, who had deserted to him, in hopes of returning to
+Hellas instead of marching against the king; when the two had so
+vanished, a rumour spread that Cyrus was after them with some ships of
+war, and some hoped the cowards might be caught, others pitied them,
+if that should be their fate.
+
+But Cyrus summoned the generals and addressed them: "Xenias and         8
+Pasion," he said, "have taken leave of us; but they need not flatter
+themselves that in so doing they have stolen into hiding. I know where
+they are gone; nor will they owe their escape to speed; I have
+men-of-war to capture their craft, if I like. But heaven help me! if I
+mean to pursue them: never shall it be said of me, that I turn people
+to account as long as they stay with me, but as soon as they are
+minded to be off, I seize and maltreat them, and strip them of their
+wealth. Not so! let them go with the consciousness that our behaviour
+to them is better than theirs to us. And yet I have their children and
+wives safe under lock and key in Tralles; but they shall not be
+deprived even of these. They shall receive them back in return for
+their former goodness to me." So he spoke, and the Hellenes, even
+those who had been out of heart at the thought of marching up the
+country, when they heard of the nobleness of Cyrus, were happier and
+more eager to follow him on his path.
+
+After this Cyrus marched onwards four stages--twenty parasangs--to the
+river Chalus. That river is a hundred feet broad, and is stocked with
+tame fish which the Syrians regard as gods, and will not suffer to be
+injured--and so too the pigeons of the place. The villages in which
+they encamped belonged to Parysatis, as part of her girdle money (1).
+From this point he marched on five stages--thirty parasangs--to the
+sources of the river Dardas, which is a hundred feet broad. Here stood
+the palace of Belesys, the ruler of Syria, with its park--which was a
+very large and beautiful one, and full of the products of all the
+seasons in their course. But Cyrus cut down the park and burnt the
+palace. Thence he marched on three stages--fifteen parasangs--to the
+river Euphrates, which is nearly half a mile broad. A large and         11
+flourishing city, named Thapsacus, stands on its banks. Here they
+halted five days, and here Cyrus sent for the generals of the
+Hellenes, and told them that the advance was now to be upon Babylon,
+against the great king; he bade them communicate this information to
+the soldiers and persuade them to follow. The generals called an
+assembly, and announced the news to the soldiers. The latter were
+indignant and angry with the generals, accusing them of having kept
+secret what they had long known; and refused to go, unless such a
+bribe of money were given them as had been given to their
+predecessors, when they went up with Cyrus to the court of his father,
+not as now to fight a battle, but on a peaceful errand--the visit of a
+son to his father by invitation. The demand was reported to Cyrus by
+the generals, and he undertook to give each man five silver minae as
+soon as Babylon was reached, and their pay in full, until he had
+safely conveyed them back to Ionia again. In this manner the Hellenic
+force were persuaded--that is to say, the majority of them. Menon,
+indeed, before it was clear what the rest of the soldiers would
+do--whether, in fact they would follow Cyrus or not--collected his own
+troops apart and made them the following speech; "Men," he said, "if
+you will listen to me, there is a method by which, without risk or
+toil, you may win the special favour of Cyrus beyond the rest of the
+soldiers. You ask what it is I would have you to do? I will tell you.
+Cyrus at this instant is begging the Hellenes to follow him to attack
+the king. I say then: Cross the Euphrates at once, before it is clear
+what answer the rest will make; if they vote in favour of following,
+you will get the credit of having set the example, and Cyrus will be
+grateful to you. He will look upon you as being the heartiest in his
+cause; he will repay, as of all others he best knows how; while, if
+the rest vote against crossing, we shall go back again; but as the
+sole adherents, whose fidelity he can altogether trust, it is you whom
+Cyrus will turn to account, as commandants of garrisons or captains of
+companies. You need only ask him for whatever you want, and you will
+get it from him, as being the friends of Cyrus."
+
+ (1) Cf. Plat. "Alcib." i. 123 B. "Why, I have been informed by a
+    credible person, who went up to the king (at Susa), that he passed
+    through a large tract of excellent land, extending for nearly a
+    day's journey, which the people of the country called the queen's
+    girdle, and another which they called her veil," etc. Olympiodorus
+    and the Scholiast both think that Plato here refers to Xenophon
+    and this passage of the "Anabasis." Grote thinks it very probable
+    that Plato had in his mind Xenophon (either his "Anabasis" or
+    personal communications with him).
+
+The men heard and obeyed, and before the rest had given their answer,
+they were already across. But when Cyrus perceived that Menon's troops  16
+had crossed, he was well pleased, and he sent Glus to the division in
+question, with this message: "Soldiers, accept my thanks at present;
+eventually you shall thank me. I will see to that, or my name is not
+Cyrus." The soldiers therefore could not but pray heartily for his
+success; so high their hopes ran. But to Menon, it was said, he sent
+gifts with lordly liberality. This done, Cyrus proceeded to cross; and
+in his wake followed the rest of the armament to a man. As they
+forded, never a man was wetted above the chest: nor ever until this
+moment, said the men of Thapascus, had the river been so crossed on
+foot, boats had always been required; but these, at the present time,
+Abrocomas, in his desire to hinder Cyrus from crossing, had been at
+pains to burn. Thus the passage was looked upon as a thing miraculous;
+the river had manifestly retired before the face of Cyrus, like a
+courtier bowing to his future king. From this place he continued his
+march through Syria nine stages--fifty parasangs--and they reached the
+river Araxes. Here were several villages full of corn and wine; in
+which they halted three days, and provisioned the army.
+
+
+
+
+V
+
+Thence he marched on through Arabia, keeping the Euphrates on the       1
+right, five desert stages--thirty-five parasangs. In this region the
+ground was one long level plain, stretching far and wide like the sea,
+full of absinth; whilst all the other vegetation, whether wood or
+reed, was sweet scented like spice or sweet herb; there were no trees;
+but there was wild game of all kinds--wild asses in greatest
+abundance, with plenty of ostriches; besides these, there were
+bustards and antelopes. These creatures were occasionally chased by
+the cavalry. The asses, when pursued, would run forward a space, and
+then stand still--their pace being much swifter than that of horses;
+and as soon as the horses came close, they went through the same
+performance. The only way to catch them was for the riders to post
+themselves at intervals, and to hunt them in relays, as it were. The
+flesh of those they captured was not unlike venison, only more tender.
+No one was lucky enough to capture an ostrich. Some of the troopers
+did give chase, but it had soon to be abandoned; for the bird, in its
+effort to escape, speedily put a long interval between itself and its   3
+pursuers; plying its legs at full speed, and using its wings the while
+like a sail. The bustards were not so hard to catch when started
+suddenly; for they only take short flights, like partridges, and are
+soon tired. Their flesh is delicious.
+
+As the army wended its way through this region, they reached the river
+Mascas, which is one hundred feet in breadth. Here stood a big
+deserted city called Corsote, almost literally environed by the
+stream, which flows round it in a circle. Here they halted three days
+and provisioned themselves. Thence they continued their march thirteen
+desert stages--ninety parasangs--with the Euphrates still on their
+right, until they reached the Gates. On these marches several of the
+baggage animals perished of hunger, for there was neither grass nor
+green herb, or tree of any sort; but the country throughout was
+barren. The inhabitants make their living by quarrying millstones on
+the river banks, which they work up and take to Babylon and sell,
+purchasing corn in exchange for their goods. Corn failed the army, and
+was not to be got for money, except in the Lydian market open in
+Cyrus's Asiatic army; where a kapithe of wheat or barley cost four
+shekels; the shekel being equal to seven and a half Attic obols,
+whilst the kapithe is the equivalent of two Attic choeneces (1), dry
+measure, so that the soldiers subsisted on meat alone for the whole
+period. Some of the stages were very long, whenever they had to push
+on to find water or fodder; and once they found themselves involved in
+a narrow way, where the deep clay presented an obstacle to the
+progress of the wagons. Cyrus, with the nobles about him, halted to
+superintend the operation, and ordered Glus and Pigres to take a body
+of barbarians and to help in extricating the wagons. As they seemed to
+be slow about the business, he turned round angrily to the Persian
+nobles and bade them lend a hand to force the wagons out. Then, if
+ever, what goes to constitute one branch of good discipline, was to be
+witnessed. Each of those addressed, just where he chanced to be         8
+standing, threw off his purple cloak, and flung himself into the work
+with as much eagerness as if it had been a charge for victory. Down a
+steep hill side they flew, with their costly tunics and embroidered
+trousers--some with the circlets round their necks, and bracelets on
+their arms--in an instant, they had sprung into the miry clay, and in
+less time than one could have conceived, they had landed the wagons
+safe on terra firma.
+
+ (1) The choenix = about 1 quart (or, according to others, 1 1/2 pint).
+    It was the minimum allowance of corn for a man, say a slave, per
+    diem. The Spartan was allowed at the public table 2 choenices a
+    day.
+
+Altogether it was plain that Cyrus was bent on pressing on the march,
+and averse to stoppages, except where he halted for the sake of
+provisioning or some other necessary object; being convinced that the
+more rapidly he advanced, the less prepared for battle would he find
+the king; while the slower his own progress, the larger would be the
+hostile army which he would find collected. Indeed, the attentive
+observer could see, at a glance, that if the king's empire was strong
+in its extent of territory and the number of inhabitants, that
+strength is compensated by an inherent weakness, dependent upon the
+length of roads and the inevitable dispersion of defensive forces,
+where an invader insists upon pressing home the war by forced marches.
+
+On the opposite side of the Euphrates to the point reached on one of
+these desert stages, was a large and flourishing city named Charmande.
+From this town the soldiers made purchases of provisions, crossing the
+river on rafts, in the following fashion: They took the skins which
+they used as tent coverings, and filled them with light grass; they
+then compressed and stitched them tightly together by the ends, so
+that the water might not touch the hay. On these they crossed and got
+provisions: wine made from the date-nut, and millet or panic-corn, the
+common staple of the country. Some dispute or other here occurred
+between the soldiers of Menon and Clearchus, in which Clearchus
+sentenced one of Menon's men, as the delinquent, and had him flogged.
+The man went back to his own division and told them. Hearing what had
+been done to their comrade, his fellows fretted and fumed, and were
+highly incensed against Clearchus. The same day Clearchus visited the
+passage of the river, and after inspecting the market there, was
+returning with a few followers, on horseback, to his tent, and had to   12
+pass through Menon's quarters. Cyrus had not yet come up, but was
+riding up in the same direction. One of Menon's men, who was splitting
+wood, caught sight of Clearchus as he rode past, and aimed a blow at
+him with his axe. The aim took no effect; when another hurled a stone
+at him, and a third, and then several, with shouts and hisses.
+Clearchus made a rapid retreat to his own troops, and at once ordered
+them to get under arms. He bade his hoplites remain in position with
+their shields resting against their knees, while he, at the head of
+his Thracians and horsemen, of which he had more than forty in his
+army--Thracians for the most part--advanced against Menon's soldiers,
+so that the latter, with Menon himself, were panic-stricken, and ran
+to seize their arms; some even stood riveted to the spot, in
+perplexity at the occurrence. Just then Proxenus came up from behind,
+as chance would have it, with his division of hoplites, and without a
+moment's hesitation marched into the open space between the rival
+parties, and grounded arms; then he fell to begging Clearchus to
+desist. The latter was not too well pleased to hear his trouble mildly
+spoken of, when he had barely escaped being stoned to death; and he
+bade Proxenus retire and leave the intervening space open. At this
+juncture Cyrus arrived and inquired what was happening. There was no
+time for hesitation. With his javelins firmly grasped in his hands he
+galloped up--escorted by some of his faithful bodyguard, who were
+present--and was soon in the midst, exclaiming: "Clearchus, Proxenus,
+and you other Hellenes yonder, you know not what you do. As surely as
+you come to blows with one another, our fate is sealed--this very day
+I shall be cut to pieces, and so will you: your turn will follow close
+on mine. Let our fortunes once take an evil turn, and these barbarians
+whom you see around will be worse foes to us than those who are at
+present serving the king." At these words Clearchus came to his
+senses. Both parties paused from battle, and retired to their
+quarters: order reigned.
+
+
+
+
+VI
+
+As they advanced from this point (opposite Charmande), they came upon   1
+the hoof-prints and dung of horses at frequent intervals. It looked
+like the trail of some two thousand horses. Keeping ahead of the army,
+these fellows burnt up the grass and everything else that was good for
+use. Now there was a Persian, named Orontas; he was closely related to
+the king by birth: and in matters pertaining to war reckoned among the
+best of Persian warriors. Having formerly been at war with Cyrus, and
+afterwards reconciled to him, he now made a conspiracy to destroy him.
+he made a proposal to Cyrus: if Cyrus would furnish him with a
+thousand horsemen, he would deal with these troopers, who were burning
+down everything in front of them; he would lay an ambuscade and cut
+them down, or he would capture a host of them alive; in any case, he
+would put a stop to their aggressiveness and burnings; he would see to
+it that they did not ever get a chance of setting eyes on Cyrus's army
+and reporting its advent to the king. The proposal seemed plausible to
+Cyrus, who accordingly authorised Orontas to take a detachment from
+each of the generals, and be gone. He, thinking that he had got his
+horsemen ready to his hand, wrote a letter to the king, announcing
+that he would ere long join him with as many troopers as he could
+bring; he bade him, at the same time, instruct the royal cavalry to
+welcome him as a friend. The letter further contained certain
+reminders of his former friendship and fidelity. This despatch he
+delivered into the hands of one who was a trusty messenger, as he
+thought; but the bearer took and gave it to Cyrus. Cyrus read it.
+Orontas was arrested. Then Cyrus summoned to his tent seven of the
+noblest Persians among his personal attendants, and sent orders to the
+Hellenic generals to bring up a body of hoplites. These troops were to
+take up a position round his tent. This the generals did; bringing up
+about three thousand hoplites. Clearchus was also invited inside, to
+assist at the court-martial; a compliment due to the position he held
+among the other generals, in the opinion not only of Cyrus, but also
+of the rest of the court. When he came out, he reported the
+circumstances of the trial (as to which, indeed, there was no mystery)
+to his friends. He said that Cyrus opened the inquiry with these
+words: "I have invited you hither, my friends, that I may take advice
+with you, and carry out whatever, in the sight of God and man, it is
+right for me to do, as concerning the man before you, Orontas. The      6
+prisoner was, in the first instance, given to me by my father, to be
+my faithful subject. In the next place, acting, to use his own words,
+under the orders of my brother, and having hold of the acropolis of
+Sardis, he went to war with me. I met war with war, and forced him to
+think it more prudent to desist from war with me: whereupon we shook
+hands, exchanging solemn pledges. After that," and at this point Cyrus
+turned to Orontas, and addressed him personally--"after that, did I do
+you any wrong?" Answer, "Never." Again another question: "Then later
+on, having received, as you admit, no injury from me, did you revolt
+to the Mysians and injure my territory, as far as in you lay?"--"I
+did," was the reply. "Then, once more having discovered the limits of
+your power, did you flee to the altar of Artemis, crying out that you
+repented? and did you thus work upon my feelings, that we a second
+time shook hands and made interchange of solemn pledges? Are these
+things so?" Orontas again assented. "Then what injury have you
+received from me," Cyrus asked, "that now for the third time, you have
+been detected in a treasonous plot against me?"--"I must needs do so,"
+he answered. Then Cyrus put one more question: "But the day may come,
+may it not, when you will once again be hostile to my brother, and a
+faithful friend to myself?" The other answered: "Even if I were, you
+could never be brought to believe it, Cyrus."
+
+At this point Cyrus turned to those who were present and said: "Such
+has been the conduct of the prisoner in the past: such is his language
+now. I now call upon you, and you first, Clearchus, to declare your
+opinion--what think you?" And Clearchus answered: "My advice to you is
+to put this man out of the way as soon as may be, so that we may be
+saved the necessity of watching him, and have more leisure, as far as
+he is concerned, to requite the services of those whose friendship is
+sincere."--"To this opinion," he told us, "the rest of the court
+adhered." After that, at the bidding of Cyrus, each of those present,   10
+in turn, including the kinsmen of Orontas, took him by the girdle;
+which is as much as to say, "Let him die the death," and then those
+appointed led him out; and they who in old days were wont to do
+obeisance to him, could not refrain, even at that moment, from bowing
+down before him, albeit they knew he was being led forth to death.
+
+After they had conducted him to the tent of Artapates, the trustiest
+of Cyrus's wand-bearers, none set eyes upon him ever again, alive or
+dead. No one, of his own knowledge, could declare the manner of his
+death; though some conjectured one thing and some another. No tomb to
+mark his resting-place, either then or since, was ever seen.
+
+
+
+
+VII
+
+From this place Cyrus marched through Babylonia three stages--twelve    1
+parasangs. Now, on the third stage, about midnight, Cyrus held a
+review of the Hellenes and Asiatics in the plain, expecting that the
+king would arrive the following day with his army to offer battle. He
+gave orders to Clearchus to take command of the right wing, and to
+Menon the Thessalian of the left, while he himself undertook to the
+disposition of his own forces in person. After the review, with the
+first approach of day, deserters from the great king arrived, bringing
+Cyrus information about the royal army. Then Cyrus summoned the
+generals and captains of the Hellenes, and held a council of war to
+arrange the plan of battle. He took this opportunity also to address
+the following words of compliment and encouragement to the meeting:
+"Men of Hellas," he said, "it is certainly not from dearth of
+barbarians to fight my battles that I put myself at your head as my
+allies; but because I hold you to be better and stronger than many
+barbarians. That is why I took you. See then that you prove yourselves
+to be men worthy of the liberty which you possess, and which I envy
+you. Liberty--it is a thing which, be well assured, I would choose in
+preference to all my other possessions, multiplied many times. But I
+would like you to know into what sort of struggle you are going: learn
+its nature from one who knows. Their numbers are great, and they come
+on with much noise; but if you can hold out against these two things,
+I confess I am ashamed to think, what a sorry set of folk you will      4
+find the inhabitants of this land to be. But you are men, and brave
+you must be, being men: it is agreed; then if you wish to return home,
+any of you, I undertake to send you back, in such sort that your
+friends at home shall envy you; but I flatter myself I shall persuade
+many of you to accept what I will offer you here, in lieu of what you
+left at home."
+
+Here Gaulites, a Samian exile, and a trusty friend of Cyrus, being
+present, exclaimed: "Ay, Cyrus, but some say you can afford to make
+large promises now, because you are in the crisis of impending danger;
+but let matters go well with you, will you recollect? They shake their
+heads. Indeed, some add that, even if you did recollect, and were ever
+so willing, you would not be able to make good all your promises, and
+repay." When Cyrus heard that, he answered: "You forget, sirs, my
+father's empire stretches southwards to a region where men cannot
+dwell by reason of the heat, and northwards to a region uninhabitable
+through cold; but all the intervening space is mapped out in satrapies
+belonging to my brother's friends: so that if the victory be ours, it
+will be ours also to put our friends in possession in their room. On
+the whole my fear is, not that I may not have enough to give to each
+of my friends, but lest I may not have friends enough on whom to
+bestow what I have to give, and to each of you Hellenes I will give a
+crown of gold."
+
+So they, when they heard these words, were once more elated than ever
+themselves, and spread the good news among the rest outside. And there
+came into his presence both the generals and some of the other
+Hellenes also, claiming to know what they should have in the event of
+victory; and Cyrus satisfied the expectations of each and all, and so
+dismissed them. Now the advice and admonition of all who came into
+conversation with him was, not to enter the battle himself, but to
+post himself in rear of themselves; and at this season Clearchus put a
+question to him: "But do you think that your brother will give battle   9
+to you, Cyrus?" and Cyrus answered: "Not without a battle, be assured,
+shall the prize be won; if he be the son of Darius and Parysatis, and
+a brother of mine."
+
+In the final arming for battle at this juncture, the numbers were as
+follows: Of Hellenes there were ten thousand four hundred heavy
+infantry with two thousand five hundred targeteers, while the
+barbarians with Cyrus reached a total of one hundred thousand. He had
+too about twenty scythe-chariots. The enemy's forces were reported to
+number one million two hundred thousand, with two hundred
+scythe-chariots, besides which he had six thousand cavalry under
+Artagerses. These formed the immediate vanguard of the king himself.
+The royal army was marshalled by four generals or field-marshals, each
+in command of three hundred thousand men. Their names were Abrocomas,
+Tissaphernes, Gobryas, and Arbaces. (But of this total not more than
+nine hundred thousand were engaged in the battle, with one hundred and
+fifty scythe-chariots; since Abrocomas, on his march from Phoenicia,
+arrived five days too late for the battle.) Such was the information
+brought to Cyrus by deserters who came in from the king's army before
+the battle, and it was corroborated after the battle by those of the
+enemy who were taken prisoners.
+
+From this place Cyrus advanced one stage--three parasangs--with the
+whole body of his troops, Hellenic and barbarian alike in order of
+battle. He expected the king to give battle the same day, for in the
+middle of this day's march a deep sunk trench was reached, thirty feet
+broad, and eighteen feet deep. The trench was carried inland through
+the plain, twelve parasang's distance, to the wall of Media (1).  (Here
+are canals, flowing from the river Tigris; they are four in number,
+each a hundred feet broad, and very deep, with corn ships plying upon   15
+them; they empty themselves into the Euphrates, and are at intervals
+of one parasang apart, and are spanned by bridges.)
+
+ (1) For "the wall of Media" see Grote, "Hist. of Greece," vol. ix. p.
+    87 and foll. note 1 (1st ed.), and various authorities there
+    quoted or referred to. The next passage enclosed in  () may
+    possibly be a commentator's or editor's note, but, on the whole, I
+    have thought it best to keep the words in the text instead of
+    relegating them, as heretofore, to a note. Perhaps some future
+    traveller may clear up all difficulties.
+
+Between the Euphrates and the trench was a narrow passage, twenty feet
+only in breadth. The trench itself had been constructed by the great
+king upon hearing of Cyrus's approach, to serve as a line of defence.
+Through this narrow passage then Cyrus and his army passed, and found
+themselves safe inside the trench. So there was no battle to be fought
+with the king that day; only there were numerous unmistakable traces
+of horse and infantry in retreat. Here Cyrus summoned Silanus, his
+Ambraciot soothsayer, and presented him with three thousand darics;
+because eleven days back, when sacrificing, he had told him that the
+king would not fight within ten days, and Cyrus had answered: "Well,
+then, if he does not fight within that time, he will not fight at all;
+and if your prophecy comes true, I promise you ten talents." So now,
+that the ten days were passed, he presented him with the above sum.
+
+But as the king had failed to hinder the passage of Cyrus's army at
+the trench, Cyrus himself and the rest concluded that he must have
+abandoned the idea of offering battle, so that next day Cyrus advanced
+with less than his former caution. On the third day he was conducting
+the march, seated in his carriage, with only a small body of troops
+drawn up in front of him. The mass of the army was moving on in no
+kind of order: the soldiers having consigned their heavy arms to be
+carried in the wagons or on the backs of beasts.
+
+
+
+
+VIII
+
+It was already about full market time (1) and the halting-place at       1
+which the army was to take up quarters was nearly reached, when
+Pategyas, a Persian, a trusty member of Cyrus's personal staff, came
+galloping up at full speed on his horse, which was bathed in sweat,
+and to every one he met he shouted in Greek and Persian, as fast as he
+could ejaculate the words: "The king is advancing with a large army
+ready for battle." Then ensued a scene of wild confusion. The Hellenes
+and all alike were expecting to be attacked on the instant, and before
+they could form their lines. Cyrus sprang from his carriage and donned
+his corselet; then leaping on to his charger's back, with the javelins
+firmly clutched, he passed the order to the rest, to arm themselves
+and fall into their several ranks.
+
+ (1) I.e. between 9 and 10 A.M.
+
+The orders were carried out with alacrity; the ranks shaped
+themselves. Clearchus held the right wing resting on the Euphrates,
+Proxenus was next, and after him the rest, while Menon with his troops
+held the Hellenic left. Of the Asiatics, a body of Paphlagonian
+cavalry, one thousand strong, were posted beside Clearchus on the
+right, and with them stood the Hellenic peltasts. On the left was
+Ariaeus, Cyrus's second in command, and the rest of the barbarian
+host. Cyrus was with his bodyguard of cavalry about six hundred
+strong, all armed with corselets like Cyrus, and cuirasses and
+helmets; but not so Cyrus: he went into battle with head
+unhelmeted (2). So too all the horses with Cyrus wore forehead-pieces
+and breast-pieces, and the troopers carried short Hellenic swords.
+
+ (2) The MSS. add, "to expose oneself to the risks of war bareheaded
+    is, it is said, a practice common to the Persians," which I regard
+    as a commentator's note, if not an original marginal note of some
+    early editor, possibly of the author himself. The "Cyropaedeia" is
+    full of such comments, "pieces justificatives" inserted into the
+    text.
+
+It was now mid-day, and the enemy was not yet in sight; but with the
+approach of afternoon was seen dust like a white cloud, and after a
+considerable interval a black pall as it were spread far and high
+above the plain. As they came nearer, very soon was seen here and
+there a glint of bronze and spear-points; and the ranks could plainly
+be distinguished. On the left were troopers wearing white cuirasses.
+That is Tissaphernes in command, they said, and next to these a body
+of men bearing wicker-shields, and next again heavy-armed infantry,
+with long wooden shields reaching to the feet. These were the
+Egyptians, they said, and then other cavalry, other bowmen; all were
+in national divisions, each nation marching in densely-crowded          10
+squares. And all along their front was a line of chariots at
+considerable intervals from one another--the famous scythe-chariots,
+as they were named--having their scythes fitted to the axle-trees and
+stretching out slantwise, while others protruded under the
+chariot-seats, facing the ground, so as to cut through all they
+encountered. The design was to let them dash full speed into the ranks
+of the Hellenes and cut them through.
+
+Curiously enough the anticipation of Cyrus, when at the council of war
+he admonished the Hellenes not to mind the shouting of the Asiatics,
+was not justified. Instead of shouting, they came on in deep silence,
+softly and slowly, with even tread. At this instant, Cyrus, riding
+past in person, accompanied by Pigres, his interpreter, and three or
+four others, called aloud to Clearchus to advance against the enemy's
+centre, for there the king was to be found: "And if we strike home at
+this point," he added, "our work is finished." Clearchus, though he
+could see the compact body at the centre, and had been told by Cyrus
+that the king lay outside the Hellenic left (for, owing to numerical
+superiority, the king, while holding his own centre, could well
+overlap Cyrus's extreme left), still hesitated to draw off his right
+wing from the river, for fear of being turned on both flanks; and he
+simply replied, assuring Cyrus that he would take care all went well.
+
+At this time the barbarian army was evenly advancing, and the Hellenic
+division was still riveted to the spot, completing its formation as
+the various contingents came up. Cyrus, riding past at some distance
+from the lines, glanced his eye first in one direction and then in the
+other, so as to take a complete survey of friends and foes; when
+Xenophon the Athenian, seeing him, rode up from the Hellenic quarter
+to meet him, asking him whether he had any orders to give. Cyrus,
+pulling up his horse, begged him to make the announcement generally
+known that the omens from the victims, internal and external alike,
+were good (3). While he was still speaking, he heard a confused murmur   16
+passing through the ranks, and asked what it meant. The other replied
+that it was the watchword being passed down for the second time. Cyrus
+wondered who had given the order, and asked what the watchword was. On
+being told it was "Zeus our Saviour and Victory," he replied, "I
+accept it; so let it be," and with that remark rode away to his own
+position. And now the two battle lines were no more than three or four
+furlongs apart, when the Hellenes began chanting the paean, and at the
+same time advanced against the enemy.
+
+ (3) I.e. the omens from inspecting the innards of the victims, and the
+    omens from the acts and movements of the victims.
+
+But with the forward movement a certain portion of the line curved
+onwards in advance, with wave-like sinuosity, and the portion left
+behind quickened to a run; and simultaneously a thrilling cry burst
+from all lips, like that in honour of the war-god--eleleu! eleleu! and
+the running became general. Some say they clashed their shields and
+spears, thereby causing terror to the horses (4); and before they had
+got within arrowshot the barbarians swerved and took to flight. And
+now the Hellenes gave chase with might and main, checked only by
+shouts to one another not to race, but to keep their ranks. The
+enemy's chariots, reft of their charioteers, swept onwards, some
+through the enemy themselves, others past the Hellenes. They, as they
+saw them coming, opened a gap and let them pass. One fellow, like some
+dumbfoundered mortal on a racecourse, was caught by the heels, but
+even he, they said, received no hurt, nor indeed, with the single
+exception of some one on the left wing who was said to have been
+wounded by an arrow, did any Hellene in this battle suffer a single
+hurt.
+
+ (4) Some critics regard this sentence as an editor's or commentator's
+    note.
+
+Cyrus, seeing the Hellene's conquering, as far as they at any rate
+were concerned, and in hot pursuit, was well content; but in spite of
+his joy and the salutations offered him at that moment by those about   21
+him, as though he were already king, he was not led away to join in
+the pursuit, but keeping his squadron of six hundred horsemen in cloe
+order, waited and watched to see what the king himself would do. The
+king, he knew, held the centre of the Persian army. Indeed it is the
+fashion for the Asiatic monarch to occupy that position during action,
+for this twofold reason: he holds the safest place, with his troops on
+either side of him, while, if he has occasion to despatch any
+necessary rider along the lines, his troops will receive the message
+in half the time. The king accordingly on this occasion held the
+centre of his army, but for all that, he was outside Cyrus's left
+wing; and seeing that no one offered him battle in front, nor yet the
+troops in front of him, he wheeled as if to encircle the enemy. It was
+then that Cyrus, in apprehension lest the king might get round to the
+rear and cut to pieces the Hellenic body, charged to meet him.
+Attacking with his six hundred, he mastered the line of troops in
+front of the king, and put to flight the six thousand, cutting down,
+as is said, with his own hand their general, Artagerses.
+
+But as soon as the rout commenced, Cyrus's own six hundred themselves,
+in the ardour of pursuit, were scattered, with the exception of a
+handful who were left with Cyrus himself--chiefly his table
+companions, so-called. Left alone with these, he caught sight of the
+king, and the close throng about him. Unable longer to contain
+himself, with a cry, "I see the man," he rushed at him and dealt a
+blow at his chest, wounding him through the corselet. This, according
+to the statement of Ctesias the surgeon (5), who further states that he
+himself healed the wound. As Cyrus delivered the blow, some one struck
+him with a javelin under the eye severely; and in the struggle which
+then ensued between the king and Cyrus and those about them to protect
+one or other, we have the statement of Ctesias as to the number slain   27
+on the king's side, for he was by his side. On the other, Cyrus
+himself fell, and eight of his bravest companions lay on the top of
+him. The story says that Artapes, the trustiest among his
+wand-wearers, when he saw that Cyrus had fallen to the ground, leapt
+from his horse and threw his arms about him. Then, as one account
+says, the king bade one slay him as a worthy victim to his brother:
+others say that Artapates drew his scimitar and slew himself by his
+own hand. A golden scimitar it is true, he had; he wore also a collar
+and bracelets and the other ornaments such as the noblest Persians
+wear; for his kindliness and fidelity had won him honours at the hands
+of Cyrus.
+
+ (5) "Ctesias, the son of Ctesiochus, was a physician of Cnidos.
+    Seventeen years of his life were passed at the court of Persia,
+    fourteen in the service of Darios, three in that of Artaxerxes; he
+    returned to Greece in 398 B.C.," and "was employed by Artaxerxes
+    in diplomatic services." See Mure; also Ch. Muller, for his life
+    and works. He wrote (1) a history on Persian affairs in three
+    parts--Assyrian, Median, Persian--with a chapter "On Tributes;"
+    (2) a history of Indian affairs (written in the vein of Sir John
+    Maundeville, Kt.); (3) a Periplus; (4) a treatise on Mountains;
+    (5) a treatise on Rivers.
+
+
+
+
+IX
+
+So died Cyrus; a man the kingliest (1) and most worthy to rule of all    1
+the Persians who have lived since the elder Cyrus: according to the
+concurrent testimony of all who are reputed to have known him
+intimately. To begin from the beginning, when still a boy, and whilst
+being brought up with his brother and the other lads, his unrivalled
+excellence was recognised. For the sons of the noblest Persians, it
+must be known, are brought up, one and all, at the king's portals.
+Here lessons of sobriety and self-control may largely be laid to
+heart, while there is nothing base or ugly for eye or ear to feed
+upon. There is the daily spectacle ever before the boys of some
+receiving honour from the king, and again of others receiving
+dishonour; and the tale of all this is in their ears, so that from
+earliest boyhood they learn how to rule and to be ruled.
+
+ (1) The character now to be drawn is afterwards elaborated into the
+    Cyrus of the Cyropaedeia.
+
+In this courtly training Cyrus earned a double reputation; first he
+was held to be a paragon of modesty among his fellows, rendering an
+obedience to his elders which exceeded that of many of his own
+inferiors; and next he bore away the palm for skill in horsemanship
+and for love of the animal itself. Nor less in matters of war, in the
+use of the bow and the javelin, was he held by men in general to be at  5
+once the aptest of learners and the most eager practiser. As soon as
+his age permitted, the same pre-eminence showed itself in his fondness
+for the chase, not without a certain appetite for perilous adventure
+in facing the wild beasts themselves. Once a bear made a furious rush
+at him (2), and without wincing he grappled with her, and was pulled
+from his horse, receiving wounds the scars of which were visible
+through life; but in the end he slew the creature, nor did he forget
+him who first came to his aid, but made him enviable in the eyes of
+many.
+
+ (2) The elder Cyrus, when a boy, kills not a bear but a boar.
+
+After he had been sent down by his father to be satrap of Lydia and
+Great Phrygia and Cappadocia, and had been appointed general of the
+forces, whose business it is to muster in the plain of the Castolus,
+nothing was more noticeable in his conduct than the importance which
+he attached to the faithful fulfilment of every treaty or compact or
+undertaking entered into with others. He would tell no lies to any
+one. Thus doubtless it was that he won the confidence alike of
+individuals and of the communities entrusted to his care; or in case
+of hostility, a treaty made with Cyrus was a guarantee sufficient to
+the combatant that he would suffer nothing contrary to its terms.
+Therefore, in the war with Tissaphernes, all the states of their own
+accord chose Cyrus in lieu of Tissaphernes, except only the men of
+Miletus, and these were only alienated through fear of him, because he
+refused to abandon their exiled citizens; and his deeds and words bore
+emphatic witness to his principle: even if they were weakened in
+number or in fortune, he would never abandon those who had once become
+his friends.
+
+He made no secret of his endeavour to outdo his friends and his foes
+alike in reciprocity of conduct. The prayer has been attributed to
+him, "God grant I may live along enough to recompense my friends and
+requite my foes with a strong arm." However this may be, no one, at
+least in our days, ever drew together so ardent a following of
+friends, eager to lay at his feet their money, their cities, their own
+lives and persons; nor is it to be inferred from this that he suffered
+the malefactor and the wrongdoer to laugh him to scorn; on the          13
+contrary, these he punished most unflinchingly. It was no rare sight
+to see on the well-trodden highways, men who had forfeited hand or
+foot or eye; the result being that throughout the satrapy of Cyrus any
+one, Hellene or barbarian, provided he were innocent, might fearlessly
+travel wherever he pleased, and take with him whatever he felt
+disposed. However, as all allowed, it was for the brave in war that he
+reserved especial honour. To take the first instance to hand, he had a
+war with the Pisidians and Mysians. Being himself at the head of an
+expedition into those territories, he could observe those who
+voluntarily encountered risks; these he made rulers of the territory
+which he subjected, and afterwards honoured them with other gifts. So
+that, if the good and brave were set on a pinnacle of fortune, cowards
+were recognised as their natural slaves; and so it befell that Cyrus
+never had lack of volunteers in any service of danger, whenever it was
+expected that his eye would be upon them.
+
+So again, wherever he might discover any one ready to distinguish
+himself in the service of uprightness, his delight was to make this
+man richer than those who seek for gain by unfair means. On the same
+principle, his own administration was in all respects uprightly
+conducted, and, in particular, he secured the services of an army
+worthy of the name. Generals, and subalterns alike, came to him from
+across the seas, not merely to make money, but because they saw that
+loyalty to Cyrus was a more profitable investment than so many pounds
+a month. Let any man whatsoever render him willing service, such
+enthusiasm was sure to win its reward. And so Cyrus could always
+command the service of the best assistants, it was said, whatever the
+work might be.
+
+Or if he saw any skilful and just steward who furnished well the
+country over which he ruled, and created revenues, so far from robbing
+him at any time, to him who had, he delighted to give more. So that
+toil was a pleasure, and gains were amassed with confidence, and least
+of all from Cyrus would a man conceal the amount of his possessions,
+seeing that he showed no jealousy of wealth openly avowed, but his      19
+endeavour was rather to turn to account the riches of those who kept
+them secret. Towards the friends he had made, whose kindliness he
+knew, or whose fitness as fellow-workers with himself, in aught which
+he might wish to carry out, he had tested, he showed himself in turn
+an adept in the arts of courtesy. Just in proportion as he felt the
+need of this friend or that to help him, so he tried to help each of
+them in return in whatever seemed to be their heart's desire.
+
+Many were the gifts bestowed on him, for many and diverse reasons; no
+one man, perhaps, ever received more; no one, certainly, was ever more
+ready to bestow them upon others, with an eye ever to the taste of
+each, so as to gratify what he saw to be the individual requirement.
+Many of these presents were sent to him to serve as personal
+adornments of the body or for battle; and as touching these he would
+say, "How am I to deck myself out in all these? to my mind a man's
+chief ornament is the adornment of nobly-adorned friends." Indeed,
+that he should triumph over his friends in the great matters of
+welldoing is not surprising, seeing that he was much more powerful
+than they, but that he should go beyond them in minute attentions, and
+in an eager desire to give pleasure, seems to me, I must confess, more
+admirable. Frequently when he had tasted some specially excellent
+wine, he would send the half remaining flagon to some friend with a
+message to say: "Cyrus says, this is the best wine he has tasted for a
+long time, that is his excuse for sending it to you. He hopes you will
+drink it up to-day with a choice party of friends." Or, perhaps, he
+would send the remainder of a dish of geese, half loaves of bread, and
+so forth, the bearer being instructed to say: "This is Cyrus's
+favourite dish, he hopes you will taste it yourself." Or, perhaps,
+there was a great dearth of provender, when, through the number of his
+servants and his own careful forethought, he was enabled to get
+supplies for himself; at such times he would send to his friends in
+different parts, bidding them feed their horses on his hay, since it
+would not do for the horses that carried his friends to go starving.
+Then, on any long march or expedition, where the crowd of lookers-on    28
+would be large, he would call his friends to him and entertain them
+with serious talk, as much as to say, "These I delight to honour."
+
+So that, for myself, and from all that I can hear, I should be
+disposed to say that no one, Greek or barbarian, was ever so beloved.
+In proof of this, I may cite the fact that, though Cyrus was the
+king's vassal and slave, no one ever forsook him to join his master,
+if I may except the attempt of Orontas, which was abortive. That man,
+indeed, had to learn that Cyrus was closer to the heart of him on
+whose fidelity he relied than he himself was. On the other hand, many
+a man revolted from the king to Cyrus, after they went to war with one
+another; nor were these nobodies, but rather persons high in the
+king's affection; yet for all that, they believed that their virtues
+would obtain a reward more adequate from Cyrus than from the king.
+Another great proof at once of his own worth and of his capacity
+rightly to discern all loyal, loving and firm friendship is afforded
+by an incident which belongs to the last moment of his life. He was
+slain, but fighting for his life beside him fell also every one of his
+faithful bodyguard of friends and table-companions, with the sole
+exception of Ariaeus, who was in command of the cavalry on the left,
+and he no sooner perceived the fall of Cyrus than he betook himself to
+flight, with the whole body of troops under his lead.
+
+
+
+
+X
+
+Then the head of Cyrus and his right hand were severed from the body.   1
+But the king and those about him pursued and fell upon the Cyreian
+camp, and the troops of Ariaeus no longer stood their ground, but fled
+through their own camp back to the halting-place of the night
+before--a distance of four parasangs, it was said. So the king and
+those with him fell to ravaging right and left, and amongst other
+spoil he captured the Phocaean woman, who was a concubine of Cyrus,
+witty and beautiful, if fame speaks correctly. The Milesian, who was
+the younger, was also seized by some of the king's men; but, letting
+go her outer garment, she made good her escape to the Hellenes, who
+had been left among the camp followers on guard. These fell at once     3
+into line and put to the sword many of the pillagers, though they lost
+some men themselves; they stuck to the place and succeeded in saving
+not only that lady, but all else, whether chattels or human beings,
+which lay within their reach.
+
+At this point the king and the Hellenes were something like three
+miles apart; the one set were pursuing their opponents just as if
+their conquest had been general; the others were pillaging as merrily
+as if their victory were already universal. But when the Hellenes
+learnt that the king and his troops were in the baggage camp; and the
+king, on his side, was informed by Tissaphernes that the Hellenes were
+victorious in their quarter of the field, and had gone forward in
+pursuit, the effect was instantaneous. The king massed his troops and
+formed into line. Clearchus summoned Proxenus, who was next him, and
+debated whether to send a detachment or to go in a body to the camp to
+save it.
+
+Meanwhile the king was seen again advancing, as it seemed, from the
+rear; and the Hellenes, turning right about, prepared to receive his
+attack then and there. But instead of advancing upon them at that
+point, he drew off, following the line by which he had passed earlier
+in the day, outside the left wing of his opponent, and so picked up in
+his passage those who had deserted to the Hellenes during the battle,
+as also Tissaphernes and his division. The latter had not fled in the
+first shock of the encounter; he had charged parallel to the line of
+the Euphrates into the Greek peltasts, and through them. But charge as
+he might, he did not lay low a single man. On the contrary, the
+Hellenes made a gap to let them through, hacking them with their
+swords and hurling their javelins as they passed. Episthenes of
+Amphipolis was in command of the peltasts, and he showed himself a
+sensible man, it was said. Thus it was that Tissaphernes, having got
+through haphazard, with rather the worst of it, failed to wheel round
+and return the way he came, but reaching the camp of the Hellenes,      8
+there fell in with the king; and falling into order again, the two
+divisions advanced side by side.
+
+When they were parallel with the (original) left wing of the Hellenes,
+fear seized the latter lest they might take them in flank and enfold
+them on both sides and cut them down. In this apprehension they
+determined to extend their line and place the river on their rear. But
+while they deliberated, the king passed by and ranged his troops in
+line to meet them, in exactly the same position in which he had
+advanced to offer battle at the commencement of the engagement. The
+Hellenes, now seeing them in close proximity and in battle order, once
+again raised the paean and began the attack with still greater
+enthusiasm than before: and once again the barbarians did not wait to
+receive them, but took to flight, even at a greater distance than
+before. The Hellenes pressed the pursuit until they reached a certain
+village, where they halted, for above the village rose a mound, on
+which the king and his party rallied and reformed; they had no
+infantry any longer, but the crest was crowded with cavalry, so that
+it was impossible to discover what was happening. They did see, they
+said, the royal standard, a kind of golden eagle, with wings extended,
+perched on a bar of wood and raised upon a lance.
+
+But as soon as the Hellenes again moved onwards, the hostile cavalry
+at once left the hillock--not in a body any longer, but in
+fragments--some streaming from one side, some from another; and the
+crest was gradually stripped of its occupants, till at last the
+company was gone. Accordingly, Clearchus did not ascend the crest, but
+posting his army at its base, he sent Lycius of Syracuse and another
+to the summit, with orders to inspect the condition of things on the
+other side, and to report results. Lycius galloped up and
+investigated, bringing back news that they were fleeing might and
+main. Almost at that instant the sun sank beneath the horizon. There
+the Hellenes halted; they grounded arms and rested, marvelling the
+while that Cyrus was not anywhere to be seen, and that no messenger
+had come from him. For they were in complete ignorance of his death,
+and conjectured that either he had gone off in pursuit, or had pushed
+forward to occupy some point. Left to themselves, they now
+deliberated, whether they should stay where they were and have the
+baggage train brought up, or should return to camp. They resolved to
+return, and about supper time reached the tents. Such was the
+conclusion of this day.
+
+They found the larger portion of their property pillaged, eatables and
+drinkables alike, not excepting the wagons laden with corn and wine,
+which Cyrus had prepared in case of some extreme need overtaking the
+expedition, to divide among the Hellenes. There were four hundred of
+these wagons, it was said, and these had now been ransacked by the
+king and his men; so that the greater number of the Hellenes went
+supperless, having already gone without their breakfasts, since the
+king had appeared before the usual halt for breakfast. Accordingly, in
+no better plight than this they passed the night.
+
+
+
+
+BOOK II
+
+     (In the previous book will be found a full account of the
+     method by which Cyrus collected a body of Greeks when
+     meditating an expedition against his brother Artaxerxes; as
+     also of various occurrences on the march up; of the battle
+     itself, and of the death of Cyrus; and lastly, a description
+     of the arrival of the Hellenes in camp after the battle, and
+     as to how they betook themselves to rest, none suspecting
+     but what they were altogether victorious and that Cyrus
+     lived.)
+
+
+
+
+I
+
+With the break of day the generals met, and were surprised that Cyrus   1
+should not have appeared himself, or at any rate have sent some one to
+tell them what to do. Accordingly, they resolved to put what they had
+together, to get under arms, and to push forward until they effected
+junction with Cyrus. Just as they were on the point of starting, with
+the rising sun came Procles the ruler of Teuthrania. He was a
+descendant of Damaratus (1) the Laconian, and with him also came Glus
+the son of Tamos. These two told them, first, that Cyrus was dead;
+next, that Ariaeus had retreated with the rest of the barbarians to
+the halting-place whence they had started at dawn on the previous day;
+and wished to inform them that, if they were minded to come, he would
+wait for this one day, but on the morrow he should return home again
+to Ionia, whence he came.
+
+ (1) The Spartan king who was deposed in B.C. 491, whereupon he fled to
+    King Darius, and settled in south-western Mysia. See Herod. vi.
+    50, 61-70. We shall hear more of his descendant, Procles, the
+    ruler of Teuthrania, in the last chapter of this work.
+
+When they heard these tidings, the generals were sorely distressed; so  4
+too were the rest of the Hellenes when they were informed of it. Then
+Clearchus spoke as follows: "Would that Cyrus were yet alive! But
+since he is dead, take back this answer to Ariaeus, that we, at any
+rate, have conquered the king; and, as you yourselves may see, there
+is not a man left in the field to meet us. Indeed, had you not
+arrived, we should ere this have begun our march upon the king. Now,
+we can promise to Ariaeus that, if he will join us here, we will place
+him on the king's throne. Surely to those who conquer empire
+pertains." With these words he sent back the messengers and with them
+he sent Cheirisophus the Laconian, and Menon the Thessalian. That was
+what Menon himself wished, being, as he was, a friend and intimate of
+Ariaeus, and bound by mutual ties of hospitality. So these set off,
+and Clearchus waited for them.
+
+The soldiers furnished themselves with food  (and drink) as best they
+might--falling back on the baggage animals, and cutting up oxen and
+asses. There was no lack of firewood; they need only step forward a
+few paces from the line where the battle was fought, and they would
+find arrows to hand in abundance, which the Hellenes had forced the
+deserters from the king to throw away. There were arrows and wicker
+shields also, and the huge wooden shields of the Egyptians. There were
+many targets also, and empty wagons left to be carried off. Here was a
+store which they were not slow to make use of to cook their meat and
+serve their meals that day.
+
+It was now about full market hour (2) when heralds from the king and
+Tissaphernes arrived. These were barbarians with one exception. This
+was a certain Phalinus, a Hellene who lived at the court of
+Tissaphernes, and was held in high esteem. He gave himself out to be a
+connoisseur of tactics and the art of fighting with heavy arms. These
+were the men who now came up, and having summoned the generals of the
+Hellenes, they delivered themselves of the following message: "The
+great king having won the victory and slain Cyrus, bids the Hellenes
+to surrender their arms; to betake themselves to the gates of the
+king's palace, and there obtain for themselves what terms they can."
+That was what the heralds said, and the Hellenes listened with heavy    9
+hearts; but Clearchus spoke, and his words were few; "Conquerors do
+not, as a rule, give up their arms"; then turning to the others he
+added, "I leave it to you, my fellow-generals, to make the best and
+noblest answer, that ye may, to these gentlemen. I will rejoin you
+presently." At the moment an official had summoned him to come and
+look at the entrails which had been taken out, for, as it chanced, he
+was engaged in sacrificing. As soon as he was gone, Cleanor the
+Arcadian, by right of seniority, answered: "They would sooner die than
+give up their arms." Then Proxenus the Theban said: "For my part, I
+marvel if the king demands our arms as our master, or for the sake of
+friendship merely, as presents. If as our master, why need he ask for
+them rather than come and take them? But if he would fain wheedle us
+out of them by fine speeches, he should tell us what the soldiers will
+receive in turn for such kindness." In answer to him Phalinus said:
+"The king claims to have conquered, because he has put Cyrus to death;
+and who is there now to claim the kingdom as against himself? He
+further flatters himself that you also are in his power, since he
+holds you in the heart of his country, hemmed in by impassable rivers;
+and he can at any moment bring against you a multitude so vast that
+even if leave were given to rise and slay you could not kill them."
+After him Theopompus (3) the Athenian spoke. "Phalinus," he said, "at
+this instant, as you yourself can see, we have nothing left but our
+arms and our valour. If we keep the former we imagine we can make use
+of the latter; but if we deliver up our arms we shall presently be
+robbed of our lives. Do not suppose then that we are going to give up
+to you the only good things which we possess. We prefer to keep them;
+and by their help we will do battle with you for the good things which
+are yours." Phalinus laughed when he heard those words, and said:       13
+"Spoken like a philosopher, my fine young man, and very pretty
+reasoning too; yet, let me tell you, your wits are somewhat scattered
+if you imagine that your valour will get the better of the king's
+power." There were one or two others, it was said, who with a touch of
+weakness in their tone or argument, made answer: "They had proved good
+and trusty friends to Cyrus, and the king might find them no less
+valuable. If he liked to be friends with them, he might turn them to
+any use that pleased his fancy, say for a campaign against Egypt.
+Their arms were at his service; they would help to lay that country at
+his feet."
+
+ (2) 10 A.M.
+
+ (3) So the best MSS. Others read "Xenophon," which Kruger maintains to
+    be the true reading. He suggests that "Theopompus" may have crept
+    into the text from a marginal note of a scholiast, "Theopompus"
+    (the historian) "gives the remark to Proxenus."
+
+Just then Clearchus returned, and wished to know what answer they had
+given. The words were barely out of his mouth before Phalinus
+interrupting, answered: "As for your friends here, one says one thing
+and one another; will you please give us your opinion"; and he
+replied: "The sight of you, Phalinus, caused me much pleasure; and not
+only me, but all of us, I feel sure; for you are a Hellene even as we
+are--every one of us whom you see before you. In our present plight we
+would like to take you into our counsel as to what we had better do
+touching your proposals. I beg you then solemnly, in the sight of
+heaven--do you tender us such advice as you shall deem best and
+worthiest, and such as shall bring you honour of after time, when it
+will be said of you how once on a time Phalinus was sent by the great
+king to bid certain Hellenes yield up their arms, and when they had
+taken him into their counsel, he gave them such and such advice. You
+know that whatever advice you do give us cannot fail to be reported in
+Hellas."
+
+Clearchus threw out these leading remarks in hopes that this man, who
+was the ambassador from the king, might himself be led to advise them
+not to give up their arms, in which case the Hellenes would be still
+more sanguine and hopeful. But, contrary to his expectation, Phalinus
+turned round and said: "I say that if you have one chance, one hope in
+ten thousand to wage a war with the king successfully, do not give up
+your arms. That is my advice. If, however, you have no chance of
+escape without the king's consent, then I say save yourselves in the
+only way you can." And Clearchus answered: "So, then, that is your      20
+deliberate view? Well, this is our answer, take it back. We conceive
+that in either case, whether we are expected to be friends with the
+king, we shall be worth more as friends if we keep our arms than if we
+yield them to another; or whether we are to go to war, we shall fight
+better with them than without." And Phalinus said: "That answer we
+will repeat; but the king bade me tell you this besides, 'Whilst you
+remain here there is truce; but one step forward or one step back, the
+truce ends; there is war.' Will you then please inform us as to that
+point also? Are you minded to stop and keep truce, or is there to be
+war? What answer shall I take from you?" And Clearchus replied: "Pray
+answer that we hold precisely the same views on this point as the
+king."--"How say you the same views?" asked Phalinus. Clearchus made
+answer: "As long as we stay here there is truce, but a step forward or
+a step backward, the truce ends; there is war." The other again asked:
+"Peace or war, what answer shall I make?" Clearchus returned answer
+once again in the same words: "Truce if we stop, but if we move
+forwards or backwards war." But what he was minded really to do, that
+he refused to make further manifest.
+
+
+
+
+II
+
+Phalinus and those that were with him turned and went. But the          1
+messengers from Ariaeus, Procles and Cheirisophus came back. As to
+Menon, he stayed behind with Ariaeus, They brought back this answer
+from Ariaeus: "'There are many Persians,' he says, 'better than
+himself who will not suffer him to sit upon the king's throne; but if
+you are minded to go back with him, you must join him this very night,
+otherwise he will set off himself to-morrow on the homeward route.'"
+And Clearchus said: "It had best stand thus between us then. If we
+come, well and good, be it as you propose; but if we do not come, do
+whatsoever you think most conducive to your interests." And so he kept
+these also in the dark as to his real intention.
+
+After this, when the sun was already sinking, he summoned the generals
+and officers, and made the following statement: "Sirs, I sacrificed
+and found the victims unfavourable to an advance against the king.
+After all, it is not so surprising perhaps, for, as I now learn,
+between us and the king flows the river Tigris, navigable for big       3
+vessels, and we could not possibly cross it without boats, and boats
+we have none. On the other hand, to stop here is out of the question,
+for there is no possibility of getting provisions. However, the
+victims were quite agreeable to us joining the friends of Cyrus. This
+is what we must do then. Let each go away and sup on whatever he has.
+At the first sound of the bugle to turn in, get kit and baggage
+together; at the second signal, place them on the baggage animals; and
+at the third, fall in and follow the lead, with the baggage animals on
+the inside protected by the river, and the troops outside." After
+hearing the orders, the generals and officers retired, and did as they
+were bid; and for the future Clearchus led, and the rest followed in
+obedience to his orders, not that they had expressly chosen him, but
+they saw that he alone had the sense and wisdom requisite in a
+general, while the rest were inexperienced (1).
+
+ (1) The MSS. add the words, "The total distance of the route, taking
+    Ephesus in Ionia as the starting point up to the field of battle,
+    consisted of 93 stages, 535 parasangs, or 16,050 furlongs; from
+    the battle-field to Babylon (reckoned a three days' journey) would
+    have been another 360 stades," which may well be an editor's or
+    commentator's marginal note.
+
+Here, under cover of the darkness which descended, the Thracian
+Miltocythes, with forty horsemen and three hundred Thracian infantry,
+deserted to the king; but the rest of the troops--Clearchus leading
+and the rest following in accordance with the orders promulgated--took
+their departure, and about midnight reached their first stage, having
+come up with Ariaeus and his army. They grounded arms just as they
+stood in rank, and the generals and officers of the Hellenes met in
+the tent of Ariaeus. There they exchanged oaths--the Hellenes on the
+one side and Ariaeus with his principal officers on the other--not to
+betray one another, but to be true to each other as allies. The
+Asiatics further solemnly pledged themselves by oath to lead the way
+without treachery. The oaths were ratified by the sacrifice of a bull,
+a wolf (2), a boar, and a ram over a shield. The Hellenes dipped a
+sword, the barbarians a lance, into the blood of the victims.
+
+ (2) It is a question whether the words "a wolf" ought not to be
+    omitted.
+
+As soon as the pledge was taken, Clearchus spoke: "And now, Ariaeus,"
+he said, "since you and we have one expedition in prospect, will you    10
+tell us what you think about the route; shall we return the way we
+came, or have you devised a better?" He answered: "To return the same
+way is to perish to a man by hunger; for at this moment we have no
+provisions whatsoever. During the seventeen last stages, even on our
+way hither, we could extract nothing from the country; or, if there
+was now and again anything, we passed over and utterly consumed it. At
+this time our project is to take another and a longer journey
+certainly, but we shall not be in straits for provisions. The earliest
+stages must be very long, as long as we can make them; the object is
+to put as large a space as possible between us and the royal army;
+once we are two or three days' journey off, the danger is over. The
+king will never overtake us. With a small army he will not dare to dog
+our heels, and with a vast equipment he will lack the power to march
+quickly. Perhaps he, too, may even find a scarcity of provisions.
+There," said he, "you asked for my opinion, see, I have given it."
+
+Here was a plan of the campaign, which was equivalent to a stampede:
+helter-skelter they were to run away, or get into hiding somehow; but
+fortune proved a better general. For as soon as it was day they
+recommenced the journey, keeping the sun on their right, and
+calculating that with the westering rays they would have reached
+villages in the territory of Babylonia, and in this hope they were not
+deceived. While it was yet afternoon, they thought they caught sight
+of some of the enemy's cavalry; and those of the Hellenes who were not
+in rank ran to their ranks; and Ariaeus, who was riding in a wagon to
+nurse a wound, got down and donned his cuirass, the rest of his party
+following his example. Whilst they were arming themselves, the scouts,
+who had been sent forward, came back with the information that they
+were not cavalry but baggage animals grazing. It was at once clear to
+all that they must be somewhere in the neighbourhood of the king's
+encampment. Smoke could actually be seen rising, evidently from
+villages not far ahead. Clearchus hesitated to advance upon the enemy,
+knowing that the troops were tired and hungry; and indeed it was
+already late. On the other hand he had no mind either to swerve from
+his route--guarding against any appearance of flight. Accordingly he    16
+marched straight as an arrow, and with sunset entered the nearest
+villages with his vanguard and took up quarters.
+
+These villages had been thoroughly sacked and dismantled by the royal
+army--down to the very woodwork and furniture of the houses. Still,
+the vanguard contrived to take up their quarters in some sort of
+fashion; but the rear division, coming up in the dark, had to bivouac
+as best they could, one detachment after another; and a great noise
+they made, with hue and cry to one another, so that the enemy could
+hear them; and those in their immediate proximity actually took to
+their heels, left their quarters, and decamped, as was plain enough
+next morning, when not a beast was to be seen, nor sign of camp or
+wreath of smoke anywhere in the neighbourhood. The king, as it would
+appear, was himself quite taken aback by the advent of the army; as he
+fully showed by his proceedings next day.
+
+During the progress of this night the Hellenes had their turn of
+scare--a panic seized them, and there was a noise and clatter, hardly
+to be explained except by the visitation of some sudden terror. But
+Clearchus had with him the Eleian Tolmides, the best herald of his
+time; him he ordered to proclaim silence, and then to give out this
+proclamation of the generals: "Whoever will give any information as to
+who let an ass into the camp shall receive a talent of silver in
+reward." On hearing this proclamation the soldiers made up their minds
+that their fear was baseless, and their generals safe and sound. At
+break of day Clearchus gave the order to the Hellenes to get under
+arms in line of battle, and take up exactly the same position as they
+held on the day of the battle.
+
+
+
+
+III
+
+And now comes the proof of what I stated above--that the king was       1
+utterly taken aback by the sudden apparition of the army; only the day
+before, he had sent and demanded the surrender of their arms--and now,
+with the rising sun, came heralds sent by him to arrange a truce.
+These, having reached the advanced guard, asked for the generals. The
+guard reported their arrival; and Clearchus, who was busy inspecting
+the ranks, sent back word to the heralds that they must await his
+leisure. Having carefully arranged the troops so that from every side
+they might present the appearance of a compact battle line without a    3
+single unarmed man in sight, he summoned the ambassadors, and himself
+went forward to meet them with the soldiers, who for choice
+accoutrement and noble aspect were the flower of his force; a course
+which he had invited the other generals also to adopt.
+
+And now, being face to face with the ambassadors, he questioned them
+as to what their wishes were. They replied that they had come to
+arrange a truce, and were persons competent to carry proposals from
+the king to the Hellenes and from the Hellenes to the king. He
+returned answer to them: "Take back word then to your master, that we
+need a battle first, for we have had no breakfast; and he will be a
+brave man who will dare mention the word 'truce' to Hellenes without
+providing them with breakfast." With this message the heralds rode
+off, but were back again in no time, which was a proof that the king,
+or some one appointed by him to transact the business, was hard by.
+They reported that "the message seemed reasonable to the king; they
+had now come bringing guides who, if a truce were arranged, would
+conduct them where they would get provisions." Clearchus inquired
+"whether the truce was offered to the individual men merely as they
+went and came, or to all alike." "To all," they replied, "until the
+king receives your final answer." When they had so spoken, Clearchus,
+having removed the ambassadors, held a council; and it was resolved to
+make a truce at once, and then quietly to go and secure provisions;
+and Clearchus said: "I agree to the resolution; still I do not propose
+to announce it at once, but to wile away time till the ambassadors
+begin to fear that we have decided against the truce; though I
+suspect," he added, "the same fear will be operative on the minds of
+our soldiers also." As soon as the right moment seemed to have
+arrived, he delivered his answer in favour of the truce, and bade the
+ambassadors at once conduct them to the provisions.
+
+So these led the way; and Clearchus, without relaxing precaution, in
+spite of having secured a truce, marched after them with his army in
+line and himself in command of the rearguard. Over and over again they
+encountered trenches and conduits so full of water that they could not  10
+be crossed without bridges; but they contrived well enough for these
+by means of trunks of palm trees which had fallen, or which they cut
+down for the occasion. And here Clearchus's system of superintendence
+was a study in itself; as he stood with a spear in his left hand and a
+stick in the other; and when it seemed to him there was any dawdling
+among the parties told off to the work, he would pick out the right
+man and down would come the stick; nor, at the same time, was he above
+plunging into the mud and lending a hand himself, so that every one
+else was forced for very shame to display equal alacrity. The men told
+off for the business were the men of thirty years of age; but even the
+elder men, when they saw the energy of Clearchus, could not resist
+lending their aid also. What stimulated the haste of Clearchus was the
+suspicion in his mind that these trenches were not, as a rule, so full
+of water, since it was not the season to irrigate the plain; and he
+fancied that the king had let the water on for the express purpose of
+vividly presenting to the Hellenes the many dangers with which their
+march was threatened at the very start.
+
+Proceeding on their way they reached some villages, where their guides
+indicated to them that they would find provisions. They were found to
+contain plenty of corn, and wine made from palm dates, and an
+acidulated beverage extracted by boiling from the same fruit. As to
+the palm nuts or dates themselves, it was noticeable that the sort
+which we are accustomed to see in Hellas were set aside for the
+domestic servants; those put aside for the masters are picked
+specimens, and are simply marvellous for their beauty and size,
+looking like great golden lumps of amber; some specimens they dried
+and preserved as sweetmeats. Sweet enough they were as an
+accompaniment of wine, but apt to give headache. Here, too, for the
+first time in their lives, the men tasted the brain (1) of the palm. No
+one could help being struck by the beauty of this object, and the
+peculiarity of its delicious flavour; but this, like the dried fruits,
+was exceedingly apt to give headache. When this cabbage or brain has
+been removed from the palm the whole tree withers from top to bottom.
+
+ (1) I.e. the cabbage-like crown.
+
+In these villages they remained three days, and a deputation from the   17
+great king arrived--Tissaphernes and the king's brother-in-law and
+three other Persians--with a retinue of many slaves. As soon as the
+generals of the Hellenes had presented themselves, Tissaphernes opened
+the proceedings with the following speech, through the lips of an
+interpreter: "Men of Hellas, I am your next-door neighbour in Hellas.
+Therefore was it that I, when I saw into what a sea of troubles you
+were fallen, regarded it as a godsend, if by any means I might obtain,
+as a boon from the king, the privilege of bringing you back in safety
+to your own country: and that, I take it, will earn me gratitude from
+you and all Hellas. In this determination I preferred my request to
+the king; I claimed it as a favour which was fairly my due; for was it
+not I who first announced to him the hostile approach of Cyrus? who
+supported that announcement by the aid I brought; who alone among the
+officers confronted with the Hellenes in battle did not flee, but
+charged right through and united my troops with the king inside your
+camp, where he was arrived, having slain Cyrus; it was I, lastly, who
+gave chase to the barbarians under Cyrus, with the help of those here
+present with me at this moment, which are also among the trustiest
+followers of our lord the king. Now, I counsel you to give a moderate
+answer, so that it may be easier for me to carry out my design, if
+haply I may obtain from him some good thing on your behalf."
+
+Thereupon the Hellenes retired and took counsel. Then they answered,
+and Clearchus was their spokesman: "We neither mustered as a body to
+make war against the king, nor was our march conducted with that
+object. But it was Cyrus, as you know, who invented many and divers
+pretexts, that he might take you off your guard, and transport us
+hither. Yet, after a while, when we saw that he was in sore straits,
+we were ashamed in the sight of God and man to betray him, whom we had
+permitted for so long a season to benefit us. But now that Cyrus is
+dead, we set up no claim to his kingdom against the king himself;
+there is neither person nor thing for the sake of which we would care   23
+to injure the king's country; we would not choose to kill him if we
+could, rather we would march straight home, if we were not molested;
+but, God helping us, we will retaliate on all who injure us. On the
+other hand, if any be found to benefit us, we do not mean to be
+outdone in kindly deeds, as far as in us lies."
+
+So he spoke, and Tissaphernes listened and replied: "That answer will
+I take back to the king and bring you word from him again. Until I
+come again, let the truce continue, and we will furnish you with a
+market." All next day he did not come back, and the Hellenes were
+troubled with anxieties, but on the third day he arrived with the news
+that he had obtained from the king the boon he asked; he was permitted
+to save the Hellenes, though there were many gainsayers who argued
+that it was not seemly for the king to let those who had marched
+against him depart in peace. And at last he said: "You may now, if you
+like, take pledges from us, that we will make the countries through
+which you pass friendly to you, and will lead you back without
+treachery into Hellas, and will furnish you with a market; and
+wherever you cannot purchase, we will permit you to take provisions
+from the district. You, on your side, must swear that you will march
+as through a friendly country, without damage--merely taking food and
+drink wherever we fail to supply a market--or, if we afford a market,
+you shall only obtain provisions by paying for them." This was agreed
+to, and oaths and pledges exchanged between them--Tissaphernes and the
+king's brother-in-law upon the one side, and the generals and officers
+of the Hellenes on the other. After this Tissaphernes said: "And now I
+go back to the king; as soon as I have transacted what I have a mind
+to, I will come back, ready equipped, to lead you away to Hellas, and
+to return myself to my own dominion."
+
+
+
+
+IV
+
+After these things the Hellenes and Ariaeus waited for Tissaphernes,    1
+being encamped close to one another: for more than twenty days they
+waited, during which time there came visitors to Ariaeus, his brother
+and other kinsfolk. To those under him came certain other Persians,
+encouraging them and bearing pledges to some of them from the king
+himself--that he would bear no grudge against them on account of the
+part they bore in the expedition against him with Cyrus, or for aught
+else of the things which were past. Whilst these overtures were being
+made, Ariaeus and his friends gave manifest signs of paying less
+attention to the Hellenes, so much so that, if for no other reason,
+the majority of the latter were not well pleased, and they came to
+Clearchus and the other generals, asking what they were waiting for.
+"Do we not know full well," they said, "that the king would give a
+great deal to destroy us, so that other Hellenes may take warning and
+think twice before they march against the king. To-day it suits his
+purpose to induce us to stop here, because his army is scattered; but
+as soon as he has got together another armament, attack us most
+certainly he will. How do we know he is not at this moment digging
+away at trenches, or running up walls, to make our path impassable. It
+is not to be supposed that he will desire us to return to Hellas with
+a tale how a handful of men like ourselves beat the king at his own
+gates, laughed him to scorn, and then came home again." Clearchus
+replied: "I too am keenly aware of all this; but I reason thus: if we
+turn our backs now, they will say, we mean war and are acting contrary
+to the truce, and then what follows? First of all, no one will furnish
+us with a market or means of providing ourselves with food. Next, we
+shall have no one to guide us; moreover, such action on our part will
+be a signal to Ariaeus to hold aloof from us, so that not a friend
+will be left to us; even those who were formerly our friends will now
+be numbered with our enemies. What other river, or rivers, we may find
+we have to cross, I do not know; but this we know, to cross the
+Euphrates in face of resistance is impossible. You see, in the event
+of being driven to an engagement, we have no cavalry to help us, but
+with the enemy it is the reverse--not only the most, but the best of
+his troops are cavalry, so that if we are victorious, we shall kill no
+one, but if we are defeated, not a man of us can escape. For my part,
+I cannot see why the king, who has so many advantages on his side, if   7
+he desires to destroy us, should swear oaths and tender solemn pledges
+merely in order to perjure himself in the sight of heaven, to render
+his word worthless and his credit discreditable the wide world over."
+These arguments he propounded at length.
+
+Meanwhile Tissaphernes came back, apparently ready to return home; he
+had his own force with him, and so had Orontas, who was also present,
+his. The latter brought, moreover, his bride with him, the king's
+daughter, whom he had just wedded. The journey was now at length
+fairly commenced. Tissaphernes led the way, and provided a market.
+They advanced, and Ariaeus advanced too, at the head of Cyrus's
+Asiatic troops, side by side with Tissaphernes and Orontas, and with
+these two he also pitched his camp. The Hellenes, holding them in
+suspicion, marched separately with the guides, and they encamped on
+each occasion a parasang apart, or rather less; and both parties kept
+watch upon each other as if they were enemies, which hardly tended to
+lull suspicion; and sometimes, whilst foraging for wood and grass and
+so forth on the same ground, blows were exchanged, which occasioned
+further embitterments. Three stages they had accomplished ere they
+reached the wall of Media, as it is called, and passed within it. It
+was built of baked bricks laid upon bitumen. It was twenty feet broad
+and a hundred feet high, and the length of it was said to be twenty
+parasangs. It lies at no great distance from Babylon.
+
+From this point they marched two stages--eight parasangs--and crossed
+two canals, the first by a regular bridge, the other spanned by a
+bridge of seven boats. These canals issued from the Tigris, and from
+them a whole system of minor trenches was cut, leading over the
+country, large ones to begin with, and then smaller and smaller, till
+at last they become the merest runnels, like those in Hellas used for
+watering millet fields. They reached the river Tigris. At this point
+there was a large and thickly populated city named Sittace, at a        13
+distance of fifteen furlongs from the river. The Hellenes accordingly
+encamped by the side of that city, near a large and beautiful park,
+which was thick with all sorts of trees.
+
+The Asiatics had crossed the Tigris, but somehow were entirely hidden
+from view. After supper, Proxenus and Xenophon were walking in front
+of the place d'armes, when a man came up and demanded of the advanced
+guard where he could find Proxenus or Clearchus. He did not ask for
+Menon, and that too though he came from Ariaeus, who was Menon's
+friend. As soon as Proxenus had said: "I am he, whom you seek," the
+man replied: "I have been sent by Ariaeus and Artaozus, who have been
+trusty friends to Cyrus in past days, and are your well-wishers. They
+warn you to be on your guard, in case the barbarians attack you in the
+night. There is a large body of troops in the neighbouring park. They
+also warn you to send and occupy the bridge over the Tigris, since
+Tissaphernes is minded to break it down in the night, if he can, so
+that you may not cross, but be caught between the river and the
+canal." On hearing this they took the man to Clearchus and acquainted
+him with his statement. Clearchus, on his side, was much disturbed,
+and indeed alarmed at the news. But a young fellow who was present (1),
+struck with an idea, suggested that the two statements were
+inconsistent; as to the contemplated attack and the proposed
+destruction of the bridge. Clearly, the attacking party must either
+conquer or be worsted: if they conquer, what need of their breaking
+down the bridge? "Why! if there were half a dozen bridges," said he,
+"we should not be any the more able to save ourselves by flight--there
+would be no place to flee to; but, in the opposite case, suppose we
+win, with the bridge broken down, it is they who will not be able to
+save themselves by flight; and, what is worse for them, not a single
+soul will be able to bring them succour from the other side, for all
+their numbers, since the bridge will be broken down."
+
+ (1) Possibly Xenophon himself.
+
+Clearchus listened to the reasoning, and then he asked the messenger,
+"How large the country between the Tigris and the canal might be?" "A   21
+large district," he replied, "and in it are villages and cities
+numerous and large." Then it dawned upon them: the barbarians had sent
+the man with subtlety, in fear lest the Hellenes should cut the bridge
+and occupy the island territory, with the strong defences of the
+Tigris on the one side and of the canal on the other; supplying
+themselves with provisions from the country so included, large and
+rich as it was, with no lack of hands to till it; in addition to
+which, a harbour of refuge and asylum would be found for any one, who
+was minded to do the king a mischief.
+
+After this they retired to rest in peace, not, however, neglecting to
+send a guard to occupy the bridge in spite of all, and there was no
+attack from any quarter whatsoever; nor did any of the enemy's people
+approach the bridges: so the guards were able to report next morning.
+But as soon as it was morning, they proceeded to cross the bridge,
+which consisted of thirty-seven vessels, and in so doing they used the
+utmost precaution possible; for reports were brought by some of the
+Hellenes with Tissaphernes that an attempt was to be made to attack
+them while crossing. All this turned out to be false, though it is
+true that while crossing they did catch sight of Glus watching, with
+some others, to see if they crossed the river; but as soon as he had
+satisfied himself on that point, he rode off and was gone.
+
+From the river Tigris they advanced four stages--twenty parasangs--to
+the river Physcus, which is a hundred feet broad and spanned by a
+bridge. Here lay a large and populous city named Opis, close to which
+the Hellenes were encountered by the natural brother of Cyrus and
+Artaxerxes, who was leading a large army from Susa and Ecbatana to
+assist the king. He halted his troops and watched the Helleens march
+past. Clearchus led them in column two abreast: and from time to time
+the vanguard came to a standstill, just so often and just so long the
+effect repeated itself down to the hindmost man: halt! halt! halt!
+along the whole line: so that even to the Hellenes themselves their
+army seemed enormous; and the Persian was fairly astonished at the
+spectacle.
+
+From this place they marched through Media six desert stages--thirty    27
+parasangs--to the villages of Parysatis, Cyrus's and the king's
+mother. These Tissaphernes, in mockery of Cyrus, delivered over to the
+Hellenes to plunder, except that the folk in them were not to be made
+slaves. They contained much corn, cattle, and other property. From
+this place they advanced four desert stages--twenty parasangs--keeping
+the Tigris on the left. On the first of these stages, on the other
+side of the river, lay a large city; it was a well-to-do place named
+Caenae, from which the natives used to carry across loaves and cheeses
+and wine on rafts made of skins.
+
+
+
+
+V
+
+After this they reached the river Zapatas (1), which is four hundred     1
+feet broad, and here they halted three days. During the interval
+suspicions were rife, though no act of treachery displayed itself.
+Clearchus accordingly resolved to bring to an end these feelings of
+mistrust, before they led to war. Consequently, he sent a messenger to
+the Persian to say that he desired an interview with him; to which the
+other readily consented. As soon as they were met, Clearchus spoke as
+follows: "Tissaphernes," he said, "I do not forget that oaths have
+been exchanged between us, and right hands shaken, in token that we
+will abstain from mutual injury; but I can see that you watch us
+narrowly, as if we were foes; and we, seeing this, watch you narrowly
+in return. But as I fail to discover, after investigation, that you
+are endeavouring to do us a mischief--and I am quite sure that nothing
+of the sort has ever entered our heads with regard to you--the best
+plan seemed to me to come and talk the matter over with you, so that,
+if possible, we might dispel the mutual distrust on either side. For I
+have known people ere now, the victims in some cases of calumny, or
+possibly of mere suspicion, who in apprehension of one another and
+eager to deal the first blow, have committed irreparable wrong against
+those who neither intended nor so much as harboured a thought of
+mischief against them. I have come to you under a conviction that such  6
+misunderstandings may best be put a stop to by personal intercourse,
+and I wish to instruct you plainly that you are wrong in mistrusting
+us. The first and weightiest reason is that the oaths, which we took
+in the sight of heaven, are a barrier to mutual hostility. I envy not
+the man whose conscience tells him that he has disregarded these! For
+in a war with heaven, by what swiftness of foot can a man escape?--in
+what quarter find refuge?--in what darkness slink away and be hid?--to
+what strong fortress scale and be out of reach? Are not all things in
+all ways subject to the gods? is not their lordship over all alike
+outspread? As touching the gods, therefore, and our oaths, that is how
+I view this matter. To their safe keeping we consigned the friendship
+which we solemnly contracted. But turning to matters human, you I look
+upon as our greatest blessing in this present time. With you every
+path is plain to us, every river passable, and of provisions we shall
+know no stint. But without you, all our way is through darkness; for
+we known nothing concerning it, every river will be an obstacle, each
+multitude a terror; but, worst terror of all, the vast wilderness, so
+full of endless perplexity. Nay, if in a fit of madness we murdered
+you, what then? in slaying our benefactor should we not have
+challenged to enter the lists against us a more formidable antagonist
+in the king himself? Let me tell you, how many high hopes I should rob
+myself of, were I to take in hand to do you mischief.
+
+ (1) The Greater Zab, which flows into the Tigris near a town now
+    called Senn, with which most travellers identify Caenae.
+
+"I coveted the friendship of Cyrus; I believed him to be abler than
+any man of his day to benefit those whom he chose; but to-day I look
+and, behold, it is you who are in his place; the power which belonged   11
+to Cyrus and his territory are yours now. You have them, and your own
+satrapy besides, safe and sound; while the king's power, which was a
+thorn in the side of Cyrus, is your support. This being so, it would
+be madness not to wish to be your friend. But I will go further and
+state to you the reasons of my confidence, that you on your side will
+desire our friendship. I know that the Mysians are a cause of trouble
+to you, and I flatter myself that with my present force I could render
+them humbly obedient to you. This applies to the Pisidians also; and I
+am told there are many other such tribes besides. I think I can deal
+with them all; they shall cease from being a constant disturbance to
+your peace and prosperity. Then there are the Egyptians (2). I know
+your anger against them to-day is very great. Nor can I see what
+better force you will find to help you in chastising them than this
+which marches at my back to-day. Again, if you seek the friendship of
+any of your neighbours round, there shall be no friend so great as
+you; if any one annoys you, with us as your faithful servitors you
+shall belord it over him; and such service we will render you, not as
+hirelings merely for pay's sake, but for the gratitude which we shall
+rightly feel to you, to whom we owe our lives. As I dwell on these
+matters, I confess, the idea of your feeling mistrust of us is so
+astonishing, that I would give much to discover the name of the man,
+who is so clever of speech that he can persuade you that we harbour
+designs against you." Clearchus ended, and Tissaphernes responded
+thus--
+
+ (2) We learn from Diodorus Siculus, xiv. 35, that the Egyptians had
+    revolted from the Persians towards the end of the reign of Darius.
+
+"I am glad, Clearchus, to listen to your sensible remarks; for with
+the sentiments you hold, if you were to devise any mischief against
+me, it could only be out of malevolence to yourself. But if you
+imagine that you, on your side, have any better reason to mistrust the
+king and me, than we you, listen to me in turn, and I will undeceive
+you. I ask you, does it seem to you that we lack the means, if we had
+the will, to destroy you? have we not horsemen enough, or infantry, or
+whatever other arm you like, whereby we may be able to injure you,
+without risk of suffering in return? or, possibly, do we seem to you    17
+to lack the physical surroundings suitable for attacking you? Do you
+not see all these great plains, which you find it hard enough to
+traverse even when they are friendly? and all yonder great mountain
+chains left for you to cross, which we can at any time occupy in
+advance and render impassable? and all those rivers, on whose banks we
+can deal craftily by you, checking and controlling and choosing the
+right number of you whom we care to fight! Nay, there are some which
+you will not be able to cross at all, unless we transport you to the
+other side.
+
+"And if at all these points we were worsted, yet 'fire,' as they say,
+'is stronger than the fruit of the field': we can burn it down and
+call up famine in arms against you; against which you, for all your
+bravery, will never be able to contend. Why then, with all these
+avenues of attack, this machinery of war, open to us, not one of which
+can be turned against ourselves, why should we select from among them
+all that method, which alone in the sight of God is impious and of man
+abominable? Surely it belongs to people altogether without resources,
+who are helplessly struggling in the toils of fate, and are villains
+to boot, to seek accomplishment of their desires by perjury to heaven
+and faithlessness to their fellows. We are not so unreasoning,
+Clearchus, nor so foolish.
+
+"Why, when we had it in our power to destroy you, did we not proceed
+to do it? Know well that the cause of this was nothing less than my
+passion to prove myself faithful to the Hellenes, and that, as Cyrus
+went up, relying on a foreign force attracted by payment, I in turn
+might go down strong in the same through service rendered. Various
+ways in which you Hellenes may be useful to me you yourself have
+mentioned, but there is one still greater. It is the great king's
+privilege alone to wear the tiara upright upon his head, yet in your
+presence it may be given to another mortal to wear it upright, here,
+upon his heart."
+
+Throughout this speech he seemed to Clearchus to be speaking the
+truth, and he rejoined: "Then are not those worthy of the worst         24
+penalties who, in spite of all that exists to cement our friendship,
+endeavour by slander to make us enemies?" "Even so," replied
+Tissaphernes, "and if your generals and captains care to come in some
+open and public way, I will name to you those who tell me that you are
+plotting against me and the army under me." "Good," replied Clearchus.
+"I will bring all, and I will show you, on my side, the source from
+which I derive my information concerning you."
+
+After this conversation Tissaphernes, with kindliest expression,
+invited Clearchus to remain with him at the time, and entertained him
+at dinner. Next day Clearchus returned to the camp, and made no secret
+of his persuasion that he at any rate stood high in the affections of
+Tissaphernes, and he reported what he had said, insisting that those
+invited ought to go to Tissaphernes, and that any Hellene convicted of
+calumnious language ought to be punished, not only as traitors
+themselves, but as disaffected to their fellow-countrymen. The
+slanderer and traducer was Menon; so, at any rate, he suspected,
+because he knew that he had had meetings with Tissaphernes whilst he
+was with Ariaeus, and was factiously opposed to himself, plotting how
+to win over the whole army to him, as a means of winning the good
+graces of Tissaphernes. But Clearchus wanted the entire army to give
+its mind to no one else, and that refractory people should be put out
+of the way. Some of the soldiers protested: the captains and generals
+had better not all go; it was better not to put too much confidence in
+Tissaphernes. But Clearchus insisted so strongly that finally it was
+arranged for five generals to go and twenty captains. These were
+accompanied by about two hundred of the other soldiers, who took the
+opportunity of marketing.
+
+On arrival at the doors of Tissaphernes's quarters the generals were
+summoned inside. They were Proxenus the Boeotian, Menon the
+Thessalian, Agias the Arcadian, Clearchus the Laconian, and Socrates
+the Achaean; while the captains remained at the doors. Not long after
+that, at one and the same signal, those within were seized and those
+without cut down; after which some of the barbarian horsemen galloped
+over the plain, killing every Hellene they encountered, bond or free.   32
+The Hellenes, as they looked from the camp, viewed that strange
+horsemanship with surprise, and could not explain to themselves what
+it all meant, until Nicarchus the Arcadian came tearing along for bare
+life with a wound in the belly, and clutching his protruding entrails
+in his hands. He told them all that had happened. Instantly the
+Hellenes ran to their arms, one and all, in utter consternation, and
+fully expecting that the enemy would instantly be down upon the camp.
+However, they did not all come; only Ariaeus came, and Artaozus and
+Mithridates, who were Cyrus's most faithful friends; but the
+interpreter of the Hellenes said he saw and recognised the brother of
+Tissaphernes also with them. They had at their back other Persians
+also, armed with cuirasses, as many as three hundred. As soon as they
+were within a short distance, they bade any general or captain of the
+Hellenes who might be there to approach and hear a message from the
+king. After this, two Hellene generals went out with all precaution.
+These were Cleanor the Orchomenian (3), and Sophaenetus the
+Stymphalion, attended by Xenophon the Athenian, who went to learn news
+of Proxenus. Cheirisophus was at the time away in a village with a
+party gathering provisions. As soon as they had halted within earshot,
+Ariaeus said: "Hellenes, Clearchus being shown to have committed
+perjury and to have broken the truce, has suffered the penalty, and he
+is dead; but Proxenus and Menon, in return for having given
+information of his treachery, are in high esteem and honour. As to
+yourselves, the king demands your arms. He claims them as his, since
+they belonged to Cyrus, who was his slave." To this the Hellenes made
+answer by the mouth of Cleanor of Orchomenus, their spokesman, who
+said, addressing Ariaeus: "Thou villain, Ariaeus, and you the rest of
+you, who were Cyrus's friends, have you no shame before God or man,
+first to swear to us that you have the same friends and the same
+enemies as we ourselves, and then to turn and betray us, making common
+cause with Tissaphernes, that most impious and villainous of men? With
+him you have murdered the very men to whom you gave your solemn word
+and oath, and to the rest of us turned traitors; and, having so done,   39
+you join hand with our enemies to come against us." Ariaeus answered:
+"There is no doubt but that Clearchus has been known for some time to
+harbour designs against Tissaphernes and Orontas, and all of us who
+side with them." Taking up this assertion, Xenophon said: "Well, then,
+granting that Clearchus broke the truce contrary to our oaths, he has
+his deserts, for perjurers deserve to perish; but where are Proxenus
+and Menon, our generals and your good friends and benefactors, as you
+admit? Send them back to us. Surely, just because they are friends of
+both parites, they will try to give us the best advice for you and for
+us."
+
+At this, the Asiatics stood discussing with one another for a long
+while, and then they went away without vouchsafing a word.
+
+
+
+
+VI
+
+The generals who were thus seized were taken up to the king and there   1
+decapitated. The first of these, Clearchus, was a thorough soldier,
+and a true lover of fighting. This is the testimony of all who knew
+him intimately. As long as the war between the Lacedaemonians and
+Athenians lasted, he could find occupation at home; but after the
+peace, he persuaded his own city that the Thracians were injuring the
+Hellenes, and having secured his object, set sail, empowered by the
+ephorate to make war upon the Thracians north of the Chersonese and
+Perinthus. But he had no sooner fairly started than, for some reason
+or other, the ephors changed their minds, and endeavoured to bring him
+back again from the isthmus. Thereupon he refused further obedience,
+and went off with sails set for the Hellespont. In consequence he was
+condemned to death by the Spartan authorities for disobedience to
+orders; and now, finding himself an exile, he came to Cyrus. Working
+on the feelings of that prince, in language described elsewhere, he
+received from his entertainer a present of ten thousand darics. Having
+got this money, he did not sink into a life of ease and indolence, but
+collected an army with it, carried on war against the Thracians, and    5
+conquered them in battle, and from that date onwards harried and
+plundered them with war incessantly, until Cyrus wanted his army;
+whereupon he at once went off, in hopes of finding another sphere of
+warfare in his company.
+
+These, I take it, were the characteristic acts of a man whose
+affections are set on warfare. When it is open to him to enjoy peace
+with honour, no shame, no injury attached, still he prefers war; when
+he may live at home at ease, he insists on toil, if only it may end in
+fighting; when it is given to him to keep his riches without risk, he
+would rather lessen his fortune by the pastime of battle. To put it
+briefly, war was his mistress; just as another man will spend his
+fortune on a favourite, or to gratify some pleasure, so he chose to
+squander his substance on soldiering.
+
+But if the life of a soldier was a passion with him, he was none the
+less a soldier born, as herein appears; danger was a delight to him;
+he courted it, attacking the enemy by night or by day; and in
+difficulties he did not lose his head, as all who ever served in a
+campaign with him would with one consent allow. A good solder! the
+question arises, Was he equally good as a commander? It must be
+admitted that, as far as was compatible with his quality of temper, he
+was; none more so. Capable to a singular degree of devising how his
+army was to get supplies, and of actually getting them, he was also
+capable of impressing upon those about him that Clearchus must be
+obeyed; and that he brought about by the very hardness of his nature.
+With a scowling expression and a harshly-grating voice, he chastised
+with severity, and at times with such fury, that he was sorry
+afterwards himself for what he had done. Yet it was not without
+purpose that he applied the whip; he had a theory that there was no
+good to be got out of an unchastened army. A saying of his is recorded
+to the effect that the soldier who is to mount guard and keep his
+hands off his friends, and be ready to dash without a moment's
+hesitation against the foe--must fear his commander more than the
+enemy. Accordingly, in any strait, this was the man whom the soldiers
+were eager to obey, and they would have no other in his place. The      11
+cloud which lay upon his brow, at those times lit up with brightness;
+his face became radiant, and the old sternness was so charged with
+vigour and knitted strength to meet the foe, that it savoured of
+salvation, not of cruelty. But when the pinch of danger was past, and
+it was open to them to go and taste subordination under some other
+officer, many forsook him. So lacking in grace of manner was he; but
+was ever harsh and savage, so that the feeling of the soldiers towards
+him was that of schoolboys to a master. In other words, though it was
+not his good fortune ever to have followers inspired solely by
+friendship or goodwill, yet those who found themselves under him,
+either by State appointment or through want, or other arch necessity,
+yielded him implicit obedience. From the moment that he led them to
+victory, the elements which went to make his soldiers efficient were
+numerous enough. There was the feeling of confidence in facing the
+foe, which never left them, and there was the dread of punishment at
+his hands to keep them orderly. In this way and to this extent he knew
+how to rule; but to play a subordinate part himself he had no great
+taste; so, at any rate, it was said. At the time of his death he must
+have been about fifty years of age.
+
+Proxenus, the Boeotian, was of a different temperament. It had been
+the dream of his boyhood to become a man capable of great
+achievements. In obedience to this passionate desire it was, that he
+paid his fee to Gorgias of Leontini (1). After enojoying that teacher's
+society, he flattered himself that he must be at once qualified to
+rule; and while he was on friendly terms with the leaders of the age,
+he was not to be outdone in reciprocity of service (2). In this mood he  17
+threw himself into the projects of Cyrus, and in return expected to
+derive from this essay the reward of a great name, large power, and
+wide wealth. But for all that he pitched his hopes so high, it was
+none the less evident that he would refuse to gain any of the ends he
+set before him wrongfully. Righteously and honourably he would obtain
+them, if he might, or else forego them. As a commander he had the art
+of leading gentlemen, but he failed to inspire adequately either
+respect for himself or fear in the soldiers under him. Indeed, he
+showed a more delicate regard for his soldiers than his subordinates
+for him, and he was indisputably more apprehensive of incurring their
+hatred than they were of losing their fidelity. The one thing needful
+to real and recognised generalship was, he thought, to praise the
+virtuous and to withhold praise from the evildoer. It can be easily
+understood, then, that of those who were brought in contact with him,
+the good and noble indeed were his well-wishers; but he laid himself
+open to the machinations of the base, who looked upon him as a person
+to be dealt with as they liked. At the time of his death he was only
+thirty years of age.
+
+ (1) The famous rhetorician of Leontini, 485-380 B.C. His fee was 100
+    minae.
+
+ (2) Proxenus, like Cyrus, is to some extent a prototype of the Cyrus
+    of the "Cyropaedia." In other words, the author, in delineating
+    the portrait of his ideal prince, drew from the recollection of
+    many princely qualities observed by him in the characters of many
+    friends. Apart from the intrinsic charm of the story, the
+    "Anabasis" is interesting as containing the raw material of
+    experience and reflection which "this young scholar or
+    philosopher," our friend, the author, will one day turn to
+    literary account.
+
+As to Menon the Thessalian (3), the mainspring of his action was
+obvious; what he sought after insatiably was wealth. Rule he sought
+after only as a stepping-stone to larger spoils. Honours and high
+estate he craved for simply that he might extend the area of his
+gains; and if he studied to be on friendly terms with the powerful, it
+was in order that he might commit wrong with impunity. The shortest
+road to the achievement of his desires lay, he thought, through false
+swearing, lying, and cheating; for in his vocabulary simplicity and
+truth were synonyms of folly. Natural affection he clearly entertained
+for nobody. If he called a man his friend it might be looked upon as    23
+certain that he was bent on ensnaring him. Laughter at an enemy he
+considered out of place, but his whole conversation turned upon the
+ridicule of his associates. In like manner, the possessions of his
+foes were secure from his designs, since it was no easy task, he
+thought, to steal from people on their guard; but it was his
+particular good fortune to have discovered how easy it is to rob a
+friend in the midst of his security. If it were a perjured person or a
+wrongdoer, he dreaded him as well armed and intrenched; but the
+honourable and the truth-loving he tried to practise on, regarding
+them as weaklings devoid of manhood. And as other men pride themselves
+on piety and truth and righteousness, so Menon prided himself on a
+capacity for fraud, on the fabrication of lies, on the mockery and
+scorn of friends. The man who was not a rogue he ever looked upon as
+only half educated. Did he aspire to the first place in another man's
+friendship, he set about his object by slandering those who stood
+nearest to him in affection. He contrived to secure the obedience of
+his solders by making himself an accomplice in their misdeeds, and the
+fluency with which he vaunted his own capacity and readiness for
+enormous guilt was a sufficient title to be honoured and courted by
+them. Or if any one stood aloof from him, he set it down as a
+meritorious act of kindness on his part that during their intercourse
+he had not robbed him of existence.
+
+ (3) For a less repulsive conception of Menon's character, however
+    unhistorical, see Plato's "Meno," and Prof. Jowlett's
+    Introduction, "Plato," vol. i. p. 265: "He is a Thessalian
+    Alcibiades, rich and luxurious--a spoilt child of fortune."
+
+As to certain obscure charges brought against his character, these may
+certainly be fabrications. I confine myself to the following facts,
+which are known to all. He was in the bloom of youth when he procured
+from Aristippus the command of his mercenaries; he had not yet lost
+that bloom when he became exceedingly intimate with Ariaeus, a
+barbarian, whose liking for fair young men was the explanation; and
+before he had grown a beard himself, he had contracted a similar
+relationship with a bearded favourite named Tharypas. When his
+fellow-generals were put to death on the plea that they had marched
+with Cyrus against the king, he alone, although he had shared their
+conduct, was exempted from their fate. But after their deaths the
+vengeance of the king fell upon him, and he was put to death, not like  29
+Clearchus and the others by what would appear to be the speediest of
+deaths--decapitation--but, as report says, he lived for a year in pain
+and disgrace and died the death of a felon.
+
+Agias the Arcadian and Socrates the Achaean were both among the
+sufferers who were put to death. To the credit, be it said, of both,
+no one ever derided either as cowardly in war: no one ever had a fault
+to find with either on the score of friendship. They were both about
+thirty-five years of age.
+
+
+
+
+
+BOOK III
+
+ (In the preceding pages of the narrative will be found a full
+account, not only of the doings of the Hellenes during the
+advance of Cyrus till the date of the battle, but of the
+incidents which befell them after Cyrus' death at the
+commencement of the retreat, while in company with
+Tissaphernes during the truce.)
+
+
+
+
+I
+
+After the generals had been seized, and the captains and soldiers who   1
+formed their escort had been killed, the Hellenes lay in deep
+perplexity--a prey to painful reflections. Here were they at the
+king's gates, and on every side environing them were many hostile
+cities and tribes of men. Who was there now to furnish them with a
+market? Separated from Hellas by more than a thousand miles, they had
+not even a guide to point the way. Impassable rivers lay athwart their
+homeward route, and hemmed them in. Betrayed even by the Asiatics, at
+whose side they had marched with Cyrus to the attack, they were left
+in isolation. Without a single mounted trooper to aid them in pursuit:
+was it not perfectly plain that if they won a battle, their enemies
+would escape to a man, but if they were beaten themselves, not one
+soul of them would survive?
+
+Haunted by such thoughts, and with hearts full of despair, but few of
+them tasted food that evening; but few of them kindled even a fire,
+and many never came into camp at all that night, but took their rest
+where each chanced to be. They could not close their eyes for very
+pain and yearning after their fatherlands or their parents, the wife
+or child whom they never expected to look upon again. Such was the
+plight in which each and all tried to seek repose.
+
+Now there was in that host a certain man, an Athenian (1), Xenophon,
+who had accompanied Cyrus, neither as a general, nor as an officer,
+nor yet as a private soldier, but simply on the invitation of an old
+friend, Proxenus. This old friend had sent to fetch him from home,
+promising, if he would come, to introduce him to Cyrus, "whom," said
+Proxenus, "I consider to be worth my fatherland and more to me."
+
+ (1) The reader should turn to Grote's comments on the first appearance
+    of Xenophon. He has been mentioned before, of course, more than
+    once before; but he now steps, as the protagonist, upon the scene,
+    and as Grote says: "It is in true Homeric vein, and in something
+    like Homeric language, that Xenophon (to whom we owe the whole
+    narrative of the expedition) describes his dream, or the
+    intervention of Oneiros, sent by Zeus, from which this renovating
+    impulse took its rise."
+
+Xenophon having read the letter, consulted Socrates the Athenian,
+whether he should accept or refuse the invitation. Socrates, who had a
+suspicion that the State of Athens might in some way look askance at
+my friendship with Cyrus, whose zealous co-operation with the
+Lacedaemonians against Athens in the war was not forgotten, advised
+Xenophon to go to Delphi and there to consult the god as to the
+desirability of such a journey. Xenophon went and put the question to
+Apollo, to which of the gods he must pray and do sacrifice, so that he
+might best accomplish his intended journey and return in safety, with
+good fortune. Then Apollo answered him: "To such and such gods must
+thou do sacrifice," and when he had returned home he reported to
+Socrates the oracle. But he, when he heard, blamed Xenophon that he
+had not, in the first instance, inquired of the god, whether it were
+better for him to go or to stay, but had taken on himself to settle
+that point affirmatively, by inquiring straightway, how he might best   7
+perform the journey. "Since, however," continued Socrates, "you did so
+put the question, you should do what the god enjoined." Thus, and
+without further ado, Xenophon offered sacrifice to those whom the god
+had named, and set sail on his voyage. He overtook Proxenus and Cyrus
+at Sardis, when they were just ready to start on the march up country,
+and was at once introduced to Cyrus. Proxenus eagerly pressed him to
+stop--a request which Cyrus with like ardour supported, adding that as
+soon as the campaign was over he would send him home. The campaign
+referred to was understood to be against the Pisidians. That is how
+Xenophon came to join the expedition, deceived indeed, though not by
+Proxenus, who was equally in the dark with the rest of the Hellenes,
+not counting Clearchus, as to the intended attack upon the king. Then,
+though the majority were in apprehension of the journey, which was not
+at all to their minds, yet, for very shame of one another and Cyrus,
+they continued to follow him, and with the rest went Xenophon.
+
+And now in this season of perplexity, he too, with the rest, was in
+sore distress, and could not sleep; but anon, getting a snatch of
+sleep, he had a dream. It seemed to him in a vision that there was a
+storm of thunder and lightning, and a bolt fell on his father's house,
+and thereupon the house was all in a blaze. He sprung up in terror,
+and pondering the matter, decided that in part the dream was good: in
+that he had seen a great light from Zeus, whilst in the midst of toil
+and danger. But partly too he feared it, for evidently it had come
+from Zeus the king. And the fire kindled all around--what could that
+mean but that he was hemmed in by various perplexities, and so could
+not escape from the country of the king? The full meaning, however, is
+to be discovered from what happened after the dream.
+
+This is what took place. As soon as he was fully awake, the first
+clear thought which came into his head was, Why am I lying here? The
+night advances; with the day, it is like enough, the enemy will be
+upon us. If we are to fall into the hands of the king, what is left us
+but to face the most horrible of sights, and to suffer the most         13
+fearful pains, and then to die, insulted, an ignominious death? To
+defend ourselves--to ward off that fate--not a hand stirs: no one is
+preparing, none cares; but here we lie, as though it were time to rest
+and take our ease. I too! what am I waiting for? a general to
+undertake the work? and from what city? am I waiting till I am older
+mysef and of riper age? older I shall never be, if to-day I betray
+myself to my enemies.
+
+Thereupon he got up, and called together first Proxenus's officers;
+and when they were met, he said: "Sleep, sirs, I cannot, nor can you,
+I fancy, nor lie here longer, when I see in what straits we are. Our
+enemy, we may be sure, did not open war upon us till he felt he had
+everything amply ready; yet none of us shows a corresponding anxiety
+to enter the lists of battle in the bravest style.
+
+"And yet, if we yield ourselves and fall into the king's power, need
+we ask what our fate will be? This man, who, when his own brother, the
+son of the same parents, was dead, was not content with that, but
+severed head and hand from the body, and nailed them to a cross. We,
+then, who have not even the tie of blood in our favour, but who
+marched against him, meaning to make a slave of him instead of a
+king--and to slay him if we could: what is likely to be our fate at
+his hands? Will he not go all lengths so that, by inflicting on us the
+extreme of ignominy and torture, he may rouse in the rest of mankind a
+terror of ever marching against him any more? There is no question but
+that our business is to avoid by all means getting into his clutches.
+
+"For my part, all the while the truce lasted, I never ceased pitying
+ourselves and congratulating the king and those with him, as, like a
+helpless spectator, I surveyed the extent and quality of their
+territory, the plenteousness of their provisions, the multitude of
+their dependants, their cattle, their gold, and their apparel. And
+then to turn and ponder the condition of our soldiers, without part or
+lot in these good things, except we bought it; few, I knew, had any
+longer the wherewithal to buy, and yet our oath held us down, so that
+we could not provide ourselves otherwise than by purchase. I say, as I  21
+reasoned thus, there were times when I dreaded the truce more than I
+now dread war.
+
+"Now, however, that they have abruptly ended the truce, there is an
+end also to their own insolence and to our suspicion. All these good
+things of theirs are now set as prizes for the combatants. To
+whichsoever of us shall prove the better men, will they fall as
+guerdons; and the gods themselves are the judges of the strife. The
+gods, who full surely will be on our side, seeing it is our enemies
+who have taken their names falsely; whilst we, with much to lure us,
+yet for our oath's sake, and the gods who were our witnesses, sternly
+held aloof. So that, it seems to me, we have a right to enter upon
+this contest with much more heart than our foes; and further, we are
+possessed of bodies more capable than theirs of bearing cold and heat
+and labour; souls too we have, by the help of heaven, better and
+braver; nay, the men themselves are more vulnerable, more mortal, than
+ourselves, if so be the gods vouchsafe to give us victory once again.
+
+"Howbeit, for I doubt not elsewhere similar reflections are being
+made, whatsoever betide, let us not, in heaven's name, wait for others
+to come and challenge us to noble deeds; let us rather take the lead
+in stimulating the rest to valour. Show yourselves to be the bravest
+of officers, and among generals, the worthiest to command. For myself,
+if you choose to start forwards on this quest, I will follow; or, if
+you bid me lead you, my age shall be no excuse to stand between me and
+your orders. At least I am of full age, I take it, to avert misfortune
+from my own head."
+
+Such were the speaker's words; and the officers, when they heard, all,
+with one exception, called upon him to put himself at their head. This
+was a certain Apollonides there present, who spoke in the Boeotian
+dialect. This man's opinion was that it was mere nonsense for any one
+to pretend they could obtain safety otherwise than by an appeal to the
+king, if he had skill to enforce it; and at the same time he began to
+dilate on the difficulties. But Xenophon cut him short. "O most
+marvellous of men! though you have eyes to see, you do not perceive;
+though you have ears to hear, you do not recollect. You were present    27
+with the rest of us now here when, after the death of Cyrus, the king,
+vaunting himself on that occurrence, sent dictatorially to bid us lay
+down our arms. But when we, instead of giving up our arms, put them on
+and went and pitched our camp near him, his manner changed. It is hard
+to say what he did not do, he was so at his wit's end, sending us
+embassies and begging for a truce, and furnishing provisions the
+while, until he had got it. Or to take the contrary instance, when
+just now, acting precisely on your principles, our generals and
+captains went, trusting to the truce, unarmed to a conference with
+them, what came of it? what is happening at this instant? Beaten,
+goaded with pricks, insulted, poor souls, they cannot even die: though
+death, I ween, would be very sweet. And you, who know all this, how
+can you say that it is mere nonsense to talk of self-defence? how can
+you bid us go again and try the arts of persuasion? In my opinion,
+sirs, we ought not to admit this fellow to the same rank with
+ourselves; rather ought we to deprive him of his captaincy, and load
+him with packs and treat him as such. The man is a disgrace to his own
+fatherland and the whole of Hellas, that, being a Hellene, he is what
+he is."
+
+Here Agasias the Stymphalian broke in, exclaiming: "Nay, this fellow
+has no connection either with Boeotia or with Hellas, none whatever. I
+have noted both his ears bored like a Lydian's." And so it was. Him
+then they banished. But the rest visited the ranks, and wherever a
+general was left, they summoned the general; where he was gone, the
+lieutenant-general; and where again the captain alone was left, the
+captain. As soon as they were all met, they seated themselves in front
+of the place d'armes: the assembled generals and officers, numbering
+about a hundred. It was nearly midnight when this took place.
+
+Thereupon Hieronymous the Eleian, the eldest of Proxenus's captains,
+commenced speaking as follows: "Generals and captains, it seemed right
+to us, in view of the present crisis, ourselves to assemble and to
+summon you, that we might advise upon some practicable course. Would
+you, Xenophon, repeat what you said to us?"
+
+Thereupon Xenophon spoke as follows: "We all know only too well, that   34
+the king and Tissaphernes have seized as many of us as they could, and
+it is clear they are plotting to destroy the rest of us if they can.
+Our business is plain: it is to do all we can to avoid getting into
+the power of the barbarians; rather, if we can, we will get them into
+our power. Rely upon this then, all you who are here assembled, now is
+your great opportunity. The soldiers outside have their eyes fixed
+upon you; if they think that you are faint-hearted, they will turn
+cowards; but if you show them that you are making your own
+preparations to attack the enemy, and setting an example to the
+rest--follow you, be assured, they will: imitate you they will. May
+be, it is but right and fair that you should somewhat excel them, for
+you are generals, you are commanders of brigades or regiments; and if,
+while it was peace, you had the advantage in wealth and position, so
+now, when it is war, you are expected to rise superior to the common
+herd--to think for them, to toil for them, whenever there be need.
+
+"At this very moment you would confer a great boon on the army, if you
+made it your business to appoint generals and officers to fill the
+places of those that are lost. For without leaders nothing good or
+noble, to put it concisely, was ever wrought anywhere; and in military
+matters this is absolutely true; for if discipline is held to be of
+saving virtue, the want of it has been the ruin of many ere now. Well,
+then! when you have appointed all the commanders necessary, it would
+only be opportune, I take it, if you were to summon the rest of the
+soldiers and speak some words of encouragement. Even now, I daresay
+you noticed yourselves the crestfallen air with which they came into
+camp, the despondency with which they fell to picket duty, so that,
+unless there is a change for the better, I do not know for what
+service they will be fit; whether by night, if need were, or even by
+day. The thing is to get them to turn their thoughts to what they mean
+to do, instead of to what they are likely to suffer. Do that, and
+their spirits will soon revive wonderfully. You know, I need hardly
+remind you, it is not numbers or strength that gives victory in war;
+but, heaven helping them, to one or other of two combatants it is       42
+given to dash with stouter hearts to meet the foe, and such onset, in
+nine cases out of ten, those others refuse to meet. This observation,
+also, I have laid to heart, that they, who in matters of war seek in
+all ways to save their lives, are just they who, as a rule, die
+dishonourably; whereas they who, recognising that death is the common
+lot and destiny of all men, strive hard to die nobly: these more
+frequently, as I observe, do after all attain to old age, or, at any
+rate, while life lasts, they spend their days more happily. This
+lesson let all lay to heart this day, for we are just at such a crisis
+of our fate. Now is the season to be brave ourselves, and to stimulate
+the rest by our example."
+
+With these words he ceased; and after him, Cheirisophus said:
+"Xenophon, hitherto I knew only so much of you as that you were, I
+heard, an Athenian, but now I must commend you for your words and for
+your conduct. I hope that there may be many more like you, for it
+would prove a public blessing." Then turning to the officers: "And
+now," said he, "let us waste no time; retire at once, I beg you, and
+choose leaders where you need them. After you have made your
+elections, come back to the middle of the camp, and bring the newly
+appointed officers. After that, we will there summon a general meeting
+of the soldiers. Let Tolmides, the herald," he added, "be in
+attendance." With these words on his lips he got up, in order that
+what was needful might be done at once without delay. After this the
+generals were chosen. These were Timasion the Dardanian, in place of
+Clearchus; Xanthicles, an Achaean, in place of Socrates; Cleanor, an
+Arcadian, in place of Agias; Philesius, an Achaean, in place of Menon;
+and in place of Proxenus, Xenophon the Athenian.
+
+
+
+
+II
+
+By the time the new generals had been chosen, the first faint glimmer   1
+of dawn had hardly commenced, as they met in the centre of the camp,
+and resolved to post an advance guard and to call a general meeting of
+the soldiers. Now, when these had come together, Cheirisophus the
+Lacedaemonian first rose and spoke as follows: "Fellow-soldiers, the
+present posture of affairs is not pleasant, seeing that we are robbed
+of so many generals and captains and soldiers; and more than that, our  2
+former allies, Ariaeus and his men, have betrayed us; still, we must
+rise above our circumstances to prove ourselves brave men, and not
+give in, but try to save ourselves by glorious victory if we can; or,
+if not, at least to die gloriously, and never, while we have breath in
+our bodies, fall into the hands of our enemies. In which latter case,
+I fear, we shall suffer things, which I pray the gods may visit rather
+upon those we hate."
+
+At this point Cleanor the Ochomenian stood up and spoke as follows:
+"You see, men, the perjury and the impiety of the king. You see the
+faithlessness of Tissaphernes, professing that he was next-door
+neighbour to Hellas, and would give a good deal to save us, in
+confirmation of which he took an oath to us himself, he gave us the
+pledge of his right hand, and then, with a lie upon his lips, this
+same man turned round and arrested our generals. He had no reverence
+even for Zeus, the god of strangers; but, after entertaining Clearchus
+at his own board as a friend, he used his hospitality to delude and
+decoy his victims. And Ariaeus, whom we offered to make king, with
+whom we exchanged pledges not to betray each other, even this man,
+without a particle of fear of the gods, or respect for Cyrus in his
+grave, though he was most honoured by Cyrus in lifetime, even he has
+turned aside to the worst foes of Cyrus, and is doing his best to
+injure the dead man's friends. Them may the gods requite as they
+deserve! But we, with these things before our eyes, will not any more
+be cheated and cajoled by them; we will make the best fight we can,
+and having made it, whatever the gods think fit to send, we will
+accept."
+
+After him Xenophon arose; he was arrayed for war in his bravest
+apparel (1): "For," said he to himself, "if the gods grant victory, the
+finest attire will match with victory best; or if I must needs die,
+then for one who has aspired to the noblest, it is well there should
+be some outward correspondence between his expectation and his end."
+He began his speech as follows: "Cleanor has spoken of the perjury and  8
+faithlessness of the barbarians, and you yourselves know them only too
+well, I fancy. If then we are minded to enter a second time into terms
+of friendship with them, with the experience of what our generals, who
+in all confidence entrusted themselves to their power, have suffered,
+reason would we should feel deep despondency. If, on the other hand,
+we purpose to take our good swords in our hands and to inflict
+punishment on them for what they have done, and from this time forward
+will be on terms of downright war with them, then, God helping, we
+have many a bright hope of safety." The words were scarcely spoken
+when someone sneezed (2), and with one impulse the soldiers bowed in
+worship; and Xenophon proceeded: "I propose, sirs, since, even as we
+spoke of safety, an omen from Zeus the Saviour has appeared, we vow a
+vow to sacrifice to the Saviour thank-offerings for safe deliverance,
+wheresoever first we reach a friendly country; and let us couple with
+that vow another of individual assent, that we will offer to the rest
+of the gods 'according to our ability.' Let all those who are in
+favour of this proposal hold up their hands." They all held up their
+hands, and there and then they vowed a vow and chanted the battle
+hymn. But as soon as these sacred matters were duly ended, he began
+once more thus: "I was saying that many and bright are the hopes we
+have of safety. First of all, we it is who confirm and ratify the
+oaths we take by heaven, but our enemies have taken false oaths and
+broken the truce, contrary to their solemn word. This being so, it is
+but natural that the gods should be opposed to our enemies, but with
+ourselves allied; the gods, who are able to make the great ones
+quickly small, and out of sore perplexity can save the little ones
+with ease, what time it pleases them. In the next place, let me recall
+to your minds the dangers of our own forefathers, that you may see and  11
+know that bravery is your heirloom, and that by the aid of the gods
+brave men are rescued even out of the midst of sorest straits." So was
+it when the Persians came, and their attendant hosts (3), with a very
+great armament, to wipe out Athens from the face of the earth--the men
+of Athens had the heart to withstand them and conquered them. Then
+they vowed to Artemis that for every man they slew of the enemy, they
+would sacrifice to the goddess goats so many; and when they could not
+find sufficient for the slain, they resolved to offer yearly five
+hundred; and to this day they perform that sacrifice. And at a
+somewhat later date, when Xerxes assembled his countless hosts and
+marched upon Hellas, then (4) too our fathers conquered the forefathers
+of our foes by land and by sea.
+
+ (1) So it is said of the Russian General Skobelef, that he had a
+    strange custom of going into battle in his cleanest uniform,
+    perfumed, and wearing a diamond-hilted sword, "in order that," as
+    he said, "he might die in his best attire."
+
+ (2) For this ancient omen see "Odyssey," xvii. 541: "Even as she
+    spake, and Telemachus sneezed loudly, and around the roof rung
+    wondrously. And Penelope laughed."... "Dost thou not mark how
+    my son has sneezed a blessing on all my words?"
+
+ (3) See Herod. vi. 114; the allusion is to the invasion of Greeze by
+    Datis and Artaphernes, and to their defeat at Marathon, B.C. 490.
+    "Heredotus estimates the number of those who fell on the Persian
+    side at 6400 men: the number of Athenian dead is accurately known,
+    since all were collected for the last solemn obsequies--they were
+    192."--Grote, "Hist. of Greece," vol. v. p. 475.
+
+ (4) Then = at Salamis, B.C. 480, and at Plataea and Mycale, B.C. 479,
+    on the same day.
+
+"And proofs of these things are yet to be seen in trophies; but the
+greatest witness of all is the freedom of our cities--the liberty of
+that land in which you were born and bred. For you call no man master
+or lord; you bow your heads to none save to the gods alone. Such were
+your forefathers, and their sons are ye. Think not I am going to say
+that you put to shame in any way your ancestry--far from it. Not many
+days since, you too were drawn up in battle face to face with these
+true descendants of their ancestors, and by the help of heaven you
+conquered them, though they many times outnumbered you. At that time,
+it was to win a throne for Cyrus that you showed your bravery; to-day,
+when the struggle is for your own salvation, what is more natural than
+that you should show yourselves braver and more zealous still. Nay, it
+is very meet and right that you should be more undaunted still to-day
+to face the foe. The other day, though you had not tested them, and
+before your eyes lay their immeasurable host, you had the heart to go
+against them with the spirit of your fathers. To-day you have made      16
+trial of them, and knowing that, however many times your number, they
+do not care to await your onset, what concern have you now to be
+afraid of them?
+
+"Nor let any one suppose that herein is a point of weakness, in that
+Cyrus's troops, who before were drawn up by your side, have now
+deserted us, for they are even worse cowards still than those we
+worsted. At any rate they have deserted us, and sought refuge with
+them. Leaders of the forlorn hope of flight--far better is it to have
+them brigaded with the enemy than shoulder to shoulder in our ranks.
+But if any of you is out of heart to think that we have no cavalry,
+while the enemy have many squadrons to command, lay to heart this
+doctrine, that ten thousand horse only equal ten thousand men upon
+their backs, neither less nor more. Did any one ever die in battle
+from the bite or kick of a horse? It is the men, the real swordsmen,
+who do whatever is done in battles. In fact we, on our stout shanks,
+are better mounted than those cavalry fellows; there they hang on to
+their horses' necks in mortal dread, not only of us, but of falling
+off; while we, well planted upon earth, can deal far heavier blows to
+our assailants, and aim more steadily at who we will. There is one
+point, I admit, in which their cavalry have the whip-hand of us; it is
+safer for them than it is for us to run away.
+
+"May be, however, you are in good heart about the fighting, but
+annoyed to think that Tissaphernes will not guide us any more, and
+that the king will not furnish us with a market any longer. Now,
+consider, is it better for us to have a guide like Tissaphernes, whom
+we know to be plotting against us, or to take our chance of the stray
+people whom we catch and compel to guide us, who will know that any
+mistake made in leading us will be a sad mistake for their own lives?
+Again, is it better to be buying provisions in a market of their
+providing, in scant measure and at high prices, without even the money
+to pay for them any longer; or, by right of conquest, to help
+ourselves, applying such measure as suits our fancy best?
+
+"Or again, perhaps you admit that our present position is not without
+its advantages, but you feel sure that the rivers are a difficulty,
+and think that you were never more taken in than when you crossed       22
+them; if so, consider whether, after all, this is not perhaps the most
+foolish thing which the barbarians have done. No river is impassable
+throughout; whatever difficulties it may present at some distance from
+its source, you need only make your way up to the springhead, and
+there you may cross it without wetting more than your ankles. But,
+granted that the rivers do bar our passage, and that guides are not
+forthcoming, what care we? We need feel no alarm for all that. We have
+heard of the Mysians, a people whom we certainly cannot admit to be
+better than ourselves; and yet they inhabit numbers of large and
+prosperous cities in the king's own country without asking leave. The
+Pisidians are an equally good instance, or the Lycaonians. We have
+seen with our own eyes how they fare: seizing fortresses down in the
+plains, and reaping the fruits of these men's territory. As to us, I
+go so far as to assert, we ought never to have let it be seen that we
+were bent on getting home: at any rate, not so soon; we should have
+begun stocking and furnishing ourselves, as if we fully meant to
+settle down for life somewhere or other hereabouts. I am sure that the
+king would be thrice glad to give the Mysians as many guides as they
+like, or as many hostages as they care to demand, in return for a safe
+conduct out of his country; he would make carriage roads for them, and
+if they preferred to take their departure in coaches and four, he
+would not say them nay. So too, I am sure, he would be only too glad
+to accommodate us in the same way, if he saw us preparing to settle
+down here. But, perhaps, it is just as well that we did not stop; for
+I fear, if once we learn to live in idleness and to batten in luxury
+and dalliance with these tall and handsome Median and Persian women
+and maidens, we shall be like the Lotus-eaters (5), and forget the road
+home altogether.
+
+ (5) See "Odyssey," ix. 94, "ever feeding on the Lotus and forgetful of
+    returning."
+
+"It seems to me that it is only right, in the first instance, to make
+an effort to return to Hellas and to revisit our hearths and homes, if
+only to prove to other Hellenes that it is their own faults if they
+are poor and needy (6), seeing it is in their power to give to those     26
+now living a pauper life at home a free passage hither, and convert
+them into well-to-do burghers at once. Now, sirs, is it not clear that
+all these good things belong to whoever has strength to hold them?
+
+ (6) Here seems to be the germ--unless, indeed, the thought had been
+    conceived above--here at any rate the first conscious expression
+    of the colonisation scheme, of which we shall hear more below, in
+    reference to Cotyora; the Phasis; Calpe. It appears again fifty
+    years later in the author's pamphlet "On Revenues," chapters i.
+    and vi. For the special evils of the fourth century B.C., and the
+    growth of pauperism between B.C. 401 and 338, see Jebb, "Attic
+    Orators," vol i. p. 17.
+
+"Let us look another matter in the face. How are we to march most
+safely? or where blows are needed, how are we to fight to the best
+advantage? That is the question.
+
+"The first thing which I recommend is to burn the wagons we have got,
+so that we may be free to march wherever the army needs, and not,
+practically, make our baggage train our general. And, next, we should
+throw our tents into the bonfire also: for these again are only a
+trouble to carry, and do not contribute one grain of good either for
+fighting or getting provisions. Further, let us get rid of all
+superfluous baggage, save only what we require for the sake of war, or
+meat and drink, so that as many of us as possible may be under arms,
+and as few as possible doing porterage. I need not remind you that, in
+case of defeat, the owners' goods are not their own; but if we master
+our foes, we will make them our baggage bearers.
+
+"It only rests for me to name the one thing which I look upon as the
+greatest of all. You see, the enemy did not dare to bring war to bear
+upon us until they had first seized our generals; they felt that
+whilst our rulers were there, and we obeyed them, they were no match
+for us in war; but having got hold of them, they fully expected that
+the consequent confusion and anarchy would prove fatal to us. What
+follows? This: Officers and leaders ought to be more vigilant ever
+than their predecessors; subordinates still more orderly and obedient
+to those in command now than even they were to those who are gone. And
+you should pass a resolution that, in case of insubordination, any one  31
+who stands by is to aid the officer in chastising the offender. So the
+enemy will be mightily deceived; for on this day they will behold ten
+thousand Clearchuses instead of one, who will not suffer one man to
+play the coward. And now it is high time I brought my remarks to an
+end, for may be the enemy will be here anon. Let those who are in
+favour of these proposals confirm them with all speed, that they may
+be realised in fact; or if any other course seem better, let not any
+one, even though he be a private soldier, shrink from proposing it.
+Our common safety is our common need."
+
+After this Cheirisophus spoke. He said: "If there is anything else to
+be done, beyond what Xenophon has mentioned, we shall be able to carry
+it out presently; but with regard to what he has already proposed, it
+seems to me the best course to vote upon the matters at once. Those
+who are in favour of Xenophon's proposals, hold up their hands." They
+all held them up. Xenophon rose again and said: "Listen, sirs, while I
+tell you what I think we have need of besides. It is clear that we
+must march where we can get provisions. Now, I am told there are some
+splendid villages not more than two miles and a half distant. I should
+not be surprised, then, if the enemy were to hang on our heels and dog
+us as we retire, like cowardly curs which rush out at the passer-by
+and bite him if they can, but when you turn upon them they run away.
+Such will be their tactics, I take it. It may be safer, then, to march
+in a hollow square, so as to place the baggage animals and our mob of
+sutlers in greater security. It will save time to make the
+appointments at once, and to settle who leads the square and directs
+the vanguard; who will take command of the two flanks, and who of the
+rearguard; so that, when the enemy appears, we shall not need to
+deliberate, but can at once set in motion the machinery in existence.
+
+"If any one has any better plan, we need not adopt mine; but if not,
+suppose Cheirisophus takes the lead, as he is a Lacedaemonian, and the
+two eldest generals take in charge the two wings respectively, whilst
+Timasion and I, the two youngest, will for the present guard the rear.  37
+For the rest, we can but make experiment of this arrangement, and
+alter it with deliberation, as from time to time any improvement
+suggests itself. If any one has a better plan to propose, let him do
+so."... No dissentient voice was heard. Accordingly he said: "Those
+in favour of this resolution, hold up their hands." The resolution was
+carried. "And now," said he, "it would be well to separate and carry
+out what we have decreed. If any of you has set his heart on seeing
+his friends again, let him remember to prove himself a man; there is
+no other way to achieve his heart's wish. Or is mere living an object
+with any of you, strive to conquer; if to slay is the privilege of
+victory, to die is the doom of the defeated. Or perhaps to gain money
+and wealth is your ambition, strive again for mastery; have not
+conquerors the double gain of keeping what is their own, whilst they
+seize the possessions of the vanquished?"
+
+
+
+
+III
+
+The speaking was ended; they got up and retired; then they burnt the    1
+wagons and the tents, and after sharing with one another what each
+needed out of their various superfluities, they threw the remnant into
+the fire. Having done that, they proceeded to make their breakfasts.
+While they were breakfasting, Mithridates came with about thirty
+horsemen, and summoning the generals within earshot, he thus addressed
+them: "Men of Hellas, I have been faithful to Cyrus, as you know well,
+and to-day I am your well-wisher; indeed, I am here spending my days
+in great fear: if then I could see any salutory course in prospect, I
+should be disposed to join you with all my retainers. Please inform
+me, then, as to what you propose, regarding me as your friend and
+well-wisher, anxious only to pursue his march in your company." The
+generals held council, and resolved to give the following answer,
+Cheirisophus acting as spokesman: "We have resolved to make our way
+through the country, inflicting the least possible damage, provided we
+are allowed a free passage homewards; but if any one tries to hinder    3
+us, he will have to fight it out with us, and we shall bring all the
+force in our power to bear." Thereat Mithridates set himself to prove
+to them that their deliverance, except with the king's good pleasure,
+was hopeless. Then the meaning of his mission was plain. He was an
+agent in disguise; in fact, a relation of Tissaphernes was in
+attendance to keep a check on his loyalty. After that, the generals
+resolved that it would be better to proclaim open war, without truce
+or herald, as long as they were in the enemy's country; for they used
+to come and corrupt the soldiers, and they were even successful with
+one officer--Nicarchus (1), an Arcadian, who went off in the night with
+about twenty men.
+
+ (1) Can this be the same man whose escape is so graphically described
+    above?
+
+After this, they breakfasted and crossed the river Zapatas, marching
+in regular order, with the beasts and mob of the army in the middle.
+They had not advanced far on their route when Mithridates made his
+appearance again, with about a couple of hundred horsemen at his back,
+and bowmen and slingers twice as many, as nimble fellows as a man
+might hope to see. He approached the Hellenes as if he were friendly;
+but when they had got fairly to close quarters, all of a sudden some
+of them, whether mounted or on foot, began shooting with their bows
+and arrows, and another set with slings, wounding the men. The
+rearguard of the Hellenes suffered for a while severely without being
+able to retaliate, for the Cretans had a shorter range than the
+Persians, and at the same time, being light-armed troops, they lay
+cooped up within the ranks of the heavy infantry, while the javelin
+men again did not shoot far enough to reach the enemy's slingers. This
+being so, Xenophon thought there was nothing for it but to charge, and
+charge they did; some of the heavy and light infantry, who were
+guarding the rear, with him; but for all their charging they did not
+catch a single man.
+
+The dearth of cavalry told against the Hellenes; nor were their
+infantry able to overhaul the enemy's infantry, with the long start
+they had, and considering the shortness of the race, for it was out of
+the question to pursue them far from the main body of the army. On the  10
+other hand, the Asiatic cavalry, even while fleeing, poured volleys of
+arrows behind their backs, and wounded the pursuers; while the
+Hellenes must fall back fighting every step of the way they had
+measured in the pursuit; so that by the end of that day they had not
+gone much more than three miles; but in the late afternoon they
+reached the villages.
+
+Here there was a return of the old despondency. Cheirisophus and the
+eldest of the generals blamed Xenophon for leaving the main body to
+give chase and endangering himself thereby, while he could not damage
+the enemy one whit the more. Xenophon admitted that they were right in
+blaming him: no better proof of that was wanted than the result. "The
+fact is," he added, "I was driven to pursue; it was too trying to look
+on and see our men suffer so badly, and be unable to retaliate.
+However, when we did charge, there is no denying the truth of what you
+say; we were not a whit more able to injure the enemy, while we had
+considerable difficulty in beating a retreat ourselves. Thank heaven
+they did not come upon us in any great force, but were only a handful
+of men; so that the injury they did us was not large, as it might have
+been; and at least it has served to show us what we need. At present
+the enemy shoot and sling beyond our range, so that our Cretan archers
+are no match for them; our hand-throwers cannot reach as far; and when
+we pursue, it is not possible to push the pursuit to any great
+distance from the main body, and within the short distance no
+foot-soldier, however fleet of foot, could overtake another
+foot-soldier who has a bow-shot the start of him. If, then, we are to
+exclude them from all possibility of injuring us as we march, we must
+get slingers as soon as possible and cavalry. I am told there are in
+the army some Rhodians, most of whom, they say, know how to sling, and
+their missile will reach even twice as far as the Persian slings
+(which, on account of their being loaded with stones as big as one's
+fist, have a comparatively short range; but the Rhodians are skilled
+in the use of leaden bullets (2)). Suppose, then, we investigate and     18
+find out first of all who among them possess slings, and for these
+slings offer the owner the money value; and to another, who will plait
+some more, hand over the money price; and for a third, who will
+volunteer to be enrolled as a slinger, invent some other sort of
+privilege, I think we shall soon find people to come forward capable
+of helping us. There are horses in the army I know; some few with
+myself, others belonging to Clearchus's stud, and a good many others
+captured from the enemy, used for carrying baggage. Let us take the
+pick of these, supplying their places by ordinary baggage animals, and
+equipping the horses for cavalry. I should not wonder if our troopers
+gave some annoyance to these fugitives."
+
+ (2) These words sound to me like an author's note, parenthetically,
+    and perhaps inadvertently, inserted into the text. It is an
+    "aside" to the reader, which in a modern book would appear as a
+    footnote.
+
+These proposals were carried, and that night two hundred slingers were
+enrolled, and next day as many as fifty horse and horsemen passed
+muster as duly qualified; buff jackets and cuirasses were provided for
+them, and a commandant of cavalry appointed to command--Lycius, the
+son of Polystratus, by name, an Athenian.
+
+
+
+
+IV
+
+That day they remained inactive, but the next they rose earlier than    1
+usual, and set out betimes, for they had a ravine to cross, where they
+feared the enemy might attack them in the act of crossing. When they
+were across, Mithridates appeared again with one thousand horse, and
+archers and slingers to the number of four thousand. This whole body
+he had got by request from Tissaphernes, and in return he undertook to
+deliver up the Hellenes to Tissaphernes. He had grown contemptuous
+since his late attack, when, with so small a detachment, he had done,
+as he thought, a good deal of mischief, without the slightest loss to
+himself.
+
+When the Hellenes were not only right across, but had got about a mile
+from the ravine, Mithridates also crossed with his forces. An order
+had been passed down the lines, what light infantry and what heavy
+infantry were to take part in the pursuit; and the cavalry were
+instructed to follow up the pursuit with confidence, as a considerable  3
+support was in their rear. So, when Mithridates had come up with them,
+and they were well within arrow and sling shot, the bugle sounded the
+signal to the Hellenes; and immediately the detachment under orders
+rushed to close quarters, and the cavalry charged. There the enemy
+preferred not to wait, but fled towards the ravine. In this pursuit
+the Asiatics lost several of their infantry killed, and of their
+cavalry as many as eighteen were taken prisoners in the ravine. As to
+those who were slain the Hellenes, acting upon impulse, mutilated
+their bodies, by way of impressing their enemy with as frightful an
+image as possible.
+
+So fared the foe and so fell back; but the Hellenes, continuing their
+march in safety for the rest of that day, reached the river Tigris.
+Here they came upon a large deserted city, the name of which was
+Larissa (1): a place inhabited by the Medes in days of old; the breadth
+of its walls was twenty-five feet, and the height of them a hundred,
+and the circuit of the whole two parasangs. It was built of
+clay-bricks, supported on a stone basis twenty feet high. This city
+the king of the Persians (2) besieged, what time the Persians strove to
+snatch their empire from the Medes, but he could in no wise take it;
+then a cloud hid the face of the sun and blotted out the light
+thereof, until the inhabitants were gone out of the city, and so it
+was taken. By the side of this city there was a stone pyramid in
+breadth a hundred feet, and in height two hundred feet; in it were
+many of the barbarians who had fled for refuge from the neighbouring
+villages.
+
+ (1) Larissa, on the side of the modern Nimrud (the south-west corner,
+    as is commonly supposed, of Nineveh). The name is said to mean
+    "citadel," and is given to various Greek cities (of which several
+    occur in Xenophon).
+
+ (2) I.e. Cyrus the Great.
+
+From this place they marched one stage of six parasangs to a great
+deserted fortress  (which lay over against the city), and the name of
+that city was Mespila (3). The Medes once dwelt in it. The basement was  10
+made of polished stone full of shells; fifty feet was the breadth of
+it, and fifty feet the height; and on this basement was reared a wall
+of brick, the breadth whereof was fifty feet and the height thereof
+four hundred; and the circuit of the wall was six parasangs. Hither,
+as the story goes, Medea (4), the king's wife, betook herself in flight
+what time the Medes lost their empire at the hands of the Persians. To
+this city also the king of the Pesians laid siege, but could not take
+it either by length of days or strength of hand. But Zeus sent
+amazement on the inhabitants thereof, and so it was taken.
+
+ (3) Opposite Mosul, the north-west portion of the ancient Nineveh,
+    about eighteen miles above Larissa. The circuit of Nineveh is said
+    to have been about fifty-six miles. It was overthrown by Cyrus in
+    B.C. 558.
+
+ (4) The wife of Astyages, the last king of Media. Some think "the wall
+    of Media" should be "Medea's wall," constructed in the period of
+    Queen Nitocris, B.C. 560.
+
+From this place they marched one stage--four parasangs. But, while
+still on this stage, Tissaphernes made his appearance. He had with him
+his own cavalry and a force belonging to Orontas, who had the king's
+daughter to wife; and there were, moreover, with them the Asiatics
+whom Cyrus had taken with him on his march up; together with those
+whom the king's brother had brought as a reinforcement to the king;
+besides those whom Tissaphernes himself had received as a gift from
+the king, so that the armament appeared to be very great. When they
+were close, he halted some of his regiments at the rear and wheeled
+others into position on either flank, but hesitated to attack, having
+no mind apparently to run any risks, and contenting himself with an
+order to his slingers to sling and his archers to shoot. But when the
+Rhodian slingers and the bowmen (5), posted at intervals, retaliated,
+and every shot told (for with the utmost pains to miss it would have
+been hard to do so under the circumstanecs), then Tissaphernes with
+all speed retired out of range, the other regiments following suit;
+and for the rest of the day the one party advanced and the other
+followed. But now the Asiatics had ceased to be dangerous with their
+sharpshooting. For the Rhodians could reach further than the Persian    16
+slingers, or, indeed, than most of the bowmen. The Persian bows are of
+great size, so that the Cretans found the arrows which were picked up
+serviceable, and persevered in using their enemies' arrows, and
+practised shooting with them, letting them fly upwards to a great
+height (6). There were also plenty of bowstrings found in the
+villages--and lead, which they turned to account for their slings. As
+a result of this day, then, the Hellenes chancing upon some villages
+had no sooner encamped than the barbarians fell back, having had
+distinctly the worst of it in the skirmishing.
+
+ (5) The best MSS read {Skuthai}, Scythians; if this is correct, it is
+    only the technical name for "archers." Cf. Arrian, "Tact." ii. 13.
+    The police at Athens were technically so called, as being composed
+    of Scythian slaves. Cf. Aristoph. "Thesm." 1017.
+
+ (6) I.e., in practising, in order to get the maximum range they let
+    fly the arrows, not horizontally, but up into the air. Sir W.
+    Raleigh (Hist. of the World, III. x. 8) says that Xenophon
+    "trained his archers to short compass, who had been accustomed to
+    the point blank," but this is surely not Xenophon's meaning.
+
+The next day was a day of inaction: they halted and took in supplies,
+as there was much corn in the villages; but on the day following, the
+march was continued through the plain (of the Tigris), and
+Tissaphernes still hung on their skirts with his skirmishers. And now
+it was that the Hellenes discovered the defect of marching in a square
+with an enemy following. As a matter of necessity, whenever the wings
+of an army so disposed draw together, either where a road narrows, or
+hills close in, or a bridge has to be crossed, the heavy infantry
+cannot help being squeezed out of their ranks, and march with
+difficulty, partly from actual pressure, and partly from the general
+confusion that ensues. Or, supposing the wings are again extended, the
+troops have hardly recovered from their former distress before they
+are pulled asunder, and there is a wide space between the wings, and
+the men concerned lose confidence in themselves, especially with an
+enemy close behind. What happened, when a bridge had to be crossed or
+other passage effected, was, that each unit of the force pressed on in
+anxiety to get over first, and at these moments it was easy for the
+enemy to make an attack. The generals accordingly, having recognised
+the defect, set about curing it. To do so, they made six lochi, or
+divisions of a hundred men apiece, each of which had its own set of
+captains and under-officers in command of half and quarter companies.   21
+It was the duty of these new companies, during a march, whenever the
+flanks needed to close in, to fall back to the rear, so as to
+disencumber the wings. This they did by wheeling clear of them. When
+the sides of the oblong again extended, they filled up the
+interstices, if the gap were narrow, by columns of companies, if
+broader, by columns of half-companies, or, if broader still, by
+columns of quarter-companies, so that the space between was always
+filled up. If again it were necessary to effect a passage by bridge or
+otherwise, there was no confusion, the several companies crossing in
+turns; or, if the occasion arose to form in line of battle, these
+companies came up to the front and fell in (7).
+
+ (7) In the passage above I have translated {lokhoi} companies, and, as
+    usual, {lokhagoi} captains. The half company is technically called
+    a pentecostys, and a quarter company an enomoty, and the officers
+    in charge of them respectively penteconter and enomotarch. These
+    would be equivalent nearly to our subalterns and sergeants, and in
+    the evolutions described would act as guides and markers in charge
+    of their sections. Grote thinks there were six companies formed on
+    each flank--twelve in all. See "Hist. of Greece," vol. ix. p. 123,
+    note (1st ed.)
+
+In this way they advanced four stages, but ere the fifth was
+completed, they came in sight of a palace of some sort, with villages
+clustered round it; they could further see that the road leading to
+this place pursued its course over high undulating hillocks, the spur
+of the mountain range, under which lay the village. These knolls were
+a welcome sight to the Hellenes, naturally enough, as the enemy were
+cavalry. However, when they had issued from the plain and ascended the
+first crest, and were in the act of descending it so as to mount the
+next, at this juncture the barbarians came upon them. From the high
+ground down the sheer steep they poured a volley of darts,
+slingstones, and arrows, which they discharged "under the lash (8),"
+wounding many, until they got the better of the Hellenic light troops,
+and drove them for shelter behind the heavy infantry, so that this day
+that arm was altogether useless, huddling in the mob of sutlers, both   26
+slingers and archers alike.
+
+ (8) I.e. the Persian leaders were seen flogging their men to the
+    attack. Cf. Herod. vii. 22. 3.
+
+But when the Hellenes, being so pressed, made an attempt to pursue,
+they could barely scale to the summit, being heavy-armed troops, while
+the enemy as lightly sprung away; and they suffered similarly in
+retiring to join the rest of the army. And then, on the second hill,
+the whole had to be gone through again; so that when it came to the
+third hillock, they determined not to move the main body of troops
+from their position until they had brought up a squadron of light
+infantry from the right flank of the square to a point on the mountain
+range. When this detachment were once posted above their pursuers, the
+latter desisted from attacking the main body in its descent, for fear
+of being cut off and finding themselves between two assailants. Thus
+the rest of the day they moved on in two divisions: one set keeping to
+the road by the hillocks, the other marching parallel on the higher
+level along the mountains; and thus they reached the villages and
+appointed eight surgeons to attend to the many wounded.
+
+Here they halted three days for the sake of the wounded chiefly, while
+a further inducement was the plentiful supply of provisions which they
+found, wheat and wine, and large stores of barley laid up for horses.
+These supplies had been collected by the ruling satrap of the country.
+On the fourth day they began their descent into the plain; but when
+Tissaphernes overtook them, necessity taught them to camp in the first
+village they caught sight of, and give over the attempt of marching
+and fighting simultaneously, as so many were hors de combat, being
+either on the list of wounded themselves, or else engaged in carrying
+the wounded, or laden with the heavy arms of those so occupied. But
+when they were once encamped, and the barbarians, advancing upon the
+village, made an attempt to harass them with their sharp-shooters, the
+superiority of the Hellenes was pronounced. To sustain a running fight
+with an enemy constantly attacking was one thing; to keep him at arm's
+length from a fixed base of action another: and the difference was
+much in their favour.
+
+But when it was late afternoon, the time had come for the enemy to      34
+withdraw, since the habit of the barbarian was never to encamp within
+seven or eight miles of the Hellenic camp. This he did in apprehension
+of a night attack, for a Persian army is good for nothing at night.
+Their horses are haltered, and, as a rule, hobbled as well, to prevent
+their escaping, as they might if loose; so that, if any alarm occurs,
+the trooper has to saddle and bridle his horse, and then he must put
+on his own cuirass, and then mount--all which performances are
+difficult at night and in the midst of confusion. For this reason they
+always encamped at a distance from the Hellenes.
+
+When the Hellenes perceived that they were preparing to retire, and
+that the order was being given, the herald's cry, "Pack up for
+starting," might be heard before the enemy was fairly out of earshot.
+For a while the Asiatics paused, as if unwilling to be gone; but as
+night closed in, off they went, for it did not suit their notions of
+expediency to set off on a march and arrive by night. And now, when
+the Hellenes saw that they were really and clearly gone, they too
+broke up their camp and pursued their march till they had traversed
+seven and a half miles. Thus the distance between the two armies grew
+to be so great, that the next day the enemy did not appear at all, nor
+yet on the third day; but on the fourth the barbarians had pushed on
+by a forced night march and occupied a commanding position on the
+right, where the Hellenes had to pass. It was a narrow mountain
+spur (9) overhanging the descent into the plain.
+
+ (9) Lit. "a mere nail tip."
+
+But when Cheirisophus saw that this ridge was occupied, he summoned
+Xenophon from the rear, bidding him at the same time to bring up
+peltasts to the front. That Xenophon hesitated to do, for Tissaphernes
+and his whole army were coming up and were well within sight.
+Galloping up to the front himself, he asked: "Why do you summon me?"
+The other answered him: "The reason is plain; look yonder; this crest
+which overhangs our descent has been occupied. There is no passing,     39
+until we have dislodged these fellows; why have you not brought up the
+light infantry?" Xenophon explained: he had not thought it desirable
+to leave the rear unprotected, with an enemy appearing in the field of
+view. "However, it is time," he added, "to decide how we are to
+dislodge these fellows from the crest." At this moment his eye fell on
+the peak of the mountain, rising immediately above their army, and he
+could see an approach leading from it to the crest in question where
+the enemy lay. He exclaimed: "The best thing we can do, Cheirisophus,
+is to make a dash at the height itself, and with what speed we may. If
+we take it, the party in command of the road will never be able to
+stop. If you like, stay in command of the army, and I will go; or, if
+you prefer, do you go to the mountain, and I will stay here."--"I
+leave it to you," Cheirisophus answered, "to choose which you like
+best." Xenophon remarking, "I am the younger," elected to go; but he
+stipulated for a detachment from the front to accompany him, since it
+was a long way to fetch up troops from the rear. Accordingly
+Cheirisophus furnished him with the light infantry from the front,
+reoccupying their place by those from the centre. He also gave him, to
+form part of the detachment, the three hundred of the picked corps (10)
+under his own command at the head of the square.
+
+ (10) Some think that these three hundred are three of the detached
+    companies described above; others, that they were a picked corps
+    in attendance on the commander-in-chief.
+
+They set out from the low ground with all the haste imaginable. But
+the enemy in position on the crest no sooner perceived their advance
+upon the summit of the pass than they themselves set off full tilt in
+a rival race for the summit too. Hoarse were the shouts of the
+Hellenic troops as the men cheered their companions forwards, and
+hoarse the answering shouts from the troops of Tissaphernes, urging on
+theirs. Xenophon, mounted on his charger, rode beside his men, and
+roused their ardour the while. "Now for it, brave sirs; bethink you
+that this race is for Hellas!--now or never!--to find your boys, your
+wives; one small effort, and the rest of the march we shall pursue in
+peace, without ever a blow to strike; now for it." But Soteridas the
+Sicyonian said: "We are not on equal terms, Xenophon; you are mounted   47
+on a horse; I can hardly get along with my shield to carry;" and he,
+on hearing the reproach, leapt from his horse. In another instant he
+had pushed Soteridas from the ranks, snatched from him his shield, and
+begun marching as quickly as he might under the circumstances, having
+his horseman's cuirass to carry as well, so that he was sore pressed;
+but he continued to cheer on the troops: exhorting those in front to
+lead on and the men toiling behind to follow up (11). Soteridas was not
+spared by the rest of the men. They gave him blows, they pelted him,
+they showered him with abuse, till they compelled him to take back his
+shield and march on; and the other, remounting, led them on horseback
+as long as the footing held; but when the ground became too steep, he
+left his horse and pressed forward on foot, and so they found
+themselves on the summit before the enemy.
+
+ (11) Some MSS. "and the men behind to pass him by, as he could but ill
+    keep up the pace."
+
+
+
+
+V
+
+There and then the barbarians turned and fled as best they might, and   1
+the Hellenes held the summit, while the troops with Tissaphernes and
+Ariaeus turned aside and disappeared by another road. The main body
+with Cheirisophus made its way down into the plain and encamped in a
+village filled with good things of divers sorts. Nor did this village
+stand alone; there were others not a few in this plain of the Tigris
+equally overflowing with plenty. It was now afternoon; and all of a
+sudden the enemy came in sight on the plain, and succeeded in cutting
+down some of the Hellenes belonging to parties who were scattered over
+the flat land in quest of spoil. Indeed, many herds of cattle had been
+caught whilst being conveyed across to the other side of the river.
+And now Tissaphernes and his troops made an attempt to burn the
+villages, and some of the Hellenes were disposed to take the matter
+deeply to heart, being apprehensive that they might not know where to
+get provisions if the enemy burnt the villages.
+
+Cheirisophus and his men were returning from their sally of defence
+when Xenophon and his party descended, and the latter rode along the    4
+ranks as the rescuing party came up, and greeted them thus: "Do you
+not see, men of Hellas, they admit that the country is now ours; what
+they stipulated against our doing when they made the treaty, viz. that
+we were not to fire the king's country, they are now themselves
+doing--setting fire to it as if it were not their own. But we will be
+even with them; if they leave provisions for themselves anywhere,
+there also shall they see us marching;" and, turning to Cheirisophus,
+he added: "But it strikes me, we should sally forth against these
+incendiaries and protect our country." Cheirisophus retorted: "That is
+not quite my view; I say, let us do a little burning ourselves, and
+they will cease all the quicker."
+
+When they had got back to the villages, while the rest were busy about
+provisions, the generals and officers met: and here there was deep
+despondency. For on the one side were exceedingly high mountains; on
+the other a river of such depth that they failed to reach the bottom
+with their spears. In the midst of their perplexities, a Rhodian came
+up with a proposal, as follows: "I am ready, sirs to carry you across,
+four thousand heavy infantry at a time; if you will furnish me with
+what I need and give me a talent into the bargain for my pains." When
+asked, "What shall you need?" he replied: "Two thousand wine-skins. I
+see there are plenty of sheep and goats and asses. They have only to
+be flayed, and their skins inflated, and they will readily give us a
+passage. I shall want also the straps which you use for the baggage
+animals. With these I shall couple the skins to one another; then I
+shall moor each skin by attaching stones and letting them down like
+anchors into the water. Then I shall carry them across, and when I
+have fastened the links at both ends, I shall place layers of wood on
+them and a coating of earth on the top of that. You will see in a
+minute that there's no danger of your drowning, for every skin will be
+able to support a couple of men without sinking, and the wood and
+earth will prevent your slipping off."
+
+The generals thought it a pretty invention enough, but its realisation
+impracticable, for on the other side were masses of cavalry posted and
+ready to bar the passage; who, to begin with, would not suffer the      12
+first detachment of crossers to carry out any item of the programme.
+
+Under these circumstances, the next day they turned right about face,
+and began retracing their steps in the direction of Babylon to the
+unburnt villages, having previously set fire to those they left, so
+that the enemy did not ride up to them, but stood and stared, all
+agape to see in what direction the Hellenes would betake themselves
+and what they were minded to do. Here, again, while the rest of the
+soldiers were busy about provisions, the generals and officers met in
+council, and after collecting the prisoners together, submitted them
+to a cross-examination touching the whole country round, the names,
+and so forth, of each district.
+
+The prisoners informed them that the regions south, through which they
+had come, belonged to the district towards Babylon and Media; the road
+east led to Susa and Ecbatana, where the king is said to spend summer
+and spring; crossing the river, the road west led to Lydia and Ionia;
+and the part through the mountains facing towards the Great Bear, led,
+they said, to the Carduchians (1). They were a people, so said the
+prisoners, dwelling up on the hills, addicted to war, and not subject
+to the king; so much so that once, when a royal army one hundred and
+twenty thousand strong had invaded them, not a man came back, owing to
+the intricacies of the country. Occasionally, however, they made truce
+or treaty with the satrap in the plain, and, for the nonce, there
+would be intercourse: "they will come in and out amongst us," "and we
+will go in and out amongst them," said the captives.
+
+ (1) See Dr. Kiepert, "Man. Anc. Geog." (Mr. G. A. Macmillan) iv. 47.
+    The Karduchians or Kurds belong by speech to the Iranian stock,
+    forming in fact their farthest outpost to the west, little given
+    to agriculture, but chiefly to the breeding of cattle. Their name,
+    pronounced Kardu by the ancient Syrians and Assyrians, Kordu by
+    the Armenians (plural Kordukh), first appears in its narrower
+    sense in western literature in the pages of the eye-witness
+    Xenophon as {Kardoukhoi}. Later writers knew of a small kingdom
+    here at the time of the Roman occupation, ruled by native princes,
+    who after Tigranes II (about 80 B.C.) recognised the overlordship
+    of the Armenian king. Later it became a province of the Sassanid
+    kingdom, and as such was in 297 A.D. handed over among the
+    regiones transtigritanae to the Roman empire, but in 364 was again
+    ceded to Persia.
+
+After hearing these statements, the generals seated apart those who     17
+claimed to have any special knowledge of the country in any direction;
+they put them to sit apart without making it clear which particular
+route they intended to take. Finally the resolution to which they came
+was that they must force a passage through the hills into the
+territory of the Kurds; since, according to what their informants told
+them, when they had once passed these, they would find themselves in
+Armenia--the rich and large territory governed by Orontas; and from
+Armenia, it would be easy to proceed in any direction whatever.
+Thereupon they offered sacrifice, so as to be ready to start on the
+march as soon as the right moment appeared to have arrived. Their
+chief fear was that the high pass over the mountains must be occupied
+in advance: and a general order was issued, that after supper every
+one should get his kit together for starting, and repose, in readiness
+to follow as soon as the word of command was given.
+
+
+
+
+
+BOOK IV
+
+ (In the preceding portion of the narrative a full account is
+given of the incidents of the march up to the battle, and of
+the occurrences after the battle during the truce which was
+established between the king and the Hellenes, who marched up
+with Cyrus, and thirdly, of the fighting to which the Hellenes
+were exposed, after the king and Tissaphernes had broken the
+treaty, while a Persian army hung on their rear. Having
+finally reached a point at which the Tigris was absolutely
+impassable owing to its depth and breadth, while there was no
+passage along the bank itself, and the Carduchian hills hung
+sheer over the river, the generals took the resolution above
+mentioned of forcing a passage through the mountains. The
+information derived from the prisoners taken along the way led
+them to believe that once across the Carduchian mountains they
+would have the choice either of crossing the Tigris--if they
+liked to do so--at its sources in Armenia, or of going round
+them, if so they preferred. Report further said that the
+sources of the Euphrates also were not far from those of the
+Tigris, and this is actually the case. The advance into the
+country of the Carduchians was conducted with a view partly to
+secrecy, and partly to speed, so as to effect their entry
+before the enemy could occupy the passes.)
+
+
+
+
+I
+
+It was now about the last watch, and enough of the night remained to    1
+allow them to cross the valley under cover of darkness; when, at the
+word of command, they rose and set off on their march, reaching the
+mountains at daybreak. At this stage of the march Cheirisophus, at the
+head of his own division, with the whole of the light troops, led the
+van, while Xenophon followed behind with the heavy infantry of the
+rearguard, but without any light troops, since there seemed to be no
+danger of pursuit or attack from the rear, while they were making
+their way up hill. Cheirisophus reached the summit without any of the   6
+enemy perceiving him. Then he led on slowly, and the rest of the army
+followed, wave upon wave, cresting the summit and descending into the
+villages which nestled in the hollows and recesses of the hills.
+
+Thereupon the Carduchians abandoned their dwelling places, and with
+their wives and children fled to the mountains; so there was plenty of
+provisions to be got for the mere trouble of taking, and the
+homesteads too were well supplied with a copious store of bronze
+vessels and utensils which the Hellenes kept their hands off,
+abstaining at the same time from all pursuit of the folk themselves,
+gently handling them, in hopes that the Carduchians might be willing
+to give them friendly passage through their country, since they too
+were enemies of the king: only they helped themselves to such
+provisions as fell in their way, which indeed was a sheer necessity.
+But the Carduchians neither gave ear, when they called to them, nor
+showed any other friendly sign; and now, as the last of the Hellenes
+descended into the villages from the pass, they were already in the
+dark, since, owing to the narrowness of the road, the whole day had
+been spent in the ascent and descent. At that instant a party of the
+Carduchians, who had collected, made an attack on the hindmost men,
+killing some and wounding others with stones and arrows--though it was
+quite a small body who attacked. The fact was, the approach of the
+Hellenic army had taken them by surprise; if, however, they had
+mustered in larger force at this time, the chances are that a large
+portion of the army would have been annihilated. As it was, they got
+into quarters, and bivouacked in the villages that night, while the
+Carduchians kept many watch-fires blazing in a circle on the
+mountains, and kept each other in sight all round.
+
+But with the dawn the generals and officers of the Hellenes met and
+resolved to proceed, taking only the necessary number of stout baggage
+animals, and leaving the weaklings behind. They resolved further to
+let go free all the lately-captured slaves in the host; for the pace
+of the march was necessarily rendered slow by the quantity of animals
+and prisoners, and the number of non-combatants in attendance on these  13
+was excessive, while, with such a crowd of human beings to satisfy,
+twice the amount of provisions had to be procured and carried. These
+resolutions passed, they caused a proclamation by herald to be made
+for their enforcement.
+
+When they had breakfasted and the march recommenced, the generals
+planted themselves a little to one side in a narrow place, and when
+they found any of the aforesaid slaves or other property still
+retained, they confiscated them. The soldiers yielded obedience,
+except where some smuggler, prompted by desire of a good-looking boy
+or woman, managed to make off with his prize. During this day they
+contrived to get along after a fashion, now fighting and now resting.
+But on the next day they were visited by a great storm, in spite of
+which they were obliged to continue the march, owing to insufficiency
+of provisions. Cheirisophus was as usual leading in front, while
+Xenophon headed the rearguard, when the enemy began a violent and
+sustained attack. At one narrow place after another they came up quite
+close, pouring in volleys of arrows and slingstones, so that the
+Hellenes had no choice but to make sallies in pursuit and then again
+recoil, making but very little progress. Over and over again Xenophon
+would send an order to the front to slacken pace, when the enemy were
+pressing their attack severely. As a rule, when the word was so passed
+up, Cheirisophus slackened; but sometimes instead of slackening,
+Cheirisophus quickened, sending down a counter-order to the rear to
+follow on quickly. It was clear that there was something or other
+happening, but there was no time to go to the front and discover the
+cause of the hurry. Under the circumstances the march, at any rate in
+the rear, became very like a rout, and here a brave man lost his life,
+Cleonymus the Laconian, shot with an arrow in the ribs right through
+shield and corselet, as also Basias, an Arcadian, shot clean through
+the head.
+
+As soon as they reached a halting-place, Xenophon, without more ado,
+came up to Cheirisophus, and took him to task for not having waited,
+"whereby," he said, "we were forced to fight and flee at the same       19
+moment; and now it has cost us the lives of two fine fellows; they are
+dead, and we were not able to pick up their bodies or bury them."
+Cheirisophus answered: "Look up there," pointing as he spoke to the
+mountain, "do you see how inaccessible it all is? only this one road,
+which you see, going straight up, and on it all that crowd of men who
+have seized and are guarding the single exit. That is why I hastened
+on, and why I could not wait for you, hoping to be beforehand with
+them yonder in seizing the pass: the guides we have got say there is
+no other way." And Xenophon replied: "But I have got two prisoners
+also; the enemy annoyed us so much that we laid an ambuscade for them,
+which also gave us time to recover our breaths; we killed some of
+them, and did our best to catch one or two alive--for this very
+reason--that we might have guides who knew the country, to depend
+upon."
+
+The two were brought up at once and questioned separately: "Did they
+know of any other road than the one visible?" The first said no; and
+in spite of all sorts of terrors applied to extract a better
+answer--"no," he persisted. When nothing could be got out of him, he
+was killed before the eyes of his fellow. This latter then explained:
+"Yonder man said, he did not know, because he has got a daughter
+married to a husband in those parts. I can take you," he added, "by a
+good road, practicable even for beasts." And when asked whether there
+was any point on it difficult to pass, he replied that there was a col
+which it would be impossible to pass unless it were occupied in
+advance.
+
+Then it was resolved to summon the officers of the light infantry and
+some of those of the heavy infantry, and to acquaint them with the
+state of affairs, and ask them whether any of them were minded to
+distinguish themselves, and would step forward as volunteers on an
+expedition. Two or three heavy infantry soldiers stepped forward at
+once--two Arcadians, Aristonymus of Methydrium, and Agasias of
+Stymphalus--and in emulation of these, a third, also an Arcadian,
+Callimachus from Parrhasia, who said he was ready to go, and would get
+volunteers from the whole army to join him. "I know," he added, "there  27
+will be no lack of youngsters to follow where I lead." After that they
+asked, "Were there any captains of light infantry willing to accompany
+the expedition?" Aristeas, a Chian, who on several occasions proved
+his usefulness to the army on such service, volunteered.
+
+
+
+
+II
+
+It was already late afternoon, when they ordered the storming party to  1
+take a snatch of food and set off; then they bound the guide and
+handed him over to them. The agreement was, that if they succeeded in
+taking the summit they were to guard the position that night, and at
+daybreak to give a signal by bugle. At this signal the party on the
+summit were to attack the enemy in occupation of the visible pass,
+while the generals with the main body would bring up their succours;
+making their way up with what speed they might. With this
+understanding, off they set, two thousand strong; and there was a
+heavy downpour of rain, but Xenophon, with his rearguard, began
+advancing to the visible pass, so that the enemy might fix his
+attention on this road, and the party creeping round might, as much as
+possible, elude observation. Now when the rearguard, so advancing, had
+reached a ravine which they must cross in order to strike up the
+steep, at that instant the barbarians began rolling down great
+boulders, each a wagon load (1), some larger, some smaller; against the
+rocks they crashed and splintered flying like slingstones in every
+direction--so that it was absolutely out of the question even to
+approach the entrance of the pass. Some of the officers finding
+themselves baulked at this point, kept trying other ways, nor did they
+desist till darkness set in; and then, when they thought they would
+not be seen retiring, they returned to supper. Some of them who had
+been on duty in the rearguard had had no breakfast (it so happened).
+However, the enemy never ceased rolling down their stones all through
+the night, as was easy to infer from the booming sound.
+
+ (1) I.e. several ton weight.
+
+The party with the guide made a circuit and surprised the enemy's
+guards seated round their fire, and after killing some, and driving
+out the rest, took their places, thinking that they were in possession
+of the height. As a matter of fact they were not, for above them lay a  6
+breast-like hill (2) skirted by the narrow road on which they had found
+the guards seated. Still, from the spot in question there was an
+approach to the enemy, who were seated on the pass before mentioned.
+
+ (2) Or, "mamelon."
+
+Here then they passed the night, but at the first glimpse of dawn they
+marched stealthily and in battle order against the enemy. There was a
+mist, so that they could get quite close without being observed. But
+as soon as they caught sight of one another, the trumpet sounded, and
+with a loud cheer they rushed upon the fellows, who did not wait their
+coming, but left the road and made off; with the loss of only a few
+lives however, so nimble were they. Cheirisophus and his men, catching
+the sound of the bugle, charged up by the well-marked road, while
+others of the generals pushed their way up by pathless routes, where
+each division chanced to be; the men mounting as they were best able,
+and hoisting one another up by means of their spears; and these were
+the first to unite with the party who had already taken the position
+by storm. Xenophon, with the rearguard, followed the path which the
+party with the guide had taken, since it was easiest for the beasts of
+burthen; one half of his men he had posted in rear of the baggage
+animals; the other half he had with himself. In their course they
+encountered a crest above the road, occupied by the enemy, whom they
+must either dislodge or be themselves cut off from the rest of the
+Hellenes. The men by themselves could have taken the same route as the
+rest, but the baggage animals could not mount by any other way than
+this.
+
+Here then, with shouts of encouragement to each other, they dashed at
+the hill with their storming columns, not from all sides, but leaving
+an avenue of escape for the enemy, if he chose to avail himself of it.
+For a while, as the men scrambled up where each best could, the
+natives kept up a fire of arrows and darts, yet did not receive them
+at close quarters, but presently left the position in flight. No
+sooner, however, were the Hellenes safely past this crest, than they
+came in sight of another in front of them, also occupied, and deemed
+it advisable to storm it also. But now it struck Xenophon that if they  13
+left the ridge just taken unprotected in their rear, the enemy might
+re-occupy it and attack the baggage animals as they filed past,
+presenting a long extended line owing to the narrowness of the road by
+which they made their way. To obviate this, he left some officers in
+charge of the ridge--Cephisodorus, son of Cephisophon, an Athenian;
+Amphicrates, the son of Amphidemus, an Athenian; and Archagoras, an
+Argive exile--while he in person with the rest of the men attacked the
+second ridge; this they took in the same fashion, only to find that
+they had still a third knoll left, far the steepest of the three. This
+was none other than the mamelon mentioned as above the outpost, which
+had been captured over their fire by the volunteer storming party in
+the night. But when the Hellenes were close, the natives, to the
+astonishment of all, without a struggle deserted the knoll. It was
+conjectured that they had left their position from fear of being
+encircled and besieged, but the fact was that they, from their higher
+ground, had been able to see what was going on in the rear, and had
+all made off in this fashion to attack the rearguard.
+
+So then Xenophon, with the youngest men, scaled up to the top, leaving
+orders to the rest to march on slowly, so as to allow the hindmost
+companies to unite with them; they were to advance by the road, and
+when they reached the level to ground arms (3). Meanwhile the Argive
+Archagoras arrived, in full flight, with the announcement that they
+had been dislodged from the first ridge, and that Cephisodorus and
+Amphicrates were slain, with a number of others besides, all in fact
+who had not jumped down the crags and so reached the rearguard. After
+this achievement the barbarians came to a crest facing the mamelon,
+and Xenophon held a colloquy with them by means of an interpreter, to
+negotiate a truce, and demanded back the dead bodies. These they
+agreed to restore if he would not burn their houses, and to these
+terms Xenophon agreed. Meanwhile, as the rest of the army filed past,
+and the colloquy was proceeding, all the people of the place had time
+to gather gradually, and the enemy formed; and as soon as the Hellenes
+began to descend from the mamelon to join the others where the troops
+were halted, on rushed the foe, in full force, with hue and cry. They   20
+reached the summit of the mamelon from which Xenophon was descending,
+and began rolling down crags. One man's leg was crushed to pieces.
+Xenophon was left by his shield-bearer, who carried off his shield,
+but Eurylochus of Lusia (4), an Arcadian hoplite, ran up to him, and
+threw his shield in front to protect both of them; so the two together
+beat a retreat, and so too the rest, and joined the serried ranks of
+the main body.
+
+ (3) To take up position.
+
+ (4) I.e. of Lusi (or Lusia), a town (or district) in Northern Arcadia.
+
+After this the whole Hellenic force united, and took up their quarters
+there in numerous beautiful dwellings, with an ample store of
+provisions, for there was wine so plentiful that they had it in
+cemented cisterns. Xenophon and Cheirisophus arranged to recover the
+dead, and in return restored the guide; afterwards they did everything
+for the dead, according to the means at their disposal, with the
+customary honours paid to good men.
+
+Next day they set off without a guide; and the enemy, by keeping up a
+continuous battle and occupying in advance every narrow place,
+obstructed passage after passage. Accordingly, whenever the van was
+obstructed, Xenophon, from behind, made a dash up the hills and broke
+the barricade, and freed the vanguard by endeavouring to get above the
+obstructing enemy. Whenever the rear was the point attacked,
+Cheirisophus, in the same way, made a detour, and by endeavouring to
+mount higher than the barricaders, freed the passage for the rear
+rank; and in this way, turn and turn about, they rescued each other,
+and paid unflinching attention to their mutual needs. At times it
+happened that, the relief party having mounted, encountered
+considerable annoyance in their descent from the barbarians, who were
+so agile that they allowed them to come up quite close, before they
+turned back, and still escaped, partly no doubt because the only
+weapons they had to carry were bows and slings.
+
+They were, moreover, excellent archers, using bows nearly three cubits
+long and arrows more than two cubits. When discharging the arrow, they
+draw the string by getting a purchase with the left foot planted        28
+forward on the lower end of the bow. The arrows pierced through shield
+and cuirass, and the Hellenes, when they got hold of them, used them
+as javelins, fitting them to their thongs. In these districts the
+Cretans were highly serviceable. They were under the command of
+Stratocles, a Cretan.
+
+
+
+
+III
+
+During this day they bivouacked in the villages which lie above the     1
+plain of the river Centrites (1), which is about two hundred feet
+broad. It is the frontier river between Armenia and the country of the
+Carduchians. Here the Hellenes recruited themselves, and the sight of
+the plain filled them with joy, for the river was but six or seven
+furlongs distant from the mountains of the Carduchians. For the moment
+then they bivouacked right happily; they had their provisions, they
+had also many memories of the labours that were now passed; seeing
+that the last seven days spent in traversing the country of the
+Carduchians had been one long continuous battle, which had cost them
+more suffering than the whole of their troubles at the hands of the
+king and Tissaphernes put together. As though they were truly quit of
+them for ever, they laid their heads to rest in sweet content.
+
+ (1) I.e. the Eastern Tigris.
+
+But with the morrow's dawn they espied horsemen at a certain point
+across the river, armed cap-a-pie, as if they meant to dispute the
+passage. Infantry, too, drawn up in line upon the banks above the
+cavalry, threatened to prevent them debouching into Armenia. These
+troops were Armenian and Mardian and Chaldaean mercenaries belonging
+to Orontas and Artuchas. The last of the three, the Chaldaeans, were
+said to be a free and brave set of people. They were armed with long
+wicker shields and lances. The banks before named on which they were
+drawn up were a hundred yards or more distant from the river, and the
+single road which was visible was one leading upwards and looking like
+a regular artificially constructed highway. At this point the Hellenes
+endeavoured to cross, but on their making the attempt the water proved  6
+to be more than breast-deep, and the river bed was rough with great
+slippery stones, and as to holding their arms in the water, it was out
+of the question--the stream swept them away--or if they tried to carry
+them over the head, the body was left exposed to the arrows and other
+missiles; accordingly they turned back and encamped there by the bank
+of the river.
+
+At the point where they had themselves been last night, up on the
+mountains, they could see the Carduchians collected in large numbers
+and under arms. A shadow of deep despair again descended on their
+souls, whichever way they turned their eyes--in front lay the river so
+difficult to ford; over, on the other side, a new enemy threatening to
+bar the passage; on the hills behind, the Carduchians ready to fall
+upon their rear should they once again attempt to cross. Thus for this
+day and night they halted, sunk in perplexity. But Xenophon had a
+dream. In his sleep he thought that he was bound in fetters, but
+these, of their own accord, fell from off him, so that he was loosed,
+and could stretch his legs as freely as he wished (2). So at the first
+glimpse of daylight he came to Cheirisophus and told him that he had
+hopes that all things would go well, and related to him his dream.
+
+ (2) It is impossible to give the true sense and humour of the passage
+    in English, depending, as it does, on the double meaning of
+    {diabainein} (1) to cross (a river), (2) to stride or straddle (of
+    the legs). The army is unable to cross the Centrites; Xenophon
+    dreams that he is fettered, but the chains drop off his legs and
+    he is able to stride as freely as ever; next morning the two young
+    men come to him with the story how they have found themselves able
+    to walk cross the river instead of having to swim it. It is
+    obvious to Xenophon that the dream is sent from Heaven.
+
+The other was well pleased, and with the first faint gleam of dawn the
+generals all were present and did sacrifice; and the victims were
+favourable in the first essay. Retiring from the sacrifice, the
+generals and officers issued an order to the troops to take their
+breakfasts; and while Xenophon was taking his, two young men came
+running up to him, for every one knew that, breakfasting or supping,
+he was always accessible, or that even if asleep any one was welcome
+to awaken him who had anything to say bearing on the business of war.   10
+What the two young men had at this time to say was that they had been
+collecting brushwood for fire, and had presently espied on the
+opposite side, in among some rocks which came down to the river's
+brink, an old man and some women and little girls depositing, as it
+would appear, bags of clothes in a cavernous rock. When they saw them,
+it struck them that it was safe to cross; in any case the enemy's
+cavalry could not approach at this point. So they stripped naked,
+expecting to have to swim for it, and with their long knives in their
+hands began crossing, but going forward crossed without being wet up
+to the fork. Once across they captured the clothes, and came back
+again.
+
+Accordingly Xenophon at once poured out a libation himself, and bade
+the two young fellows fill the cup and pray to the gods, who showed to
+him this vision and to them a passage, to bring all other blessings
+for them to accomplishment. When he had poured out the libation, he at
+once led the two young men to Cheirisophus, and they repeated to him
+their story. Cheirisophus, on hearing it, offered libations also, and
+when they had performed them, they sent a general order to the troops
+to pack up ready for starting, while they themselves called a meeting
+of the generals and took counsel how they might best effect a passage,
+so as to overpower the enemy in front without suffering any loss from
+the men behind. And they resolved that Cheirisophus should lead the
+van and cross with half the army, the other half still remaining
+behind under Xenophon, while the baggage animals and the mob of
+sutlers were to cross between the two divisions.
+
+When all was duly ordered the move began, the young men pioneering
+them, and keeping the river on their left. It was about four furlongs'
+march to the crossing, and as they moved along the bank, the squadrons
+of cavalry kept pace with them on the opposite side.
+
+But when they had reached a point in a line with the ford, and the
+cliff-like banks of the river, they grounded arms, and first
+Cheirisophus himself placed a wreath upon his brows, and throwing off   17
+his cloak (3), resumed his arms, passing the order to all the rest to
+do the same, and bade the captains form their companies in open order
+in deep columns, some to left and some to right of himself. Meanwhile
+the soothsayers were slaying a victim over the river, and the enemy
+were letting fly their arrows and slingstones; but as yet they were
+out of range. As soon as the victims were favourable, all the soldiers
+began singing the battle hymn, and with the notes of the paean mingled
+the shouting of the men accompanied by the shriller chant of the
+women, for there were many women (4) in the camp.
+
+ (3) Or, "having doffed it," i.e. the wreath, an action which the
+    soldiers would perform symbolically, if Grote is right in his
+    interpretation of the passage, "Hist. of Greece," vol. ix. p. 137.
+
+ (4) Lit. "comrade-women."
+
+So Cheirisophus with his detachment stepped in. But Xenophon, taking
+the most active-bodied of the rearguard, began running back at full
+speed to the passage facing the egress into the hills of Armenia,
+making a feint of crossing at that point to intercept their cavalry on
+the river bank. The enemy, seeing Cheirisophus's detachment easily
+crossing the stream, and Xenophon's men racing back, were seized with
+the fear of being intercepted, and fled at full speed in the direction
+of the road which emerges from the stream. But when they were come
+opposite to it they raced up hill towards their mountains. Then
+Lycius, who commanded the cavalry, and Aeschines, who was in command
+of the division of light infantry attached to Cheirisophus, no sooner
+saw them fleeing so lustily than they were after them, and the
+soldiers shouted not to fall behind (5), but to follow them right up to
+the mountains. Cheirisophus, on getting across, forbore to pursue the
+cavalry, but advanced by the bluffs which reached to the river to
+attack the enemy overhead. And these, seeing their own cavalry
+fleeing, seeing also the heavy infantry advancing upon them, abandoned
+the heights above the river.
+
+ (5) Or, "to stick tight to them and not to be outdone"; or, as others
+    understand, "the (infantry) soldiers clamoured not to be left
+    behind, but to follow them up into the mountains."
+
+Xenophon, as soon as he saw that things were going well on the other    24
+side, fell back with all speed to join the troops engaged in crossing,
+for by this time the Carduchians were well in sight, descending into
+the plain to attack their rear.
+
+Cheirisophus was in possession of the higher ground, and Lycius, with
+his little squadron, in an attempt to follow up the pursuit, had
+captured some stragglers of their baggage-bearers, and with them some
+handsome apparel and drinking-cups. The baggage animals of the
+Hellenes and the mob of non-combatants were just about to cross, when
+Xenonphon turned his troops right about to face the Carduchians.
+Vis-a-vis he formed his line, passing the order to the captains each
+to form his company into sections, and to deploy them into line by the
+left, the captains of companies and lieutenants in command of sections
+to advance to meet the Carduchians, while the rear leaders would keep
+their position facing the river. But when the Carduchians saw the
+rearguard so stript of the mass, and looking now like a mere handful
+of men, they advanced all the more quickly, singing certain songs the
+while. Then, as matters were safe with him, Cheirisophus sent back the
+peltasts and slingers and archers to join Xenophon, with orders to
+carry out his instructions. They were in the act of recrossing, when
+Xenophon, who saw their intention, sent a messenger across, bidding
+them wait there at the river's brink without crossing; but as soon as
+he and his detachment began to cross they were to step in facing him
+in two flanking divisions right and left of them, as if in the act of
+crossing; the javelin men with their javelins on the thong, and the
+bowmen with their arrows on the string; but they were not to advance
+far into the stream. The order passed to his own men was: "Wait till
+you are within sling-shot, and the shield rattles, then sound the
+paean and charge the enemy. As soon as he turns, and the bugle from
+the river sounds for 'the attack,' you will face about to the right,
+the rear rank leading, and the whole detachment falling back and
+crossing the river as quickly as possible, every one preserving his
+original rank, so as to avoid tramelling one another: the bravest man
+is he who gets to the other side first."
+
+The Carduchians, seeing that the remnant left was the merest handful    30
+(for many even of those whose duty it was to remain had gone off in
+their anxiety to protect their beasts of burden, or their personal
+kit, or their mistresses), bore down upon them valorously, and opened
+fire with slingstones and arrows. But the Hellenes, raising the battle
+hymn, dashed at them at a run, and they did not await them; armed well
+enough for mountain warfare, and with a view to sudden attack followed
+by speedy flight, they were not by any means sufficiently equipped for
+an engagement at close quarters. At this instant the signal of the
+bugle was heard. Its notes added wings to the flight of the
+barbarians, but the Hellenes turned right about in the opposite
+direction, and betook themselves to the river with what speed they
+might. Some of the enemy, here a man and there another, perceived, and
+running back to the river, let fly their arrows and wounded a few; but
+the majority, even when the Hellenes were well across, were still to
+be seen pursuing their flight. The detachment which came to meet
+Xenophon's men, carried away by their valour, advanced further than
+they had need to, and had to cross back again in the rear of
+Xenophon's men, and of these too a few were wounded.
+
+
+
+
+IV
+
+The passage effected, they fell into line about mid-day, and marched    1
+through Armenian territory, one long plain with smooth rolling
+hillocks, not less than five parasangs in distance; for owing to the
+wars of this people with the Carduchians there were no villages near
+the river. The village eventually reached was large, and possessed a
+palace belonging to the satrap, and most of the houses were crowned
+with turrets; provisions were plentiful.
+
+From this village they marched two stages--ten parasangs--until they
+had surmounted the sources of the river Tigris; and from this point
+they marched three stages--fifteen parasangs--to the river Teleboas.
+This was a fine stream, though not large, and there were many
+villages about it. The district was named Western Armenia. The
+lieutenant-governor of it was Tiribazus, the king's friend, and
+whenever the latter paid a visit, he alone had the privilege of
+mounting the king upon his horse. This officer rode up to the Hellenes
+with a body of cavalry, and sending forward an interpreter, stated
+that he desired a colloquy with the leaders. The generals resolved to   5
+hear what he had to say; and advancing on their side to within
+speaking distance, they demanded what he wanted. He replied that he
+wished to make a treaty with them, in accordance with which he on his
+side would abstain from injuring the Hellenes, if they would not burn
+his houses, but merely take such provisions as they needed. This
+proposal satisfied the generals, and a treaty was made on the terms
+suggested.
+
+From this place they marched three stages--fifteen parasangs--through
+plain country, Tiribazus the while keeping close behind with his own
+forces more than a mile off. Presently they reached a palace with
+villages clustered round about it, which were full of supplies in
+great variety. But while they were encamping in the night, there was a
+heavy fall of snow, and in the morning it was resolved to billet out
+the different regiments, with their generals, throughout the villages.
+There was no enemy in sight, and the proceeding seemed prudent, owing
+to the quantity of snow. In these quarters they had for provisions all
+the good things there are--sacrificial beasts, corn, old wines with an
+exquisite bouquet, dried grapes, and vegetables of all sorts. But some
+of the stragglers from the camp reported having seen an army, and the
+blaze of many watchfires in the night. Accordingly the generals
+concluded that it was not prudent to separate their quarters in this
+way, and a resolution was passed to bring the troops together again.
+After that they reunited, the more so that the weather promised to be
+fine with a clear sky; but while they lay there in open quarters,
+during the night down came so thick a fall of snow that it completely
+covered up the stacks of arms and the men themselves lying down. It
+cramped and crippled the baggage animals; and there was great
+unreadiness to get up, so gently fell the snow as they lay there warm
+and comfortable, and formed a blanket, except where it slipped off the
+sleepers' shoulders; and it was not until Xenophon roused himself to
+get up, and, without his cloak on (1), began to split wood, that
+quickly first one and then another got up, and taking the log away      12
+from him, fell to splitting. Thereat the rest followed suit, got up,
+and began kindling fire and oiling their bodies, for there was a
+scented unguent to be found there in abundance, which they used
+instead of oil. It was made from pig's fat, sesame, bitter almonds,
+and turpentine. There was a sweet oil also to be found, made of the
+same ingredients.
+
+ (1) Or, as we should say, "in his shirt sleeves." Doubtless he lay
+    with his {imation} or cloak loosely wrapped round him; as he
+    sprang to his feet he would throw it off, or it would fall off,
+    and with the simple inner covering of the {khiton} to protect him,
+    and arms free, he fell to chopping the wood, only half clad.
+
+After this it was resolved that they must again separate their
+quarters and get under cover in the villages. At this news the
+soldiers, with much joy and shouting, rushed upon the covered houses
+and the provisions; but all who in their blind folly had set fire to
+the houses when they left them before, now paid the penalty in the
+poor quarters they got. From this place one night they sent off a
+party under Democrates, a Temenite (2), up into the mountains, where
+the stragglers reported having seen watchfires. The leader selected
+was a man whose judgement might be depended upon to verify the truth
+of the matter. With a happy gift to distinguish between fact and
+fiction, he had often been successfully appealed to. He went and
+reported that he had seen no watchfires, but he had got a man, whom he
+brought back with him, carrying a Persian bow and quiver, and a
+sagaris or battleaxe like those worn by the Amazons. When asked "from
+what country he came," the prisoner answered that he was "a Persian,
+and was going from the army of Tiribazus to get provisions." They next
+asked him "how large the army was, and for what object it had been
+collected." His answer was that "it consisted of Tiribazus at the head
+of his own forces, and aided by some Chalybian and Taochian
+mercenaries. Tiribazus had got it together," he added, "meaning to
+attack the Hellenes on the high mountain pass, in a defile which was
+the sole passage."
+
+ (2) Reading {Temeniten}, i.e. a native of Temenus, a district of
+    Syracuse; al. {Temniten}, i.e. from Temnus in the Aeolid; al.
+    {Temeniten}, i.e. from Temenum in the Argolid.
+
+When the generals heard this news, they resolved to collect the
+troops, and they set off at once, taking the prisoner to act as guide,
+and leaving a garrison behind with Sophaenetus the Stymphalian in       19
+command of those who remained in the camp. As soon as they had begun
+to cross the hills, the light infantry, advancing in front and
+catching sight of the camp, did not wait for the heavy infantry, but
+with a loud shout rushed upon the enemy's entrenchment. The natives,
+hearing the din and clatter, did not care to stop, but took rapidly to
+their heels. But, for all their expedition, some of them were killed,
+and as many as twenty horses were captured, with the tent of
+Tiribazus, and its contents, silver-footed couches and goblets,
+besides certain persons styling themselves the butlers and bakers. As
+soon as the generals of the heavy infantry division had learnt the
+news, they resolved to return to the camp with all speed, for fear of
+an attack being made on the remnant left behind. The recall was
+sounded and the retreat commenced; the camp was reached the same day.
+
+
+
+
+V
+
+The next day it was resolved that they should set off with all          1
+possible speed, before the enemy had time to collect and occupy the
+defile. Having got their kit and baggage together, they at once began
+their march through deep snow with several guides, and, crossing the
+high pass the same day on which Tiribazus was to have attacked them,
+got safely into cantonments. From this point they marched three desert
+stages--fifteen parassangs--to the river Euphrates, and crossed it in
+water up to the waist. The sources of the river were reported to be at
+no great distance. From this place they marched through deep snow over
+a flat country three stages--fifteen parasangs (1). The last of these
+marches was trying, with the north wind blowing in their teeth, drying
+up everything and benumbing the men. Here one of the seers suggested
+to them to do sacrifice to Boreas, and sacrifice was done. The effect
+was obvious to all in the diminished fierceness of the blast. But
+there was six feet of snow, so that many of the baggage animals and
+slaves were lost, and about thirty of the men themselves.
+
+ (1) Al. "ten," al. "five."
+
+They spent the whole night in kindling fire; for there was fortunately
+no dearth of wood at the halting-place; only those who came late into
+camp had no wood. Accordingly those who had arrived a good while and    5
+had kindled fires were not for allowing these late-comers near the
+fires, unless they would in return give a share of their corn or of
+any other victuals they might have. Here then a general exchange of
+goods was set up. Where the fire was kindled the snow melted, and
+great trenches formed themselves down to the bare earth, and here it
+was possible to measure the depth of the snow.
+
+Leaving these quarters, they marched the whole of the next day over
+snow, and many of the men were afflicted with "boulimia" (or
+hunger-faintness). Xenophon, who was guarding the rear, came upon some
+men who had dropt down, and he did not know what ailed them; but some
+one who was experienced in such matters suggested to him that they had
+evidently got boulimia; and if they got something to eat, they would
+revive. Then he went the round of the baggage train, and laying an
+embargo on any eatables he could see, doled out with his own hands, or
+sent off other able-bodied agents to distribute to the sufferers, who
+as soon as they had taken a mouthful got on their legs again and
+continued the march.
+
+On and on they marched, and about dusk Cheirisophus reached a village,
+and surprised some women and girls who had come from the village to
+fetch water at the fountain outside the stockade. These asked them who
+they were. The interpreters answered for them in Persian: "They were
+on their way from the king to the satrap;" in reply to which the women
+gave them to understand that the satrap was not at home, but was away
+a parasang farther on. As it was late they entered with the
+water-carriers within the stockade to visit the headman of the
+village. Accordingly Cheirisophus and as many of the troops as were
+able got into cantonments there, while the rest of the soldiers--those
+namely who were unable to complete the march--had to spend the night
+out, without food and without fire; under the circumstances some of
+the men perished.
+
+On the heels of the army hung perpetually bands of the enemy,
+snatching away disabled baggage animals and fighting with each other
+over the carcases. And in its track not seldom were left to their fate
+disabled soldiers, struck down with snow-blindness or with toes         12
+mortified by frostbite. As to the eyes, it was some alleviation
+against the snow to march with something black before them; for the
+feet, the only remedy was to keep in motion without stopping for an
+instant, and to loose the sandal at night. If they went to sleep with
+the sandals on, the thong worked into the feet, and the sandals were
+frozen fast to them. This was partly due to the fact that, since their
+old sandals had failed, they wore untanned brogues made of
+newly-flayed ox-hides. It was owing to some such dire necessity that a
+party of men fell out and were left behind, and seeing a black-looking
+patch of ground where the snow had evidently disappeared, they
+conjectured it must have been melted; and this was actually so, owing
+to a spring of some sort which was to be seen steaming up in a dell
+close by. To this they had turned aside and sat down, and were loth to
+go a step further. But Xenophon, with his rearguard, perceived them,
+and begged and implored them by all manner of means not to be left
+behind, telling them that the enemy were after them in large packs
+pursuing; and he ended by growing angry. They merely bade him put a
+knife to their throats; not one step farther would they stir. Then it
+seemed best to frighten the pursuing enemy if possible, and prevent
+their falling upon the invalids. It was already dusk, and the pursuers
+were advancing with much noise and hubbub, wrangling and disputing
+over their spoils. Then all of a sudden the rearguard, in the
+plenitude of health and strength (2), sprang up out of their lair and
+run upon the enemy, whilst those weary wights (3) bawled out as loud as
+their sick throats could sound, and clashed their spears against their
+shields; and the enemy in terror hurled themselves through the snow
+into the dell, and not one of them ever uttered a sound again.
+
+ (2) Hug, after Rehdantz, would omit the words "in the plenitude of
+    health and strength."
+
+ (3) Or, "the invalids."
+
+Xenophon and his party, telling the sick folk that next day people
+would come for them, set off, and before they had gone half a mile
+they fell in with some soldiers who had laid down to rest on the snow
+with their cloaks wrapped round them, but never a guard was
+established, and they made them get up. Their explanation was that      19
+those in front would not move on. Passing by this group he sent
+forward the strongest of his light infantry in advance, with orders to
+find out what the stoppage was. They reported that the whole army lay
+reposing in such fashion. That being so, Xenophon's men had nothing
+for it but to bivouac in the open air also, without fire and
+supperless, merely posting what pickets they could under the
+circumstances. But as soon as it drew towards day, Xenophon despatched
+the youngest of his men to the sick folk behind, with orders to make
+them get up and force them to proceed. Meanwhile Cheirisophus had sent
+some of his men quartered in the village to enquire how they fared in
+the rear; they were overjoyed to see them, and handed over the sick
+folk to them to carry into camp, while they themselves continued their
+march forward, and ere twenty furlongs were past reached the village
+in which Cheirisophus was quartered. As soon as the two divisions were
+met, the resolution was come to that it would be safe to billet the
+regiments throughout the villages; Cheirisophus remained where he was,
+while the rest drew lots for the villages in sight, and then, with
+their several detachments, marched off to their respective
+destinations.
+
+It was here that Polycrates, an Athenian and captain of a company,
+asked for leave of absence--he wished to be off on a quest of his own;
+and putting himself at the head of the active men of the division, he
+ran to the village which had been allotted to Xenophon. He surprised
+within it the villagers with their headman, and seventeen young horses
+which were being reared as a tribute for the king, and, last of all,
+the headman's own daughter, a young bride only eight days wed. Her
+husband had gone off to chase hares, and so he escaped being taken
+with the other villagers. The houses were underground structures with
+an aperture like the mouth of a well by which to enter, but they were
+broad and spacious below. The entrance for the beasts of burden was
+dug out, but the human occupants descended by a ladder. In these
+dwellings were to be found goats and sheep and cattle, and cocks and
+hens, with their various progeny. The flocks and herds were all reared
+under cover upon green food. There were stores within of wheat and
+barley and vegetables, and wine made from barley in great big bowls;    26
+the grains of barley malt lay floating in the beverage up to the lip
+of the vessel, and reeds lay in them, some longer, some shorter,
+without joints; when you were thirsty you must take one of these into
+your mouth, and suck. The beverage without admixture of water was very
+strong, and of a delicious flavour to certain palates, but the taste
+must be acquired.
+
+Xenophon made the headman of the village his guest at supper, and bade
+him keep a good heart; so far from robbing him of his children, they
+would fill his house full of good things in return for what they took
+before they went away; only he must set them an example, and discover
+some blessing or other for the army, until they found themselves with
+another tribe. To this he readily assented, and with the utmost
+cordiality showed them the cellar where the wine was buried. For this
+night then, having taken up their several quarters as described, they
+slumbered in the midst of plenty, one and all, with the headman under
+watch and ward, and his children with him safe in sight.
+
+But on the following day Xenophon took the headman and set off to
+Cheirisophus, making a round of the villages, and at each place
+turning in to visit the different parties. Everywhere alike he found
+them faring sumptuously and merry-making. There was not a single
+village where they did not insist on setting a breakfast before them,
+and on the same table were spread half a dozen dishes at least, lamb,
+kid, pork, veal, fowls, with various sorts of bread, some of wheat and
+some of barley. When, as an act of courtesy, any one wished to drink
+his neighbour's health, he would drag him to the big bowl, and when
+there, he must duck his head and take a long pull, drinking like an
+ox. The headman, they insisted everywhere, must accept as a present
+whatever he liked to have. But he would accept nothing, except where
+he espied any of his relations, when he made a point of taking them
+off, him or her, with himself.
+
+When they reached Cheirisophus they found a similar scene. There too    33
+the men were feasting in their quarters, garlanded with whisps of hay
+and dry grass, and Armenian boys were playing the part of waiters in
+barbaric costumes, only they had to point out by gesture to the boys
+what they were to do, like deaf and dumb. After the first formalities,
+when Cheirisophus and Xenophon had greeted one another like bosom
+friends, they interrogated the headman in common by means of the
+Persian-speaking interpreter. "What was the country?" they asked: he
+replied, "Armenia." And again, "For whom are the horses being bred?"
+"They are tribute for the king," he replied. "And the neighbouring
+country?" "Is the land of the Chalybes," he said; and he described the
+road which led to it. So for the present Xenophon went off, taking the
+headman back with him to his household and friends. He also made him a
+present of an oldish horse which he had got; he had heard that the
+headman was a priest of the sun, and so he could fatten up the beast
+and sacrifice him; otherwise he was afraid it might die outright, for
+it had been injured by the long marching. For himself he took his pick
+of the colts, and gave a colt apiece to each of his fellow-generals
+and officers. The horses here were smaller than the Persian horses,
+but much more spirited. It was here too that their friend the headman
+explained to them, how they should wrap small bags or sacks around the
+feet of the horses and other cattle when marching through the snow,
+for without such precautions the creatures sank up to their bellies.
+
+
+
+
+VI
+
+When a week had passed, on the eighth day Xenophon delivered over the   1
+guide (that is to say, the village headman) to Cheirisophus. He left
+the headman's household safe behind in the village, with the exception
+of his son, a lad in the bloom of youth. This boy was entrusted to
+Episthenes of Amphipolis to guard; if the headman proved himself a
+good guide, he was to take away his son also at his departure. They
+finally made his house the repository of all the good things they
+could contrive to get together; then they broke up their camp and
+commenced to march, the headman guiding them through the snow
+unfettered. When they had reached the third stage Cheirisophus flew     2
+into a rage with him, because he had not brought them to any villages.
+The headman pleaded that there were none in this part. Cheirisophus
+struck him, but forgot to bind him, and the end of it was that the
+headman ran away in the night and was gone, leaving his son behind
+him. This was the sole ground of difference between Cheirisophus and
+Xenophon during the march, this combination of ill-treatment and
+neglect in the case of the guide. As to the boy, Episthenes conceived
+a passion for him, and took him home with him, and found in him the
+most faithful of friends.
+
+After this they marched seven stages at the rate of five parasangs a
+day, to the banks of the river Phasis (1), which is a hundred feet
+broad: and thence they marched another couple of stages, ten
+parasangs; but at the pass leading down into the plain there appeared
+in front of them a mixed body of Chalybes and Taochians and
+Phasianians. When Cheirisophus caught sight of the enemy on the pass
+at a distance of about three or four miles, he ceased marching, not
+caring to approach the enemy with his troops in column, and he passed
+down the order to the others: to deploy their companies to the front,
+that the troops might form into line. As soon as the rearguard had
+come up, he assembled the generals and officers, and addressed them:
+"The enemy, as you see, are in occupation of the mountain pass, it is
+time we should consider how we are to make the best fight to win it.
+My opinion is, that we should give orders to the troops to take their
+morning meal, whilst we deliberate whether we should cross the
+mountains to-day or to-morrow." "My opinion," said Cleanor, "is, that
+as soon as we have breakfasted, we should arm for the fight and attack
+the enemy, without loss of time, for if we fritter away to-day, the
+enemy who are now content to look at us, will grow bolder, and with
+their growing courage, depend upon it, others more numerous will join
+them."
+
+ (1) Probably a tributary of the Araxes = modern Pasin-Su.
+
+After him Xenophon spoke: "This," he said, "is how I see the matter;
+if fight we must, let us make preparation to sell our lives dearly,
+but if we desire to cross with the greatest ease, the point to
+consider is, how we may get the fewest wounds and throw away the
+smallest number of good men. Well then, that part of the mountain       11
+which is visible stretches nearly seven miles. Where are the men
+posted to intercept us? except at the road itself, they are nowhere to
+be seen. It is much better to try if possible to steal a point of this
+desert mountain unobserved, and before they know where we are, secure
+the prize, than to fly at a strong position and an enemy thoroughly
+prepared. Since it is much easier to march up a mountain without
+fighting than to tramp along a level when assailants are at either
+hand; and provided he has not to fight, a man will see what lies at
+his feet much more plainly even at night than in broad daylight in the
+midst of battle; and a rough road to feet that roam in peace may be
+pleasanter than a smooth surface with the bullets whistling about your
+ears (2). Nor is it so impossible, I take it, to steal a march, since
+it is open to us to go by night, when we cannot be seen, and to fall
+back so far that they will never notice us. In my opinion, however, if
+we make a feint of attacking here, we shall find the mountain chain
+all the more deserted elsewhere, since the enemy will be waiting for
+us here in thicker swarm.
+
+ (2) Or, more lit., "with the head a mark for missiles."
+
+"But what right have I to be drawing conclusions about stealing in
+your presence, Cheirisophus? for you Lacedaemonians, as I have often
+been told, you who belong to the 'peers,' practise stealing from your
+boyhood up; and it is no disgrace but honourable rather to steal,
+except such things as the law forbids; and in order, I presume, to
+stimulate your sense of secretiveness, and to make you master thieves,
+it is lawful for you further to get a whipping if you are caught. Now
+then you have a fine opportunity of displaying your training. But take
+care we are not caught stealing over the mountain, or we shall catch
+it ourselves." "For all that," retorted Cheirisophus, "I have heard
+that you Athenians are clever hands at stealing the public moneys; and
+that too though there is a fearful risk for the person so employed;
+but, I am told, it is your best men who are addicted to it; if it is
+your best men who are thought worthy to rule. So it is a fine
+opportunity for yourself also, Xenophon, to exhibit your education."    17
+"And I," replied Xenophon, "am ready to take the rear division, as
+soon as we have supped, and seize the mountain chain. I have already
+got guides, for the light troops laid an ambuscade, and seized some of
+the cut-purse vagabonds who hung on our rear. I am further informed by
+them that the mountain is not inaccessible, but is grazed by goats and
+cattle, so that if we can once get hold of any portion of it, there
+will be no difficulty as regards our animals--they can cross. As to
+the enemy, I expect they will not even wait for us any longer, when
+they once see us on a level with themselves on the heights, for they
+do not even at present care to come down and meet us on fair ground."
+Cheirisophus answered: "But why should you go and leave your command
+in the rear? Send others rather, unless a band of volunteers will
+present themselves." Thereupon Aristonymus the Methydrian came forward
+with some heavy infantry, and Nicomachus the Oetean with another body
+of light troops, and they made an agreement to kindle several
+watch-fires as soon as they held the heights. The arrangements made,
+they breakfasted; and after breakfast Cheirisophus advanced the whole
+army ten furlongs closer towards the enemy, so as to strengthen the
+impression that he intended to attack them at that point.
+
+But as soon as they had supped and night had fallen, the party under
+orders set off and occupied the mountain, while the main body rested
+where they were. Now as soon as the enemy perceived that the mountain
+was taken, they banished all thought of sleep, and kept many
+watch-fires blazing throughout the night. But at break of day
+Cheirisophus offered sacrifice, and began advancing along the road,
+while the detachment which held the mountain advanced pari passu by
+the high ground. The larger mass of the enemy, on his side, remained
+still on the mountain-pass, but a section of them turned to confront
+the detachment on the heights. Before the main bodies had time to draw
+together, the detachment on the height came to close quarters, and the
+Hellenes were victorious and gave chase. Meanwhile the light division
+of the Hellenes, issuing from the plain, were rapidly advancing
+against the serried lines of the enemy, whilst Cheirisophus followed
+up with his heavy infantry at quick march. But the enemy on the road    25
+no sooner saw their higher division being worsted than they fled, and
+some few of them were slain, and a vast number of wicker shields were
+taken, which the Hellenes hacked to pieces with their short swords and
+rendered useless. So when they had reached the summit of the pass,
+they sacrificed and set up a trophy, and descending into the plain,
+reached villages abounding in good things of every kind.
+
+
+
+
+VII
+
+After this they marched into the country of the Taochians five          1
+stages--thirty parasangs--and provisions failed; for the Taochians
+lived in strong places, into which they had carried up all their
+stores. Now when the army arrived before one of these strong places--a
+mere fortress, without city or houses, into which a motley
+crowd of men and women and numerous flocks and herds were
+gathered--Cheirisophus attacked at once. When the first regiment fell
+back tired, a second advanced, and again a third, for it was
+impossible to surround the place in full force, as it was encircled by
+a river. Presently Xenophon came up with the rearguard, consisting of
+both light and heavy infantry, whereupon Cheirisophus halted him with
+the words: "In the nick of time you have come; we must take this
+place, for the troops have no provisions, unless we take it."
+Thereupon they consulted together, and to Xenophon's inquiry, "What it
+was which hindered their simply walking in?" Cheirisophus replied,
+"There is just this one narrow approach which you see, but when we
+attempt to pass it by they roll down volleys of stones from yonder
+overhanging crag," pointing up, "and this is the state in which you
+find yourself, if you chance to be caught;" and he pointed to some
+poor fellows with their legs or ribs crushed to bits. "But when they
+have expended their ammunition," said Xenophon, "there is nothing
+else, is there, to hinder our passing? Certainly, except yonder
+handful of fellows, there is no one in front of us that we can see;
+and of them, only two or three apparently are armed, and the distance
+to be traversed under fire is, as your eyes will tell you, about one
+hundred and fifty feet as near as can be, and of this space the first
+hundred is thickly covered with great pines at intervals; under cover
+of these, what harm can come to our men from a pelt of stones, flying   6
+or rolling? So then, there is only fifty feet left to cross, during a
+lull of stones." "Ay," said Cheirisophus, "but with our first attempt
+to approach the bush a galling fire of stones commences." "The very
+thing we want," said the other, "for they will use up their ammunition
+all the quicker; but let us select a point from which we shall have
+only a brief space to run across, if we can, and from which it will be
+easier to get back, if we wish."
+
+Thereupon Cheirisophus and Xenophon set out with Callimachus the
+Parrhasian, the captain in command of the officers of the rearguard
+that day; the rest of the captains remained out of danger. That done,
+the next step was for a party of about seventy men to get away under
+the trees, not in a body, but one by one, every one using his best
+precaution; and Agasis the Stymphalian, and Aristonymous the
+Methydrian, who were also officers of the rearguard, were posted as
+supports outside the trees; for it was not possible for more than a
+single company to stand safely within the trees. Here Callimachus hit
+upon a pretty contrivance--he ran forward from the tree under which he
+was posted two or three paces, and as soon as the stones came
+whizzing, he retired easily, but at each excursion more than ten
+wagon-loads of rocks were expended. Agasias, seeing how Callimachus
+was amusing himself, and the whole army looking on as spectators, was
+seized with the fear that he might miss his chance of being first to
+run the gauntlet of the enemy's fire and get into the place. So,
+without a word of summons to his neighbour, Aristonymous, or to
+Eurylochus of Lusia, both comrades of his, or to any one else, off he
+set on his own account, and passed the whole detachment. But
+Callimachus, seeing him tearing past, caught hold of his shield by the
+rim, and in the meantime Aristonymous the Methydrian ran past both,
+and after him Eurylochus of Lusia; for they were one and all aspirants
+to valour, and in that high pursuit, each was the eager rival of the
+rest. So in this strife of honour, the three of them took the
+fortress, and when they had once rushed in, not a stone more was
+hurled from overhead.
+
+And here a terrible spectacle displayed itself: the women first cast
+their infants down the cliff, and then they cast themselves after       13
+their fallen little ones, and the men likewise. In such a scene,
+Aeneas the Stymphalian, an officer, caught sight of a man with a fine
+dress about to throw himself over, and seized hold of him to stop him;
+but the other caught him to his arms, and both were gone in an instant
+headlong down the crags, and were killed. Out of this place the merest
+handful of human beings were taken prisoners, but cattle and asses in
+abundance and flocks of sheep.
+
+From this place they marched through the Chalybes (1) seven stages,
+fifty parasangs. These were the bravest men whom they encountered on
+the whole march, coming cheerily to close quarters with them. They
+wore linen cuirasses reaching to the groin, and instead of the
+ordinary "wings" or basques, a thickly-plaited fringe of cords. They
+were also provided with greaves and helmets, and at the girdle a short
+sabre, about as long as the Laconian dagger, with which they cut the
+throats of those they mastered, and after severing the head from the
+trunk they would march along carrying it, singing and dancing, when
+they drew within their enemy's field of view. They carried also a
+spear fifteen cubits long, lanced at one end (2). This folk stayed in
+regular townships, and whenever the Hellenes passed by they invariably
+hung close on their heels fighting. They had dwelling-places in their
+fortresses, and into them they had carried up their supplies, so that
+the Hellenes could get nothing from this district, but supported
+themselves on the flocks and herds they had taken from the Taochians.
+After this the Hellenes reached the river Harpasus, which was four
+hundred feet broad. Hence they marched through the Scythenians four
+stages--twenty parasangs--through a long level country to more
+villages, among which they halted three days, and got in supplies.
+
+ (1) These are the Armeno-Chalybes, so called by Pliny in
+    contradistinction to another mountain tribe in Pontus so named,
+    who were famous for their forging, and from whom steel received
+    its Greek name {khalups}. With these latter we shall make
+    acquaintance later on.
+
+ (2) I.e. with a single point or spike only, the Hellenic spear having
+    a spike at the butt end also.
+
+Passing on from thence in four stages of twenty parasangs, they         19
+reached a large and prosperous well-populated city, which went by the
+name of Gymnias (3), from which the governor of the country sent them a
+guide to lead them through a district hostile to his own. This guide
+told them that within five days he would lead them to a place from
+which they would see the sea, "and," he added, "if I fail of my word,
+you are free to take my life." Accordingly he put himself at their
+head; but he no sooner set foot in the country hostile to himself than
+he fell to encouraging them to burn and harry the land; indeed his
+exhortations were so earnest, it was plain that it was for this he had
+come, and not out of the good-will he bore the Hellenes.
+
+ (3) Gymnias is supposed (by Grote, "Hist. of Greece," vol. ix. p. 161)
+    to be the same as that which is now called Gumisch-Kana--perhaps
+    "at no great distance from Baibut," Tozer, "Turkish Armenia," p.
+    432. Others have identified it with Erzeroum, others with Ispir.
+
+On the fifth day they reached the mountain, the name of which was
+Theches (4). No sooner had the men in front ascended it and caught
+sight of the sea than a great cry arose, and Xenophon, in the
+rearguard, catching the sound of it, conjectured that another set of
+enemies must surely be attacking in front; for they were followed by
+the inhabitants of the country, which was all aflame; indeed the
+rearguard had killed some and captured others alive by laying an
+ambuscade; they had taken also about twenty wicker shields, covered
+with the raw hides of shaggy oxen.
+
+ (4) Some MSS. give "the sacred mountain." The height in question has
+    been identified with "the ridge called Tekieh-Dagh to the east of
+    Gumisch-Kana, nearer to the sea than that place" (Grote, ib. p.
+    162), but the exact place from which they caught sight of the sea
+    has not been identified as yet, and other mountain ranges have
+    been suggested.
+
+But as the shout became louder and nearer, and those who from time to
+time came up, began racing at the top of their speed towards the
+shouters, and the shouting continually recommenced with yet greater
+volume as the numbers increased, Xenophon settled in his mind that
+something extraordinary must have happened, so he mounted his horse,
+and taking with him Lycius and the cavalry, he galloped to the rescue.
+Presently they could hear the soldiers shouting and passing on the
+joyful word, "The sea! the sea!"
+
+Thereupon they began running, rearguard and all, and the baggage        24
+animals and horses came galloping up. But when they had reached the
+summit, then indeed they fell to embracing one another--generals and
+officers and all--and the tears trickled down their cheeks. And on a
+sudden, some one, whoever it was, having passed down the order, the
+soldiers began bringing stones and erecting a great cairn, whereon
+they dedicated a host of untanned skins, and staves, and captured
+wicker shields, and with his own hand the guide hacked the shields to
+pieces, inviting the rest to follow his example. After this the
+Hellenes dismissed the guide with a present raised from the common
+store, to wit, a horse, a silver bowl, a Persian dress, and ten
+darics; but what he most begged to have were their rings, and of these
+he got several from the soldiers. So, after pointing out to them a
+village where they would find quarters, and the road by which they
+would proceed towards the land of the Macrones, as evening fell, he
+turned his back upon them in the night and was gone.
+
+
+
+
+VIII
+
+From this point the Hellenes marched through the country of the         1
+Macrones three stages--ten parasangs, and on the first day they
+reached the river, which formed the boundary between the land of the
+Macrones and the land of the Scythenians. Above them, on their right,
+they had a country of the sternest and ruggedest character, and on
+their left another river, into which the frontier river discharges
+itself, and which they must cross. This was thickly fringed with trees
+which, though not of any great bulk, were closely packed. As soon as
+they came up to them, the Hellenes proceeded to cut them down in their
+haste to get out of the place as soon as possible. But the Macrones,
+armed with wicker shields and lances and hair tunics, were already
+drawn up to receive them opposite the crossing. They were cheering one
+another on, and kept up a steady pelt of stones into the river, though
+they failed to reach the other side or do any harm.
+
+At this juncture one of the light infantry came up to Xenophon; he had
+been, he said, a slave at Athens, and he wished to tell him that he
+recognised the speech of these people. "I think," said he, "that this
+must be my native country, and if there is no objection I will have a
+talk with them." "No objection at all," replied Xenophon, "pray talk    5
+to them, and ask them first, who they are." In answer to this question
+they said, "they were Macrones." "Well, then," said he, "ask them why
+they are drawn up in battle and want to fight with us." They answered,
+"Because you are invading our country." The generals bade him say: "If
+so, it is with not intention certainly of doing it or you any harm:
+but we have been at war with the king, and are now returning to
+Hellas, and all we want is to reach the sea." The others asked, "Were
+they willing to give them pledges to that effect?" They replied: "Yes,
+they were ready to give and receive pledges to that effect." Then the
+Macrones gave a barbaric lance to the Hellenes, and the Hellenes a
+Hellenic lance to them: "for these," they said, "would serve as
+pledges," and both sides called upon the gods to witness.
+
+After the pledges were exchanged, the Macrones fell to vigorously
+hewing down trees and constructing a road to help them across,
+mingling freely with the Hellenes and fraternising in their midst, and
+they afforded them as good as market as they could, and for three days
+conducted them on their march, until they had brought them safely to
+the confines of the Colchians. At this point they were confronted by a
+great mountain chain, which however was accessible, and on it the
+Colchians were drawn up for battle. In the first instance, the
+Hellenes drew up opposite in line of battle, as though they were
+minded to assault the hill in that order; but afterwards the generals
+determined to hold a council of war, and consider how to make the
+fairest fight.
+
+Accordingly Xenophon said: "I am not for advancing in line, but advise
+to form companies by columns. To begin with, the line," he urged,
+"would be scattered and thrown into disorder at once; for we shall
+find the mountain full of inequalities, it will be pathless here and
+easy to traverse there. The mere fact of first having formed in line,
+and then seeing the line thrown into disorder, must exercise a
+disheartening effect. Again, if we advance several deep, the enemy
+will none the less overlap us, and turn their superfluous numbers to
+account as best they like; while, if we march in shallow order, we may
+fully expect our line to be cut through and through by the thick rain   11
+of missiles and rush of men, and if this happen anywhere along the
+line, the whole line will equally suffer. No; my notion is to form
+columns by companies, covering ground sufficient with spaces between
+the companies to allow the last companies of each flank to be outside
+the enemy's flanks. Thus we shall with our extreme companies be
+outside the enemy's line, and the best men at the head of their
+columns will lead the attack, and every company will pick its way
+where the ground is easy; also it will be difficult for the enemy to
+force his way into the intervening spaces, when there are companies on
+both sides; nor will it be easy for him to cut in twain any individual
+company marching in column. If, too, any particular company should be
+pressed, the neighbouring company will come to the rescue, or if at
+any point any single company succeed in reaching the height, from that
+moment not one man of the enemy will stand his ground."
+
+This proposal was carried, and they formed into columns by
+companies (1). Then Xenophon, returning from the right wing to the
+left, addressed the soldiers. "Men," he said, "these men whom you see
+in front of you are the sole obstacles still interposed between us and
+the haven of our hopes so long deferred. We will swallow them up
+whole, without cooking (2), if we can."
+
+ (1) For this formation, see "The Retreat of the Ten Thousand; a
+    military study for all time," by Lieut.-General J. L. Vaughan,
+    C.B.
+
+ (2) Or, "we will gobble them up raw." He is thinking of the Homeric
+    line ("Iliad", iv. 35) "Perchance wert thou to enter within the
+    gates and long walls and devour Priam raw, and Priam's sons and
+    all the Trojans, then mightest thou assuage thine anger."--Leaf.
+
+The several divisions fell into position, the companies were formed
+into columns, and the result was a total of something like eighty
+companies of heavy infantry, each company consisting on an average of
+a hundred men. The light infantry and bowmen were arranged in three
+divisions--two outside to support the left and the right respectively,
+and the third in the centre--each division consisting of about six
+hundred men (3).
+
+ (3) This suggests 1800 as the total of the peltasts, 8000 as the total
+    of the hoplites, but the companies were probably not limited to
+    100, and under "peltasts" were probably included other light
+    troops.
+
+Before starting, the generals passed the order to offer prayer; and     16
+with the prayer and battle hymn rising from their lips they commenced
+their advance. Cheirisophus and Xenophon, and the light infantry with
+them, advanced outside the enemy's line to right and left, and the
+enemy, seeing their advance, made an effort to keep parallel and
+confront them, but in order to do so, as he extended partly to right
+and partly to left, he was pulled to pieces, and there was a large
+space or hollow left in the centre of his line. Seeing them separate
+thus, the light infantry attached to the Arcadian battalion, under
+command of Aeschines, an Arcarnanian, mistook the movement for flight,
+and with a loud shout rushed on, and these were the first to scale the
+mountain summit; but they were closely followed up by the Arcadian
+heavy infantry, under command of Cleanor of Orchomenus.
+
+When they began running in that way, the enemy stood their ground no
+longer, but betook themselves to flight, one in one direction, one in
+another, and the Hellenes scaled the hill and found quarters in
+numerous villages which contained supplies in abundance. Here,
+generally speaking, there was nothing to excite their wonderment, but
+the numbers of bee-hives were indeed astonishing, and so were certain
+properties of the honey (4). The effect upon the soldiers who tasted
+the combs was, that they all went for the nonce quite off their heads,
+and suffered from vomiting and diarrhoea, with a total inability to
+stand steady on their legs. A small dose produced a condition not
+unlike violent drunkenness, a large one an attack very like a fit of
+madness, and some dropped down, apparently at death's door. So they
+lay, hundreds of them, as if there had been a great defeat, a prey to
+the cruellest despondency. But the next day, none had died; and almost
+at the same hour of the day at which they had eaten they recovered
+their senses, and on the third or fourth day got on their legs again
+like convalescents after a severe course of medical treatment.
+
+ (4) "Modern travellers attest the existence, in these regions, of
+    honey intoxicating and poisonous.... They point out the Azalea
+    Pontica as the flower from which the bees imbibe this peculiar
+    quality."--Grote, "Hist. of Greece," vol. ix. p. 155.
+
+From this place they marched on two stages--seven parasangs--and        22
+reached the sea at Trapezus (5), a populous Hellenic city on the Euxine
+Sea, a colony of the Sinopeans, in the territory of the Colchians.
+Here they halted about thirty days in the villages of the Colchians,
+which they used as a base of operations to ravage the whole territory
+of Colchis. The men of Trapezus supplied the army with a market,
+entertained them, and gave them, as gifts of hospitality, oxen and
+wheat and wine. Further, they negotiated with them in behalf of their
+neighbours the Colchians, who dwelt in the plain for the most part,
+and from this folk also came gifts of hospitality in the shape of
+cattle. And now the Hellenes made preparation for the sacrifice which
+they had vowed, and a sufficient number of cattle came in for them to
+offer thank-offerings for safe guidance to Zeus the Saviour, and to
+Heracles (6), and to the other gods, according to their vows. They
+instituted also a gymnastic contest on the mountain side, just where
+they were quartered, and chose Dracontius, a Spartan (who had been
+banished from home when a lad, having unintentionally slain another
+boy with a blow of his dagger), to superintend the course, and be
+president of the games.
+
+ (5) Trebizond.
+
+ (6) Or, "to sacrifice to Zeus the Preserver, and to Heracles
+    thank-offerings for safe guidance," Heracles "the conductor"
+    having special sympathy with wanderers.
+
+As soon as the sacrifices were over, they handed over the hides of the
+beasts to Dracontius, and bade him lead the way to his racecourse. He
+merely waved his hand and pointed to where they were standing, and
+said, "There, this ridge is just the place for running, anywhere,
+everywhere." "But how," it was asked, "will they manage to wrestle on
+the hard scrubby ground?" "Oh! worse knocks for those who are thrown,"
+the president replied. There was a mile race for boys, the majority
+being captive lads; and for the long race more than sixty Cretans
+competed; there was wrestling, boxing, and the pankration (7).
+Altogether it was a beautiful spectacle. There was a large number of
+entries, and the emulation, with their companions, male and female,     27
+standing as spectators, was immense. There was horse-racing also; the
+riders had to gallop down a steep incline to the sea, and then turn
+and come up again to the altar, and on the descent more than half
+rolled head over heels, and then back they came toiling up the
+tremendous steep, scarcely out of a walking pace. Loud were the
+shouts, the laughter, and the cheers.
+
+ (7) The pankration combined both wrestling and boxing.
+
+
+
+
+
+BOOK V
+
+ (In the preceding portion of the narrative a detailed account
+is given of all that the Hellenes did, and how they fared on
+the march up with Cyrus; and also of all that befell them on
+their march subsequently, until they reached the seaboard of
+the Euxine Sea, or Pontus, and the Hellenic city of Trapezus,
+where they duly offered the sacrifice for safe deliverance
+which they had vowed to offer as soon as they set foot on a
+friendly soil.)
+
+
+
+
+I
+
+After this they met and took counsel concerning the remainder of the    1
+march. The first speaker was Antileon of Thurii. He rose and said:
+"For my part, sirs, I am weary by this time of getting kit together
+and packing up for a start, of walking and running and carrying heavy
+arms, and of tramping along in line, or mounting guard, and doing
+battle. The sole desire I now have is to cease from all these pains,
+and for the future, since here we have the sea before us, to sail on
+and on, 'stretched out in sleep,' like Odysseus, and so to find myself
+in Hellas." When they heard these remarks, the soldiers showed their
+approval with loud cries of "well said," and then another spoke to the
+same effect, and then another, and indeed all present. Then
+Cheirisophus got up and said: "I have a friend, sirs, who, as good hap
+will have it, is now high admiral, Anaxibius. If you like to send me
+to him, I think I can safely promise to return with some men-of-war
+and other vessels which will carry us. All you have to do, if you are
+really minded to go home by sea, is to wait here till I come. I will
+be back ere long." The soldiers were delighted at these words, and      4
+voted that Cheirisophus should set sail on his mission without delay.
+
+After him, Xenophon got up, and spoke as follows: "Cheirisophus, it is
+agreed, sets out in search of vessels, and we are going to await him.
+Let me tell you what, in my opinion, it is reasonable to do while we
+are waiting. First of all, we must provide ourselves with necessaries
+from hostile territory, for there is not a sufficient market, nor, if
+there were, have we, with a few solitary exceptions, the means of
+purchase. Now, the district is hostile, so that if you set off in
+search of provisions without care and precaution, the chances are that
+many of us will be lost. To meet this risk, I propose that we should
+organise foraging parties to capture provisions, and, for the rest,
+not roam about the country at random. The organisation of the matter
+should be left to us." (The resolution was passed.) "Please listen to
+another proposal;" he continued: "Some of you, no doubt, will be going
+out to pillage. It will be best, I think, that whoever does so should
+in each case before starting inform us of his intent, and in what
+direction he means to go, so that we may know the exact number of
+those who are out and of those who stop behind. Thus we shall be able
+to help in preparing and starting the expedition where necessary; and
+in case of aid or reinforcements being called for, we shall know in
+what direction to proceed; or, again, if the attempt is to be
+undertaken by raw or less expert hands, we may throw in the weight of
+our experience and advice by endeavouring to discover the strength of
+those whom they design to attack." This proposal was also carried.
+"Here is another point," he continued, "to which I would draw your
+attention. Our enemies will not lack leisure to make raids upon us:
+nor is it unnatural, that they should lay plots for us; for we have
+appropriated what is theirs; they are seated over us ever on the
+watch. I propose then that we should have regular outposts round the
+camp. If we take it in succession to do picket and outlook duty, the
+enemy will be less able to harry us. And here is another point for
+your observation; supposing we knew for certain that Cheirisophus must
+return with a sufficient number of vessels, there would be no need of   10
+the remark, but as that is still problematical, I propose that we
+should try to get together vessels on the spot also. If he comes and
+finds us already provided for here, we shall have more ships than we
+need, that is all; while, if he fails to bring them, we shall have the
+local supply to fall back upon. I see ships sailing past perpetually,
+so we have only to ask the loan of some war-ships from the men of
+Trapezus, and we can bring them into port, and safeguard them with
+their rudders unshipped, until we have enough to carry us. By this
+course I think we shall not fail of finding the means of transport
+requisite." That resolution was also passed. He proceeded: "Consider
+whether you think it equitable to support by means of a general fund
+the ships' companies which we so impress, while they wait here for our
+benefit, and to agree upon a fare, on the principle of repaying
+kindnesses in kind." That too was passed. "Well then," said he, "in
+case, after all, our endeavours should not be crowned with success,
+and we find that we have not vessels enough, I propose that we should
+enjoin on the cities along the seaboard the duty of constructing and
+putting in order the roads, which we hear are impassable. They will be
+only too glad to obey, no doubt, out of mere terror and their desire
+to be rid of us."
+
+This last proposal was met by loud cries and protestations against the
+idea of going by land at all. So, perceiving their infatuation, he did
+not put the question to the vote, but eventually persuaded the cities
+voluntarily to construct roads by the suggestion, "If you get your
+roads in good order, we shall all the sooner be gone." They further
+got a fifty-oared galley from the Trapezuntines, and gave the command
+of it to Dexippus, a Laconian, one of the perioeci (1). This man
+altogether neglected to collect vessels on the offing, but slunk off
+himself, and vanished, ship and all, out of Pontus. Later on, however,
+he paid the penalty of his misdeeds. He became involved in some
+meddling and making in Thrace at the court of Seuthes, and was put to
+death by the Laconian Nicander. They also got a thirty-oared galley,
+the command of which was entrusted to Polycrates, an Athenian, and      16
+that officer brought into harbour to the camp all the vessels he could
+lay his hands on. If these were laden, they took out the freights and
+appointed guards to keep an eye on their preservation, whilst they
+used the ships themselves for transport service on the coast. While
+matters stood at this point, the Hellenes used to make forays with
+varying success; sometimes they captured prey and sometimes they
+failed. On one occasion Cleanetus led his own and another company
+against a strong position, and was killed himself, with many others of
+his party.
+
+ (1) A native of the country parts of Laconia.
+
+
+
+
+II
+
+The time came when it was no longer possible to capture provisions,     1
+going and returning to the camp in one day. In consequence of this,
+Xenophon took some guides from the Trapezuntines and led half the army
+out against the Drilae, leaving the other half to guard the camp. That
+was necessary, since the Colchians, who had been ousted from their
+houses, were assembled thickly, and sat eyeing them from the heights
+above; on the other hand the Trapezuntines, being friendly to the
+native inhabitants, were not for leading the Hellenes to places where
+it was easy to capture provisions. But against the Drilae, from whom
+they personally suffered, they would lead them with enthusiasm, up
+into mountainous and scarcely accessible fortresses, and against the
+most warlike people of any in the Pontus.
+
+But when the Hellenes had reached the uplands, the Drilae set fire to
+all their fastnesses which they thought could be taken easily, and
+beat a retreat; and except here and there a stray pig or bullock or
+other animal which had escaped the fire there was nothing to capture;
+but there was one fastness which served as their metropolis: into this
+the different streams of people collected; round it ran a tremendously
+deep ravine, and the approaches to the place were difficult. So the
+light infantry ran forward five or six furlongs in advance of the
+heavy infantry, and crossed the ravine; and seeing quantities of sheep
+and other things, proceeded to attack the place. Close at their heels
+followed a number of those who had set out on the foray armed with
+spears, so that the storming party across the ravine amounted to more
+than two thousand. But, finding that they could not take the place by   5
+a coup-de-main, as there was a trench running round it, mounded up
+some breadth, with a stockade on the top of the earthwork and a
+close-packed row of wooden bastions, they made an attempt to run back,
+but the enemy fell upon them from the rear. To get away by a sudden
+rush was out of the question, since the descent from the fortress into
+the ravine only admitted of moving in single file. Under the
+circumstances they sent to Xenophon, who was in command of the heavy
+infantry. The messenger came and delivered his message: "There is a
+fastness choke full of all sorts of stores, but we cannot take it, it
+is too strong; nor can we easily get away; the enemy rush out and
+deliver battle, and the return is difficult."
+
+On hearing this, Xenophon pushed forward his heavy infantry to the
+edge of the ravine, and there ordered them to take up a position,
+while he himself with the officers crossed over to determine whether
+it were better to withdraw the party already across, or to bring over
+the heavy infantry also, on the supposition that the fortress might be
+taken. In favour of the latter opinion it was agreed that the retreat
+must cost many lives, and the officers were further disposed to think,
+they could take the place. Xenophon consented, relying on the victims,
+for the seers had announced, that there would be a battle, but that
+the result of the expedition would be good. So he sent the officers to
+bring the heavy troops across, while he himself remained, having drawn
+off all the light infantry and forbidden all sharp-shooting at long
+range. As soon as the heavy infantry had arrived, he ordered each
+captain to form his company, in whatever way he hoped to make it most
+effective in the coming struggle. Side by side together they stood,
+these captains, not for the first time to-day competitors for the
+award of manly virtue. While they were thus employed, he--the
+general--was engaged in passing down his order along the ranks of the
+light infantry and archers respectively to march with the javelin on
+its thong and the arrow to the string, ready at the word "shoot" to
+discharge their missiles, while the light troops were to have their
+wallets well stocked with slingstones; lastly, he despatched his        12
+adjutants to see to the proper carrying out of these orders.
+
+And now the preparations were complete: the officers and lieutenants
+and all others claiming to be peers of these, were drawn up in their
+several places. With a glance each was able to command the rest in the
+crescent-like disposition which the ground invited. Presently the
+notes of the battle hymn arose, the clarion spoke, and with a
+thrilling cry in honour of the warrior-god, commenced a rush of the
+heavy infantry at full speed under cover of a storm of missiles,
+lances, arrows, bullets, but most of all stones hurled from the hand
+with ceaseless pelt, while there were some who brought firebrands to
+bear. Overwhelmed by this crowd of missiles, the enemy left their
+stockades and their bastion towers, which gave Agasias the Stymphalian
+and Philoxenus of Pellene a chance not to be missed; laying aside
+their heavy arms, up they went in bare tunics only, and one hauled
+another up, and meantime another had mounted, and the place was taken,
+as they thought. Then the peltasts and light troops rushed in and
+began snatching what each man could. Xenophon the while, posted at the
+gates, kept back as many of the hoplites as he could, for there were
+other enemies now visible on certain strong citadel heights; and after
+a lapse of no long time a shout arose within, and the men came running
+back, some still clutching what they had seized; and presently here
+and there a wounded man; and mighty was the jostling about the
+portals. To the questions which were put to them the outpouring
+fugitives repeated the same story: there was a citadel within and
+enemies in crowds were making savage sallies and beating the fellows
+inside.
+
+At that Xenophon ordered Tolmides the herald to proclaim: "Enter all
+who are minded to capture aught." In poured the surging multitude, and
+the counter-current of persons elbowing their passage in prevailed
+over the stream of those who issued forth, until they beat back and
+cooped up the enemy within the citadel again. So outside the citadel
+everything was sacked and pillaged by the Hellenes, and the heavy
+infantry took up their position, some about the stockades, others       19
+along the road leading up to the citadel. Xenophon and the officers
+meantime considered the possibility of taking the citadel, for if so,
+their safety was assured; but if otherwise, it would be very difficult
+to get away. As the result of their deliberations they agreed that the
+place was impregnable. Then they began making preparations for the
+retreat. Each set of men proceeded to pull down the palisading which
+faced themselves; further, they sent away all who were useless or who
+had enough to do to carry their burdens, with the mass of the heavy
+infantry accompanying them; the officers in each case leaving behind
+men whom they could severally depend on.
+
+But as soon as they began to retreat, out rushed upon them from within
+a host of fellows, armed with wicker shields and lances, greaves and
+Paphlagonian helmets. Others might be seen scaling the houses on this
+side and that of the road leading into the citadel. Even pursuit in
+the direction of the citadel was dangerous, since the enemy kept
+hurling down on them great beams from above, so that to stop and to
+make off were alike dangerous, and night approaching was full of
+terrors. But in the midst of their fighting and their despair some god
+gave them a means of safety. All of a sudden, by whatsoever hand
+ignited, a flame shot up; it came from a house on the right hand, and
+as this gradually fell in, the people from the other houses on the
+right took to their heels and fled.
+
+Xenophon, laying this lesson of fortune to heart, gave orders to set
+fire to the left-hand houses also, which being of wood burned quickly,
+with the result that the occupants of these also took to flight. The
+men immediately at their front were the sole annoyance now, and these
+were safe to fall upon them as they made their exit and in their
+descent. Here then the word was passed for all who were out of range
+to bring up logs of wood and pile them between themselves and the
+enemy, and when there was enough of these they set them on fire; they
+also fired the houses along the trench-work itself, so as to occupy
+the attention of the enemy. Thus they got off, though with difficulty,
+and escaped from the place by putting a fire between them and the       27
+enemy; and the whole city was burnt down, houses, turrets, stockading,
+and everything belonging to it except the citadel.
+
+Next day the Hellenes were bent on getting back with the provisions;
+but as they dreaded the descent to Trapezus, which was precipitous and
+narrow, they laid a false ambuscade, and a Mysian, called after the
+name of his nation (Mysus) (1), took ten of the Cretans and halted in
+some thick brushy ground, where he made a feint of endeavouring to
+escape the notice of the enemy. The glint of their light shields,
+which were of brass, now and again gleamed through the brushwood. The
+enemy, seeing it all through the thicket, were confirmed in their
+fears of an ambuscade. But the army meanwhile was quietly making its
+descent; and when it appeared that they had crept down far enough, the
+signal was given to the Mysian to flee as fast as he could, and he,
+springing up, fled with his men. The rest of the party, that is the
+Cretans, saying, "We are caught if we race," left the road and plunged
+into a wood, and tumbling and rolling down the gullies were saved. The
+Mysian, fleeing along the road, kept crying for assistance, which they
+sent him, and picked him up wounded. The party of rescue now beat a
+retreat themselves with their face to the foe, exposed to a shower of
+missiles, to which some of the Cretan bowmen responded with their
+arrows. In this way they all reached the camp in safety.
+
+ (1) Lit. "{Musos} (Mysus), a Mysian by birth, and {Musos} (Mysus) by
+    name."
+
+
+
+
+III
+
+Now when Cheirisophus did not arrive, and the supply of ships was       1
+insufficient, and to get provisions longer was impossible, they
+resolved to depart. On board the vessels they embarked the sick, and
+those above forty years of age, with the boys and women, and all the
+baggage which the solders were not absolutely forced to take for their
+own use. The two eldest generals, Philesius and Sophaenetus, were put
+in charge, and so the party embarked, while the rest resumed their
+march, for the road was now completely constructed. Continuing their
+march that day and the next, on the third they reached Cerasus, a
+Hellenic city on the sea, and a colony of Sinope, in the country of
+the Colchians. Here they halted ten days, and there was a review and
+numbering of the troops under arms, when there were found to be eight   3
+thousand six hundred men. So many had escaped; the rest had perished
+at the hands of the enemy, or by reason of the snow, or else disease.
+
+At this time and place they divided the money accruing from the
+captives sold, and a tithe selected for Apollo and Artemis of the
+Ephesians was divided between the generals, each of whom took a
+portion to guard for the gods, Neon the Asinaean (1) taking on behalf
+of Cheirisophus.
+
+ (1) I.e. of Asine, perhaps the place named in Thuc. iv. 13, 54; vi. 93
+    situated on the western side of the Messenian bay. Strabo,
+    however, speaks of another Asine near Gytheum, but possibly means
+    Las. See Arnold's note to Thuc. iv. 13, and Smith's "Dict. Geog.
+    (s.v.)"
+
+Out of the portion which fell to Xenophon he caused a dedicatory
+offering to Apollo to be made and dedicated among the treasures of the
+Athenians at Delphi (2). It was inscribed with his own name and that of
+Proxenus, his friend, who was killed with Clearchus. The gift for
+Artemis of the Ephesians was, in the first instance, left behind by
+him in Asia at the time when he left that part of the world himself
+with Agesilaus on the march into Boeotia (3). He left it behind in
+charge of Megabyzus, the sacristan of the goddess, thinking that the
+voyage on which he was starting was fraught with danger. In the event
+of his coming out of it alive, he charged Megabyzus to restore to him
+the deposit; but should any evil happen to him, then he was to cause
+to be made and to dedicate on his behalf to Artemis, whatsoever thing
+he thought would be pleasing to the goddess.
+
+ (2) Cf. Herod. i. 14; Strabo. ix. 420 for such private treasuries at
+    Delphi.
+
+ (3) I.e. in the year B.C. 394. The circumstances under which Agesilaus
+    was recalled from Asia, with the details of his march and the
+    battle of Coronea, are described by Xenophon in the fourth book of
+    the "Hellenica."
+
+In the days of his banishment, when Xenophon was now established by
+the Lacedaemonians as a colonist in Scillus (4), a place which lies on   7
+the main road to Olympia, Megabyzus arrived on his way to Olympia as a
+spectator to attend the games, and restored to him the deposit.
+Xenophon took the money and bought for the goddess a plot of ground at
+a point indicated to him by the oracle. The plot, it so happened, had
+its own Selinus river flowing through it, just as at Ephesus the river
+Selinus flows past the temple of Artemis, and in both streams fish and
+mussels are to be found. On the estate at Scillus there is hunting and
+shooting of all the beasts of the chase that are.
+
+ (4) Scillus, a town of Triphylia, a district of Elis. In B.C. 572 the
+    Eleians had razed Pisa and Scillus to the ground. But between B.C.
+    392 and 387 the Lacedaemonians, having previously (B.C. 400,
+    "Hell." III. ii. 30) compelled the Eleians to renounce their
+    supremacy over their dependent cities, colonised Scillus and
+    eventually gave it to Xenophon, then an exile from Athens.
+    Xenophon resided here from fifteen to twenty years, but was, it is
+    said, expelled from it by the Eleians soon after the battle of
+    Leuctra, in B.C. 371.--"Dict. Geog. (s.v.)" The site of the place,
+    and of Xenophon's temple, is supposed to be in the neighbourhood
+    of the modern village of Chrestena, or possibly nearer Mazi. To
+    reach Olympia, about 2 1/2 miles distant, one must cross the
+    Alpheus.
+
+Here with the sacred money he built an altar and a temple, and ever
+after, year by year, tithed the fruits of the land in their season and
+did sacrifice to the goddess, while all the citizens and neighbours,
+men and women, shared in the festival. The goddess herself provided
+for the banqueters meat and loaves and wine and sweetmeats, with
+portions of the victims sacrificed from the sacred pasture, as also of
+those which were slain in the chase; for Xenophon's own lads, with the
+lads of the other citizens, always made a hunting excursion against
+the festival day, in which any grown men who liked might join. The
+game was captured partly from the sacred district itself, partly from
+Pholoe (5), pigs and gazelles and stags. The place lies on the direct
+road from Lacedaemon to Olympia, about twenty furlongs from the temple
+of Zeus in Olympia, and within the sacred enclosure there is
+meadow-land and wood-covered hills, suited to the breeding of pigs and
+goats and cattle and horses, so that even the sumpter animals of the
+pilgrims passing to the feast fare sumptuously. The shrine is girdled
+by a grove of cultivated trees, yielding dessert fruits in their
+season. The temple itself is a facsimile on a small scale of the great
+temple at Ephesus, and the image of the goddess is like the golden
+statue at Ephesus, save only that it is made, not of gold, but of
+cypress wood. Beside the temple stands a column bearing this
+inscription:--THE PLACE IS SACRED TO ARTEMIS. HE WHO HOLDS IT AND
+ENJOYS THE FRUITS OF IT IS BOUND TO SACRIFICE YEARLY A TITHE OF THE     13
+PRODUCE. AND FROM THE RESIDUE THEREOF TO KEEP IN REPAIR THE SHRINE. IF
+ANY MAN FAIL IN AUGHT OF THIS THE GODDESS HERSELF WILL LOOK TO IT THAT
+THE MATTER SHALL NOT SLEEP.
+
+ (5) Pholoe. This mountain (north of the Alpheus) is an offshoot of
+    Erymanthus, crossing the Pisatis from east to west, and separating
+    the waters of the Peneus and the Ladon from those of the Alpheus
+    --"Dict. Geog." (Elis).
+
+
+
+
+IV
+
+
+From Cerasus they continued the march, the same portion of the troops   1
+being conveyed by sea as before, and the rest marching by land. When
+they had reached the frontiers of the Mossynoecians (1) they sent to
+him Timesitheus the Trapezuntine, who was the proxenos (2) of the
+Mossynoecians, to inquire whether they were to pass through their
+territory as friends or foes. They, trusting in their strongholds,
+replied that they would not give them passage. It was then that
+Timesitheus informed them that the Mossynoecians on the farther side
+of the country were hostile to these members of the tribe; and it was
+resolved to invite the former to make an alliance, if they wished it.
+So Timesitheus was sent, and came back with their chiefs. On their
+arrival there was a conference of the Mossynoecian chiefs and the
+generals of the Hellenes, and Xenophon made a speech which Timesitheus
+interpreted. He said: "Men of the Mossynoecians, our desire is to
+reach Hellas in safety; and since we have no vessels we must needs go
+by foot, but these people who, as we hear, are your enemies, prevent
+us. Will you take us for your allies? Now is your chance to exact
+vengeance for any wrong, which they at any time may have put upon you,
+and for the future they will be your subjects; but if you send us
+about our business, consider and ask yourselves from what quarter will
+you ever again obtain so strong a force to help you?" To this the
+chief of the Mossynoecians made answer:--that the proposal was in
+accordance with their wishes and they welcomed the alliance. "Good,"
+said Xenophon, "but to what use do you propose to put us, if we become
+your allies? And what will you in turn be able to do to assist our
+passage?" They replied: "We can make an incursion into this country
+hostile to yourselves and us, from the opposite side, and also send     10
+you ships and men to this place, who will aid you in fighting and
+conduct you on the road."
+
+ (1) I.e. dwellers in mossyns, or wooden towers. See Herod. iii. 94;
+    vii. 78. Cf. also Strabo, xi. 41.
+
+ (2) Or, "consul."
+
+On this understanding, they exchanged pledges and were gone. The next
+day they returned, bringing three hundred canoes, each hollowed out of
+a single trunk. There were three men in each, two of whom disembarked
+and fell into rank, whilst the third remained. Then the one set took
+the boats and sailed back again, whilst the other two-thirds who
+remained marshalled themselves in the following way. They stood in
+rows of about a hundred each, like the rows of dancers in a chorus,
+standing vis-a-vis to one another, and all bearing wicker shields,
+made of white oxhide, shaggy, and shaped like an ivy leaf; in the
+right hand they brandished a javelin about six cubits long, with a
+lance in front, and rounded like a ball at the butt end of the shaft.
+
+Their bodies were clad in short frocks, scarcely reaching to the knees
+and in texture closely resembling that of a linen bedclothes' bag; on
+their heads they wore leathern helmets just like the Paphlagonian
+helmet, with a tuft of hair in the middle, as like a tiara in shape as
+possible. They carried moreover iron battle-axes. Then one of them
+gave, as it were, the key-note and started, while the rest, taking up
+the strain and the step, followed singing and marking time. Passing
+through the various corps and heavy armed battalions of the Hellenes,
+they marched straight against the enemy, to what appeared the most
+assailable of his fortresses. It was situated in front of the city, or
+mother city, as it is called, which latter contains the high citadel
+of the Mossynoecians. This citadel was the real bone of contention,
+the occupants at any time being acknowledged as the masters of all the
+other Mossynoecians. The present holders (so it was explained) had no
+right to its possession; for the sake of self-aggrandisement they had
+seized what was really common property.
+
+Some of the Hellenes followed the attacking party, not under the
+orders of the generals, but for the sake of plunder. As they advanced,
+the enemy for a while kept quiet; but as they got near the place, they  16
+made a sortie and routed them, killing several of the barbarians as
+well as some of the Hellenes who had gone up with them; and so pursued
+them until they saw the Hellenes advancing to the rescue. Then they
+turned round and made off, first cutting off the heads of the dead men
+and flaunting them in the face of the Hellenes and of their own
+private foes, dancing the while and singing in a measured strain. But
+the Hellenes were much vexed to think that their foes had only been
+rendered bolder, while the Hellenes who had formed part of the
+expedition had turned tail and fled, in spite of their numbers; a
+thing which had not happened previously during the whole expedition.
+So Xenophon called a meeting of the Hellenes and spoke as follows:
+"Soldiers, do not in any wise be cast down by what has happened, be
+sure that good no less than evil will be the result; for to begin
+with, you now know certainly that those who are going to guide us are
+in very deed hostile to those with whom necessity drives us to
+quarrel; and, in the next place, some of our own body, these Hellenes
+who have made so light of orderly array and conjoint action with
+ourselves, as though they must needs achieve in the company of
+barbarians all they could with ourselves, have paid the penalty and
+been taught a lesson, so that another time they will be less prone to
+leave our ranks. But you must be prepared to show these friendly
+barbarians that you are of a better sort, and prove to the enemy that
+battle with the undisciplined is one thing, but with men like
+yourselves another."
+
+Accordingly they halted, as they were, that day. Next day they
+sacrificed and finding the victims favourable, they breakfasted,
+formed the companies into columns, and with their barbarians arranged
+in similar order on their left, began their march. Between the
+companies were the archers only slightly retired behind the front of
+the heavy infantry, on account of the enemy's active light troops, who
+ran down and kept up volleys of stones. These were held in check by
+the archers and peltasts; and steadily step by step the mass marched
+on, first to the position from which the barbarians and those with
+them had been driven two days back, and where the enemy were now drawn  23
+up to meet them. Thus it came to pass that the barbarians first
+grappled with the peltasts and maintained the battle until the heavy
+infantry were close, when they turned and fled. The peltasts followed
+without delay, and pursued them right up to their city, while the
+heavy troops in unbroken order followed. As soon as they were up at
+the houses of the capital, there and then the enemy, collecting all
+together in one strong body, fought valiantly, and hurled their
+javelins, or else clenched their long stout spears, almost too heavy
+for a man to wield, and did their best to ward off the attack at close
+quarters.
+
+But when the Hellenes, instead of giving way, kept massing together
+more thickly, the barbarians fled from this place also, and in a body
+deserted the fortress. Their king, who sat in his wooden tower or
+mossyn, built on the citadel (there he sits and there they maintain
+him, all at the common cost, and guard him narrowly), refused to come
+forth, as did also those in the fortress first taken, and so were
+burnt to a cinder where they were, their mossyns, themselves, and all.
+The Hellenes, pillaging and ransacking these places, discovered in the
+different houses treasures and magazines of loaves, pile upon pile,
+"the ancestral stores," as the Mossynoecians told them; but the new
+corn was laid up apart with the straw-stalk and ear together, and this
+was for the most part spelt. Slices of dolphin were another discovery,
+in narrow-necked jars, all properly salted and pickled; and there was
+blubber of dolphin in vessels, which the Mossynoecians used precisely
+as the Hellenes use oil. Then there were large stores of nuts on the
+upper floor, the broad kind without a division (3). This was also a
+chief article of food with them--boiled nuts and baked loaves. Wine
+was also discovered. This, from its rough, dry quality, tasted sharp
+when drunk pure, but mixed with water was sweet and fragrant.
+
+ (3) I.e. "chestnuts."
+
+The Hellenes breakfasted and then started forward on their march,
+having first delivered the stronghold to their allies among the
+Mossynoecians. As for the other strongholds belonging to tribes allied
+with their foes, which they passed en route, the most accessible were
+either deserted by their inhabitants or gave in their adhesion          30
+voluntarily. The following description will apply to the majority of
+them: the cities were on an average ten miles apart, some more, some
+less; but so elevated is the country and intersected by such deep
+clefts that if they chose to shout across to one another, their cries
+would be heard from one city to another. When, in the course of their
+march, they came upon a friendly population, these would entertain
+them with exhibitions of fatted children belonging to the wealthy
+classes, fed up on boiled chestnuts until they were as white as white
+can be, of skin plump and delicate, and very nearly as broad as they
+were long, with their backs variegated and their breasts tattooed with
+patterns of all sorts of flowers. They sought after the women in the
+Hellenic army, and would fain have laid with them openly in broad
+daylight, for that was their custom. The whole community, male and
+female alike, were fair-complexioned and white-skinned.
+
+It was agreed that this was the most barbaric and outlandish people
+that they had passed through on the whole expedition, and the furthest
+removed from the Hellenic customs, doing in a crowd precisely what
+other people would prefer to do in solitude, and when alone behaving
+exactly as others would behave in company, talking to themselves and
+laughing at their own expense, standing still and then again capering
+about, wherever they might chance to be, without rhyme or reason, as
+if their sole business were to show off to the rest of the world.
+
+
+
+
+V
+
+Through this country, friendly or hostile as the chance might be, the   1
+Hellenes marched, eight stages in all, and reached the Chalybes. These
+were a people few in number, and subject to the Mossynoecians. Their
+livelihood was for the most part derived from mining and forging iron.
+
+Thence they came to the Tibarenians. The country of the Tibarenians
+was far more level, and their fortresses lay on the seaboard and were
+less strong, whether by art or nature. The generals wanted to attack
+these places, so that the army might get some pickings, and they would
+not accept the gifts of hospitality which came in from the              2
+Tibarenians, but bidding them wait till they had taken counsel, they
+proceeded to offer sacrifice. After several abortive attempts, the
+seers at last pronounced an opinion that the gods in no wise
+countenanced war. Then they accepted the gifts of hospitality, and
+marching through what was now recognised as a friendly country, in two
+days reached Cotyora, a Hellenic city, and a colony of Sinope, albeit
+situated in the territory of the Tibarenians (1).
+
+ (1) The MSS. here read, "Up to this point the expedition was conducted
+    on land, and the distance traversed on foot from the battle-field
+    near Babylon down to Cotyora amounted to one hundred and
+    twenty-two stages--that is to say, six hundred and twenty
+    parasangs, or eighteen thousand stades, or if measured in time, an
+    eight months' march." The words are probably the note of some
+    editor or commentator, though it is quite likely that the author
+    himself may have gone through such calculations and even have
+    inserted them as a note to his text.
+
+Here they halted forty-five days, during which they first of all
+sacrificed to the gods, and instituted processions, each set of the
+Hellenes according to their several tribes, with gymnastic contests.
+Provisions they got in meanwhile, partly from Paphlagonia, partly from
+the estates of the Cotyorites, for the latter would neither provide
+them a market nor receive their sick within their walls.
+
+Meanwhile ambassadors arrived from Sinope, full of fears, not only for
+the Cotyorites and their city, which belonged to Sinope, and brought
+in tribute, but also for the territory which, as they had heard, was
+being pillaged. Accordingly they came to the camp and made a speech.
+Hecatonymus, who was reported to be a clever orator, acted as their
+spokesman: "Soldiers," he said, "the city of the Sinopeans has sent us
+to offer you, as Hellenes, our compliments and congratulations on your
+victories over the barbarians; and next, to express our joyful
+satisfaction that you have surmounted all those terrible sufferings of
+which we have heard, and have reached this place in safety. As
+Hellenes we claim to receive at your hands, as fellow-Hellenes,
+kindness and not harm. We have certainly not ourselves set you an
+example heretofore of evil treatment. Now the Cotyorites are our
+colonists. It was we who gave them this country to dwell in, having     10
+taken it from the barbarians; for which reason also they, with the men
+of Cerasus and Trapezus, pay us an appointed tribute. So that,
+whatever mischief you inflict on the men of Cotyora, the city of
+Sinope takes as personal to herself. At the present time we hear that
+you have made forcible entry into their city, some of you, and are
+quartered in the houses, besides taking forcibly from the Cotyorite
+estates whatever you need, by hook and by crook. Now against these
+things we enter protest. If you mean to go on so doing, you will drive
+us to make friends with Corylas and the Paphlagonians, or any one else
+we can find."
+
+To meet these charges Xenophon, on behalf of the soldiers, rose and
+said: "As to ourselves, men of Sinope, having got so far, we are well
+content to have saved our bodies and our arms. Indeed it was
+impossible at one and the same moment to keep our enemies at bay and
+to despoil them of their goods and chattels. And now, since we have
+reached Hellenic cities, how has it fared with us? At Trapezus they
+gave us a market, and we paid for our provisions at a fair market
+price. In return for the honour they did us, and the gifts of
+hospitality they gave the army, we requited them with honour. Where
+the barbarian was friendly to them, we stayed our hands from injury;
+or under their escort, we did damage to their enemies to the utmost of
+our power. Ask them, what sort of people they found us. They are here,
+some of them, to answer for themselves. Their fellow-citizens and the
+state of Trapezus, for friendship's sake, have sent them with us to
+act as our guides.
+
+"But wherever we come, be it foreign or Hellenic soil, and find no
+market for provisions, we are wont to help ourselves, not out of
+insolence but from necessity. There have been tribes like the
+Carduchians, the Taochians, the Chaldaeans, which, albeit they were
+not subject to the great king, yet were no less formidable than
+independent. These we had to bring over by our arms. The necessity of
+getting provisions forced us; since they refused to offer us a market.
+Whereas some other folk, like the Macrones, in spite of their being
+barbarians, we regarded as our friends, simply because they did
+provide us with the best market in their power, and we took no single   18
+thing of theirs by force. But, to come to these Cotyorites, whom you
+claim to be your people, if we have taken aught from them, they have
+themselves to blame, for they did not deal with us as friends, but
+shut their gates in our faces. They would neither welcome us within
+nor furnish us with a market without. The only justification they
+alleged was that your governor (2) had authorised this conduct.
+
+ (2) Lit. "harmost". The term, denoting properly a governor of the
+    islands and foreign cities sent out by the Lacedaemonians during
+    their supremacy, came, it would seem, to be adopted by other Greek
+    communities under somewhat similar circumstances. Cotyora receives
+    a harmost from her mother-city, Sinope. For the Greek colonies
+    here mentioned, see Kiepert's "Man. Anct. Geog." (Engl. tr., Mr.
+    G. A. Macmillan), p. 63.
+
+"As to your assertion," he continued, turning to Hecatonymus, "that we
+have got in by force and have taken up quarters, this is what we did.
+We requested them to receive our sick and wounded under cover; and
+when they refused to open their gates, we walked in where the place
+itself invited us. All the violence we have committed amounts to this,
+that our sick folk are quartered under cover, paying for their
+expenses, and we keep a sentry at the gates, so that our sick and
+wounded may not lie at the mercy of your governor, but we may have it
+in our power to remove them whenever we like. The rest of us, you
+observe, are camping under the canopy of heaven, in regular rank and
+file, and we are ready to requite kindness with kindness, but to repel
+evil vigorously. And as for your threat," he said, once again turning
+to the spokesman, "that you will, if it suits you, make alliance with
+Corylas and the Paphlagonians to attack us, for our part, we have no
+objection to fighting both sets of you, if so be we must; we have
+already fought others many times more numerous than you. Besides, 'if
+it suits us,' as you put it, to make the Paphlagonian our friend
+(report says that he has a hankering after your city and some other
+places on the seaboard), we can enhance the value of our friendship by
+helping to win for him what he covets."
+
+Thereupon the ambassadors showed very plainly their annoyance with
+Hecatonymus, on account of the style of his remarks, and one of them
+stept forward to explain that their intention in coming was not at all
+to raise a war, but on the contrary to demonstrate their friendliness.  24
+"And if you come to Sinope itself," the speaker continued, "we will
+welcome you there with gifts of hospitality. Meanwhile we will enjoin
+upon the citizens of this place to give you what they can; for we can
+see that every word of what you say is true." Thereupon the Cotyorites
+sent gifts of hospitality, and the generals of the Hellenes
+entertained the ambassadors of the Sinopeans. Many and friendly were
+the topics of conversation; freely flowed the talk on things in
+general; and, in particular, both parties were able to make inquiries
+and satisfy their curiosity concerning the remaining portion of the
+march.
+
+
+
+
+VI
+
+Such was the conclusion of that day. On the following day the generals  1
+summoned an assembly of the soldiers, when it was resolved to invite
+the men of Sinope, and to take advice with them touching the remainder
+of the journey. In the event of their having to continue it on foot,
+the Sinopeans through their acquaintance with Paphlagonia would be
+useful to them; while, if they had to go by sea, the services of the
+same people would be at a premium; for who but they could furnish
+ships sufficient for the army? Accordingly, they summoned their
+ambassadors, and took counsel with them, begging them, on the strength
+of the sacred ties which bind Hellenes to Hellenes, to inaugurate the
+good reception they had spoken of, by present kindliness and their
+best advice.
+
+Hecatonymus rose and wished at once to offer an apology with regard to
+what he had said about the possibility of making friends with the
+Paphlagonians. "The words were not intended," he said, "to convey a
+threat, as though they were minded to go to war with the Hellenes, but
+as meaning rather: albeit we have it in our power to be friendly with
+the barbarians, we will choose the Hellenes." Then, being urged to aid
+them by some advice, with a pious ejaculation, he commenced: "If I
+bestow upon you the best counsel I am able, God grant that blessings
+in abundance may descend on me; but if the contrary, may evil betide    4
+me! 'Sacred counsel (1),' as the saying goes--well, sirs, if ever the
+saying held, it should hold I think to-day; when, if I be proved to
+have given you good counsel, I shall not lack panegyrists, or if evil,
+your imprecations will be many-tongued.
+
+ (1) Cf. Plato, "Theages," 122.
+
+"As to trouble, I am quite aware, we shall have much more trouble if
+you are conveyed by sea, for we must provide the vessels; whereas, if
+you go by land, all the fighting will evolve on you. Still, let come
+what may, it behoves me to state my views. I have an intimate
+acquaintance with the country of the Paphlagonians and their power.
+The country possesses the two features of hill and vale, that is to
+say, the fairest plains and the highest mountains. To begin with the
+mountains, I know the exact point at which you must make your entry.
+It is precisely where the horns of a mountain tower over both sides of
+the road. Let the merest handful of men occupy these and they can hold
+the pass with ease; for when that is done not all the enemies in the
+world could effect a passage. I could point out the whole with my
+finger, if you like to send any one with me to the scene.
+
+"So much for the mountain barrier. But the next thing I know is that
+there are plains and a cavalry which the barbarians themselves hold to
+be superior to the entire cavalry of the great king. Why, only the
+other day these people refused to present themselves to the summons of
+the king; their chief is too proud for that.
+
+"But now, supposing you were able to seize the mountain barrier, by
+stealth, or expedition, before the enemy could stop you; supposing
+further, you were able to win an engagement in the plain against not
+only their cavalry but their more than one hundred and twenty thousand
+infantry--you will only find yourself face to face with rivers, a
+series of them. First the Thermodon, three hundred feet broad, which I
+take it will be difficult to pass, especially with a host of foes in
+front and another following behind. Next comes the Iris river, three
+hundred feet broad; and thirdly, the Halys, at least two furlongs
+broad, which you could not possibly cross without vessels, and who is
+going to supply you with vessels? In the same way too the Parthenius    9
+is impassable, which you will reach if you cross the Halys. For my
+part, then, I consider the land-journey, I will not say difficult, but
+absolutely impossible for you. Whereas if you go by sea, you can coast
+along from here to Sinope, and from Sinope to Heraclea. From Heraclea
+onwards there is no difficulty, whether by land or by sea; for there
+are plenty of vessels at Heraclea."
+
+After he had finished his remarks, some of his hearers thought they
+detected a certain bias in them. He would not have spoken so, but for
+his friendship with Corylas, whose official representative he was.
+Others guessed he had an itching palm, and that he was hoping to
+receive a present for his "sacred advice." Others again suspected that
+his object was to prevent their going by foot and doing some mischief
+to the country of the Sinopeans. However that might be, the Hellenes
+voted in favour of continuing the journey by sea. After this Xenophon
+said: "Sinopeans, the army has chosen that method of procedure which
+you advise, and thus the matter stands. If there are sure to be
+vessels enough to make it impossible for a single man to be left
+behind, go by sea we will; but if part of us are to be left while part
+go by sea, we will not set foot on board the vessels. One fact we
+plainly recognise, strength is everything to us. So long as we have
+the mastery, we shall be able to protect ourselves and get provisions;
+but if we are once caught at the mercy of our foes, it is plain, we
+shall be reduced to slavery." On hearing this the ambassadors bade
+them send an embassy, which they did, to wit, Callimachus the
+Arcadian, and Ariston the Athenian, and Samolas the Achaean.
+
+So these set off, but meanwhile a thought shaped itself in the mind of
+Xenophon, as there before his eyes lay that vast army of Hellene
+hoplites, and that other array of peltasts, archers, and slingers,
+with cavalry to boot, and all in a state of thorough efficiency from
+long practice, hardened veterans, and all collected in Pontus, where
+to raise so large a force would cost a mint of money. Then the idea
+dawned upon him: how noble an opportunity to acquire new territory and  15
+power for Hellas, by the founding of a colony--a city of no mean size,
+moreover, said he to himself, as he reckoned up their own numbers--and
+besides themselves a population planted on the shores of Pontus.
+Thereupon he summoned Silanus the Ambraciot, the soothsayer of Cyrus
+above mentioned, and before breathing a syllable to any of the
+soldiers, he consulted the victims by sacrifice.
+
+But Silanus, in apprehension lest these ideas might embody themselves,
+and the army be permanently halted at some point or other, set a tale
+going among the men, to the effect that Xenophon was minded to detain
+the army and found a city in order to win himself a name and acquire
+power, Silanus himself being minded to reach Hellas with all possible
+speed, for the simple reason that he had still got the three thousand
+darics presented to him by Cyrus on the occasion of the sacrifice when
+he hit the truth so happily about the ten days. Silanus's story was
+variously received, some few of the soldiers thinking it would be an
+excellent thing to stay in that country; but the majority were
+strongly averse. The next incident was that Timasion the Dardanian,
+with Thorax the Boeotian, addressed themselves to some Heracleot and
+Sinopean traders who had come to Cotyora, and told them that if they
+did not find means to furnish the army with pay sufficient to keep
+them in provisions on the homeward voyage, all that great force would
+most likely settle down permanently in Pontus. "Xenophon has a pet
+idea," they continued, "which he urges upon us. We are to wait until
+the ships come, and then we are suddenly to turn round to the army and
+say: 'Soldiers, we now see the straits we are in, unable to keep
+ourselves in provisions on the return voyage, or to make our friends
+at home a little present at the end of our journey. But if you like to
+select some place on the inhabited seaboard of the Black Sea which may
+take your fancy and there put in, this is open to you to do. Those who
+like to go home, go; those who care to stay here, stay. You have got    20
+vessels now, so that you can make a sudden pounce upon any point you
+choose.'"
+
+The merchants went off with this tale and reported it to every city
+they came to in turn, nor did they go alone, but Timasion the
+Dardanian sent a fellow-citizen of his own, Eurymachus, with the
+Boeotian Thorax, to repeat the same story. So when it reached the ears
+of the men of Sinope and the Heracleots, they sent to Timasion and
+pressed him to accept of a gratuity, in return for which he was to
+arrange for the departure of the troops. Timasion was only too glad to
+hear this, and he took the opportunity when the soldiers were convened
+in meeting to make the following remarks: "Soldiers," he said, "do not
+set your thoughts on staying here; let Hellas, and Hellas only, be the
+object of your affection, for I am told that certain persons have been
+sacrificing on this very question, without saying a word to you. Now I
+can promise you, if you once leave these waters, to furnish you with
+regular monthly pay, dating from the first of the month, at the rate
+of one cyzicene (2) a head per month. I will bring you to the Troad,
+from which part I am an exile, and my own state is at your service.
+They will receive me with open arms. I will be your guide personally,
+and I will take you to places where you will get plenty of money. I
+know every corner of the Aeolid, and Phrygia, and the Troad, and
+indeed the whole satrapy of Pharnabazus, partly because it is my
+birthplace, partly from campaigns in that region with Clearchus and
+Dercylidas (3)."
+
+ (2) A cyzicene stater = twenty-eight silver drachmae of Attic money
+    B.C. 335, in the time of Demosthenes; but, like the daric, this
+    gold coin would fluctuate in value relatively to silver. It
+    contained more grains of gold than the daric.
+
+ (3) Of Dercylidas we hear more in the "Hellenica." In B.C. 411 he was
+    harmost at Abydos; in B.C. 399 he superseded Thimbron in Asia
+    Minor; and was himself superseded by Agesilaus in B.C. 396.
+
+No sooner had he ceased than up got Thorax the Boeotian. This was a
+man who had a standing battle with Xenophon about the generalship of
+the army. What he said was that, if they once got fairly out of the
+Euxine, there was the Chersonese, a beautiful and prosperous country,
+where they could settle or not, as they chose. Those who liked could
+stay; and those who liked could return to their homes; how ridiculous   25
+then, when there was so much territory in Hellas and to spare, to be
+poking about (4) in the land of the barbarian. "But until you find
+yourselves there," he added, "I, no less than Timasion, can guarantee
+you regular pay." This he said, knowing what promises had been made
+Timasion by the men of Heraclea and Sinope to induce them to set sail.
+
+ (4) The word {masteuein} occurs above, and again below, and in other
+    writings of our author. It is probably Ionic or old Attic, and
+    occurs in poetry.
+
+Meanwhile Xenophon held his peace. Then up got Philesius and Lycon,
+two Achaeans: "It was monstrous," they said, "that Xenophon should be
+privately persuading people to stop there, and consulting the victims
+for that end, without letting the army into the secret, or breathing a
+syllable in public about the matter." When it came to this, Xenophon
+was forced to get up, and speak as follows: "Sirs, you are well aware
+that my habit is to sacrifice at all times; whether in your own behalf
+or my own, I strive in every thought, word, and deed to be directed as
+is best for yourselves and for me. And in the present instance my sole
+object was to learn whether it were better even so much as to broach
+the subject, and so take action, or to have absolutely nothing to do
+with the project. Now Silanus the soothsayer assured me by his answer
+of what was the main point: 'the victims were favourable.' No doubt
+Silanus knew that I was not unversed myself in his lore, as I have so
+often assisted at the sacrifice; but he added that there were symptoms
+in the victims of some guile or conspiracy against me. That was a
+happy discovery on his part, seeing that he was himself conspiring at
+the moment to traduce me before you; since it was he who set the tale
+going that I had actually made up my mind to carry out these projects
+without procuring your consent. Now, for my part, if I saw that you     30
+were in any difficulties, I should set myself to discover how you
+might capture a city, on the understanding of course that all who
+wished might sail away at once, leaving those who did not wish, to
+follow at a later date, with something perhaps in their pockets to
+benefit their friends at home. Now, however, as I see that the men of
+Heraclea and Sinope are to send you ships to assist you to sail away,
+and more than one person guarantees to give you regular monthly pay,
+it is, I admit, a rare chance to be safely piloted to the haven of our
+hopes, and at the same time to receive pay for our preservation. For
+myself I have done with that dream, and to those, who came to me to
+urge these projects, my advice is to have done with them. In fact,
+this is my view. As long as you stay together united as to-day, you
+will command respect and procure provisions; for might certainly
+exercises a right over what belongs to the weaker. But once broken up,
+with your force split into bits, you will neither be able to get
+subsistence, nor indeed will you get off without paying dearly for it.
+In fact, my resolution coincides precisely with yours. It is that we
+should set off for Hellas, and if any one stops behind, or is caught
+deserting before the whole army is in safety, let him be judged as an
+evil-doer. Pray let all who are in favour of this proposition hold up
+their hands."
+
+They all held them up; only Silanus began shouting and vainly striving
+to maintain the right of departure for all who liked to depart. But
+the soldiers would not suffer him, threatening him that if he were
+himself caught attempting to run away they would inflict the aforesaid
+penalty. After this, when the Heracleots learned that the departure by
+sea was resolved upon, and that the measure itself emanated from
+Xenophon, they sent the vessels indeed; but as to the money which they
+had promised to Timasion and Thorax as pay for the soldiers, they were
+not as good as their word, in fact they cheated them both. Thus the
+two who had guaranteed regular monthly pay were utterly confounded,
+and stood in terror of the soldiers. What they did then, was to take
+to them the other generals to whom they had communicated their former
+transactions (that is to say, all except Neon the Asniaean, who, as
+lieutenant-general, was acting for Cheirisophus during his continued
+absence). This done they came in a body to Xenophon and said that       36
+their views were changed. As they had now got the ships, they thought
+it best to sail to the Phasis, and seize the territory of the Phasians
+(whose present king was a descendant of Aeetes (5)). Xenophon's reply
+was curt:--Not one syllable would he have to say himself to the army
+in this matter, "But," he added, "if you like, you can summon an
+assembly and have your say." Thereupon Timasion the Dardanian set
+forth as his opinion:--It were best to hold no parliament at present,
+but first to go and conciliate, each of them, his own officers. Thus
+they went away and proceeded to execute their plans.
+
+ (5) Aeetes is the patronym of the kings of Colchis from mythical times
+    onwards; e.g. Medea was the daughter of Aeetes.
+
+
+
+
+VII
+
+Presently the soldiers came to learn what was in course of agitation,   1
+and Neon gave out that Xenophon had persuaded the other generals to
+adopt his views, and had a plan to cheat the soldiers and take them
+back to the Phasis. The soldiers were highly indignant; meetings were
+held; little groups gathered ominously; and there seemed an alarming
+probability that they would repeat the violence with which they had
+lately treated the heralds of the Colchians and the clerks of the
+market; when all who did not save themselves by jumping into the sea
+were stoned to death. So Xenophon, seeing what a storm was brewing,
+resolved to anticipate matters so far as to summon a meeting of the
+men without delay, and thus prevent their collecting of their own
+accord, and he ordered the herald to announce an assembly. The voice
+of the herald was no sooner heard than they rushed with great
+readiness to the place of meeting. Then Xenophon, without accusing the
+generals of having come to him, made the following speech: "I hear
+that a charge is brought against me. It is I apparently who am going
+to cheat you and carry you off to Phasis. I beg you by all that is
+holy to listen to me; and if there be found any guilt in me, let me
+not leave this place till I have paid the penalty of my misdoing; but
+if my accusers are found guilty, treat them as they deserve. I
+presume, sirs, you know where the sun rises and where he sets, and
+that he who would go to Hellas must needs journey towards the sunset;
+whereas he who seeks the land of the barbarian must contrariwise fix    6
+his face towards the dawn. Now is that a point in which a man might
+hope to cheat you? Could any one make you believe that the sun rises
+here and sets there, or that he sets here and rises there? And
+doubtless you know this too, that it is Boreas, the north wind, who
+bears the mariner out of Pontus towards Hellas, and the south wind
+inwards towards the Phasis, whence the saying--
+
+      "'When the North wind doth blow
+        Home to Hellas we will go (1).'
+
+ (1) Whether this was a local saying or a proverb I cannot say. The
+    words have a poetical ring about them: "When Borrhas blows, fair
+    voyages to Hellas."
+
+"He would be a clever fellow who could befool you into embarking with
+a south wind blowing. That sounds all very well, you think, only I may
+get you on board during a calm. Granted, but I shall be on board my
+one ship, and you on board another hundred at least, and how am I to
+constrain you to voyage with me against your will, or by what cajolery
+shall I carry you off? But I will imagine you so far befooled and
+bewitched by me, that I have got you to the Phasis; we proceed to
+disembark on dry land. At last it will come out, that wherever you
+are, you are not in Hellas, and the inventor of the trick will be one
+sole man, and you who have been caught by it will number something
+like ten thousand with swords in your hands. I do not know how a man
+could better ensure his own punishment than by embarking on such a
+policy with regards to himself and you.
+
+"Nay, these tales are the invention of silly fellows who are jealous
+of the honour you bestow on me. A most uncalled-for jealousy! Do I
+hinder any of them from speaking any word of import in his power? of
+striking a blow in your behalf and his own, if that is his choice? or,
+finally, of keeping his eyes and ears open to secure your safety? What
+is it? In your choice of leaders do I stand in the way of any one, is
+that it? Let him step forward, I yield him place; he shall be your
+general; only he must prove that he has your good at heart.
+
+"For myself, I have done; but for yourselves, if any of you conceive    11
+either that he himself could be the victim of a fraud, or that he
+could victimise any one else in such a thing as this, let him open his
+lips and explain to us how. Take your time, but when you have sifted
+the matter to your hearts' content, do not go away without suffering
+me to tell you of something which I see looming. If it should burst
+upon us and prove in fact anything like what it gives signs of being
+now, it is time for us to take counsel for ourselves and see that we
+do not prove ourselves to be the worst and basest of men in the sight
+of gods and men, be they friends or be they foes." The words moved the
+curiosity of the soldiers. They marvelled what this matter might be,
+and bade him explain. Thereupon he began again: "You will not have
+forgotten certain places in the hills--barbaric fastnesses, but
+friendly to the Cerasuntines--from which people used to come down and
+sell us large cattle and other things which they possessed, and if I
+mistake not, some of you went to the nearest of these places and made
+purchases in the market and came back again. Clearetus the captain
+learnt of this place, that it was but a little one and unguarded. Why
+should it be guarded since it was friendly? so the folk thought. Thus
+he stole upon it in the dead of night, and meant to sack it without
+saying a word to any of us. His design was, if he took the place, not
+to return again to the army, but to mount a vessel which, with his
+messmates on board her, was sailing past at the time, and stowing away
+what he had seized, to set sail and begone beyond the Euxine. All this
+had been agreed upon and arranged with his comrades on board the
+vessel, as I now discover. Accordingly, he summoned to his side all
+whom he could persuade, and set off at their head against the little
+place. But dawn overtook him on his march. The men collected out of
+their strongholds, and whether from a distance or close quarters, made
+such a fight that they killed Clearetus and a good many of the rest,
+and only a few of them got safe back to Cerasus.
+
+"These things took place on the day on which we started to come hither
+on foot; while some of those who were to go by sea were still at
+Cerasus, not having as yet weighed anchor. After this, according to     17
+what the Cerasuntines state, there arrived three inhabitants of the
+place which had been attacked; three elderly men, seeking an interview
+with our public assembly. Not finding us, they addressed themselves to
+the men of Cerasus, and told them, they were astonished that we should
+have thought it right to attack them; however, when, as the
+Cerasuntines assert, they had assured them that the occurrence was not
+authorised by public consent, they were pleased, and proposed to sail
+here, not only to state to us what had occurred, but to offer that
+those who were interested should take up and bury the bodies of the
+slain.
+
+"But among the Hellenes still at Cerasus were some of those who had
+escaped. They found out in which direction the barbarians were minded
+to go, and not only had the face themselves to pelt them with stones,
+but vociferously encouraged their neighbours to do the same. The three
+men--ambassadors, mark you--were slain, stoned to death. After this
+occurrence, the men of Cerasus came to us and reported the affair, and
+we generals, on being informed, were annoyed at what had taken place,
+and took counsel with the Cerasuntines how the dead bodies of the
+Hellenes might be buried. While seated in conclave outside the camp,
+we suddenly were aware of a great hubbub. We heard cries: 'Cut them
+down!' 'Shoot them!' 'Stone them!' and presently we caught sight of a
+mass of people racing towards us with stones in their hands, and
+others picking them up. The Cerasuntines, naturally enough,
+considering the incident they had lately witnessed, retired in terror
+to their vessels, and, upon my word, some of us did not feel too
+comfortable. All I could do was to go to them and inquire what it all
+meant. Some of them had not the slightest notion, although they had
+stones in their hands, but chancing on some one who was better
+informed, I was told by him that 'the clerks of the market were
+treating the army most scandalously.' Just then some one got sight of
+the market clerk, Zelarchus, making his way off towards the sea, and
+lifted up his voice aloud, and the rest responding to the cry as if a   24
+wild boar or a stag had been started, they rushed upon him.
+
+"The Cerasuntines, seeing a rush in their direction, thought that,
+without a doubt, it was directed against themselves, and fled with all
+speed and threw themselves into the sea, in which proceeding they were
+imitated by some few of our own men, and all who did not know how to
+swim were drowned. But now, what do you think of their case, these men
+of Cerasus? They had done no wrong. They were simply afraid that some
+madness had seized us, like that to which dogs are liable.
+
+"I say then, if proceedings like this are to be the order of the day,
+you had better consider what the ultimate condition of the army is
+like to be. As a body you will not have it in your power to undertake
+war against whom you like, or to conclude peace. But in private any
+one who chooses will conduct the army on any quest which takes his
+fancy. And when ambassadors come to you to demand peace, or whatever
+it may be, officious people will put them to death and prevent your
+hearing the proposals which brought them to you. The next step will be
+that those whom you as a body may choose as generals will be of no
+account; but any one who likes to elect himself general, and will
+adopt the formula 'Shoot him! shoot him!' will be competent to cut
+down whomsoever he pleases untried, be it general or private soldier,
+if only he have sufficient followers, as was the case just now. But
+just consider what these self-appointed generals have achieved for
+you. Zelarchus, the clerk of the market, may possibly have done you a
+wrong; if so, he has sailed off and is gone without paying you any
+penalty; or he may be guiltless, in which case we have driven him from
+the army in terror of perishing unjustly without a trial. While those
+who stoned the ambassadors have contrived so cleverly that we alone of
+all Hellenes cannot approach Cerasus safely without a strong force,
+and the corpses which the very men who slew them themselves invited us
+to bury, we cannot now pick up with safety even under a flag of truce.
+Who indeed would care to carry a flag of truce, or go as a herald with  30
+the blood of heralds upon his hands? All we could do was to implore
+the Cerasuntines to bury them.
+
+"If then you approve of such doings, have a resolution passed to that
+effect, so that, with a prospect of like occurrences in the future, a
+man may privately set up a guard and do his best to fix his tent where
+he can find a strong position with a commanding site. If, however,
+these seem to you to be the deeds rather of wild beasts than of human
+beings, bethink you of some means by which to stay them; or else, in
+heaven's name, how shall we do sacrifice to the gods gladly, with
+impious deeds to answer for? or how shall we, who lay the knife to
+each other's throats, give battle to our enemies? What friendly city
+will receive us when they see rampant lawlessness in our midst? Who
+will have the courage to afford us a market, when we prove our
+worthlessness in these weightiest concerns? and what becomes of the
+praise we expect to win from the mouths of men? who will vouchsafe it
+to us, if this is our behaviour? Should we not ourselves bestow the
+worst of names on the perpetrators of like deeds?"
+
+After this they rose, and, as one man, proposed that the ringleaders
+in these matters should be punished; and that for the future, to set
+an example of lawlessness should be forbidden. Every such ringleader
+was to be prosecuted on the capital charge; the generals were to bring
+all offenders to the bar of justice; prosecutions for all other
+misdemeanours committed since the death of Cyrus were to be
+instituted; and they ended by constituting the officers into a board
+of dicasts (2); and upon the strong representation of Xenophon, with
+the concurrence of the soothsayers, it was resolved to purify the
+army, and this purification was made.
+
+ (2) I.e. a board of judges or jurors.
+
+
+
+
+VIII
+
+It was further resolved that the generals themselves should undergo a   1
+judicial examination in reference to their conduct in past time. In
+course of investigation, Philesius and Xanthicles respectively were
+condemned to pay a sum of twenty minae, to meet a deficiency to that
+amount incurred during the guardianship of the cargoes of the
+merchantmen. Sophaenetus was fined ten minae for inadequate performance
+of his duty as one of the chief officers selected. Against Xenophon a
+charge was brought by certain people, who asserted that they had been
+beaten by him, and framed the indictment as one of personal outrage
+with violence (1). Xenophon got up and demanded that the first speaker
+should state "where and when it was he had received these blows." The
+other, so challenged, answered, "When we were perishing of cold and
+there was a great depth of snow." Xenophon said: "Upon my word, with
+weather such as you describe, when our provisions had run out, when
+the wine could not even be smelt, when numbers were dropping down dead
+beat, so acute was the suffering, with the enemy close on our heels;
+certainly, if at such a season as that I was guilty of outrage, I
+plead guilty to being a more outrageous brute than the ass, which is
+too wanton, they say, to feel fatigue. Still, I wish you would tell
+us," said he, "what led to my striking you. Did I ask you for
+something and, on your refusing it to me, did I proceed to beat you?
+Was it a debt, for which I demanded payment? or a quarrel about some
+boy or other? Was I the worse for liquor, and behaving like a
+drunkard?" When the man met each of these questions with a negative,
+he questioned him further: "Are you a heavy infantry soldier?" "No,"
+said he. "A peltast, then?" "No, nor yet a peltast"; but he had been
+ordered by his messmates to drive a mule, although he was a free man.   5
+Then at last he recognised him, and inquired: "Are you the fellow who
+carried home the sick man?" "Yes, I am," said he, "thanks to your
+driving; and you made havoc of my messmates' kit." "Havoc!" said
+Xenophon: "Nay, I distributed it; some to one man, some to another to
+carry, and bade them bring the things safely to me; and when I got
+them back I delivered them all safely to you, and you, on your side,
+had rendered an account to me of the man. Let me tell you," he
+continued, turning to the court, "what the circumstances were; it is
+worth hearing:--
+
+ (1) See the "Dict. of Antiq." 622 a. HYBREOS GRAPHE. In the case of
+    common assaults as opposed to indecent assault, the prosecution
+    seems to have been allowable only when the object of a wanton
+    attack was a free person. Cf. Arist. "Rhet." ii. 24.
+
+"A man was left behind from inability to proceed farther; I recognised
+the poor fellow sufficiently to see that he was one of ours, and I
+forced you, sir, to carry him to save his life. For if I am not much
+mistaken, the enemy were close at our heels?" The fellow assented to
+this. "Well then," said Xenophon, "after I had sent you forward, I
+overtook you again, as I came up with the rearguard; you were digging
+a trench with intent to bury the man; I pulled up and said something
+in commendation; as we stood by the poor fellow twitched his leg, and
+the bystanders all cried out, 'Why, the man's alive!' Your remark was:
+'Alive or not as he likes, I am not going to carry him' Then I struck
+you. Yes! you are right, for it looked very much as if you knew him to
+be alive." "Well," said he, "was he any the less dead when I reported
+him to you?" "Nay," retorted Xenophon, "by the same token we shall all
+one day be dead, but that is no reason why meantime we should all be
+buried alive?" Then there was a general shout: "If Xenophon had given
+the fellow a few more blows, it might have been better." The others
+were now called upon to state the grounds on which they had been
+beaten in each case; but when they refused to get up, he proceeded to
+state them himself.
+
+"I confess, sirs, to having struck certain men for failure in
+discipline. These were men who were quite content to owe their safety
+to us. Whilst the rest of the world marched on in rank and did
+whatever fighting had to be done, they preferred to leave the ranks,
+and rush forward to loot and enrich themselves at our expense. Now, if  13
+this conduct were to be the rule, general ruin would be the result. I
+do not deny that I have given blows to this man or the other who
+played the poltroon and refused to get up, helplessly abandoning
+himself to the enemy; and so I forced them to march on. For once in
+the severe wintry weather I myself happened to sit down for a long
+time, whilst waiting for a party who were getting their kit together,
+and I discovered how difficult it was to get up again and stretch
+one's legs. After this personal experience, whenever I saw any one
+else seated in slack and lazy mood, I tried to spur him on. The mere
+movement and effort to play the man caused warmth and moisture,
+whereas it was plain that sitting down and keeping quiet helped the
+blood to freeze and the toes to mortify, calamities which really
+befell several of the men, as you yourselves are aware.
+
+"I can imagine a third case, that of some straggler stopping behind,
+merely to rest for rest's sake, and hindering you in front and us
+behind alike from pressing on the march. If he got a blow with the
+fist from me it saved him a thrust with the lance from the enemy. In
+fact, the opportunity they enjoy to-day of taking vengeance on me for
+any treatment which I put upon them wrongfully, is derived from their
+salvation then; whereas, if they had fallen into the enemy's hands,
+let them ask themselves for what outrage, however great, they could
+expect to get satisfaction now. My defence," he continued, "is simple:
+if I chastised any one for his own good, I claim to suffer the same
+penalties as parents pay their children or masters their boys. Does
+not the surgeon also cauterise and cut us for our good? But if you
+really believe that these acts are the outcome of wanton insolence, I
+beg you to observe that although to-day, thank God! I am heartier than
+formerly, I wear a bolder front now than then, and I drink more wine,
+yet I never strike a soul; no, for I see that you have reached smooth
+water. When storm arises, and a great sea strikes the vessel
+amidships, a mere shake of the head will make the look-out man furious
+with the crew in the forecastle, or the helmsman with the men in the
+stern sheets, for at such a crisis even a slight slip may ruin
+everything. But I appeal to your own verdict, already recorded, in      21
+proof that I was justified in striking these men. You stood by, sirs,
+with swords, not voting tablets, in your hands, and it was in your
+power to aid the fellows if you liked; but, to speak the honest truth,
+you neither aided them nor did you join me in striking the disorderly.
+In other words, you enabled any evilly-disposed person among them to
+give rein to his wantonness by your passivity. For if you will be at
+pains to investigate, you will find that those who were then most
+cowardly are the ringleaders to-day in brutality and outrage.
+
+"There is Boiscus the boxer, a Thessalian, what a battle he fought
+then to escape carrying his shield! so tired was he, and to-day I am
+told he has stripped several citizens of Cotyora of the clothes on
+their backs. If then you are wise, you will treat this personage in a
+way the contrary to that in which men treat dogs. A savage dog is tied
+up on the day and loosed at night, but if you are wise you will tie
+this fellow up at night and only let him loose in the day.
+
+"But really," he added, "it does surprise me with what keenness you
+remember and recount the times when I incurred the hatred of some one;
+but some other occasions when I eased the burden of winter and storm
+for any of you, or beat off an enemy, or helped to minister to you in
+sickness and want, not a soul of you remembers these. Or when for any
+noble deed done by any of you I praised the doer, and according to my
+ability did honour to this brave man or that; these things have
+slipped from your memories, and are clean forgotten. Yet it were
+surely more noble, just, and holy, sweeter and kindlier to treasure
+the memory of good rather than of evil."
+
+He ended, and then one after another of the assembly got up and began
+recalling incidents of the kind suggested, and things ended not so
+unpleasantly after all.
+
+
+
+
+
+BOOK VI
+
+
+
+
+I
+
+After this, whilst waiting, they lived partly on supplies from the      1
+market, partly on the fruit of raids into Paphlagonia. The
+Paphlagonians, on their side, showed much skill in kidnapping
+stragglers, wherever they could lay hands on them, and in the night
+time tried to do mischief to those whose quarters were at a distance
+from the camp. The result was that their relations to one another were
+exceedingly hostile, so much so that Corylas, who was the chief of
+Paphlagonia at that date, sent ambassadors to the Hellenes, bearing
+horses and fine apparel, and charged with a proposal on the part of
+Corylas to make terms with the Hellenes on the principle of mutual
+forbearance from injuries. The generals replied that they would
+consult with the army about the matter. Meanwhile they gave them a
+hospitable reception, to which they invited certain members of the
+army whose claims were obvious. They sacrificed some of the captive
+cattle and other sacrificial beasts, and with these they furnished
+forth a sufficiently festal entertainment, and reclining on their
+truckle beds, fell to eating and drinking out of beakers made of horn
+which they happened to find in the country.
+
+But as soon as the libation was ended and they had sung the hymn, up
+got first some Thracians, who performed a dance under arms to the
+sound of a pipe, leaping high into the air with much nimbleness, and
+brandishing their swords, till at last one man struck his fellow, and
+every one thought he was really wounded, so skilfully and artistically  6
+did he fall, and the Paphlagonians screamed out. Then he that gave the
+blow stripped the other of his arms, and marched off chanting the
+"Sitalcas (1)," whilst others of the Thracians bore off the other, who
+lay as if dead, though he had not received even a scratch.
+
+ (1) I.e. the national Thracian hymn; for Sitalcas the king, a national
+    hero, see Thuc. ii. 29.
+
+After this some Aenianians (2) and Magnesians got up and fell to
+dancing the Carpaea, as it is called, under arms. This was the manner
+of the dance: one man lays aside his arms and proceeds to drive a yoke
+of oxen, and while he drives he sows, turning him about frequently, as
+though he were afraid of something; up comes a cattle-lifter, and no
+sooner does the ploughman catch sight of him afar, than he snatches up
+his arms and confronts him. They fight in front of his team, and all
+in rhythm to the sound of the pipe. At last the robber binds the
+countryman and drives off the team. Or sometimes the cattle-driver
+binds the robber, and then he puts him under the yoke beside the oxen,
+with his two hands tied behind his back, and off he drives.
+
+ (2) The Aenianians, an Aeolian people inhabiting the upper valley of
+    the Sperchius (the ancient Phthia); their capital was Hypata.
+    These men belonged to the army collected by Menon, the Thessalian.
+    So, doubtless, did the Magnesians, another Aeolian tribe occupying
+    the mountainous coast district on the east of Thessaly. See
+    Kiepert's "Man. Anct. Geog." (Macmillan's tr.), chap. vi.. 161,
+    170.
+
+After this a Mysian came in with a light shield in either hand and
+danced, at one time going through a pantomime, as if he were dealing
+with two assailants at once; at another plying his shields as if to
+face a single foe, and then again he would whirl about and throw
+somersaults, keeping the shields in his hands, so that it was a
+beautiful spectacle. Last of all he danced the Persian dance, clashing
+the shields together, crouching down on one knee and springing up
+again from earth; and all this he did in measured time to the sound of
+the flute. After him the Mantineans stepped upon the stage, and some
+other Arcadians also stood up; they had accoutred themselves in all
+their warlike finery. They marched with measured tread, pipes playing,
+to the tune of the 'warrior's march (3)'; the notes of the paean rose,   11
+lightly their limbs moved in dance, as in solemn procession to the
+holy gods. The Paphlagonians looked upon it as something truly strange
+that all these dances should be under arms; and the Mysians, seeing
+their astonishment persuaded one of the Arcadians who had got a
+dancing girl to let him introduce her, which he did after dressing her
+up magnificently and giving her a light shield. When, lithe of limb,
+she danced the Pyrrhic (4), loud clapping followed; and the
+Paphlagonians asked, "If these women fought by their side in battle?"
+to which they answered, "To be sure, it was the women who routed the
+great King, and drove him out of camp." So ended the night.
+
+ (3) See Plato, "Rep." 400 B, for this "war measure"; also Aristoph.
+    "Clouds," 653.
+
+ (4) For this famous dance, supposed to be of Doric (Cretan or Spartan)
+    origin, see Smith's "Dict. of Antiquities," "Saltatio"; also Guhl
+    and Koner, "The Life of the Greeks and Romans," Eng. tr.
+
+But next day the generals introduced the embassy to the army, and the
+soldiers passed a resolution in the sense proposed: between themselves
+and the Paphlagonians there was to be a mutual abstinence from
+injuries. After this the ambassadors went on their way, and the
+Hellenes, as soon as it was thought that sufficient vessels had
+arrived, went on board ship, and voyaged a day and a night with a fair
+breeze, keeping Paphlagonia on their left. And on the following day,
+arriving at Sinope, they came to moorings in the harbour of Harmene,
+near Sinope (5). The Sinopeans, though inhabitants of Paphlagonia, are
+really colonists of the Milesians. They sent gifts of hospitality to
+the Hellenes, three thousand measures of barley with fifteen hundred
+jars of wine. At this place Cheirisophus rejoined them with a
+man-of-war. The soldiers certainly expected that, having come, he
+would have brought them something, but he brought them nothing, except
+complimentary phrases, on the part of Anaxibius, the high admiral, and
+the rest, who sent them their congratulations, coupled with a promise
+on the part of Anaxibius that, as soon as they were outside the
+Euxine, pay would be forthcoming.
+
+ (5) Harmene, a port of Sinope, between four and five miles (fifty
+    stades) west of that important city, itself a port town. See
+    Smith, "Dict. Geog.," "Sinope"; and Kiepert, op. cit. chap. iv.
+    60.
+
+At Harmene the army halted five days; and now that they seemed to be    17
+so close to Hellas, the question how they were to reach home not
+empty-handed presented itself more forcibly to their minds than
+heretofore. The conclusion they came to was to appoint a single
+general, since one man would be better able to handle the troops, by
+night or by day, than was possible while the generalship was divided.
+If secrecy were desirable, it would be easier to keep matters dark, or
+if again expedition were an object, there would be less risk of
+arriving a day too late, since mutual explanations would be avoided,
+and whatever approved itself to the single judgement would at once be
+carried into effect, whereas previously the generals had done
+everything in obedience to the opinion of the majority.
+
+With these ideas working in their minds, they turned to Xenophon, and
+the officers came to him and told him that this was how the soldiers
+viewed matters; and each of them, displaying a warmth of kindly
+feeling, pressed him to accept the office. Xenophon partly would have
+liked to do so, in the belief that by so doing he would win to himself
+a higher repute in the esteem of his friends, and that his name would
+be reported to the city written large; and by some stroke of fortune
+he might even be the discoverer of some blessing to the army
+collectively.
+
+These and the like considerations elated him; he had a strong desire
+to hold the supreme command. But then again, as he turned the matter
+over, the conviction deepened in his mind that the issue of the future
+is to every man uncertain; and hence there was the risk of perhaps
+losing such reputation has he had already acquired. He was in sore
+straights, and, not knowing how to decide, it seemed best to him to
+lay the matter before heaven. Accordingly, he led two victims to the
+altar and made sacrifice to Zeus the King, for it was he and no other
+who had been named by the oracle at Delphi, and his belief was that
+the vision which he had beheld when he first essayed to undertake the
+joint administration of the army was sent to him by that god. He also
+recalled to mind a circumstance which befell him still earlier, when    23
+setting out from Ephesus to associate himself with Cyrus (6);--how an
+eagle screamed on his right hand from the east, and still remained
+perched, and the soothsayer who was escorting him said that it was a
+great and royal omen (7); indicating glory and yet suffering; for the
+punier race of birds only attack the eagle when seated. "Yet," added
+he, "it bodes not gain in money; for the eagle seizes his food, not
+when seated, but on the wing."
+
+ (6) Cf. "Cyrop." II. i. 1; an eagle appears to Cyrus on the frontiers
+    of Persia, when about to join his uncle Cyaxares, king of Media,
+    on his expedition against the Assyrian.
+
+ (7) It is important to note that the Greek word {oionos}, a solitary
+    or lone-flying bird, also means an omen. "It was a mighty bird and
+    a mighty omen."
+
+Thus Xenophon sacrificed, and the god as plainly as might be gave him
+a sign, neither to demand the generalship, nor, if chosen, to accept
+the office. And that was how the matter stood when the army met, and
+the proposal to elect a single leader was unanimous. After this
+resolution was passed, they proposed Xenophon for election, and when
+it seemed quite evident that they would elect him, if he put the
+question to the vote, he got up and spoke as follows:--
+
+"Sirs, I am but mortal, and must needs be happy to be honoured by you.
+I thank you, and am grateful, and my prayer is that the gods may grant
+me to be an instrument of blessing to you. Still, when I consider it
+closer, thus, in the presence of a Lacedaemonian, to be preferred by
+you as general, seems to me but ill conducive either to your interests
+or to mine, since you will the less readily obtain from them hereafter
+anything you may need, while for myself I look upon acceptance as even
+somewhat dangerous. Do I not see and know with what persistence these
+Lacedaemonians prosecuted the war till finally they forced our State
+to acknowledge the leadership of Lacedaemon? This confession once
+extorted from their antagonists, they ceased warring at once, and the
+siege of the city was at an end. If, with these facts before my eyes,
+I seem to be doing all I can to neutralise their high self-esteem, I
+cannot escape the reflection that personally I may be taught wisdom by
+a painful process. But with your own idea that under a single general
+there will be less factiousness than when there were many, be assured   29
+that in choosing some other than me you will not find me factious. I
+hold that whosoever sets up factious opposition to his leader
+factiously opposes his own safety. While if you determine to choose
+me, I should not be surprised were that choice to entail upon you and
+me the resentment of other people."
+
+After those remarks on Xenophon's part, many more got up, one after
+another, insisting on the propriety of his undertaking the command.
+One of them, Agasias the Stymphalian, said: It was really ridiculous,
+if things had come to this pass that the Lacedeamonians are to fly
+into a rage because a number of friends have met together to dinner,
+and omitted to choose a Lacedaemonian to sit at the head of the table.
+"Really, if that is how matters stand," said he, "I do not see what
+right we have to be officers even, we who are only Arcadians." That
+sally brought down the plaudits of the assembly; and Xenophon, seeing
+that something more was needed, stepped forward again and spoke,
+"Pardon, sirs," he said, "let me make a clean breast of it. I swear to
+you by all the gods and goddesses; verily and indeed, I no sooner
+perceived your purpose, than I consulted the victims, whether it was
+better for you to entrust this leadership to me, and for me to
+undertake it, or the reverse. And the gods vouchsafed a sign to me so
+plain that even a common man might understand it, and perceive that
+from such sovereignty I must needs hold myself aloof."
+
+Under these circumstances they chose Cheirisophus, who, after his
+election, stepped forward and said: "Nay, sirs, be well assured of
+this, that had you chosen some one else, I for my part should not have
+set up factious opposition. As to Xenophon, I believe you have done
+him a good turn by not appointing him; for even now Dexippus has gone
+some way in traducing him to Anaxibius, as far as it lay in his power
+to do so, and that, in spite of my attempts to silence him. What he
+said was that he believed Xenophon would rather share the command of
+Clearchus's army with Timasion, a Dardanian, than with himself, a
+Laconian. But," continued Cheirisophus, "since your choice has fallen   33
+upon me, I will make it my endeavour to do you all the good in my
+power; so make your preparations to weigh anchor to-morrow; wind and
+weather permitting, we will voyage to Heraclea; every one must
+endeavour, therefore, to put in at that port; and for the rest we will
+consult, when we are come thither."
+
+
+
+
+II
+
+The next day they weighed anchor and set sail from Harmene with a fair  1
+breeze, two days' voyage along the coast.  (As they coasted along they
+came in sight of Jason's beach (1), where, as the story says, the ship
+Argo came to moorings; and then the mouths of the rivers, first the
+Thermodon, then the Iris, then the Halys, and next to it the
+Parthenius.) Coasting past  (the latter), they reached Heraclea (2), a
+Hellenic city and a colony of the Megarians, situated in the territory
+of the Mariandynians. So they came to anchorage off the Acherusian
+Chersonese, where Heracles (3) is said to have descended to bring up
+the dog Cerberus, at a point where they still show the marks of his
+descent, a deep cleft more than two furlongs down. Here the Heracleots
+sent the Hellenes, as gifts of hospitality, three thousand measures of
+barley and two thousand jars of wine, twenty beeves and one hundred
+sheep. Through the flat country here flows the Lycus river, as it is
+called, about two hundred feet in breadth.
+
+ (1) I have left this passage in the text, although it involves, at
+    first sight, a topographical error on the part of whoever wrote
+    it, and Hug and other commentators regard it as spurious. Jason's
+    beach (the modern Yasoun Bouroun) and the three first-named rivers
+    lie between Cotyora and Sinope. Possibly the author, or one of his
+    editors, somewhat loosely inserted a recapitulatory note
+    concerning the scenery of this coasting voyage at this point. "By
+    the way, I ought to have told you that as they coasted along,"
+    etc.
+
+ (2) One of the most powerful of commercial cities, distinguished as
+    Pontica (whence, in the middle ages, Penteraklia), now Eregli. It
+    was one of the older Greek settlements, and, like Kalchedon (to
+    give that town its proper name), a Megaro-Doric colony. See
+    Kiepert, op. cit. chap. iv. 62.
+
+ (3) According to another version of the legend Heracles went down to
+    bring up Cerberus, not here, but at Taenarum.
+
+The soldiers held a meeting, and took counsel about the remainder of
+the journey: should they make their exit from the Pontus by sea or by
+land? and Lycon the Achaean got up and said: "I am astonished, sirs,
+that the generals do not endeavour to provide us more efficiently with
+provisions. These gifts of hospitality will not afford three days'      4
+victuals for the army; nor do I see from what region we are to provide
+ourselves as we march. My proposal, therefore, is to demand of the
+Heracleots at least three thousand cyzicenes." Another speaker
+suggested, "not less than ten thousand. Let us at once, before we
+break up this meeting, send ambassadors to the city and ascertain
+their answer to the demand and take counsel accordingly." Thereupon
+they proceeded to put up as ambassadors, first and foremost
+Cheirisophus, as he had been chosen general-in-chief; others also
+named Xenophon.
+
+But both Cheirisophus and Xenophon stoutly declined, maintaining both
+alike that they could not compel a Hellenic city, actually friendly,
+to give anything which they did not spontaneously offer. So, since
+these two appeared to be backward, the soldiers sent Lycon the
+Achaean, Callimachus the Parrhasian, and Agasias the Stymphalian.
+These three went and announced the resolutions passed by the army.
+Lycon, it was said, even went so far as to threaten certain
+consequences in case they refused to comply. The Heracleots said they
+would deliberate; and, without more ado, they got together their goods
+and chattels from their farms and fields outside, and dismantled the
+market outside and transferred it within, after which the gates were
+closed, and arms appeared at the battlements of the walls.
+
+At that check, the authors of these tumultuary measures fell to
+accusing the generals, as if they had marred the proceeding; and the
+Arcadians and Archaeans banded together, chiefly under the auspices of
+the two ringleaders, Callimachus the Parrhasian and Lycon the Achaean.
+The language they held was to this effect: It was outrageous that a
+single Athenian and a Lacedaemonian, who had not contributed a soldier
+to the expedition, should rule Peloponnesians; scandalous that they
+themselves should bear the toils whilst others pocketed the spoils,
+and that too though the preservation of the army was due to
+themselves; for, as every one must admit, to the Arcadians and          10
+Achaeans the credit of that achievement was due, and the rest of the
+army went for nothing (which was indeed so far true that the Arcadians
+and Achaeans did form numerically the larger half of the whole army).
+What then did common sense suggest? Why, that they, the Arcadians and
+Achaeans, should make common cause, choose generals for themselves
+independently, continue the march, and try somewhat to better their
+condition. This proposal was carried. All the Arcadians and Achaeans
+who chanced to be with Cheirisophus left him and Xenophon, setting up
+for themselves and choosing ten generals of their own. These ten, it
+was decreed, were to put into effect such measures as approved
+themselves to the majority. Thus the absolute authority vested in
+Cheirisophus was terminated there and then, within less than a week of
+his appointment.
+
+Xenophon, however was minded to prosecute the journey in their
+company, thinking that this would be a safer plan than for each to
+start on his own account. But Neon threw in his weight in favour of
+separate action. "Every one for himself," he said, for he had heard
+from Cheirisophus that Cleander, the Spartan governor-general at
+Byzantium, talked of coming to Calpe Haven with some war vessels.
+Neon's advice was due to his desire to secure a passage home in these
+war vessels for themselves and their soldiers, without allowing any
+one else to share in their good-fortune. As for Cheirisophus, he was
+at once so out of heart at the turn things had taken, and soured with
+the whole army, that he left it to his subordinate, Neon, to do just
+what he liked. Xenophon, on his side, would still have been glad to be
+quit of the expedition and sail home; but on offering sacrifice to
+Heracles the Leader, and seeking advice, whether it were better and
+more desirable to continue the march in charge of the soldiers who had
+remained faithful, or to take his departure, the god indicated to him
+by the victims that he should adopt the former course.
+
+In this way the army was now split up into three divisions (4). First,
+the Arcadians and Achaeans, over four thousand five hundred men, all
+heavy infantry. Secondly, Cheirisophus and his men, viz. one thousand   16
+four hundred heavy infantry and the seven hundred peltasts, or
+Clearchus's Thracians. Thirdly, Xenophon's division of one thousand
+seven hundred heavy infantry, and three hundred peltasts; but then he
+alone had the cavalry--about forty troopers.
+
+ (4) The total now amounted to 8640 and over.
+
+The Arcadians, who had bargained with the Heracleots and got some
+vessels from them, were the first to set sail; they hoped, by pouncing
+suddenly on the Bithynians, to make as large a haul as possible. With
+that object they disembarked at Calpe Haven (5), pretty nearly at the
+middle point in Thrace. Cheirisophus setting off straight from
+Heraclea, commenced a land march through the country; but having
+entered into Thrace, he preferred to cling to the seaboard, health and
+strength failing him. Xenophon, lastly, took vessels, and disembarking
+on the confines of Thrace and the Heracleotid, pushed forward through
+the heart of the country (6).
+
+ (5) The Haven of Calpe = Kirpe Liman or Karpe in the modern maps. The
+    name is interesting as being also the ancient name of the rock
+    fortress of Gibraltar.
+
+ (6) Some MSS. here read, "In the prior chapter will be found a
+    description of the manner in which the absolute command of
+    Cheirisophus was abruptly terminated and the army of the Hellenes
+    broken up. The sequel will show how each of these divisions
+    fared." The passage is probably one of those commentators' notes,
+    with which we are now familiar.
+
+
+
+
+III
+
+The Arcadians, disembarking under cover of night at Calpe Haven,        1
+marched against the nearest villages about thirty furlongs from the
+sea; and as soon as it was light, each of the ten generals led his
+company to attack one village, or if the village were large, a couple
+of companies advanced under their combined generals. They further
+agreed upon a certain knoll, where they were all eventually to
+assemble. So sudden was their attack that they seized a number of
+captives and enclosed a multitude of small cattle. But the Thracians
+who escaped began to collect again; for being light-armed troops they
+had slipped in large numbers through the hands of the heavy infantry;
+and now that they were got together they first attacked the company of
+the Arcadian general, Smicres, who had done his work and was retiring
+to the appointed meeting-place, driving along a large train of
+captives and cattle. For a good while the Hellenes maintained a
+running fight (1); but at the passage of a gorge the enemy routed them,  5
+slaying Smicres himself and those with him to a man. The fate of
+another company under command of Hegesander, another of the ten, was
+nearly as bad; only eight men escaped, Hegesander being one of them.
+The remaining captains eventually met, some with somewhat to show for
+their pains, others empty-handed.
+
+ (1) Lit. "marched and fought," as did the forlorn hope under Sir C.
+    Wilson making its way from Abu Klea to the Nile in Jan. 1885.
+
+The Thracians, having achieved this success, kept up a continual
+shouting and clatter of conversation to one another during the night;
+but with day-dawn they marshalled themselves right round the knoll on
+which the Hellenes were encamped--both cavalry in large numbers and
+light-armed troops--while every minute the stream of new-comers grew
+greater. Then they commenced an attack on the heavy infantry in all
+security, for the Hellenes had not a single bowman, javelin-man, or
+mounted trooper amongst them; while the enemy rushed forward on foot
+or galloped up on horseback and let fly their javelins. It was vain to
+attempt to retaliate, so lightly did they spring back and escape; and
+ever the attack renewed itself from every point, so that on one side
+man after man was wounded, on the other not a soul was touched; the
+result being that they could not stir from their position, and the
+Thracians ended by cutting them off even from their water. In their
+despair they began to parley about a truce, and finally various
+concessions were made and terms agreed to between them; but the
+Thracians would not hear of giving hostages in answer to the demand of
+the Hellenes; at that point the matter rested. So fared it with the
+Arcadians.
+
+As to Cheirisophus, that general prosecuted his march along the         10
+seaboard, and without check reached Calpe Haven. Xenophon advanced
+through the heart of the country; and his cavalry pushing on in front,
+came upon some old men pursuing their road somewither, who were
+brought to him, and in answer to his question, whether they had caught
+sight of another Hellenic army anywhere, told him all that had already
+taken place, adding that at present they were being besieged upon a
+knoll with all the Thracians in close circle round them. Thereupon he
+kept the old men under strict guard to serve as guides in case of
+need; next, having appointed outposts, he called a meeting of the
+soldiers, and addressed them: "Soldiers, some of the Arcadians are
+dead and the rest are being besieged upon a certain knoll. Now my own
+belief is, that if they are to perish, with their deaths the seal is
+set to our own fate: since we must reckon with an enemy at once
+numerous and emboldened. Clearly our best course is to hasten to their
+rescue, if haply we may find them still alive, and do battle by their
+side rather than suffer isolation, confronting danger single-handed.
+
+"Let us then at once push forward as far as may seem opportune till
+supper-time, and then encamp. As long as we are marching, let
+Timasion, with the cavalry, gallop on in front, but without losing
+sight of us; and let him examine all closely in front, so that nothing
+may escape our observation." (At the same time too, he sent out some
+nimble fellows of the light-armed troops to the flanks and to the high
+tops, who were to give a signal if they espied anything anywhere;
+ordering them to burn everything inflammable which lay in their path.)
+"As for ourselves," he continued, "we need not look to find cover in
+any direction; for it is a long step back to Heraclea and a long leap
+across to Chrysopolis, and the enemy is at the door. The shortest road
+is to Calpe Haven, where we suppose Cheirisophus, if safe, to be; but
+then, when we get there, at Calpe Haven there are no vessels for us to
+sail away in; and if we stop here, we have not provisions for a single
+day. Suppose the beleaguered Arcadians left to their fate, we shall
+find it but a sorry alternative to run the gauntlet with
+Cheirisophus's detachment alone; better to save them if we can, and     17
+with united forces work out our deliverance in common. But if so, we
+must set out with minds prepared, since to-day either a glorious death
+awaits us or the achievement of a deed of noblest emprise in the
+rescue of so many Hellene lives. Maybe it is God who leads us thus,
+God who chooses to humble the proud boaster, boasting as though he
+were exceedingly wise, but for us, the beginning of whose every act is
+by heaven's grace, that same God reserves a higher grade of honour.
+One duty I would recall to you, to apply your minds to the execution
+of the orders with promptitude."
+
+With these words he led the way. The cavalry, scattering as far in
+advance as was prudent, wherever they set foot, set fire. The peltasts
+moving parallel on the high ground were similarly employed, burning
+everything combustible they could discover. While the main army,
+wherever they came upon anything which had accidentally escaped,
+completed the work, so that the whole country looked as if it were
+ablaze; and the army might easily pass for a larger one. When the hour
+had come, they turned aside to a knoll and took up quarters; and there
+they espied the enemy's watch-fires. He was about forty furlongs
+distant. On their side also they kindled as many watch-fires as
+possible; but as soon as they had dined the order was passed to quench
+all the fires. So during the night they posted guards and slept. But
+at daybreak they offered prayers to the gods, and drawing up in order
+of battle, began marching with what speed they might. Timasion and the
+cavalry, who had the guides with them, and were moving on briskly in
+front, found themselves without knowing it at the very knoll upon
+which the Hellenes had been beleaguered. But no army could they
+discover, whether of friend or foe; only some starveling old women and
+men, with a few sheep and oxen which had been left behind. This news
+they reported to Xenophon and the main body. At first the marvel was
+what had happened; but ere long they found out by inquiries from the
+folk who had been left behind, that the Thracians had set off
+immediately after sundown, and were gone; the Hellenes had waited till
+morning before they made off, but in what direction, they could not     23
+say.
+
+On hearing this, Xenophon's troops first breakfasted, and then getting
+their kit together began their march, desiring to unite with the rest
+at Calpe's Haven without loss of time. As they continued their march,
+they came across the track of the Arcadians and Achaeans along the
+road to Calpe, and both divisions arriving eventually at the same
+place, were overjoyed to see one another again, and they embraced each
+other like brothers. Then the Arcadians inquired of Xenophon's
+officers--why they had quenched the watch-fires? "At first," said
+they, "when we lost sight of your watch-fires, we expected you to
+attack the enemy in the night; and the enemy, so at least we imagined,
+must have been afraid of that and so set off. The time at any rate at
+which they set off would correspond. But when the requisite time had
+elapsed and you did not come, we concluded that you must have learnt
+what was happening to us, and in terror had made a bolt for it to the
+seaboard. We resolved not to be left behind by you; and that is how we
+also came to march hither."
+
+
+
+
+IV
+
+During this day they contented themselves with bivouacking there on     1
+the beach at the harbour. The place which goes by the name of Calpe
+Haven is in Asiatic Thrace, the name given to a region extending from
+the mouth of the Euxine all the way to Heraclea, which lies on the
+right hand as you sail into the Euxine. It is a long day's voyage for
+a war-ship, using her three banks of oars, from Byzantium to Heraclea,
+and between these two there is not a single Hellenic or friendly city,
+but only these Bithynian Thracians, who have a bad reputation for the
+savagery with which they treat any Hellenes cast ashore by shipwreck
+or otherwise thrown into their power.
+
+Now the haven of Calpe lies exactly midway, halving the voyage between
+Byzantium and Heraclea. It is a long promontory running out into the
+sea; the seaward portion being a rocky precipice, at no point less
+than twenty fathoms high; but on the landward side there is a neck      3
+about four hundred feet wide; and the space inside the neck is capable
+of accommodating ten thousand inhabitants, and there is a haven
+immediately under the crag with a beach facing the west. Then there is
+a copious spring of fresh water flowing on the very marge of the sea
+commanded by the stronghold. Again, there is plenty of wood of various
+sorts; but most plentiful of all, fine shipbuilding timber down to the
+very edge of the sea. The upland stretches into the heart of the
+country for twenty furlongs at least. It is good loamy soil, free from
+stones. For a still greater distance the seaboard is thickly grown
+with large timber trees of every description. The surrounding country
+is beautiful and spacious, containing numerous well populated
+villages. The soil produces barley and wheat, and pulse of all sorts,
+millet and sesame, figs in ample supply, with numerous vines producing
+sweet wines, and indeed everything else except olives. Such is the
+character of the country.
+
+The tents were pitched on the seaward-facing beach, the soldiers being
+altogether averse to camping on ground which might so easily be
+converted into a city. Indeed, their arrival at the place at all
+seemed very like the crafty design of some persons who were minded to
+form a city. The aversion was not unnatural, since the majority of the
+soldiers had not left their homes on so long a voyage from scantiness
+or subsistence, but attracted by the fame of Cyrus's virtues; some of
+them bringing followers, while others had expended money on the
+expedition. And amongst them was a third set who had run away from
+fathers and mothers; while a different class had left children behind,
+hoping to return to them with money or other gains. Other people with
+Cyrus won great success, they were told (1); why should it not be so
+with them? Being persons then of this description, the one longing of
+their hearts was to reach Hellas safely.
+
+ (1) I.e. "his society was itself a passport to good fortune."
+
+It was on the day after their meeting that Xenophon sacrificed as a
+preliminary to a military expedition; for it was needful to march out
+in search of provisions, besides which he designed burying the dead.    9
+As soon as the victims proved favourable they all set out, the
+Arcadians following with the rest. The majority of the dead, who had
+lain already five days, they buried just where they had fallen, in
+groups; to remove their bodies now would have been impossible. Some
+few, who lay off the roads, they got together and buried with what
+splendour they could, considering the means in their power. Others
+they could not find, and for these they erected a great cenotaph (2),
+and covered it with wreaths. When it was all done, they returned home
+to camp. At that time they supped, and went to rest.
+
+ (2) "Cenotaph", i.e. "an empty tomb." The word is interesting as
+    occurring only in Xenophon, until we come to the writers of the
+    common dialect. Compare "hyuscyamus," hogbean, our henbane, which
+    we also owe to Xenophon. "Oecon." i. 13, see Sauppe, "Lexil. Xen."
+    s.vv.
+
+Next day there was a general meeting of the soldiers, collected
+chiefly by Agasias the Stymphalian, a captain, and Hieronymus, an
+Eleian, also a captain, and other seniors of the Arcadians; and they
+passed a resolution that, for the future, whoever revived the idea of
+breaking up the army should be punished by death. And the army, it was
+decided, would now resume its old position under the command of its
+former generals. Though Cheirisophus, indeed, had already died under
+medical treatment for fever (3); and Neon the Asinaean had taken his
+place.
+
+ (3) This I take to be the meaning of the words, which are necessarily
+    ambiguous, since {pharmakon}, "a drug," also means "poison." Did
+    Cheirisophus conceivably die of fever brought on by some poisonous
+    draught? or did he take poison whilst suffering from fever? or did
+    he die under treatment?
+
+After these resolutions Xenophon got up and said: "Soldiers, the
+journey must now, I presume, be conducted on foot; indeed, this is
+clear, since we have no vessels; and we are driven to commence it at
+once, for we have no provisions if we stop. We then," he continued,
+"will sacrifice, and you must prepare yourselves to fight now, if
+ever, for the spirit of the enemy has revived."
+
+Thereupon the generals sacrificed, in the presence of the Arcadian
+seer, Arexion; for Silanus the Ambraciot had chartered a vessel at
+Heraclea and made his escape ere this. Sacrificing with a view to       13
+departure, the victims proved unfavourable to them. Accordingly they
+waited that day. Certain people were bold enough to say that Xenophon,
+out of his desire to colonise the place, had persuaded the seer to say
+that the victims were unfavourable to departure. Consequently he
+proclaimed by herald next morning that any one who liked should be
+present at the sacrifice; or if he were a seer he was bidden to be
+present and help to inspect the victims. Then he sacrificed, and there
+were numbers present; but though the sacrifice on the question of
+departure was repeated as many as three times, the victims were
+persistently unfavourable. Thereat the soldiers were in high dudgeon,
+for the provisions they had brought with them had reached the lowest
+ebb, and there was no market to be had.
+
+Consequently there was another meeting, and Xenophon spoke again:
+"Men," said he, "the victims are, as you may see for yourselves, not
+yet favourable to the march; but meanwhile, I can see for myself that
+you are in need of provisions; accordingly we must narrow the
+sacrifice to the particular point." Some one got up and said:
+"Naturally enough the victims are unfavourable, for, as I learnt from
+some one on a vessel which arrived here yesterday by accident,
+Cleander, the governor at Byzantium, intends coming here with ships
+and men-of-war." Thereat they were all in favour of stopping; but they
+must needs go out for provisions, and with this object he again
+sacrificed three times, and the victims remained adverse. Things had
+now reached such a pass that the men actually came to Xenophon's tent
+to proclaim that they had no provisions. His sole answer was that he
+would not lead them out till the victims were favourable.
+
+So again the next day he sacrificed; and nearly the whole army, so
+strong was the general anxiety, flocked round the victims; and now the
+very victims themselves failed. So the generals, instead of leading
+out the army, called the men together. Xenophon, as was incumbent on
+him, spoke: "It is quite possible that the enemy are collected in a
+body, and we shall have to fight. If we were to leave our baggage in
+the strong place" (pointing overhead) "and sally forth prepared for
+battle, the victims might favour us." But the soldiers, on hearing      22
+this proposal, cried out, "No need to take us inside that place;
+better sacrifice with all speed." Now sheep there were none any
+longer. So they purchased oxen from under a wagon and sacrificed; and
+Xenophon begged Cleanor the Arcadian to superintend the sacrifice on
+his behalf, in case there might be some change now. But even so there
+was no improvement.
+
+Now Neon was general in place of Cheirisophus, and seeing the men
+suffering so cruelly from want, he was willing to do them a good turn.
+So he got hold of some Heracleot or other who said he knew of villages
+close by from which they could get provisions, and proclaimed by
+herald: "If any one liked to come out and get provisions, be it known
+that he, Neon, would be their leader." So out came the men with
+spears, and wine skins and sacks and other vessels--two thousand
+strong in all. But when they had reached the villages and began to
+scatter for the purpose of foraging, Pharnabazus's cavalry were the
+first to fall upon them. They had come to the aid of the Bithynians,
+wishing, if possible, in conjunction with the latter, to hinder the
+Hellenes from entering Phrygia. These troopers killed no less than
+five hundred of the men; the rest fled for the lives up into the hill
+country.
+
+News of the catastrophe was presently brought into camp by one of
+those who had escaped, and Xenophon, seeing that the victims had not
+been favourable on that day, took a wagon bullock, in the absence of
+other sacrificial beasts, offered it up, and started for the rescue,
+he and the rest under thirty years of age to the last man. Thus they
+picked up the remnant of Neon's party and returned to camp. It was now
+about sunset; and the Hellenes in deep despondency were making their
+evening meal, when all of a sudden, through bush and brake, a party of
+Bithynians fell upon the pickets, cutting down some and chasing the
+rest into camp. In the midst of screams and shouts the Hellenes ran to
+their arms, one and all; yet to pursue or move the camp in the night
+seemed hardly safe, for the ground was thickly grown with bush; all
+they could do was to strengthen the outposts and keep watch under arms
+the livelong night.
+
+
+
+
+V
+
+And so they spent the night, but with day-dawn the generals led the     1
+way into the natural fastness, and the others picked up their arms and
+baggage and followed the lead. Before the breakfast-hour arrived, they
+had fenced off with a ditch the only side on which lay ingress into
+the place, and had palisaded off the whole, leaving only three gates.
+Anon a ship from Heraclea arrived bringing barleymeal, victim animals,
+and wine.
+
+Xenophon was up betimes, and made the usual offering before starting
+on an expedition, and at the first victim the sacrifice was
+favourable. Just as the sacrifice ended, the seer, Arexion the
+Parrhasian, caught sight of an eagle, which boded well, and bade
+Xenophon lead on. So they crossed the trench and grounded arms. Then
+proclamation was made by herald for the soldiers to breakfast and
+start on an expedition under arms; the mob of sutlers and the captured
+slaves would be left in camp. Accordingly the mass of the troops set
+out. Neon alone remained; for it seemed best to leave that general and
+his men to guard the contents of the camp. But when the officers and
+soldiers had left them in the lurch, they were so ashamed to stop in
+camp while the rest marched out, that they too set out, leaving only
+those above five-and-forty years of age.
+
+These then stayed, while the rest set out on the march. Before they
+had gone two miles, they stumbled upon dead bodies, and when they had
+brought up the rear of the column in a line with the first bodies to
+be seen, they began digging graves and burying all included in the
+column from end to end. After burying the first batch, they advanced,
+and again bringing the rear even with the first unburied bodies which
+appeared, they buried in the same way all which the line of troops
+included. Finally, reaching the road that led out of the villages
+where the bodies lay thick together, they collected them and laid them
+in a common grave.
+
+It was now about midday, when pushing forward the troops up to the
+villages without entering them, they proceeded to seize provisions,
+laying hands on everything they could set eyes on under cover of their  7
+lines; when suddenly they caught sight of the enemy cresting certain
+hillocks in front of them, duly marshalled in line--a large body of
+cavalry and infantry. It was Spithridates and Rhathines, sent by
+Pharnabazus with their force at their backs. As soon as the enemy
+caught sight of the Hellenes, they stood still, about two miles
+distant. Then Arexion the seer sacrificed, and at the first essay the
+victims were favourable. Whereupon Xenophon addressed the other
+generals: "I would advise, sirs, that we should detach one or more
+flying columns to support our main attack, so that in case of need at
+any point we may have reserves in readiness to assist our main body,
+and the enemy, in the confusion of battle, may find himself attacking
+the unbroken lines of troops not hitherto engaged." These views
+approved themselves to all. "Do you then," said he, "lead on the
+vanguard straight at the enemy. Do not let us stand parleying here,
+now that we have caught sight of him and he of us. I will detach the
+hindmost companies in the way we have decided upon and follow you."
+After that they quietly advanced, and he, withdrawing the rear-rank
+companies in three brigades consisting of a couple of hundred men
+apiece, commissioned the first on the right to follow the main body at
+the distance of a hundred feet. Samolas the Achaean was in command of
+this brigade. The duty of the second, under the command of Pyrrhias
+the Arcadian, was to follow in the centre. The last was posted on the
+left, with Phrasias, an Athenian, in command. As they advanced, the
+vanguard reached a large and difficult woody glen, and halted, not
+knowing whether the obstacle needed to be crossed or not. They passed
+down the word for the generals and officers to come forward to the
+front. Xenophon, wondering what it was that stopped the march, and
+presently hearing the above order passed along the ranks, rode up with
+all speed. As soon as they were met, Sophaenetus, as the eldest
+general, stated his opinion that the question, whether a gully of that
+kind ought to be crossed or not, was not worth discussing. Xenophon,
+with some ardour, retorted: "You know, sirs, I have not been in the
+habit hitherto of introducing you to danger which you might avoid. It
+is not your reputation for courage surely that is at stake, but your    14
+safe return home. But now the matter stands thus: It is impossible to
+retire from this point without a battle; if we do not advance against
+the enemy ourselves, he will follow us as soon as we have turned our
+backs and attack us. Consider, then; is it better to go and meet the
+foe with arms advanced, or with arms reversed to watch him as he
+assails us on our rear? You know this at any rate, that to retire
+before an enemy has nothing glorious about it, whereas attack
+engenders courage even in a coward. For my part, I would rather at any
+time attack with half my men than retreat with twice the number. As to
+these fellows, if we attack them, I am sure you do not really expect
+them to await us; though, if we retreat, we know for certain they will
+be emboldened to pursue us. Nay, if the result of crossing is to place
+a difficult gully behind us when we are on the point of engaging,
+surely that is an advantage worth seizing. At least, if it were left
+to me, I would choose that everything should appear smooth and
+passable to the enemy, which may invite retreat; but for ourselves we
+may bless the ground which teaches us that except in victory we have
+no deliverance. It astonishes me that any one should deem this
+particular gully a whit more terrible than any of the other barriers
+which we have successfully passed. How impassable was the plain, had
+we failed to conquer their cavalry! how insurmountable the mountains
+already traversed by us, with all their peltasts in hot pursuit at our
+heels! Nay, when we have safely reached the sea, the Pontus will
+present a somewhat formidable gully, when we have neither vessels to
+convey us away nor corn to keep us alive whilst we stop. But we shall
+no sooner be there than we must be off again to get provisions. Surely
+it is better to fight to-day after a good breakfast than to-morrow on
+an empty stomach. Sirs, the offerings are favourable to us, the omens
+are propitious, the victims more than promising; let us attack the
+enemy! Now that they have had a good look at us, these fellows must
+not be allowed to enjoy their dinners or choose a camp at their own
+sweet will."
+
+After that the officers bade him lead on. None gainsaid, and he led
+the way. His orders were to cross the gully, where each man chanced to  22
+find himself. By this method, as it seemed to him, the troops would
+more quickly mass themselves on the far side than was possible, if
+they defiled along (1) the bridge which spanned the gully. But once
+across he passed along the line and addressed the troops: "Sirs, call
+to mind what by help of the gods you have already done. Bethink you of
+the battles you have won at close quarters with the foe; of the fate
+which awaits those who flee before their foes. Forget not that we
+stand at the very doors of Hellas. Follow in the steps of Heracles,
+our guide, and cheer each the other onwards by name. Sweet were it
+surely by some brave and noble word or deed, spoken or done this day,
+to leave the memory of oneself in the hearts of those one loves."
+
+ (1) Lit. "had they wound off thread by thread"; the metaphor is from
+    unwinding a ball of wool.
+
+These words were spoken as he rode past, and simultaneously he began
+leading on the troops in battle line; and, placing the peltasts on
+either flank of the main body, they moved against the enemy. Along the
+line the order had sped "to keep their spears at rest on the right
+shoulder until the bugle signal; then lower them for the charge, slow
+march, and even pace, no one to quicken into a run." Lastly, the
+watchword was passed, "Zeus the Saviour, Heracles our Guide." The
+enemy waited their approach, confident in the excellence of his
+position; but as they drew closer the Hellene light troops, with a
+loud alala! without waiting for the order, dashed against the foe. The
+latter, on their side, came forward eagerly to meet the charge, both
+the cavalry and the mass of the Bithynians; and these turned the
+peltasts. But when with counter-wave the phalanx of the heavy infantry
+rapidly advancing, faced them, and at the same time the bugle sounded,
+and the battle hymn rose from all lips, and after this a loud cheer
+rose, and at the same instant they couched their spears;--at this
+conjuncture the enemy no longer welcomed them, but fled. Timasion with
+his cavalry followed close, and, considering their scant numbers, they
+did great execution. It was the left wing of the enemy, in a line with
+which the Hellene cavalry were posted, that was so speedily scattered.
+But the right, which was not so hotly pursued, collected upon a knoll;  28
+and when the Hellenes saw them standing firm, it seemed the easiest
+and least dangerous course to go against them at once. Raising the
+battle hymn, they straightway fell upon them, but the others did not
+await their coming. Thereupon the peltasts gave chase until the right
+of the enemy was in its turn scattered, though with slight loss in
+killed; for the enemy's cavalry was numerous and threatening.
+
+But when the Hellenes saw the cavalry of Pharnabazus still standing in
+compact order, and the Bithynian horsemen massing together as if to
+join it, and like spectators gazing down from a knoll at the
+occurrences below; though weary, they determined to attack the enemy
+as best they could, and not suffer him to recover breath with reviving
+courage. So they formed in compact line and advanced. Thereupon the
+hostile cavalry turned and fled down the steep as swiftly as if they
+had been pursued by cavalry. In fact they sought the shelter of a
+gully, the existence of which was unknown to the Hellenes. The latter
+accordingly turned aside too soon and gave up the chase, for it was
+too late. Returning to the point where the first encounter took place
+they erected a trophy, and went back to the sea about sunset. It was
+something like seven miles to camp.
+
+
+
+
+VI
+
+After this the enemy confined themselves to their own concerns, and     1
+removed their households and property as far away as possible. The
+Hellenes, on their side, were still awaiting the arrival of Cleander
+with the ships of war and transports, which ought to be there soon. So
+each day they went out with the baggage animals and slaves and
+fearlessly brought in wheat and barley, wine and vegetables, millet
+and figs; since the district produced all good things, the olive alone
+excepted. When the army stayed in camp to rest, pillaging parties were
+allowed to go out, and those who went out appropriated the spoils; but
+when the whole army went out, if any one went off apart and seized      2
+anything, it was voted to be public property. Ere long there was an
+ample abundance of supplies of all sorts, for marketables arrived from
+Hellenic cities on all sides, and marts were established. Mariners
+coasting by, and hearing that a city was being founded and that there
+was a harbour, were glad to put in. Even the hostile tribes dwelling
+in the neighbourhood presently began to send envoys to Xenophon. It
+was he who was forming the place into a city, as they understood, and
+they would be glad to learn on what terms they might secure his
+friendship. He made a point of introducing these visitors to the
+soldiers.
+
+Meanwhile Cleander arrived with two ships of war, but not a single
+transport. At the moment of his arrival, as it happened, the army had
+taken the field, and a separate party had gone off on a pillaging
+expedition into the hills and had captured a number of small cattle.
+In thir apprehension of being deprived of them, these same people
+spoke to Dexippus (this was the same man who had made off from
+Trapezus with the fifty-oared galley), and urged him to save their
+sheep for them. "Take some for yourself," said they, "and give the
+rest back to us." So, without more ado, he drove off the soldiers
+standing near, who kept repeating that the spoil was public property.
+Then off he went to Cleander. "Here is an attempt," said he, "at
+robbery." Cleander bade him to bring up the culprit to him. Dexippus
+seized on some one, and was for haling him to the Spartan governor.
+Just then Agasias came across him and rescued the man, who was a
+member of his company; and the rest of the soldiers present set to
+work to stone Dexippus, calling him "traitor." Things looked so ill
+that a number of the crew of the ships of war took fright and fled to
+the sea, and with the rest Cleander himself. Xenophon and the other
+generals tried to hold the men back, assuring Cleander that the affair
+signified nothing at all, and that the origin of it was a decree pased
+by the army. That was to blame, if anything. But Cleander, goaded by
+Dexippus, and personally annoyed at the fright which he had
+experienced, threatened to sail away and publish an interdict against
+them, forbidding any city to receive them, as being public enemies.     9
+For at this date the Lacedaemonians held sway over the whole Hellenic
+world.
+
+Thereat the affair began to wear an ugly look, and the Hellenes begged
+and implored Cleander to reconsider his intention. He replied that he
+would be as good as his word, and that nothing should stop him, unless
+the man who set the example of stoning, with the other who rescued the
+prisoner, were given up to him. Now, one of the two whose persons were
+thus demanded--Agasias--had been a friend to Xenophon throughout; and
+that was just why Dexippus was all the more anxious to accuse him. In
+their perplexity the generals summoned a full meeting of the soldiers,
+and some speakers were disposed to make very light of Cleander and set
+him at naught. But Xenophon took a more serious view of the matter; he
+rose and addressed the meeting thus: "Soldiers, I cannot say that I
+feel disposed to make light of this business, if Cleander be allowed
+to go away, as he threatens to do, in his present temper towards us.
+There are Hellenic cities close by; but then the Lacedaemonians are
+the lords of Hellas, and they can, any one of them, carry out whatever
+they like in the cities. If then the first thing this Lacedaemonian
+does is to close the gates of Byzantium, and next to pass an order to
+the other governors, city by city, not to receive us because we are a
+set of lawless ruffians disloyal to the Lacedaemonians; and if,
+further, this report of us should reach the ears of their admiral,
+Anaxibius, to stay or to sail away will alike be difficult. Remember,
+the Lacedaemonians at the present time are lords alike on land and on
+sea. For the sake then of a single man, or for two men's sake, it is
+not right that the rest of us should be debarred from Hellas; but
+whatever they enjoin we must obey. Do not the cities which gave us
+birth yield them obedience also? For my own part, inasmuch as
+Dexippus, I believe, keeps telling Cleander that Agasias would never
+have done this had not I, Xenophon, bidden him, I absolve you of all
+complicity, and Agasias too, if Agasias himself states that I am in
+any way a prime mover in this matter. If I have set the fashion of
+stone-throwing or any other sort of violence I condemn myself--I say
+that I deserve the extreme penalty, and I will submit to undergo it. I  15
+further say that if any one else is accused, that man is bound to
+surrender himself to Cleander for judgement, for by this means you
+will be absolved entirely from the accusation. But as the matter now
+stands, it is cruel that just when we were aspiring to win praise and
+honour throughout Hellas, we are destined to sink below the level of
+the rest of the world, banned from the Hellenic cities whose common
+name we boast."
+
+After him Agasias got up, and said, "I swear to you, sirs, by the gods
+and goddesses, verily and indeed, neither Xenophon nor any one else
+among you bade me rescue the man. I saw an honest man--one of my own
+company--being taken up by Dexippus, the man who betrayed you, as you
+know full well. That I could not endure; I rescued him, I admit the
+fact. Do not you deliver me up. I will surrender myself, as Xenophon
+suggests, to Cleander to pass what verdict on me he thinks right. Do
+not, for the sake of such a matter, make foes of the Lacedaemonians;
+rather God grant that (1) each of you may safely reach the goal of his
+desire. Only do you choose from among yourselves and send with me to
+Cleander those who, in case of any omission on my part, may by their
+words and acts supply what is lacking." Thereupon the army granted him
+to choose for himself whom he would have go with him and to go; and he
+at once chose the generals. After this they all set off to
+Cleander--Agasias and the generals and the man who had been rescued by
+Agasias--and the generals spoke as follows: "The army has sent us to
+you, Cleander, and this is their bidding: 'If you have fault to find
+with all, they say, you ought to pass sentence on all, and do with
+them what seems best; or if the charge is against one man or two, or
+possibly several, what they expect of these people is to surrender
+themselves to you for judgement.' Accordingly, if you lay anything to
+the charge of us generals, here we stand at your bar. Or do you impute
+the fault to some one not here? tell us whom. Short of flying in the
+face of our authority, there is no one who will absent himself."
+
+ (1) Reading with the best MSS., {sozoisthe}. Agasias ends his sentence
+    with a prayer. Al. {sozesthe}, "act so that each," etc.
+
+At this point Agasias stepped forward and said: "It was I, Cleander,    21
+who rescued the man before you yonder from Dexippus, when the latter
+was carrying him off, and it was I who gave the order to strike
+Dexippus. My plea is that I know the prisoner to be an honest man. As
+to Dexippus, I know that he was chosen by the army to command a
+fifty-oared galley, which we had obtained by request from the men of
+Trapezus for the express purpose of collecting vessels to carry us
+safely home. But this same Dexippus betrayed his fellow-soldiers, with
+whom he had been delivered from so many perils, and made off into
+hiding like a runaway slave, whereby we have robbed the Trapezuntines
+of their frigate, and must needs appear as knaves in their eyes for
+this man's sake. As to ourselves, as far as he could, he has ruined
+us; for, like the rest of us, he had heard how all but impossible it
+was for us to retreat by foot across the rivers and to reach Hellas in
+safety. That is the stamp of man whom I robbed of his prey. Now, had
+it been you yourself who carried him off, or one of your emissaries,
+or indeed any one short of a runaway from ourselves, be sure that I
+should have acted far otherwise. Be assured that if you put me to
+death at this time you are sacrificing a good, honest man for the sake
+of a coward and a scamp."
+
+When he had listened to these remarks, Cleander replied that if such
+had been the conduct of Dexippus, he could not congratulate him. "But
+still," he added, turning to the generals, "were Dexippus ever so
+great a scamp he ought not to suffer violence; but in the language of
+your own demand he was entitled to a fair trial, and so to obtain his
+deserts. What I have to say at present therefore is: leave your friend
+here and go your way, and when I give the order be present at the
+trial. I have no further charge against the army or any one, since the
+prisoner himself admits that he rescued the man." Then the man who had
+been rescued said: "In behalf of myself, Cleander, if possibly you
+think that I was being taken up for some misdeed, it is not so; I
+neither struck nor shot; I merely said, 'The sheep are public
+property;' for it was a resolution of the soldiers that whenever the
+army went out as a body any booty privately obtained was to be public
+property. That was all I said, and thereupon yonder fellow seized me    28
+and began dragging me off. He wanted to stop our mouths, so that he
+might have a share of the things himself, and keep the rest for these
+buccaneers, contrary to the ordinance." In answer to that Cleander
+said: "Very well, if that is your disposition you can stay behind too,
+and we will take your case into consideration also."
+
+Thereupon Cleander and his party proceeded to breakfast; but Xenophon
+collected the army in assembly, and advised their sending a deputation
+to Cleander to intercede in behalf of the men. Accordingly it was
+resolved to send some generals and officers with Dracontius the
+Spartan, and of the rest those who seemed best fitted to go. The
+deputation was to request Cleander by all means to release the two
+men. Accordingly Xenophon came and addressed him thus: "Cleander, you
+have the men; the army has bowed to you and assented to do what you
+wished with respect to these two members of their body and themselves
+in general. But now they beg and pray you to give up these two men,
+and not to put them to death. Many a good service have these two
+wrought for our army in past days. Let them but obtain this from you,
+and in return the army promises that, if you will put yourself at
+their head and the gracious gods approve, they will show you how
+orderly they are, how apt to obey their general, and, with heaven's
+help, to face their foes unflinchingly. They make this further request
+to you, that you will present yourself and take command of them and
+make trial of them. 'Test us ourselves,' they say, 'and test Dexippus,
+what each of us is like, and afterwards assign to each his due.'" When
+Cleander heard these things, he answered: "Nay, by the twin gods, I
+will answer you quickly enough. Here I make you a present of the two
+men, and I will as you say present myself, and then, if the gods
+vouchsafe, I will put myself at your head and lead you into Hellas.
+Very different is your language from the tale I used to hear
+concerning you from certain people, that you wanted to withdraw the
+army from allegiance to the Lacedaemonians."
+
+After this the deputation thanked him and retired, taking with them
+the two men; then Cleander sacrificed as a preliminary to marching and
+consorted friendlily with Xenophon, and the two struck up an alliance.  35
+When the Spartan saw with what good discipline the men carried out
+their orders, he was still more anxious to become their leader.
+However, in spite of sacrifices repeated on three successive days, the
+victims steadily remained unfavourable. So he summoned the generals
+and said to them: "The victims smile not on me, they suffer me not to
+lead you home; but be not out of heart at that. To you it is given, as
+it would appear, to bring your men safe home. Forwards then, and for
+our part, whenever you come yonder, we will bestow on you as warm a
+welcome as we may."
+
+Then the soldiers resolved to make him a present of the public cattle,
+which he accepted, but again gave back to them. So he sailed away; but
+the soldiers made division of the corn which they had collected and of
+the other captured property, and commenced their homeward march
+through the territory of the Bithynians.
+
+At first they confined themselves to the main road; but not chancing
+upon anything whereby they might reach a friendly territory with
+something in their pockets for themselves, they resolved to turn sharp
+round, and marched for one day and night in the opposite direction. By
+this proceeding they captured many slaves and much small cattle; and
+on the sixth day reached Chrysopolis in Chalcedonia (2). Here they
+halted seven days while they disposed of their booty by sale.
+
+ (2) The name should be written "Calchedonia." The false form drove out
+    the more correct, probably through a mispronunciation, based on a
+    wrong derivation, at some date long ago. The sites of Chrysopolis
+    and Calchedon correspond respectively to the modern Scutari and
+    Kadikoi.
+
+
+
+
+
+BOOK VII
+
+ (In the earlier portion of the narrative will be found a
+detailed history of the fortunes of the Hellenes during their
+march up country with Cyrus down to the date of the battle;
+and, subsequently to his death, until they reached the Euxine;
+as also of all their doings in their efforts to escape from
+the Euxine, partly by land marches and partly under sail by
+sea, until they found themselves outside the mouth of the
+Black Sea (south of the Bosphorus) at Chrysopolis in Asia.)
+
+
+
+
+I
+
+At this point Pharnabazus, who was afraid that the army might           1
+undertake a campaign against his satrapy, sent to Anaxibius, the
+Spartan high admiral, who chanced to be in Byzantium, and begged him
+to convey the army out of Asia, undertaking to comply with his wishes
+in every respect. Anaxibius accordingly sent to summon the generals
+and officers to Byzantium, and promised that the soldiers should not
+lack pay for service, if they crossed the strait. The officers said
+that they would deliberate and return an answer. Xenophon individually
+informed them that he was about to quit the army at once, and was only
+anxious to set sail. Anaxibius pressed him not to be in so great a
+hurry: "Cross over with the rest," he said, "and then it will be time
+enough to think about quitting the army." This the other undertook to
+do.
+
+Now Seuthes the Thracian sent Medosades and begged Xenophon to use his
+influence to get the army across. "Tell Xenophon, if he will do his
+best for me in this matter, he will not regret it." Xenophon answered:
+"The army is in any case going to cross; so that, as far as that is
+concerned, Seuthes is under no obligation to me or to any one else;     6
+but as soon as it is once across, I personally shall be quit of it.
+Let Seuthes, therefore, as far as he may deem consistent with
+prudence, apply to those who are going to remain and will have a voice
+in affairs."
+
+After this the whole body of troops crossed to Byzantium. But
+Anaxibius, instead of proceeding to give pay, made proclamation that,
+"The soldiers were to take up their arms and baggage and go forth," as
+if all he wished were to ascertain their numbers and bid them
+god-speed at the same moment. The soldiers were not well pleased at
+that, because they had no money to furnish themselves with provisions
+for the march; and they sluggishly set about getting their baggage
+together. Xenophon meanwhile, being on terms of intimacy with the
+governor, Cleander, came to pay his host a final visit, and bid him
+adieu, being on the point of setting sail. But the other protested;
+"Do not do so, or else," said he, "you will be blamed, for even now
+certain people are disposed to hold you to account because the army is
+so slow in getting under weigh." The other answered, "Nay, I am not to
+blame for that. It is the men themselves, who are in want of
+provisions; that is why they are out of heart at their exodus." "All
+the same," he replied, "I advise you to go out, as if you intended to
+march with them, and when you are well outside, it will be time enough
+to take yourself off." "Well then," said Xenophon, "we will go and
+arrange all this with Anaxibius." They went and stated the case to the
+admiral, who insisted that they must do as he had said, and march out,
+bag and baggage, by the quickest road; and as an appendix to the
+former edict, he added, "Any one absenting himself from the review and
+the muster will have himself to blame for the consequences." This was
+peremptory. So out marched, the generals first, and then the rest; and
+now, with the exception of here a man and there, they were all
+outside; it was a "clean sweep"; and Eteonicus stood posted near the
+gates, ready to close them, as soon as the men were fairly out, and to
+thrust in the bolt pin.
+
+Then Anaxibius summoned the generals and captains, and addressed them:
+"Provisions you had better get from the Thracian villages; you will     13
+find plenty of barley, wheat, and other necessaries in them; and when
+you have got them, off with you to the Chersonese, where Cyniscus will
+take you into his service." Some of the soldiers overheard what was
+said, or possibly one of the officers was the medium of communication;
+however it was, the news was handed on to the army. As to the
+generals, their immediate concern was to try and gain some information
+as to Seuthes: "Was he hostile or friendly? also, would they have to
+march through the Sacred mountain (1), or round about through the
+middle of Thrace?"
+
+ (1) So the mountain-range is named which runs parallel to the
+    Propontis (Sea of Marmora) from lat. 41 degrees N. circa to lat.
+    40 degrees 30'; from Bisanthe (Rhodosto) to the neck of the
+    Chersonese (Gallipoli).
+
+While they were discussing these points, the soldiers snatched up
+their arms and made a rush full speed at the gates, with the intention
+of getting inside the fortification again. But Eteonicus and his men,
+seeing the heavy infantry coming up at a run promptly closed the gates
+and thrust in the bolt pin. Then the soldiers fell to battering the
+gates, exclaiming that it was iniquitous to thrust them forth in this
+fashion into the jaws of their enemies. "If you do not of your own
+accord open the gates," they cried, "we will split them in half"; and
+another set rushed down to the sea, and so along the break-water and
+over the wall into the city; while a third set, consisting of those
+few who were still inside, having never left the city, seeing the
+affair at the gates, severed the bars with axes and flung the portals
+wide open; and the rest came pouring in.
+
+Xenophon, seeing what was happening, was seized with alarm lest the
+army betake itself to pillage, and ills incurable be wrought to the
+city, to himself, and to the soldiers. Then he set off, and, plunging
+into the throng, was swept through the gates with the crowd. The
+Byzantines no sooner saw the soldiers forcibly rushing in than they
+left the open square, and fled, some to the shipping, others to their
+homes, while those already indoors came racing out, and some fell to
+dragging down their ships of war, hoping possibly to be safe on board
+these; while there was not a soul who doubted but that the city was     19
+taken, and that they were all undone. Eteonicus made a swift retreat
+to the citadel. Anaxibius ran down to the sea, and, getting on board a
+fisherman's smack, sailed round to the acropolis, and at once sent off
+to fetch over the garrison troops from Chalcedon, since those already
+in the acropolis seemed hardly sufficient to keep the men in check.
+
+The soldiers, catching sight of Xenophon, threw themselves upon him,
+crying: "Now, Xenophon, is the time to prove yourself a man. You have
+got a city, you have got triremes, you have got money, you have got
+men; to-day, if you only chose, you can do us a good turn, and we will
+make you a great man." He replied: "Nay, I like what you say, and I
+will do it all; but if that is what you have set your hearts on, fall
+into rank and take up position at once." This he said, wishing to
+quiet them, and so passed the order along the lines himself, while
+bidding the rest to do the same: "Take up position; stand easy." But
+the men themselves, by a species of self-marshalling, fell into rank,
+and were soon formed, the heavy infantry eight deep, while the light
+infantry had run up to cover either wing. The Thracian Square, as it
+is called, is a fine site for manouvering, being bare of buildings and
+level. As soon as the arms were stacked and the men's tempers cooled,
+Xenophon called a general meeting of the soldiers, and made the
+following speech:--
+
+"Soldiers, I am not surprised at your wrath, or that you deem it
+monstrous treatment so to be cheated; but consider what will be the
+consequences if we gratify our indignation, and in return for such
+deception, avenge ourselves on the Lacedaemonians here present, and
+plunder an innocent city. We shall be declared enemies of the
+Lacedaemonians and their allies; and what sort of war that will be, we
+need not go far to conjecture. I take it, you have not forgotten some
+quite recent occurrences. We Athenians entered into war against the
+Lacedaemonians and their allies with a fleet consisting of not less
+than three hundred line-of-battle ships, including those in dock as
+well as those afloat. We had vast treasures stored up in the city, and
+a yearly income which, derived from home or foreign sources, amounted
+to no less than a thousand talents. Our empire included all the         27
+islands, and we were possessed of numerous cities both in Asia and in
+Europe. Amongst others, this very Byzantium, where we are now, was
+ours; and yet in the end we were vanquished, as you all very well
+know.
+
+"What, must we anticipate, will now be our fate? The Lacedaemonians
+have not only their old allies, but the Athenians and those who were
+at that time allies of Athens are added to them. Tissaphernes and all
+the rest of the Asiatics on the seaboard are our foes, not to speak of
+our arch-enemy, the king himself, up yonder, whom we came to deprive
+of his empire, and to kill, if possible. I ask then, with all these
+banded together against us, is there any one so insensate as to
+imagine that we can survive the contest? For heaven's sake, let us not
+go mad or loosely throw away our lives in war with our own native
+cities--nay, our own friends, our kith and our kin; for in one or
+other of the cities they are all included. Every city will march
+against us, and not unjustly, if, after refusing to hold one single
+barbarian city by right of conquest, we seize the first Hellenic city
+that we come to and make it a ruinous heap. For my part, my prayer is
+that before I see such things wrought by you, I, at any rate, may lie
+ten thousand fathoms under ground! My counsel to you, as Hellenes, is
+to try and obtain your just rights, through obedience to those who
+stand at the head of Hellas; and if so be that you fail in those
+demands, why, being more sinned against than sinning, need we rob
+ourselves of Hellas too? At present, I propose that we should send to
+Anaxibius and tell him that we have made an entrance into the city,
+not meditating violence, but merely to discover if he and his will
+show us any good; for if so, it is well; but of otherwise, at least we
+will let him see that he does not shut the door upon us as dupes and
+fools. We know the meaning of discipline; we turn our backs and go."
+
+This resolution was passed, and they sent Hieronymus an Eleian, with
+two others, Eurylochus an Arcadian and Philesius an Achaean, to
+deliver the message. So these set off on their errand. But while the
+soldiers were still seated in conclave, Coeratadas, of Thebes,          33
+arrived. He was a Theban not in exile, but with a taste for
+generalship, who made it his business to see if any city or nation
+were in need of his services. Thus, on the present occasion, he
+presented himself, and begged to state that he was ready to put
+himself at their head, and lead them into the Delta of Thrace (2), as
+it is called, where they would find themselves in a land of plenty;
+but until they got there, he would provide them with meat and drink
+enough and to spare. While they were still listening to this tale, the
+return message from Anaxibius came. His answer was: "The discipline,
+they had spoken of, was not a thing they would regret; indeed he would
+report their behaviour to the authorities at home; and for himself, he
+would take advice and do the best he could for them."
+
+ (2) The exact locality, so called, is not known; doubtless it lay
+    somewhere between Byzantium and Salmydessus, possibly at Declus
+    (mod. Derkos); or possibly the narrow portion of Thrace between
+    the Euxine, Bosphorus, and Propontis went by this name. See note
+    in Pretor ad. loc., and "Dict. Geog." "Thracia."
+
+Thereupon the soldiers accepted Coeratadas as their general, and
+retired without the walls. Their new general undertook to present
+himself to the troops next day with sacrificial beasts and a
+soothsayer, with eatables also and drinkables for the army. Now, as
+soon as they were gone out, Anaxibius closed the gates and issued a
+proclamation to the effect that "any of the soldiers caught inside
+should be knocked down to the hammer and sold at once." Next day,
+Coeratadas arrived with the victims and the soothsayer. A string of
+twenty bearers bearing barleymeal followed at his heels, succeeded by
+other twenty carrying wine, and three laden with a supply of olives,
+and two others carrying, the one about as much garlic as a single man
+could lift, and the other a similar load of onions. These various
+supplies he set down, apparently for distribution, and began to
+sacrifice.
+
+Now Xenophon sent to Cleander, begging him to arrange matters so that
+he might be allowed to enter the walls, with a view to starting from
+Byzantium on his homeward voyage. Cleander came, and this is what he    39
+said: "I have come; but I was barely able to arrange what you want.
+Anaxibius insisted: 'It was not convenient that Xenophon should be
+inside while the soldiers are close to the walls without; the
+Byzantines at sixes and sevens moreover; and no love lost between the
+one party of them and the other.' Still, he ended by bidding you to
+come inside, if you were really minded to leave the town by sea with
+himself." Accordingly Xenophon bade the soldiers good-bye, and
+returned with Cleander within the walls.
+
+To return to Coeratadas. The first day he failed to get favourable
+signs at the sacrifice, and never a dole of rations did he make to the
+soldiers. On the second day the victims were standing ready near the
+altar, and so was Coeratadas, with chaplet crowned, all ready to
+sacrifice, when up comes Timasion the Dardanian, with Neon the
+Asinaean, and Cleanor of Orchomenus, forbidding Coeratadas to
+sacrifice: "He must understand there was an end to his generalship,
+unless he gave them provisions." The other bade them measure out the
+supplies, "Pray, dole them out." But when he found that he had a good
+deal short of a single day's provisions for each man, he picked up his
+paraphernalia of sacrifice and withdrew. As to being general, he would
+have nothing more to say to it.
+
+
+
+
+II
+
+Now these five were left--Neon the Asinaean, Phryniscus the Achaean,    1
+Philesius the Achaean, Xanthicles the Achaean, Timasion the
+Dardanian--at the head of the army, and they pushed on to some
+villages of the Thracians facing Byzantium, and there encamped. Now
+the generals could not agree. Cleanor and Phryniscus wished to march
+to join Seuthes, who had worked upon their feelings by presenting one
+with a horse and the other with a woman to wife. But Neon's object was
+to come to the Chersonese: "When we are under the wing of the
+Lacedaemonians," he thought, "I shall step to the front and command
+the whole army."
+
+Timasion's one ambition was to cross back again into Asia, hoping to
+be reinstated at home and end his exile. The soldiers shared the
+wishes of the last general. But, as time dragged on, many of the men
+sold their arms at different places and set sail as best they could;
+others  (actually gave away their arms, some here, some there, and (1))   3
+became absorbed in the cities. One man rejoiced. This was Anaxibius,
+to whom the break-up of the army was a blessing. "That is the way," he
+said to himself, "I can best gratify Pharnabazus."
+
+ (1) The MSS. give the words so rendered--{oi de kai  (didontes ta opla
+    kata tous khorous)}, which some critics emend {diadidontes},
+    others bracket as suspected, others expunge.
+
+But Anaxibius, while prosecuting his voyage from Byzantium, was met at
+Cyzicus by Aristarchus, the new governor, who was to succeed Cleander
+at Byzantium; and report said that a new admiral, Polus, if he had not
+actually arrived, would presently reach the Hellespont and relieve
+Anaxibius. The latter sent a parting injunction to Aristarchus to be
+sure and sell all the Cyreian soldiers he could lay hands on still
+lingering in Byzantium; for Cleander had not sold a single man of
+them; on the contrary, he had made it his business to tend the sick
+and wounded, pitying them, and insisting on their being received in
+the houses. Aristarchus changed all that, and was no sooner arrived in
+Byzantium than he sold no less than four hundred of them. Meanwhile
+Anaxibius, on his coasting voyage, reached Parium, and, according to
+the terms of their agreement, he sent to Pharnabazus. But the latter,
+learning that Aristarchus was the new governor at Byzantim, and that
+Anixibius had ceased to be admiral, turned upon him a cold shoulder,
+and set out concocting the same measures concerning the Cyreian army
+with Aristarchus, as he had lately been at work upon with Anaxibius.
+
+Anaxibius thereupon summoned Xenophon and bade him, by every manner of
+means, sail to the army with the utmost speed, and keep it together.
+"He was to collect the scattered fragments and march them down to
+Perinthus, and thence convey them across to Asia without loss of
+time." And herewith he put a thirty-oared galley at his service, and
+gave him a letter of authority and an officer to accompany him, with
+an order to the Perinthians "to escort Xenophon without delay on
+horseback to the army." So it was that Xenophon sailed across and
+eventually reached the army. The soldiers gave him a joyous welcome,
+and would have been only too glad to cross from Thrace into Asia under
+his leadership.
+
+But Seuthes, hearing that Xenophon had arrived, sent Medosades again,   10
+by sea to meet him, and begged him to bring the army to him; and
+whatever he thought would make his speech persuasive, he was ready to
+promise him. But the other replied, that none of these things were
+open to him to do; and with this answer Medosades departed, and the
+Hellenes proceeded to Perinthus. Here on arrival Neon withdrew his
+troops and encamped apart, having about eight hundred men; while the
+remainder of the army lay in one place under the walls of Perinthus.
+
+After this, Xenophon set himself to find vessels, so as to lose no
+time in crossing. But in the interval Aristarchus, the governor from
+Byzantium, arrived with a couple of war-ships, being moved to do so by
+Pharnabazus. To make doubly sure, he first forbade the skippers and
+shipmasters to carry the troops across, and then he visited the camp
+and informed the soldiers that their passage into Asia was forbidden.
+Xenophon replied that he was acting under the orders of Anaxibius, who
+had sent him thither for this express purpose; to which Aristarchus
+retorted, "For the matter of that, Anaxibius is no longer admiral, and
+I am governor in this quarter; if I catch any of you at sea, I will
+sink you." With these remarks he retired within the walls of
+Perinthus.
+
+Next day, he sent for the generals and officers of the army. They had
+already reached the fortification walls, when some one brought word to
+Xenophon that if he set foot inside, he would be seized, and either
+meet some ill fate there or more likely be delivered up to
+Pharnabazus. On hearing this Xenophon sent forward the rest of the
+party, but for himself pleaded that there was a sacrifice which he
+wished to offer. In this way he contrived to turn back and consult the
+victims, "Would the gods allow him to try and bring the army over to
+Seuthes?" On the one hand it was plain that the idea of crossing over
+to Asia in the face of this man with his ships of war, who meant to
+bar the passage, was too dangerous. Nor did he altogether like the
+notion of being blocked up in the Chersonese with an army in dire need
+of everything; where, besides being at the beck and call of the         15
+governor of the place, they would be debarred from the necessities of
+life.
+
+While Xenophon was thus employed, the generals and officers came back
+with a message from Aristarchus, who had told them they might retire
+for the present, but in the afternoon he would expect them. The former
+suspicions of a plot had now ripened to a certainty. Xenophon meantime
+had ascertained that the victims were favourable to his project. He
+personally, and the army as a whole, might with safety proceed to
+Seuthes, they seemed to say. Accordingly, he took with him Polycrates,
+the Athenian captain, and from each of the generals, not including
+Neon, some one man whom they could in each case trust, and in the
+night they set off to visit the army of Seuthes, sixty furlongs
+distant.
+
+As they approached, they came upon some deserted watch-fires, and
+their first impression was that Seuthes had shifted his position; but
+presently perceiving a confused sound (the voices of Seuthes' people
+signalling to one another), the explanation dawned on him: Seuthes
+kept his watch-fires kindled in front of, instead of behind, his night
+pickets, in order that the outposts, being in the dark, might escape
+notice, their numbers and position thus being a mystery; whilst any
+party approaching from the outside, so far from escaping notice,
+would, through the glare of the fire, stand out conspicuously.
+Perceiving how matters stood, Xenophon sent forward his interpreter,
+who was one of the party, and bade him inform Seuthes that Xenophon
+was there and craved conference with him. The others asked if he were
+an Athenian from the army yonder, and no sooner had the interpreter
+replied, "Yes, the same," than up they leapt and galloped off; and in
+less time than it takes to tell a couple of hundred peltasts had come
+up who seized and carried off Xenophon and those with him and brought
+them to Seuthes. The latter was in a tower right well guarded, and
+there were horses round it in a circle, standing all ready bitted and
+bridled; for his alarm was so great that he gave his horses their
+provender during the day (2), and during the nights he kept watch and    21
+ward with the brutes thus bitted and bridled. It was stated in
+explanation that in old days an ancestor of his, named Teres, had been
+in this very country with a large army, several of whom he had lost at
+the hands of the native inhabitants, besides being robbed of his
+baggage train. The inhabitants of the country are Thynians, and they
+are reputed to be far the most warlike set of fighters--especially at
+night.
+
+ (2) I.e. "instead of letting them graze."
+
+When they drew near, Seuthes bade Xenophon enter, and bring with him
+any two he might choose. As soon as they were inside, they first
+greeted one another warmly, and then, according to the Thracian
+custom, pledged themselves in bowls of wine. There was further present
+at the elbow of Seuthes, Medosades, who on all occasions acted as his
+ambassador-in-chief. Xenophon took the initiative and spoke as
+follows: "You have sent to me, Seuthes, once and again. On the first
+occasion you sent Medosades yonder, to Chalcedon, and you begged me to
+use my influence in favour of the army crossing over from Asia. You
+promised me, in return for this conduct on my part, various
+kindnesses; at least that is what Medosades stated"; and before
+proceeding further he turned to Medosades and asked, "Is not that so?"
+The other assented. "Again, on a second occasion, the same Medosades
+came when I had crossed over from Parium to rejoin the army; and he
+promised me that if I would bring you the army, you would in various
+respects treat me as a friend and brother. He said especially with
+regard to certain seaboard places of which you are the owner and lord,
+that you were minded to make me a present of them." At this point he
+again questioned Medosades, "Whether the words attributed to him were
+exact?" and Medosades once more fully assented. "Come now," proceeded
+Xenophon, "recount what answer I made you, and first at Chalcedon."
+"You answered that the army was, in any case, about to cross over to
+Byzantium; and as far as that went, there was no need to pay you or
+any one else anything; and for yourself, you added, that once across
+you were minded to leave the army, which thing came to pass even as
+you said." "Well! what did I say," he asked, "at your next visit, when  28
+you came to me in Selybria?" "You said that the proposal was
+impossible; you were all going to Perinthus to cross into Asia."
+"Good," said Xenophon, "and in spite of it all, at the present moment,
+here I am myself, and Phryniscus, one of my colleagues, and Polycrates
+yonder, a captain; and outside, to represent the other generals (all
+except Neon the Laconian), the trustiest men they could find to send.
+So that if you wish to give these transactions the seal of still
+greater security, you have nothing to do but to summon them also; and
+do you, Polycrates, go and say from me, that I bid them leave their
+arms outside, and you can leave your own sword outside before you
+enter with them on your return."
+
+When Seuthes had heard so far, he interposed: "I should never mistrust
+an Athenian, for we are relatives already (3), I know; and the best of
+friends, I believe, we shall be." After that, as soon as the right men
+entered, Xenophon first questioned Seuthes as to what use he intended
+to make of the army, and he replied as follows: "Maesades was my
+father; his sway extended over the Melanditae, the Thynians, and the
+Tranipsae. Then the affairs of the Odrysians took a bad turn, and my
+father was driven out of this country, and later on died himself of
+sickness, leaving me to be brought up as an orphan at the court of
+Medocus, the present king. But I, when I had grown to man's estate,
+could not endure to live with my eyes fixed on another's board. So I
+seated myself on the seat by him as a suppliant, and begged him to
+give me as many men as he could spare, that I might wreak what
+mischief I could on those who had driven us forth from our land; that
+thus I might cease to live in dependence upon another's board, like a
+dog watching his master's hand. In answer to my petition, he gave me    34
+the men and the horses which you will see at break of day, and
+nowadays I live with these, pillaging my own ancestral land. But if
+you would join me, I think, with the help of heaven, we might easily
+recover my empire. That is what I want of you." "Well then," said
+Xenophon, "supposing we came, what should you be able to give us? the
+soldiers, the officers, and the generals? Tell us that these witnesses
+may report your answer." And he promised to give "to the common
+soldiers a cyzicene (4), to a captain twice as much, and to a general
+four times as much, with as much land as ever they liked, some yoke of
+oxen, and a fortified place upon the seaboard." "But now supposing,"
+said Xenophon, "we fail of success, in spite of our endeavours;
+suppose any intimidation on the part of the Lacedaemonians should
+arise; will you receive into your country any of us who may seek to
+find a refuge with you?" He answered: "Nay, not only so, but I shall
+look upon you as my brothers, entitled to share my seat, and the joint
+possessors of all the wealth which we may be able to acquire. And to
+you yourself, O Xenophon! I will give my daughter, and if you have a
+daughter, I will buy her in Thracian fashion; and I will give you
+Bisanthe as a dwelling-place, which is the fairest of all my
+possessions on the seaboard (5)."
+
+ (3) Tradition said that the Thracians and Athenians were connected,
+    through the marriage of a former prince Tereus (or Teres) with
+    Procne, the daughter of Pandion. This old story, discredited by
+    Thucydides, ii. 29, is referred to in Arist. "Birds," 368 foll.
+    The Birds are about to charge the two Athenian intruders, when
+    Epops, king of the Birds, formerly Tereus, king of Thrace, but
+    long ago transformed into a hoopoe, intercedes in behalf of two
+    men, {tes emes gunaikos onte suggene kai phuleta}, "who are of my
+    lady's tribe and kin." As a matter of history, the Athenians had
+    in the year B.C. 431 made alliance with Sitalces, king of the
+    Odrysians (the son of Teres, the first founder of their empire),
+    and made his son, Sadocus, an Athenian citizen. Cf. Thuc. ib.;
+    Arist. Acharnians, 141 foll.
+
+ (4) A cyzicene monthly is to be understood.
+
+ (5) Bisanthe, one of the Ionic colonies founded by Samos, with the
+    Thracian name Rhaedestus (now Rodosto), strongly placed so as to
+    command the entrance into the Sacred mountain.
+
+
+
+
+III
+
+After listening to these proposals, they gave and accepted pledges of   1
+good faith; and so the deputation rode off. Before day they were back
+again in camp, and severally rendered a report to those who sent them.
+At dawn Aristarchus again summoned the generals and officers, but the
+latter resolved to have done with the visit to Aristarchus, and to
+summon a meeting of the army. In full conclave the soldiers met, with
+the exception of Neon's men, who remained about ten furlongs off. When
+they were met together Xenophon rose, and made the following
+announcement: "Men, Aristarchus with his ships of war hinders us from
+sailing where we fain would go; it is not even safe to set foot on      3
+board a vessel. But if he hinders us here, he hastens us there. 'Be
+off to the Chersonese,' says he, 'force a passage through the Sacred
+mountain.' If we master it and succeed in getting to that place, he
+has something in store for us. He promises that he will not sell you
+any more, as he did at Byzantium; you shall not be cheated again; you
+shall have pay; he will no longer, as now, suffer you to remain in
+want of provisions. That is his proposal. But Seuthes says that if you
+will go to him he will treat you well. What you have now to consider
+is, whether you will stay to debate this question, or leave its
+settlement till we have gone up into a land of provisions. If you ask
+me my opinion, it is this: Since here we have neither money to buy,
+nor leave to take without money what we need, why should we not go up
+into these villages where the right to help ourselves is conferred by
+might? There, unhampered by the want of bare necessaries, you can
+listen to what this man and the other wants of you and choose
+whichever sounds best. Let those," he added, "who agree to this, hold
+up their hands." They all held them up. "Retire then," said he, "and
+get your kit together, and at the word of command, follow your
+leader."
+
+After this, Xenophon put himself at the head and the rest followed.
+Neon, indeed, and other agents from Aristarchus tried to turn them
+from their purpose, but to their persuasions they turned a deaf ear.
+They had not advanced much more than three miles, when Seuthes met
+them; and Xenophon, seeing him, bade him ride up. He wished to tell
+him what they felt to be conducive to their interests, and in the
+presence of as many witnesses as possible. As soon as he had
+approached, Xenophon said: "We are going where the troops will have
+enough to live upon; when we are there, we will listen to you and to
+the emissaries of the Laconian, and choose between you both whatever
+seems best. If then you will lead us where provisions are to be got in
+plenty, we shall feel indebted to you for your hospitality." And
+Seuthes answered: "For the matter of that, I know many villages,
+close-packed and stocked with all kinds of provisions, just far enough  9
+off to give you a good appetite for your breakfasts." "Lead on then!"
+said Xenophon. When they had reached the villages in the afternoon,
+the soldiers met, and Seuthes made the following speech: "My request
+to you, sirs, is that you will take the field with me, and my promise
+to you is that I will give every man of you a cyzicene, and to the
+officers and generals at the customary rate; besides this I will
+honour those who show special merit. Food and drink you shall get as
+now for yourselves from the country; but whatever is captured, I shall
+claim to have myself, so that by distribution of it I may provide you
+with pay. Let them flee, let them creep into hiding-places, we shall
+be able to pursue after them, we will track them out; or if they
+resist, along with you we will endeavour to subdue them to our hands."
+Xenophon inquired: "And how far from the sea shall you expect the army
+to follow you?" "Nowhere more than seven days' journey," he answered,
+"and in many places less."
+
+After this, permission was given for all who wished to speak, and many
+spoke, but ever to one and the same tune: "What Seuthes said, was very
+right. It was winter, and for a man to sail home, even if he had the
+will to do so, was impossible. On the other hand, to continue long in
+a friendly country, where they must depend upon what they could
+purchase, was equally beyond their power. If they were to wear away
+time and support life in a hostile country, it was safer to do so with
+Seuthes than by themselves, not to speak of all these good things; but
+if they were going to get pay into the bargain, that indeed was a
+godsend." To complete the proceedings, Xenophon said: "If any one
+opposes the measure, let him state his views; if not, let the officer
+put the proposition to the vote." No one opposed; they put it to the
+vote, and the resolution was carried; and without loss of time, he
+informed Seuthes that they would take the field with him.
+
+After this the troops messed in their separate divisions, but the
+generals and officers were invited by Seuthes to dinner at a
+neighbouring village which was in his possession. When they were at
+the doors, and on the point of stepping in to dinner, they were met by  16
+a certain Heracleides, of Maronea (1). He came up to each guest,
+addressing himself particularly to those who, as he conjectured, ought
+to be able to make a present to Seuthes. He addressed himself first to
+some Parians who were there to arrange a friendship with Medocus, the
+king of the Odrysians, and were bearers of presents to the king and to
+his wife. Heracleides reminded them: "Medocus is up country twelve
+days' journey from the sea; but Seuthes, now that he has got this
+army, will be lord on the sea-coast; as your neighbour, then, he is
+the man to do you good or do you ill. If you are wise, you will give
+him whatever he askes of you. On the whole, it will be laid out at
+better interest than if you have it to Medocus, who lives so far off."
+That was his mode of persuasion in their case. Next he came to
+Timasion the Dardanian, who, some one had told him, was the happy
+possessor of certain goblets and oriental carpets. What he said to him
+was: "It is customary when people are invited to dinner by Seuthes for
+the guests to make him a present; now if he should become a great
+person in these parts, he will be able to restore you to your native
+land, or to make you a rich man here." Such were the solicitations
+which he applied to each man in turn whom he accosted. Presently he
+came to Xenophon and said: "You are at once a citizen of no mean city,
+and with Seuthes also your own name is very great. Maybe you expect to
+obtain a fort or two in this country, just as others of your
+countrymen have done (2), and territory. It is only right and proper
+therefore that you should honour Seuthes in the most magnificent
+style. Be sure, I give this advice out of pure friendliness, for I
+know that the greater the gift that you are ready to bestow on him,
+the better the treatment you will receive at his hands." Xenophon, on
+hearing this, was in a sad dilemma, for he had brought with him, when
+he crossed from Parium, nothing but one boy and just enough to pay his
+travelling expenses.
+
+ (1) A Greek colony in Thrace. Among Asiatico-Ionian colonies were
+    Abdera, founded by Teos, and Maroneia, celebrated for its wine,
+    founded by Chios about 540 B.C.--Kiepert, "Man. Anct. Geog." viii.
+    182.
+
+ (2) Notably Alcibiades, who possessed two or three such fortresses.
+
+As soon as the company, consisting of the most powerful Thracians       21
+there present, with the generals and captains of the Hellenes, and any
+embassy from a state which might be there, had arrived, they were
+seated in a circle, and the dinner was served. Thereupon three-legged
+stools were brought in and placed in front of the assembled guests.
+They were laden with pieces of meat, piled up, and there were huge
+leavened-loaves fastened on to the pieces of meat with long skewers.
+The tables, as a rule, were set beside the guests at intervals. That
+was the custom; and Seuthes set the fashion of the performance. He
+took up the loaves which lay by his side and broke them into little
+pieces, and then threw the fragments here to one and there to another
+as seemed to him good; and so with the meat likewise, leaving for
+himself the merest taste. Then the rest fell to following the fashion
+set them, those that is who had tables placed beside them.
+
+Now there was an Arcadian, Arystas by name, a huge eater; he soon got
+tired of throwing the pieces about, and seized a good three-quarters
+loaf in his two hands, placed some pieces of meat upon his knees, and
+proceeded to discuss his dinner. Then beakers of wine were brought
+round, and every one partook in turn; but when the cupbearer came to
+Arystas and handed him the bowl, he looked up, and seeing that
+Xenophon had done eating: "Give it him," quoth he, "he is more at
+leisure. I have something better to do at present." Seuthes, hearing a
+remark, asked the cupbearer what was said, and the cupbearer, who knew
+how to talk Greek, explained. Then followed a peal of laughter.
+
+When the drinking had advanced somewhat, in came a Thracian with a
+white horse, who snatched the brimming bowl and said: "Here's a health
+to thee, O Seuthes! Let me present thee with this horse. Mounted on
+him, thou shalt capture whom thou choosest to pursue, or retiring from
+battle, thou shalt not dread the foe." He was followed by one who
+brought in a boy, and presented him in proper style with "Here's a
+health to thee, O Seuthes!" A third had "clothes for his wife."
+Timasion, the Dardanian, pledged Seuthes, and presented a silver
+bowl (3) and a carpet worth ten minae. Gnesippus, an Athenian, got up    28
+and said: "It was a good old custom, and a fine one too, that those
+who had, should give to the king for honour's sake, but to those who
+had not, the king should give; whereby, my lord," he added, "I too may
+one day have the wherewithal to give thee gifts and honour." Xenophon
+the while was racking his brains what he was to do; he was not the
+happier because he was seated in the seat next Seuthes as a mark of
+honour; and Heracleides bade the cupbearer hand him the bowl. The wine
+had perhaps a little mounted to his head; he rose, and manfully seized
+the cup, and spoke: "I also, Seuthes, have to present you with myself
+and these my dear comrades to be your trusty friends, and not one of
+them against his will. They are more ready, one and all, still more
+than I, to be your friends. Here they are; they ask nothing from you
+in return, rather they are forward to labour in your behalf; it will
+be their pleasure to bear the brunt of battle in voluntary service.
+With them, God willing, you will gain vast territory; you will recover
+what was once your forefathers'; you will win for yourself new lands;
+and not lands only, but horses many, and of men a multitude, and many
+a fair dame besides. You will not need to seize upon them in robber
+fashion; it is your friends here who, of their own accord, shall take
+and bring them to you, they shall lay them at your feet as gifts." Up
+got Seuthes and drained with him the cup, and with him sprinkled the
+last drops fraternally (4).
+
+ (3) Or rather "saucer" ({phiale}).
+
+ (4) For the Thracian custom, vide Suidas, s.v. {kataskedazein}.
+
+At this stage entered musicians blowing upon horns such as they use
+for signal calls, and trumpeting on trumpets, made of raw oxhide,
+tunes and airs, like the music of the double-octave harp (5). Seuthes
+himself got up and shouted, trolling forth a war song; then he sprang
+from his place and leapt about as though he would guard himself
+against a missile, in right nimble style. Then came in a set of clowns
+and jesters.
+
+ (5) Or, "magadis." This is said to have been one of the most perfect
+    instruments. It comprised two full octaves, the left hand playing
+    the same notes as the right an octave lower. Guhl and Koner, p.
+    203, Engl. transl. See also "Dict. Antiq." "Musica"; and Arist.
+    "Polit." xix. 18, {Dia ti e dia pason sumphonia adetai mone;
+    magasizousi gar tauten, allen de oudemian}, i.e. "since no
+    interval except the octave ({dia pason}) could be 'magidised' (the
+    effect of any other is well known to be intolerable), therefore no
+    other interval was employed at all."
+
+But when the sun began to set, the Hellenes rose from their seats. It   33
+was time, they said, to place the night sentinels and to pass the
+watchword; further, they begged of Seuthes to issue an order that none
+of the Thracians were to enter the Hellenic camp at night, "since
+between your Thracian foes and our Thracian friends there might be
+some confusion." As they sallied forth, Seuthes rose to accompany
+them, like the soberest of men. When they were outside, he summoned
+the generals apart and said: "Sirs, our enemies are not aware as yet
+of our alliance. If, therefore, we attack them before they take
+precautions not to be caught, or are prepared to repel assault, we
+shall make a fine haul of captives and other stock." The generals
+fully approved of these views, and bade him lead on. He answered:
+"Prepare and wait; as soon as the right time comes I will be with you.
+I shall pick up the peltasts and yourselves, and with the help of the
+gods, I will lead on." "But consider one point," urged Xenophon; "if
+we are to march by night, is not the Hellenic fashion best? When
+marching in the daytime that part of the army leads the van which
+seems best suited to the nature of the country to be traversed--heavy
+or light infantry, or cavalry; but by night our rule is that the
+slowest arm should take the lead. Thus we avoid the risk of being
+pulled to pieces: and it is not so easy for a man to give his
+neighbour the slip without intending, whereas the scattered fragments
+of an army are apt to fall foul of one another, and to cause damage or
+incur it in sheer ignorance." To this Seuthes replied: "You reason
+well, and I will adopt your custom. I will furnish you with guides
+chosen from the oldest experts of the country, and I will myself
+follow with the cavalry in the rear; it will not take me long, if need
+be, to present myself at the front." Then, for kinship's sake, they
+chose "Athenaia (6)" as their watchword. With this, they turned and
+sought repose.
+
+ (6) "Our Lady of Athens."
+
+It was about midnight when Seuthes presented himself with his cavalry
+troopers armed with corselets, and his light infantry under arms. As    40
+soon as he had handed over to them the promised guides, the heavy
+infantry took the van, followed by the light troops in the centre,
+while the cavalry brought up the rear. At daybreak Seuthes rode up to
+the front. He complimented them on their method: so often had he
+himself, while marching by night with a mere handful of men, been
+separated with his cavalry from his infantry. "But now," said he, "we
+find ourselves at dawn of day all happily together, just as we ought
+to be. Do you wait for me here," he proceeded, "and recruit
+yourselves. I will take a look round and rejoin you." So saying he
+took a certain path over hill and rode off. As soon as he had reached
+deep snow, he looked to see whether there were footprints of human
+beings leading forward or in the opposite direction; and having
+satisfied himself that the road was untrodden, back he came,
+exclaiming: "God willing, sirs, it will be all right; we shall fall on
+the fellows, before they know where they are. I will lead on with the
+cavalry; so that if we catch sight of any one, he shall not escape and
+give warning to the enemy. Do you follow, and if you are left behind,
+keep to the trail of the horses. Once on the other side of the
+mountains, we shall find ourselves in numerous thriving villages."
+
+By the middle of the day he had already gained the top of the pass and
+looked down upon the villages below. Back he came riding to the heavy
+infantry and said: "I will at once send off the cavalry into the plain
+below, and the peltasts too, to attack the villages. Do you follow
+with what speed you may, so that in case of resistance you may lend us
+your aid." Hearing this, Xenophon dismounted, and the other asked:
+"Why do you dismount just when speed is the thing we want?" The other
+answered: "But you do not want me alone, I am sure. The hoplites will
+run all the quicker and more cheerily if I lead them on foot."
+
+Thereupon Seuthes went off, and Timasion with him, taking the Hellene
+squadron of something like forty troopers. Then Xenophon passed the
+order: the active young fellows up to thirty years of age from the
+different companies to the front; and off with these he went himself,
+bowling along (7); while Cleanor led the other Hellenes. When they had   46
+reached the villages, Seuthes, with about thirty troopers, rode up,
+exclaiming: "Well, Xenophon, this is just what you said! the fellows
+are caught, but now look here. My cavalry have gone off unsupported;
+they are scattered in pursuit, one here, one there, and upon my word,
+I am more than half afraid the enemy will collect somewhere and do
+them a mischief. Some of us must remain in the villages, for they are
+swarming with human beings." "Well then," said Xenophon, "I will seize
+the heights with the men I have with me, and do you bid Cleanor extend
+his line along the level beside the villages." When they had done so,
+there were enclosed--of captives for the slave market, one thousand;
+of cattle, two thousand; and of other small cattle, ten thousand. For
+the time being they took up quarters there.
+
+ (7) {etropkhaze}, a favourite word with our author. Herodotus uses it;
+    so does Aristot.; so also Polybius; but the Atticists condemn it,
+    except of course in poetry.
+
+
+
+
+IV
+
+But the next day Seuthes burnt the villages to the ground; he left not  1
+a single house, being minded to inspire terror in the rest of his
+enemies, and to show them what they also were to expect, if they
+refused obedience; and so he went back again. As to the booty, he sent
+off Heracliedes to Perinthus to dispose of it, with a view to future
+pay for the soldiers. But for himself he encamped with the Hellenes in
+the lowland country of the Thynians, the natives leaving the flats and
+betaking themselves in flight to the uplands.
+
+There was deep snow, and cold so intense that the water brought in for
+dinner and the wine within the jars froze; and many of the Hellenes
+had their noses and ears frost-bitten. Now they came to understand why
+the Thracians wear fox-skin caps on their heads and about their ears;
+and why, on the same principle, they are frocked not only about the
+chest and bust but so as to cover the loins and thighs as well; and
+why on horseback they envelop themselves in long shawls which reach
+down to the feet, instead of the ordinary short rider's cloak. Seuthes
+sent off some of the prisoners to the hills with a message to say that
+if they did not come down to their homes, and live quietly and obey
+him, he would burn down their villages and their corn, and leave them   5
+to perish with hunger. Thereupon down they came, women and children
+and the older men; the younger men preferred to quarter themselves in
+the villages on the skirts of the hills. On discovering this, Seuthes
+bade Xenophon take the youngest of the heavy infantry and join him on
+an expedition. They rose in the night, and by daybreak had reached the
+villages; but the majority of the inhabitants made good their escape,
+for the hills were close at hand. Those whom he did catch, Seuthes
+unsparingly shot down.
+
+Now there was a certain Olynthian, named Episthenes; he was a great
+lover of boys, and seeing a handsome lad, just in the bloom of youth,
+and carrying a light shield, about to be slain, he ran up to Xenophon
+and supplicated him to rescue the fair youth. Xenophon went to Seuthes
+and begged him not to put the boy to death. He explained to him the
+disposition of Episthenes; how he had once enrolled a company, the
+only qualification required being that of personal beauty; and with
+these handsome young men at his side there were none so brave as he.
+Seuthes put the question, "Would you like to die on his behalf,
+Episthenes?" whereat the other stretched out his neck, and said,
+"Strike, if the boy bids you, and will thank his preserver." Seuthes,
+turning to the boy, asked, "Shall I smite him instead of you?" The boy
+shook his head, imploring him to slay neither the one nor the other,
+whereupon Episthenes caught the lad in his arms, exclaiming, "It is
+time you did battle with me, Seuthes, for my boy; never will I yield
+him up," and Seuthes laughed: "what must be must," and so consented.
+
+In these villages he decided that they must bivouac, so that the men
+on the mountains might be still further deprived of subsistence.
+Stealthily descending he himself found quarters in the plain; while
+Xenophon with his picked troops encamped in the highest village on the
+skirts of the hills,; and the rest of the Hellenes hard by, among the
+highland Thracians (1), as they are called.
+
+ (1) Cf. "Highlanders."
+
+After this, not many days had idly slipt away before the Thracians
+from the mountains came down and wished to arrange with Seuthes for     12
+terms of truce and hostages. Simultaneously came Xenophon and informed
+Seuthes that they were camped in bad quarters, with the enemy next
+door; "it would be pleasanter too," he added, "to bivouac in a strong
+position in the open, than under cover on the edge of destruction."
+The other bade him take heart and pointed to some of their hostages,
+as much as to say "Look there!" Parties also from the mountaineers
+came down and pleaded with Xenophon himself, to help arrange a truce
+for them. This he agreed to do, bidding them to pluck up heart, and
+assuring them that they would meet with no mischief, if they yielded
+obedience to Seuthes. All their parleying, however, was, as it turned
+out, merely to get a closer inspection of things. This happened in the
+day, and in the following night the Thynians descended from the hill
+country and made an attack. In each case, the guide was the master of
+the house attacked; otherwise it would have taxed their powers to
+discover the houses in the dark, which, for the sake of their flocks
+and herds, were palisaded all round with great stockades. As soon as
+they had reached the doors of any particular house, the attack began,
+some hurling in their spears, others belabouring with their clubs,
+which they carried, it was said, for the purpose of knocking off the
+lance points from the shaft. Others were busy setting the place on
+fire; and they kept calling Xenophon by name: "Come out, Xenophon, and
+die like a man, or we will roast you alive inside."
+
+By this time too the flames were making their appearance through the
+roof, and Xenophon and his followers were within, with their coats of
+mail on, and big shields, swords, and helmets. Then Silanus, a
+Macistian (2), a youth of some eighteen years, signalled on the
+trumpet; and in an instant, out they all leapt with their drawn
+swords, and the inmates of other quarters as well. The Thracians took
+to their heels, according to their custom, swinging their light
+shields round their backs. As they leapt over the stockade some were
+captured, hanging on the top with their shields caught in the palings;
+others missed the way out, and so were slain; and the Hellenes chased
+them hotly, till they were outside the village.
+
+ (2) "Of Macistus," a town in the Triphylia near Scillus.
+
+A party of Thynians turned back, and as the men ran past in bold        18
+relief against a blazing house, they let fly a volley of javelins, out
+of the darkness into the glare, and wounded two captains, Hieronymus,
+an Euodean (3), and Theogenes, a Locrian. No one was killed, only the
+clothes and baggage of some of the men were consumed in the flames.
+Presently up came Seuthes to the rescue with seven troopers, the first
+to hand, and his Thracian trumpeteer by his side. Seeing that
+something had happened, he hastened to the rescue, and ever the while
+his bugler wound his horn, which music added terror to the foe.
+Arrived at length, he greeted them with outstretched hand, exclaiming,
+"I thought to find you all dead men."
+
+ (3) If this is the same man as Hieronymus of Elis, who has been
+    mentioned two or three times already, possibly the word {Euodea}
+    points to some town or district of Elis; or perhaps the text is
+    corrupt.
+
+After that, Xenophon begged him to hand over the hostages to himself,
+and if so disposed, to join him on an expedition to the hills, or if
+not, to let him go alone. Accordingly the next day Seuthes delivered
+up the hostages. They were men already advanced in years, but the pick
+of the mountaineers, as they themselves gave out. Not merely did
+Seuthes do this, but he came himself, with his force at his back (and
+by this time he had treble his former force, for many of the
+Odrysians, hearing of his proceedings, came down to join in the
+campaign); and the Thynians, espying from the mountains the vast array
+of heavy infantry and light infantry and cavalry, rank upon rank, came
+down and supplicated him to make terms. "They were ready," they
+professed, "to do all that he demanded; let him take pledges of their
+good faith." So Seuthes summoned Xenophon and explained their
+proposals, adding that he should make no terms with them, if Xenophon
+wished to punish them for their night attack. The latter replied: "For
+my part, I should think their punishment is great enough already, if
+they are to be slaves instead of free men; still," he added, "I advise
+you for the future to take as hostages those who are most capable of
+doing mischief, and to let the old men abide in peace at home." So to
+a man they gave in their adhesion in that quarter of the country.
+
+
+
+
+V
+
+Crossing over in the direction of the Thracians above Byzantium, they   1
+reached the Delta, as it is called. Here they were no longer in the
+territory of the Maesades, but in the country of Teres the Odrysian
+ (an ancient worthy (1)). Here Heracleides met them with the proceeds of
+the spoil, and Seuthes picked out three pairs of mules (there were
+only three, the other teams being oxen); then he summoned Xenophon and
+bade him take them, and divide the rest between the generals and
+officers, to which Xenophon replied that for himself, he was content
+to receive his share another time, but added: "Make a present of these
+to my friends here, the generals who have served with me, and to the
+officers." So of the pairs of mules Timasion the Dardanian received
+one, Cleanor the Orchomenian one, and Phryniscus the Achaean one. The
+teams of oxen were divided among the officers. Then Seuthes proceeded
+to remit pay due for the month already passed, but all he could give
+was the equivalent of twenty days. Heracleides insisted that this was
+all he had got by his trafficking. Whereupon Xenophon with some warmth
+exclaimed: "Upon my word, Heracleides, I do not think you care for
+Seuthes' interest as you should. If you did, you have been at pains to
+bring back the full amount of the pay, even if you had had to raise a
+loan to do so, and, if by no other means, by selling the coat off your
+own back."
+
+ (1) See above re previous Teres. The words "an ancient worthy" may
+    possibly be an editor's or commentator's note.
+
+What he said annoyed Heracleides, who was afraid of being ousted from
+the friendship of Seuthes, and from that day forward he did his best
+to calumniate Xenophon before Seuthes. The soldiers, on their side,
+laid the blame of course on Xenophon: "Where was their pay?" and
+Seuthes was vexed with him for persistently demanding it for them. Up
+to this date he had frequently referred to what he would do when he
+got to the seaboard again; how he intended to hand over to him
+Bisanthe, Ganos, and Neontichos (2). But from this time forward he
+never mentioned one of them again. The slanderous tongue of
+Heracleides had whispered him:--it was not safe to hand over fortified  8
+towns to a man with a force at his back.
+
+ (2) For Bisanthe see above. Ganos, a little lower down the coast, with
+    Neontichos once belonged to Alcibiades, if we may believe
+    Cornelius Nepos, "Alc." vii. 4, and Plutarch, "Alc." c. 36. See
+    above.
+
+Consequently Xenophon fell to considering what he ought to do as
+regards marching any further up the country; and Heracleides
+introduced the other generals to Seuthes, urging them to say that they
+were quite as well able to lead the army as Xenophon, and promising
+them that within a day or two they should have full pay for two
+months, and he again implored them to continue the campaign with
+Seuthes. To which Timasion replied that for his part he would continue
+no campaign without Xenophon; not even if they were to give him pay
+for five months; and what Timasion said, Phryniscus and Cleanor
+repeated; the views of all three coincided.
+
+Seuthes fell to upbraiding Heracleides in round terms. "Why had he not
+invited Xenophon with the others?" and presently they invited him, but
+by himself alone. He, perceiving the knavery of Heracleides, and that
+his object was to calumniate him with the other generals, presented
+himself; but at the same time he took care to bring all the generals
+and the officers. After their joint consent had been secured, they
+continued the campaign. Keeping the Pontus on their right, they passed
+through the millet-eating (3) Thracians, as they are called, and
+reached Salmydessus. This is a point at which many trading vessels
+bound for the Black Sea run aground and are wrecked, owing to a sort
+of marshy ledge or sandbank which runs out for a considerable distance
+into the sea (4). The Thracians, who dwell in these parts, have set up
+pillars as boundary marks, and each set of them has the pillage of its
+own flotsom and jetsom; for in old days, before they set up these
+landmarks, the wreckers, it is said, used freely to fall foul of and
+slay one another. Here was a rich treasure trove, of beds and boxes     14
+numberless, with a mass of written books, and all the various things
+which mariners carry in their wooden chests. Having reduced this
+district, they turned round and went back again. By this time the army
+of Seuthes had grown to be considerably larger than the Hellenic army;
+for on the one hand, the Odrysians flocked down in still larger
+numbers, and on the other, the tribes which gave in their adhesion
+from time to time were amalgamated with his armament. They got into
+quarters on the flat country above Selybria at about three miles (5)
+distance from the sea. As to pay, not a penny was as yet forthcoming,
+and the soldiers were cruelly disaffected to Xenophon, whilst Seuthes,
+on his side, was no longer so friendlily disposed. If Xenophon ever
+wished to come face to face with him, want of leisure or some other
+difficulty always seemed to present itself.
+
+ (3) Or, "the Melinophagi."
+
+ (4) See, for a description of this savage coast, Aesch. "Prom." vinc.
+    726, etc.--
+
+"{trakheia pontou Salmudesia gnathos
+ekhthroxenos nautaisi, metruia neon.}"
+
+"The rugged Salmudesian jaw of the Black Sea,
+Inhospitable to sailors, stepmother of ships."
+
+But the poet is at fault in his geography, since he connects "the
+Salmydesian jaw" with the Thermodon.
+
+ (5) Lit. "thirty stades." Selybria is about fourty-four miles from
+    Byzantium, two-thirds of the way to Perinthus.
+
+
+
+
+VI
+
+At this date, when nearly two months had already passed, an embassy     1
+arrived. These were two agents from Thibron--Charminus, a
+Lacedaemonian, and Polynicus. They were sent to say that the
+Lacedaemonians had resolved to open a campaign against Tissaphernes,
+and that Thibron, who had set sail to conduct the war, was anxious to
+avail himself of the troops. He could guarantee that each soldier
+should receive a daric a month as pay, the officers double pay, and
+the generals quadruple. The Lacedaemonian emissaries had no sooner
+arrived than Heracleides, having learnt that they had come in search
+of the Hellenic troops, goes off himself to Seuthes and says: "The
+best thing that could have happened; the Lacedaemonians want these
+troops and you have done with them, so that if you hand over the
+troops to them, you will do the Lacedaemonians a good turn and will
+cease to be bothered for pay any more. The country will be quit of
+them once and for ever."
+
+On hearing this Seuthes bade him introduce the emissaries. As soon as
+they had stated that the object of their coming was to treat for the
+Hellenic troops, he replied that he would willingly give them up, that
+his one desire was to be the friend and ally of Lacedaemon. So he
+invited them to partake of hospitality, and entertained them            3
+magnificently; but he did not invite Xenophon, nor indeed any of the
+other generals. Presently the Lacedaemonians asked: "What sort of man
+is Xenophon?" and Seuthes answered: "Not a bad fellow in most
+respects; but he is too much the soldiers' friend; and that is why it
+goes ill with him." They asked: "Does he play the popular leader?" and
+Heracleides answered: "Exactly so." "Well then," said they, "he will
+oppose our taking away the troops, will he not?" "To be sure he will,"
+said Heracleides; "but you have only to call a meeting of the whole
+body, and promise them pay, and little further heed will they pay to
+him; they will run off with you." "How then are we to get them
+collected?" they asked. "Early to-morrow," said Heracleides, "we will
+bring you to them; and I know," he added once more, "as soon as they
+set eyes on you, they will flock to you with alacrity." Thus the day
+ended.
+
+The next day Seuthes and Heracleides brought the two Laconian agents
+to the army, and the troops were collected, and the agents made a
+statement as follows: "The Lacedaemonians have resolved on war with
+Tissaphernes, who did you so much wrong. By going with us therefore
+you will punish your enemy, and each of you will get a daric a month,
+the officers twice that sum, and the generals quadruple." The soldiers
+lent willing ears, and up jumped one of the Arcadians at once, to find
+fault with Xenophon. Seuthes also was hard by, wishing to know what
+was going to happen. He stood within ear shot, and his interpreter by
+his side; not but what he could understand most of what was said in
+Greek himself. At this point the Arcadian spoke: "For the matter of
+that, Lacedaemonians, we should have been by your sides long ago, if
+Xenophon had not persuaded us and brought us hither. We have never
+ceased campaigning, night and day, the dismal winter through, but he
+reaps the fruit of our toils. Seuthes has enriched him privately, but
+deprives us of our honest earnings; so that, standing here as I do to
+address you first, all I can say is, that if I might see the fellow
+stoned to death as a penalty for all the long dance he has led us, I    10
+should feel I had got my pay in full, and no longer grudge the pains
+we have undergone." The speaker was followed by another and then
+another in the same strain; and after that Xenophon made the following
+speech:--
+
+"True is the old adage; there is nothing which mortal man may not
+expect to see. Here am I being accused by you to-day, just where my
+conscience tells me that I have displayed the greatest zeal on your
+behalf. Was I not actually on my road home when I turned back? Not,
+God knows, because I learned that you were in luck's way, but because
+I heard that you were in sore straits, and I wished to help you, if in
+any way I could. I returned, and Seuthes yonder sent me messenger
+after messenger, and made me promise upon promise, if only I could
+persuade you to come to him. Yet, as you yourselves will bear me
+witness, I was not to be diverted. Instead of setting my hand to do
+that, I simply led you to a point from which, with least loss of time,
+I thought you could cross into Asia. This I believed was the best
+thing for you, and you I knew desired it.
+
+"But when Aristarchus came with his ships of war and hindered our
+passage across, you will hardly quarrel with me for the step I then
+took in calling you together that we might advisedly consider our best
+course. Having heard both sides--first Aristarchus, who ordered you to
+march to the Chersonese, then Seuthes, who pleaded with you to
+undertake a campaign with himself--you all proposed to go with
+Seuthes; and you all gave your votes to that effect. What wrong did I
+commit in bringing you, whither you were eager to go? If, indeed,
+since the time when Seuthes began to tell lies and cheat us about the
+pay, I have supported him in this, you may justly find fault with me
+and hate me. But if I, who at first was most of all his friend, to-day
+am more than any one else at variance with him, how can I, who have
+chosen you and rejected Seuthes, in fairness be blamed by you for the
+very thing which has been the ground of quarrel between him and me?
+But you will tell me, perhaps, that I get from Seuthes what is by
+right yours, and that I deal subtly by you? But is it not clear that,
+if Seuthes has paid me anything, he has at any rate not done so with    16
+the intention of losing by what he gives me, whilst he is still your
+debtor? If he gave to me, he gave in order that, by a small gift to
+me, he might escape a larger payment to yourselves. But if that is
+what you really think has happened, you can render this whole scheme
+of ours null and void in an instant by exacting from him the money
+which is your due. It is clear, Seuthes will demand back from me
+whatever I have got from him, and he will have all the more right to
+do so, if I have failed to secure for him what he bargained for when I
+took his gifts. But indeed, I am far removed from enjoying what is
+yours, and I swear to you by all the gods and goddesses that I have
+not taken even what Seuthes promised me in private. He is present
+himself and listening, and he is aware in his own heart whether I
+swear falsely. And what will surprise you the more, I can swear
+besides, that I have not received even what the other generals have
+received, no, nor yet what some of the officers have received. But how
+so? why have I managed my affairs no better? I thought, sirs, the more
+I helped him to bear his poverty at the time, the more I should make
+him my friend in the day of his power. Whereas, it is just when I see
+the star of his good fortune rising, that I have come to divine the
+secret of his character.
+
+"Some one may say, are you not ashamed to be so taken in like a fool?
+Yes, I should be ashamed, if it had been an open enemy who had so
+deceived me. But, to my mind, when friend cheats friend, a deeper
+stain attaches to the perpetrator than to the victim of deceit.
+Whatever precaution a man may take against his friend, that we took in
+full. We certainly gave him no pretext for refusing to pay us what he
+promised. We were perfectly upright in our dealings with him. We did
+not dawdle over his affairs, nor did we shrink from any work to which
+he challenged us.
+
+"But you will say, I ought to have taken security of him at the time,
+so that had he fostered the wish, he might have lacked the ability to
+deceive. To meet that retort, I must beg you to listen to certain
+things, which I should never have said in his presence, except for
+your utter want of feeling towards me, or your extraordinary
+ingratitude. Try and recall the posture of your affairs, when I         24
+extricated you and brought you to Seuthes. Do you not recollect how at
+Perinthus Aristarchus shut the gates in your faces each time you
+offered to approach the town, and how you were driven to camp outside
+under the canopy of heaven? It was midwinter; you were thrown upon the
+resources of a market wherein few were the articles offered for sale,
+and scanty the wherewithal to purchase them. Yet stay in Thrace you
+must, for there were ships of war riding at anchor in the bay, ready
+to hinder your passage across; and what did that stay imply? It meant
+being in a hostile country, confronted by countless cavalry, legions
+of light infantry. And what had we? A heavy infantry force certainly,
+with which we could have dashed at villages in a body possibly, and
+seized a modicum of food at most; but as to pursuing the enemy with
+such a force as ours, or capturing men or cattle, the thing was out of
+the question; for when I rejoined you your original cavalry and light
+infantry divisions had disappeared. In such sore straits you lay!
+
+"Supposing that, without making any demands for pay whatever, I had
+merely won for you the alliance of Seuthes--whose cavalry and light
+infantry were just what you needed--would you not have thought that I
+had planned very well for you? I presume, it was through your
+partnership with him and his that you were able to find such complete
+stores of corn in the villages, when the Thracians were driven to take
+to their heels in such hot haste, and you had so large a share of
+captives and cattle. Why! from the day on which his cavalry force was
+attached to us, we never set eyes on a single foeman in the field,
+though up to that date the enemy with his cavalry and his light
+infantry used undauntedly to hang on our heels, and effectually
+prevented us from scattering in small bodies and reaping a rich
+harvest of provisions. But if he who partly gave you this security has
+failed to pay in full the wages due to you therefrom, is not that a
+terrible misfortune? So monstrous indeed that you think I ought not to
+go forth alive (1).
+
+ (1) I.e. the fate of a scape-goat is too good for me.
+
+"But let me ask you, in what condition do you turn your backs on this   31
+land to-day? Have you not wintered here in the lap of plenty? Whatever
+you have got from Seuthes has been surplus gain. Your enemies have had
+to meet the bill of your expenses, whilst you led a merry round of
+existence, in which you have not once set eyes on the dead body of a
+comrade or lost one living man. Again, if you have achieved any, (or
+rather many) noble deeds against the Asiatic barbarian, you have them
+safe. And in addition to these to-day you have won for yourselves a
+second glory. You undertook a campaign against the European Thracians,
+and have mastered them. What I say then is, that these very matters
+which you make a ground of quarrel against myself, are rather
+blessings for which you ought to show gratitude to heaven.
+
+"Thus far I have confined myself to your side of the matter. Bear with
+me, I beg you, while we examine mine. When I first essayed to part
+with you and journey homewards, I was doubly blest. From your lips I
+had won some praise, and, thanks to you, I had obtained glory from the
+rest of Hellas. I was trusted by the Lacedaemonians; else would they
+not have sent me back to you. Whereas to-day I turn to go, calumniated
+before the Lacedaemonians by yourselves, detested in your behalf by
+Seuthes, whom I meant so to benefit, by help of you, that I should
+find in him a refuge for myself and for my children, if children I
+might have, in after time. And you the while, for whose sake I have
+incurred so much hate, the hate of people far superior to me in
+strength, you, for whom I have not yet ceased to devise all the good I
+can, entertain such sentiments about me. Why? I am no renegade or
+runaway slave, you have got hold of. If you carry out what you say, be
+sure you will have done to death a man who has passed many a vigil in
+watching over you; who has shared with you many a toil and run many a
+risk in turn and out of turn; who, thanks to the gracious gods! has by
+your side set up full many a trophy over the barbarian; who, lastly,
+has strained every nerve in his body to protect you against
+yourselves. And so it is, that to-day you can move freely, where you
+choose, by sea or by land, and no one can say you nay; and you, on      37
+whom this large liberty dawns, who are sailing to a long desired goal,
+who are sought after by the greatest of military powers, who have pay
+in prospect, and for leaders these Lacedaemonians, our acknowledged
+chiefs: now is the appointed time, you think, to put me to a speedy
+death. But in the days of our difficulties it was very different, O ye
+men of marvellous memory! No! in those days you called me 'father!'
+and you promised you would bear me ever in mind, 'your benefactor.'
+Not so, however, not so ungracious are those who have come to you
+to-day; nor, if I mistake not, have you bettered yourselves in their
+eyes by your treatment of me."
+
+With these words he paused, and Charminus the Lacedaemonian got up and
+said: "Nay, by the Twins, you are wrong, surely, in your anger against
+this man; I myself can bear testimony in his favour. When Polynicus
+and I asked Seuthes, what sort of a man he was? Seuthes answered:--he
+had but one fault to find with him, that he was too much the soldiers'
+friend, which also was the cause why things went wrong with him,
+whether as regards us Lacedaemonians or himself, Seuthes."
+
+Upon that Eurylochus of Lusia, an Arcadian, got up and said
+(addressing the two Lacedaemonians), "Yes, sirs; and what strikes me
+is that you cannot begin your generalship of us better than by
+exacting from Seuthes our pay. Whether he like it or no, let him pay
+in full; and do not take us away before."
+
+Polycrates the Athenian, who was put forward by Xenophon, said: "If my
+eyes do not deceive me, sirs, there stands Heracleides, yonder, the
+man who received the property won by our toil, who took and sold it,
+and never gave back either to Seuthes or to us the proceeds of the
+sale, but kept the money to himself, like the thief he is. If we are
+wise, we will lay hold of him, for he is no Thracian, but a Hellene;
+and against Hellenes is the wrong he has committed."
+
+When Heracleides heard these words, he was in great consternation; so
+he came to Seuthes and said: "If we are wise we will get away from
+here out of reach of these fellows." So they mounted their horses and
+were gone in a trice, galloping to their own camp. Subsequently         42
+Seuthes sent Abrozelmes, his private interpreter, to Xenophon, begging
+him to stay behind with one thousand heavy troops; and engaging duly
+to deliver to him the places on the seaboard, and the other things
+which he had promised; and then, as a great secret, he told him, that
+he had heard from Polynicus that if he once got into the clutches of
+the Lacedaemonians, Thibron was certain to put him to death. Similar
+messages kept coming to Xenophon by letter or otherwise from several
+quarters, warning him that he was calumniated, and had best be on his
+guard. Hearing which, he took two victims and sacrificed to Zeus the
+King: "Whether it were better and happier to stay with Seuthes on the
+terms proposed, or depart with the army?" The answer he received was,
+"Depart."
+
+
+
+
+VII
+
+After this, Seuthes removed his camp to some considerable distance;     1
+and the Hellenes took up their quarters in some villages, selecting
+those in which they could best supply their commissariat, on the road
+to the sea. Now these particular villages had been given by Seuthes to
+Medosades. Accordingly, when the latter saw his property in the
+villages being expended by the Hellenes, he was not over well pleased;
+and taking with him an Odrysian, a powerful person amongst those who
+had come down from the interior, and about thirty mounted troopers, he
+came and challenged Xenophon to come forth from the Hellenic host. He,
+taking some of the officers and others of a character to be relied
+upon, came forward. Then Medosades, addressing Xenophon, said: "You
+are doing wrong to pillage our villages; we give you fair warning--I,
+in behalf of Seuthes, and this man by my side, who comes from Medocus,
+the king up country--to begone out of the land. If you refuse,
+understand, we have no notion of handing it over to you; but if you
+injure our country we will retaliate upon you as foes."
+
+Xenophon, hearing what they had to say, replied: "Such language
+addressed to us by you, of all people, is hard to answer. Yet for the
+sake of the young man with you, I will attempt to do so, that at least
+he may learn how different your nature is from ours. We," he
+continued, "before we were your friends, had the free run of this
+country, moving this way or that, as it took our fancy, pillaging and   5
+burning just as we chose; and you yourself, Medosades, whenever you
+came to us on an embassy, camped with us, without apprehension of any
+foe. As a tribe collectively you scarcely approached the country at
+all, or if you found yourselves in it, you bivouacked with your horses
+bitted and bridled, as being in the territory of your superiors.
+Presently you made friends with us, and, thanks to us, by God's help
+you have won this country, out of which to-day you seek to drive us; a
+country which we held by our own strength and gave to you. No hostile
+force, as you well know, was capable of expelling us. It might have
+been expected of you personally to speed us on our way with some gift,
+in return for the good we did you. Not so; even though our backs are
+turned to go, we are too slow in our movements for you. You will not
+suffer us to take up quarters even, if you can help it, and these
+words arouse no shame in you, either before the gods, or this
+Odrysian, in whose eyes to-day you are man of means, though until you
+cultivated our friendship you lived a robber's life, as you have told
+us. However, why do you address yourself to me? I am no longer in
+command. Our generals are the Lacedaemonians, to whom you and yours
+delivered the army for withdrawal; and that, without even inviting me
+to attend, you most marvellous of men, so that if I lost their favour
+when I brought you the troops, I might now win their gratitude by
+restoring them."
+
+As soon as the Odrysian had heard this statement, he exclaimed: "For
+my part, Medosades, I sink under the earth for very shame at what I
+hear. If I had known the truth before, I would never have accompanied
+you. As it is, I return at once. Never would King Medocus applaud me,
+if I drove forth his benefactors." With these words, he mounted his
+horse and rode away, and with him the rest of his horsemen, except
+four or five. But Medosades, still vexed by the pillaging of the
+country, urged Xenophon to summon the two Lacedaemonians; and he,
+taking the pick of his men, came to Charminus and Polynicus and
+informed them that they were summoned by Medosades; probably they,
+like himself, would be warned to leave the country; "if so," he added,  14
+"you will be able to recover the pay which is owing to the army. You
+can say to them, that the army has requested you to assist in exacting
+their pay from Seuthes, whether he like it or not; that they have
+promised, as soon as they get this, cheerfully to follow you; that the
+demand seems to you to be only just, and that you have accordingly
+promised not to leave, until the soldiers have got their dues." The
+Lacedaemonians accepted the suggestion: they would apply these
+arguments and others the most forcible they could hit upon; and with
+the proper representatives of the army, they immediately set off.
+
+On their arrival Charminus spoke: "If you have anything to say to us,
+Medosades, say it; but if not, we have something to say to you." And
+Medosades submissively made answer: "I say," said he, "and Seuthes
+says the same: we think we have a right to ask that those who have
+become our friends should not be ill-treated by you; whatever ill you
+do to them you really do to us, for they are a part of us." "Good!"
+replied the Lacedaemonians, "and we intend to go away as soon as those
+who won for you the people and the territory in question have got
+their pay. Failing that, we are coming without further delay to assist
+them and to punish certain others who have broken their oaths and done
+them wrong. If it should turn out that you come under this head, when
+we come to exact justice, we shall begin with you." Xenophon added:
+"Would you prefer, Medosades, to leave it to these people themselves,
+in whose country we are (your friends, since this is the designation
+you prefer), to decide by ballot, which of the two should leave the
+country, you or we?" To that proposal he shook his head, but he
+trusted the two Laconians might be induced to go to Seuthes about the
+pay, adding, "Seuthes, I am sure, will lend a willing ear;" or if they
+could not go, then he prayed them to send Xenophon with himself,
+promising to lend the latter all the aid in his power, and finally he
+begged them not to burn the villages. Accordingly they sent Xenophon,
+and with him a serviceable staff. Being arrived, he addressed Seuthes
+thus:--
+
+"Seuthes, I am here to advance no claims, but to show you, if I can,    21
+how unjust it was on your part to be angered with me because I
+zealously demanded of you on behalf of the soldiers what you promised
+them. According to my belief, it was no less to your interest to
+deliver it up, than it was to theirs to receive it. I cannot forget
+that, next to the gods, it was they who raised you up to a conspicuous
+eminence, when they made you king of large territory and many men, a
+position in which you cannot escape notice, whether you do good or do
+evil. For a man so circumstanced, I regarded it as a great thing that
+he should avoid the suspicion even of ungrateful parting with his
+benefactors. It was a great thing, I thought, that you should be well
+spoken of by six thousand human beings; but the greatest thing of all,
+that you should in no wise discredit the sincerity of your own word.
+For what of the man who cannot be trusted? I see that the words of his
+mouth are but vain words, powerless, and unhonoured; but with him who
+is seen to regard truth, the case is otherwise. He can achieve by his
+words what another achieves by force. If he seeks to bring the foolish
+to their senses--his very frown, I perceive, has a more sobering
+effect than the chastisement inflicted by another. Or in negotiations
+the very promises of such an one are of equal weight with the gifts of
+another.
+
+"Try and recall to mind in your own case, what advance of money you
+made to us to purchase our alliance. You know you did not advance one
+penny. It was simply confidence in the sincerity of your word which
+incited all these men to assist you in your campaign, and so to
+acquire for you an empire, worth many times more than thirty talents,
+which is all they now claim to receive. Here then, first of all, goes
+the credit which won for you your kingdom, sold for so mean a sum. Let
+me remind you of the great importance which you then attached to the
+acquisition of your present conquests. I am certain that to achieve
+what stands achieved to-day, you would willingly have foregone the
+gain of fifty times that paltry sum. To me it seems that to lose your
+present fortune were a more serious loss than never to have won it;
+since surely it is harder to be poor after being rich than never to     28
+have tasted wealth at all, and more painful to sink to the level of a
+subject, being a king, then never to have worn a crown.
+
+"You cannot forget that your present vassals were not persuaded to
+become your subjects out of love for you, but by sheer force; and but
+for some restraining dread they would endeavour to be free again
+to-morrow. And how do you propose to stimulate their sense of awe, and
+keep them in good behaviour towards you? Shall they see our soldiers
+so disposed towards you that a word on your part would suffice to keep
+them now, or if necessary would bring them back again to-morrow? while
+others hearing from us a hundred stories in your praise, hasten to
+present themselves at your desire? Or will you drive them to conclude
+adversely, that through mistrust of what has happened now, no second
+set of soldiers will come to help you, for even these troops of ours
+are more their friends than yours? And indeed it was not because they
+fell short of us in numbers that they became your subjects, but from
+lack of proper leaders. There is a danger, therefore, now lest they
+should choose as their protectors some of us who regard ourselves as
+wronged by you, or even better men than us--the Lacedaemonians
+themselves; supposing our soldiers undertake to serve with more
+enthusiasm, if the debt you owe to them be first exacted; and the
+Lacedaemonians, who need their services, consent to this request. It
+is plain, at any rate, that the Thracians, now prostrate at your feet,
+would display far more enthusiasm in attacking, than in assisting you;
+for your mastery means their slavery, and your defeat their liberty.
+
+"Again, the country is now yours, and from this time forward you have
+to make provision for what is yours; and how will you best secure it
+an immunity from ill? Either these soldiers receive their dues and go,
+leaving a legacy of peace behind, or they stay and occupy an enemy's
+country, whilst you endeavour, by aid of a still larger army, to open
+a new campaign and turn them out; and your new troops will also need
+provisions. Or again, which will be the greater drain on your purse?
+to pay off your present debt, or, with that still owing, to bid for
+more troops, and of a better quality?
+
+"Heracleides, as he used to prove to me, finds the sum excessive. But   35
+surely it is a far less serious thing for you to take and pay it back
+to-day than it would have been to pay the tithe of it, before we came
+to you; since the limit between less and more is no fixed number, but
+depends on the relative capacity of payer and recipient, and your
+yearly income now is larger than the whole property which you
+possessed in earlier days.
+
+"Well, Seuthes, for myself these remarks are the expression of
+friendly forethought for a friend. They are expressed in the double
+hope that you may show yourself worthy of the good things which the
+gods have given you, and that my reputation may not be ruined with the
+army. For I must assure you that to-day, if I wished to injure a foe,
+I could not do so with this army. Nor again, if I wished to come and
+help you, should I be competent to the task; such is the disposition
+of the troops towards me. And yet I call you to witness, along with
+the gods who know, that never have I received anything from you on
+account of the soldiers. Never to this day have I, to my private gain,
+asked for what was theirs, nor even claimed the promises which were
+made to myself; and I swear to you, not even had you proposed to pay
+me my dues, would I have accepted them, unless the soldiers also had
+been going to receive theirs too; how could I? How shameful it would
+have been in me, so to have secured my own interests, whilst I
+disregarded the disastrous state of theirs, I being so honoured by
+them. Of course to the mind of Heracleides this is all silly talk;
+since the one great object is to keep money by whatever means. That is
+not my tenet, Seuthes. I believe that no fairer or brighter jewel can
+be given to a man, and most of all a prince, than the threefold grace
+of valour, justice, and generosity. He that possesses these is rich in
+the multitude of friends which surround him; rich also in the desire
+of others to be included in their number. While he prospers, he is
+surrounded by those who will rejoice with him in his joy; or if
+misfortune overtake him, he has no lack of sympathisers to give him
+help. However, if you have failed to learn from my deeds that I was,
+heart and soul, your friend; if my words are powerless to reveal the
+fact to-day, I would at least direct your attention to what the         43
+soldiers said; you were standing by and heard what those who sought to
+blame me said. They accused me to the Lacedaemonians, and the point of
+their indictment was that I set greater store by yourself than by the
+Lacedaemonians; but, as regards themselves, the charge was that I took
+more pains to secure the success of your interests than their own.
+They suggested that I had actually taken gifts from you. Was it, do
+you suppose, because they detected some ill-will in me towards you
+that they made the allegation? Was it not rather, that they had
+noticed my abundant zeal on your behalf?
+
+"All men believe, I think, that a fund of kindly feeling is due to him
+from whom we accept gifts. But what is your behaviour? Before I had
+ministered to you in any way, or done you a single service, you
+welcomed me kindly with your eyes, your voice, your hospitality, and
+you could not sate yourself with promises of all the fine things that
+were to follow. But having once achieved your object, and become the
+great man you now are, as great indeed as I could make you, you can
+stand by and see me degraded among my own soldiers! Well, time will
+teach you--that I fully believe--to pay whatever seems to you right,
+and even without the lessons of that teacher you will hardly care to
+see whose who have spent themselves in benefiting you, become your
+accusers. Only, when you do pay your debt, I beg of you to use your
+best endeavour to right me with the soldiers. Leave me at least where
+you found me; that is all I ask."
+
+After listening to this appeal, Seuthes called down curses on him,
+whose fault it was, that the debt had not long ago been paid, and, if
+the general suspicion was correct, this was Heracleides. "For myself,"
+said Seuthes, "I never had any idea of robbing you of your just dues.
+I will repay." Then Xenophon rejoined: "Since you are minded to pay, I
+only ask that you will do so through me, and will not suffer me on
+your account to hold a different position in the army from what I held
+when we joined you." He replied: "As far as that goes, so far from
+holding a less honoured position among your own men on my account, if
+you will stay with me, keeping only a thousand heavy infantry, I will
+deliver to you the fortified places and everything I promised." The
+other answered: "On these terms I may not accept them, only let us go   51
+free." "Nay, but I know," said Seuthes, "that it is safer for you to
+bide with me than to go away." Then Xenophon again: "For your
+forethought I thank you, but I may not stay. Somewhere I may rise to
+honour, and that, be sure, shall redound to your gain also." Thereupon
+Seuthes spoke: "Of silver I have but little; that little, however, I
+give to you, one talent; but of beeves I can give you six hundred
+head, and of sheep four thousand, and of slaves six score. These take,
+and the hostages besides, who wronged you, and begone." Xenophon
+laughed and said: "But supposing these all together do not amount to
+the pay; for whom is the talent, shall I say? It is a little dangerous
+for myself, is it not? I think I had better be on the look-out for
+stones when I return. You heard the threats?"
+
+So for the moment he stayed there, but the next day Seuthes gave up to
+them what he had promised, and sent an escort to drive the cattle. The
+soldiers at first maintained that Xenophon had gone to take up his
+abode with Seuthes, and to receive what he had been promised; so when
+they saw him they were pleased, and ran to meet him. And Xenophon,
+seeing Charminus and Polynicus, said: "Thanks to your intervention,
+this much has been saved for the army. My duty is to deliver this
+fraction over to your keeping; do you divide and distribute it to the
+soldiers." Accordingly they took the property and appointed official
+vendors of the booty, and in the end incurred considerable blame.
+Xenophon held aloof. In fact it was no secret that he was making his
+preparations to return home, for as yet the vote of banishment had not
+been passed at Athens (1). But the authorities in the camp came to him
+and begged him not to go away until he had conducted the army to its
+destination, and handed it over to Thibron.
+
+ (1) I.e. "at this moment the vote of banishment had not been passed
+    which would prevent his return to Athens." The natural inference
+    from these words is, I think, that the vote of banishment was
+    presently passed, at any rate considerably earlier than the battle
+    of Coronea in B.C. 394, five years and a half afterwards.
+
+
+
+
+VIII
+
+From this place they sailed across to Lampsacus, and here Xenophon was  1
+met by Eucleides the soothsayer, a Phliasian, the son of Cleagoras,
+who painted "the dreams (1)" in the Lycium. Eucleides congratulated
+Xenophon upon his safe return, and asked him how much gold he had got?
+and Xenophon had to confess: "Upon my word, I shall have barely enough
+to get home, unless I sell my horse, and what I have about my person."
+The other could not credit the statement. Now when the Lampsacenes
+sent gifts of hospitality to Xenophon, and he was sacrificing to
+Apollo, he requested the presence of Eucleides; and the latter, seeing
+the victims, said: "Now I believe what you said about having no money.
+But I am certain," he continued, "if it were ever to come, there is an
+obstacle in the way. If nothing else, you are that obstacle yourself."
+Xenophon admitted the force of that remark. Then the other: "Zeus
+Meilichios (2) is an obstacle to you, I am sure," adding in another
+tone of voice, "have you tried sacrificing to that god, as I was wont
+to sacrifice and offer whole burnt offerings for you at home?"
+Xenophon replied that since he had been abroad, he had not sacrificed
+to that god. Accordingly Eucleides counselled him to sacrifice in the
+old customary way: he was sure that his fortune would improve. The
+next day Xenophon went on to Ophrynium and sacrificed, offering a
+holocaust of swine, after the custom of his family, and the signs
+which he obtained were favourable. That very day Bion and Nausicleides
+arrived laden with gifts for the army. These two were hospitably
+entertained by Xenophon, and were kind enough to repurchase the horse
+he had sold in Lampsacus for fifty darics; suspecting that he had
+parted with it out of need, and hearing that he was fond of the beast
+they restored it to him, refusing to be remunerated.
+
+ (1) Reading {ta enupnia}, or if {ta entoikhia} with Hug and others,
+    translate "the wall-paintings" or the "frescoes." Others think
+    that a writing, not a painting, is referred to.
+
+ (2) Zeus Meilichios, or the gentle one. See Thuc. i. 126. The festival
+    of the Diasia at Athens was in honour of that god, or rather of
+    Zeus under that aspect. Cf. Arist. "Clouds," 408.
+
+From that place they marched through the Troad, and, crossing Mount
+Ida, arrived at Antandrus, and then pushed along the seaboard of Mysia
+to the plain of Thebe (3). Thence they made their way through            8
+Adramytium and Certonus (4) by Atarneus, coming into the plain of the
+Caicus, and so reached Pergamus in Mysia.
+
+ (3) Thebe, a famous ancient town in Mysia, at the southern foot of Mt.
+    Placius, which is often mentioned in Homer ("Il." i. 366, vi. 397,
+    xxii. 479, ii. 691). See "Dict. Geog." s.v. The name {Thebes
+    pedion} preserves the site. Cf. above {Kaustrou pedion}, and such
+    modern names as "the Campagna" or "Piano di Sorrento."
+
+ (4) The site of Certonus is not ascertained. Some critics have
+    conjectured that the name should be Cytonium, a place between
+    Mysia and Lydia; and Hug, who reads {Kutoniou}, omits {odeusantes
+    par 'Atanea}, "they made their way by Atarneus," as a gloss.
+
+Here Xenophon was hospitably entertained at the house of Hellas, the
+wife of Gongylus the Eretrian (5), the mother of Gorgion and Gongylus.
+From her he learnt that Asidates, a Persian notable, was in the plain.
+"If you take thirty men and go by night, you will take him prisoner,"
+she said, "wife, children, money, and all; of money he has a store;"
+and to show them the way to these treasures, she sent her own cousin
+and Daphnagoras, whom she set great store by. So then Xenophon, with
+these two to assist, did sacrifice; and Basias, an Eleian, the
+soothsayer in attendance, said that the victims were as promising as
+could be, and the great man would be an easy prey. Accordingly, after
+dinner he set off, taking with him the officers who had been his
+staunchest friends and confidants throughout; as he wished to do them
+a good turn. A number of others came thrusting themselves on their
+company, to the number of six hundred, but the officers repelled them:
+"They had no notion of sharing their portion of the spoil," they said,
+"just as though the property lay already at their feet."
+
+ (5) Cf. Thuc. i. 128; also "Hell." III. i. 6.
+
+About midnight they arrived. The slaves occupying the precincts of the
+tower, with the mass of goods and chattles, slipped through their
+fingers, their sole anxiety being to capture Asidates and his
+belongings. So they brought their batteries to bear, but failing to
+take the tower by assault (since it was high and solid, and well
+supplied with ramparts, besides having a large body of warlike
+defenders), they endeavoured to undermine it. The wall was eight clay
+bricks thick, but by daybreak the passage was effected and the wall
+undermined. At the first gleam of light through the aperture, one of    14
+the defendants inside, with a large ox-spit, smote right through the
+thigh of the man nearest the hole, and the rest discharged their
+arrows so hotly that it was dangerous to come anywhere near the
+passage; and what with their shouting and kindling of beacon fires, a
+relief party at length arrived, consisting of Itabelius at the head of
+his force, and a body of Assyrian heavy infantry from Comania, and
+some Hyrcanian cavalry (6), the latter also being mercenaries of the
+king. There were eighty of them, and another detachment of light
+troops, about eight hundred, and more from Parthenium, and more again
+from Apollonia and the neighbouring places, also cavalry.
+
+ (6) The Hyrcanian cavalry play an important part in the "Cyropaedeia."
+    They are the Scirites of the Assyrian army who came over to Cyrus
+    after the first battle. Their country is the fertile land touching
+    the south-eastern corner of the Caspian. Cf. "Cyrop." IV. ii. 8,
+    where the author (or an editor) appends a note on the present
+    status of the Hyrcanians.
+
+It was now high time to consider how they were to beat a retreat. So
+seizing all the cattle and sheep to be had, with the slaves, they put
+them within a hollow square and proceed to drive them off. Not that
+they had a thought to give to the spoils now, but for precaution's
+sake and for fear lest if they left the goods and chattels behind and
+made off, the retreat would rapidly degenerate into a stampede, the
+enemy growing bolder as the troops lost heart. For the present then
+they retired as if they meant to do battle for the spoils. As soon as
+Gongylus espied how few the Hellenes were and how large the attacking
+party, out he came himself, in spite of his mother, with his private
+force, wishing to share in the action. Another too joined in the
+rescue--Procles, from Halisarna and Teuthrania, a descendant of
+Damaratus. By this time Xenophon and his men were being sore pressed
+by the arrows and slingstones, though they marched in a curve so as to
+keep their shields facing the missiles, and even so, barely crossed the
+river Carcasus, nearly half of them wounded. Here it was that Agasias
+the Stymphalian, the captain, received his wound, while keeping up a
+steady unflagging fight against the enemy from beginning to end. And
+so they reached home in safety with about two hundred captives, and
+sheep enough for sacrifices.
+
+The next day Xenophon sacrificed and led out the whole army under the   20
+cover of night, intending to pierce far into the heart of Lydia with a
+view to lulling to sleep the enemy's alarm at his proxmity, and so in
+fact to put him off his guard. But Asidates, hearing that Xenophon had
+again sacrificed with the intention of another attack, and was
+approaching with his whole army, left his tower and took up quarters
+in some villages lying under the town of Parthenium. Here Xenophon's
+party fell in with him, and took him prisoner, with his wife, his
+children, his horses, and all that he had; and so the promise of the
+earlier victims was literally fulfilled. After that they returned
+again to Pergamus, and here Xenophon might well thank God with a warm
+heart, for the Laconians, the officers, the other generals, and the
+soldiers as a body united to give him the pick of horses and cattle
+teams, and the rest; so that he was now in a position himself to do
+another a good turn.
+
+Meanwhile Thibron arrived and received the troops which he
+incorporated with the rest of his Hellenic forces, and so proceeded to
+prosecute a war against Tissaphernes and Pharnabazus (7).
+
+ (7) The MSS. add: "The following is a list of the governors of the
+    several territories of the king which were traversed by us during
+    the expedition: Artimas, governor of Lydia; Artacamas, of Phrygia;
+    Mithridates, of Lycaonia and Cappadocia; Syennesis, of Cilicia;
+    Dernes, of Phoenicia and Arabia; Belesys, of Syria and Assyria;
+    Rhoparas, of Babylon; Arbacus, of Media; Tiribazus, of the
+    Phasians and Hesperites. Then some independent tribes--the
+    Carduchians or Kurds, and Chalybes, and Chaldaeans, and Macrones,
+    and Colchians, and Mossynoecians, and Coetians, and Tibarenians.
+    Then Corylas, the governor of Paphlagonia; Pharnabazus, of the
+    Bithynians; Seuthes, of the European Thracians. The entire
+    journey, ascent and descent, consisted of two hundred and fifteen
+    stages = one thousand one hundred and fifty-five parasangs =
+    thirty-four thousand six hundred and fifty stades. Computed in
+    time, the length of ascent and descent together amounted to one
+    year and three months." The annotator apparently computes the
+    distance from Ephesus to Cotyora.
+
+
+
+
+
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