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+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 11706 ***
+
+Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this
+      file which includes the original illustrations.
+      See 11706-h.htm or 11706-h.zip:
+      (http://www.ibiblio.org/gutenberg/1/1/7/0/11706/11706-h/11706-h.htm)
+      or
+      (http://www.ibiblio.org/gutenberg/1/1/7/0/11706/11706-h.zip)
+
+
+
+
+THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION.
+
+VOL. 20. No. 559]  SATURDAY, JULY 28, 1832.  [PRICE 2d.
+
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+OPORTO
+
+
+[Illustration: OPORTO.]
+
+Persons who are looking for "news from the seat of war" will probably
+hail the timely appearance of this Engraving, and regard it as folks
+sitting at a play do a drop-scene between the acts. The reader knows our
+pacific politics: we are of the pen, not of the sword; but we cannot be
+indifferent to a great political result, when
+
+  Old men, and beldams, in the streets
+  Do prophesy upon it.
+
+Oporto is a place of great commercial as well as political
+consideration. Thousands of Englishmen have a grateful recollection of
+the former importance upon their very lips. Its situation is one of
+great natural beauty. It is the largest city in Portugal, Lisbon
+excepted. It has been commonly said to owe its origin to the Romans;[1]
+but it appears, from the best authors, to have been founded about A.D.
+417 by the Suevi, who had established themselves in Braga and other
+parts of ancient Galicia, but who were driven by the Alani to the banks
+of the Douro, where they fortified themselves on the steep hill now
+occupied by the cathedral and the bishop's palace, and which is still
+distinguished by the appellation of the Cidade de Antiga.
+
+    [1] At Coimbra, about two days' journey from Oporto, is a Roman
+    bridge and aqueduct, nearly entire.
+
+The city occupies the north bank of the Douro, (anciently _Durius_,)
+about five miles from the mouth of the river, and the Atlantic Ocean.
+The approach from thence to Oporto is remarkably beautiful. The dangers
+of the bar, across the mouth of the river, once passed,[2] a succession
+of interesting objects present themselves on both sides, as we ascend
+towards the city. The little town of St. Joao da Foz stands on the north
+bank, close to the sea, and is the favourite resort of the wealthier
+inhabitants of Oporto during the violent heat of the summer. The river,
+immediately within the bar, expands into the appearance of a lake. A
+little higher up it is narrowed by two abrupt hills. That on the right
+terminates in a precipice of bright hard sandstone, descending so
+steeply to the water's edge, that but lately a road has been made from
+Oporto along the bank of the river, to St. Joao da Foz, by blasting and
+hewing down a sufficient portion of the rock. This height, from its
+precipitous sides, is called the Monte d'Arabida, and forms the western
+boundary of a lovely valley, opening upon the Douro, covered with the
+Quintas, or villas, of the wealthier inhabitants of the adjoining city.
+Most of the Quintas at the mouth of the river command delightful
+prospects of the Atlantic Ocean, and the splendid effects produced on
+these scenes at sunset, in this glowing climate, are almost
+indescribable. Some idea of its beauty may be formed by reference to
+Colonel Batty's view from this point.[3] The appearance of the Douro,
+with its numerous shipping, and the variety of interesting objects
+scattered on its cheerful banks, render this one of the most pleasing
+scenes in the circle of Oporto.
+
+    [2] The dangerous passage across the bar of the Douro, and its
+    shifting sands, are well known. The care and skill required to
+    navigate a vessel with safety into the Douro, even during the
+    summer, may give an idea of what the perils of this dangerous
+    bar must be during the winter months; when the coast is exposed
+    to the unbridled fury of the westerly winds, and to the full
+    force of the Atlantic waves.--_Portugal Illustrated, by the Rev.
+    W. Kinsey, B.D._
+
+    [3] See Select Views of Oporto. By Lieut. Col. Batty, F.R.S.,
+    the accuracy of which may be said to extend as far as pictorial
+    art can succeed in conveying foreign objects to our firesides.
+    We are indebted for our Engraving to this valuable work.
+
+To economize time and space we must quit this enchanting spot. Gondolas,
+like those at Venice, are used on the river, but will not suffice for
+our celerity. We must reach at once the point of our Engraving. The view
+is taken from Villa Nova, an important suburb of Oporto, on the opposite
+bank of the river. The city may be divided into the high and the low
+town. It contains, in a civil sense, five wards, or _bairros_, of which
+the Sé, or cathedral hill, and the Vittoria, or height opposite to the
+Sé, (and crowned by a church, which was founded in commemoration of a
+celebrated battle fought on the spot with the Moors, which terminated in
+their defeat and expulsion from the place,) form the town properly
+called Oporto; and it is possible still to trace the remains of the old
+wall, which formerly surrounded and defended the place. The three other
+quarters, San Idelfonso, Miragaya, and Villa Nova, are open. The latter
+is connected with the principal town by a bridge of boats, which is so
+badly constructed as to be scarcely able to sustain the violent power of
+the river when swelled by winter torrents. The Douro, like the Rhine and
+the Rhone, and all other rivers which flow through a rocky and often
+confined channel, commits at certain seasons the greatest ravages; and
+property to a considerable amount is annually lost at Oporto, by the
+irresistible force with which the river pours down and carries every
+thing before it. A bridge of granite has been long talked of to connect
+Villa Nova and Oporto, but the funds are not yet forthcoming, and the
+expense will be considerable.
+
+The Engraving represents the most ancient part of the city of Oporto. We
+are here directly fronting the bishop's palace, which, with the Sé, or
+Cathedral,[4] and buildings, to the left, occupy the crest of the hill.
+Further left is the steeple of the church dos Clerigos, said to be the
+loftiest in Portugal after that of Mafra. This tower is visible from the
+sea at a distance of ten leagues, and serves as an important landmark
+for ships steering to the mouth of the Douro. It was erected in the year
+1748, and is built entirely of the finest masonry, an art in which the
+Portuguese are almost unrivalled. On the summit of the hill to the
+right, touching the old walls and towers, is the convent of Santa Clara.
+Immediately below the Cathedral, the rocky steep has been cut into
+terraces, and laid out in gardens. The river is bordered by the old city
+wall. A noble street, the Rua Nova de St. Joao, is seen opening upon the
+quay on the left. Part of the bridge of boats appears on the right: it
+was first constructed in the year 1806, destroyed in 1809, but
+re-established in 1815. It was the scene of dreadful slaughter at the
+time the city was given up to pillage by the French. Some of the boats
+forming it had been destroyed, and many of the wretched inhabitants
+crowding to the bridge, in hopes of escaping from the enemy's sword were
+urged on by the affrighted multitude into the rapid stream, and thus
+perished. On the river, to the right and left, is seen a Portuguese
+coasting vessel, called Hyate; in the centre is a wine-boat of the
+Douro, with a raised platform for the steersman. The foreground of the
+view is the shore of Villa Nova, adjoining the quay. The chief article
+of export is wine;[5] and here is the grand depôt for this commodity,
+which is stowed in long, low buildings, called lodges.
+
+    [4] Here is the altar of wrought silver, which was fortunately
+    rescued from the hands of the French, when in possession of
+    Oporto.
+
+    [5] The annual average quantity of wine exported from Oporto to
+    Great Britain, was in the ten years, 1813-1822, 24,364 pipes,
+    and to all other parts of the world only 1,094 pipes per annum.
+    The quantity since 1822 has not materially altered.--_See a
+    Communication to vol. xv. of the Mirror_, p. 118.
+
+"On the quays," says Mr. Kinsey, "are seen fine blocks of granite,
+already converted into form, having their edges cased with wood, ready
+to be shipped off for buildings in Brazil, where it appears that no good
+stone, or, at least, so durable as this, can be procured;--pipe-staves
+from Memel,--flax and iron,--and occasionally coals from the north of
+England. There are generally at anchor in the river between Villa Nova
+and Oporto, Russian, Brazilian, English, American, Dutch, Danish, and
+some French vessels; but many of the latter nation are not to be found
+in the Portuguese ports. Two thirds of the shipping to be seen in the
+Douro, are British, Brazilian, or Portuguese."
+
+The gardens of the city are luxuriantly stored. Brazilian plants, easily
+distinguished by their gaudy colours, vines on trellis, superb
+lemon-trees, lime and orange-trees, pear, apple, and plum-trees, and
+Alpine strawberries are in abundance. The Indian cane, with its splendid
+blossom, whose colour resembles that of the Guernsey, or rather the
+Chinese lily, is a gay addition to the ornaments of this earthly
+paradise. Mr. Kinsey says "The _ulmis adjungere vitem_ is well known in
+poetical description, but in Portugal, besides overshadowing their
+artificial supporters, the vines are seen attaching themselves to, or
+hanging down in luxuriant festoons from forest-trees, such as the oak,
+chestnut, and cork, in all the wildness of nature, and not unfrequently
+insinuating themselves among the branches of myrtle-trees, which attain
+a considerable size in the hedge-rows, and contrasting their large,
+purple bunches with the snow-white blossom. The union is truly poetical,
+and its novelty is charming to the eye of a northern traveller. A vine
+is often purposely planted by the farmer under an oak-tree, whose boughs
+it soon over-runs, repaying the little labour expended in its
+cultivation by its fruit, and the lop of its branches. Ten pipes of
+green wine, _vinho verde_, expressed from these grapes, will yield one
+pipe of excellent brandy. Being light and sharp, the vinho verde is
+preferred by the generality of Portuguese in the summer, to wines of
+superior strength and quality."
+
+The population of Oporto and Villa Nova was stated by Colonel Batty in
+1830, to amount to about 80,000 inhabitants.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+POETS, MINOR AND MAJOR.
+
+
+Perhaps no branch of literary reputation is so difficult to establish as
+that of first-rate poetic excellence. During the last fifty years, many
+meritorious competitors for bardic renown have successively aspired to
+public favour, and have each in their turns exhibited their fancy-woven
+_bouquets_, as containing a more beautiful assemblage of "flowers of all
+hue," as Milton divinely sings, than those which their equally emulative
+and praiseworthy compeers have, in their best attempts, laid out upon
+the _parterre_ of the public. In the poetic foreground of the above
+period, are to be seen the names of Pye, Ogilvie, Whitehead, Tasker,
+Mason, Cowper, Merry, Jerningham, Woty, Hurdis, Pratt, Fitzgerald, &c.
+over whose metrical effusions, with the exception of the fifth and
+sixth, the clouds of obscurity have long since cast a darkening hue.
+Even the "Elegaic Sonnets" of Charlotte Smith, which first appeared in
+1784, and formed a sort of poetical era in point of popularity, have
+long since "fallen into the sere and yellow leaf," as it was
+discriminately hinted by Burns would be the case with his soul-breathing
+Letters; the Sonnets by the Rev. W.L. Bowles, although emanating from a
+beautiful fountain-spring of thought and feeling, which should have
+screened their writer from the venomous shaft of Byron, have already
+sunk beneath the meridian of their popularity; and the loaded ornamental
+rhymes of Darwin; the prettily embroidered couplets of Miss Seward,
+together with the Della Cruscan Rhymes of Mary Robinson, Mrs. Cowley,
+&c. are left like daisies, plucked from the greensward, to perish
+beneath unfeeling neglect. Who now reads the verses of Ann Yearsley, the
+poetic milkwoman, who was so lauded beyond her deserts, by Mrs. H.
+More?--few or none. Why is this revolution in public taste? Because
+those master-spirits which guide the present age, have given birth to a
+species of poetry more legitimate and useful in its design, and more
+valuable in its tendencies and characteristics. Instead of the "namby
+pamby" verses of the period I have alluded to, and the coarse scurrility
+of style which runs with a discolouring vein through the satirical pages
+of Dr. Wolcot, we have now the heart-stirring metres of a Campbell, as
+in that beautiful rainbow of poetic loveliness and imagination, his
+"Pleasures of Hope." We have now a series of pictures bearing an impress
+as pleasant as the gleams of warm autumn in the "Pleasures of Memory,"
+by Rogers; the wildness of Loutherbourgh, the grandeur of Salvator Rosa,
+the terror-striking forms of Fuseli, embodied with increased energy in
+the immortal Lays of Byron: the every-day incidents of life, copied with
+the graphic fidelity of a Sharp, and bearing the faithful stamp of
+cottage grouping, which distinguished the pencil of a Morland,--in the
+natural paintings of Crabbe. We have Catullus stealing from his couch,
+to breathe a new intonation into the harp of Moore; and last of all, we
+have the votaress of virtue and moral feeling, the Cambrian minstrel,
+Mrs. Hemans, making melancholy appear as delightful as love.
+
+_The Author of a Tradesman's Lays._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+STANZAS FOR MUSIC.
+
+
+  Though the waves of old Time are darkly advancing,
+  There still is one spot where the sunbeams are glancing,
+  There glow the gay visions of youth's sunny morn,
+  Safe from the ocean-wave, safe from the storm:
+  For Memory keeps the spot fresh and green ever,
+  The dark tides of Time, shall sweep over it never!
+
+  There Fancy, her mirror holds up to the eye,
+  And lovely the forms that come wandering by,
+  Like music come softly the sounds that have fled,
+  The voices of lov'd ones, the tones of the dead:
+  Oh Memory! keep that spot fresh and green ever,
+  And the dark tides of Time, sweep over it never.
+
+  For beautiful Hope, wanders oft to the Isle,
+  With her wreath of bright flowers, and radiant smile.
+  She stands with her finger upraised to the sky,
+  And she dries the sad tear-drop in Memory's eye:
+  An emerald green, be that Island for ever,
+  May the dark tides of Time, sweep over it never!
+
+  Kirton, Lindsey.         ANNE R.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+ANECDOTE GALLERY
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+CARDING A TITHE PROCTOR.
+
+
+In Ireland, carding the tithe proctors was occasionally resorted to by
+the White Boys, and was performed in the following manner:---
+
+The tithe proctor was generally waked out of his first sleep by his door
+being smashed in; and the _boys_ in white shirts desired him "never to
+fear," as they only intended to _card_ him this bout for taking a
+quarter instead of a tenth from every poor man in the parish. They then
+turned him on his face upon the bed; and taking a lively ram cat out of
+a bag which they brought with them, they set the cat between the
+proctor's shoulders. The beast, being nearly as much terrified as the
+proctor, would endeavour to get off; but being held fast by the tail, he
+intrenched every claw deep in the proctor's back, in order to keep up a
+firm resistance to the White Boys. The more the tail was pulled _back_,
+the more the ram cat tried to go _forward_; at length, when he had, as
+he conceived, made his possession quite secure, main force convinced him
+to the contrary, and that if he kept his hold he must lose his tail. So,
+he was dragged backward to the proctor's loins, grappling at every pull,
+and bringing away here and there strips of the proctor's skin, to prove
+the pertinacity of his defence.
+
+When the ram cat had got down to the loins he was once more placed at
+the shoulders, and again _carded_ the proctor (_toties quoties_)
+according to his sentence.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+WALKING GALLOWS.
+
+(_From Sir Jonah Barrington's Sketches._)
+
+
+Among the extraordinary characters that turned up in the fatal
+"ninety-eight," there were few more extraordinary than Lieutenant H----,
+then denominated the "walking gallows;"--and such he certainly was,
+literally and practically.
+
+Lieutenant H---- was an officer of the line on half pay. His brother was
+one of the solicitors to the Crown--a quiet, tremulous, _vino deditus_
+sort of man, and a leading Orangeman;--his widow who afterwards married
+and survived a learned doctor, was a clever, positive, good-looking
+Englishwoman, and, I think, fixed the doctor's avowed _creed_: as to his
+genuine _faith_, that was of little consequence.
+
+Lieutenant H---- was about six feet two inches high;--strong, and broad
+in proportion. His strength was great, but of the dead kind
+unaccompanied by activity. He could lift a ton, but could not leap a
+rivulet; he looked mild, and his address was civil--neither assuming nor
+at all ferocious. I knew him well, and from his countenance should never
+have suspected him of cruelty; but so cold-blooded and so eccentric an
+executioner of the human race I believe never yet existed, save among
+the American Indians.[6]
+
+    [6] His mode of execution being perfectly novel, and at the same
+    time _ingenious_, Curran said, "The lieutenant should have got a
+    patent for cheap strangulation."
+
+His inducement to the strange barbarity he practised I can scarcely
+conceive; unless it proceeded from that natural taint of cruelty which
+so often distinguishes man above all other animals when his power
+becomes uncontrolled. The propensity was probably strengthened in him
+from the indemnities of martial law, and by those visions of promotion
+whereby violent partizans are perpetually urged, and so frequently
+disappointed.
+
+At the period alluded to, law being suspended, and the courts of justice
+closed, the "question" by torture was revived and largely practised. The
+commercial exchange of Dublin formed a place of execution; even
+_suspected_ rebels were every day immolated as if _convicted_ on the
+clearest evidence; and Lieutenant H----'s _pastime_ of hanging _on his
+own back_ persons whose physiognomies he thought characteristic of
+rebellion was (I am ashamed to say) the subject of jocularity instead of
+punishment. What in other times he would himself have died for, as a
+murderer, was laughed at as the manifestation of loyalty: never yet was
+martial law so abused, or its enormities so hushed up as in Ireland.
+Being a military officer, the lieutenant conceived he had a right to do
+just what he thought proper, and to make the most of his time while
+martial law was flourishing.
+
+Once, when high in blood, he happened to meet _a suspicious-looking_
+peasant from County Kildare, who could not satisfactorily account for
+himself according to the lieutenant's notion of evidence; and having
+nobody at hand to vouch for him, the lieutenant of course immediately
+took for granted that he _must_ be a rebel strolling about, and
+imagining the death of his Most Gracious Majesty.[7] He therefore, no
+other _court of justice_ being at hand, considered that he had a right
+to try the man by his _own opinion_; accordingly, after a brief
+interrogation, he condemned him to die, and without further ceremony
+proceeded to put his own sentence into immediate execution.
+
+    [7] The lieutenant's brother being a Crown solicitor, had now
+    and then got the lieutenant to copy the high treason
+    indictments: and he, seeing there that _imagining_ the death of
+    a _king_ was punished capitally, very naturally conceived that
+    _wishing_ it was twice as bad as _supposing_ it: having
+    therefore no doubt that _all_ rebels wished it, he consequently
+    decided in the tribunal of his own mind to hang every man who
+    hypothetically and traitorously wished his majesty's
+    dissolution, which wish he also conceived was very easily
+    ascertained by the wisher's countenance.
+
+    A cabinet-maker, at Charing Cross, some years ago, put on his
+    board "patent coffin-maker to his majesty:" it was considered
+    that though this was not an _ill-intentioned_, yet it was a very
+    improper mode of _imagining_ the king's death, and the board was
+    taken down accordingly. Lieutenant H. would surely have hanged
+    him in Ireland.
+
+However, to do the lieutenant justice, his _mode_ was not near so
+tedious or painful as that practised by the grand signior, who sometimes
+causes the ceremony to be divided into three acts, giving the culprit a
+drink of spring water to _refresh_ him between the two first; nor was it
+so severe as the burning old women formerly for witchcraft. In fact, the
+"walking gallows" was both on a new and simple plan; and after some
+kicking and plunging during the operation, never failed to be completely
+effectual. The lieutenant being, as before mentioned, of lofty stature,
+with broad and strong shoulders, saw no reason why they might not answer
+his majesty's service, upon a pinch, as well as two posts and a crossbar
+(the more legitimate instrument upon such occasions): and he also
+considered that, when a rope was not at hand, there was no good reason
+why his own silk cravat (being softer than an ordinary halter, and of
+course less calculated to _hurt_ a man) should not be a more merciful
+choke-band than that employed by any _Jack Ketch_ in the three kingdoms.
+
+In pursuance of these benevolent intentions, the lieutenant, as a
+preliminary step, first knocked down the suspected rebel from County
+Kildare, which the weight of mettle in his fist rendered no difficult
+achievement. His garters then did duty as handcuffs: and with the aid of
+a brawny aide-de-camp (one such always attended him), he pinioned his
+victim hand and foot, and then most considerately advised him to pray
+for King George, observing that any prayers for his _own_ d--d _popish
+soul_ would be only time lost, as his fate in every world (should there
+be even a thousand) was decided to all eternity for having imagined the
+death of so good a monarch.
+
+During this exhortation, the lieutenant twisted up his long cravat so as
+to make a firm, handsome rope, and then expertly sliding it over the
+rebel's neck, secured it there by a double knot, drew the cravat over
+his own shoulders, and the aide-de-camp holding up the rebel's heels,
+till he felt him _pretty easy_, the lieutenant with a powerful chuck
+drew up the poor devil's head as high as his own (cheek by jowl), and
+began to trot about with his burden like a jolting cart-horse,--the
+rebel choking and gulping meanwhile, until he had no further solicitude
+about sublunary affairs--when the lieutenant, giving him a parting
+chuck, just to make sure that his neck was broken, threw down his
+load--the personal assets about which the aide-de-camp made a _present_
+of to _himself_.
+
+Now all this proceeding was very painstaking and ingenious: and yet the
+ungrateful government (as Secretary Cook assured me) would have been
+better pleased had the execution taken place on timber and with hemp,
+according to old formalities.
+
+To be serious:--this story is scarcely credible--yet it is a notorious
+fact; and the lieutenant, a few nights afterwards, acquired the
+_sobriquet_ which forms a head to this sketch and with which he was
+invested by the upper gallery of Crow Street Theatre--nor did he ever
+get rid of it to his dying-day.
+
+The above _trotting_ execution (which was humorously related to me by an
+eye-witness) took place in the barrack-yard at Kerry House, Stephen's
+Green. The _hangee_ was, I believe, (_as it happened_) in reality a
+rebel.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+MANNERS AND CUSTOMS.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+LAWS RELATING TO BACHELORS.
+
+
+Many laws have been made against bachelors by various nations, who all
+concurred in considering the bachelor as an enemy to his country and to
+mankind. The chief of these laws were those made by the Romans, and
+consisted of fining the bachelor, and various other penalties: the most
+celebrated one was that of Augustus, which was entitled the "_Lex julia
+de maritandis ordinibus_" by which the bachelor was made incapable of
+receiving legacies, or of holding inheritances given by a will, unless
+they were bequeathed to him by a near relation. Plutarch observes that
+this brought many to marry, not for the mere sake of raising heirs to
+their estates, but to make themselves capable of receiving legacies, and
+for the purpose of inheriting such estates as might be left them by a
+friend.
+
+The Jewish nation also had their laws to the disfavour of the bachelor.
+The rabbis affirm, that according to the Laws of Moses, every one who
+has attained the age of twenty-one years is bound in conscience to
+marry; and this makes one of their 613 precepts. We should suppose that
+if this law ever had existence, it has been handed down by tradition, as
+we cannot find any trace of it in the "Books of Moses." Their "wise men"
+have many sayings in favour of marriage and against bachelors, one of
+which is "He who does not take necessary means to leave heirs behind
+him, _is_ not a man, and ought to be reputed as a homicide." The Law of
+Lycurgus was not a shade more favourable to them: by his statutes,
+bachelors were branded with infamy and disgrace; they were also excluded
+from participating in the cares of government, from all offices either
+civil or martial, and were not permitted to view either public shows or
+sports. At certain of their feasts, they were forced to appear in the
+marketplace, and there were exposed to the cutting sarcasm, jest, and
+derision of the populace. At one feast, in particular, they were led to
+the altars _by women_, amidst a concord of harmonious sounds, and there
+were obliged to submit to blows and lashes with a rod, at the _merciful_
+pleasure of a _merciful_ people. And "Oh, most unkindly act of all,"
+they had also to sing certain songs composed to their own dishonour,
+contempt, and derision.
+
+By many, the Christian dispensation is supposed to be, in a great
+degree, favourable to a state of bachelorism, because the Apostle, Paul,
+has recommended it as preferable; but we think the recommendation was
+given for the following reason: (i.e.) every one in the early ages of
+Christianity was exposed to liability of testing his religious
+principles, by the loss of both his property and life; and consequently,
+the loss must have been felt in a greater degree, if the sufferer was
+married. Thus persecution must have been more dreadful to the married
+than to the unmarried. The ancient church, misconstruing the Apostle's
+words, and also overlooking his meaning, recommended the state of
+bachelorism in the male, and perpetual virginity in the female sex, not
+only as a state more perfect than marriage, but even as highly
+meritorious. Thus, by degrees, came into being the absurd and fast
+decaying system of monastic establishments, which, for many centuries
+burdened Europe with drones innumerable.
+
+In England, bachelors are not left to go forgotten to their solitary
+graves. There was a tax laid on them by the 7th William III., after the
+twenty-fifth year of their age, which was £12. 10_s_. for a duke, and
+1_s_. for a commoner. At present they are taxed by an extra duty upon
+their servants: for a male, £1. 5_s_.; for a female, 2_s_. 6_d_., above
+the usual duties leviable upon servants.     E.J.H.
+
+*** So, Touchstone's philosophy hath legal warrant: "Is the single man
+blessed? No: as a walled town is more worthier than a village, so is the
+forehead of a married man more honourable than the bare brow of a
+bachelor."--_As you like it._ (Ed. M.)
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+SAXON ALMANACS.
+
+
+The Saxons were accustomed to engrave upon square pieces of wood, the
+courses of the moons for the whole year, (or for a specified space of
+time) by which they could tell when the new-moons, full-moons, and
+changes would occur, and these pieces of wood were by them called
+_Al-mon-aght_ (i.e.) _Al_-moon-heed, which signifies the regard and
+observation of all the moons, and from this term is derived the word
+_Almanac_.
+
+Many of our readers are probably aware of, or have seen, a Saxon
+Almanac, answering the above description, in St. John's College,
+Cambridge.     E.J.H.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+SPIRIT OF DISCOVERY
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+EXEMPLARS ABRIDGED FROM MR. BABBAGE'S "ECONOMY OF MACHINERY AND
+MANUFACTURES."
+
+
+_Voyage of Manufacture._--The produce of our factories has preceded even
+our most enterprising travellers. Captain Clapperton saw at the court of
+the Sultan Bello, pewter dishes with the London stamp, and had at the
+royal table a piece of meat served up on a white wash-hand basin of
+English manufacture. The cotton of India is conveyed by British ships
+round half our planet, to be woven by British skill in the factories of
+Lancashire; it is again set in motion by British capital, and
+transported to the very plains whereon it grew, is repurchased by the
+lords of the soil which gave it birth, at a cheaper price than that at
+which their coarser machinery enables them to manufacture it themselves.
+At Calicut, in the East Indies (whence the cotton cloth called calico
+derives its name) the price of labour is one-seventh of that in England,
+yet the market is supplied from British looms.
+
+_Additions to human power._--The force necessary to move a stone along
+the roughly-chiselled floor of its quarry is nearly two-thirds of its
+weight; to move it along a wooden floor, three-fifths; by wood upon
+wood, five-ninths; if the wooden surfaces are soaped, one-sixth; if
+rollers are used on the floor of the quarry, it requires
+one-thirty-second part of the weight; if they roll on wood,
+one-fortieth; and if they roll between wood, one-fiftieth of its weight.
+At each increase of knowledge, as well as on the contrivance of every
+new tool, human labour becomes abridged.
+
+_Economy of time._--Several pounds of gunpowder may be purchased for a
+sum acquired by a few days' labour; yet, when this is employed in
+blasting rocks, effects are produced which could not, even with the best
+tools, be accomplished by other means in less than many months.
+
+_Economy of Materials._--The worn-out saucepans and tin-ware of our
+kitchens, when beyond the reach of the tinker's art, are not utterly
+worthless. We sometimes meet carts loaded with old tin kettles and
+worn-out iron coal-scuttles traversing our streets. These have not yet
+completed their useful course; the less corroded parts are cut into
+strips, punched with small holes, and varnished with a coarse black
+varnish for the use of the trunkmaker, who protects the edges and angles
+of his box with them; the remainder are conveyed to the manufacturing
+chemists in the outskirts of the town, who employ them, in conjunction
+with pyroligneous acid, in making a black dye for the use of calico
+printers.
+
+_Accumulation of Power_ arises from lifting a weight and then allowing
+it to fall. A man, even with a heavy hammer, might strike repeated blows
+upon the head of a pile without producing any effect. But if he raises a
+much heavier hammer to a much greater height, its fall, though far less
+frequently repeated, will produce the desired effect.
+
+_Regulating Power._--A contrivance for regulating the effect of
+machinery consists in a vane or a fly, of little weight, but presenting
+a large surface. This revolves rapidly, and soon acquires an uniform
+rate, which it cannot greatly exceed, because any addition to its
+velocity produces a much greater addition to the resistance it meets
+with from the air. The interval between the strokes on the bell of a
+clock is regulated by this means; and the fly is so contrived, that this
+interval may be altered by presenting the arms of it more or less
+obliquely to the direction in which they move. This kind of fly or vane
+is generally used in the smaller kinds of mechanism, and, unlike the
+heavy fly, it is a destroyer instead of a preserver of force. It is the
+regulator used in musical boxes, and in almost all mechanical toys.
+
+_Increase and Diminution of Velocity._--Twisting the fibres of wool by
+the fingers would be a most tedious operation; in the common
+spinning-wheel the velocity of the foot is moderate; but, by a very
+simple contrivance, that of the thread is most rapid. A piece of cat-gut
+passing round a large wheel, and then round a small spindle, effects
+this change. The small balls of sewing cotton, so cheap and so
+beautifully wound, are formed by a machine on the same principle, and
+but a few steps more complicated. The common smoke-jack is an instrument
+in which the velocity communicated is too great for the purpose
+required, and it is transmitted through wheels which reduce it to a more
+moderate rate.
+
+_Extending the Time of Action in Forces._--The half-minute which we
+daily devote to the winding up of our watches is an exertion of labour
+almost insensible; yet, by the aid of a few wheels its effect is spread
+over the whole twenty-four hours. Another familiar illustration may be
+noticed in our domestic furniture: the common jack by which our meat is
+roasted, is a contrivance to enable the cook in a few minutes to exert a
+force which the machine retails out during the succeeding hour in
+turning the loaded spit.
+
+_Saving Time in natural Operations._--The process of tanning formerly
+occupied from six months to two years; this time being apparently
+required in order to allow the tanning matter to penetrate into the
+interior of a thick hide. The improved process consists in placing the
+hides with the solution of tan in close vessels, and then exhausting the
+air. The consequence of this is to withdraw any air which might be
+contained in the pores of the hides, and to employ the pressure of the
+atmosphere to aid capillary attraction in forcing the tan into the
+interior of the skins. The effect of the additional force thus brought
+into action can be equal only to one atmosphere, but a further
+improvement has been made: the vessel containing the hides is, after
+exhaustion, filled up with a solution of tan; a small additional
+quantity is then injected with a forcing-pump. By these means any degree
+of pressure may be given which the containing vessel is capable of
+supporting, and it has been found that, by employing such a method, the
+thickest hides may be tanned in six weeks or two months.
+
+_Printing from Wooden Blocks._--A block of box-wood is, in this
+instance, the substance out of which the pattern is formed: the design
+being sketched upon it, the workman cuts away with sharp tools every
+part except the lines to be represented in the impression. This is
+exactly the reverse of the process of engraving on copper, in which
+every line to be represented is cut away. The ink, instead of filling
+the cavities cut in the wood, is spread upon the surface which remains,
+and is thence transferred to the paper.
+
+_Making and Manufacturing._--There exists a considerable difference
+between the terms _making_ and _manufacturing_. The former refers to the
+production of _a small_, the latter to that of _a very large number of
+individuals_; and the difference is well illustrated in the evidence
+given before the Committee of the House of Commons on the Export of
+Tools and Machinery. On that occasion Mr. Maudslay stated, that he had
+been applied to by the Navy Board to make iron tanks for ships, and that
+he was rather unwilling to do so, as he considered it to be out of his
+line of business; however, he undertook to make one as a trial. The
+holes for the rivets were punched by hand-punching with presses, and the
+1,680 holes which each tank required cost seven shillings. The Navy
+Board who required a large number, proposed that he should supply forty
+tanks a week for many months. The magnitude of the order made it worth
+while to commence _manufacturer_, and to make tools for the express
+business. Mr. Maudslay therefore offered, if the Board would give him an
+order for two thousand tanks, to supply them at the rate of eighty per
+week. The order was given: he made the tools, by which the expense of
+punching the rivet-holes of each tank was reduced from seven shillings
+to ninepence; he supplied ninety-eight tanks a week for six months, and
+the price charged for each was reduced from seventeen pounds to fifteen.
+
+_Brass-plate Coal Merchants._--In the recent examination by the
+committee of the House of Commons into the state of the Coal Trade, it
+appears that five-sixths of the London public is supplied by a class of
+middle-men who are called in the trade "Brass-plate Coal Merchants:"
+these consist principally of merchants' clerks, gentlemen's servants,
+and others, who have no wharfs, but merely give their orders to some
+true coal-merchant, who sends in the coals from his wharf. The
+brass-plate coal merchant, of course, receives a commission for his
+agency, which is just so much loss to the consumer.
+
+_Raw Materials._--Gold-leaf consists of a portion of the metal beaten
+out to so great a degree of thinness, as to allow a greenish-blue light
+to be transmitted through its pores. About 400 square inches of this are
+sold, in the form of a small book, containing twenty-five leaves of gold
+for 1_s_. 6_d_. In this case, the raw material, or gold, is worth rather
+less than two-thirds of the manufactured article. In the case of silver
+leaf, the labour considerably exceeds the value of the material. A book
+of fifty leaves, covering above 1,000 square inches is sold for 1_s_.
+3_d_.
+
+The quantity of labour applied to Venetian gold chains is very great,
+but incomparably less than that which is applied to some of the
+manufactures of iron. In the case of the smallest Venetian chain the
+value of the labour is not above thirty times that of the gold. The
+pendulum spring of a watch, which governs the vibrations of the balance,
+costs at the retail price twopence, and weighs fifteen one-hundredths of
+a grain, whilst the retail price of a pound of the best iron, the raw
+material out of which fifty thousand such springs are made, is exactly
+the sum of twopence.
+
+In France bar-iron, made as it usually is with charcoal, costs three
+times the price of the cast-iron out of which it is made; whilst in
+England, where it is usually made with coke, the cost is only twice the
+price of cast-iron.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+THE NATURALIST.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE NINE-BANDED ARMADILLO.
+
+
+[Illustration: THE NINE-BANDED ARMADILLO.]
+
+Armadillos are almost exclusively natives of South America, principally
+of the province of Paraguay. Some inhabit the forests; others are found
+in the open country. There are several species, all of which are
+invested with a coat of mail, or a kind of plate armour resembling the
+covering of the pangolin, or scaly ant-eater, and the shell of the
+tortoise. This crust or shell covers the upper parts of the animal, and
+consists of four or five different parts or divisions. The head may be
+said to have a helmet, and the shoulders a buckler, composed of several
+transverse series of plates. Transverse bands, varying in the different
+species from three to twelve, which are movable, cover the body; the
+crupper has its buckler similar to that on the shoulders, and the tail
+is protected by numerous rings. The hairs of the body are few, springing
+from between the plates; the under parts, which are without armour, have
+rather more hairs. In a living state, the whole armour is capable of
+yielding considerably to the motions of the body; the pieces or plates
+being connected by a membrane, like the joints in a tail of a lobster.
+The under parts present a light grainy skin. The legs are thick and
+strong, but only long enough to raise the body from the ground; the
+nails are very powerful, and calculated for digging; and, according to
+Buffon, the mole is not more expert in burrowing the earth.
+
+Some of the species have nocturnal habits and are very timid, flying to
+their burrows the moment they hear a noise. Other species quit their
+retreat equally by day and night, and these are said not to be so rapid
+in their motions as the others. All the species walk quickly, but they
+can neither leap, run, nor climb; so that, when pursued, they can only
+escape by hiding themselves in their holes; if these be too far off, the
+poor hunted creatures dig a hole before they are overtaken, and with
+their strong snout and fore claws in a few moments conceal themselves.
+Sometimes, however, before they are quite concealed, they are caught by
+the tail, when they struggle so powerfully that the tail often breaks
+short, and is left in the hands of the pursuers. To prevent this the
+hunter tickles the animal with a stick, till it looses its hold, and
+allows itself to be taken without further resistance. At other times,
+when pursued, and finding flight ineffectual, the Armadillos withdraw
+the head under the edge of the buckler of the shoulders; their legs,
+except the feet, are naturally hidden by the borders of the bucklers and
+the bands; they then contract the body as far towards the shape of a
+ball as the stretching of the membrane which unites the different
+movable pieces of the armour will permit.[8] Thus defended, they
+frequently escape danger; but if near a precipice, the animal will
+sometimes roll itself over, and in this case, says Molina, in his
+Natural History of Chili, it generally falls to the bottom unhurt.
+
+    [8] It should here be observed that the Three-banded Armadillo
+    is remarkable for the faculty of rolling itself up more
+    completely than the other species. It can, in so doing, totally
+    conceal the head, the tail, and the fore feet, which none of the
+    other species can completely effect.--_Cuvier._
+
+Armadillos were formerly thought to feed exclusively on vegetables; but
+they have since been found to devour insects and flesh. The directions
+of their burrows evince that they search after ant heaps, and the
+insects quickly disappear from near the hole of an Armadillo. The
+largest species, the great black Armadillo, common in the forests of
+Paraguay, feeds on the carcasses of animals; and the graves of the dead
+which are necessarily formed at a distance from the usual places of
+sepulture, in countries where the great Armadillo is found, are
+protected by strong double boards to prevent the animal from penetrating
+and devouring the body. It appears, also, that it eats young birds,
+eggs, snakes, lizards, &c. The Indians are very fond of the flesh of the
+Armadillo as food, especially when young; but, when old, it acquires a
+strong musky flavour. Mr. Waterton, who tasted the flesh, considered it
+strong and rank. The shells or crusts are applied to various useful
+purposes, and painted of different colours are made into boxes, baskets,
+&c.
+
+Cuvier remarks that that old mode of distinguishing the species of
+Armadillos by the number of the bands is clearly objectionable, inasmuch
+as D'Azara has established that not only the number of these bands
+varies, in the different individuals of the same species, but further,
+that there are individuals of different species which have the same
+number of bands. Eight species mentioned by D'Azara are admitted as
+distinct, but the whole number is very doubtful.
+
+(The species represented in the Cut,[9] or, the Nine-banded, is the most
+common. In the Zoological Gardens, in the Regent's Park, and in Surrey,
+are several specimens. They are usually kept in cages, but on fine sunny
+days are let out upon the turf. Their general pace may here be seen to
+advantage: it is a sort of quick shuffling walk, and they get over the
+ground easily, notwithstanding the weight of their shelly covering.)
+
+    [9] From a specimen figured in Dr. Shaw's Zoological Lectures,
+    with plates, by Mrs. Griffith, vol. i.
+
+In conclusion, it is interesting to remark that the whole series of
+these very singular animals offers a notable example of one genus being
+confined to a particular country. We have observed that they all belong
+to South America; nor do we find that in any parts of the old world, or,
+indeed, in the great northern division of the new, any races of
+quadrupeds at all to resemble them, or in any manner to be compared with
+them. They may be said to stand perfectly insulated; they exhibit all
+the characters of a creation entirely distinct, and except as to the
+general characters of mammiferous quadrupeds, perfectly of their own
+kind. There is no break in the whole circle of them, no deviation or
+leaning towards any other organized form; so that the boldest conjecture
+will hardly venture to guess at any other than a separate creation for
+these animals, and a distinct allocation in South America. This
+peculiarity is rendered the more striking by the facility with which it
+seems to endure removal, even to our latitudes; thereby proving that its
+present confined identity with South America is not altogether the
+result of its physical necessities.[10]
+
+    [10] Popular Zoology. Comprising Memoirs and Anecdotes of the
+    Animals of the Zoological Society's Menagerie. With many
+    Engravings. 1832.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+CLIMATE OF CANADA.
+
+_From Sketches, by a Backwoodsman._
+
+
+It never has been accountable to me, how the heat of the sun is
+regulated. There is no part of Upper Canada that is not to the south of
+Penzance, yet there is no part of England where the cold is so intense
+as in Canada; nay, there is no cold in England equal to the cold of
+Virginia, which, were it on the European side of the hemisphere, would
+be looked upon as an almost tropical climate. To explain to an European
+what the climate of Upper Canada is, we would say, that in summer it is
+the climate of Italy, in winter that of Holland; but in either case we
+should only be giving an illustration, for in both winter and summer it
+possesses peculiarities which neither of these two climates possess. The
+summer heat of Upper Canada generally ranges towards 80° Fahrenheit; but
+should the wind blow twenty-four hours steadily from the north, it will
+fall to 40° during the night. The reason of this seems to be the
+enormous quantity of forest over which that wind blows, and the leaves
+of the trees affording such an extensive surface of evaporation. One
+remarkable peculiarity in the climate of Canada, when compared with
+those to which we have likened it, is its dryness. Far from the ocean,
+the salt particles that somehow or other exist in the atmosphere of
+sea-bounded countries are not to be found here; roofs of tinned iron of
+fifty years' standing are as bright as the day they came out of the
+shop; and you may leave a charge of powder in your gun for a month, and
+find, at the end of it, that it goes off without hanging fire. The
+diseases of the body, too, that are produced by a damp atmosphere, are
+uncommon here. It may be a matter of surprise to some to hear, that
+pectoral and catarrhal complaints, which, from an association of ideas
+they may connect with cold, are here hardly known. In the cathedral at
+Montreal, where from three to five thousand people assemble every
+Sunday, you will seldom find the service interrupted by a cough, even in
+the dead of winter and in hard frost; whereas, in Britain, from the days
+of Shakspeare, even in a small country church, "coughing drowns the
+parson's saw." Pulmonary consumption, too, the scourge alike of England
+and the sea-coast of America, is so rare in the northern parts of New
+York and Pennsylvania, and the whole of Upper Canada, that in eight
+years' residence I have not seen as many cases of the disease as I have
+in a day's visit to a provincial infirmary at home. The only disease we
+are annoyed with here, that we are not accustomed to at home, is the
+intermittent fever,--and that, though most abominably annoying, is not
+by any means dangerous: indeed, one of the most annoying circumstances
+connected with it is, that, instead of being sympathized with, you are
+only laughed at. Otherwise the climate is infinitely more healthy than
+that of England. Indeed, it may be pronounced the most healthy country
+under the sun, considering that whisky can be procured for about one
+shilling sterling per gallon. Though the cold of a Canadian winter is
+great, it is neither distressing nor disagreeable. There is no day
+during winter, except a rainy one, in which a man need be kept from his
+work. It is a fact, though as startling as some of the dogmas of the
+Edinburgh school of political economy, that the thermometer is no judge
+of warm or cold weather. Thus, with us in Canada, when it is low, (say
+at zero,) there is not a breath of hair, and you can judge of the cold
+of the morning by the smoke rising from the chimney of a cottage, and
+shooting up straight like the steeple of a church, then gradually
+melting away in the beautiful clear blue of the morning sky: yet in such
+weather it is impossible to go through a day's march in your great coat;
+whereas, at home, when the wind blows from the north-east, though the
+thermometer stands at from 55° to 60° you find a fire far from
+oppressive. The fact is, that a Canadian winter is by far the
+pleasantest season of the year, for everybody is idle, and everybody is
+determined to enjoy himself. Between the summer and winter of Canada, a
+season exists, called the Indian summer. During this period, the
+atmosphere has a smoky, hazy effect, which is ascribed by the people
+generally to the simultaneous burning of the prairies of the western
+part of the continent. This explanation I take to be absurd; since, if
+it were so to be accounted for, the wind must necessarily blow from that
+quarter, which is not in all instances the case. During this period,
+which generally occupies two or three weeks of the month of November,
+the days are pleasant, and with abundance of sunshine, and the nights
+present a cold, clear, black frost. When this disappears, the rains
+commence, which always precede winter; for it is a proverb in the Lower
+Province, among the French Canadians, that the ditches never freeze till
+they are full. Then comes the regular winter, which, if rains and thaws
+do not interfere, is very pleasant; and that is broken up by rains
+again, which last until the strong sun of the middle of May renders
+everything dry and in good order. A satirical friend of mine gave a
+caricature account of the climate of the province, when he said that,
+for two months of the spring and two months of the autumn, you are up to
+your middle in mud; for four months of summer you are broiled by the
+heat, choked by the dust, and devoured by the mosquitoes; and for the
+remaining four months, if you get your nose above the snow, it is to
+have it bit off by the frost.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+THE PUBLIC JOURNALS
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+AN INCIDENT IN THE LIFE OF A RASCAL.
+
+
+"His name is never heard."
+
+Late one evening, a packet of letters, just arrived by the English mail,
+was handed to Mynheer Von Kapell, a merchant of Hamburgh. His head clerk
+awaited, as usual, for any orders which might arise from their contents;
+and was not a little surprised to observe the brow of his wealthy
+employer suddenly clouded; again and again he perused the letter he
+held, at last audibly giving vent to his feelings--
+
+"Donder and blitzen!" he burst forth, "but this _is_ a shock, who would
+have thought it? The house of Bennett and Ford to be shaken thus! What
+is to be done?"
+
+"Bennett and Ford failed!"' cried the astonished clerk.
+
+"Failed! ten thousand devils! not so bad as that; but they are in deep
+distress, and have suffered a heavy loss; but read, good Yansen! and let
+me have your advice."
+
+The clerk read as follows:--
+
+"_London, August 21st._
+
+"Most respected friend,
+
+"Yours of the 5th inst. came safe to hand, and will meet prompt
+attention. We have to inform you, with deep regret, that the son of the
+trustworthy cashier of this long-established house has absconded, taking
+with him bills accepted by our firm, to a large amount, as per margin;
+and a considerable sum in cash. We have been able to trace the misguided
+young man to a ship bound for Holland, and we think it probable he may
+visit Hamburgh, (where our name is so well known and, we trust, so
+highly respected) for the purpose of converting these bills into cash.
+He is a tall, handsome youth, about five feet eleven inches, with dark
+hair and eyes; speaks French and German well, and was dressed in deep
+mourning, in consequence of the recent death of his mother. If you
+should be able to find him, we have to request you will use your utmost
+endeavours to regain possession of the bills named in the margin; but,
+as we have a high respect for the father of the unfortunate young man,
+we will further thank you to procure for him a passage on board the
+first vessel sailing for Batavia, paying the expense of his voyage, and
+giving him the sum of two hundred louis d'or, which you will place to
+our account current, on condition that he does not attempt to revisit
+England till he receives permission so to do.
+
+"We are, most respected friend,
+
+"Your obedient servants,
+
+"BENNETT, FORD, AND CO.
+
+"Mynheer Von Kapell."
+
+"My life on't," said Yansen, "'tis the very lad I saw this day, walking
+up and down in front of the Exchange, who appeared half out of his wits;
+looking anxiously for some particular object, yet shunning general
+observation: his person answers the description."
+
+"That's fortunate," said the merchant, "you must devote the morrow to
+searching for him; bring him to me if possible, and I'll do my utmost to
+serve my excellent friends, Bennett and Ford of London."
+
+Early next morning, Yansen went to the Exchange, and kept an anxious
+watch for many hours in vain; he was returning hopeless, when he saw the
+identical youth coming out of the door of a Jew money-changer; he
+brushed hastily past him, exclaiming, "The unconscionable scoundrel!
+seventy per cent, for bills on the best house in England!"
+
+Yansen approached him. "Young gentleman," said he, in a very mild tone,
+"you appear to have met with some disappointment from that griping
+wretch, Levi. If you have any business to transact, my house is close
+by; I shall be happy to treat with you."
+
+"Willingly," replied the youth, "the sooner the better. I must leave
+Hamburgh at day-break."
+
+The clerk led him to the house of the merchant, and entered it by a
+small side door, desiring the young man to be seated, whilst he gave
+some directions. In a few minutes he reappeared, bringing Von Kapell
+with him. The worthy Hamburgher having no talent for a roundabout way of
+doing business, said bluntly, "So Mynheer! we are well met; it will be
+useless to attempt disguise with me; look at this!" and he put into his
+hand the letter he had the night before received.
+
+Overwhelmed with consternation, the young man fell at his feet.
+
+"Oh heaven!" he cried, "I am lost for ever--my father, my indulgent, my
+honourable father, is heart-broken and disgraced by my villany. My
+mother!" Here he became nearly inaudible, and hid his face in his hands.
+"You," he continued, "are spared all participation in the agony your
+wretched son is suffering."
+
+"Boy, boy!" said the merchant, raising him, and quite melted at this
+show of penitence, "listen to me! are the bills safe? if so, you may
+still hope."
+
+"They are," eagerly exclaimed the youth; "how fortunate that I did not
+listen to the offers of that rapacious Jew. Here, sir, take them, I
+implore you," pulling from his breast a large pocket-book; "they are
+untouched. Spare but my life, and I will yet atone--Oh, spare me from a
+shameful death."
+
+There was a pause, broken at last by Yansen's saying significantly to
+his employer, "as per margin."
+
+The merchant turned to the unhappy young man. "Take heart," said he,
+"'Wenn die noth ist amgröszten die hülfe ist am nächsten.'[11] There's
+an old German proverb for you. Sit down and hear what I have to say. I
+think myself not a little fortunate in so soon being able to fulfil the
+wishes of my English correspondents; your natural alarm did not suffer
+you to finish their letter; you will perceive how generously they mean
+to act; their house's credit saved, they intend not to punish you. Read,
+read; and Yansen, order some eatables, and a bottle or two of my old
+Heidelberg hock, trouble always makes me thirsty--three glasses, my good
+Yansen."
+
+    [11] When things are at the worst they must mend.
+
+Again the young Englishman hid his face, and sighed convulsively, "I do
+not deserve this lenity. My excellent father! this is a tribute to your
+virtue."
+
+Von Kapell left his guest's reflections undisturbed, till a servant
+entered, who placed refreshments on a well polished oak table; when she
+retired, he resumed.
+
+"And now, what devil tempted you to play the--runaway?" swallowing the
+term he had intended to use. "Was it for the wenches, or the dicing
+table?"
+
+"Spare me, most kind and worthy sir, I intreat you! To my father I will
+make full confession of all my faults; but he must be the first to know
+the origin of my crimes."
+
+"Well, well, take another glass of wine; you shall stay in my house till
+we can find a passage for you. It was but last night my good ship the
+Christine sailed for Batavia, and--"
+
+"Under favour," interrupted Yansen, "she has not yet left the harbour;
+the wind blew too fresh for her to venture on crossing the sand-banks at
+night, and it is now only shifting round a point or two."
+
+"You are lucky, youngster;" quickly added the merchant, "the Christine
+has noble accommodations; you shall aboard this evening. Put these in
+the chest, good Yansen," handing him the bills, "and count me out the
+two hundred louis d'or the boy is to have. Come, man! finish your meal,
+for I see," said he, regarding a vane on the gable of an opposite house,
+"you have no time to lose."
+
+The meal was finished--the money given--the worthy merchant adding as
+much good advice as the brief space would permit. The Briton was profuse
+in his expressions of gratitude, promised amendment, and returned the
+warm grasp of Von Kapell, unable to speak for his tears. Yansen
+accompanied him on board, gave the owner's most particular charge to the
+skipper, to pay his passenger every attention on the voyage. The vessel
+cleared the harbour--was in a few hours out of sight--and the next
+morning, Mynheer Von Kapell wrote to London a full account of the
+transaction, returning the bills he had so fortunately recovered.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In less than a fortnight, the following letter reached the good old
+German:--
+
+"Sir,--We have to inform you, that we never lost the bills sent in your
+last favour, every one of which is fabricated, and our acceptance
+forged. Our cashier has no son, nor has he lost a wife. We are sincerely
+grieved that your friendly feeling towards our house should have led you
+to listen to so palpable a cheat.
+
+"We remain, with great respect, yours,
+
+"BENNETT, FORD, AND CO.
+
+"P.S. If you should ever hear again of the person you have, at your own
+expense, sent to Batavia, we shall be glad to know."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+What can be said of the good old German's feelings, but that they may
+"be more easily conceived than described?"--_Monthly Magazine._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+NEW BOOKS.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+OTWAY'S "VENICE PRESERVED."
+
+
+(Hundreds of our readers who have again and again heard
+
+  Belvidera pour her soul in love--
+
+may not be aware of the precise historical connexion of the incidents of
+Otway's play with the events of history. They are taken, in the main,
+from an atrocious conspiracy formed at Venice in 1618. Sir Henry Wotton,
+then English ambassador at Venice, writes as follows on the 25th of May,
+in the above year:--"The whole town is here at present in horror and
+confusion upon the discovering of a foul and fearful conspiracy of the
+French against this state; whereof no less than thirty have already
+suffered very condign punishment, between men strangled in prison,
+drowned in the silence of the night, and hanged in public view; and yet
+the bottom is invisible." Beyond this quaint, meagre, chronological
+notice, little is actually established of the details, although the
+event is perhaps as familiarly known by name to English readers as any
+other in the History of Venice. We are, therefore, happy to see the
+affair treated with minute consideration in the second volume of
+"Sketches from Venetian History," in the _Family Library_; and so
+interesting is the narrative, or rather the facts and conjectures, to
+the lover of history, as well as to the unstudious playgoer, that we are
+induced to quote nearly every line of the passage. The editor
+observes:--)
+
+Muratori indeed has scarcely exaggerated the obscurity in which this
+incident is enveloped when he affirms that only one fact illuminates its
+darkness; namely that several hundred French and Spaniards engaged in
+the service of the Republic were arrested and put to death. The
+researches of Comte Daru have brought to light some hitherto unknown
+contemporary documents; but even the inexhaustible diligence of that
+most laborious, accurate, and valuable writer has been baffled in the
+hope of obtaining certainty as its reward; and he has been compelled to
+content himself with the addition of one hypothesis more to those
+already proposed in explanation of this mystery.
+
+All that can be positively affirmed is that during the summer of 1617,
+Jacques Pierre, a Norman by birth, whose youth had been spent in
+piratical enterprises in the Levantine seas, from which he had acquired
+no inconsiderable celebrity, fled from the service of the Spanish Duke
+d'Ossuna, Viceroy of Naples; and, having offered himself at the Arsenal
+of Venice, was engaged there in a subordinate office. Not many days
+after his arrival in the _Lagune_, Pierre denounced to the Inquisitors
+of State a conspiracy projected, as he said, by the Duke d'Ossuna, and
+favoured by Don Alfonso della Cueva, Marquis de Bedemar, at that time
+resident ambassador from Spain. The original minutes of Pierre's
+disclosures, written in French, still exist among the correspondence of
+M. Leon Bruslart, the contemporary ambassador from the court of France
+to the Republic; and they were translated into Italian, with which
+language Pierre was but imperfectly acquainted, by his friend Renault,
+in order that they might be presented to the Inquisitors. In this plot,
+Pierre avowed himself to be chief agent; his pretended abandonment of
+the Duke d'Ossuna forming one part of the stratagem: and he added that
+his commission enjoined him to seduce the Dutch troops employed in the
+late war, who still remained in Venice and its neighbourhood; to fire
+the city; to seize and massacre the nobles; to overthrow the existing
+government; and ultimately to transfer the state to the Spanish crown.
+The sole immediate step taken by the Inquisitors in consequence of these
+revelations was the secret execution of Spinosa, a Neapolitan, whom
+Pierre described as an emissary of the Duke d'Ossuna; and whom he
+appears to have regarded with jealousy as a spy upon his own conduct.
+For the rest, the magistrates contented themselves, as it, seems, by
+awaiting the maturity of the plot with silent vigilance. Ten months
+elapsed during which Pierre communicated on the one hand with the Duke
+d'Ossuna, unsuspicious of his treachery, and on the other with the
+Inquisitors; till at the expiration of that term he was seized by an
+order of the X, while employed on his duties with the Fleet, and drowned
+without the grant of sufficient delay even for previous religious
+confession. More, perhaps many more, than three hundred French and
+Spaniards engaged in various naval and military capacities were at the
+same time delivered to the executioner; and Renault, after undergoing
+numerous interrogatories, and being placed seven times on the cord, was
+hanged by one foot on a gibbet on the _Piazzetta_, which day after day
+presented similar exhibitions of horror.
+
+This evidence of Pierre remained at the time concealed in the bosoms of
+the Inquisitors to whom it had been delivered; and no official
+declarations satisfied public curiosity as to the cause of the
+sanguinary executions which deformed the Capital. A rumour indeed spread
+itself abroad, and, although not traced to any certain authority, was
+universally credited, that a great peril had been escaped; that Venice
+had trembled on the very brink of destruction; and that the Spaniards
+had meditated her ruin. Popular fury was accordingly directed against
+the Marquis de Bedemar; and so fierce were the menaces of summary
+vengeance that the ambassador was forced to protest his innocence before
+the _Collegio_, more in the spirit of one deprecating punishment than
+defying accusation. He then earnestly solicited protection against the
+rabble surrounding his palace; for "God knows," affirmed his pale and
+affrighted secretary more than once, "the danger of our residence is
+great!" The Vice-doge, who during the interregnum between the death of
+one chief magistrate and the election of another presided over the
+_Collegio_, replied vaguely, coldly, and formally; and, the application
+having been renewed without any more favourable result, Bedemar, justly
+apprehensive for his safety, seized a pretext for withdrawing, till a
+successor to his embassy was appointed. Meantime, considerable doubts
+were entertained, not only by the resident foreign ministers,--
+especially by that of France, better informed than his brethren through
+the possession of Pierre's minutes,--but by the Venetian senators
+themselves, also, whether any conspiracy whatever had really existed.
+Nevertheless, in spite of these misgivings not obscurely expressed, it
+was not till the expiration of five months that the X presented a report
+to the Senate, detailing the information which they had received and the
+views upon which they had acted. That report however is so manifestly
+contradicted in many very important instances by Pierre's depositions,
+that it must be considered as drawn up and garbled solely with the
+intention of _making a case_; and therefore as revealing only so much
+truth dashed and brewed with a huge proportion of falsehood, as it
+suited the interests of the magistrates to exhibit to public view. All
+mention of the denouncements of Pierre during the long period of ten
+months is carefully suppressed, and yet no fact in history is more
+distinctly proved than that he did so communicate. The first intimation
+of the plot is there said to have been given but a few days before it
+was to have been executed, by two Frenchmen, Montcassin and Balthazar
+Juven, whom Pierre had endeavoured to seduce. "Look at these Venetians,"
+said the daring conspirator one day to his apparent proselytes, "they
+affect to chain the lion; but the lion sometimes devours his master,
+especially when that master uses him ill." According to their further
+evidence, some troops despatched by the Duke d'Ossuna were to land by
+night on the _Piazzetta_ and to occupy all the strong holds of the city;
+numerous treasonable agents already within the walls were to master the
+depots of arms; and fire, rapine, and massacre were to bring the
+enterprise to consummation.
+
+The papers abovementioned, together with a few letters from the Doge to
+the Venetian ambassador at Milan, and one or two other not very
+important documents contained in the archives of Venice, all printed by
+Comte Dam, are the sole authentic vouchers for this conspiracy now known
+to exist; and it must be confessed that they are insufficient for its
+elucidation. The Abbe St. Real, who for a long time was esteemed the
+chief historian of this dark transaction, is an agreeable and attractive
+writer; but--since he was unacquainted with the report of the X; since
+he does not cite the correspondence of the French ambassador containing
+Pierre's depositions; and since he frequently varies from a MS which he
+does cite, _The Interrogatories of the Accused_,[12] a MS indeed, which,
+even when quoted faithfully, is often contradicted by the few
+established facts, and by numerous well-known usages of the Venetian
+government,--little faith can be attached to his narrative. It was his
+opinion, and it has been that which has most generally prevailed, that
+the Duke d'Ossuna, the Marquis de Bedemar, and Don Pedro di Toledo,
+governor of Milan, mutually concerted a plan for the destruction of
+Venice; the chief execution of which was entrusted to Pierre and
+Renault: and that, on the very eve of its explosion, Jaffier, one of
+their band, touched by the magnificence of the Espousals of the Adriatic
+which he had just witnessed, was shaken from his stern purpose, and
+revealed the conspiracy. In order to overthrow the latter part of this
+hypothesis, it may be sufficient to state that the first executions took
+place on the 14th of May, 1618, and that it was not till the 24th of
+that month that the Feast of Ascension, and its gorgeous ceremonies,
+occurred in the same year.
+
+    [12] A translation of this document is given by Daru: the
+    original Italian may be found in the _Memorie recondite_ of
+    Vittorio Siri, i. 407.
+
+Comte Daru, on the other hand, first explains a design which it is
+notorious was entertained by the Duke d'Ossuna to convert his
+viceroyalty of Naples into a kingdom, the crown of which, wrested from
+Spain, should be placed on his own head. And hence he establishes the
+impossibility that d'Ossuna should at the same moment be plotting the
+overthrow of Venice; that power whose assistance, or at least whose
+connivance was one of the weapons most necessary for his success. On
+these grounds, Comte Daru contends that the Duke maintained a secret
+understanding both with the Signory and the court of France; that,
+refining on political duplicity, he deceived Pierre by really
+instructing him to gain over the Dutch troops quartered in the _Lagune_;
+not, however, as his emissary supposed, to be employed ultimately for
+the seizure of Venice, but in truth for that of Naples; that Pierre's
+courage was not proof against the dangers with which his apparently most
+hazardous commission beset him; and that accordingly he betrayed his
+employer, and revealed to the Inquisitors a plot which _they_ well knew
+to be feigned: and, lastly, that when the ambitious plans of d'Ossuna,
+partially discovered before their time by the Spanish government, might
+have compromised Venice also if they had been fully elucidated; in order
+to blot out each syllable of evidence which could bear, even indirectly,
+upon the transaction, so far as she was concerned, it was thought
+expedient to remove every individual who had been even unwittingly
+connected with it. So fully was this abominable wickedness perpetrated,
+that both the accused and the accusers, the deceivers and the deceived,
+those either faithless or faithful to their treason, the tools who
+either adhered to or who betrayed d'Ossuna, who sought to destroy or to
+preserve Venice, were alike enveloped in one common fate, and silenced
+in the same sure keeping of the grave. Some few, respecting whose degree
+of participation a slight doubt arose, were strangled on the avowed
+principle that _all_ must be put to death who were in any way
+implicated; others were drowned by night, in order that their execution
+might _make no noise_.[13] Moncassin, one of the avowed informers, was
+pensioned, spirited away to Cyprus, and there despatched in a drunken
+quarrel; and if it be asserted that his companion Balthazar Juven was
+permitted to survive, it is because he is the only individual concerning
+whose final destiny we cannot pronounce with certainty.[14]
+
+    [13] Laurent Brulard, concerning whose fate much discussion
+    arose, was strangled _par beaucoup de considerations et par une
+    suite du parti qu'on avrait pris de mettre a mort tons ceux qui
+    etaient impliques dans cette affaire_. The brothers Desbouleaux
+    were drowned by night in the _Canale Orfano, pour ne point
+    ebruiter l'affaire_; and the instructions sent to the Admiral
+    who was to drown Pierre were to fulfil his commission _avec le
+    moins de bruit possible_. Accordingly that ruffian, and
+    forty-five of his accomplices, were drowned at once _sans
+    bruit_. _Interrogatoire des Accuses_, translated by Daru, vol.
+    viii. § x.
+
+    [14] It is believed that Balthazar Juven, and a relation of the
+    Marechale de Lesdiguieres, who is stated to have escaped
+    punishment, are one and the same person.
+
+Of one personage who holds an important station in St. Real's romance,
+and yet more so in Otway's coarse and boisterous tragedy, which, by dint
+of some powerful _coups de theatre_, still maintains possession of the
+English stage, we have hitherto mentioned but the name; and, in fact,
+even for that name we are indebted only to the more than suspected
+summary of the _Interrogatories of the Accused_.
+
+Antoine Jaffier, a French captain, is there made chief evidence against
+Pierre and Renault, who are employed by d'Ossuna, as he vaguely states,
+to surprise _some_ maritime place belonging to the republic. This
+informer was rewarded with four thousand sequins, and instructed
+forthwith to quit the Venetian territories; but having, while at
+Brescia, renewed communications with suspected persons, he was brought
+back to the _Lagune_ and drowned. The minute particularities of
+Jaffier's depositions, and the motive which prompted him to offer them,
+(the latter, as we have already shown, resting on a gross anachronism,)
+are, we believe pure inventions by St. Real; and Otway has used a poet's
+license to palliate still farther deviations from authentic history.
+Under his hands, Pierre,--whom all accounts conspire in representing to
+us as a foreign, vulgar and mercenary bravo, equally false to every
+party, and frightened into confession,--is transformed into a Venetian
+patriot, the proud champion of his country's liberty; who declaims in
+good, set, round, customary terms against slavery and oppression; and
+who, in the end, escapes a mode of execution unknown to Venice, by
+persuading the friend who has betrayed him, and whom he has consequently
+renounced, to stab him to the heart, in order "to preserve his memory."
+The weak, whining, vacillating, uxorious Jaffier, by turns a cut-throat
+and a King's evidence; now pawning, now fondling, and now menacing with
+his dagger an imaginary wife; first placing his comrade's life in
+jeopardy, then begging it against his will, and finally taking it with
+his own hand, is a yet more unhappy creation of wayward fancy; and it is
+only in the names of the conspirators, in the introduction of an
+Englishman, Eliot, (whom he has brought nearer vernacular spelling than
+he found him,--Haillot,[15]) and in the character of Rainault, that
+Otway is borne out by authority. The last-mentioned person is described
+by the French ambassador as a sot, a gambler, and a sharper, whose
+rogueries are well known to all the world; in a word, therefore, as a
+fit leader of a revolutionary crew wrought up, "without the least
+remorse, with fire and sword t' exterminate" all who bore the stamp of
+nobility; and _not_ as the most fitting depository in which Belvidera's
+honour might be lodged as a security for that of her irresolute husband.
+
+    [15] Nani, iii. p. 169. He was to have commanded the naval part
+    of the enterprise.
+
+Whatever hypothesis may be adopted, be this conspiracy true or false,
+there is no bloodier, probably no blacker page in history than that
+which records its development. Were it not for the immeasurable weight
+of guilt which must press upon the memory of the rulers of Venice if we
+suppose the plot to have been altogether fictitious, we should assuredly
+admit that the evidence greatly preponderates in favour of that
+assertion. But respect for human nature compels us to hesitate in
+admitting a charge so monstrous. Five months after the commencement of
+the executions, either a tardy gratitude or a profane mockery was
+offered to Heaven; and the Doge and nobles returned thanks for their
+great deliverance, by a solemn service at St. Mark's.
+
+(Among the master-spirits who have commemorated the olden glories of
+Venice, but more especially her association with our dramatic
+literature, must not be forgotten Lord Byron:
+
+  But unto us she hath a spell beyond
+  Her name in story, and her long array
+  Of mighty shadows, whose dim forms despond
+  Above the dogeless city's vanish'd sway;
+  Our's is a trophy which will not decay
+  With the Rialto: Shylock and the Moor,
+  And Pierre cannot be swept away---
+  The keystones of the arch! though all were o'er,
+  For us repeopled were the solitary shore.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+  I lov'd her from my boyhood--she to me
+  Was as a fairy city of the heart,
+  Rising like water-columns from the sea,
+  Of joy the sojourn, and of wealth the mart;
+  And Otway, Radcliffe, Schiller, Shakspeare's art
+  Had stamp'd her image in me, and ever so,
+  Although I found her thus, we did not part,
+  Perchance even dearer in her day of woe
+  Than when she was a boast, a marvel, and a show.
+
+Returning to the "Sketches," we must observe that we beg to differ with
+the Editor in merely applying the epithets "coarse and boisterous," to
+Otway's play, and pointing to "_coups de Theatre_" as its only merits.
+He surely ought not to have omitted its originality of whatever order it
+may be.
+
+The volume before us brings the history of Venice to her subjection to
+Austria in 1798. It is throughout spiritedly executed. The
+illustrations, antique and modern, are precisely of this character,
+being from Titian, and our contemporary artist, Prout.)
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+THE GATHERER.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Sir Hercules Langreish and his Friend._--We found him in his study
+alone, poring over the national accounts, with two claret bottles empty
+before him, and a third bottle on the wane; it was about eight o'clock
+in the evening, and the butler, according to general orders when
+gentlemen came in, brought a bottle of claret to each of us. "Why," said
+Parnell, "Sir Heck, you have emptied _two bottles_ already." "True,"
+said Sir Hercules. "And had you nobody to help you?" "_O yes_, I had
+that bottle of _port_ there, and I assure you he afforded me very great
+assistance!"--_Sir Jonah Barrington._
+
+_The Irish Bar._--They used to tell a story of Fitzgibbon respecting a
+client who brought his own brief, and fee, that he might personally
+apologize for the smallness of the latter. Fitzgibbon, on receiving the
+fee, looked rather discontented. "I assure you, counsellor," said the
+client (mournfully) "I am ashamed of its smallness; but in fact it is
+all I have in the world." "Oh! then," said Fitzgibbon, "you can do no
+more:--as it's all you have in the world--why--hem--I must _take it_."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Speaking of the Catholics in the hall of the Four Courts, Keller seemed
+to insinuate that Norcott was favourable to their emancipation. "What!"
+said Norcott, with a great show of pomposity--"what! Pray, Keller, do
+you see anything that smacks of the _Pope_ about me?" "I don't know,"
+replied Keller; "but at all events there is a great deal of the
+_Pretender_, and I always understood them to travel in company."
+
+_National Gallery and Record Office, on the site of the King's Mews,
+Charing Cross._--The estimated expense of erecting the above building is
+50,000_l_.; the amount proposed to be taken for the present year is
+15,000_l_.; leaving to be granted in future years 35,000_l_. The
+proposed building will be 461 feet in length and 56 feet in width in its
+extreme dimensions, and will consist of a centre and two wings. The
+western wing will contain, on the ground floor, rooms for the reception
+of records, and an entrance into the barrack-yard such as now exists.
+Above them will be the picture-gallery, divided into four rooms; one 50
+feet by 50 feet; two 50 feet by 38 feet; and one room 50 feet by 32
+feet; together with four cabinets for the reception of small pictures,
+or for the use of the keeper. The floors will be made fire-proof. The
+eastern wing, of similar extent, will contain, on the ground floor, a
+hall for casts, the library and council-room of the Royal Academy, and a
+dwelling for the keeper. There will be likewise a gateway or entrance
+corresponding to that leading into the barrack-yard in the other wing.
+In the basement below this wing there will be offices for the use of the
+Royal Academy, and a separate set attached to the dwelling-house of the
+keeper. The centre building will consist of halls, vestibules,
+staircases, &c. for both establishments; they will be distinct and
+separated; but so brought together as to form one grand feature of
+interior decoration. The building is proposed to be executed in stone.
+The central portico is to be constructed with the columns and other
+members of that which formerly decorated the palace at Carlton House.
+The materials of the present building are to be used in the construction
+of the new building, so far as they can be employed with propriety. The
+whole cost of the building will be 50,000_l_., exclusive of the old
+materials above mentioned, which have been valued at 4,000_/l_. It is
+impossible to state with any degree of accuracy the cost of the grates,
+air-stoves, and fittings of the buildings, which will mainly depend upon
+the mode to be adopted in warming them; but it may be confidently stated
+that it will not exceed 600_l_.--_Parliamentary Paper, No. 611._
+
+_Home Truth._--"Give me my liar," was the phrase in which Charles the
+Fifth was used to call for a volume of history; and certainly no man can
+attentively examine any important period of our annals without
+remarking, that almost every incident admits of two handles, almost
+every character of two interpretations; and that, by a judicious packing
+of facts, the historian may make his picture assume nearly what form he
+pleases, without any direct violation of truth.--_Quarterly Rev._
+
+_Envy._--"Of all the spies that are," says Mr. Owen Feltham, "envy is
+the most observant and prying. When the physicians to Frederick were
+relating what most would sharpen the sight, some were for fennel, and
+some for glasses, and others for other matters; the noble Actius did
+assure them, there was nothing that would do it like envy. Whatsoever
+man does ill, by it is magnified, and multiplied; his failings are all
+watched, drawn out, and blazed to the world; and under the pretence of
+good, he is oft led to the extremest issue of evil. Like oil that is
+poured upon the roots of trees, which softens, it destroys and withers
+all the branches. And being once catched, with scorn he is insulted on.
+For envy is so unnoble a devil, that it ever tyrannizeth most upon a
+slip or low prostration, at which time gallant minds do most disdain to
+triumph. The envious is more unhappy than the serpent: for though he
+hath poison within him, and can cast it upon others, yet to his proper
+bosom it is not burdensome, as is the rancour that the envious keeps;
+but this most plainly is the plague, as it infects others, so it fevers
+him that hath it, till he dies. Nor is it more noxious to the owner than
+fatal and detrimental to all the world beside. It was envy first unmade
+the angels and created devils. It was envy first that turned man out of
+Paradise, and with the blood of the innocent first dyed the untainted
+earth. It was envy sold chaste Joseph as a bondman, and unto crucifixion
+gave the only Son of God. He walks among burning coals that converses
+with those that are envious. He that would avoid it in himself, must
+have worth enough to be humble and beneficent. But he that would avoid
+the danger of it from others, must abandon their company."
+
+_Extraordinary Whipping._--During the minority of King James I. he was
+at Stirling Castle, under the tuition of the celebrated Buchanan. It is
+reported that Buchanan's reverence for his royal pupil, did not prevent
+his giving him a severe whipping when he persisted against remonstrance,
+in disturbing him whilst he was reading. Historians do not tell us how
+the royal pupil supported this chastisement. Swift says, "Heirs to
+titles and large estates, have a weakness in their eyes, and are not
+able to bear the pain and indignity of whipping." P.T.W.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Erratum_ in page 2--the line quoted from Montgomery should be "The
+parrots swung like blossoms on the trees."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Printed and published by_ J. LIMBIRI, 143, _Strand, (near Somerset
+House,) London; sold by ERNEST FLEISCHER, 626, New Market, Leipsic; G.G.
+BENNIS, 55, Rue Neuve, St. Augustin, Paris; and by all Newsmen and
+Booksellers._
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 11706 ***
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+<title>The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction, Vol. 20, Issue 559, July 28, 1832, by Various</title>
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+<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 11706 ***</div>
+<h1>The Project Gutenberg eBook, The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and
+Instruction, Vol. 20, Issue 559, July 28, 1832, by Various</h1>
+<br />
+<br />
+<center><b>E-text prepared by Jonathan Ingram, David King,<br />
+           and the Project Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team</b></center>
+<br />
+<br />
+<hr class="full" />
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page49" name="page49"></a>[pg
+49]</span>
+<h1>THE MIRROR<br />
+OF<br />
+LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION.</h1>
+<hr class="full" />
+<table width="100%" summary="Volume, Number, and Date">
+<tr>
+<td align="left"><b>Vol. 20. No. 559.]</b></td>
+<td align="center"><b>SATURDAY, JULY 28, 1832</b></td>
+<td align="right"><b>[PRICE 2d.</b></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<hr class="full" />
+<h2>OPORTO.</h2>
+<div class="figure" style="width:100%;"><a href=
+"images/559-1.png"><img width="100%" src="images/559-1.png" alt=
+"" /></a> OPORTO.</div>
+<p>Persons who are looking for "news from the seat of war" will
+probably hail the timely appearance of this Engraving, and regard
+it as folks sitting at a play do a drop-scene between the acts. The
+reader knows our pacific politics: we are of the pen, not of the
+sword; but we cannot be indifferent to a great political result,
+when</p>
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<p>Old men, and beldams, in the streets</p>
+<p>Do prophesy upon it.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>Oporto is a place of great commercial as well as political
+consideration. Thousands of Englishmen have a grateful recollection
+of the former importance upon their very lips. Its situation is one
+of great natural beauty. It is the largest city in Portugal, Lisbon
+excepted. It has been commonly said to owe its origin to the
+Romans;<a id="footnotetag1" name="footnotetag1"></a><a href=
+"#footnote1"><sup>1</sup></a> but it appears, from the best
+authors, to have been founded about A.D. 417 by the Suevi, who had
+established themselves in Braga and other parts of ancient Galicia,
+but who were driven by the Alani to the banks of the Douro, where
+they fortified themselves on the steep hill now occupied by the
+cathedral and the bishop's palace, and which is still distinguished
+by the appellation of the Cidade de Antiga.</p>
+<p>The city occupies the north bank of the Douro, (anciently
+<i>Durius</i>,) about five miles from the mouth of the river, and
+the Atlantic Ocean. The approach from thence to Oporto is
+remarkably beautiful. The dangers of the <span class=
+"pagenum"><a id="page50" name="page50"></a>[pg 50]</span> bar,
+across the mouth of the river, once passed,<a id="footnotetag2"
+name="footnotetag2"></a><a href="#footnote2"><sup>2</sup></a> a
+succession of interesting objects present themselves on both sides,
+as we ascend towards the city. The little town of St. Joao da Foz
+stands on the north bank, close to the sea, and is the favourite
+resort of the wealthier inhabitants of Oporto during the violent
+heat of the summer. The river, immediately within the bar, expands
+into the appearance of a lake. A little higher up it is narrowed by
+two abrupt hills. That on the right terminates in a precipice of
+bright hard sandstone, descending so steeply to the water's edge,
+that but lately a road has been made from Oporto along the bank of
+the river, to St. Joao da Foz, by blasting and hewing down a
+sufficient portion of the rock. This height, from its precipitous
+sides, is called the Monte d'Arabida, and forms the western
+boundary of a lovely valley, opening upon the Douro, covered with
+the Quintas, or villas, of the wealthier inhabitants of the
+adjoining city. Most of the Quintas at the mouth of the river
+command delightful prospects of the Atlantic Ocean, and the
+splendid effects produced on these scenes at sunset, in this
+glowing climate, are almost indescribable. Some idea of its beauty
+may be formed by reference to Colonel Batty's view from this
+point.<a id="footnotetag3" name="footnotetag3"></a><a href=
+"#footnote3"><sup>3</sup></a> The appearance of the Douro, with its
+numerous shipping, and the variety of interesting objects scattered
+on its cheerful banks, render this one of the most pleasing scenes
+in the circle of Oporto.</p>
+<p>To economize time and space we must quit this enchanting spot.
+Gondolas, like those at Venice, are used on the river, but will not
+suffice for our celerity. We must reach at once the point of our
+Engraving. The view is taken from Villa Nova, an important suburb
+of Oporto, on the opposite bank of the river. The city may be
+divided into the high and the low town. It contains, in a civil
+sense, five wards, or <i>bairros</i>, of which the S&eacute;, or
+cathedral hill, and the Vittoria, or height opposite to the
+S&eacute;, (and crowned by a church, which was founded in
+commemoration of a celebrated battle fought on the spot with the
+Moors, which terminated in their defeat and expulsion from the
+place,) form the town properly called Oporto; and it is possible
+still to trace the remains of the old wall, which formerly
+surrounded and defended the place. The three other quarters, San
+Idelfonso, Miragaya, and Villa Nova, are open. The latter is
+connected with the principal town by a bridge of boats, which is so
+badly constructed as to be scarcely able to sustain the violent
+power of the river when swelled by winter torrents. The Douro, like
+the Rhine and the Rhone, and all other rivers which flow through a
+rocky and often confined channel, commits at certain seasons the
+greatest ravages; and property to a considerable amount is annually
+lost at Oporto, by the irresistible force with which the river
+pours down and carries every thing before it. A bridge of granite
+has been long talked of to connect Villa Nova and Oporto, but the
+funds are not yet forthcoming, and the expense will be
+considerable.</p>
+<p>The Engraving represents the most ancient part of the city of
+Oporto. We are here directly fronting the bishop's palace, which,
+with the S&eacute;, or Cathedral,<a id="footnotetag4" name=
+"footnotetag4"></a><a href="#footnote4"><sup>4</sup></a> and
+buildings, to the left, occupy the crest of the hill. Further left
+is the steeple of the church dos Clerigos, said to be the loftiest
+in Portugal after that of Mafra. This tower is visible from the sea
+at a distance of ten leagues, and serves as an important landmark
+for ships steering to the mouth of the Douro. It was erected in the
+year 1748, and is built entirely of the finest masonry, an art in
+which the Portuguese are almost unrivalled. On the summit of the
+hill to the right, touching the old walls and towers, is the
+convent of Santa Clara. Immediately below the Cathedral, the rocky
+steep has been cut into terraces, and laid out in gardens. The
+river is bordered by the old city wall. A noble street, the Rua
+Nova de St. Joao, is seen opening upon the quay on the left. Part
+of the bridge of boats appears on the right: it was first
+constructed in the year 1806, destroyed in 1809, but re-established
+in 1815. It was the scene of dreadful slaughter at the time the
+city was given up to pillage by the French. Some of the boats
+forming it had been destroyed, and many of the wretched inhabitants
+crowding to the bridge, in hopes of escaping from the enemy's sword
+were urged on by the affrighted multitude into the rapid stream,
+and thus perished. On the river, to the right and left, is seen a
+Portuguese coasting vessel, called Hyate; in the centre is a
+wine-boat of the Douro, with a raised platform for the steersman.
+The foreground of the view is the shore of Villa Nova, adjoining
+the quay. The chief article of export is wine;<a id="footnotetag5"
+name="footnotetag5"></a><a href="#footnote5"><sup>5</sup></a> and
+here is the grand dep&ocirc;t for this commodity, which is stowed
+in long, low buildings, called lodges.</p>
+<p>"On the quays," says Mr. Kinsey, "are <span class=
+"pagenum"><a id="page51" name="page51"></a>[pg 51]</span> seen fine
+blocks of granite, already converted into form, having their edges
+cased with wood, ready to be shipped off for buildings in Brazil,
+where it appears that no good stone, or, at least, so durable as
+this, can be procured;&mdash;pipe-staves from Memel,&mdash;flax and
+iron,&mdash;and occasionally coals from the north of England. There
+are generally at anchor in the river between Villa Nova and Oporto,
+Russian, Brazilian, English, American, Dutch, Danish, and some
+French vessels; but many of the latter nation are not to be found
+in the Portuguese ports. Two thirds of the shipping to be seen in
+the Douro, are British, Brazilian, or Portuguese."</p>
+<p>The gardens of the city are luxuriantly stored. Brazilian
+plants, easily distinguished by their gaudy colours, vines on
+trellis, superb lemon-trees, lime and orange-trees, pear, apple,
+and plum-trees, and Alpine strawberries are in abundance. The
+Indian cane, with its splendid blossom, whose colour resembles that
+of the Guernsey, or rather the Chinese lily, is a gay addition to
+the ornaments of this earthly paradise. Mr. Kinsey says "The
+<i>ulmis adjungere vitem</i> is well known in poetical description,
+but in Portugal, besides overshadowing their artificial supporters,
+the vines are seen attaching themselves to, or hanging down in
+luxuriant festoons from forest-trees, such as the oak, chestnut,
+and cork, in all the wildness of nature, and not unfrequently
+insinuating themselves among the branches of myrtle-trees, which
+attain a considerable size in the hedge-rows, and contrasting their
+large, purple bunches with the snow-white blossom. The union is
+truly poetical, and its novelty is charming to the eye of a
+northern traveller. A vine is often purposely planted by the farmer
+under an oak-tree, whose boughs it soon over-runs, repaying the
+little labour expended in its cultivation by its fruit, and the lop
+of its branches. Ten pipes of green wine, <i>vinho verde</i>,
+expressed from these grapes, will yield one pipe of excellent
+brandy. Being light and sharp, the vinho verde is preferred by the
+generality of Portuguese in the summer, to wines of superior
+strength and quality."</p>
+<p>The population of Oporto and Villa Nova was stated by Colonel
+Batty in 1830, to amount to about 80,000 inhabitants.</p>
+<hr />
+<h3>POETS, MINOR AND MAJOR.</h3>
+<p>Perhaps no branch of literary reputation is so difficult to
+establish as that of first-rate poetic excellence. During the last
+fifty years, many meritorious competitors for bardic renown have
+successively aspired to public favour, and have each in their turns
+exhibited their fancy-woven <i>bouquets</i>, as containing a more
+beautiful assemblage of "flowers of all hue," as Milton divinely
+sings, than those which their equally emulative and praiseworthy
+compeers have, in their best attempts, laid out upon the
+<i>parterre</i> of the public. In the poetic foreground of the
+above period, are to be seen the names of Pye, Ogilvie, Whitehead,
+Tasker, Mason, Cowper, Merry, Jerningham, Woty, Hurdis, Pratt,
+Fitzgerald, &amp;c. over whose metrical effusions, with the
+exception of the fifth and sixth, the clouds of obscurity have long
+since cast a darkening hue. Even the "Elegaic Sonnets" of Charlotte
+Smith, which first appeared in 1784, and formed a sort of poetical
+era in point of popularity, have long since "fallen into the sere
+and yellow leaf," as it was discriminately hinted by Burns would be
+the case with his soul-breathing Letters; the Sonnets by the Rev.
+W.L. Bowles, although emanating from a beautiful fountain-spring of
+thought and feeling, which should have screened their writer from
+the venomous shaft of Byron, have already sunk beneath the meridian
+of their popularity; and the loaded ornamental rhymes of Darwin;
+the prettily embroidered couplets of Miss Seward, together with the
+Della Cruscan Rhymes of Mary Robinson, Mrs. Cowley, &amp;c. are
+left like daisies, plucked from the greensward, to perish beneath
+unfeeling neglect. Who now reads the verses of Ann Yearsley, the
+poetic milkwoman, who was so lauded beyond her deserts, by Mrs. H.
+More?&mdash;few or none. Why is this revolution in public taste?
+Because those master-spirits which guide the present age, have
+given birth to a species of poetry more legitimate and useful in
+its design, and more valuable in its tendencies and
+characteristics. Instead of the "namby pamby" verses of the period
+I have alluded to, and the coarse scurrility of style which runs
+with a discolouring vein through the satirical pages of Dr. Wolcot,
+we have now the heart-stirring metres of a Campbell, as in that
+beautiful rainbow of poetic loveliness and imagination, his
+"Pleasures of Hope." We have now a series of pictures bearing an
+impress as pleasant as the gleams of warm autumn in the "Pleasures
+of Memory," by Rogers; the wildness of Loutherbourgh, the grandeur
+of Salvator Rosa, the terror-striking forms of Fuseli, embodied
+with increased energy in the immortal Lays of Byron: the every-day
+incidents of life, copied with the graphic fidelity of a Sharp, and
+bearing the faithful stamp of cottage grouping, which distinguished
+the pencil of a Morland,&mdash;in the natural paintings of Crabbe.
+We have Catullus stealing from his couch, to breathe a new
+intonation into the harp of Moore; and last of all, we have the
+votaress of virtue and moral feeling, the Cambrian minstrel, Mrs.
+Hemans, making melancholy appear as delightful as love.</p>
+<p><i>The Author of a Tradesman's Lays.</i></p>
+<hr />
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page52" name="page52"></a>[pg
+52]</span>
+<h3>STANZAS FOR MUSIC.</h3>
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<p>Though the waves of old Time are darkly advancing,</p>
+<p>There still is one spot where the sunbeams are glancing,</p>
+<p>There glow the gay visions of youth's sunny morn,</p>
+<p>Safe from the ocean-wave, safe from the storm:</p>
+<p>For Memory keeps the spot fresh and green ever,</p>
+<p>The dark tides of Time, shall sweep over it never!</p>
+</div>
+<div class="stanza">
+<p>There Fancy, her mirror holds up to the eye,</p>
+<p>And lovely the forms that come wandering by,</p>
+<p>Like music come softly the sounds that have fled,</p>
+<p>The voices of lov'd ones, the tones of the dead:</p>
+<p>Oh Memory! keep that spot fresh and green ever,</p>
+<p>And the dark tides of Time, sweep over it never.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="stanza">
+<p>For beautiful Hope, wanders oft to the Isle,</p>
+<p>With her wreath of bright flowers, and radiant smile.</p>
+<p>She stands with her finger upraised to the sky,</p>
+<p>And she dries the sad tear-drop in Memory's eye:</p>
+<p>An emerald green, be that Island for ever,</p>
+<p>May the dark tides of Time, sweep over it never!</p>
+</div>
+<div class="stanza">
+<p>Kirton, Lindsey. <span style="margin-left:3em">ANNE
+R.</span></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<hr class="full" />
+<h2>ANECDOTE GALLERY</h2>
+<hr />
+<h3>CARDING A TITHE PROCTOR.</h3>
+<p>In Ireland, carding the tithe proctors was occasionally resorted
+to by the White Boys, and was performed in the following
+manner:&mdash;-</p>
+<p>The tithe proctor was generally waked out of his first sleep by
+his door being smashed in; and the <i>boys</i> in white shirts
+desired him "never to fear," as they only intended to <i>card</i>
+him this bout for taking a quarter instead of a tenth from every
+poor man in the parish. They then turned him on his face upon the
+bed; and taking a lively ram cat out of a bag which they brought
+with them, they set the cat between the proctor's shoulders. The
+beast, being nearly as much terrified as the proctor, would
+endeavour to get off; but being held fast by the tail, he
+intrenched every claw deep in the proctor's back, in order to keep
+up a firm resistance to the White Boys. The more the tail was
+pulled <i>back</i>, the more the ram cat tried to go
+<i>forward</i>; at length, when he had, as he conceived, made his
+possession quite secure, main force convinced him to the contrary,
+and that if he kept his hold he must lose his tail. So, he was
+dragged backward to the proctor's loins, grappling at every pull,
+and bringing away here and there strips of the proctor's skin, to
+prove the pertinacity of his defence.</p>
+<p>When the ram cat had got down to the loins he was once more
+placed at the shoulders, and again <i>carded</i> the proctor
+(<i>toties quoties</i>) according to his sentence.</p>
+<hr />
+<h3>WALKING GALLOWS.</h3>
+<h4>(<i>From Sir Jonah Barrington's Sketches.</i>)</h4>
+<p>Among the extraordinary characters that turned up in the fatal
+"ninety-eight," there were few more extraordinary than Lieutenant
+H&mdash;&mdash;, then denominated the "walking gallows;"&mdash;and
+such he certainly was, literally and practically.</p>
+<p>Lieutenant H&mdash;&mdash; was an officer of the line on half
+pay. His brother was one of the solicitors to the Crown&mdash;a
+quiet, tremulous, <i>vino deditus</i> sort of man, and a leading
+Orangeman;&mdash;his widow who afterwards married and survived a
+learned doctor, was a clever, positive, good-looking Englishwoman,
+and, I think, fixed the doctor's avowed <i>creed</i>: as to his
+genuine <i>faith</i>, that was of little consequence.</p>
+<p>Lieutenant H&mdash;&mdash; was about six feet two inches
+high;&mdash;strong, and broad in proportion. His strength was
+great, but of the dead kind unaccompanied by activity. He could
+lift a ton, but could not leap a rivulet; he looked mild, and his
+address was civil&mdash;neither assuming nor at all ferocious. I
+knew him well, and from his countenance should never have suspected
+him of cruelty; but so cold-blooded and so eccentric an executioner
+of the human race I believe never yet existed, save among the
+American Indians.<a id="footnotetag6" name=
+"footnotetag6"></a><a href="#footnote6"><sup>6</sup></a></p>
+<p>His inducement to the strange barbarity he practised I can
+scarcely conceive; unless it proceeded from that natural taint of
+cruelty which so often distinguishes man above all other animals
+when his power becomes uncontrolled. The propensity was probably
+strengthened in him from the indemnities of martial law, and by
+those visions of promotion whereby violent partizans are
+perpetually urged, and so frequently disappointed.</p>
+<p>At the period alluded to, law being suspended, and the courts of
+justice closed, the "question" by torture was revived and largely
+practised. The commercial exchange of Dublin formed a place of
+execution; even <i>suspected</i> rebels were every day immolated as
+if <i>convicted</i> on the clearest evidence; and Lieutenant
+H&mdash;&mdash;'s <i>pastime</i> of hanging <i>on his own back</i>
+persons whose physiognomies he thought characteristic of rebellion
+was (I am ashamed to say) the subject of jocularity instead of
+punishment. What in other times he would himself have died for, as
+a murderer, was laughed at as the manifestation of loyalty: never
+yet was martial law so abused, or its enormities so hushed up as in
+Ireland. Being a military officer, the lieutenant conceived he had
+a right to do just what he thought proper, and to make the most of
+his time while martial law was flourishing.</p>
+<p>Once, when high in blood, he happened to meet <i>a
+suspicious-looking</i> peasant from County Kildare, who could not
+satisfactorily account for himself according to the lieutenant's
+notion of evidence; and having nobody at hand to vouch for him, the
+lieutenant of course immediately took for granted that he
+<i>must</i> be a rebel strolling about, and imagining the death of
+his Most Gracious Majesty.<a id="footnotetag7" name=
+"footnotetag7"></a><a href="#footnote7"><sup>7</sup></a> He
+therefore, no other <i>court of justice</i> <span class=
+"pagenum"><a id="page53" name="page53"></a>[pg 53]</span> being at
+hand, considered that he had a right to try the man by his <i>own
+opinion</i>; accordingly, after a brief interrogation, he condemned
+him to die, and without further ceremony proceeded to put his own
+sentence into immediate execution.</p>
+<p>However, to do the lieutenant justice, his <i>mode</i> was not
+near so tedious or painful as that practised by the grand signior,
+who sometimes causes the ceremony to be divided into three acts,
+giving the culprit a drink of spring water to <i>refresh</i> him
+between the two first; nor was it so severe as the burning old
+women formerly for witchcraft. In fact, the "walking gallows" was
+both on a new and simple plan; and after some kicking and plunging
+during the operation, never failed to be completely effectual. The
+lieutenant being, as before mentioned, of lofty stature, with broad
+and strong shoulders, saw no reason why they might not answer his
+majesty's service, upon a pinch, as well as two posts and a
+crossbar (the more legitimate instrument upon such occasions): and
+he also considered that, when a rope was not at hand, there was no
+good reason why his own silk cravat (being softer than an ordinary
+halter, and of course less calculated to <i>hurt</i> a man) should
+not be a more merciful choke-band than that employed by any <i>Jack
+Ketch</i> in the three kingdoms.</p>
+<p>In pursuance of these benevolent intentions, the lieutenant, as
+a preliminary step, first knocked down the suspected rebel from
+County Kildare, which the weight of mettle in his fist rendered no
+difficult achievement. His garters then did duty as handcuffs: and
+with the aid of a brawny aide-de-camp (one such always attended
+him), he pinioned his victim hand and foot, and then most
+considerately advised him to pray for King George, observing that
+any prayers for his <i>own</i> d&mdash;d <i>popish soul</i> would
+be only time lost, as his fate in every world (should there be even
+a thousand) was decided to all eternity for having imagined the
+death of so good a monarch.</p>
+<p>During this exhortation, the lieutenant twisted up his long
+cravat so as to make a firm, handsome rope, and then expertly
+sliding it over the rebel's neck, secured it there by a double
+knot, drew the cravat over his own shoulders, and the aide-de-camp
+holding up the rebel's heels, till he felt him <i>pretty easy</i>,
+the lieutenant with a powerful chuck drew up the poor devil's head
+as high as his own (cheek by jowl), and began to trot about with
+his burden like a jolting cart-horse,&mdash;the rebel choking and
+gulping meanwhile, until he had no further solicitude about
+sublunary affairs&mdash;when the lieutenant, giving him a parting
+chuck, just to make sure that his neck was broken, threw down his
+load&mdash;the personal assets about which the aide-de-camp made a
+<i>present</i> of to <i>himself</i>.</p>
+<p>Now all this proceeding was very painstaking and ingenious: and
+yet the ungrateful government (as Secretary Cook assured me) would
+have been better pleased had the execution taken place on timber
+and with hemp, according to old formalities.</p>
+<p>To be serious:&mdash;this story is scarcely credible&mdash;yet
+it is a notorious fact; and the lieutenant, a few nights
+afterwards, acquired the <i>sobriquet</i> which forms a head to
+this sketch and with which he was invested by the upper gallery of
+Crow Street Theatre&mdash;nor did he ever get rid of it to his
+dying-day.</p>
+<p>The above <i>trotting</i> execution (which was humorously
+related to me by an eye-witness) took place in the barrack-yard at
+Kerry House, Stephen's Green. The <i>hangee</i> was, I believe,
+(<i>as it happened</i>) in reality a rebel.</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<h2>MANNERS AND CUSTOMS.</h2>
+<hr />
+<h3>LAWS RELATING TO BACHELORS.</h3>
+<p>Many laws have been made against bachelors by various nations,
+who all concurred in considering the bachelor as an enemy to his
+country and to mankind. The chief of these laws were those made by
+the Romans, and consisted of fining the bachelor, and various other
+penalties: the most celebrated one was that of Augustus, which was
+entitled the "<i>Lex julia de maritandis ordinibus</i>" by which
+the bachelor was made incapable of receiving legacies, or of
+holding inheritances given by a will, unless they were bequeathed
+to him by a near relation. Plutarch observes that this brought many
+to marry, not for the mere sake of raising heirs to their estates,
+but to make themselves capable of receiving legacies, and for the
+purpose of inheriting such estates as might be left them by a
+friend.</p>
+<p>The Jewish nation also had their laws to the disfavour of the
+bachelor. The rabbis affirm, that according to the Laws of Moses,
+every one who has attained the age of twenty-one years is bound in
+conscience to marry; and this makes one of their 613 precepts. We
+should suppose that if this law ever had existence, it has been
+handed down by tradition, as we cannot find any trace of it in the
+"Books of Moses." Their "wise men" have many sayings in favour of
+marriage and against bachelors, one of which is "He who does
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page54" name="page54"></a>[pg
+54]</span> not take necessary means to leave heirs behind him,
+<i>is</i> not a man, and ought to be reputed as a homicide." The
+Law of Lycurgus was not a shade more favourable to them: by his
+statutes, bachelors were branded with infamy and disgrace; they
+were also excluded from participating in the cares of government,
+from all offices either civil or martial, and were not permitted to
+view either public shows or sports. At certain of their feasts,
+they were forced to appear in the marketplace, and there were
+exposed to the cutting sarcasm, jest, and derision of the populace.
+At one feast, in particular, they were led to the altars <i>by
+women</i>, amidst a concord of harmonious sounds, and there were
+obliged to submit to blows and lashes with a rod, at the
+<i>merciful</i> pleasure of a <i>merciful</i> people. And "Oh, most
+unkindly act of all," they had also to sing certain songs composed
+to their own dishonour, contempt, and derision.</p>
+<p>By many, the Christian dispensation is supposed to be, in a
+great degree, favourable to a state of bachelorism, because the
+Apostle, Paul, has recommended it as preferable; but we think the
+recommendation was given for the following reason: (i.e.) every one
+in the early ages of Christianity was exposed to liability of
+testing his religious principles, by the loss of both his property
+and life; and consequently, the loss must have been felt in a
+greater degree, if the sufferer was married. Thus persecution must
+have been more dreadful to the married than to the unmarried. The
+ancient church, misconstruing the Apostle's words, and also
+overlooking his meaning, recommended the state of bachelorism in
+the male, and perpetual virginity in the female sex, not only as a
+state more perfect than marriage, but even as highly meritorious.
+Thus, by degrees, came into being the absurd and fast decaying
+system of monastic establishments, which, for many centuries
+burdened Europe with drones innumerable.</p>
+<p>In England, bachelors are not left to go forgotten to their
+solitary graves. There was a tax laid on them by the 7th William
+III., after the twenty-fifth year of their age, which was
+&pound;12. 10<i>s</i>. for a duke, and 1<i>s</i>. for a commoner.
+At present they are taxed by an extra duty upon their servants: for
+a male, &pound;1. 5<i>s</i>.; for a female, 2<i>s</i>. 6<i>d</i>.,
+above the usual duties leviable upon servants. E.J.H.</p>
+<p>*** So, Touchstone's philosophy hath legal warrant: "Is the
+single man blessed? No: as a walled town is more worthier than a
+village, so is the forehead of a married man more honourable than
+the bare brow of a bachelor."&mdash;<i>As you like it.</i> (Ed.
+M.)</p>
+<hr />
+<h3>SAXON ALMANACS.</h3>
+<p>The Saxons were accustomed to engrave upon square pieces of
+wood, the courses of the moons for the whole year, (or for a
+specified space of time) by which they could tell when the
+new-moons, full-moons, and changes would occur, and these pieces of
+wood were by them called <i>Al-mon-aght</i> (i.e.)
+<i>Al</i>-moon-heed, which signifies the regard and observation of
+all the moons, and from this term is derived the word
+<i>Almanac</i>.</p>
+<p>Many of our readers are probably aware of, or have seen, a Saxon
+Almanac, answering the above description, in St. John's College,
+Cambridge. E.J.H.</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<h2>SPIRIT OF DISCOVERY</h2>
+<hr />
+<h3>EXEMPLARS ABRIDGED FROM MR. BABBAGE'S "ECONOMY OF MACHINERY AND
+MANUFACTURES."</h3>
+<p><i>Voyage of Manufacture.</i>&mdash;The produce of our factories
+has preceded even our most enterprising travellers. Captain
+Clapperton saw at the court of the Sultan Bello, pewter dishes with
+the London stamp, and had at the royal table a piece of meat served
+up on a white wash-hand basin of English manufacture. The cotton of
+India is conveyed by British ships round half our planet, to be
+woven by British skill in the factories of Lancashire; it is again
+set in motion by British capital, and transported to the very
+plains whereon it grew, is repurchased by the lords of the soil
+which gave it birth, at a cheaper price than that at which their
+coarser machinery enables them to manufacture it themselves. At
+Calicut, in the East Indies (whence the cotton cloth called calico
+derives its name) the price of labour is one-seventh of that in
+England, yet the market is supplied from British looms.</p>
+<p><i>Additions to human power.</i>&mdash;The force necessary to
+move a stone along the roughly-chiselled floor of its quarry is
+nearly two-thirds of its weight; to move it along a wooden floor,
+three-fifths; by wood upon wood, five-ninths; if the wooden
+surfaces are soaped, one-sixth; if rollers are used on the floor of
+the quarry, it requires one-thirty-second part of the weight; if
+they roll on wood, one-fortieth; and if they roll between wood,
+one-fiftieth of its weight. At each increase of knowledge, as well
+as on the contrivance of every new tool, human labour becomes
+abridged.</p>
+<p><i>Economy of time.</i>&mdash;Several pounds of gunpowder may be
+purchased for a sum acquired by a few days' labour; yet, when this
+is employed in blasting rocks, effects are produced which could
+not, even with the best tools, be accomplished by other means in
+less than many months.</p>
+<p><i>Economy of Materials.</i>&mdash;The worn-out saucepans and
+tin-ware of our kitchens, when beyond the reach of the tinker's
+art, are not utterly worthless. We sometimes meet carts loaded with
+old tin kettles and worn-out iron coal-scuttles traversing our
+streets. These have not yet completed their useful course; the less
+corroded parts are cut into strips, <span class="pagenum"><a id=
+"page55" name="page55"></a>[pg 55]</span> punched with small holes,
+and varnished with a coarse black varnish for the use of the
+trunkmaker, who protects the edges and angles of his box with them;
+the remainder are conveyed to the manufacturing chemists in the
+outskirts of the town, who employ them, in conjunction with
+pyroligneous acid, in making a black dye for the use of calico
+printers.</p>
+<p><i>Accumulation of Power</i> arises from lifting a weight and
+then allowing it to fall. A man, even with a heavy hammer, might
+strike repeated blows upon the head of a pile without producing any
+effect. But if he raises a much heavier hammer to a much greater
+height, its fall, though far less frequently repeated, will produce
+the desired effect.</p>
+<p><i>Regulating Power.</i>&mdash;A contrivance for regulating the
+effect of machinery consists in a vane or a fly, of little weight,
+but presenting a large surface. This revolves rapidly, and soon
+acquires an uniform rate, which it cannot greatly exceed, because
+any addition to its velocity produces a much greater addition to
+the resistance it meets with from the air. The interval between the
+strokes on the bell of a clock is regulated by this means; and the
+fly is so contrived, that this interval may be altered by
+presenting the arms of it more or less obliquely to the direction
+in which they move. This kind of fly or vane is generally used in
+the smaller kinds of mechanism, and, unlike the heavy fly, it is a
+destroyer instead of a preserver of force. It is the regulator used
+in musical boxes, and in almost all mechanical toys.</p>
+<p><i>Increase and Diminution of Velocity.</i>&mdash;Twisting the
+fibres of wool by the fingers would be a most tedious operation; in
+the common spinning-wheel the velocity of the foot is moderate;
+but, by a very simple contrivance, that of the thread is most
+rapid. A piece of cat-gut passing round a large wheel, and then
+round a small spindle, effects this change. The small balls of
+sewing cotton, so cheap and so beautifully wound, are formed by a
+machine on the same principle, and but a few steps more
+complicated. The common smoke-jack is an instrument in which the
+velocity communicated is too great for the purpose required, and it
+is transmitted through wheels which reduce it to a more moderate
+rate.</p>
+<p><i>Extending the Time of Action in Forces.</i>&mdash;The
+half-minute which we daily devote to the winding up of our watches
+is an exertion of labour almost insensible; yet, by the aid of a
+few wheels its effect is spread over the whole twenty-four hours.
+Another familiar illustration may be noticed in our domestic
+furniture: the common jack by which our meat is roasted, is a
+contrivance to enable the cook in a few minutes to exert a force
+which the machine retails out during the succeeding hour in turning
+the loaded spit.</p>
+<p><i>Saving Time in natural Operations.</i>&mdash;The process of
+tanning formerly occupied from six months to two years; this time
+being apparently required in order to allow the tanning matter to
+penetrate into the interior of a thick hide. The improved process
+consists in placing the hides with the solution of tan in close
+vessels, and then exhausting the air. The consequence of this is to
+withdraw any air which might be contained in the pores of the
+hides, and to employ the pressure of the atmosphere to aid
+capillary attraction in forcing the tan into the interior of the
+skins. The effect of the additional force thus brought into action
+can be equal only to one atmosphere, but a further improvement has
+been made: the vessel containing the hides is, after exhaustion,
+filled up with a solution of tan; a small additional quantity is
+then injected with a forcing-pump. By these means any degree of
+pressure may be given which the containing vessel is capable of
+supporting, and it has been found that, by employing such a method,
+the thickest hides may be tanned in six weeks or two months.</p>
+<p><i>Printing from Wooden Blocks.</i>&mdash;A block of box-wood
+is, in this instance, the substance out of which the pattern is
+formed: the design being sketched upon it, the workman cuts away
+with sharp tools every part except the lines to be represented in
+the impression. This is exactly the reverse of the process of
+engraving on copper, in which every line to be represented is cut
+away. The ink, instead of filling the cavities cut in the wood, is
+spread upon the surface which remains, and is thence transferred to
+the paper.</p>
+<p><i>Making and Manufacturing.</i>&mdash;There exists a
+considerable difference between the terms <i>making</i> and
+<i>manufacturing</i>. The former refers to the production of <i>a
+small</i>, the latter to that of <i>a very large number of
+individuals</i>; and the difference is well illustrated in the
+evidence given before the Committee of the House of Commons on the
+Export of Tools and Machinery. On that occasion Mr. Maudslay
+stated, that he had been applied to by the Navy Board to make iron
+tanks for ships, and that he was rather unwilling to do so, as he
+considered it to be out of his line of business; however, he
+undertook to make one as a trial. The holes for the rivets were
+punched by hand-punching with presses, and the 1,680 holes which
+each tank required cost seven shillings. The Navy Board who
+required a large number, proposed that he should supply forty tanks
+a week for many months. The magnitude of the order made it worth
+while to commence <i>manufacturer</i>, and to make tools for the
+express business. Mr. Maudslay therefore offered, if the Board
+would give him an order for two thousand tanks, to supply them at
+the rate of eighty per week. The order was given: he made the
+tools, by which the expense of punching the rivet-holes
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page56" name="page56"></a>[pg
+56]</span> of each tank was reduced from seven shillings to
+ninepence; he supplied ninety-eight tanks a week for six months,
+and the price charged for each was reduced from seventeen pounds to
+fifteen.</p>
+<p><i>Brass-plate Coal Merchants.</i>&mdash;In the recent
+examination by the committee of the House of Commons into the state
+of the Coal Trade, it appears that five-sixths of the London public
+is supplied by a class of middle-men who are called in the trade
+"Brass-plate Coal Merchants:" these consist principally of
+merchants' clerks, gentlemen's servants, and others, who have no
+wharfs, but merely give their orders to some true coal-merchant,
+who sends in the coals from his wharf. The brass-plate coal
+merchant, of course, receives a commission for his agency, which is
+just so much loss to the consumer.</p>
+<p><i>Raw Materials.</i>&mdash;Gold-leaf consists of a portion of
+the metal beaten out to so great a degree of thinness, as to allow
+a greenish-blue light to be transmitted through its pores. About
+400 square inches of this are sold, in the form of a small book,
+containing twenty-five leaves of gold for 1<i>s</i>. 6<i>d</i>. In
+this case, the raw material, or gold, is worth rather less than
+two-thirds of the manufactured article. In the case of silver leaf,
+the labour considerably exceeds the value of the material. A book
+of fifty leaves, covering above 1,000 square inches is sold for
+1<i>s</i>. 3<i>d</i>.</p>
+<p>The quantity of labour applied to Venetian gold chains is very
+great, but incomparably less than that which is applied to some of
+the manufactures of iron. In the case of the smallest Venetian
+chain the value of the labour is not above thirty times that of the
+gold. The pendulum spring of a watch, which governs the vibrations
+of the balance, costs at the retail price twopence, and weighs
+fifteen one-hundredths of a grain, whilst the retail price of a
+pound of the best iron, the raw material out of which fifty
+thousand such springs are made, is exactly the sum of twopence.</p>
+<p>In France bar-iron, made as it usually is with charcoal, costs
+three times the price of the cast-iron out of which it is made;
+whilst in England, where it is usually made with coke, the cost is
+only twice the price of cast-iron.</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<h2>THE NATURALIST.</h2>
+<hr />
+<h3>THE NINE-BANDED ARMADILLO.</h3>
+<div class="figure" style="width:60%;"><a href=
+"images/559-2.png"><img width="100%" src="images/559-2.png" alt=
+"" /></a> THE NINE-BANDED ARMADILLO.</div>
+<p>Armadillos are almost exclusively natives of South America,
+principally of the province of Paraguay. Some inhabit the forests;
+others are found in the open country. There are several species,
+all of which are invested with a coat of mail, or a kind of plate
+armour resembling the covering of the pangolin, or scaly ant-eater,
+and the shell of the tortoise. This crust or shell covers the upper
+parts of the animal, and consists of four or five different parts
+or divisions. The head may be said to have a helmet, and the
+shoulders a buckler, composed of several transverse series of
+plates. Transverse bands, varying in the different species from
+three to twelve, which are movable, cover the body; the crupper has
+its buckler similar to that on the shoulders, and the tail is
+protected by numerous rings. The hairs of the body are few,
+springing from between the plates; the under parts, which are
+without armour, have rather more hairs. In a living state, the
+whole armour is capable of yielding considerably to the motions of
+the body; the pieces or plates being connected by a membrane, like
+the joints in a tail of a lobster. The under parts present a light
+grainy skin. The legs are thick and strong, but only long enough to
+raise the body from the ground; the nails are very powerful, and
+calculated for digging; and, according to Buffon, the mole is not
+more expert in burrowing the earth.</p>
+<p>Some of the species have nocturnal habits and are very timid,
+flying to their burrows the moment they hear a noise. Other species
+quit their retreat equally by day and night, and these are said not
+to be so rapid in their motions as the others. All the species walk
+quickly, but they can neither leap, run, nor climb; so that, when
+pursued, they can only <span class="pagenum"><a id="page57" name=
+"page57"></a>[pg 57]</span> escape by hiding themselves in their
+holes; if these be too far off, the poor hunted creatures dig a
+hole before they are overtaken, and with their strong snout and
+fore claws in a few moments conceal themselves. Sometimes, however,
+before they are quite concealed, they are caught by the tail, when
+they struggle so powerfully that the tail often breaks short, and
+is left in the hands of the pursuers. To prevent this the hunter
+tickles the animal with a stick, till it looses its hold, and
+allows itself to be taken without further resistance. At other
+times, when pursued, and finding flight ineffectual, the Armadillos
+withdraw the head under the edge of the buckler of the shoulders;
+their legs, except the feet, are naturally hidden by the borders of
+the bucklers and the bands; they then contract the body as far
+towards the shape of a ball as the stretching of the membrane which
+unites the different movable pieces of the armour will
+permit.<a id="footnotetag8" name="footnotetag8"></a><a href=
+"#footnote8"><sup>8</sup></a> Thus defended, they frequently escape
+danger; but if near a precipice, the animal will sometimes roll
+itself over, and in this case, says Molina, in his Natural History
+of Chili, it generally falls to the bottom unhurt.</p>
+<p>Armadillos were formerly thought to feed exclusively on
+vegetables; but they have since been found to devour insects and
+flesh. The directions of their burrows evince that they search
+after ant heaps, and the insects quickly disappear from near the
+hole of an Armadillo. The largest species, the great black
+Armadillo, common in the forests of Paraguay, feeds on the
+carcasses of animals; and the graves of the dead which are
+necessarily formed at a distance from the usual places of
+sepulture, in countries where the great Armadillo is found, are
+protected by strong double boards to prevent the animal from
+penetrating and devouring the body. It appears, also, that it eats
+young birds, eggs, snakes, lizards, &amp;c. The Indians are very
+fond of the flesh of the Armadillo as food, especially when young;
+but, when old, it acquires a strong musky flavour. Mr. Waterton,
+who tasted the flesh, considered it strong and rank. The shells or
+crusts are applied to various useful purposes, and painted of
+different colours are made into boxes, baskets, &amp;c.</p>
+<p>Cuvier remarks that that old mode of distinguishing the species
+of Armadillos by the number of the bands is clearly objectionable,
+inasmuch as D'Azara has established that not only the number of
+these bands varies, in the different individuals of the same
+species, but further, that there are individuals of different
+species which have the same number of bands. Eight species
+mentioned by D'Azara are admitted as distinct, but the whole number
+is very doubtful.</p>
+<p>(The species represented in the Cut,<a id="footnotetag9" name=
+"footnotetag9"></a><a href="#footnote9"><sup>9</sup></a> or, the
+Nine-banded, is the most common. In the Zoological Gardens, in the
+Regent's Park, and in Surrey, are several specimens. They are
+usually kept in cages, but on fine sunny days are let out upon the
+turf. Their general pace may here be seen to advantage: it is a
+sort of quick shuffling walk, and they get over the ground easily,
+notwithstanding the weight of their shelly covering.)</p>
+<p>In conclusion, it is interesting to remark that the whole series
+of these very singular animals offers a notable example of one
+genus being confined to a particular country. We have observed that
+they all belong to South America; nor do we find that in any parts
+of the old world, or, indeed, in the great northern division of the
+new, any races of quadrupeds at all to resemble them, or in any
+manner to be compared with them. They may be said to stand
+perfectly insulated; they exhibit all the characters of a creation
+entirely distinct, and except as to the general characters of
+mammiferous quadrupeds, perfectly of their own kind. There is no
+break in the whole circle of them, no deviation or leaning towards
+any other organized form; so that the boldest conjecture will
+hardly venture to guess at any other than a separate creation for
+these animals, and a distinct allocation in South America. This
+peculiarity is rendered the more striking by the facility with
+which it seems to endure removal, even to our latitudes; thereby
+proving that its present confined identity with South America is
+not altogether the result of its physical necessities.<a id=
+"footnotetag10" name="footnotetag10"></a><a href=
+"#footnote10"><sup>10</sup></a></p>
+<hr />
+<h3>CLIMATE OF CANADA.</h3>
+<h4><i>From Sketches, by a Backwoodsman.</i></h4>
+<p>It never has been accountable to me, how the heat of the sun is
+regulated. There is no part of Upper Canada that is not to the
+south of Penzance, yet there is no part of England where the cold
+is so intense as in Canada; nay, there is no cold in England equal
+to the cold of Virginia, which, were it on the European side of the
+hemisphere, would be looked upon as an almost tropical climate. To
+explain to an European what the climate of Upper Canada is, we
+would say, that in summer it is the climate of Italy, in winter
+that of Holland; but in either case we should only be giving an
+illustration, for in both winter and summer it possesses
+peculiarities which neither of these two climates possess. The
+summer heat of Upper Canada generally ranges towards 80&deg;
+Fahrenheit; but should <span class="pagenum"><a id="page58" name=
+"page58"></a>[pg 58]</span> the wind blow twenty-four hours
+steadily from the north, it will fall to 40&deg; during the night.
+The reason of this seems to be the enormous quantity of forest over
+which that wind blows, and the leaves of the trees affording such
+an extensive surface of evaporation. One remarkable peculiarity in
+the climate of Canada, when compared with those to which we have
+likened it, is its dryness. Far from the ocean, the salt particles
+that somehow or other exist in the atmosphere of sea-bounded
+countries are not to be found here; roofs of tinned iron of fifty
+years' standing are as bright as the day they came out of the shop;
+and you may leave a charge of powder in your gun for a month, and
+find, at the end of it, that it goes off without hanging fire. The
+diseases of the body, too, that are produced by a damp atmosphere,
+are uncommon here. It may be a matter of surprise to some to hear,
+that pectoral and catarrhal complaints, which, from an association
+of ideas they may connect with cold, are here hardly known. In the
+cathedral at Montreal, where from three to five thousand people
+assemble every Sunday, you will seldom find the service interrupted
+by a cough, even in the dead of winter and in hard frost; whereas,
+in Britain, from the days of Shakspeare, even in a small country
+church, "coughing drowns the parson's saw." Pulmonary consumption,
+too, the scourge alike of England and the sea-coast of America, is
+so rare in the northern parts of New York and Pennsylvania, and the
+whole of Upper Canada, that in eight years' residence I have not
+seen as many cases of the disease as I have in a day's visit to a
+provincial infirmary at home. The only disease we are annoyed with
+here, that we are not accustomed to at home, is the intermittent
+fever,&mdash;and that, though most abominably annoying, is not by
+any means dangerous: indeed, one of the most annoying circumstances
+connected with it is, that, instead of being sympathized with, you
+are only laughed at. Otherwise the climate is infinitely more
+healthy than that of England. Indeed, it may be pronounced the most
+healthy country under the sun, considering that whisky can be
+procured for about one shilling sterling per gallon. Though the
+cold of a Canadian winter is great, it is neither distressing nor
+disagreeable. There is no day during winter, except a rainy one, in
+which a man need be kept from his work. It is a fact, though as
+startling as some of the dogmas of the Edinburgh school of
+political economy, that the thermometer is no judge of warm or cold
+weather. Thus, with us in Canada, when it is low, (say at zero,)
+there is not a breath of hair, and you can judge of the cold of the
+morning by the smoke rising from the chimney of a cottage, and
+shooting up straight like the steeple of a church, then gradually
+melting away in the beautiful clear blue of the morning sky: yet in
+such weather it is impossible to go through a day's march in your
+great coat; whereas, at home, when the wind blows from the
+north-east, though the thermometer stands at from 55&deg; to
+60&deg; you find a fire far from oppressive. The fact is, that a
+Canadian winter is by far the pleasantest season of the year, for
+everybody is idle, and everybody is determined to enjoy himself.
+Between the summer and winter of Canada, a season exists, called
+the Indian summer. During this period, the atmosphere has a smoky,
+hazy effect, which is ascribed by the people generally to the
+simultaneous burning of the prairies of the western part of the
+continent. This explanation I take to be absurd; since, if it were
+so to be accounted for, the wind must necessarily blow from that
+quarter, which is not in all instances the case. During this
+period, which generally occupies two or three weeks of the month of
+November, the days are pleasant, and with abundance of sunshine,
+and the nights present a cold, clear, black frost. When this
+disappears, the rains commence, which always precede winter; for it
+is a proverb in the Lower Province, among the French Canadians,
+that the ditches never freeze till they are full. Then comes the
+regular winter, which, if rains and thaws do not interfere, is very
+pleasant; and that is broken up by rains again, which last until
+the strong sun of the middle of May renders everything dry and in
+good order. A satirical friend of mine gave a caricature account of
+the climate of the province, when he said that, for two months of
+the spring and two months of the autumn, you are up to your middle
+in mud; for four months of summer you are broiled by the heat,
+choked by the dust, and devoured by the mosquitoes; and for the
+remaining four months, if you get your nose above the snow, it is
+to have it bit off by the frost.</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<h2>THE PUBLIC JOURNALS</h2>
+<hr />
+<h3>AN INCIDENT IN THE LIFE OF A RASCAL.</h3>
+<p>"His name is never heard."</p>
+<p>Late one evening, a packet of letters, just arrived by the
+English mail, was handed to Mynheer Von Kapell, a merchant of
+Hamburgh. His head clerk awaited, as usual, for any orders which
+might arise from their contents; and was not a little surprised to
+observe the brow of his wealthy employer suddenly clouded; again
+and again he perused the letter he held, at last audibly giving
+vent to his feelings&mdash;</p>
+<p>"Donder and blitzen!" he burst forth, "but this <i>is</i> a
+shock, who would have thought it? The house of Bennett and Ford to
+be shaken thus! What is to be done?"</p>
+<p>"Bennett and Ford failed!"' cried the astonished clerk.</p>
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page59" name="page59"></a>[pg
+59]</span>
+<p>"Failed! ten thousand devils! not so bad as that; but they are
+in deep distress, and have suffered a heavy loss; but read, good
+Yansen! and let me have your advice."</p>
+<p>The clerk read as follows:&mdash;</p>
+<p>"<i>London, August 21st.</i></p>
+<p>"Most respected friend,</p>
+<p>"Yours of the 5th inst. came safe to hand, and will meet prompt
+attention. We have to inform you, with deep regret, that the son of
+the trustworthy cashier of this long-established house has
+absconded, taking with him bills accepted by our firm, to a large
+amount, as per margin; and a considerable sum in cash. We have been
+able to trace the misguided young man to a ship bound for Holland,
+and we think it probable he may visit Hamburgh, (where our name is
+so well known and, we trust, so highly respected) for the purpose
+of converting these bills into cash. He is a tall, handsome youth,
+about five feet eleven inches, with dark hair and eyes; speaks
+French and German well, and was dressed in deep mourning, in
+consequence of the recent death of his mother. If you should be
+able to find him, we have to request you will use your utmost
+endeavours to regain possession of the bills named in the margin;
+but, as we have a high respect for the father of the unfortunate
+young man, we will further thank you to procure for him a passage
+on board the first vessel sailing for Batavia, paying the expense
+of his voyage, and giving him the sum of two hundred louis d'or,
+which you will place to our account current, on condition that he
+does not attempt to revisit England till he receives permission so
+to do.</p>
+<p>"We are, most respected friend,</p>
+<p>"Your obedient servants,</p>
+<p>"BENNETT, FORD, AND CO.</p>
+<p>"Mynheer Von Kapell."</p>
+<p>"My life on't," said Yansen, "'tis the very lad I saw this day,
+walking up and down in front of the Exchange, who appeared half out
+of his wits; looking anxiously for some particular object, yet
+shunning general observation: his person answers the
+description."</p>
+<p>"That's fortunate," said the merchant, "you must devote the
+morrow to searching for him; bring him to me if possible, and I'll
+do my utmost to serve my excellent friends, Bennett and Ford of
+London."</p>
+<p>Early next morning, Yansen went to the Exchange, and kept an
+anxious watch for many hours in vain; he was returning hopeless,
+when he saw the identical youth coming out of the door of a Jew
+money-changer; he brushed hastily past him, exclaiming, "The
+unconscionable scoundrel! seventy per cent, for bills on the best
+house in England!"</p>
+<p>Yansen approached him. "Young gentleman," said he, in a very
+mild tone, "you appear to have met with some disappointment from
+that griping wretch, Levi. If you have any business to transact, my
+house is close by; I shall be happy to treat with you."</p>
+<p>"Willingly," replied the youth, "the sooner the better. I must
+leave Hamburgh at day-break."</p>
+<p>The clerk led him to the house of the merchant, and entered it
+by a small side door, desiring the young man to be seated, whilst
+he gave some directions. In a few minutes he reappeared, bringing
+Von Kapell with him. The worthy Hamburgher having no talent for a
+roundabout way of doing business, said bluntly, "So Mynheer! we are
+well met; it will be useless to attempt disguise with me; look at
+this!" and he put into his hand the letter he had the night before
+received.</p>
+<p>Overwhelmed with consternation, the young man fell at his
+feet.</p>
+<p>"Oh heaven!" he cried, "I am lost for ever&mdash;my father, my
+indulgent, my honourable father, is heart-broken and disgraced by
+my villany. My mother!" Here he became nearly inaudible, and hid
+his face in his hands. "You," he continued, "are spared all
+participation in the agony your wretched son is suffering."</p>
+<p>"Boy, boy!" said the merchant, raising him, and quite melted at
+this show of penitence, "listen to me! are the bills safe? if so,
+you may still hope."</p>
+<p>"They are," eagerly exclaimed the youth; "how fortunate that I
+did not listen to the offers of that rapacious Jew. Here, sir, take
+them, I implore you," pulling from his breast a large pocket-book;
+"they are untouched. Spare but my life, and I will yet
+atone&mdash;Oh, spare me from a shameful death."</p>
+<p>There was a pause, broken at last by Yansen's saying
+significantly to his employer, "as per margin."</p>
+<p>The merchant turned to the unhappy young man. "Take heart," said
+he, "'Wenn die noth ist amgr&ouml;szten die h&uuml;lfe ist am
+n&auml;chsten.'<a id="footnotetag11" name=
+"footnotetag11"></a><a href="#footnote11"><sup>11</sup></a> There's
+an old German proverb for you. Sit down and hear what I have to
+say. I think myself not a little fortunate in so soon being able to
+fulfil the wishes of my English correspondents; your natural alarm
+did not suffer you to finish their letter; you will perceive how
+generously they mean to act; their house's credit saved, they
+intend not to punish you. Read, read; and Yansen, order some
+eatables, and a bottle or two of my old Heidelberg hock, trouble
+always makes me thirsty&mdash;three glasses, my good Yansen."</p>
+<p>Again the young Englishman hid his face, and sighed
+convulsively, "I do not deserve this lenity. My excellent father!
+this is a tribute to your virtue."</p>
+<p>Von Kapell left his guest's reflections undisturbed, till a
+servant entered, who placed refreshments on a well polished oak
+table; when she retired, he resumed.</p>
+<p>"And now, what devil tempted you to play <span class=
+"pagenum"><a id="page60" name="page60"></a>[pg 60]</span>
+the&mdash;runaway?" swallowing the term he had intended to use.
+"Was it for the wenches, or the dicing table?"</p>
+<p>"Spare me, most kind and worthy sir, I intreat you! To my father
+I will make full confession of all my faults; but he must be the
+first to know the origin of my crimes."</p>
+<p>"Well, well, take another glass of wine; you shall stay in my
+house till we can find a passage for you. It was but last night my
+good ship the Christine sailed for Batavia, and&mdash;"</p>
+<p>"Under favour," interrupted Yansen, "she has not yet left the
+harbour; the wind blew too fresh for her to venture on crossing the
+sand-banks at night, and it is now only shifting round a point or
+two."</p>
+<p>"You are lucky, youngster;" quickly added the merchant, "the
+Christine has noble accommodations; you shall aboard this evening.
+Put these in the chest, good Yansen," handing him the bills, "and
+count me out the two hundred louis d'or the boy is to have. Come,
+man! finish your meal, for I see," said he, regarding a vane on the
+gable of an opposite house, "you have no time to lose."</p>
+<p>The meal was finished&mdash;the money given&mdash;the worthy
+merchant adding as much good advice as the brief space would
+permit. The Briton was profuse in his expressions of gratitude,
+promised amendment, and returned the warm grasp of Von Kapell,
+unable to speak for his tears. Yansen accompanied him on board,
+gave the owner's most particular charge to the skipper, to pay his
+passenger every attention on the voyage. The vessel cleared the
+harbour&mdash;was in a few hours out of sight&mdash;and the next
+morning, Mynheer Von Kapell wrote to London a full account of the
+transaction, returning the bills he had so fortunately
+recovered.</p>
+<hr />
+<p>In less than a fortnight, the following letter reached the good
+old German:&mdash;</p>
+<p>"Sir,&mdash;We have to inform you, that we never lost the bills
+sent in your last favour, every one of which is fabricated, and our
+acceptance forged. Our cashier has no son, nor has he lost a wife.
+We are sincerely grieved that your friendly feeling towards our
+house should have led you to listen to so palpable a cheat.</p>
+<p>"We remain, with great respect, yours,</p>
+<p>"BENNETT, FORD, AND CO.</p>
+<p>"P.S. If you should ever hear again of the person you have, at
+your own expense, sent to Batavia, we shall be glad to know."</p>
+<hr />
+<p>What can be said of the good old German's feelings, but that
+they may "be more easily conceived than
+described?"&mdash;<i>Monthly Magazine.</i></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<h2>NEW BOOKS.</h2>
+<hr />
+<h3>OTWAY'S "VENICE PRESERVED."</h3>
+<p>(Hundreds of our readers who have again and again heard</p>
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<p>Belvidera pour her soul in love&mdash;</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>may not be aware of the precise historical connexion of the
+incidents of Otway's play with the events of history. They are
+taken, in the main, from an atrocious conspiracy formed at Venice
+in 1618. Sir Henry Wotton, then English ambassador at Venice,
+writes as follows on the 25th of May, in the above year:&mdash;"The
+whole town is here at present in horror and confusion upon the
+discovering of a foul and fearful conspiracy of the French against
+this state; whereof no less than thirty have already suffered very
+condign punishment, between men strangled in prison, drowned in the
+silence of the night, and hanged in public view; and yet the bottom
+is invisible." Beyond this quaint, meagre, chronological notice,
+little is actually established of the details, although the event
+is perhaps as familiarly known by name to English readers as any
+other in the History of Venice. We are, therefore, happy to see the
+affair treated with minute consideration in the second volume of
+"Sketches from Venetian History," in the <i>Family Library</i>; and
+so interesting is the narrative, or rather the facts and
+conjectures, to the lover of history, as well as to the unstudious
+playgoer, that we are induced to quote nearly every line of the
+passage. The editor observes:&mdash;)</p>
+<p>Muratori indeed has scarcely exaggerated the obscurity in which
+this incident is enveloped when he affirms that only one fact
+illuminates its darkness; namely that several hundred French and
+Spaniards engaged in the service of the Republic were arrested and
+put to death. The researches of Comte Daru have brought to light
+some hitherto unknown contemporary documents; but even the
+inexhaustible diligence of that most laborious, accurate, and
+valuable writer has been baffled in the hope of obtaining certainty
+as its reward; and he has been compelled to content himself with
+the addition of one hypothesis more to those already proposed in
+explanation of this mystery.</p>
+<p>All that can be positively affirmed is that during the summer of
+1617, Jacques Pierre, a Norman by birth, whose youth had been spent
+in piratical enterprises in the Levantine seas, from which he had
+acquired no inconsiderable celebrity, fled from the service of the
+Spanish Duke d'Ossuna, Viceroy of Naples; and, having offered
+himself at the Arsenal of Venice, was engaged there in a
+subordinate office. Not many days after his arrival in the
+<i>Lagune</i>, Pierre denounced to the Inquisitors of State a
+conspiracy projected, as he said, by the Duke d'Ossuna, and
+favoured by <span class="pagenum"><a id="page61" name=
+"page61"></a>[pg 61]</span> Don Alfonso della Cueva, Marquis de
+Bedemar, at that time resident ambassador from Spain. The original
+minutes of Pierre's disclosures, written in French, still exist
+among the correspondence of M. Leon Bruslart, the contemporary
+ambassador from the court of France to the Republic; and they were
+translated into Italian, with which language Pierre was but
+imperfectly acquainted, by his friend Renault, in order that they
+might be presented to the Inquisitors. In this plot, Pierre avowed
+himself to be chief agent; his pretended abandonment of the Duke
+d'Ossuna forming one part of the stratagem: and he added that his
+commission enjoined him to seduce the Dutch troops employed in the
+late war, who still remained in Venice and its neighbourhood; to
+fire the city; to seize and massacre the nobles; to overthrow the
+existing government; and ultimately to transfer the state to the
+Spanish crown. The sole immediate step taken by the Inquisitors in
+consequence of these revelations was the secret execution of
+Spinosa, a Neapolitan, whom Pierre described as an emissary of the
+Duke d'Ossuna; and whom he appears to have regarded with jealousy
+as a spy upon his own conduct. For the rest, the magistrates
+contented themselves, as it, seems, by awaiting the maturity of the
+plot with silent vigilance. Ten months elapsed during which Pierre
+communicated on the one hand with the Duke d'Ossuna, unsuspicious
+of his treachery, and on the other with the Inquisitors; till at
+the expiration of that term he was seized by an order of the X,
+while employed on his duties with the Fleet, and drowned without
+the grant of sufficient delay even for previous religious
+confession. More, perhaps many more, than three hundred French and
+Spaniards engaged in various naval and military capacities were at
+the same time delivered to the executioner; and Renault, after
+undergoing numerous interrogatories, and being placed seven times
+on the cord, was hanged by one foot on a gibbet on the
+<i>Piazzetta</i>, which day after day presented similar exhibitions
+of horror.</p>
+<p>This evidence of Pierre remained at the time concealed in the
+bosoms of the Inquisitors to whom it had been delivered; and no
+official declarations satisfied public curiosity as to the cause of
+the sanguinary executions which deformed the Capital. A rumour
+indeed spread itself abroad, and, although not traced to any
+certain authority, was universally credited, that a great peril had
+been escaped; that Venice had trembled on the very brink of
+destruction; and that the Spaniards had meditated her ruin. Popular
+fury was accordingly directed against the Marquis de Bedemar; and
+so fierce were the menaces of summary vengeance that the ambassador
+was forced to protest his innocence before the <i>Collegio</i>,
+more in the spirit of one deprecating punishment than defying
+accusation. He then earnestly solicited protection against the
+rabble surrounding his palace; for "God knows," affirmed his pale
+and affrighted secretary more than once, "the danger of our
+residence is great!" The Vice-doge, who during the interregnum
+between the death of one chief magistrate and the election of
+another presided over the <i>Collegio</i>, replied vaguely, coldly,
+and formally; and, the application having been renewed without any
+more favourable result, Bedemar, justly apprehensive for his
+safety, seized a pretext for withdrawing, till a successor to his
+embassy was appointed. Meantime, considerable doubts were
+entertained, not only by the resident foreign
+ministers,&mdash;especially by that of France, better informed than
+his brethren through the possession of Pierre's minutes,&mdash;but
+by the Venetian senators themselves, also, whether any conspiracy
+whatever had really existed. Nevertheless, in spite of these
+misgivings not obscurely expressed, it was not till the expiration
+of five months that the X presented a report to the Senate,
+detailing the information which they had received and the views
+upon which they had acted. That report however is so manifestly
+contradicted in many very important instances by Pierre's
+depositions, that it must be considered as drawn up and garbled
+solely with the intention of <i>making a case</i>; and therefore as
+revealing only so much truth dashed and brewed with a huge
+proportion of falsehood, as it suited the interests of the
+magistrates to exhibit to public view. All mention of the
+denouncements of Pierre during the long period of ten months is
+carefully suppressed, and yet no fact in history is more distinctly
+proved than that he did so communicate. The first intimation of the
+plot is there said to have been given but a few days before it was
+to have been executed, by two Frenchmen, Montcassin and Balthazar
+Juven, whom Pierre had endeavoured to seduce. "Look at these
+Venetians," said the daring conspirator one day to his apparent
+proselytes, "they affect to chain the lion; but the lion sometimes
+devours his master, especially when that master uses him ill."
+According to their further evidence, some troops despatched by the
+Duke d'Ossuna were to land by night on the <i>Piazzetta</i> and to
+occupy all the strong holds of the city; numerous treasonable
+agents already within the walls were to master the depots of arms;
+and fire, rapine, and massacre were to bring the enterprise to
+consummation.</p>
+<p>The papers abovementioned, together with a few letters from the
+Doge to the Venetian ambassador at Milan, and one or two other not
+very important documents contained in the archives of Venice, all
+printed by Comte Dam, are the sole authentic vouchers for this
+conspiracy now known to exist; and it must <span class=
+"pagenum"><a id="page62" name="page62"></a>[pg 62]</span> be
+confessed that they are insufficient for its elucidation. The Abbe
+St. Real, who for a long time was esteemed the chief historian of
+this dark transaction, is an agreeable and attractive writer;
+but&mdash;since he was unacquainted with the report of the X; since
+he does not cite the correspondence of the French ambassador
+containing Pierre's depositions; and since he frequently varies
+from a MS which he does cite, <i>The Interrogatories of the
+Accused</i>,<a id="footnotetag12" name="footnotetag12"></a><a href=
+"#footnote12"><sup>12</sup></a> a MS indeed, which, even when
+quoted faithfully, is often contradicted by the few established
+facts, and by numerous well-known usages of the Venetian
+government,&mdash;little faith can be attached to his narrative. It
+was his opinion, and it has been that which has most generally
+prevailed, that the Duke d'Ossuna, the Marquis de Bedemar, and Don
+Pedro di Toledo, governor of Milan, mutually concerted a plan for
+the destruction of Venice; the chief execution of which was
+entrusted to Pierre and Renault: and that, on the very eve of its
+explosion, Jaffier, one of their band, touched by the magnificence
+of the Espousals of the Adriatic which he had just witnessed, was
+shaken from his stern purpose, and revealed the conspiracy. In
+order to overthrow the latter part of this hypothesis, it may be
+sufficient to state that the first executions took place on the
+14th of May, 1618, and that it was not till the 24th of that month
+that the Feast of Ascension, and its gorgeous ceremonies, occurred
+in the same year.</p>
+<p>Comte Daru, on the other hand, first explains a design which it
+is notorious was entertained by the Duke d'Ossuna to convert his
+viceroyalty of Naples into a kingdom, the crown of which, wrested
+from Spain, should be placed on his own head. And hence he
+establishes the impossibility that d'Ossuna should at the same
+moment be plotting the overthrow of Venice; that power whose
+assistance, or at least whose connivance was one of the weapons
+most necessary for his success. On these grounds, Comte Daru
+contends that the Duke maintained a secret understanding both with
+the Signory and the court of France; that, refining on political
+duplicity, he deceived Pierre by really instructing him to gain
+over the Dutch troops quartered in the <i>Lagune</i>; not, however,
+as his emissary supposed, to be employed ultimately for the seizure
+of Venice, but in truth for that of Naples; that Pierre's courage
+was not proof against the dangers with which his apparently most
+hazardous commission beset him; and that accordingly he betrayed
+his employer, and revealed to the Inquisitors a plot which
+<i>they</i> well knew to be feigned: and, lastly, that when the
+ambitious plans of d'Ossuna, partially discovered before their time
+by the Spanish government, might have compromised Venice also if
+they had been fully elucidated; in order to blot out each syllable
+of evidence which could bear, even indirectly, upon the
+transaction, so far as she was concerned, it was thought expedient
+to remove every individual who had been even unwittingly connected
+with it. So fully was this abominable wickedness perpetrated, that
+both the accused and the accusers, the deceivers and the deceived,
+those either faithless or faithful to their treason, the tools who
+either adhered to or who betrayed d'Ossuna, who sought to destroy
+or to preserve Venice, were alike enveloped in one common fate, and
+silenced in the same sure keeping of the grave. Some few,
+respecting whose degree of participation a slight doubt arose, were
+strangled on the avowed principle that <i>all</i> must be put to
+death who were in any way implicated; others were drowned by night,
+in order that their execution might <i>make no noise</i>.<a id=
+"footnotetag13" name="footnotetag13"></a><a href=
+"#footnote13"><sup>13</sup></a> Moncassin, one of the avowed
+informers, was pensioned, spirited away to Cyprus, and there
+despatched in a drunken quarrel; and if it be asserted that his
+companion Balthazar Juven was permitted to survive, it is because
+he is the only individual concerning whose final destiny we cannot
+pronounce with certainty.<a id="footnotetag14" name=
+"footnotetag14"></a><a href="#footnote14"><sup>14</sup></a></p>
+<p>Of one personage who holds an important station in St. Real's
+romance, and yet more so in Otway's coarse and boisterous tragedy,
+which, by dint of some powerful <i>coups de theatre</i>, still
+maintains possession of the English stage, we have hitherto
+mentioned but the name; and, in fact, even for that name we are
+indebted only to the more than suspected summary of the
+<i>Interrogatories of the Accused</i>.</p>
+<p>Antoine Jaffier, a French captain, is there made chief evidence
+against Pierre and Renault, who are employed by d'Ossuna, as he
+vaguely states, to surprise <i>some</i> maritime place belonging to
+the republic. This informer was rewarded with four thousand
+sequins, and instructed forthwith to quit the Venetian territories;
+but having, while at Brescia, renewed communications with suspected
+persons, he was brought back to the <i>Lagune</i> and drowned. The
+minute particularities of Jaffier's depositions, and the motive
+which prompted him to offer them, (the <span class="pagenum"><a id=
+"page63" name="page63"></a>[pg 63]</span> latter, as we have
+already shown, resting on a gross anachronism,) are, we believe
+pure inventions by St. Real; and Otway has used a poet's license to
+palliate still farther deviations from authentic history. Under his
+hands, Pierre,&mdash;whom all accounts conspire in representing to
+us as a foreign, vulgar and mercenary bravo, equally false to every
+party, and frightened into confession,&mdash;is transformed into a
+Venetian patriot, the proud champion of his country's liberty; who
+declaims in good, set, round, customary terms against slavery and
+oppression; and who, in the end, escapes a mode of execution
+unknown to Venice, by persuading the friend who has betrayed him,
+and whom he has consequently renounced, to stab him to the heart,
+in order "to preserve his memory." The weak, whining, vacillating,
+uxorious Jaffier, by turns a cut-throat and a King's evidence; now
+pawning, now fondling, and now menacing with his dagger an
+imaginary wife; first placing his comrade's life in jeopardy, then
+begging it against his will, and finally taking it with his own
+hand, is a yet more unhappy creation of wayward fancy; and it is
+only in the names of the conspirators, in the introduction of an
+Englishman, Eliot, (whom he has brought nearer vernacular spelling
+than he found him,&mdash;Haillot,<a id="footnotetag15" name=
+"footnotetag15"></a><a href="#footnote15"><sup>15</sup></a>) and in
+the character of Rainault, that Otway is borne out by authority.
+The last-mentioned person is described by the French ambassador as
+a sot, a gambler, and a sharper, whose rogueries are well known to
+all the world; in a word, therefore, as a fit leader of a
+revolutionary crew wrought up, "without the least remorse, with
+fire and sword t' exterminate" all who bore the stamp of nobility;
+and <i>not</i> as the most fitting depository in which Belvidera's
+honour might be lodged as a security for that of her irresolute
+husband.</p>
+<p>Whatever hypothesis may be adopted, be this conspiracy true or
+false, there is no bloodier, probably no blacker page in history
+than that which records its development. Were it not for the
+immeasurable weight of guilt which must press upon the memory of
+the rulers of Venice if we suppose the plot to have been altogether
+fictitious, we should assuredly admit that the evidence greatly
+preponderates in favour of that assertion. But respect for human
+nature compels us to hesitate in admitting a charge so monstrous.
+Five months after the commencement of the executions, either a
+tardy gratitude or a profane mockery was offered to Heaven; and the
+Doge and nobles returned thanks for their great deliverance, by a
+solemn service at St. Mark's.</p>
+<p>(Among the master-spirits who have commemorated the olden
+glories of Venice, but more especially her association with our
+dramatic literature, must not be forgotten Lord Byron:</p>
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<p>But unto us she hath a spell beyond</p>
+<p>Her name in story, and her long array</p>
+<p>Of mighty shadows, whose dim forms despond</p>
+<p>Above the dogeless city's vanish'd sway;</p>
+<p>Our's is a trophy which will not decay</p>
+<p>With the Rialto: Shylock and the Moor,</p>
+<p>And Pierre cannot be swept away&mdash;-</p>
+<p>The keystones of the arch! though all were o'er,</p>
+<p>For us repeopled were the solitary shore.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="stanza">
+<hr /></div>
+<div class="stanza">
+<p>I lov'd her from my boyhood&mdash;she to me</p>
+<p>Was as a fairy city of the heart,</p>
+<p>Rising like water-columns from the sea,</p>
+<p>Of joy the sojourn, and of wealth the mart;</p>
+<p>And Otway, Radcliffe, Schiller, Shakspeare's art</p>
+<p>Had stamp'd her image in me, and ever so,</p>
+<p>Although I found her thus, we did not part,</p>
+<p>Perchance even dearer in her day of woe</p>
+<p>Than when she was a boast, a marvel, and a show.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>Returning to the "Sketches," we must observe that we beg to
+differ with the Editor in merely applying the epithets "coarse and
+boisterous," to Otway's play, and pointing to "<i>coups de
+Theatre</i>" as its only merits. He surely ought not to have
+omitted its originality of whatever order it may be.</p>
+<p>The volume before us brings the history of Venice to her
+subjection to Austria in 1798. It is throughout spiritedly
+executed. The illustrations, antique and modern, are precisely of
+this character, being from Titian, and our contemporary artist,
+Prout.)</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<h2>THE GATHERER.</h2>
+<hr />
+<p><i>Sir Hercules Langreish and his Friend.</i>&mdash;We found him
+in his study alone, poring over the national accounts, with two
+claret bottles empty before him, and a third bottle on the wane; it
+was about eight o'clock in the evening, and the butler, according
+to general orders when gentlemen came in, brought a bottle of
+claret to each of us. "Why," said Parnell, "Sir Heck, you have
+emptied <i>two bottles</i> already." "True," said Sir Hercules.
+"And had you nobody to help you?" "<i>O yes</i>, I had that bottle
+of <i>port</i> there, and I assure you he afforded me very great
+assistance!"&mdash;<i>Sir Jonah Barrington.</i></p>
+<p><i>The Irish Bar.</i>&mdash;They used to tell a story of
+Fitzgibbon respecting a client who brought his own brief, and fee,
+that he might personally apologize for the smallness of the latter.
+Fitzgibbon, on receiving the fee, looked rather discontented. "I
+assure you, counsellor," said the client (mournfully) "I am ashamed
+of its smallness; but in fact it is all I have in the world." "Oh!
+then," said Fitzgibbon, "you can do no more:&mdash;as it's all you
+have in the world&mdash;why&mdash;hem&mdash;I must <i>take
+it</i>."</p>
+<hr />
+<p>Speaking of the Catholics in the hall of the Four Courts, Keller
+seemed to insinuate that Norcott was favourable to their
+emancipation. "What!" said Norcott, with a great show of
+pomposity&mdash;"what! Pray, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page64"
+name="page64"></a>[pg 64]</span> Keller, do you see anything that
+smacks of the <i>Pope</i> about me?" "I don't know," replied
+Keller; "but at all events there is a great deal of the
+<i>Pretender</i>, and I always understood them to travel in
+company."</p>
+<p><i>National Gallery and Record Office, on the site of the King's
+Mews, Charing Cross.</i>&mdash;The estimated expense of erecting
+the above building is 50,000<i>l</i>.; the amount proposed to be
+taken for the present year is 15,000<i>l</i>.; leaving to be
+granted in future years 35,000<i>l</i>. The proposed building will
+be 461 feet in length and 56 feet in width in its extreme
+dimensions, and will consist of a centre and two wings. The western
+wing will contain, on the ground floor, rooms for the reception of
+records, and an entrance into the barrack-yard such as now exists.
+Above them will be the picture-gallery, divided into four rooms;
+one 50 feet by 50 feet; two 50 feet by 38 feet; and one room 50
+feet by 32 feet; together with four cabinets for the reception of
+small pictures, or for the use of the keeper. The floors will be
+made fire-proof. The eastern wing, of similar extent, will contain,
+on the ground floor, a hall for casts, the library and council-room
+of the Royal Academy, and a dwelling for the keeper. There will be
+likewise a gateway or entrance corresponding to that leading into
+the barrack-yard in the other wing. In the basement below this wing
+there will be offices for the use of the Royal Academy, and a
+separate set attached to the dwelling-house of the keeper. The
+centre building will consist of halls, vestibules, staircases,
+&amp;c. for both establishments; they will be distinct and
+separated; but so brought together as to form one grand feature of
+interior decoration. The building is proposed to be executed in
+stone. The central portico is to be constructed with the columns
+and other members of that which formerly decorated the palace at
+Carlton House. The materials of the present building are to be used
+in the construction of the new building, so far as they can be
+employed with propriety. The whole cost of the building will be
+50,000<i>l</i>., exclusive of the old materials above mentioned,
+which have been valued at 4,000<i>/l</i>. It is impossible to state
+with any degree of accuracy the cost of the grates, air-stoves, and
+fittings of the buildings, which will mainly depend upon the mode
+to be adopted in warming them; but it may be confidently stated
+that it will not exceed 600<i>l</i>.&mdash;<i>Parliamentary Paper,
+No. 611.</i></p>
+<p><i>Home Truth.</i>&mdash;"Give me my liar," was the phrase in
+which Charles the Fifth was used to call for a volume of history;
+and certainly no man can attentively examine any important period
+of our annals without remarking, that almost every incident admits
+of two handles, almost every character of two interpretations; and
+that, by a judicious packing of facts, the historian may make his
+picture assume nearly what form he pleases, without any direct
+violation of truth.&mdash;<i>Quarterly Rev.</i></p>
+<p><i>Envy.</i>&mdash;"Of all the spies that are," says Mr. Owen
+Feltham, "envy is the most observant and prying. When the
+physicians to Frederick were relating what most would sharpen the
+sight, some were for fennel, and some for glasses, and others for
+other matters; the noble Actius did assure them, there was nothing
+that would do it like envy. Whatsoever man does ill, by it is
+magnified, and multiplied; his failings are all watched, drawn out,
+and blazed to the world; and under the pretence of good, he is oft
+led to the extremest issue of evil. Like oil that is poured upon
+the roots of trees, which softens, it destroys and withers all the
+branches. And being once catched, with scorn he is insulted on. For
+envy is so unnoble a devil, that it ever tyrannizeth most upon a
+slip or low prostration, at which time gallant minds do most
+disdain to triumph. The envious is more unhappy than the serpent:
+for though he hath poison within him, and can cast it upon others,
+yet to his proper bosom it is not burdensome, as is the rancour
+that the envious keeps; but this most plainly is the plague, as it
+infects others, so it fevers him that hath it, till he dies. Nor is
+it more noxious to the owner than fatal and detrimental to all the
+world beside. It was envy first unmade the angels and created
+devils. It was envy first that turned man out of Paradise, and with
+the blood of the innocent first dyed the untainted earth. It was
+envy sold chaste Joseph as a bondman, and unto crucifixion gave the
+only Son of God. He walks among burning coals that converses with
+those that are envious. He that would avoid it in himself, must
+have worth enough to be humble and beneficent. But he that would
+avoid the danger of it from others, must abandon their
+company."</p>
+<p><i>Extraordinary Whipping.</i>&mdash;During the minority of King
+James I. he was at Stirling Castle, under the tuition of the
+celebrated Buchanan. It is reported that Buchanan's reverence for
+his royal pupil, did not prevent his giving him a severe whipping
+when he persisted against remonstrance, in disturbing him whilst he
+was reading. Historians do not tell us how the royal pupil
+supported this chastisement. Swift says, "Heirs to titles and large
+estates, have a weakness in their eyes, and are not able to bear
+the pain and indignity of whipping." P.T.W.</p>
+<hr />
+<p><i>Erratum</i> in page 2&mdash;the line quoted from Montgomery
+should be "The parrots swung like blossoms on the trees."</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote1" name=
+"footnote1"></a> <b>Footnote 1</b>:<a href=
+"#footnotetag1">(return)</a>
+<p>At Coimbra, about two days' journey from Oporto, is a Roman
+bridge and aqueduct, nearly entire.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote2" name=
+"footnote2"></a> <b>Footnote 2</b>:<a href=
+"#footnotetag2">(return)</a>
+<p>The dangerous passage across the bar of the Douro, and its
+shifting sands, are well known. The care and skill required to
+navigate a vessel with safety into the Douro, even during the
+summer, may give an idea of what the perils of this dangerous bar
+must be during the winter months; when the coast is exposed to the
+unbridled fury of the westerly winds, and to the full force of the
+Atlantic waves.&mdash;<i>Portugal Illustrated, by the Rev. W.
+Kinsey, B.D.</i></p>
+</blockquote>
+<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote3" name=
+"footnote3"></a> <b>Footnote 3</b>:<a href=
+"#footnotetag3">(return)</a>
+<p>See Select Views of Oporto. By Lieut. Col. Batty, F.R.S., the
+accuracy of which may be said to extend as far as pictorial art can
+succeed in conveying foreign objects to our firesides. We are
+indebted for our Engraving to this valuable work.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote4" name=
+"footnote4"></a> <b>Footnote 4</b>:<a href=
+"#footnotetag4">(return)</a>
+<p>Here is the altar of wrought silver, which was fortunately
+rescued from the hands of the French, when in possession of
+Oporto.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote5" name=
+"footnote5"></a> <b>Footnote 5</b>:<a href=
+"#footnotetag5">(return)</a>
+<p>The annual average quantity of wine exported from Oporto to
+Great Britain, was in the ten years, 1813-1822, 24,364 pipes, and
+to all other parts of the world only 1,094 pipes per annum. The
+quantity since 1822 has not materially altered.&mdash;<i>See a
+Communication to vol. xv. of the Mirror</i>, p. 118.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote6" name=
+"footnote6"></a> <b>Footnote 6</b>:<a href=
+"#footnotetag6">(return)</a>
+<p>His mode of execution being perfectly novel, and at the same
+time <i>ingenious</i>, Curran said, "The lieutenant should have got
+a patent for cheap strangulation."</p>
+</blockquote>
+<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote7" name=
+"footnote7"></a> <b>Footnote 7</b>:<a href=
+"#footnotetag7">(return)</a>
+<p>The lieutenant's brother being a Crown solicitor, had now and
+then got the lieutenant to copy the high treason indictments: and
+he, seeing there that <i>imagining</i> the death of a <i>king</i>
+was punished capitally, very naturally conceived that
+<i>wishing</i> it was twice as bad as <i>supposing</i> it: having
+therefore no doubt that <i>all</i> rebels wished it, he
+consequently decided in the tribunal of his own mind to hang every
+man who hypothetically and traitorously wished his majesty's
+dissolution, which wish he also conceived was very easily
+ascertained by the wisher's countenance.</p>
+<p>A cabinet-maker, at Charing Cross, some years ago, put on his
+board "patent coffin-maker to his majesty:" it was considered that
+though this was not an <i>ill-intentioned</i>, yet it was a very
+improper mode of <i>imagining</i> the king's death, and the board
+was taken down accordingly. Lieutenant H. would surely have hanged
+him in Ireland.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote8" name=
+"footnote8"></a> <b>Footnote 8</b>:<a href=
+"#footnotetag8">(return)</a>
+<p>It should here be observed that the Three-banded Armadillo is
+remarkable for the faculty of rolling itself up more completely
+than the other species. It can, in so doing, totally conceal the
+head, the tail, and the fore feet, which none of the other species
+can completely effect.&mdash;<i>Cuvier.</i></p>
+</blockquote>
+<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote9" name=
+"footnote9"></a> <b>Footnote 9</b>:<a href=
+"#footnotetag9">(return)</a>
+<p>From a specimen figured in Dr. Shaw's Zoological Lectures, with
+plates, by Mrs. Griffith, vol. i.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote10" name=
+"footnote10"></a> <b>Footnote 10</b>:<a href=
+"#footnotetag10">(return)</a>
+<p>Popular Zoology. Comprising Memoirs and Anecdotes of the Animals
+of the Zoological Society's Menagerie. With many Engravings.
+1832.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote11" name=
+"footnote11"></a> <b>Footnote 11</b>:<a href=
+"#footnotetag11">(return)</a>
+<p>When things are at the worst they must mend.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote12" name=
+"footnote12"></a> <b>Footnote 12</b>:<a href=
+"#footnotetag12">(return)</a>
+<p>A translation of this document is given by Daru: the original
+Italian may be found in the <i>Memorie recondite</i> of Vittorio
+Siri, i. 407.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote13" name=
+"footnote13"></a> <b>Footnote 13</b>:<a href=
+"#footnotetag13">(return)</a>
+<p>Laurent Brulard, concerning whose fate much discussion arose,
+was strangled <i>par beaucoup de considerations et par une suite du
+parti qu'on avrait pris de mettre a mort tons ceux qui etaient
+impliques dans cette affaire</i>. The brothers Desbouleaux were
+drowned by night in the <i>Canale Orfano, pour ne point ebruiter
+l'affaire</i>; and the instructions sent to the Admiral who was to
+drown Pierre were to fulfil his commission <i>avec le moins de
+bruit possible</i>. Accordingly that ruffian, and forty-five of his
+accomplices, were drowned at once <i>sans bruit</i>.
+<i>Interrogatoire des Accuses</i>, translated by Daru, vol. viii.
+&sect; x.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote14" name=
+"footnote14"></a> <b>Footnote 14</b>:<a href=
+"#footnotetag14">(return)</a>
+<p>It is believed that Balthazar Juven, and a relation of the
+Marechale de Lesdiguieres, who is stated to have escaped
+punishment, are one and the same person.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote15" name=
+"footnote15"></a> <b>Footnote 15</b>:<a href=
+"#footnotetag15">(return)</a>
+<p>Nani, iii. p. 169. He was to have commanded the naval part of
+the enterprise.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<hr class="full" />
+<p><i>Printed and published by</i> J. LIMBIRI, 143, <i>Strand,
+(near Somerset House,) London; sold by ERNEST FLEISCHER, 626, New
+Market, Leipsic; G.G. BENNIS, 55, Rue Neuve, St. Augustin, Paris;
+and by all Newsmen and Booksellers.</i></p>
+<div>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 11706 ***</div>
+</body>
+</html>
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+This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements,
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+in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES.
+
+Procedures for determining public domain status are described in
+the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org.
+
+No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in
+jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize
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+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #11706 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/11706)
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+The Project Gutenberg eBook, The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and
+Instruction, Vol. 20, Issue 559, July 28, 1832, by Various
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+
+
+Title: The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction, Vol. 20,
+Issue 559, July 28, 1832
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: March 24, 2004  [eBook #11706]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: iso-8859-1
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE,
+AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION, VOL. 20, ISSUE 559, JULY 28, 1832***
+
+
+E-text prepared by Jonathan Ingram, David King, and the Project Gutenberg
+Online Distributed Proofreading Team
+
+
+
+Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this
+      file which includes the original illustrations.
+      See 11706-h.htm or 11706-h.zip:
+      (http://www.ibiblio.org/gutenberg/1/1/7/0/11706/11706-h/11706-h.htm)
+      or
+      (http://www.ibiblio.org/gutenberg/1/1/7/0/11706/11706-h.zip)
+
+
+
+
+THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION.
+
+VOL. 20. No. 559]  SATURDAY, JULY 28, 1832.  [PRICE 2d.
+
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+OPORTO
+
+
+[Illustration: OPORTO.]
+
+Persons who are looking for "news from the seat of war" will probably
+hail the timely appearance of this Engraving, and regard it as folks
+sitting at a play do a drop-scene between the acts. The reader knows our
+pacific politics: we are of the pen, not of the sword; but we cannot be
+indifferent to a great political result, when
+
+  Old men, and beldams, in the streets
+  Do prophesy upon it.
+
+Oporto is a place of great commercial as well as political
+consideration. Thousands of Englishmen have a grateful recollection of
+the former importance upon their very lips. Its situation is one of
+great natural beauty. It is the largest city in Portugal, Lisbon
+excepted. It has been commonly said to owe its origin to the Romans;[1]
+but it appears, from the best authors, to have been founded about A.D.
+417 by the Suevi, who had established themselves in Braga and other
+parts of ancient Galicia, but who were driven by the Alani to the banks
+of the Douro, where they fortified themselves on the steep hill now
+occupied by the cathedral and the bishop's palace, and which is still
+distinguished by the appellation of the Cidade de Antiga.
+
+    [1] At Coimbra, about two days' journey from Oporto, is a Roman
+    bridge and aqueduct, nearly entire.
+
+The city occupies the north bank of the Douro, (anciently _Durius_,)
+about five miles from the mouth of the river, and the Atlantic Ocean.
+The approach from thence to Oporto is remarkably beautiful. The dangers
+of the bar, across the mouth of the river, once passed,[2] a succession
+of interesting objects present themselves on both sides, as we ascend
+towards the city. The little town of St. Joao da Foz stands on the north
+bank, close to the sea, and is the favourite resort of the wealthier
+inhabitants of Oporto during the violent heat of the summer. The river,
+immediately within the bar, expands into the appearance of a lake. A
+little higher up it is narrowed by two abrupt hills. That on the right
+terminates in a precipice of bright hard sandstone, descending so
+steeply to the water's edge, that but lately a road has been made from
+Oporto along the bank of the river, to St. Joao da Foz, by blasting and
+hewing down a sufficient portion of the rock. This height, from its
+precipitous sides, is called the Monte d'Arabida, and forms the western
+boundary of a lovely valley, opening upon the Douro, covered with the
+Quintas, or villas, of the wealthier inhabitants of the adjoining city.
+Most of the Quintas at the mouth of the river command delightful
+prospects of the Atlantic Ocean, and the splendid effects produced on
+these scenes at sunset, in this glowing climate, are almost
+indescribable. Some idea of its beauty may be formed by reference to
+Colonel Batty's view from this point.[3] The appearance of the Douro,
+with its numerous shipping, and the variety of interesting objects
+scattered on its cheerful banks, render this one of the most pleasing
+scenes in the circle of Oporto.
+
+    [2] The dangerous passage across the bar of the Douro, and its
+    shifting sands, are well known. The care and skill required to
+    navigate a vessel with safety into the Douro, even during the
+    summer, may give an idea of what the perils of this dangerous
+    bar must be during the winter months; when the coast is exposed
+    to the unbridled fury of the westerly winds, and to the full
+    force of the Atlantic waves.--_Portugal Illustrated, by the Rev.
+    W. Kinsey, B.D._
+
+    [3] See Select Views of Oporto. By Lieut. Col. Batty, F.R.S.,
+    the accuracy of which may be said to extend as far as pictorial
+    art can succeed in conveying foreign objects to our firesides.
+    We are indebted for our Engraving to this valuable work.
+
+To economize time and space we must quit this enchanting spot. Gondolas,
+like those at Venice, are used on the river, but will not suffice for
+our celerity. We must reach at once the point of our Engraving. The view
+is taken from Villa Nova, an important suburb of Oporto, on the opposite
+bank of the river. The city may be divided into the high and the low
+town. It contains, in a civil sense, five wards, or _bairros_, of which
+the Sé, or cathedral hill, and the Vittoria, or height opposite to the
+Sé, (and crowned by a church, which was founded in commemoration of a
+celebrated battle fought on the spot with the Moors, which terminated in
+their defeat and expulsion from the place,) form the town properly
+called Oporto; and it is possible still to trace the remains of the old
+wall, which formerly surrounded and defended the place. The three other
+quarters, San Idelfonso, Miragaya, and Villa Nova, are open. The latter
+is connected with the principal town by a bridge of boats, which is so
+badly constructed as to be scarcely able to sustain the violent power of
+the river when swelled by winter torrents. The Douro, like the Rhine and
+the Rhone, and all other rivers which flow through a rocky and often
+confined channel, commits at certain seasons the greatest ravages; and
+property to a considerable amount is annually lost at Oporto, by the
+irresistible force with which the river pours down and carries every
+thing before it. A bridge of granite has been long talked of to connect
+Villa Nova and Oporto, but the funds are not yet forthcoming, and the
+expense will be considerable.
+
+The Engraving represents the most ancient part of the city of Oporto. We
+are here directly fronting the bishop's palace, which, with the Sé, or
+Cathedral,[4] and buildings, to the left, occupy the crest of the hill.
+Further left is the steeple of the church dos Clerigos, said to be the
+loftiest in Portugal after that of Mafra. This tower is visible from the
+sea at a distance of ten leagues, and serves as an important landmark
+for ships steering to the mouth of the Douro. It was erected in the year
+1748, and is built entirely of the finest masonry, an art in which the
+Portuguese are almost unrivalled. On the summit of the hill to the
+right, touching the old walls and towers, is the convent of Santa Clara.
+Immediately below the Cathedral, the rocky steep has been cut into
+terraces, and laid out in gardens. The river is bordered by the old city
+wall. A noble street, the Rua Nova de St. Joao, is seen opening upon the
+quay on the left. Part of the bridge of boats appears on the right: it
+was first constructed in the year 1806, destroyed in 1809, but
+re-established in 1815. It was the scene of dreadful slaughter at the
+time the city was given up to pillage by the French. Some of the boats
+forming it had been destroyed, and many of the wretched inhabitants
+crowding to the bridge, in hopes of escaping from the enemy's sword were
+urged on by the affrighted multitude into the rapid stream, and thus
+perished. On the river, to the right and left, is seen a Portuguese
+coasting vessel, called Hyate; in the centre is a wine-boat of the
+Douro, with a raised platform for the steersman. The foreground of the
+view is the shore of Villa Nova, adjoining the quay. The chief article
+of export is wine;[5] and here is the grand depôt for this commodity,
+which is stowed in long, low buildings, called lodges.
+
+    [4] Here is the altar of wrought silver, which was fortunately
+    rescued from the hands of the French, when in possession of
+    Oporto.
+
+    [5] The annual average quantity of wine exported from Oporto to
+    Great Britain, was in the ten years, 1813-1822, 24,364 pipes,
+    and to all other parts of the world only 1,094 pipes per annum.
+    The quantity since 1822 has not materially altered.--_See a
+    Communication to vol. xv. of the Mirror_, p. 118.
+
+"On the quays," says Mr. Kinsey, "are seen fine blocks of granite,
+already converted into form, having their edges cased with wood, ready
+to be shipped off for buildings in Brazil, where it appears that no good
+stone, or, at least, so durable as this, can be procured;--pipe-staves
+from Memel,--flax and iron,--and occasionally coals from the north of
+England. There are generally at anchor in the river between Villa Nova
+and Oporto, Russian, Brazilian, English, American, Dutch, Danish, and
+some French vessels; but many of the latter nation are not to be found
+in the Portuguese ports. Two thirds of the shipping to be seen in the
+Douro, are British, Brazilian, or Portuguese."
+
+The gardens of the city are luxuriantly stored. Brazilian plants, easily
+distinguished by their gaudy colours, vines on trellis, superb
+lemon-trees, lime and orange-trees, pear, apple, and plum-trees, and
+Alpine strawberries are in abundance. The Indian cane, with its splendid
+blossom, whose colour resembles that of the Guernsey, or rather the
+Chinese lily, is a gay addition to the ornaments of this earthly
+paradise. Mr. Kinsey says "The _ulmis adjungere vitem_ is well known in
+poetical description, but in Portugal, besides overshadowing their
+artificial supporters, the vines are seen attaching themselves to, or
+hanging down in luxuriant festoons from forest-trees, such as the oak,
+chestnut, and cork, in all the wildness of nature, and not unfrequently
+insinuating themselves among the branches of myrtle-trees, which attain
+a considerable size in the hedge-rows, and contrasting their large,
+purple bunches with the snow-white blossom. The union is truly poetical,
+and its novelty is charming to the eye of a northern traveller. A vine
+is often purposely planted by the farmer under an oak-tree, whose boughs
+it soon over-runs, repaying the little labour expended in its
+cultivation by its fruit, and the lop of its branches. Ten pipes of
+green wine, _vinho verde_, expressed from these grapes, will yield one
+pipe of excellent brandy. Being light and sharp, the vinho verde is
+preferred by the generality of Portuguese in the summer, to wines of
+superior strength and quality."
+
+The population of Oporto and Villa Nova was stated by Colonel Batty in
+1830, to amount to about 80,000 inhabitants.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+POETS, MINOR AND MAJOR.
+
+
+Perhaps no branch of literary reputation is so difficult to establish as
+that of first-rate poetic excellence. During the last fifty years, many
+meritorious competitors for bardic renown have successively aspired to
+public favour, and have each in their turns exhibited their fancy-woven
+_bouquets_, as containing a more beautiful assemblage of "flowers of all
+hue," as Milton divinely sings, than those which their equally emulative
+and praiseworthy compeers have, in their best attempts, laid out upon
+the _parterre_ of the public. In the poetic foreground of the above
+period, are to be seen the names of Pye, Ogilvie, Whitehead, Tasker,
+Mason, Cowper, Merry, Jerningham, Woty, Hurdis, Pratt, Fitzgerald, &c.
+over whose metrical effusions, with the exception of the fifth and
+sixth, the clouds of obscurity have long since cast a darkening hue.
+Even the "Elegaic Sonnets" of Charlotte Smith, which first appeared in
+1784, and formed a sort of poetical era in point of popularity, have
+long since "fallen into the sere and yellow leaf," as it was
+discriminately hinted by Burns would be the case with his soul-breathing
+Letters; the Sonnets by the Rev. W.L. Bowles, although emanating from a
+beautiful fountain-spring of thought and feeling, which should have
+screened their writer from the venomous shaft of Byron, have already
+sunk beneath the meridian of their popularity; and the loaded ornamental
+rhymes of Darwin; the prettily embroidered couplets of Miss Seward,
+together with the Della Cruscan Rhymes of Mary Robinson, Mrs. Cowley,
+&c. are left like daisies, plucked from the greensward, to perish
+beneath unfeeling neglect. Who now reads the verses of Ann Yearsley, the
+poetic milkwoman, who was so lauded beyond her deserts, by Mrs. H.
+More?--few or none. Why is this revolution in public taste? Because
+those master-spirits which guide the present age, have given birth to a
+species of poetry more legitimate and useful in its design, and more
+valuable in its tendencies and characteristics. Instead of the "namby
+pamby" verses of the period I have alluded to, and the coarse scurrility
+of style which runs with a discolouring vein through the satirical pages
+of Dr. Wolcot, we have now the heart-stirring metres of a Campbell, as
+in that beautiful rainbow of poetic loveliness and imagination, his
+"Pleasures of Hope." We have now a series of pictures bearing an impress
+as pleasant as the gleams of warm autumn in the "Pleasures of Memory,"
+by Rogers; the wildness of Loutherbourgh, the grandeur of Salvator Rosa,
+the terror-striking forms of Fuseli, embodied with increased energy in
+the immortal Lays of Byron: the every-day incidents of life, copied with
+the graphic fidelity of a Sharp, and bearing the faithful stamp of
+cottage grouping, which distinguished the pencil of a Morland,--in the
+natural paintings of Crabbe. We have Catullus stealing from his couch,
+to breathe a new intonation into the harp of Moore; and last of all, we
+have the votaress of virtue and moral feeling, the Cambrian minstrel,
+Mrs. Hemans, making melancholy appear as delightful as love.
+
+_The Author of a Tradesman's Lays._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+STANZAS FOR MUSIC.
+
+
+  Though the waves of old Time are darkly advancing,
+  There still is one spot where the sunbeams are glancing,
+  There glow the gay visions of youth's sunny morn,
+  Safe from the ocean-wave, safe from the storm:
+  For Memory keeps the spot fresh and green ever,
+  The dark tides of Time, shall sweep over it never!
+
+  There Fancy, her mirror holds up to the eye,
+  And lovely the forms that come wandering by,
+  Like music come softly the sounds that have fled,
+  The voices of lov'd ones, the tones of the dead:
+  Oh Memory! keep that spot fresh and green ever,
+  And the dark tides of Time, sweep over it never.
+
+  For beautiful Hope, wanders oft to the Isle,
+  With her wreath of bright flowers, and radiant smile.
+  She stands with her finger upraised to the sky,
+  And she dries the sad tear-drop in Memory's eye:
+  An emerald green, be that Island for ever,
+  May the dark tides of Time, sweep over it never!
+
+  Kirton, Lindsey.         ANNE R.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+ANECDOTE GALLERY
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+CARDING A TITHE PROCTOR.
+
+
+In Ireland, carding the tithe proctors was occasionally resorted to by
+the White Boys, and was performed in the following manner:---
+
+The tithe proctor was generally waked out of his first sleep by his door
+being smashed in; and the _boys_ in white shirts desired him "never to
+fear," as they only intended to _card_ him this bout for taking a
+quarter instead of a tenth from every poor man in the parish. They then
+turned him on his face upon the bed; and taking a lively ram cat out of
+a bag which they brought with them, they set the cat between the
+proctor's shoulders. The beast, being nearly as much terrified as the
+proctor, would endeavour to get off; but being held fast by the tail, he
+intrenched every claw deep in the proctor's back, in order to keep up a
+firm resistance to the White Boys. The more the tail was pulled _back_,
+the more the ram cat tried to go _forward_; at length, when he had, as
+he conceived, made his possession quite secure, main force convinced him
+to the contrary, and that if he kept his hold he must lose his tail. So,
+he was dragged backward to the proctor's loins, grappling at every pull,
+and bringing away here and there strips of the proctor's skin, to prove
+the pertinacity of his defence.
+
+When the ram cat had got down to the loins he was once more placed at
+the shoulders, and again _carded_ the proctor (_toties quoties_)
+according to his sentence.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+WALKING GALLOWS.
+
+(_From Sir Jonah Barrington's Sketches._)
+
+
+Among the extraordinary characters that turned up in the fatal
+"ninety-eight," there were few more extraordinary than Lieutenant H----,
+then denominated the "walking gallows;"--and such he certainly was,
+literally and practically.
+
+Lieutenant H---- was an officer of the line on half pay. His brother was
+one of the solicitors to the Crown--a quiet, tremulous, _vino deditus_
+sort of man, and a leading Orangeman;--his widow who afterwards married
+and survived a learned doctor, was a clever, positive, good-looking
+Englishwoman, and, I think, fixed the doctor's avowed _creed_: as to his
+genuine _faith_, that was of little consequence.
+
+Lieutenant H---- was about six feet two inches high;--strong, and broad
+in proportion. His strength was great, but of the dead kind
+unaccompanied by activity. He could lift a ton, but could not leap a
+rivulet; he looked mild, and his address was civil--neither assuming nor
+at all ferocious. I knew him well, and from his countenance should never
+have suspected him of cruelty; but so cold-blooded and so eccentric an
+executioner of the human race I believe never yet existed, save among
+the American Indians.[6]
+
+    [6] His mode of execution being perfectly novel, and at the same
+    time _ingenious_, Curran said, "The lieutenant should have got a
+    patent for cheap strangulation."
+
+His inducement to the strange barbarity he practised I can scarcely
+conceive; unless it proceeded from that natural taint of cruelty which
+so often distinguishes man above all other animals when his power
+becomes uncontrolled. The propensity was probably strengthened in him
+from the indemnities of martial law, and by those visions of promotion
+whereby violent partizans are perpetually urged, and so frequently
+disappointed.
+
+At the period alluded to, law being suspended, and the courts of justice
+closed, the "question" by torture was revived and largely practised. The
+commercial exchange of Dublin formed a place of execution; even
+_suspected_ rebels were every day immolated as if _convicted_ on the
+clearest evidence; and Lieutenant H----'s _pastime_ of hanging _on his
+own back_ persons whose physiognomies he thought characteristic of
+rebellion was (I am ashamed to say) the subject of jocularity instead of
+punishment. What in other times he would himself have died for, as a
+murderer, was laughed at as the manifestation of loyalty: never yet was
+martial law so abused, or its enormities so hushed up as in Ireland.
+Being a military officer, the lieutenant conceived he had a right to do
+just what he thought proper, and to make the most of his time while
+martial law was flourishing.
+
+Once, when high in blood, he happened to meet _a suspicious-looking_
+peasant from County Kildare, who could not satisfactorily account for
+himself according to the lieutenant's notion of evidence; and having
+nobody at hand to vouch for him, the lieutenant of course immediately
+took for granted that he _must_ be a rebel strolling about, and
+imagining the death of his Most Gracious Majesty.[7] He therefore, no
+other _court of justice_ being at hand, considered that he had a right
+to try the man by his _own opinion_; accordingly, after a brief
+interrogation, he condemned him to die, and without further ceremony
+proceeded to put his own sentence into immediate execution.
+
+    [7] The lieutenant's brother being a Crown solicitor, had now
+    and then got the lieutenant to copy the high treason
+    indictments: and he, seeing there that _imagining_ the death of
+    a _king_ was punished capitally, very naturally conceived that
+    _wishing_ it was twice as bad as _supposing_ it: having
+    therefore no doubt that _all_ rebels wished it, he consequently
+    decided in the tribunal of his own mind to hang every man who
+    hypothetically and traitorously wished his majesty's
+    dissolution, which wish he also conceived was very easily
+    ascertained by the wisher's countenance.
+
+    A cabinet-maker, at Charing Cross, some years ago, put on his
+    board "patent coffin-maker to his majesty:" it was considered
+    that though this was not an _ill-intentioned_, yet it was a very
+    improper mode of _imagining_ the king's death, and the board was
+    taken down accordingly. Lieutenant H. would surely have hanged
+    him in Ireland.
+
+However, to do the lieutenant justice, his _mode_ was not near so
+tedious or painful as that practised by the grand signior, who sometimes
+causes the ceremony to be divided into three acts, giving the culprit a
+drink of spring water to _refresh_ him between the two first; nor was it
+so severe as the burning old women formerly for witchcraft. In fact, the
+"walking gallows" was both on a new and simple plan; and after some
+kicking and plunging during the operation, never failed to be completely
+effectual. The lieutenant being, as before mentioned, of lofty stature,
+with broad and strong shoulders, saw no reason why they might not answer
+his majesty's service, upon a pinch, as well as two posts and a crossbar
+(the more legitimate instrument upon such occasions): and he also
+considered that, when a rope was not at hand, there was no good reason
+why his own silk cravat (being softer than an ordinary halter, and of
+course less calculated to _hurt_ a man) should not be a more merciful
+choke-band than that employed by any _Jack Ketch_ in the three kingdoms.
+
+In pursuance of these benevolent intentions, the lieutenant, as a
+preliminary step, first knocked down the suspected rebel from County
+Kildare, which the weight of mettle in his fist rendered no difficult
+achievement. His garters then did duty as handcuffs: and with the aid of
+a brawny aide-de-camp (one such always attended him), he pinioned his
+victim hand and foot, and then most considerately advised him to pray
+for King George, observing that any prayers for his _own_ d--d _popish
+soul_ would be only time lost, as his fate in every world (should there
+be even a thousand) was decided to all eternity for having imagined the
+death of so good a monarch.
+
+During this exhortation, the lieutenant twisted up his long cravat so as
+to make a firm, handsome rope, and then expertly sliding it over the
+rebel's neck, secured it there by a double knot, drew the cravat over
+his own shoulders, and the aide-de-camp holding up the rebel's heels,
+till he felt him _pretty easy_, the lieutenant with a powerful chuck
+drew up the poor devil's head as high as his own (cheek by jowl), and
+began to trot about with his burden like a jolting cart-horse,--the
+rebel choking and gulping meanwhile, until he had no further solicitude
+about sublunary affairs--when the lieutenant, giving him a parting
+chuck, just to make sure that his neck was broken, threw down his
+load--the personal assets about which the aide-de-camp made a _present_
+of to _himself_.
+
+Now all this proceeding was very painstaking and ingenious: and yet the
+ungrateful government (as Secretary Cook assured me) would have been
+better pleased had the execution taken place on timber and with hemp,
+according to old formalities.
+
+To be serious:--this story is scarcely credible--yet it is a notorious
+fact; and the lieutenant, a few nights afterwards, acquired the
+_sobriquet_ which forms a head to this sketch and with which he was
+invested by the upper gallery of Crow Street Theatre--nor did he ever
+get rid of it to his dying-day.
+
+The above _trotting_ execution (which was humorously related to me by an
+eye-witness) took place in the barrack-yard at Kerry House, Stephen's
+Green. The _hangee_ was, I believe, (_as it happened_) in reality a
+rebel.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+MANNERS AND CUSTOMS.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+LAWS RELATING TO BACHELORS.
+
+
+Many laws have been made against bachelors by various nations, who all
+concurred in considering the bachelor as an enemy to his country and to
+mankind. The chief of these laws were those made by the Romans, and
+consisted of fining the bachelor, and various other penalties: the most
+celebrated one was that of Augustus, which was entitled the "_Lex julia
+de maritandis ordinibus_" by which the bachelor was made incapable of
+receiving legacies, or of holding inheritances given by a will, unless
+they were bequeathed to him by a near relation. Plutarch observes that
+this brought many to marry, not for the mere sake of raising heirs to
+their estates, but to make themselves capable of receiving legacies, and
+for the purpose of inheriting such estates as might be left them by a
+friend.
+
+The Jewish nation also had their laws to the disfavour of the bachelor.
+The rabbis affirm, that according to the Laws of Moses, every one who
+has attained the age of twenty-one years is bound in conscience to
+marry; and this makes one of their 613 precepts. We should suppose that
+if this law ever had existence, it has been handed down by tradition, as
+we cannot find any trace of it in the "Books of Moses." Their "wise men"
+have many sayings in favour of marriage and against bachelors, one of
+which is "He who does not take necessary means to leave heirs behind
+him, _is_ not a man, and ought to be reputed as a homicide." The Law of
+Lycurgus was not a shade more favourable to them: by his statutes,
+bachelors were branded with infamy and disgrace; they were also excluded
+from participating in the cares of government, from all offices either
+civil or martial, and were not permitted to view either public shows or
+sports. At certain of their feasts, they were forced to appear in the
+marketplace, and there were exposed to the cutting sarcasm, jest, and
+derision of the populace. At one feast, in particular, they were led to
+the altars _by women_, amidst a concord of harmonious sounds, and there
+were obliged to submit to blows and lashes with a rod, at the _merciful_
+pleasure of a _merciful_ people. And "Oh, most unkindly act of all,"
+they had also to sing certain songs composed to their own dishonour,
+contempt, and derision.
+
+By many, the Christian dispensation is supposed to be, in a great
+degree, favourable to a state of bachelorism, because the Apostle, Paul,
+has recommended it as preferable; but we think the recommendation was
+given for the following reason: (i.e.) every one in the early ages of
+Christianity was exposed to liability of testing his religious
+principles, by the loss of both his property and life; and consequently,
+the loss must have been felt in a greater degree, if the sufferer was
+married. Thus persecution must have been more dreadful to the married
+than to the unmarried. The ancient church, misconstruing the Apostle's
+words, and also overlooking his meaning, recommended the state of
+bachelorism in the male, and perpetual virginity in the female sex, not
+only as a state more perfect than marriage, but even as highly
+meritorious. Thus, by degrees, came into being the absurd and fast
+decaying system of monastic establishments, which, for many centuries
+burdened Europe with drones innumerable.
+
+In England, bachelors are not left to go forgotten to their solitary
+graves. There was a tax laid on them by the 7th William III., after the
+twenty-fifth year of their age, which was £12. 10_s_. for a duke, and
+1_s_. for a commoner. At present they are taxed by an extra duty upon
+their servants: for a male, £1. 5_s_.; for a female, 2_s_. 6_d_., above
+the usual duties leviable upon servants.     E.J.H.
+
+*** So, Touchstone's philosophy hath legal warrant: "Is the single man
+blessed? No: as a walled town is more worthier than a village, so is the
+forehead of a married man more honourable than the bare brow of a
+bachelor."--_As you like it._ (Ed. M.)
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+SAXON ALMANACS.
+
+
+The Saxons were accustomed to engrave upon square pieces of wood, the
+courses of the moons for the whole year, (or for a specified space of
+time) by which they could tell when the new-moons, full-moons, and
+changes would occur, and these pieces of wood were by them called
+_Al-mon-aght_ (i.e.) _Al_-moon-heed, which signifies the regard and
+observation of all the moons, and from this term is derived the word
+_Almanac_.
+
+Many of our readers are probably aware of, or have seen, a Saxon
+Almanac, answering the above description, in St. John's College,
+Cambridge.     E.J.H.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+SPIRIT OF DISCOVERY
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+EXEMPLARS ABRIDGED FROM MR. BABBAGE'S "ECONOMY OF MACHINERY AND
+MANUFACTURES."
+
+
+_Voyage of Manufacture._--The produce of our factories has preceded even
+our most enterprising travellers. Captain Clapperton saw at the court of
+the Sultan Bello, pewter dishes with the London stamp, and had at the
+royal table a piece of meat served up on a white wash-hand basin of
+English manufacture. The cotton of India is conveyed by British ships
+round half our planet, to be woven by British skill in the factories of
+Lancashire; it is again set in motion by British capital, and
+transported to the very plains whereon it grew, is repurchased by the
+lords of the soil which gave it birth, at a cheaper price than that at
+which their coarser machinery enables them to manufacture it themselves.
+At Calicut, in the East Indies (whence the cotton cloth called calico
+derives its name) the price of labour is one-seventh of that in England,
+yet the market is supplied from British looms.
+
+_Additions to human power._--The force necessary to move a stone along
+the roughly-chiselled floor of its quarry is nearly two-thirds of its
+weight; to move it along a wooden floor, three-fifths; by wood upon
+wood, five-ninths; if the wooden surfaces are soaped, one-sixth; if
+rollers are used on the floor of the quarry, it requires
+one-thirty-second part of the weight; if they roll on wood,
+one-fortieth; and if they roll between wood, one-fiftieth of its weight.
+At each increase of knowledge, as well as on the contrivance of every
+new tool, human labour becomes abridged.
+
+_Economy of time._--Several pounds of gunpowder may be purchased for a
+sum acquired by a few days' labour; yet, when this is employed in
+blasting rocks, effects are produced which could not, even with the best
+tools, be accomplished by other means in less than many months.
+
+_Economy of Materials._--The worn-out saucepans and tin-ware of our
+kitchens, when beyond the reach of the tinker's art, are not utterly
+worthless. We sometimes meet carts loaded with old tin kettles and
+worn-out iron coal-scuttles traversing our streets. These have not yet
+completed their useful course; the less corroded parts are cut into
+strips, punched with small holes, and varnished with a coarse black
+varnish for the use of the trunkmaker, who protects the edges and angles
+of his box with them; the remainder are conveyed to the manufacturing
+chemists in the outskirts of the town, who employ them, in conjunction
+with pyroligneous acid, in making a black dye for the use of calico
+printers.
+
+_Accumulation of Power_ arises from lifting a weight and then allowing
+it to fall. A man, even with a heavy hammer, might strike repeated blows
+upon the head of a pile without producing any effect. But if he raises a
+much heavier hammer to a much greater height, its fall, though far less
+frequently repeated, will produce the desired effect.
+
+_Regulating Power._--A contrivance for regulating the effect of
+machinery consists in a vane or a fly, of little weight, but presenting
+a large surface. This revolves rapidly, and soon acquires an uniform
+rate, which it cannot greatly exceed, because any addition to its
+velocity produces a much greater addition to the resistance it meets
+with from the air. The interval between the strokes on the bell of a
+clock is regulated by this means; and the fly is so contrived, that this
+interval may be altered by presenting the arms of it more or less
+obliquely to the direction in which they move. This kind of fly or vane
+is generally used in the smaller kinds of mechanism, and, unlike the
+heavy fly, it is a destroyer instead of a preserver of force. It is the
+regulator used in musical boxes, and in almost all mechanical toys.
+
+_Increase and Diminution of Velocity._--Twisting the fibres of wool by
+the fingers would be a most tedious operation; in the common
+spinning-wheel the velocity of the foot is moderate; but, by a very
+simple contrivance, that of the thread is most rapid. A piece of cat-gut
+passing round a large wheel, and then round a small spindle, effects
+this change. The small balls of sewing cotton, so cheap and so
+beautifully wound, are formed by a machine on the same principle, and
+but a few steps more complicated. The common smoke-jack is an instrument
+in which the velocity communicated is too great for the purpose
+required, and it is transmitted through wheels which reduce it to a more
+moderate rate.
+
+_Extending the Time of Action in Forces._--The half-minute which we
+daily devote to the winding up of our watches is an exertion of labour
+almost insensible; yet, by the aid of a few wheels its effect is spread
+over the whole twenty-four hours. Another familiar illustration may be
+noticed in our domestic furniture: the common jack by which our meat is
+roasted, is a contrivance to enable the cook in a few minutes to exert a
+force which the machine retails out during the succeeding hour in
+turning the loaded spit.
+
+_Saving Time in natural Operations._--The process of tanning formerly
+occupied from six months to two years; this time being apparently
+required in order to allow the tanning matter to penetrate into the
+interior of a thick hide. The improved process consists in placing the
+hides with the solution of tan in close vessels, and then exhausting the
+air. The consequence of this is to withdraw any air which might be
+contained in the pores of the hides, and to employ the pressure of the
+atmosphere to aid capillary attraction in forcing the tan into the
+interior of the skins. The effect of the additional force thus brought
+into action can be equal only to one atmosphere, but a further
+improvement has been made: the vessel containing the hides is, after
+exhaustion, filled up with a solution of tan; a small additional
+quantity is then injected with a forcing-pump. By these means any degree
+of pressure may be given which the containing vessel is capable of
+supporting, and it has been found that, by employing such a method, the
+thickest hides may be tanned in six weeks or two months.
+
+_Printing from Wooden Blocks._--A block of box-wood is, in this
+instance, the substance out of which the pattern is formed: the design
+being sketched upon it, the workman cuts away with sharp tools every
+part except the lines to be represented in the impression. This is
+exactly the reverse of the process of engraving on copper, in which
+every line to be represented is cut away. The ink, instead of filling
+the cavities cut in the wood, is spread upon the surface which remains,
+and is thence transferred to the paper.
+
+_Making and Manufacturing._--There exists a considerable difference
+between the terms _making_ and _manufacturing_. The former refers to the
+production of _a small_, the latter to that of _a very large number of
+individuals_; and the difference is well illustrated in the evidence
+given before the Committee of the House of Commons on the Export of
+Tools and Machinery. On that occasion Mr. Maudslay stated, that he had
+been applied to by the Navy Board to make iron tanks for ships, and that
+he was rather unwilling to do so, as he considered it to be out of his
+line of business; however, he undertook to make one as a trial. The
+holes for the rivets were punched by hand-punching with presses, and the
+1,680 holes which each tank required cost seven shillings. The Navy
+Board who required a large number, proposed that he should supply forty
+tanks a week for many months. The magnitude of the order made it worth
+while to commence _manufacturer_, and to make tools for the express
+business. Mr. Maudslay therefore offered, if the Board would give him an
+order for two thousand tanks, to supply them at the rate of eighty per
+week. The order was given: he made the tools, by which the expense of
+punching the rivet-holes of each tank was reduced from seven shillings
+to ninepence; he supplied ninety-eight tanks a week for six months, and
+the price charged for each was reduced from seventeen pounds to fifteen.
+
+_Brass-plate Coal Merchants._--In the recent examination by the
+committee of the House of Commons into the state of the Coal Trade, it
+appears that five-sixths of the London public is supplied by a class of
+middle-men who are called in the trade "Brass-plate Coal Merchants:"
+these consist principally of merchants' clerks, gentlemen's servants,
+and others, who have no wharfs, but merely give their orders to some
+true coal-merchant, who sends in the coals from his wharf. The
+brass-plate coal merchant, of course, receives a commission for his
+agency, which is just so much loss to the consumer.
+
+_Raw Materials._--Gold-leaf consists of a portion of the metal beaten
+out to so great a degree of thinness, as to allow a greenish-blue light
+to be transmitted through its pores. About 400 square inches of this are
+sold, in the form of a small book, containing twenty-five leaves of gold
+for 1_s_. 6_d_. In this case, the raw material, or gold, is worth rather
+less than two-thirds of the manufactured article. In the case of silver
+leaf, the labour considerably exceeds the value of the material. A book
+of fifty leaves, covering above 1,000 square inches is sold for 1_s_.
+3_d_.
+
+The quantity of labour applied to Venetian gold chains is very great,
+but incomparably less than that which is applied to some of the
+manufactures of iron. In the case of the smallest Venetian chain the
+value of the labour is not above thirty times that of the gold. The
+pendulum spring of a watch, which governs the vibrations of the balance,
+costs at the retail price twopence, and weighs fifteen one-hundredths of
+a grain, whilst the retail price of a pound of the best iron, the raw
+material out of which fifty thousand such springs are made, is exactly
+the sum of twopence.
+
+In France bar-iron, made as it usually is with charcoal, costs three
+times the price of the cast-iron out of which it is made; whilst in
+England, where it is usually made with coke, the cost is only twice the
+price of cast-iron.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+THE NATURALIST.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE NINE-BANDED ARMADILLO.
+
+
+[Illustration: THE NINE-BANDED ARMADILLO.]
+
+Armadillos are almost exclusively natives of South America, principally
+of the province of Paraguay. Some inhabit the forests; others are found
+in the open country. There are several species, all of which are
+invested with a coat of mail, or a kind of plate armour resembling the
+covering of the pangolin, or scaly ant-eater, and the shell of the
+tortoise. This crust or shell covers the upper parts of the animal, and
+consists of four or five different parts or divisions. The head may be
+said to have a helmet, and the shoulders a buckler, composed of several
+transverse series of plates. Transverse bands, varying in the different
+species from three to twelve, which are movable, cover the body; the
+crupper has its buckler similar to that on the shoulders, and the tail
+is protected by numerous rings. The hairs of the body are few, springing
+from between the plates; the under parts, which are without armour, have
+rather more hairs. In a living state, the whole armour is capable of
+yielding considerably to the motions of the body; the pieces or plates
+being connected by a membrane, like the joints in a tail of a lobster.
+The under parts present a light grainy skin. The legs are thick and
+strong, but only long enough to raise the body from the ground; the
+nails are very powerful, and calculated for digging; and, according to
+Buffon, the mole is not more expert in burrowing the earth.
+
+Some of the species have nocturnal habits and are very timid, flying to
+their burrows the moment they hear a noise. Other species quit their
+retreat equally by day and night, and these are said not to be so rapid
+in their motions as the others. All the species walk quickly, but they
+can neither leap, run, nor climb; so that, when pursued, they can only
+escape by hiding themselves in their holes; if these be too far off, the
+poor hunted creatures dig a hole before they are overtaken, and with
+their strong snout and fore claws in a few moments conceal themselves.
+Sometimes, however, before they are quite concealed, they are caught by
+the tail, when they struggle so powerfully that the tail often breaks
+short, and is left in the hands of the pursuers. To prevent this the
+hunter tickles the animal with a stick, till it looses its hold, and
+allows itself to be taken without further resistance. At other times,
+when pursued, and finding flight ineffectual, the Armadillos withdraw
+the head under the edge of the buckler of the shoulders; their legs,
+except the feet, are naturally hidden by the borders of the bucklers and
+the bands; they then contract the body as far towards the shape of a
+ball as the stretching of the membrane which unites the different
+movable pieces of the armour will permit.[8] Thus defended, they
+frequently escape danger; but if near a precipice, the animal will
+sometimes roll itself over, and in this case, says Molina, in his
+Natural History of Chili, it generally falls to the bottom unhurt.
+
+    [8] It should here be observed that the Three-banded Armadillo
+    is remarkable for the faculty of rolling itself up more
+    completely than the other species. It can, in so doing, totally
+    conceal the head, the tail, and the fore feet, which none of the
+    other species can completely effect.--_Cuvier._
+
+Armadillos were formerly thought to feed exclusively on vegetables; but
+they have since been found to devour insects and flesh. The directions
+of their burrows evince that they search after ant heaps, and the
+insects quickly disappear from near the hole of an Armadillo. The
+largest species, the great black Armadillo, common in the forests of
+Paraguay, feeds on the carcasses of animals; and the graves of the dead
+which are necessarily formed at a distance from the usual places of
+sepulture, in countries where the great Armadillo is found, are
+protected by strong double boards to prevent the animal from penetrating
+and devouring the body. It appears, also, that it eats young birds,
+eggs, snakes, lizards, &c. The Indians are very fond of the flesh of the
+Armadillo as food, especially when young; but, when old, it acquires a
+strong musky flavour. Mr. Waterton, who tasted the flesh, considered it
+strong and rank. The shells or crusts are applied to various useful
+purposes, and painted of different colours are made into boxes, baskets,
+&c.
+
+Cuvier remarks that that old mode of distinguishing the species of
+Armadillos by the number of the bands is clearly objectionable, inasmuch
+as D'Azara has established that not only the number of these bands
+varies, in the different individuals of the same species, but further,
+that there are individuals of different species which have the same
+number of bands. Eight species mentioned by D'Azara are admitted as
+distinct, but the whole number is very doubtful.
+
+(The species represented in the Cut,[9] or, the Nine-banded, is the most
+common. In the Zoological Gardens, in the Regent's Park, and in Surrey,
+are several specimens. They are usually kept in cages, but on fine sunny
+days are let out upon the turf. Their general pace may here be seen to
+advantage: it is a sort of quick shuffling walk, and they get over the
+ground easily, notwithstanding the weight of their shelly covering.)
+
+    [9] From a specimen figured in Dr. Shaw's Zoological Lectures,
+    with plates, by Mrs. Griffith, vol. i.
+
+In conclusion, it is interesting to remark that the whole series of
+these very singular animals offers a notable example of one genus being
+confined to a particular country. We have observed that they all belong
+to South America; nor do we find that in any parts of the old world, or,
+indeed, in the great northern division of the new, any races of
+quadrupeds at all to resemble them, or in any manner to be compared with
+them. They may be said to stand perfectly insulated; they exhibit all
+the characters of a creation entirely distinct, and except as to the
+general characters of mammiferous quadrupeds, perfectly of their own
+kind. There is no break in the whole circle of them, no deviation or
+leaning towards any other organized form; so that the boldest conjecture
+will hardly venture to guess at any other than a separate creation for
+these animals, and a distinct allocation in South America. This
+peculiarity is rendered the more striking by the facility with which it
+seems to endure removal, even to our latitudes; thereby proving that its
+present confined identity with South America is not altogether the
+result of its physical necessities.[10]
+
+    [10] Popular Zoology. Comprising Memoirs and Anecdotes of the
+    Animals of the Zoological Society's Menagerie. With many
+    Engravings. 1832.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+CLIMATE OF CANADA.
+
+_From Sketches, by a Backwoodsman._
+
+
+It never has been accountable to me, how the heat of the sun is
+regulated. There is no part of Upper Canada that is not to the south of
+Penzance, yet there is no part of England where the cold is so intense
+as in Canada; nay, there is no cold in England equal to the cold of
+Virginia, which, were it on the European side of the hemisphere, would
+be looked upon as an almost tropical climate. To explain to an European
+what the climate of Upper Canada is, we would say, that in summer it is
+the climate of Italy, in winter that of Holland; but in either case we
+should only be giving an illustration, for in both winter and summer it
+possesses peculiarities which neither of these two climates possess. The
+summer heat of Upper Canada generally ranges towards 80° Fahrenheit; but
+should the wind blow twenty-four hours steadily from the north, it will
+fall to 40° during the night. The reason of this seems to be the
+enormous quantity of forest over which that wind blows, and the leaves
+of the trees affording such an extensive surface of evaporation. One
+remarkable peculiarity in the climate of Canada, when compared with
+those to which we have likened it, is its dryness. Far from the ocean,
+the salt particles that somehow or other exist in the atmosphere of
+sea-bounded countries are not to be found here; roofs of tinned iron of
+fifty years' standing are as bright as the day they came out of the
+shop; and you may leave a charge of powder in your gun for a month, and
+find, at the end of it, that it goes off without hanging fire. The
+diseases of the body, too, that are produced by a damp atmosphere, are
+uncommon here. It may be a matter of surprise to some to hear, that
+pectoral and catarrhal complaints, which, from an association of ideas
+they may connect with cold, are here hardly known. In the cathedral at
+Montreal, where from three to five thousand people assemble every
+Sunday, you will seldom find the service interrupted by a cough, even in
+the dead of winter and in hard frost; whereas, in Britain, from the days
+of Shakspeare, even in a small country church, "coughing drowns the
+parson's saw." Pulmonary consumption, too, the scourge alike of England
+and the sea-coast of America, is so rare in the northern parts of New
+York and Pennsylvania, and the whole of Upper Canada, that in eight
+years' residence I have not seen as many cases of the disease as I have
+in a day's visit to a provincial infirmary at home. The only disease we
+are annoyed with here, that we are not accustomed to at home, is the
+intermittent fever,--and that, though most abominably annoying, is not
+by any means dangerous: indeed, one of the most annoying circumstances
+connected with it is, that, instead of being sympathized with, you are
+only laughed at. Otherwise the climate is infinitely more healthy than
+that of England. Indeed, it may be pronounced the most healthy country
+under the sun, considering that whisky can be procured for about one
+shilling sterling per gallon. Though the cold of a Canadian winter is
+great, it is neither distressing nor disagreeable. There is no day
+during winter, except a rainy one, in which a man need be kept from his
+work. It is a fact, though as startling as some of the dogmas of the
+Edinburgh school of political economy, that the thermometer is no judge
+of warm or cold weather. Thus, with us in Canada, when it is low, (say
+at zero,) there is not a breath of hair, and you can judge of the cold
+of the morning by the smoke rising from the chimney of a cottage, and
+shooting up straight like the steeple of a church, then gradually
+melting away in the beautiful clear blue of the morning sky: yet in such
+weather it is impossible to go through a day's march in your great coat;
+whereas, at home, when the wind blows from the north-east, though the
+thermometer stands at from 55° to 60° you find a fire far from
+oppressive. The fact is, that a Canadian winter is by far the
+pleasantest season of the year, for everybody is idle, and everybody is
+determined to enjoy himself. Between the summer and winter of Canada, a
+season exists, called the Indian summer. During this period, the
+atmosphere has a smoky, hazy effect, which is ascribed by the people
+generally to the simultaneous burning of the prairies of the western
+part of the continent. This explanation I take to be absurd; since, if
+it were so to be accounted for, the wind must necessarily blow from that
+quarter, which is not in all instances the case. During this period,
+which generally occupies two or three weeks of the month of November,
+the days are pleasant, and with abundance of sunshine, and the nights
+present a cold, clear, black frost. When this disappears, the rains
+commence, which always precede winter; for it is a proverb in the Lower
+Province, among the French Canadians, that the ditches never freeze till
+they are full. Then comes the regular winter, which, if rains and thaws
+do not interfere, is very pleasant; and that is broken up by rains
+again, which last until the strong sun of the middle of May renders
+everything dry and in good order. A satirical friend of mine gave a
+caricature account of the climate of the province, when he said that,
+for two months of the spring and two months of the autumn, you are up to
+your middle in mud; for four months of summer you are broiled by the
+heat, choked by the dust, and devoured by the mosquitoes; and for the
+remaining four months, if you get your nose above the snow, it is to
+have it bit off by the frost.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+THE PUBLIC JOURNALS
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+AN INCIDENT IN THE LIFE OF A RASCAL.
+
+
+"His name is never heard."
+
+Late one evening, a packet of letters, just arrived by the English mail,
+was handed to Mynheer Von Kapell, a merchant of Hamburgh. His head clerk
+awaited, as usual, for any orders which might arise from their contents;
+and was not a little surprised to observe the brow of his wealthy
+employer suddenly clouded; again and again he perused the letter he
+held, at last audibly giving vent to his feelings--
+
+"Donder and blitzen!" he burst forth, "but this _is_ a shock, who would
+have thought it? The house of Bennett and Ford to be shaken thus! What
+is to be done?"
+
+"Bennett and Ford failed!"' cried the astonished clerk.
+
+"Failed! ten thousand devils! not so bad as that; but they are in deep
+distress, and have suffered a heavy loss; but read, good Yansen! and let
+me have your advice."
+
+The clerk read as follows:--
+
+"_London, August 21st._
+
+"Most respected friend,
+
+"Yours of the 5th inst. came safe to hand, and will meet prompt
+attention. We have to inform you, with deep regret, that the son of the
+trustworthy cashier of this long-established house has absconded, taking
+with him bills accepted by our firm, to a large amount, as per margin;
+and a considerable sum in cash. We have been able to trace the misguided
+young man to a ship bound for Holland, and we think it probable he may
+visit Hamburgh, (where our name is so well known and, we trust, so
+highly respected) for the purpose of converting these bills into cash.
+He is a tall, handsome youth, about five feet eleven inches, with dark
+hair and eyes; speaks French and German well, and was dressed in deep
+mourning, in consequence of the recent death of his mother. If you
+should be able to find him, we have to request you will use your utmost
+endeavours to regain possession of the bills named in the margin; but,
+as we have a high respect for the father of the unfortunate young man,
+we will further thank you to procure for him a passage on board the
+first vessel sailing for Batavia, paying the expense of his voyage, and
+giving him the sum of two hundred louis d'or, which you will place to
+our account current, on condition that he does not attempt to revisit
+England till he receives permission so to do.
+
+"We are, most respected friend,
+
+"Your obedient servants,
+
+"BENNETT, FORD, AND CO.
+
+"Mynheer Von Kapell."
+
+"My life on't," said Yansen, "'tis the very lad I saw this day, walking
+up and down in front of the Exchange, who appeared half out of his wits;
+looking anxiously for some particular object, yet shunning general
+observation: his person answers the description."
+
+"That's fortunate," said the merchant, "you must devote the morrow to
+searching for him; bring him to me if possible, and I'll do my utmost to
+serve my excellent friends, Bennett and Ford of London."
+
+Early next morning, Yansen went to the Exchange, and kept an anxious
+watch for many hours in vain; he was returning hopeless, when he saw the
+identical youth coming out of the door of a Jew money-changer; he
+brushed hastily past him, exclaiming, "The unconscionable scoundrel!
+seventy per cent, for bills on the best house in England!"
+
+Yansen approached him. "Young gentleman," said he, in a very mild tone,
+"you appear to have met with some disappointment from that griping
+wretch, Levi. If you have any business to transact, my house is close
+by; I shall be happy to treat with you."
+
+"Willingly," replied the youth, "the sooner the better. I must leave
+Hamburgh at day-break."
+
+The clerk led him to the house of the merchant, and entered it by a
+small side door, desiring the young man to be seated, whilst he gave
+some directions. In a few minutes he reappeared, bringing Von Kapell
+with him. The worthy Hamburgher having no talent for a roundabout way of
+doing business, said bluntly, "So Mynheer! we are well met; it will be
+useless to attempt disguise with me; look at this!" and he put into his
+hand the letter he had the night before received.
+
+Overwhelmed with consternation, the young man fell at his feet.
+
+"Oh heaven!" he cried, "I am lost for ever--my father, my indulgent, my
+honourable father, is heart-broken and disgraced by my villany. My
+mother!" Here he became nearly inaudible, and hid his face in his hands.
+"You," he continued, "are spared all participation in the agony your
+wretched son is suffering."
+
+"Boy, boy!" said the merchant, raising him, and quite melted at this
+show of penitence, "listen to me! are the bills safe? if so, you may
+still hope."
+
+"They are," eagerly exclaimed the youth; "how fortunate that I did not
+listen to the offers of that rapacious Jew. Here, sir, take them, I
+implore you," pulling from his breast a large pocket-book; "they are
+untouched. Spare but my life, and I will yet atone--Oh, spare me from a
+shameful death."
+
+There was a pause, broken at last by Yansen's saying significantly to
+his employer, "as per margin."
+
+The merchant turned to the unhappy young man. "Take heart," said he,
+"'Wenn die noth ist amgröszten die hülfe ist am nächsten.'[11] There's
+an old German proverb for you. Sit down and hear what I have to say. I
+think myself not a little fortunate in so soon being able to fulfil the
+wishes of my English correspondents; your natural alarm did not suffer
+you to finish their letter; you will perceive how generously they mean
+to act; their house's credit saved, they intend not to punish you. Read,
+read; and Yansen, order some eatables, and a bottle or two of my old
+Heidelberg hock, trouble always makes me thirsty--three glasses, my good
+Yansen."
+
+    [11] When things are at the worst they must mend.
+
+Again the young Englishman hid his face, and sighed convulsively, "I do
+not deserve this lenity. My excellent father! this is a tribute to your
+virtue."
+
+Von Kapell left his guest's reflections undisturbed, till a servant
+entered, who placed refreshments on a well polished oak table; when she
+retired, he resumed.
+
+"And now, what devil tempted you to play the--runaway?" swallowing the
+term he had intended to use. "Was it for the wenches, or the dicing
+table?"
+
+"Spare me, most kind and worthy sir, I intreat you! To my father I will
+make full confession of all my faults; but he must be the first to know
+the origin of my crimes."
+
+"Well, well, take another glass of wine; you shall stay in my house till
+we can find a passage for you. It was but last night my good ship the
+Christine sailed for Batavia, and--"
+
+"Under favour," interrupted Yansen, "she has not yet left the harbour;
+the wind blew too fresh for her to venture on crossing the sand-banks at
+night, and it is now only shifting round a point or two."
+
+"You are lucky, youngster;" quickly added the merchant, "the Christine
+has noble accommodations; you shall aboard this evening. Put these in
+the chest, good Yansen," handing him the bills, "and count me out the
+two hundred louis d'or the boy is to have. Come, man! finish your meal,
+for I see," said he, regarding a vane on the gable of an opposite house,
+"you have no time to lose."
+
+The meal was finished--the money given--the worthy merchant adding as
+much good advice as the brief space would permit. The Briton was profuse
+in his expressions of gratitude, promised amendment, and returned the
+warm grasp of Von Kapell, unable to speak for his tears. Yansen
+accompanied him on board, gave the owner's most particular charge to the
+skipper, to pay his passenger every attention on the voyage. The vessel
+cleared the harbour--was in a few hours out of sight--and the next
+morning, Mynheer Von Kapell wrote to London a full account of the
+transaction, returning the bills he had so fortunately recovered.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In less than a fortnight, the following letter reached the good old
+German:--
+
+"Sir,--We have to inform you, that we never lost the bills sent in your
+last favour, every one of which is fabricated, and our acceptance
+forged. Our cashier has no son, nor has he lost a wife. We are sincerely
+grieved that your friendly feeling towards our house should have led you
+to listen to so palpable a cheat.
+
+"We remain, with great respect, yours,
+
+"BENNETT, FORD, AND CO.
+
+"P.S. If you should ever hear again of the person you have, at your own
+expense, sent to Batavia, we shall be glad to know."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+What can be said of the good old German's feelings, but that they may
+"be more easily conceived than described?"--_Monthly Magazine._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+NEW BOOKS.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+OTWAY'S "VENICE PRESERVED."
+
+
+(Hundreds of our readers who have again and again heard
+
+  Belvidera pour her soul in love--
+
+may not be aware of the precise historical connexion of the incidents of
+Otway's play with the events of history. They are taken, in the main,
+from an atrocious conspiracy formed at Venice in 1618. Sir Henry Wotton,
+then English ambassador at Venice, writes as follows on the 25th of May,
+in the above year:--"The whole town is here at present in horror and
+confusion upon the discovering of a foul and fearful conspiracy of the
+French against this state; whereof no less than thirty have already
+suffered very condign punishment, between men strangled in prison,
+drowned in the silence of the night, and hanged in public view; and yet
+the bottom is invisible." Beyond this quaint, meagre, chronological
+notice, little is actually established of the details, although the
+event is perhaps as familiarly known by name to English readers as any
+other in the History of Venice. We are, therefore, happy to see the
+affair treated with minute consideration in the second volume of
+"Sketches from Venetian History," in the _Family Library_; and so
+interesting is the narrative, or rather the facts and conjectures, to
+the lover of history, as well as to the unstudious playgoer, that we are
+induced to quote nearly every line of the passage. The editor
+observes:--)
+
+Muratori indeed has scarcely exaggerated the obscurity in which this
+incident is enveloped when he affirms that only one fact illuminates its
+darkness; namely that several hundred French and Spaniards engaged in
+the service of the Republic were arrested and put to death. The
+researches of Comte Daru have brought to light some hitherto unknown
+contemporary documents; but even the inexhaustible diligence of that
+most laborious, accurate, and valuable writer has been baffled in the
+hope of obtaining certainty as its reward; and he has been compelled to
+content himself with the addition of one hypothesis more to those
+already proposed in explanation of this mystery.
+
+All that can be positively affirmed is that during the summer of 1617,
+Jacques Pierre, a Norman by birth, whose youth had been spent in
+piratical enterprises in the Levantine seas, from which he had acquired
+no inconsiderable celebrity, fled from the service of the Spanish Duke
+d'Ossuna, Viceroy of Naples; and, having offered himself at the Arsenal
+of Venice, was engaged there in a subordinate office. Not many days
+after his arrival in the _Lagune_, Pierre denounced to the Inquisitors
+of State a conspiracy projected, as he said, by the Duke d'Ossuna, and
+favoured by Don Alfonso della Cueva, Marquis de Bedemar, at that time
+resident ambassador from Spain. The original minutes of Pierre's
+disclosures, written in French, still exist among the correspondence of
+M. Leon Bruslart, the contemporary ambassador from the court of France
+to the Republic; and they were translated into Italian, with which
+language Pierre was but imperfectly acquainted, by his friend Renault,
+in order that they might be presented to the Inquisitors. In this plot,
+Pierre avowed himself to be chief agent; his pretended abandonment of
+the Duke d'Ossuna forming one part of the stratagem: and he added that
+his commission enjoined him to seduce the Dutch troops employed in the
+late war, who still remained in Venice and its neighbourhood; to fire
+the city; to seize and massacre the nobles; to overthrow the existing
+government; and ultimately to transfer the state to the Spanish crown.
+The sole immediate step taken by the Inquisitors in consequence of these
+revelations was the secret execution of Spinosa, a Neapolitan, whom
+Pierre described as an emissary of the Duke d'Ossuna; and whom he
+appears to have regarded with jealousy as a spy upon his own conduct.
+For the rest, the magistrates contented themselves, as it, seems, by
+awaiting the maturity of the plot with silent vigilance. Ten months
+elapsed during which Pierre communicated on the one hand with the Duke
+d'Ossuna, unsuspicious of his treachery, and on the other with the
+Inquisitors; till at the expiration of that term he was seized by an
+order of the X, while employed on his duties with the Fleet, and drowned
+without the grant of sufficient delay even for previous religious
+confession. More, perhaps many more, than three hundred French and
+Spaniards engaged in various naval and military capacities were at the
+same time delivered to the executioner; and Renault, after undergoing
+numerous interrogatories, and being placed seven times on the cord, was
+hanged by one foot on a gibbet on the _Piazzetta_, which day after day
+presented similar exhibitions of horror.
+
+This evidence of Pierre remained at the time concealed in the bosoms of
+the Inquisitors to whom it had been delivered; and no official
+declarations satisfied public curiosity as to the cause of the
+sanguinary executions which deformed the Capital. A rumour indeed spread
+itself abroad, and, although not traced to any certain authority, was
+universally credited, that a great peril had been escaped; that Venice
+had trembled on the very brink of destruction; and that the Spaniards
+had meditated her ruin. Popular fury was accordingly directed against
+the Marquis de Bedemar; and so fierce were the menaces of summary
+vengeance that the ambassador was forced to protest his innocence before
+the _Collegio_, more in the spirit of one deprecating punishment than
+defying accusation. He then earnestly solicited protection against the
+rabble surrounding his palace; for "God knows," affirmed his pale and
+affrighted secretary more than once, "the danger of our residence is
+great!" The Vice-doge, who during the interregnum between the death of
+one chief magistrate and the election of another presided over the
+_Collegio_, replied vaguely, coldly, and formally; and, the application
+having been renewed without any more favourable result, Bedemar, justly
+apprehensive for his safety, seized a pretext for withdrawing, till a
+successor to his embassy was appointed. Meantime, considerable doubts
+were entertained, not only by the resident foreign ministers,--
+especially by that of France, better informed than his brethren through
+the possession of Pierre's minutes,--but by the Venetian senators
+themselves, also, whether any conspiracy whatever had really existed.
+Nevertheless, in spite of these misgivings not obscurely expressed, it
+was not till the expiration of five months that the X presented a report
+to the Senate, detailing the information which they had received and the
+views upon which they had acted. That report however is so manifestly
+contradicted in many very important instances by Pierre's depositions,
+that it must be considered as drawn up and garbled solely with the
+intention of _making a case_; and therefore as revealing only so much
+truth dashed and brewed with a huge proportion of falsehood, as it
+suited the interests of the magistrates to exhibit to public view. All
+mention of the denouncements of Pierre during the long period of ten
+months is carefully suppressed, and yet no fact in history is more
+distinctly proved than that he did so communicate. The first intimation
+of the plot is there said to have been given but a few days before it
+was to have been executed, by two Frenchmen, Montcassin and Balthazar
+Juven, whom Pierre had endeavoured to seduce. "Look at these Venetians,"
+said the daring conspirator one day to his apparent proselytes, "they
+affect to chain the lion; but the lion sometimes devours his master,
+especially when that master uses him ill." According to their further
+evidence, some troops despatched by the Duke d'Ossuna were to land by
+night on the _Piazzetta_ and to occupy all the strong holds of the city;
+numerous treasonable agents already within the walls were to master the
+depots of arms; and fire, rapine, and massacre were to bring the
+enterprise to consummation.
+
+The papers abovementioned, together with a few letters from the Doge to
+the Venetian ambassador at Milan, and one or two other not very
+important documents contained in the archives of Venice, all printed by
+Comte Dam, are the sole authentic vouchers for this conspiracy now known
+to exist; and it must be confessed that they are insufficient for its
+elucidation. The Abbe St. Real, who for a long time was esteemed the
+chief historian of this dark transaction, is an agreeable and attractive
+writer; but--since he was unacquainted with the report of the X; since
+he does not cite the correspondence of the French ambassador containing
+Pierre's depositions; and since he frequently varies from a MS which he
+does cite, _The Interrogatories of the Accused_,[12] a MS indeed, which,
+even when quoted faithfully, is often contradicted by the few
+established facts, and by numerous well-known usages of the Venetian
+government,--little faith can be attached to his narrative. It was his
+opinion, and it has been that which has most generally prevailed, that
+the Duke d'Ossuna, the Marquis de Bedemar, and Don Pedro di Toledo,
+governor of Milan, mutually concerted a plan for the destruction of
+Venice; the chief execution of which was entrusted to Pierre and
+Renault: and that, on the very eve of its explosion, Jaffier, one of
+their band, touched by the magnificence of the Espousals of the Adriatic
+which he had just witnessed, was shaken from his stern purpose, and
+revealed the conspiracy. In order to overthrow the latter part of this
+hypothesis, it may be sufficient to state that the first executions took
+place on the 14th of May, 1618, and that it was not till the 24th of
+that month that the Feast of Ascension, and its gorgeous ceremonies,
+occurred in the same year.
+
+    [12] A translation of this document is given by Daru: the
+    original Italian may be found in the _Memorie recondite_ of
+    Vittorio Siri, i. 407.
+
+Comte Daru, on the other hand, first explains a design which it is
+notorious was entertained by the Duke d'Ossuna to convert his
+viceroyalty of Naples into a kingdom, the crown of which, wrested from
+Spain, should be placed on his own head. And hence he establishes the
+impossibility that d'Ossuna should at the same moment be plotting the
+overthrow of Venice; that power whose assistance, or at least whose
+connivance was one of the weapons most necessary for his success. On
+these grounds, Comte Daru contends that the Duke maintained a secret
+understanding both with the Signory and the court of France; that,
+refining on political duplicity, he deceived Pierre by really
+instructing him to gain over the Dutch troops quartered in the _Lagune_;
+not, however, as his emissary supposed, to be employed ultimately for
+the seizure of Venice, but in truth for that of Naples; that Pierre's
+courage was not proof against the dangers with which his apparently most
+hazardous commission beset him; and that accordingly he betrayed his
+employer, and revealed to the Inquisitors a plot which _they_ well knew
+to be feigned: and, lastly, that when the ambitious plans of d'Ossuna,
+partially discovered before their time by the Spanish government, might
+have compromised Venice also if they had been fully elucidated; in order
+to blot out each syllable of evidence which could bear, even indirectly,
+upon the transaction, so far as she was concerned, it was thought
+expedient to remove every individual who had been even unwittingly
+connected with it. So fully was this abominable wickedness perpetrated,
+that both the accused and the accusers, the deceivers and the deceived,
+those either faithless or faithful to their treason, the tools who
+either adhered to or who betrayed d'Ossuna, who sought to destroy or to
+preserve Venice, were alike enveloped in one common fate, and silenced
+in the same sure keeping of the grave. Some few, respecting whose degree
+of participation a slight doubt arose, were strangled on the avowed
+principle that _all_ must be put to death who were in any way
+implicated; others were drowned by night, in order that their execution
+might _make no noise_.[13] Moncassin, one of the avowed informers, was
+pensioned, spirited away to Cyprus, and there despatched in a drunken
+quarrel; and if it be asserted that his companion Balthazar Juven was
+permitted to survive, it is because he is the only individual concerning
+whose final destiny we cannot pronounce with certainty.[14]
+
+    [13] Laurent Brulard, concerning whose fate much discussion
+    arose, was strangled _par beaucoup de considerations et par une
+    suite du parti qu'on avrait pris de mettre a mort tons ceux qui
+    etaient impliques dans cette affaire_. The brothers Desbouleaux
+    were drowned by night in the _Canale Orfano, pour ne point
+    ebruiter l'affaire_; and the instructions sent to the Admiral
+    who was to drown Pierre were to fulfil his commission _avec le
+    moins de bruit possible_. Accordingly that ruffian, and
+    forty-five of his accomplices, were drowned at once _sans
+    bruit_. _Interrogatoire des Accuses_, translated by Daru, vol.
+    viii. § x.
+
+    [14] It is believed that Balthazar Juven, and a relation of the
+    Marechale de Lesdiguieres, who is stated to have escaped
+    punishment, are one and the same person.
+
+Of one personage who holds an important station in St. Real's romance,
+and yet more so in Otway's coarse and boisterous tragedy, which, by dint
+of some powerful _coups de theatre_, still maintains possession of the
+English stage, we have hitherto mentioned but the name; and, in fact,
+even for that name we are indebted only to the more than suspected
+summary of the _Interrogatories of the Accused_.
+
+Antoine Jaffier, a French captain, is there made chief evidence against
+Pierre and Renault, who are employed by d'Ossuna, as he vaguely states,
+to surprise _some_ maritime place belonging to the republic. This
+informer was rewarded with four thousand sequins, and instructed
+forthwith to quit the Venetian territories; but having, while at
+Brescia, renewed communications with suspected persons, he was brought
+back to the _Lagune_ and drowned. The minute particularities of
+Jaffier's depositions, and the motive which prompted him to offer them,
+(the latter, as we have already shown, resting on a gross anachronism,)
+are, we believe pure inventions by St. Real; and Otway has used a poet's
+license to palliate still farther deviations from authentic history.
+Under his hands, Pierre,--whom all accounts conspire in representing to
+us as a foreign, vulgar and mercenary bravo, equally false to every
+party, and frightened into confession,--is transformed into a Venetian
+patriot, the proud champion of his country's liberty; who declaims in
+good, set, round, customary terms against slavery and oppression; and
+who, in the end, escapes a mode of execution unknown to Venice, by
+persuading the friend who has betrayed him, and whom he has consequently
+renounced, to stab him to the heart, in order "to preserve his memory."
+The weak, whining, vacillating, uxorious Jaffier, by turns a cut-throat
+and a King's evidence; now pawning, now fondling, and now menacing with
+his dagger an imaginary wife; first placing his comrade's life in
+jeopardy, then begging it against his will, and finally taking it with
+his own hand, is a yet more unhappy creation of wayward fancy; and it is
+only in the names of the conspirators, in the introduction of an
+Englishman, Eliot, (whom he has brought nearer vernacular spelling than
+he found him,--Haillot,[15]) and in the character of Rainault, that
+Otway is borne out by authority. The last-mentioned person is described
+by the French ambassador as a sot, a gambler, and a sharper, whose
+rogueries are well known to all the world; in a word, therefore, as a
+fit leader of a revolutionary crew wrought up, "without the least
+remorse, with fire and sword t' exterminate" all who bore the stamp of
+nobility; and _not_ as the most fitting depository in which Belvidera's
+honour might be lodged as a security for that of her irresolute husband.
+
+    [15] Nani, iii. p. 169. He was to have commanded the naval part
+    of the enterprise.
+
+Whatever hypothesis may be adopted, be this conspiracy true or false,
+there is no bloodier, probably no blacker page in history than that
+which records its development. Were it not for the immeasurable weight
+of guilt which must press upon the memory of the rulers of Venice if we
+suppose the plot to have been altogether fictitious, we should assuredly
+admit that the evidence greatly preponderates in favour of that
+assertion. But respect for human nature compels us to hesitate in
+admitting a charge so monstrous. Five months after the commencement of
+the executions, either a tardy gratitude or a profane mockery was
+offered to Heaven; and the Doge and nobles returned thanks for their
+great deliverance, by a solemn service at St. Mark's.
+
+(Among the master-spirits who have commemorated the olden glories of
+Venice, but more especially her association with our dramatic
+literature, must not be forgotten Lord Byron:
+
+  But unto us she hath a spell beyond
+  Her name in story, and her long array
+  Of mighty shadows, whose dim forms despond
+  Above the dogeless city's vanish'd sway;
+  Our's is a trophy which will not decay
+  With the Rialto: Shylock and the Moor,
+  And Pierre cannot be swept away---
+  The keystones of the arch! though all were o'er,
+  For us repeopled were the solitary shore.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+  I lov'd her from my boyhood--she to me
+  Was as a fairy city of the heart,
+  Rising like water-columns from the sea,
+  Of joy the sojourn, and of wealth the mart;
+  And Otway, Radcliffe, Schiller, Shakspeare's art
+  Had stamp'd her image in me, and ever so,
+  Although I found her thus, we did not part,
+  Perchance even dearer in her day of woe
+  Than when she was a boast, a marvel, and a show.
+
+Returning to the "Sketches," we must observe that we beg to differ with
+the Editor in merely applying the epithets "coarse and boisterous," to
+Otway's play, and pointing to "_coups de Theatre_" as its only merits.
+He surely ought not to have omitted its originality of whatever order it
+may be.
+
+The volume before us brings the history of Venice to her subjection to
+Austria in 1798. It is throughout spiritedly executed. The
+illustrations, antique and modern, are precisely of this character,
+being from Titian, and our contemporary artist, Prout.)
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+THE GATHERER.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Sir Hercules Langreish and his Friend._--We found him in his study
+alone, poring over the national accounts, with two claret bottles empty
+before him, and a third bottle on the wane; it was about eight o'clock
+in the evening, and the butler, according to general orders when
+gentlemen came in, brought a bottle of claret to each of us. "Why," said
+Parnell, "Sir Heck, you have emptied _two bottles_ already." "True,"
+said Sir Hercules. "And had you nobody to help you?" "_O yes_, I had
+that bottle of _port_ there, and I assure you he afforded me very great
+assistance!"--_Sir Jonah Barrington._
+
+_The Irish Bar._--They used to tell a story of Fitzgibbon respecting a
+client who brought his own brief, and fee, that he might personally
+apologize for the smallness of the latter. Fitzgibbon, on receiving the
+fee, looked rather discontented. "I assure you, counsellor," said the
+client (mournfully) "I am ashamed of its smallness; but in fact it is
+all I have in the world." "Oh! then," said Fitzgibbon, "you can do no
+more:--as it's all you have in the world--why--hem--I must _take it_."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Speaking of the Catholics in the hall of the Four Courts, Keller seemed
+to insinuate that Norcott was favourable to their emancipation. "What!"
+said Norcott, with a great show of pomposity--"what! Pray, Keller, do
+you see anything that smacks of the _Pope_ about me?" "I don't know,"
+replied Keller; "but at all events there is a great deal of the
+_Pretender_, and I always understood them to travel in company."
+
+_National Gallery and Record Office, on the site of the King's Mews,
+Charing Cross._--The estimated expense of erecting the above building is
+50,000_l_.; the amount proposed to be taken for the present year is
+15,000_l_.; leaving to be granted in future years 35,000_l_. The
+proposed building will be 461 feet in length and 56 feet in width in its
+extreme dimensions, and will consist of a centre and two wings. The
+western wing will contain, on the ground floor, rooms for the reception
+of records, and an entrance into the barrack-yard such as now exists.
+Above them will be the picture-gallery, divided into four rooms; one 50
+feet by 50 feet; two 50 feet by 38 feet; and one room 50 feet by 32
+feet; together with four cabinets for the reception of small pictures,
+or for the use of the keeper. The floors will be made fire-proof. The
+eastern wing, of similar extent, will contain, on the ground floor, a
+hall for casts, the library and council-room of the Royal Academy, and a
+dwelling for the keeper. There will be likewise a gateway or entrance
+corresponding to that leading into the barrack-yard in the other wing.
+In the basement below this wing there will be offices for the use of the
+Royal Academy, and a separate set attached to the dwelling-house of the
+keeper. The centre building will consist of halls, vestibules,
+staircases, &c. for both establishments; they will be distinct and
+separated; but so brought together as to form one grand feature of
+interior decoration. The building is proposed to be executed in stone.
+The central portico is to be constructed with the columns and other
+members of that which formerly decorated the palace at Carlton House.
+The materials of the present building are to be used in the construction
+of the new building, so far as they can be employed with propriety. The
+whole cost of the building will be 50,000_l_., exclusive of the old
+materials above mentioned, which have been valued at 4,000_/l_. It is
+impossible to state with any degree of accuracy the cost of the grates,
+air-stoves, and fittings of the buildings, which will mainly depend upon
+the mode to be adopted in warming them; but it may be confidently stated
+that it will not exceed 600_l_.--_Parliamentary Paper, No. 611._
+
+_Home Truth._--"Give me my liar," was the phrase in which Charles the
+Fifth was used to call for a volume of history; and certainly no man can
+attentively examine any important period of our annals without
+remarking, that almost every incident admits of two handles, almost
+every character of two interpretations; and that, by a judicious packing
+of facts, the historian may make his picture assume nearly what form he
+pleases, without any direct violation of truth.--_Quarterly Rev._
+
+_Envy._--"Of all the spies that are," says Mr. Owen Feltham, "envy is
+the most observant and prying. When the physicians to Frederick were
+relating what most would sharpen the sight, some were for fennel, and
+some for glasses, and others for other matters; the noble Actius did
+assure them, there was nothing that would do it like envy. Whatsoever
+man does ill, by it is magnified, and multiplied; his failings are all
+watched, drawn out, and blazed to the world; and under the pretence of
+good, he is oft led to the extremest issue of evil. Like oil that is
+poured upon the roots of trees, which softens, it destroys and withers
+all the branches. And being once catched, with scorn he is insulted on.
+For envy is so unnoble a devil, that it ever tyrannizeth most upon a
+slip or low prostration, at which time gallant minds do most disdain to
+triumph. The envious is more unhappy than the serpent: for though he
+hath poison within him, and can cast it upon others, yet to his proper
+bosom it is not burdensome, as is the rancour that the envious keeps;
+but this most plainly is the plague, as it infects others, so it fevers
+him that hath it, till he dies. Nor is it more noxious to the owner than
+fatal and detrimental to all the world beside. It was envy first unmade
+the angels and created devils. It was envy first that turned man out of
+Paradise, and with the blood of the innocent first dyed the untainted
+earth. It was envy sold chaste Joseph as a bondman, and unto crucifixion
+gave the only Son of God. He walks among burning coals that converses
+with those that are envious. He that would avoid it in himself, must
+have worth enough to be humble and beneficent. But he that would avoid
+the danger of it from others, must abandon their company."
+
+_Extraordinary Whipping._--During the minority of King James I. he was
+at Stirling Castle, under the tuition of the celebrated Buchanan. It is
+reported that Buchanan's reverence for his royal pupil, did not prevent
+his giving him a severe whipping when he persisted against remonstrance,
+in disturbing him whilst he was reading. Historians do not tell us how
+the royal pupil supported this chastisement. Swift says, "Heirs to
+titles and large estates, have a weakness in their eyes, and are not
+able to bear the pain and indignity of whipping." P.T.W.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Erratum_ in page 2--the line quoted from Montgomery should be "The
+parrots swung like blossoms on the trees."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Printed and published by_ J. LIMBIRI, 143, _Strand, (near Somerset
+House,) London; sold by ERNEST FLEISCHER, 626, New Market, Leipsic; G.G.
+BENNIS, 55, Rue Neuve, St. Augustin, Paris; and by all Newsmen and
+Booksellers._
+
+
+
+***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT,
+AND INSTRUCTION, VOL. 20, ISSUE 559, JULY 28, 1832***
+
+
+******* This file should be named 11706-8.txt or 11706-8.zip *******
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+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" />
+<title>The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction, Vol. 20, Issue 559, July 28, 1832, by Various</title>
+<style type="text/css">
+/*<![CDATA[*/
+
+  <!--
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+<h1>The Project Gutenberg eBook, The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and
+Instruction, Vol. 20, Issue 559, July 28, 1832, by Various</h1>
+<pre>
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at <a href = "https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a></pre>
+<p>Title: The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction, Vol. 20, Issue 559, July 28, 1832</p>
+<p>Author: Various</p>
+<p>Release Date: March 24, 2004  [eBook #11706]</p>
+<p>Language: English</p>
+<p>Character set encoding: iso-8859-1</p>
+<p>***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION, VOL. 20, ISSUE 559, JULY 28, 1832***</p>
+<br />
+<br />
+<center><b>E-text prepared by Jonathan Ingram, David King,<br />
+           and the Project Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team</b></center>
+<br />
+<br />
+<hr class="full" />
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page49" name="page49"></a>[pg
+49]</span>
+<h1>THE MIRROR<br />
+OF<br />
+LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION.</h1>
+<hr class="full" />
+<table width="100%" summary="Volume, Number, and Date">
+<tr>
+<td align="left"><b>Vol. 20. No. 559.]</b></td>
+<td align="center"><b>SATURDAY, JULY 28, 1832</b></td>
+<td align="right"><b>[PRICE 2d.</b></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<hr class="full" />
+<h2>OPORTO.</h2>
+<div class="figure" style="width:100%;"><a href=
+"images/559-1.png"><img width="100%" src="images/559-1.png" alt=
+"" /></a> OPORTO.</div>
+<p>Persons who are looking for "news from the seat of war" will
+probably hail the timely appearance of this Engraving, and regard
+it as folks sitting at a play do a drop-scene between the acts. The
+reader knows our pacific politics: we are of the pen, not of the
+sword; but we cannot be indifferent to a great political result,
+when</p>
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<p>Old men, and beldams, in the streets</p>
+<p>Do prophesy upon it.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>Oporto is a place of great commercial as well as political
+consideration. Thousands of Englishmen have a grateful recollection
+of the former importance upon their very lips. Its situation is one
+of great natural beauty. It is the largest city in Portugal, Lisbon
+excepted. It has been commonly said to owe its origin to the
+Romans;<a id="footnotetag1" name="footnotetag1"></a><a href=
+"#footnote1"><sup>1</sup></a> but it appears, from the best
+authors, to have been founded about A.D. 417 by the Suevi, who had
+established themselves in Braga and other parts of ancient Galicia,
+but who were driven by the Alani to the banks of the Douro, where
+they fortified themselves on the steep hill now occupied by the
+cathedral and the bishop's palace, and which is still distinguished
+by the appellation of the Cidade de Antiga.</p>
+<p>The city occupies the north bank of the Douro, (anciently
+<i>Durius</i>,) about five miles from the mouth of the river, and
+the Atlantic Ocean. The approach from thence to Oporto is
+remarkably beautiful. The dangers of the <span class=
+"pagenum"><a id="page50" name="page50"></a>[pg 50]</span> bar,
+across the mouth of the river, once passed,<a id="footnotetag2"
+name="footnotetag2"></a><a href="#footnote2"><sup>2</sup></a> a
+succession of interesting objects present themselves on both sides,
+as we ascend towards the city. The little town of St. Joao da Foz
+stands on the north bank, close to the sea, and is the favourite
+resort of the wealthier inhabitants of Oporto during the violent
+heat of the summer. The river, immediately within the bar, expands
+into the appearance of a lake. A little higher up it is narrowed by
+two abrupt hills. That on the right terminates in a precipice of
+bright hard sandstone, descending so steeply to the water's edge,
+that but lately a road has been made from Oporto along the bank of
+the river, to St. Joao da Foz, by blasting and hewing down a
+sufficient portion of the rock. This height, from its precipitous
+sides, is called the Monte d'Arabida, and forms the western
+boundary of a lovely valley, opening upon the Douro, covered with
+the Quintas, or villas, of the wealthier inhabitants of the
+adjoining city. Most of the Quintas at the mouth of the river
+command delightful prospects of the Atlantic Ocean, and the
+splendid effects produced on these scenes at sunset, in this
+glowing climate, are almost indescribable. Some idea of its beauty
+may be formed by reference to Colonel Batty's view from this
+point.<a id="footnotetag3" name="footnotetag3"></a><a href=
+"#footnote3"><sup>3</sup></a> The appearance of the Douro, with its
+numerous shipping, and the variety of interesting objects scattered
+on its cheerful banks, render this one of the most pleasing scenes
+in the circle of Oporto.</p>
+<p>To economize time and space we must quit this enchanting spot.
+Gondolas, like those at Venice, are used on the river, but will not
+suffice for our celerity. We must reach at once the point of our
+Engraving. The view is taken from Villa Nova, an important suburb
+of Oporto, on the opposite bank of the river. The city may be
+divided into the high and the low town. It contains, in a civil
+sense, five wards, or <i>bairros</i>, of which the S&eacute;, or
+cathedral hill, and the Vittoria, or height opposite to the
+S&eacute;, (and crowned by a church, which was founded in
+commemoration of a celebrated battle fought on the spot with the
+Moors, which terminated in their defeat and expulsion from the
+place,) form the town properly called Oporto; and it is possible
+still to trace the remains of the old wall, which formerly
+surrounded and defended the place. The three other quarters, San
+Idelfonso, Miragaya, and Villa Nova, are open. The latter is
+connected with the principal town by a bridge of boats, which is so
+badly constructed as to be scarcely able to sustain the violent
+power of the river when swelled by winter torrents. The Douro, like
+the Rhine and the Rhone, and all other rivers which flow through a
+rocky and often confined channel, commits at certain seasons the
+greatest ravages; and property to a considerable amount is annually
+lost at Oporto, by the irresistible force with which the river
+pours down and carries every thing before it. A bridge of granite
+has been long talked of to connect Villa Nova and Oporto, but the
+funds are not yet forthcoming, and the expense will be
+considerable.</p>
+<p>The Engraving represents the most ancient part of the city of
+Oporto. We are here directly fronting the bishop's palace, which,
+with the S&eacute;, or Cathedral,<a id="footnotetag4" name=
+"footnotetag4"></a><a href="#footnote4"><sup>4</sup></a> and
+buildings, to the left, occupy the crest of the hill. Further left
+is the steeple of the church dos Clerigos, said to be the loftiest
+in Portugal after that of Mafra. This tower is visible from the sea
+at a distance of ten leagues, and serves as an important landmark
+for ships steering to the mouth of the Douro. It was erected in the
+year 1748, and is built entirely of the finest masonry, an art in
+which the Portuguese are almost unrivalled. On the summit of the
+hill to the right, touching the old walls and towers, is the
+convent of Santa Clara. Immediately below the Cathedral, the rocky
+steep has been cut into terraces, and laid out in gardens. The
+river is bordered by the old city wall. A noble street, the Rua
+Nova de St. Joao, is seen opening upon the quay on the left. Part
+of the bridge of boats appears on the right: it was first
+constructed in the year 1806, destroyed in 1809, but re-established
+in 1815. It was the scene of dreadful slaughter at the time the
+city was given up to pillage by the French. Some of the boats
+forming it had been destroyed, and many of the wretched inhabitants
+crowding to the bridge, in hopes of escaping from the enemy's sword
+were urged on by the affrighted multitude into the rapid stream,
+and thus perished. On the river, to the right and left, is seen a
+Portuguese coasting vessel, called Hyate; in the centre is a
+wine-boat of the Douro, with a raised platform for the steersman.
+The foreground of the view is the shore of Villa Nova, adjoining
+the quay. The chief article of export is wine;<a id="footnotetag5"
+name="footnotetag5"></a><a href="#footnote5"><sup>5</sup></a> and
+here is the grand dep&ocirc;t for this commodity, which is stowed
+in long, low buildings, called lodges.</p>
+<p>"On the quays," says Mr. Kinsey, "are <span class=
+"pagenum"><a id="page51" name="page51"></a>[pg 51]</span> seen fine
+blocks of granite, already converted into form, having their edges
+cased with wood, ready to be shipped off for buildings in Brazil,
+where it appears that no good stone, or, at least, so durable as
+this, can be procured;&mdash;pipe-staves from Memel,&mdash;flax and
+iron,&mdash;and occasionally coals from the north of England. There
+are generally at anchor in the river between Villa Nova and Oporto,
+Russian, Brazilian, English, American, Dutch, Danish, and some
+French vessels; but many of the latter nation are not to be found
+in the Portuguese ports. Two thirds of the shipping to be seen in
+the Douro, are British, Brazilian, or Portuguese."</p>
+<p>The gardens of the city are luxuriantly stored. Brazilian
+plants, easily distinguished by their gaudy colours, vines on
+trellis, superb lemon-trees, lime and orange-trees, pear, apple,
+and plum-trees, and Alpine strawberries are in abundance. The
+Indian cane, with its splendid blossom, whose colour resembles that
+of the Guernsey, or rather the Chinese lily, is a gay addition to
+the ornaments of this earthly paradise. Mr. Kinsey says "The
+<i>ulmis adjungere vitem</i> is well known in poetical description,
+but in Portugal, besides overshadowing their artificial supporters,
+the vines are seen attaching themselves to, or hanging down in
+luxuriant festoons from forest-trees, such as the oak, chestnut,
+and cork, in all the wildness of nature, and not unfrequently
+insinuating themselves among the branches of myrtle-trees, which
+attain a considerable size in the hedge-rows, and contrasting their
+large, purple bunches with the snow-white blossom. The union is
+truly poetical, and its novelty is charming to the eye of a
+northern traveller. A vine is often purposely planted by the farmer
+under an oak-tree, whose boughs it soon over-runs, repaying the
+little labour expended in its cultivation by its fruit, and the lop
+of its branches. Ten pipes of green wine, <i>vinho verde</i>,
+expressed from these grapes, will yield one pipe of excellent
+brandy. Being light and sharp, the vinho verde is preferred by the
+generality of Portuguese in the summer, to wines of superior
+strength and quality."</p>
+<p>The population of Oporto and Villa Nova was stated by Colonel
+Batty in 1830, to amount to about 80,000 inhabitants.</p>
+<hr />
+<h3>POETS, MINOR AND MAJOR.</h3>
+<p>Perhaps no branch of literary reputation is so difficult to
+establish as that of first-rate poetic excellence. During the last
+fifty years, many meritorious competitors for bardic renown have
+successively aspired to public favour, and have each in their turns
+exhibited their fancy-woven <i>bouquets</i>, as containing a more
+beautiful assemblage of "flowers of all hue," as Milton divinely
+sings, than those which their equally emulative and praiseworthy
+compeers have, in their best attempts, laid out upon the
+<i>parterre</i> of the public. In the poetic foreground of the
+above period, are to be seen the names of Pye, Ogilvie, Whitehead,
+Tasker, Mason, Cowper, Merry, Jerningham, Woty, Hurdis, Pratt,
+Fitzgerald, &amp;c. over whose metrical effusions, with the
+exception of the fifth and sixth, the clouds of obscurity have long
+since cast a darkening hue. Even the "Elegaic Sonnets" of Charlotte
+Smith, which first appeared in 1784, and formed a sort of poetical
+era in point of popularity, have long since "fallen into the sere
+and yellow leaf," as it was discriminately hinted by Burns would be
+the case with his soul-breathing Letters; the Sonnets by the Rev.
+W.L. Bowles, although emanating from a beautiful fountain-spring of
+thought and feeling, which should have screened their writer from
+the venomous shaft of Byron, have already sunk beneath the meridian
+of their popularity; and the loaded ornamental rhymes of Darwin;
+the prettily embroidered couplets of Miss Seward, together with the
+Della Cruscan Rhymes of Mary Robinson, Mrs. Cowley, &amp;c. are
+left like daisies, plucked from the greensward, to perish beneath
+unfeeling neglect. Who now reads the verses of Ann Yearsley, the
+poetic milkwoman, who was so lauded beyond her deserts, by Mrs. H.
+More?&mdash;few or none. Why is this revolution in public taste?
+Because those master-spirits which guide the present age, have
+given birth to a species of poetry more legitimate and useful in
+its design, and more valuable in its tendencies and
+characteristics. Instead of the "namby pamby" verses of the period
+I have alluded to, and the coarse scurrility of style which runs
+with a discolouring vein through the satirical pages of Dr. Wolcot,
+we have now the heart-stirring metres of a Campbell, as in that
+beautiful rainbow of poetic loveliness and imagination, his
+"Pleasures of Hope." We have now a series of pictures bearing an
+impress as pleasant as the gleams of warm autumn in the "Pleasures
+of Memory," by Rogers; the wildness of Loutherbourgh, the grandeur
+of Salvator Rosa, the terror-striking forms of Fuseli, embodied
+with increased energy in the immortal Lays of Byron: the every-day
+incidents of life, copied with the graphic fidelity of a Sharp, and
+bearing the faithful stamp of cottage grouping, which distinguished
+the pencil of a Morland,&mdash;in the natural paintings of Crabbe.
+We have Catullus stealing from his couch, to breathe a new
+intonation into the harp of Moore; and last of all, we have the
+votaress of virtue and moral feeling, the Cambrian minstrel, Mrs.
+Hemans, making melancholy appear as delightful as love.</p>
+<p><i>The Author of a Tradesman's Lays.</i></p>
+<hr />
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page52" name="page52"></a>[pg
+52]</span>
+<h3>STANZAS FOR MUSIC.</h3>
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<p>Though the waves of old Time are darkly advancing,</p>
+<p>There still is one spot where the sunbeams are glancing,</p>
+<p>There glow the gay visions of youth's sunny morn,</p>
+<p>Safe from the ocean-wave, safe from the storm:</p>
+<p>For Memory keeps the spot fresh and green ever,</p>
+<p>The dark tides of Time, shall sweep over it never!</p>
+</div>
+<div class="stanza">
+<p>There Fancy, her mirror holds up to the eye,</p>
+<p>And lovely the forms that come wandering by,</p>
+<p>Like music come softly the sounds that have fled,</p>
+<p>The voices of lov'd ones, the tones of the dead:</p>
+<p>Oh Memory! keep that spot fresh and green ever,</p>
+<p>And the dark tides of Time, sweep over it never.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="stanza">
+<p>For beautiful Hope, wanders oft to the Isle,</p>
+<p>With her wreath of bright flowers, and radiant smile.</p>
+<p>She stands with her finger upraised to the sky,</p>
+<p>And she dries the sad tear-drop in Memory's eye:</p>
+<p>An emerald green, be that Island for ever,</p>
+<p>May the dark tides of Time, sweep over it never!</p>
+</div>
+<div class="stanza">
+<p>Kirton, Lindsey. <span style="margin-left:3em">ANNE
+R.</span></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<hr class="full" />
+<h2>ANECDOTE GALLERY</h2>
+<hr />
+<h3>CARDING A TITHE PROCTOR.</h3>
+<p>In Ireland, carding the tithe proctors was occasionally resorted
+to by the White Boys, and was performed in the following
+manner:&mdash;-</p>
+<p>The tithe proctor was generally waked out of his first sleep by
+his door being smashed in; and the <i>boys</i> in white shirts
+desired him "never to fear," as they only intended to <i>card</i>
+him this bout for taking a quarter instead of a tenth from every
+poor man in the parish. They then turned him on his face upon the
+bed; and taking a lively ram cat out of a bag which they brought
+with them, they set the cat between the proctor's shoulders. The
+beast, being nearly as much terrified as the proctor, would
+endeavour to get off; but being held fast by the tail, he
+intrenched every claw deep in the proctor's back, in order to keep
+up a firm resistance to the White Boys. The more the tail was
+pulled <i>back</i>, the more the ram cat tried to go
+<i>forward</i>; at length, when he had, as he conceived, made his
+possession quite secure, main force convinced him to the contrary,
+and that if he kept his hold he must lose his tail. So, he was
+dragged backward to the proctor's loins, grappling at every pull,
+and bringing away here and there strips of the proctor's skin, to
+prove the pertinacity of his defence.</p>
+<p>When the ram cat had got down to the loins he was once more
+placed at the shoulders, and again <i>carded</i> the proctor
+(<i>toties quoties</i>) according to his sentence.</p>
+<hr />
+<h3>WALKING GALLOWS.</h3>
+<h4>(<i>From Sir Jonah Barrington's Sketches.</i>)</h4>
+<p>Among the extraordinary characters that turned up in the fatal
+"ninety-eight," there were few more extraordinary than Lieutenant
+H&mdash;&mdash;, then denominated the "walking gallows;"&mdash;and
+such he certainly was, literally and practically.</p>
+<p>Lieutenant H&mdash;&mdash; was an officer of the line on half
+pay. His brother was one of the solicitors to the Crown&mdash;a
+quiet, tremulous, <i>vino deditus</i> sort of man, and a leading
+Orangeman;&mdash;his widow who afterwards married and survived a
+learned doctor, was a clever, positive, good-looking Englishwoman,
+and, I think, fixed the doctor's avowed <i>creed</i>: as to his
+genuine <i>faith</i>, that was of little consequence.</p>
+<p>Lieutenant H&mdash;&mdash; was about six feet two inches
+high;&mdash;strong, and broad in proportion. His strength was
+great, but of the dead kind unaccompanied by activity. He could
+lift a ton, but could not leap a rivulet; he looked mild, and his
+address was civil&mdash;neither assuming nor at all ferocious. I
+knew him well, and from his countenance should never have suspected
+him of cruelty; but so cold-blooded and so eccentric an executioner
+of the human race I believe never yet existed, save among the
+American Indians.<a id="footnotetag6" name=
+"footnotetag6"></a><a href="#footnote6"><sup>6</sup></a></p>
+<p>His inducement to the strange barbarity he practised I can
+scarcely conceive; unless it proceeded from that natural taint of
+cruelty which so often distinguishes man above all other animals
+when his power becomes uncontrolled. The propensity was probably
+strengthened in him from the indemnities of martial law, and by
+those visions of promotion whereby violent partizans are
+perpetually urged, and so frequently disappointed.</p>
+<p>At the period alluded to, law being suspended, and the courts of
+justice closed, the "question" by torture was revived and largely
+practised. The commercial exchange of Dublin formed a place of
+execution; even <i>suspected</i> rebels were every day immolated as
+if <i>convicted</i> on the clearest evidence; and Lieutenant
+H&mdash;&mdash;'s <i>pastime</i> of hanging <i>on his own back</i>
+persons whose physiognomies he thought characteristic of rebellion
+was (I am ashamed to say) the subject of jocularity instead of
+punishment. What in other times he would himself have died for, as
+a murderer, was laughed at as the manifestation of loyalty: never
+yet was martial law so abused, or its enormities so hushed up as in
+Ireland. Being a military officer, the lieutenant conceived he had
+a right to do just what he thought proper, and to make the most of
+his time while martial law was flourishing.</p>
+<p>Once, when high in blood, he happened to meet <i>a
+suspicious-looking</i> peasant from County Kildare, who could not
+satisfactorily account for himself according to the lieutenant's
+notion of evidence; and having nobody at hand to vouch for him, the
+lieutenant of course immediately took for granted that he
+<i>must</i> be a rebel strolling about, and imagining the death of
+his Most Gracious Majesty.<a id="footnotetag7" name=
+"footnotetag7"></a><a href="#footnote7"><sup>7</sup></a> He
+therefore, no other <i>court of justice</i> <span class=
+"pagenum"><a id="page53" name="page53"></a>[pg 53]</span> being at
+hand, considered that he had a right to try the man by his <i>own
+opinion</i>; accordingly, after a brief interrogation, he condemned
+him to die, and without further ceremony proceeded to put his own
+sentence into immediate execution.</p>
+<p>However, to do the lieutenant justice, his <i>mode</i> was not
+near so tedious or painful as that practised by the grand signior,
+who sometimes causes the ceremony to be divided into three acts,
+giving the culprit a drink of spring water to <i>refresh</i> him
+between the two first; nor was it so severe as the burning old
+women formerly for witchcraft. In fact, the "walking gallows" was
+both on a new and simple plan; and after some kicking and plunging
+during the operation, never failed to be completely effectual. The
+lieutenant being, as before mentioned, of lofty stature, with broad
+and strong shoulders, saw no reason why they might not answer his
+majesty's service, upon a pinch, as well as two posts and a
+crossbar (the more legitimate instrument upon such occasions): and
+he also considered that, when a rope was not at hand, there was no
+good reason why his own silk cravat (being softer than an ordinary
+halter, and of course less calculated to <i>hurt</i> a man) should
+not be a more merciful choke-band than that employed by any <i>Jack
+Ketch</i> in the three kingdoms.</p>
+<p>In pursuance of these benevolent intentions, the lieutenant, as
+a preliminary step, first knocked down the suspected rebel from
+County Kildare, which the weight of mettle in his fist rendered no
+difficult achievement. His garters then did duty as handcuffs: and
+with the aid of a brawny aide-de-camp (one such always attended
+him), he pinioned his victim hand and foot, and then most
+considerately advised him to pray for King George, observing that
+any prayers for his <i>own</i> d&mdash;d <i>popish soul</i> would
+be only time lost, as his fate in every world (should there be even
+a thousand) was decided to all eternity for having imagined the
+death of so good a monarch.</p>
+<p>During this exhortation, the lieutenant twisted up his long
+cravat so as to make a firm, handsome rope, and then expertly
+sliding it over the rebel's neck, secured it there by a double
+knot, drew the cravat over his own shoulders, and the aide-de-camp
+holding up the rebel's heels, till he felt him <i>pretty easy</i>,
+the lieutenant with a powerful chuck drew up the poor devil's head
+as high as his own (cheek by jowl), and began to trot about with
+his burden like a jolting cart-horse,&mdash;the rebel choking and
+gulping meanwhile, until he had no further solicitude about
+sublunary affairs&mdash;when the lieutenant, giving him a parting
+chuck, just to make sure that his neck was broken, threw down his
+load&mdash;the personal assets about which the aide-de-camp made a
+<i>present</i> of to <i>himself</i>.</p>
+<p>Now all this proceeding was very painstaking and ingenious: and
+yet the ungrateful government (as Secretary Cook assured me) would
+have been better pleased had the execution taken place on timber
+and with hemp, according to old formalities.</p>
+<p>To be serious:&mdash;this story is scarcely credible&mdash;yet
+it is a notorious fact; and the lieutenant, a few nights
+afterwards, acquired the <i>sobriquet</i> which forms a head to
+this sketch and with which he was invested by the upper gallery of
+Crow Street Theatre&mdash;nor did he ever get rid of it to his
+dying-day.</p>
+<p>The above <i>trotting</i> execution (which was humorously
+related to me by an eye-witness) took place in the barrack-yard at
+Kerry House, Stephen's Green. The <i>hangee</i> was, I believe,
+(<i>as it happened</i>) in reality a rebel.</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<h2>MANNERS AND CUSTOMS.</h2>
+<hr />
+<h3>LAWS RELATING TO BACHELORS.</h3>
+<p>Many laws have been made against bachelors by various nations,
+who all concurred in considering the bachelor as an enemy to his
+country and to mankind. The chief of these laws were those made by
+the Romans, and consisted of fining the bachelor, and various other
+penalties: the most celebrated one was that of Augustus, which was
+entitled the "<i>Lex julia de maritandis ordinibus</i>" by which
+the bachelor was made incapable of receiving legacies, or of
+holding inheritances given by a will, unless they were bequeathed
+to him by a near relation. Plutarch observes that this brought many
+to marry, not for the mere sake of raising heirs to their estates,
+but to make themselves capable of receiving legacies, and for the
+purpose of inheriting such estates as might be left them by a
+friend.</p>
+<p>The Jewish nation also had their laws to the disfavour of the
+bachelor. The rabbis affirm, that according to the Laws of Moses,
+every one who has attained the age of twenty-one years is bound in
+conscience to marry; and this makes one of their 613 precepts. We
+should suppose that if this law ever had existence, it has been
+handed down by tradition, as we cannot find any trace of it in the
+"Books of Moses." Their "wise men" have many sayings in favour of
+marriage and against bachelors, one of which is "He who does
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page54" name="page54"></a>[pg
+54]</span> not take necessary means to leave heirs behind him,
+<i>is</i> not a man, and ought to be reputed as a homicide." The
+Law of Lycurgus was not a shade more favourable to them: by his
+statutes, bachelors were branded with infamy and disgrace; they
+were also excluded from participating in the cares of government,
+from all offices either civil or martial, and were not permitted to
+view either public shows or sports. At certain of their feasts,
+they were forced to appear in the marketplace, and there were
+exposed to the cutting sarcasm, jest, and derision of the populace.
+At one feast, in particular, they were led to the altars <i>by
+women</i>, amidst a concord of harmonious sounds, and there were
+obliged to submit to blows and lashes with a rod, at the
+<i>merciful</i> pleasure of a <i>merciful</i> people. And "Oh, most
+unkindly act of all," they had also to sing certain songs composed
+to their own dishonour, contempt, and derision.</p>
+<p>By many, the Christian dispensation is supposed to be, in a
+great degree, favourable to a state of bachelorism, because the
+Apostle, Paul, has recommended it as preferable; but we think the
+recommendation was given for the following reason: (i.e.) every one
+in the early ages of Christianity was exposed to liability of
+testing his religious principles, by the loss of both his property
+and life; and consequently, the loss must have been felt in a
+greater degree, if the sufferer was married. Thus persecution must
+have been more dreadful to the married than to the unmarried. The
+ancient church, misconstruing the Apostle's words, and also
+overlooking his meaning, recommended the state of bachelorism in
+the male, and perpetual virginity in the female sex, not only as a
+state more perfect than marriage, but even as highly meritorious.
+Thus, by degrees, came into being the absurd and fast decaying
+system of monastic establishments, which, for many centuries
+burdened Europe with drones innumerable.</p>
+<p>In England, bachelors are not left to go forgotten to their
+solitary graves. There was a tax laid on them by the 7th William
+III., after the twenty-fifth year of their age, which was
+&pound;12. 10<i>s</i>. for a duke, and 1<i>s</i>. for a commoner.
+At present they are taxed by an extra duty upon their servants: for
+a male, &pound;1. 5<i>s</i>.; for a female, 2<i>s</i>. 6<i>d</i>.,
+above the usual duties leviable upon servants. E.J.H.</p>
+<p>*** So, Touchstone's philosophy hath legal warrant: "Is the
+single man blessed? No: as a walled town is more worthier than a
+village, so is the forehead of a married man more honourable than
+the bare brow of a bachelor."&mdash;<i>As you like it.</i> (Ed.
+M.)</p>
+<hr />
+<h3>SAXON ALMANACS.</h3>
+<p>The Saxons were accustomed to engrave upon square pieces of
+wood, the courses of the moons for the whole year, (or for a
+specified space of time) by which they could tell when the
+new-moons, full-moons, and changes would occur, and these pieces of
+wood were by them called <i>Al-mon-aght</i> (i.e.)
+<i>Al</i>-moon-heed, which signifies the regard and observation of
+all the moons, and from this term is derived the word
+<i>Almanac</i>.</p>
+<p>Many of our readers are probably aware of, or have seen, a Saxon
+Almanac, answering the above description, in St. John's College,
+Cambridge. E.J.H.</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<h2>SPIRIT OF DISCOVERY</h2>
+<hr />
+<h3>EXEMPLARS ABRIDGED FROM MR. BABBAGE'S "ECONOMY OF MACHINERY AND
+MANUFACTURES."</h3>
+<p><i>Voyage of Manufacture.</i>&mdash;The produce of our factories
+has preceded even our most enterprising travellers. Captain
+Clapperton saw at the court of the Sultan Bello, pewter dishes with
+the London stamp, and had at the royal table a piece of meat served
+up on a white wash-hand basin of English manufacture. The cotton of
+India is conveyed by British ships round half our planet, to be
+woven by British skill in the factories of Lancashire; it is again
+set in motion by British capital, and transported to the very
+plains whereon it grew, is repurchased by the lords of the soil
+which gave it birth, at a cheaper price than that at which their
+coarser machinery enables them to manufacture it themselves. At
+Calicut, in the East Indies (whence the cotton cloth called calico
+derives its name) the price of labour is one-seventh of that in
+England, yet the market is supplied from British looms.</p>
+<p><i>Additions to human power.</i>&mdash;The force necessary to
+move a stone along the roughly-chiselled floor of its quarry is
+nearly two-thirds of its weight; to move it along a wooden floor,
+three-fifths; by wood upon wood, five-ninths; if the wooden
+surfaces are soaped, one-sixth; if rollers are used on the floor of
+the quarry, it requires one-thirty-second part of the weight; if
+they roll on wood, one-fortieth; and if they roll between wood,
+one-fiftieth of its weight. At each increase of knowledge, as well
+as on the contrivance of every new tool, human labour becomes
+abridged.</p>
+<p><i>Economy of time.</i>&mdash;Several pounds of gunpowder may be
+purchased for a sum acquired by a few days' labour; yet, when this
+is employed in blasting rocks, effects are produced which could
+not, even with the best tools, be accomplished by other means in
+less than many months.</p>
+<p><i>Economy of Materials.</i>&mdash;The worn-out saucepans and
+tin-ware of our kitchens, when beyond the reach of the tinker's
+art, are not utterly worthless. We sometimes meet carts loaded with
+old tin kettles and worn-out iron coal-scuttles traversing our
+streets. These have not yet completed their useful course; the less
+corroded parts are cut into strips, <span class="pagenum"><a id=
+"page55" name="page55"></a>[pg 55]</span> punched with small holes,
+and varnished with a coarse black varnish for the use of the
+trunkmaker, who protects the edges and angles of his box with them;
+the remainder are conveyed to the manufacturing chemists in the
+outskirts of the town, who employ them, in conjunction with
+pyroligneous acid, in making a black dye for the use of calico
+printers.</p>
+<p><i>Accumulation of Power</i> arises from lifting a weight and
+then allowing it to fall. A man, even with a heavy hammer, might
+strike repeated blows upon the head of a pile without producing any
+effect. But if he raises a much heavier hammer to a much greater
+height, its fall, though far less frequently repeated, will produce
+the desired effect.</p>
+<p><i>Regulating Power.</i>&mdash;A contrivance for regulating the
+effect of machinery consists in a vane or a fly, of little weight,
+but presenting a large surface. This revolves rapidly, and soon
+acquires an uniform rate, which it cannot greatly exceed, because
+any addition to its velocity produces a much greater addition to
+the resistance it meets with from the air. The interval between the
+strokes on the bell of a clock is regulated by this means; and the
+fly is so contrived, that this interval may be altered by
+presenting the arms of it more or less obliquely to the direction
+in which they move. This kind of fly or vane is generally used in
+the smaller kinds of mechanism, and, unlike the heavy fly, it is a
+destroyer instead of a preserver of force. It is the regulator used
+in musical boxes, and in almost all mechanical toys.</p>
+<p><i>Increase and Diminution of Velocity.</i>&mdash;Twisting the
+fibres of wool by the fingers would be a most tedious operation; in
+the common spinning-wheel the velocity of the foot is moderate;
+but, by a very simple contrivance, that of the thread is most
+rapid. A piece of cat-gut passing round a large wheel, and then
+round a small spindle, effects this change. The small balls of
+sewing cotton, so cheap and so beautifully wound, are formed by a
+machine on the same principle, and but a few steps more
+complicated. The common smoke-jack is an instrument in which the
+velocity communicated is too great for the purpose required, and it
+is transmitted through wheels which reduce it to a more moderate
+rate.</p>
+<p><i>Extending the Time of Action in Forces.</i>&mdash;The
+half-minute which we daily devote to the winding up of our watches
+is an exertion of labour almost insensible; yet, by the aid of a
+few wheels its effect is spread over the whole twenty-four hours.
+Another familiar illustration may be noticed in our domestic
+furniture: the common jack by which our meat is roasted, is a
+contrivance to enable the cook in a few minutes to exert a force
+which the machine retails out during the succeeding hour in turning
+the loaded spit.</p>
+<p><i>Saving Time in natural Operations.</i>&mdash;The process of
+tanning formerly occupied from six months to two years; this time
+being apparently required in order to allow the tanning matter to
+penetrate into the interior of a thick hide. The improved process
+consists in placing the hides with the solution of tan in close
+vessels, and then exhausting the air. The consequence of this is to
+withdraw any air which might be contained in the pores of the
+hides, and to employ the pressure of the atmosphere to aid
+capillary attraction in forcing the tan into the interior of the
+skins. The effect of the additional force thus brought into action
+can be equal only to one atmosphere, but a further improvement has
+been made: the vessel containing the hides is, after exhaustion,
+filled up with a solution of tan; a small additional quantity is
+then injected with a forcing-pump. By these means any degree of
+pressure may be given which the containing vessel is capable of
+supporting, and it has been found that, by employing such a method,
+the thickest hides may be tanned in six weeks or two months.</p>
+<p><i>Printing from Wooden Blocks.</i>&mdash;A block of box-wood
+is, in this instance, the substance out of which the pattern is
+formed: the design being sketched upon it, the workman cuts away
+with sharp tools every part except the lines to be represented in
+the impression. This is exactly the reverse of the process of
+engraving on copper, in which every line to be represented is cut
+away. The ink, instead of filling the cavities cut in the wood, is
+spread upon the surface which remains, and is thence transferred to
+the paper.</p>
+<p><i>Making and Manufacturing.</i>&mdash;There exists a
+considerable difference between the terms <i>making</i> and
+<i>manufacturing</i>. The former refers to the production of <i>a
+small</i>, the latter to that of <i>a very large number of
+individuals</i>; and the difference is well illustrated in the
+evidence given before the Committee of the House of Commons on the
+Export of Tools and Machinery. On that occasion Mr. Maudslay
+stated, that he had been applied to by the Navy Board to make iron
+tanks for ships, and that he was rather unwilling to do so, as he
+considered it to be out of his line of business; however, he
+undertook to make one as a trial. The holes for the rivets were
+punched by hand-punching with presses, and the 1,680 holes which
+each tank required cost seven shillings. The Navy Board who
+required a large number, proposed that he should supply forty tanks
+a week for many months. The magnitude of the order made it worth
+while to commence <i>manufacturer</i>, and to make tools for the
+express business. Mr. Maudslay therefore offered, if the Board
+would give him an order for two thousand tanks, to supply them at
+the rate of eighty per week. The order was given: he made the
+tools, by which the expense of punching the rivet-holes
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page56" name="page56"></a>[pg
+56]</span> of each tank was reduced from seven shillings to
+ninepence; he supplied ninety-eight tanks a week for six months,
+and the price charged for each was reduced from seventeen pounds to
+fifteen.</p>
+<p><i>Brass-plate Coal Merchants.</i>&mdash;In the recent
+examination by the committee of the House of Commons into the state
+of the Coal Trade, it appears that five-sixths of the London public
+is supplied by a class of middle-men who are called in the trade
+"Brass-plate Coal Merchants:" these consist principally of
+merchants' clerks, gentlemen's servants, and others, who have no
+wharfs, but merely give their orders to some true coal-merchant,
+who sends in the coals from his wharf. The brass-plate coal
+merchant, of course, receives a commission for his agency, which is
+just so much loss to the consumer.</p>
+<p><i>Raw Materials.</i>&mdash;Gold-leaf consists of a portion of
+the metal beaten out to so great a degree of thinness, as to allow
+a greenish-blue light to be transmitted through its pores. About
+400 square inches of this are sold, in the form of a small book,
+containing twenty-five leaves of gold for 1<i>s</i>. 6<i>d</i>. In
+this case, the raw material, or gold, is worth rather less than
+two-thirds of the manufactured article. In the case of silver leaf,
+the labour considerably exceeds the value of the material. A book
+of fifty leaves, covering above 1,000 square inches is sold for
+1<i>s</i>. 3<i>d</i>.</p>
+<p>The quantity of labour applied to Venetian gold chains is very
+great, but incomparably less than that which is applied to some of
+the manufactures of iron. In the case of the smallest Venetian
+chain the value of the labour is not above thirty times that of the
+gold. The pendulum spring of a watch, which governs the vibrations
+of the balance, costs at the retail price twopence, and weighs
+fifteen one-hundredths of a grain, whilst the retail price of a
+pound of the best iron, the raw material out of which fifty
+thousand such springs are made, is exactly the sum of twopence.</p>
+<p>In France bar-iron, made as it usually is with charcoal, costs
+three times the price of the cast-iron out of which it is made;
+whilst in England, where it is usually made with coke, the cost is
+only twice the price of cast-iron.</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<h2>THE NATURALIST.</h2>
+<hr />
+<h3>THE NINE-BANDED ARMADILLO.</h3>
+<div class="figure" style="width:60%;"><a href=
+"images/559-2.png"><img width="100%" src="images/559-2.png" alt=
+"" /></a> THE NINE-BANDED ARMADILLO.</div>
+<p>Armadillos are almost exclusively natives of South America,
+principally of the province of Paraguay. Some inhabit the forests;
+others are found in the open country. There are several species,
+all of which are invested with a coat of mail, or a kind of plate
+armour resembling the covering of the pangolin, or scaly ant-eater,
+and the shell of the tortoise. This crust or shell covers the upper
+parts of the animal, and consists of four or five different parts
+or divisions. The head may be said to have a helmet, and the
+shoulders a buckler, composed of several transverse series of
+plates. Transverse bands, varying in the different species from
+three to twelve, which are movable, cover the body; the crupper has
+its buckler similar to that on the shoulders, and the tail is
+protected by numerous rings. The hairs of the body are few,
+springing from between the plates; the under parts, which are
+without armour, have rather more hairs. In a living state, the
+whole armour is capable of yielding considerably to the motions of
+the body; the pieces or plates being connected by a membrane, like
+the joints in a tail of a lobster. The under parts present a light
+grainy skin. The legs are thick and strong, but only long enough to
+raise the body from the ground; the nails are very powerful, and
+calculated for digging; and, according to Buffon, the mole is not
+more expert in burrowing the earth.</p>
+<p>Some of the species have nocturnal habits and are very timid,
+flying to their burrows the moment they hear a noise. Other species
+quit their retreat equally by day and night, and these are said not
+to be so rapid in their motions as the others. All the species walk
+quickly, but they can neither leap, run, nor climb; so that, when
+pursued, they can only <span class="pagenum"><a id="page57" name=
+"page57"></a>[pg 57]</span> escape by hiding themselves in their
+holes; if these be too far off, the poor hunted creatures dig a
+hole before they are overtaken, and with their strong snout and
+fore claws in a few moments conceal themselves. Sometimes, however,
+before they are quite concealed, they are caught by the tail, when
+they struggle so powerfully that the tail often breaks short, and
+is left in the hands of the pursuers. To prevent this the hunter
+tickles the animal with a stick, till it looses its hold, and
+allows itself to be taken without further resistance. At other
+times, when pursued, and finding flight ineffectual, the Armadillos
+withdraw the head under the edge of the buckler of the shoulders;
+their legs, except the feet, are naturally hidden by the borders of
+the bucklers and the bands; they then contract the body as far
+towards the shape of a ball as the stretching of the membrane which
+unites the different movable pieces of the armour will
+permit.<a id="footnotetag8" name="footnotetag8"></a><a href=
+"#footnote8"><sup>8</sup></a> Thus defended, they frequently escape
+danger; but if near a precipice, the animal will sometimes roll
+itself over, and in this case, says Molina, in his Natural History
+of Chili, it generally falls to the bottom unhurt.</p>
+<p>Armadillos were formerly thought to feed exclusively on
+vegetables; but they have since been found to devour insects and
+flesh. The directions of their burrows evince that they search
+after ant heaps, and the insects quickly disappear from near the
+hole of an Armadillo. The largest species, the great black
+Armadillo, common in the forests of Paraguay, feeds on the
+carcasses of animals; and the graves of the dead which are
+necessarily formed at a distance from the usual places of
+sepulture, in countries where the great Armadillo is found, are
+protected by strong double boards to prevent the animal from
+penetrating and devouring the body. It appears, also, that it eats
+young birds, eggs, snakes, lizards, &amp;c. The Indians are very
+fond of the flesh of the Armadillo as food, especially when young;
+but, when old, it acquires a strong musky flavour. Mr. Waterton,
+who tasted the flesh, considered it strong and rank. The shells or
+crusts are applied to various useful purposes, and painted of
+different colours are made into boxes, baskets, &amp;c.</p>
+<p>Cuvier remarks that that old mode of distinguishing the species
+of Armadillos by the number of the bands is clearly objectionable,
+inasmuch as D'Azara has established that not only the number of
+these bands varies, in the different individuals of the same
+species, but further, that there are individuals of different
+species which have the same number of bands. Eight species
+mentioned by D'Azara are admitted as distinct, but the whole number
+is very doubtful.</p>
+<p>(The species represented in the Cut,<a id="footnotetag9" name=
+"footnotetag9"></a><a href="#footnote9"><sup>9</sup></a> or, the
+Nine-banded, is the most common. In the Zoological Gardens, in the
+Regent's Park, and in Surrey, are several specimens. They are
+usually kept in cages, but on fine sunny days are let out upon the
+turf. Their general pace may here be seen to advantage: it is a
+sort of quick shuffling walk, and they get over the ground easily,
+notwithstanding the weight of their shelly covering.)</p>
+<p>In conclusion, it is interesting to remark that the whole series
+of these very singular animals offers a notable example of one
+genus being confined to a particular country. We have observed that
+they all belong to South America; nor do we find that in any parts
+of the old world, or, indeed, in the great northern division of the
+new, any races of quadrupeds at all to resemble them, or in any
+manner to be compared with them. They may be said to stand
+perfectly insulated; they exhibit all the characters of a creation
+entirely distinct, and except as to the general characters of
+mammiferous quadrupeds, perfectly of their own kind. There is no
+break in the whole circle of them, no deviation or leaning towards
+any other organized form; so that the boldest conjecture will
+hardly venture to guess at any other than a separate creation for
+these animals, and a distinct allocation in South America. This
+peculiarity is rendered the more striking by the facility with
+which it seems to endure removal, even to our latitudes; thereby
+proving that its present confined identity with South America is
+not altogether the result of its physical necessities.<a id=
+"footnotetag10" name="footnotetag10"></a><a href=
+"#footnote10"><sup>10</sup></a></p>
+<hr />
+<h3>CLIMATE OF CANADA.</h3>
+<h4><i>From Sketches, by a Backwoodsman.</i></h4>
+<p>It never has been accountable to me, how the heat of the sun is
+regulated. There is no part of Upper Canada that is not to the
+south of Penzance, yet there is no part of England where the cold
+is so intense as in Canada; nay, there is no cold in England equal
+to the cold of Virginia, which, were it on the European side of the
+hemisphere, would be looked upon as an almost tropical climate. To
+explain to an European what the climate of Upper Canada is, we
+would say, that in summer it is the climate of Italy, in winter
+that of Holland; but in either case we should only be giving an
+illustration, for in both winter and summer it possesses
+peculiarities which neither of these two climates possess. The
+summer heat of Upper Canada generally ranges towards 80&deg;
+Fahrenheit; but should <span class="pagenum"><a id="page58" name=
+"page58"></a>[pg 58]</span> the wind blow twenty-four hours
+steadily from the north, it will fall to 40&deg; during the night.
+The reason of this seems to be the enormous quantity of forest over
+which that wind blows, and the leaves of the trees affording such
+an extensive surface of evaporation. One remarkable peculiarity in
+the climate of Canada, when compared with those to which we have
+likened it, is its dryness. Far from the ocean, the salt particles
+that somehow or other exist in the atmosphere of sea-bounded
+countries are not to be found here; roofs of tinned iron of fifty
+years' standing are as bright as the day they came out of the shop;
+and you may leave a charge of powder in your gun for a month, and
+find, at the end of it, that it goes off without hanging fire. The
+diseases of the body, too, that are produced by a damp atmosphere,
+are uncommon here. It may be a matter of surprise to some to hear,
+that pectoral and catarrhal complaints, which, from an association
+of ideas they may connect with cold, are here hardly known. In the
+cathedral at Montreal, where from three to five thousand people
+assemble every Sunday, you will seldom find the service interrupted
+by a cough, even in the dead of winter and in hard frost; whereas,
+in Britain, from the days of Shakspeare, even in a small country
+church, "coughing drowns the parson's saw." Pulmonary consumption,
+too, the scourge alike of England and the sea-coast of America, is
+so rare in the northern parts of New York and Pennsylvania, and the
+whole of Upper Canada, that in eight years' residence I have not
+seen as many cases of the disease as I have in a day's visit to a
+provincial infirmary at home. The only disease we are annoyed with
+here, that we are not accustomed to at home, is the intermittent
+fever,&mdash;and that, though most abominably annoying, is not by
+any means dangerous: indeed, one of the most annoying circumstances
+connected with it is, that, instead of being sympathized with, you
+are only laughed at. Otherwise the climate is infinitely more
+healthy than that of England. Indeed, it may be pronounced the most
+healthy country under the sun, considering that whisky can be
+procured for about one shilling sterling per gallon. Though the
+cold of a Canadian winter is great, it is neither distressing nor
+disagreeable. There is no day during winter, except a rainy one, in
+which a man need be kept from his work. It is a fact, though as
+startling as some of the dogmas of the Edinburgh school of
+political economy, that the thermometer is no judge of warm or cold
+weather. Thus, with us in Canada, when it is low, (say at zero,)
+there is not a breath of hair, and you can judge of the cold of the
+morning by the smoke rising from the chimney of a cottage, and
+shooting up straight like the steeple of a church, then gradually
+melting away in the beautiful clear blue of the morning sky: yet in
+such weather it is impossible to go through a day's march in your
+great coat; whereas, at home, when the wind blows from the
+north-east, though the thermometer stands at from 55&deg; to
+60&deg; you find a fire far from oppressive. The fact is, that a
+Canadian winter is by far the pleasantest season of the year, for
+everybody is idle, and everybody is determined to enjoy himself.
+Between the summer and winter of Canada, a season exists, called
+the Indian summer. During this period, the atmosphere has a smoky,
+hazy effect, which is ascribed by the people generally to the
+simultaneous burning of the prairies of the western part of the
+continent. This explanation I take to be absurd; since, if it were
+so to be accounted for, the wind must necessarily blow from that
+quarter, which is not in all instances the case. During this
+period, which generally occupies two or three weeks of the month of
+November, the days are pleasant, and with abundance of sunshine,
+and the nights present a cold, clear, black frost. When this
+disappears, the rains commence, which always precede winter; for it
+is a proverb in the Lower Province, among the French Canadians,
+that the ditches never freeze till they are full. Then comes the
+regular winter, which, if rains and thaws do not interfere, is very
+pleasant; and that is broken up by rains again, which last until
+the strong sun of the middle of May renders everything dry and in
+good order. A satirical friend of mine gave a caricature account of
+the climate of the province, when he said that, for two months of
+the spring and two months of the autumn, you are up to your middle
+in mud; for four months of summer you are broiled by the heat,
+choked by the dust, and devoured by the mosquitoes; and for the
+remaining four months, if you get your nose above the snow, it is
+to have it bit off by the frost.</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<h2>THE PUBLIC JOURNALS</h2>
+<hr />
+<h3>AN INCIDENT IN THE LIFE OF A RASCAL.</h3>
+<p>"His name is never heard."</p>
+<p>Late one evening, a packet of letters, just arrived by the
+English mail, was handed to Mynheer Von Kapell, a merchant of
+Hamburgh. His head clerk awaited, as usual, for any orders which
+might arise from their contents; and was not a little surprised to
+observe the brow of his wealthy employer suddenly clouded; again
+and again he perused the letter he held, at last audibly giving
+vent to his feelings&mdash;</p>
+<p>"Donder and blitzen!" he burst forth, "but this <i>is</i> a
+shock, who would have thought it? The house of Bennett and Ford to
+be shaken thus! What is to be done?"</p>
+<p>"Bennett and Ford failed!"' cried the astonished clerk.</p>
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page59" name="page59"></a>[pg
+59]</span>
+<p>"Failed! ten thousand devils! not so bad as that; but they are
+in deep distress, and have suffered a heavy loss; but read, good
+Yansen! and let me have your advice."</p>
+<p>The clerk read as follows:&mdash;</p>
+<p>"<i>London, August 21st.</i></p>
+<p>"Most respected friend,</p>
+<p>"Yours of the 5th inst. came safe to hand, and will meet prompt
+attention. We have to inform you, with deep regret, that the son of
+the trustworthy cashier of this long-established house has
+absconded, taking with him bills accepted by our firm, to a large
+amount, as per margin; and a considerable sum in cash. We have been
+able to trace the misguided young man to a ship bound for Holland,
+and we think it probable he may visit Hamburgh, (where our name is
+so well known and, we trust, so highly respected) for the purpose
+of converting these bills into cash. He is a tall, handsome youth,
+about five feet eleven inches, with dark hair and eyes; speaks
+French and German well, and was dressed in deep mourning, in
+consequence of the recent death of his mother. If you should be
+able to find him, we have to request you will use your utmost
+endeavours to regain possession of the bills named in the margin;
+but, as we have a high respect for the father of the unfortunate
+young man, we will further thank you to procure for him a passage
+on board the first vessel sailing for Batavia, paying the expense
+of his voyage, and giving him the sum of two hundred louis d'or,
+which you will place to our account current, on condition that he
+does not attempt to revisit England till he receives permission so
+to do.</p>
+<p>"We are, most respected friend,</p>
+<p>"Your obedient servants,</p>
+<p>"BENNETT, FORD, AND CO.</p>
+<p>"Mynheer Von Kapell."</p>
+<p>"My life on't," said Yansen, "'tis the very lad I saw this day,
+walking up and down in front of the Exchange, who appeared half out
+of his wits; looking anxiously for some particular object, yet
+shunning general observation: his person answers the
+description."</p>
+<p>"That's fortunate," said the merchant, "you must devote the
+morrow to searching for him; bring him to me if possible, and I'll
+do my utmost to serve my excellent friends, Bennett and Ford of
+London."</p>
+<p>Early next morning, Yansen went to the Exchange, and kept an
+anxious watch for many hours in vain; he was returning hopeless,
+when he saw the identical youth coming out of the door of a Jew
+money-changer; he brushed hastily past him, exclaiming, "The
+unconscionable scoundrel! seventy per cent, for bills on the best
+house in England!"</p>
+<p>Yansen approached him. "Young gentleman," said he, in a very
+mild tone, "you appear to have met with some disappointment from
+that griping wretch, Levi. If you have any business to transact, my
+house is close by; I shall be happy to treat with you."</p>
+<p>"Willingly," replied the youth, "the sooner the better. I must
+leave Hamburgh at day-break."</p>
+<p>The clerk led him to the house of the merchant, and entered it
+by a small side door, desiring the young man to be seated, whilst
+he gave some directions. In a few minutes he reappeared, bringing
+Von Kapell with him. The worthy Hamburgher having no talent for a
+roundabout way of doing business, said bluntly, "So Mynheer! we are
+well met; it will be useless to attempt disguise with me; look at
+this!" and he put into his hand the letter he had the night before
+received.</p>
+<p>Overwhelmed with consternation, the young man fell at his
+feet.</p>
+<p>"Oh heaven!" he cried, "I am lost for ever&mdash;my father, my
+indulgent, my honourable father, is heart-broken and disgraced by
+my villany. My mother!" Here he became nearly inaudible, and hid
+his face in his hands. "You," he continued, "are spared all
+participation in the agony your wretched son is suffering."</p>
+<p>"Boy, boy!" said the merchant, raising him, and quite melted at
+this show of penitence, "listen to me! are the bills safe? if so,
+you may still hope."</p>
+<p>"They are," eagerly exclaimed the youth; "how fortunate that I
+did not listen to the offers of that rapacious Jew. Here, sir, take
+them, I implore you," pulling from his breast a large pocket-book;
+"they are untouched. Spare but my life, and I will yet
+atone&mdash;Oh, spare me from a shameful death."</p>
+<p>There was a pause, broken at last by Yansen's saying
+significantly to his employer, "as per margin."</p>
+<p>The merchant turned to the unhappy young man. "Take heart," said
+he, "'Wenn die noth ist amgr&ouml;szten die h&uuml;lfe ist am
+n&auml;chsten.'<a id="footnotetag11" name=
+"footnotetag11"></a><a href="#footnote11"><sup>11</sup></a> There's
+an old German proverb for you. Sit down and hear what I have to
+say. I think myself not a little fortunate in so soon being able to
+fulfil the wishes of my English correspondents; your natural alarm
+did not suffer you to finish their letter; you will perceive how
+generously they mean to act; their house's credit saved, they
+intend not to punish you. Read, read; and Yansen, order some
+eatables, and a bottle or two of my old Heidelberg hock, trouble
+always makes me thirsty&mdash;three glasses, my good Yansen."</p>
+<p>Again the young Englishman hid his face, and sighed
+convulsively, "I do not deserve this lenity. My excellent father!
+this is a tribute to your virtue."</p>
+<p>Von Kapell left his guest's reflections undisturbed, till a
+servant entered, who placed refreshments on a well polished oak
+table; when she retired, he resumed.</p>
+<p>"And now, what devil tempted you to play <span class=
+"pagenum"><a id="page60" name="page60"></a>[pg 60]</span>
+the&mdash;runaway?" swallowing the term he had intended to use.
+"Was it for the wenches, or the dicing table?"</p>
+<p>"Spare me, most kind and worthy sir, I intreat you! To my father
+I will make full confession of all my faults; but he must be the
+first to know the origin of my crimes."</p>
+<p>"Well, well, take another glass of wine; you shall stay in my
+house till we can find a passage for you. It was but last night my
+good ship the Christine sailed for Batavia, and&mdash;"</p>
+<p>"Under favour," interrupted Yansen, "she has not yet left the
+harbour; the wind blew too fresh for her to venture on crossing the
+sand-banks at night, and it is now only shifting round a point or
+two."</p>
+<p>"You are lucky, youngster;" quickly added the merchant, "the
+Christine has noble accommodations; you shall aboard this evening.
+Put these in the chest, good Yansen," handing him the bills, "and
+count me out the two hundred louis d'or the boy is to have. Come,
+man! finish your meal, for I see," said he, regarding a vane on the
+gable of an opposite house, "you have no time to lose."</p>
+<p>The meal was finished&mdash;the money given&mdash;the worthy
+merchant adding as much good advice as the brief space would
+permit. The Briton was profuse in his expressions of gratitude,
+promised amendment, and returned the warm grasp of Von Kapell,
+unable to speak for his tears. Yansen accompanied him on board,
+gave the owner's most particular charge to the skipper, to pay his
+passenger every attention on the voyage. The vessel cleared the
+harbour&mdash;was in a few hours out of sight&mdash;and the next
+morning, Mynheer Von Kapell wrote to London a full account of the
+transaction, returning the bills he had so fortunately
+recovered.</p>
+<hr />
+<p>In less than a fortnight, the following letter reached the good
+old German:&mdash;</p>
+<p>"Sir,&mdash;We have to inform you, that we never lost the bills
+sent in your last favour, every one of which is fabricated, and our
+acceptance forged. Our cashier has no son, nor has he lost a wife.
+We are sincerely grieved that your friendly feeling towards our
+house should have led you to listen to so palpable a cheat.</p>
+<p>"We remain, with great respect, yours,</p>
+<p>"BENNETT, FORD, AND CO.</p>
+<p>"P.S. If you should ever hear again of the person you have, at
+your own expense, sent to Batavia, we shall be glad to know."</p>
+<hr />
+<p>What can be said of the good old German's feelings, but that
+they may "be more easily conceived than
+described?"&mdash;<i>Monthly Magazine.</i></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<h2>NEW BOOKS.</h2>
+<hr />
+<h3>OTWAY'S "VENICE PRESERVED."</h3>
+<p>(Hundreds of our readers who have again and again heard</p>
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<p>Belvidera pour her soul in love&mdash;</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>may not be aware of the precise historical connexion of the
+incidents of Otway's play with the events of history. They are
+taken, in the main, from an atrocious conspiracy formed at Venice
+in 1618. Sir Henry Wotton, then English ambassador at Venice,
+writes as follows on the 25th of May, in the above year:&mdash;"The
+whole town is here at present in horror and confusion upon the
+discovering of a foul and fearful conspiracy of the French against
+this state; whereof no less than thirty have already suffered very
+condign punishment, between men strangled in prison, drowned in the
+silence of the night, and hanged in public view; and yet the bottom
+is invisible." Beyond this quaint, meagre, chronological notice,
+little is actually established of the details, although the event
+is perhaps as familiarly known by name to English readers as any
+other in the History of Venice. We are, therefore, happy to see the
+affair treated with minute consideration in the second volume of
+"Sketches from Venetian History," in the <i>Family Library</i>; and
+so interesting is the narrative, or rather the facts and
+conjectures, to the lover of history, as well as to the unstudious
+playgoer, that we are induced to quote nearly every line of the
+passage. The editor observes:&mdash;)</p>
+<p>Muratori indeed has scarcely exaggerated the obscurity in which
+this incident is enveloped when he affirms that only one fact
+illuminates its darkness; namely that several hundred French and
+Spaniards engaged in the service of the Republic were arrested and
+put to death. The researches of Comte Daru have brought to light
+some hitherto unknown contemporary documents; but even the
+inexhaustible diligence of that most laborious, accurate, and
+valuable writer has been baffled in the hope of obtaining certainty
+as its reward; and he has been compelled to content himself with
+the addition of one hypothesis more to those already proposed in
+explanation of this mystery.</p>
+<p>All that can be positively affirmed is that during the summer of
+1617, Jacques Pierre, a Norman by birth, whose youth had been spent
+in piratical enterprises in the Levantine seas, from which he had
+acquired no inconsiderable celebrity, fled from the service of the
+Spanish Duke d'Ossuna, Viceroy of Naples; and, having offered
+himself at the Arsenal of Venice, was engaged there in a
+subordinate office. Not many days after his arrival in the
+<i>Lagune</i>, Pierre denounced to the Inquisitors of State a
+conspiracy projected, as he said, by the Duke d'Ossuna, and
+favoured by <span class="pagenum"><a id="page61" name=
+"page61"></a>[pg 61]</span> Don Alfonso della Cueva, Marquis de
+Bedemar, at that time resident ambassador from Spain. The original
+minutes of Pierre's disclosures, written in French, still exist
+among the correspondence of M. Leon Bruslart, the contemporary
+ambassador from the court of France to the Republic; and they were
+translated into Italian, with which language Pierre was but
+imperfectly acquainted, by his friend Renault, in order that they
+might be presented to the Inquisitors. In this plot, Pierre avowed
+himself to be chief agent; his pretended abandonment of the Duke
+d'Ossuna forming one part of the stratagem: and he added that his
+commission enjoined him to seduce the Dutch troops employed in the
+late war, who still remained in Venice and its neighbourhood; to
+fire the city; to seize and massacre the nobles; to overthrow the
+existing government; and ultimately to transfer the state to the
+Spanish crown. The sole immediate step taken by the Inquisitors in
+consequence of these revelations was the secret execution of
+Spinosa, a Neapolitan, whom Pierre described as an emissary of the
+Duke d'Ossuna; and whom he appears to have regarded with jealousy
+as a spy upon his own conduct. For the rest, the magistrates
+contented themselves, as it, seems, by awaiting the maturity of the
+plot with silent vigilance. Ten months elapsed during which Pierre
+communicated on the one hand with the Duke d'Ossuna, unsuspicious
+of his treachery, and on the other with the Inquisitors; till at
+the expiration of that term he was seized by an order of the X,
+while employed on his duties with the Fleet, and drowned without
+the grant of sufficient delay even for previous religious
+confession. More, perhaps many more, than three hundred French and
+Spaniards engaged in various naval and military capacities were at
+the same time delivered to the executioner; and Renault, after
+undergoing numerous interrogatories, and being placed seven times
+on the cord, was hanged by one foot on a gibbet on the
+<i>Piazzetta</i>, which day after day presented similar exhibitions
+of horror.</p>
+<p>This evidence of Pierre remained at the time concealed in the
+bosoms of the Inquisitors to whom it had been delivered; and no
+official declarations satisfied public curiosity as to the cause of
+the sanguinary executions which deformed the Capital. A rumour
+indeed spread itself abroad, and, although not traced to any
+certain authority, was universally credited, that a great peril had
+been escaped; that Venice had trembled on the very brink of
+destruction; and that the Spaniards had meditated her ruin. Popular
+fury was accordingly directed against the Marquis de Bedemar; and
+so fierce were the menaces of summary vengeance that the ambassador
+was forced to protest his innocence before the <i>Collegio</i>,
+more in the spirit of one deprecating punishment than defying
+accusation. He then earnestly solicited protection against the
+rabble surrounding his palace; for "God knows," affirmed his pale
+and affrighted secretary more than once, "the danger of our
+residence is great!" The Vice-doge, who during the interregnum
+between the death of one chief magistrate and the election of
+another presided over the <i>Collegio</i>, replied vaguely, coldly,
+and formally; and, the application having been renewed without any
+more favourable result, Bedemar, justly apprehensive for his
+safety, seized a pretext for withdrawing, till a successor to his
+embassy was appointed. Meantime, considerable doubts were
+entertained, not only by the resident foreign
+ministers,&mdash;especially by that of France, better informed than
+his brethren through the possession of Pierre's minutes,&mdash;but
+by the Venetian senators themselves, also, whether any conspiracy
+whatever had really existed. Nevertheless, in spite of these
+misgivings not obscurely expressed, it was not till the expiration
+of five months that the X presented a report to the Senate,
+detailing the information which they had received and the views
+upon which they had acted. That report however is so manifestly
+contradicted in many very important instances by Pierre's
+depositions, that it must be considered as drawn up and garbled
+solely with the intention of <i>making a case</i>; and therefore as
+revealing only so much truth dashed and brewed with a huge
+proportion of falsehood, as it suited the interests of the
+magistrates to exhibit to public view. All mention of the
+denouncements of Pierre during the long period of ten months is
+carefully suppressed, and yet no fact in history is more distinctly
+proved than that he did so communicate. The first intimation of the
+plot is there said to have been given but a few days before it was
+to have been executed, by two Frenchmen, Montcassin and Balthazar
+Juven, whom Pierre had endeavoured to seduce. "Look at these
+Venetians," said the daring conspirator one day to his apparent
+proselytes, "they affect to chain the lion; but the lion sometimes
+devours his master, especially when that master uses him ill."
+According to their further evidence, some troops despatched by the
+Duke d'Ossuna were to land by night on the <i>Piazzetta</i> and to
+occupy all the strong holds of the city; numerous treasonable
+agents already within the walls were to master the depots of arms;
+and fire, rapine, and massacre were to bring the enterprise to
+consummation.</p>
+<p>The papers abovementioned, together with a few letters from the
+Doge to the Venetian ambassador at Milan, and one or two other not
+very important documents contained in the archives of Venice, all
+printed by Comte Dam, are the sole authentic vouchers for this
+conspiracy now known to exist; and it must <span class=
+"pagenum"><a id="page62" name="page62"></a>[pg 62]</span> be
+confessed that they are insufficient for its elucidation. The Abbe
+St. Real, who for a long time was esteemed the chief historian of
+this dark transaction, is an agreeable and attractive writer;
+but&mdash;since he was unacquainted with the report of the X; since
+he does not cite the correspondence of the French ambassador
+containing Pierre's depositions; and since he frequently varies
+from a MS which he does cite, <i>The Interrogatories of the
+Accused</i>,<a id="footnotetag12" name="footnotetag12"></a><a href=
+"#footnote12"><sup>12</sup></a> a MS indeed, which, even when
+quoted faithfully, is often contradicted by the few established
+facts, and by numerous well-known usages of the Venetian
+government,&mdash;little faith can be attached to his narrative. It
+was his opinion, and it has been that which has most generally
+prevailed, that the Duke d'Ossuna, the Marquis de Bedemar, and Don
+Pedro di Toledo, governor of Milan, mutually concerted a plan for
+the destruction of Venice; the chief execution of which was
+entrusted to Pierre and Renault: and that, on the very eve of its
+explosion, Jaffier, one of their band, touched by the magnificence
+of the Espousals of the Adriatic which he had just witnessed, was
+shaken from his stern purpose, and revealed the conspiracy. In
+order to overthrow the latter part of this hypothesis, it may be
+sufficient to state that the first executions took place on the
+14th of May, 1618, and that it was not till the 24th of that month
+that the Feast of Ascension, and its gorgeous ceremonies, occurred
+in the same year.</p>
+<p>Comte Daru, on the other hand, first explains a design which it
+is notorious was entertained by the Duke d'Ossuna to convert his
+viceroyalty of Naples into a kingdom, the crown of which, wrested
+from Spain, should be placed on his own head. And hence he
+establishes the impossibility that d'Ossuna should at the same
+moment be plotting the overthrow of Venice; that power whose
+assistance, or at least whose connivance was one of the weapons
+most necessary for his success. On these grounds, Comte Daru
+contends that the Duke maintained a secret understanding both with
+the Signory and the court of France; that, refining on political
+duplicity, he deceived Pierre by really instructing him to gain
+over the Dutch troops quartered in the <i>Lagune</i>; not, however,
+as his emissary supposed, to be employed ultimately for the seizure
+of Venice, but in truth for that of Naples; that Pierre's courage
+was not proof against the dangers with which his apparently most
+hazardous commission beset him; and that accordingly he betrayed
+his employer, and revealed to the Inquisitors a plot which
+<i>they</i> well knew to be feigned: and, lastly, that when the
+ambitious plans of d'Ossuna, partially discovered before their time
+by the Spanish government, might have compromised Venice also if
+they had been fully elucidated; in order to blot out each syllable
+of evidence which could bear, even indirectly, upon the
+transaction, so far as she was concerned, it was thought expedient
+to remove every individual who had been even unwittingly connected
+with it. So fully was this abominable wickedness perpetrated, that
+both the accused and the accusers, the deceivers and the deceived,
+those either faithless or faithful to their treason, the tools who
+either adhered to or who betrayed d'Ossuna, who sought to destroy
+or to preserve Venice, were alike enveloped in one common fate, and
+silenced in the same sure keeping of the grave. Some few,
+respecting whose degree of participation a slight doubt arose, were
+strangled on the avowed principle that <i>all</i> must be put to
+death who were in any way implicated; others were drowned by night,
+in order that their execution might <i>make no noise</i>.<a id=
+"footnotetag13" name="footnotetag13"></a><a href=
+"#footnote13"><sup>13</sup></a> Moncassin, one of the avowed
+informers, was pensioned, spirited away to Cyprus, and there
+despatched in a drunken quarrel; and if it be asserted that his
+companion Balthazar Juven was permitted to survive, it is because
+he is the only individual concerning whose final destiny we cannot
+pronounce with certainty.<a id="footnotetag14" name=
+"footnotetag14"></a><a href="#footnote14"><sup>14</sup></a></p>
+<p>Of one personage who holds an important station in St. Real's
+romance, and yet more so in Otway's coarse and boisterous tragedy,
+which, by dint of some powerful <i>coups de theatre</i>, still
+maintains possession of the English stage, we have hitherto
+mentioned but the name; and, in fact, even for that name we are
+indebted only to the more than suspected summary of the
+<i>Interrogatories of the Accused</i>.</p>
+<p>Antoine Jaffier, a French captain, is there made chief evidence
+against Pierre and Renault, who are employed by d'Ossuna, as he
+vaguely states, to surprise <i>some</i> maritime place belonging to
+the republic. This informer was rewarded with four thousand
+sequins, and instructed forthwith to quit the Venetian territories;
+but having, while at Brescia, renewed communications with suspected
+persons, he was brought back to the <i>Lagune</i> and drowned. The
+minute particularities of Jaffier's depositions, and the motive
+which prompted him to offer them, (the <span class="pagenum"><a id=
+"page63" name="page63"></a>[pg 63]</span> latter, as we have
+already shown, resting on a gross anachronism,) are, we believe
+pure inventions by St. Real; and Otway has used a poet's license to
+palliate still farther deviations from authentic history. Under his
+hands, Pierre,&mdash;whom all accounts conspire in representing to
+us as a foreign, vulgar and mercenary bravo, equally false to every
+party, and frightened into confession,&mdash;is transformed into a
+Venetian patriot, the proud champion of his country's liberty; who
+declaims in good, set, round, customary terms against slavery and
+oppression; and who, in the end, escapes a mode of execution
+unknown to Venice, by persuading the friend who has betrayed him,
+and whom he has consequently renounced, to stab him to the heart,
+in order "to preserve his memory." The weak, whining, vacillating,
+uxorious Jaffier, by turns a cut-throat and a King's evidence; now
+pawning, now fondling, and now menacing with his dagger an
+imaginary wife; first placing his comrade's life in jeopardy, then
+begging it against his will, and finally taking it with his own
+hand, is a yet more unhappy creation of wayward fancy; and it is
+only in the names of the conspirators, in the introduction of an
+Englishman, Eliot, (whom he has brought nearer vernacular spelling
+than he found him,&mdash;Haillot,<a id="footnotetag15" name=
+"footnotetag15"></a><a href="#footnote15"><sup>15</sup></a>) and in
+the character of Rainault, that Otway is borne out by authority.
+The last-mentioned person is described by the French ambassador as
+a sot, a gambler, and a sharper, whose rogueries are well known to
+all the world; in a word, therefore, as a fit leader of a
+revolutionary crew wrought up, "without the least remorse, with
+fire and sword t' exterminate" all who bore the stamp of nobility;
+and <i>not</i> as the most fitting depository in which Belvidera's
+honour might be lodged as a security for that of her irresolute
+husband.</p>
+<p>Whatever hypothesis may be adopted, be this conspiracy true or
+false, there is no bloodier, probably no blacker page in history
+than that which records its development. Were it not for the
+immeasurable weight of guilt which must press upon the memory of
+the rulers of Venice if we suppose the plot to have been altogether
+fictitious, we should assuredly admit that the evidence greatly
+preponderates in favour of that assertion. But respect for human
+nature compels us to hesitate in admitting a charge so monstrous.
+Five months after the commencement of the executions, either a
+tardy gratitude or a profane mockery was offered to Heaven; and the
+Doge and nobles returned thanks for their great deliverance, by a
+solemn service at St. Mark's.</p>
+<p>(Among the master-spirits who have commemorated the olden
+glories of Venice, but more especially her association with our
+dramatic literature, must not be forgotten Lord Byron:</p>
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<p>But unto us she hath a spell beyond</p>
+<p>Her name in story, and her long array</p>
+<p>Of mighty shadows, whose dim forms despond</p>
+<p>Above the dogeless city's vanish'd sway;</p>
+<p>Our's is a trophy which will not decay</p>
+<p>With the Rialto: Shylock and the Moor,</p>
+<p>And Pierre cannot be swept away&mdash;-</p>
+<p>The keystones of the arch! though all were o'er,</p>
+<p>For us repeopled were the solitary shore.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="stanza">
+<hr /></div>
+<div class="stanza">
+<p>I lov'd her from my boyhood&mdash;she to me</p>
+<p>Was as a fairy city of the heart,</p>
+<p>Rising like water-columns from the sea,</p>
+<p>Of joy the sojourn, and of wealth the mart;</p>
+<p>And Otway, Radcliffe, Schiller, Shakspeare's art</p>
+<p>Had stamp'd her image in me, and ever so,</p>
+<p>Although I found her thus, we did not part,</p>
+<p>Perchance even dearer in her day of woe</p>
+<p>Than when she was a boast, a marvel, and a show.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>Returning to the "Sketches," we must observe that we beg to
+differ with the Editor in merely applying the epithets "coarse and
+boisterous," to Otway's play, and pointing to "<i>coups de
+Theatre</i>" as its only merits. He surely ought not to have
+omitted its originality of whatever order it may be.</p>
+<p>The volume before us brings the history of Venice to her
+subjection to Austria in 1798. It is throughout spiritedly
+executed. The illustrations, antique and modern, are precisely of
+this character, being from Titian, and our contemporary artist,
+Prout.)</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<h2>THE GATHERER.</h2>
+<hr />
+<p><i>Sir Hercules Langreish and his Friend.</i>&mdash;We found him
+in his study alone, poring over the national accounts, with two
+claret bottles empty before him, and a third bottle on the wane; it
+was about eight o'clock in the evening, and the butler, according
+to general orders when gentlemen came in, brought a bottle of
+claret to each of us. "Why," said Parnell, "Sir Heck, you have
+emptied <i>two bottles</i> already." "True," said Sir Hercules.
+"And had you nobody to help you?" "<i>O yes</i>, I had that bottle
+of <i>port</i> there, and I assure you he afforded me very great
+assistance!"&mdash;<i>Sir Jonah Barrington.</i></p>
+<p><i>The Irish Bar.</i>&mdash;They used to tell a story of
+Fitzgibbon respecting a client who brought his own brief, and fee,
+that he might personally apologize for the smallness of the latter.
+Fitzgibbon, on receiving the fee, looked rather discontented. "I
+assure you, counsellor," said the client (mournfully) "I am ashamed
+of its smallness; but in fact it is all I have in the world." "Oh!
+then," said Fitzgibbon, "you can do no more:&mdash;as it's all you
+have in the world&mdash;why&mdash;hem&mdash;I must <i>take
+it</i>."</p>
+<hr />
+<p>Speaking of the Catholics in the hall of the Four Courts, Keller
+seemed to insinuate that Norcott was favourable to their
+emancipation. "What!" said Norcott, with a great show of
+pomposity&mdash;"what! Pray, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page64"
+name="page64"></a>[pg 64]</span> Keller, do you see anything that
+smacks of the <i>Pope</i> about me?" "I don't know," replied
+Keller; "but at all events there is a great deal of the
+<i>Pretender</i>, and I always understood them to travel in
+company."</p>
+<p><i>National Gallery and Record Office, on the site of the King's
+Mews, Charing Cross.</i>&mdash;The estimated expense of erecting
+the above building is 50,000<i>l</i>.; the amount proposed to be
+taken for the present year is 15,000<i>l</i>.; leaving to be
+granted in future years 35,000<i>l</i>. The proposed building will
+be 461 feet in length and 56 feet in width in its extreme
+dimensions, and will consist of a centre and two wings. The western
+wing will contain, on the ground floor, rooms for the reception of
+records, and an entrance into the barrack-yard such as now exists.
+Above them will be the picture-gallery, divided into four rooms;
+one 50 feet by 50 feet; two 50 feet by 38 feet; and one room 50
+feet by 32 feet; together with four cabinets for the reception of
+small pictures, or for the use of the keeper. The floors will be
+made fire-proof. The eastern wing, of similar extent, will contain,
+on the ground floor, a hall for casts, the library and council-room
+of the Royal Academy, and a dwelling for the keeper. There will be
+likewise a gateway or entrance corresponding to that leading into
+the barrack-yard in the other wing. In the basement below this wing
+there will be offices for the use of the Royal Academy, and a
+separate set attached to the dwelling-house of the keeper. The
+centre building will consist of halls, vestibules, staircases,
+&amp;c. for both establishments; they will be distinct and
+separated; but so brought together as to form one grand feature of
+interior decoration. The building is proposed to be executed in
+stone. The central portico is to be constructed with the columns
+and other members of that which formerly decorated the palace at
+Carlton House. The materials of the present building are to be used
+in the construction of the new building, so far as they can be
+employed with propriety. The whole cost of the building will be
+50,000<i>l</i>., exclusive of the old materials above mentioned,
+which have been valued at 4,000<i>/l</i>. It is impossible to state
+with any degree of accuracy the cost of the grates, air-stoves, and
+fittings of the buildings, which will mainly depend upon the mode
+to be adopted in warming them; but it may be confidently stated
+that it will not exceed 600<i>l</i>.&mdash;<i>Parliamentary Paper,
+No. 611.</i></p>
+<p><i>Home Truth.</i>&mdash;"Give me my liar," was the phrase in
+which Charles the Fifth was used to call for a volume of history;
+and certainly no man can attentively examine any important period
+of our annals without remarking, that almost every incident admits
+of two handles, almost every character of two interpretations; and
+that, by a judicious packing of facts, the historian may make his
+picture assume nearly what form he pleases, without any direct
+violation of truth.&mdash;<i>Quarterly Rev.</i></p>
+<p><i>Envy.</i>&mdash;"Of all the spies that are," says Mr. Owen
+Feltham, "envy is the most observant and prying. When the
+physicians to Frederick were relating what most would sharpen the
+sight, some were for fennel, and some for glasses, and others for
+other matters; the noble Actius did assure them, there was nothing
+that would do it like envy. Whatsoever man does ill, by it is
+magnified, and multiplied; his failings are all watched, drawn out,
+and blazed to the world; and under the pretence of good, he is oft
+led to the extremest issue of evil. Like oil that is poured upon
+the roots of trees, which softens, it destroys and withers all the
+branches. And being once catched, with scorn he is insulted on. For
+envy is so unnoble a devil, that it ever tyrannizeth most upon a
+slip or low prostration, at which time gallant minds do most
+disdain to triumph. The envious is more unhappy than the serpent:
+for though he hath poison within him, and can cast it upon others,
+yet to his proper bosom it is not burdensome, as is the rancour
+that the envious keeps; but this most plainly is the plague, as it
+infects others, so it fevers him that hath it, till he dies. Nor is
+it more noxious to the owner than fatal and detrimental to all the
+world beside. It was envy first unmade the angels and created
+devils. It was envy first that turned man out of Paradise, and with
+the blood of the innocent first dyed the untainted earth. It was
+envy sold chaste Joseph as a bondman, and unto crucifixion gave the
+only Son of God. He walks among burning coals that converses with
+those that are envious. He that would avoid it in himself, must
+have worth enough to be humble and beneficent. But he that would
+avoid the danger of it from others, must abandon their
+company."</p>
+<p><i>Extraordinary Whipping.</i>&mdash;During the minority of King
+James I. he was at Stirling Castle, under the tuition of the
+celebrated Buchanan. It is reported that Buchanan's reverence for
+his royal pupil, did not prevent his giving him a severe whipping
+when he persisted against remonstrance, in disturbing him whilst he
+was reading. Historians do not tell us how the royal pupil
+supported this chastisement. Swift says, "Heirs to titles and large
+estates, have a weakness in their eyes, and are not able to bear
+the pain and indignity of whipping." P.T.W.</p>
+<hr />
+<p><i>Erratum</i> in page 2&mdash;the line quoted from Montgomery
+should be "The parrots swung like blossoms on the trees."</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote1" name=
+"footnote1"></a> <b>Footnote 1</b>:<a href=
+"#footnotetag1">(return)</a>
+<p>At Coimbra, about two days' journey from Oporto, is a Roman
+bridge and aqueduct, nearly entire.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote2" name=
+"footnote2"></a> <b>Footnote 2</b>:<a href=
+"#footnotetag2">(return)</a>
+<p>The dangerous passage across the bar of the Douro, and its
+shifting sands, are well known. The care and skill required to
+navigate a vessel with safety into the Douro, even during the
+summer, may give an idea of what the perils of this dangerous bar
+must be during the winter months; when the coast is exposed to the
+unbridled fury of the westerly winds, and to the full force of the
+Atlantic waves.&mdash;<i>Portugal Illustrated, by the Rev. W.
+Kinsey, B.D.</i></p>
+</blockquote>
+<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote3" name=
+"footnote3"></a> <b>Footnote 3</b>:<a href=
+"#footnotetag3">(return)</a>
+<p>See Select Views of Oporto. By Lieut. Col. Batty, F.R.S., the
+accuracy of which may be said to extend as far as pictorial art can
+succeed in conveying foreign objects to our firesides. We are
+indebted for our Engraving to this valuable work.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote4" name=
+"footnote4"></a> <b>Footnote 4</b>:<a href=
+"#footnotetag4">(return)</a>
+<p>Here is the altar of wrought silver, which was fortunately
+rescued from the hands of the French, when in possession of
+Oporto.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote5" name=
+"footnote5"></a> <b>Footnote 5</b>:<a href=
+"#footnotetag5">(return)</a>
+<p>The annual average quantity of wine exported from Oporto to
+Great Britain, was in the ten years, 1813-1822, 24,364 pipes, and
+to all other parts of the world only 1,094 pipes per annum. The
+quantity since 1822 has not materially altered.&mdash;<i>See a
+Communication to vol. xv. of the Mirror</i>, p. 118.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote6" name=
+"footnote6"></a> <b>Footnote 6</b>:<a href=
+"#footnotetag6">(return)</a>
+<p>His mode of execution being perfectly novel, and at the same
+time <i>ingenious</i>, Curran said, "The lieutenant should have got
+a patent for cheap strangulation."</p>
+</blockquote>
+<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote7" name=
+"footnote7"></a> <b>Footnote 7</b>:<a href=
+"#footnotetag7">(return)</a>
+<p>The lieutenant's brother being a Crown solicitor, had now and
+then got the lieutenant to copy the high treason indictments: and
+he, seeing there that <i>imagining</i> the death of a <i>king</i>
+was punished capitally, very naturally conceived that
+<i>wishing</i> it was twice as bad as <i>supposing</i> it: having
+therefore no doubt that <i>all</i> rebels wished it, he
+consequently decided in the tribunal of his own mind to hang every
+man who hypothetically and traitorously wished his majesty's
+dissolution, which wish he also conceived was very easily
+ascertained by the wisher's countenance.</p>
+<p>A cabinet-maker, at Charing Cross, some years ago, put on his
+board "patent coffin-maker to his majesty:" it was considered that
+though this was not an <i>ill-intentioned</i>, yet it was a very
+improper mode of <i>imagining</i> the king's death, and the board
+was taken down accordingly. Lieutenant H. would surely have hanged
+him in Ireland.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote8" name=
+"footnote8"></a> <b>Footnote 8</b>:<a href=
+"#footnotetag8">(return)</a>
+<p>It should here be observed that the Three-banded Armadillo is
+remarkable for the faculty of rolling itself up more completely
+than the other species. It can, in so doing, totally conceal the
+head, the tail, and the fore feet, which none of the other species
+can completely effect.&mdash;<i>Cuvier.</i></p>
+</blockquote>
+<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote9" name=
+"footnote9"></a> <b>Footnote 9</b>:<a href=
+"#footnotetag9">(return)</a>
+<p>From a specimen figured in Dr. Shaw's Zoological Lectures, with
+plates, by Mrs. Griffith, vol. i.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote10" name=
+"footnote10"></a> <b>Footnote 10</b>:<a href=
+"#footnotetag10">(return)</a>
+<p>Popular Zoology. Comprising Memoirs and Anecdotes of the Animals
+of the Zoological Society's Menagerie. With many Engravings.
+1832.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote11" name=
+"footnote11"></a> <b>Footnote 11</b>:<a href=
+"#footnotetag11">(return)</a>
+<p>When things are at the worst they must mend.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote12" name=
+"footnote12"></a> <b>Footnote 12</b>:<a href=
+"#footnotetag12">(return)</a>
+<p>A translation of this document is given by Daru: the original
+Italian may be found in the <i>Memorie recondite</i> of Vittorio
+Siri, i. 407.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote13" name=
+"footnote13"></a> <b>Footnote 13</b>:<a href=
+"#footnotetag13">(return)</a>
+<p>Laurent Brulard, concerning whose fate much discussion arose,
+was strangled <i>par beaucoup de considerations et par une suite du
+parti qu'on avrait pris de mettre a mort tons ceux qui etaient
+impliques dans cette affaire</i>. The brothers Desbouleaux were
+drowned by night in the <i>Canale Orfano, pour ne point ebruiter
+l'affaire</i>; and the instructions sent to the Admiral who was to
+drown Pierre were to fulfil his commission <i>avec le moins de
+bruit possible</i>. Accordingly that ruffian, and forty-five of his
+accomplices, were drowned at once <i>sans bruit</i>.
+<i>Interrogatoire des Accuses</i>, translated by Daru, vol. viii.
+&sect; x.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote14" name=
+"footnote14"></a> <b>Footnote 14</b>:<a href=
+"#footnotetag14">(return)</a>
+<p>It is believed that Balthazar Juven, and a relation of the
+Marechale de Lesdiguieres, who is stated to have escaped
+punishment, are one and the same person.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote15" name=
+"footnote15"></a> <b>Footnote 15</b>:<a href=
+"#footnotetag15">(return)</a>
+<p>Nani, iii. p. 169. He was to have commanded the naval part of
+the enterprise.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<hr class="full" />
+<p><i>Printed and published by</i> J. LIMBIRI, 143, <i>Strand,
+(near Somerset House,) London; sold by ERNEST FLEISCHER, 626, New
+Market, Leipsic; G.G. BENNIS, 55, Rue Neuve, St. Augustin, Paris;
+and by all Newsmen and Booksellers.</i></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<p>***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION, VOL. 20, ISSUE 559, JULY 28, 1832***</p>
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+The Project Gutenberg eBook, The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and
+Instruction, Vol. 20, Issue 559, July 28, 1832, by Various
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+
+
+Title: The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction, Vol. 20,
+Issue 559, July 28, 1832
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: March 24, 2004  [eBook #11706]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: US-ASCII
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE,
+AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION, VOL. 20, ISSUE 559, JULY 28, 1832***
+
+
+E-text prepared by Jonathan Ingram, David King, and the Project Gutenberg
+Online Distributed Proofreading Team
+
+
+
+Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this
+      file which includes the original illustrations.
+      See 11706-h.htm or 11706-h.zip:
+      (http://www.ibiblio.org/gutenberg/1/1/7/0/11706/11706-h/11706-h.htm)
+      or
+      (http://www.ibiblio.org/gutenberg/1/1/7/0/11706/11706-h.zip)
+
+
+
+
+THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION.
+
+VOL. 20. No. 559]  SATURDAY, JULY 28, 1832.  [PRICE 2d.
+
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+OPORTO
+
+
+[Illustration: OPORTO.]
+
+Persons who are looking for "news from the seat of war" will probably
+hail the timely appearance of this Engraving, and regard it as folks
+sitting at a play do a drop-scene between the acts. The reader knows our
+pacific politics: we are of the pen, not of the sword; but we cannot be
+indifferent to a great political result, when
+
+  Old men, and beldams, in the streets
+  Do prophesy upon it.
+
+Oporto is a place of great commercial as well as political
+consideration. Thousands of Englishmen have a grateful recollection of
+the former importance upon their very lips. Its situation is one of
+great natural beauty. It is the largest city in Portugal, Lisbon
+excepted. It has been commonly said to owe its origin to the Romans;[1]
+but it appears, from the best authors, to have been founded about A.D.
+417 by the Suevi, who had established themselves in Braga and other
+parts of ancient Galicia, but who were driven by the Alani to the banks
+of the Douro, where they fortified themselves on the steep hill now
+occupied by the cathedral and the bishop's palace, and which is still
+distinguished by the appellation of the Cidade de Antiga.
+
+    [1] At Coimbra, about two days' journey from Oporto, is a Roman
+    bridge and aqueduct, nearly entire.
+
+The city occupies the north bank of the Douro, (anciently _Durius_,)
+about five miles from the mouth of the river, and the Atlantic Ocean.
+The approach from thence to Oporto is remarkably beautiful. The dangers
+of the bar, across the mouth of the river, once passed,[2] a succession
+of interesting objects present themselves on both sides, as we ascend
+towards the city. The little town of St. Joao da Foz stands on the north
+bank, close to the sea, and is the favourite resort of the wealthier
+inhabitants of Oporto during the violent heat of the summer. The river,
+immediately within the bar, expands into the appearance of a lake. A
+little higher up it is narrowed by two abrupt hills. That on the right
+terminates in a precipice of bright hard sandstone, descending so
+steeply to the water's edge, that but lately a road has been made from
+Oporto along the bank of the river, to St. Joao da Foz, by blasting and
+hewing down a sufficient portion of the rock. This height, from its
+precipitous sides, is called the Monte d'Arabida, and forms the western
+boundary of a lovely valley, opening upon the Douro, covered with the
+Quintas, or villas, of the wealthier inhabitants of the adjoining city.
+Most of the Quintas at the mouth of the river command delightful
+prospects of the Atlantic Ocean, and the splendid effects produced on
+these scenes at sunset, in this glowing climate, are almost
+indescribable. Some idea of its beauty may be formed by reference to
+Colonel Batty's view from this point.[3] The appearance of the Douro,
+with its numerous shipping, and the variety of interesting objects
+scattered on its cheerful banks, render this one of the most pleasing
+scenes in the circle of Oporto.
+
+    [2] The dangerous passage across the bar of the Douro, and its
+    shifting sands, are well known. The care and skill required to
+    navigate a vessel with safety into the Douro, even during the
+    summer, may give an idea of what the perils of this dangerous
+    bar must be during the winter months; when the coast is exposed
+    to the unbridled fury of the westerly winds, and to the full
+    force of the Atlantic waves.--_Portugal Illustrated, by the Rev.
+    W. Kinsey, B.D._
+
+    [3] See Select Views of Oporto. By Lieut. Col. Batty, F.R.S.,
+    the accuracy of which may be said to extend as far as pictorial
+    art can succeed in conveying foreign objects to our firesides.
+    We are indebted for our Engraving to this valuable work.
+
+To economize time and space we must quit this enchanting spot. Gondolas,
+like those at Venice, are used on the river, but will not suffice for
+our celerity. We must reach at once the point of our Engraving. The view
+is taken from Villa Nova, an important suburb of Oporto, on the opposite
+bank of the river. The city may be divided into the high and the low
+town. It contains, in a civil sense, five wards, or _bairros_, of which
+the Se, or cathedral hill, and the Vittoria, or height opposite to the
+Se, (and crowned by a church, which was founded in commemoration of a
+celebrated battle fought on the spot with the Moors, which terminated in
+their defeat and expulsion from the place,) form the town properly
+called Oporto; and it is possible still to trace the remains of the old
+wall, which formerly surrounded and defended the place. The three other
+quarters, San Idelfonso, Miragaya, and Villa Nova, are open. The latter
+is connected with the principal town by a bridge of boats, which is so
+badly constructed as to be scarcely able to sustain the violent power of
+the river when swelled by winter torrents. The Douro, like the Rhine and
+the Rhone, and all other rivers which flow through a rocky and often
+confined channel, commits at certain seasons the greatest ravages; and
+property to a considerable amount is annually lost at Oporto, by the
+irresistible force with which the river pours down and carries every
+thing before it. A bridge of granite has been long talked of to connect
+Villa Nova and Oporto, but the funds are not yet forthcoming, and the
+expense will be considerable.
+
+The Engraving represents the most ancient part of the city of Oporto. We
+are here directly fronting the bishop's palace, which, with the Se, or
+Cathedral,[4] and buildings, to the left, occupy the crest of the hill.
+Further left is the steeple of the church dos Clerigos, said to be the
+loftiest in Portugal after that of Mafra. This tower is visible from the
+sea at a distance of ten leagues, and serves as an important landmark
+for ships steering to the mouth of the Douro. It was erected in the year
+1748, and is built entirely of the finest masonry, an art in which the
+Portuguese are almost unrivalled. On the summit of the hill to the
+right, touching the old walls and towers, is the convent of Santa Clara.
+Immediately below the Cathedral, the rocky steep has been cut into
+terraces, and laid out in gardens. The river is bordered by the old city
+wall. A noble street, the Rua Nova de St. Joao, is seen opening upon the
+quay on the left. Part of the bridge of boats appears on the right: it
+was first constructed in the year 1806, destroyed in 1809, but
+re-established in 1815. It was the scene of dreadful slaughter at the
+time the city was given up to pillage by the French. Some of the boats
+forming it had been destroyed, and many of the wretched inhabitants
+crowding to the bridge, in hopes of escaping from the enemy's sword were
+urged on by the affrighted multitude into the rapid stream, and thus
+perished. On the river, to the right and left, is seen a Portuguese
+coasting vessel, called Hyate; in the centre is a wine-boat of the
+Douro, with a raised platform for the steersman. The foreground of the
+view is the shore of Villa Nova, adjoining the quay. The chief article
+of export is wine;[5] and here is the grand depot for this commodity,
+which is stowed in long, low buildings, called lodges.
+
+    [4] Here is the altar of wrought silver, which was fortunately
+    rescued from the hands of the French, when in possession of
+    Oporto.
+
+    [5] The annual average quantity of wine exported from Oporto to
+    Great Britain, was in the ten years, 1813-1822, 24,364 pipes,
+    and to all other parts of the world only 1,094 pipes per annum.
+    The quantity since 1822 has not materially altered.--_See a
+    Communication to vol. xv. of the Mirror_, p. 118.
+
+"On the quays," says Mr. Kinsey, "are seen fine blocks of granite,
+already converted into form, having their edges cased with wood, ready
+to be shipped off for buildings in Brazil, where it appears that no good
+stone, or, at least, so durable as this, can be procured;--pipe-staves
+from Memel,--flax and iron,--and occasionally coals from the north of
+England. There are generally at anchor in the river between Villa Nova
+and Oporto, Russian, Brazilian, English, American, Dutch, Danish, and
+some French vessels; but many of the latter nation are not to be found
+in the Portuguese ports. Two thirds of the shipping to be seen in the
+Douro, are British, Brazilian, or Portuguese."
+
+The gardens of the city are luxuriantly stored. Brazilian plants, easily
+distinguished by their gaudy colours, vines on trellis, superb
+lemon-trees, lime and orange-trees, pear, apple, and plum-trees, and
+Alpine strawberries are in abundance. The Indian cane, with its splendid
+blossom, whose colour resembles that of the Guernsey, or rather the
+Chinese lily, is a gay addition to the ornaments of this earthly
+paradise. Mr. Kinsey says "The _ulmis adjungere vitem_ is well known in
+poetical description, but in Portugal, besides overshadowing their
+artificial supporters, the vines are seen attaching themselves to, or
+hanging down in luxuriant festoons from forest-trees, such as the oak,
+chestnut, and cork, in all the wildness of nature, and not unfrequently
+insinuating themselves among the branches of myrtle-trees, which attain
+a considerable size in the hedge-rows, and contrasting their large,
+purple bunches with the snow-white blossom. The union is truly poetical,
+and its novelty is charming to the eye of a northern traveller. A vine
+is often purposely planted by the farmer under an oak-tree, whose boughs
+it soon over-runs, repaying the little labour expended in its
+cultivation by its fruit, and the lop of its branches. Ten pipes of
+green wine, _vinho verde_, expressed from these grapes, will yield one
+pipe of excellent brandy. Being light and sharp, the vinho verde is
+preferred by the generality of Portuguese in the summer, to wines of
+superior strength and quality."
+
+The population of Oporto and Villa Nova was stated by Colonel Batty in
+1830, to amount to about 80,000 inhabitants.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+POETS, MINOR AND MAJOR.
+
+
+Perhaps no branch of literary reputation is so difficult to establish as
+that of first-rate poetic excellence. During the last fifty years, many
+meritorious competitors for bardic renown have successively aspired to
+public favour, and have each in their turns exhibited their fancy-woven
+_bouquets_, as containing a more beautiful assemblage of "flowers of all
+hue," as Milton divinely sings, than those which their equally emulative
+and praiseworthy compeers have, in their best attempts, laid out upon
+the _parterre_ of the public. In the poetic foreground of the above
+period, are to be seen the names of Pye, Ogilvie, Whitehead, Tasker,
+Mason, Cowper, Merry, Jerningham, Woty, Hurdis, Pratt, Fitzgerald, &c.
+over whose metrical effusions, with the exception of the fifth and
+sixth, the clouds of obscurity have long since cast a darkening hue.
+Even the "Elegaic Sonnets" of Charlotte Smith, which first appeared in
+1784, and formed a sort of poetical era in point of popularity, have
+long since "fallen into the sere and yellow leaf," as it was
+discriminately hinted by Burns would be the case with his soul-breathing
+Letters; the Sonnets by the Rev. W.L. Bowles, although emanating from a
+beautiful fountain-spring of thought and feeling, which should have
+screened their writer from the venomous shaft of Byron, have already
+sunk beneath the meridian of their popularity; and the loaded ornamental
+rhymes of Darwin; the prettily embroidered couplets of Miss Seward,
+together with the Della Cruscan Rhymes of Mary Robinson, Mrs. Cowley,
+&c. are left like daisies, plucked from the greensward, to perish
+beneath unfeeling neglect. Who now reads the verses of Ann Yearsley, the
+poetic milkwoman, who was so lauded beyond her deserts, by Mrs. H.
+More?--few or none. Why is this revolution in public taste? Because
+those master-spirits which guide the present age, have given birth to a
+species of poetry more legitimate and useful in its design, and more
+valuable in its tendencies and characteristics. Instead of the "namby
+pamby" verses of the period I have alluded to, and the coarse scurrility
+of style which runs with a discolouring vein through the satirical pages
+of Dr. Wolcot, we have now the heart-stirring metres of a Campbell, as
+in that beautiful rainbow of poetic loveliness and imagination, his
+"Pleasures of Hope." We have now a series of pictures bearing an impress
+as pleasant as the gleams of warm autumn in the "Pleasures of Memory,"
+by Rogers; the wildness of Loutherbourgh, the grandeur of Salvator Rosa,
+the terror-striking forms of Fuseli, embodied with increased energy in
+the immortal Lays of Byron: the every-day incidents of life, copied with
+the graphic fidelity of a Sharp, and bearing the faithful stamp of
+cottage grouping, which distinguished the pencil of a Morland,--in the
+natural paintings of Crabbe. We have Catullus stealing from his couch,
+to breathe a new intonation into the harp of Moore; and last of all, we
+have the votaress of virtue and moral feeling, the Cambrian minstrel,
+Mrs. Hemans, making melancholy appear as delightful as love.
+
+_The Author of a Tradesman's Lays._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+STANZAS FOR MUSIC.
+
+
+  Though the waves of old Time are darkly advancing,
+  There still is one spot where the sunbeams are glancing,
+  There glow the gay visions of youth's sunny morn,
+  Safe from the ocean-wave, safe from the storm:
+  For Memory keeps the spot fresh and green ever,
+  The dark tides of Time, shall sweep over it never!
+
+  There Fancy, her mirror holds up to the eye,
+  And lovely the forms that come wandering by,
+  Like music come softly the sounds that have fled,
+  The voices of lov'd ones, the tones of the dead:
+  Oh Memory! keep that spot fresh and green ever,
+  And the dark tides of Time, sweep over it never.
+
+  For beautiful Hope, wanders oft to the Isle,
+  With her wreath of bright flowers, and radiant smile.
+  She stands with her finger upraised to the sky,
+  And she dries the sad tear-drop in Memory's eye:
+  An emerald green, be that Island for ever,
+  May the dark tides of Time, sweep over it never!
+
+  Kirton, Lindsey.         ANNE R.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+ANECDOTE GALLERY
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+CARDING A TITHE PROCTOR.
+
+
+In Ireland, carding the tithe proctors was occasionally resorted to by
+the White Boys, and was performed in the following manner:---
+
+The tithe proctor was generally waked out of his first sleep by his door
+being smashed in; and the _boys_ in white shirts desired him "never to
+fear," as they only intended to _card_ him this bout for taking a
+quarter instead of a tenth from every poor man in the parish. They then
+turned him on his face upon the bed; and taking a lively ram cat out of
+a bag which they brought with them, they set the cat between the
+proctor's shoulders. The beast, being nearly as much terrified as the
+proctor, would endeavour to get off; but being held fast by the tail, he
+intrenched every claw deep in the proctor's back, in order to keep up a
+firm resistance to the White Boys. The more the tail was pulled _back_,
+the more the ram cat tried to go _forward_; at length, when he had, as
+he conceived, made his possession quite secure, main force convinced him
+to the contrary, and that if he kept his hold he must lose his tail. So,
+he was dragged backward to the proctor's loins, grappling at every pull,
+and bringing away here and there strips of the proctor's skin, to prove
+the pertinacity of his defence.
+
+When the ram cat had got down to the loins he was once more placed at
+the shoulders, and again _carded_ the proctor (_toties quoties_)
+according to his sentence.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+WALKING GALLOWS.
+
+(_From Sir Jonah Barrington's Sketches._)
+
+
+Among the extraordinary characters that turned up in the fatal
+"ninety-eight," there were few more extraordinary than Lieutenant H----,
+then denominated the "walking gallows;"--and such he certainly was,
+literally and practically.
+
+Lieutenant H---- was an officer of the line on half pay. His brother was
+one of the solicitors to the Crown--a quiet, tremulous, _vino deditus_
+sort of man, and a leading Orangeman;--his widow who afterwards married
+and survived a learned doctor, was a clever, positive, good-looking
+Englishwoman, and, I think, fixed the doctor's avowed _creed_: as to his
+genuine _faith_, that was of little consequence.
+
+Lieutenant H---- was about six feet two inches high;--strong, and broad
+in proportion. His strength was great, but of the dead kind
+unaccompanied by activity. He could lift a ton, but could not leap a
+rivulet; he looked mild, and his address was civil--neither assuming nor
+at all ferocious. I knew him well, and from his countenance should never
+have suspected him of cruelty; but so cold-blooded and so eccentric an
+executioner of the human race I believe never yet existed, save among
+the American Indians.[6]
+
+    [6] His mode of execution being perfectly novel, and at the same
+    time _ingenious_, Curran said, "The lieutenant should have got a
+    patent for cheap strangulation."
+
+His inducement to the strange barbarity he practised I can scarcely
+conceive; unless it proceeded from that natural taint of cruelty which
+so often distinguishes man above all other animals when his power
+becomes uncontrolled. The propensity was probably strengthened in him
+from the indemnities of martial law, and by those visions of promotion
+whereby violent partizans are perpetually urged, and so frequently
+disappointed.
+
+At the period alluded to, law being suspended, and the courts of justice
+closed, the "question" by torture was revived and largely practised. The
+commercial exchange of Dublin formed a place of execution; even
+_suspected_ rebels were every day immolated as if _convicted_ on the
+clearest evidence; and Lieutenant H----'s _pastime_ of hanging _on his
+own back_ persons whose physiognomies he thought characteristic of
+rebellion was (I am ashamed to say) the subject of jocularity instead of
+punishment. What in other times he would himself have died for, as a
+murderer, was laughed at as the manifestation of loyalty: never yet was
+martial law so abused, or its enormities so hushed up as in Ireland.
+Being a military officer, the lieutenant conceived he had a right to do
+just what he thought proper, and to make the most of his time while
+martial law was flourishing.
+
+Once, when high in blood, he happened to meet _a suspicious-looking_
+peasant from County Kildare, who could not satisfactorily account for
+himself according to the lieutenant's notion of evidence; and having
+nobody at hand to vouch for him, the lieutenant of course immediately
+took for granted that he _must_ be a rebel strolling about, and
+imagining the death of his Most Gracious Majesty.[7] He therefore, no
+other _court of justice_ being at hand, considered that he had a right
+to try the man by his _own opinion_; accordingly, after a brief
+interrogation, he condemned him to die, and without further ceremony
+proceeded to put his own sentence into immediate execution.
+
+    [7] The lieutenant's brother being a Crown solicitor, had now
+    and then got the lieutenant to copy the high treason
+    indictments: and he, seeing there that _imagining_ the death of
+    a _king_ was punished capitally, very naturally conceived that
+    _wishing_ it was twice as bad as _supposing_ it: having
+    therefore no doubt that _all_ rebels wished it, he consequently
+    decided in the tribunal of his own mind to hang every man who
+    hypothetically and traitorously wished his majesty's
+    dissolution, which wish he also conceived was very easily
+    ascertained by the wisher's countenance.
+
+    A cabinet-maker, at Charing Cross, some years ago, put on his
+    board "patent coffin-maker to his majesty:" it was considered
+    that though this was not an _ill-intentioned_, yet it was a very
+    improper mode of _imagining_ the king's death, and the board was
+    taken down accordingly. Lieutenant H. would surely have hanged
+    him in Ireland.
+
+However, to do the lieutenant justice, his _mode_ was not near so
+tedious or painful as that practised by the grand signior, who sometimes
+causes the ceremony to be divided into three acts, giving the culprit a
+drink of spring water to _refresh_ him between the two first; nor was it
+so severe as the burning old women formerly for witchcraft. In fact, the
+"walking gallows" was both on a new and simple plan; and after some
+kicking and plunging during the operation, never failed to be completely
+effectual. The lieutenant being, as before mentioned, of lofty stature,
+with broad and strong shoulders, saw no reason why they might not answer
+his majesty's service, upon a pinch, as well as two posts and a crossbar
+(the more legitimate instrument upon such occasions): and he also
+considered that, when a rope was not at hand, there was no good reason
+why his own silk cravat (being softer than an ordinary halter, and of
+course less calculated to _hurt_ a man) should not be a more merciful
+choke-band than that employed by any _Jack Ketch_ in the three kingdoms.
+
+In pursuance of these benevolent intentions, the lieutenant, as a
+preliminary step, first knocked down the suspected rebel from County
+Kildare, which the weight of mettle in his fist rendered no difficult
+achievement. His garters then did duty as handcuffs: and with the aid of
+a brawny aide-de-camp (one such always attended him), he pinioned his
+victim hand and foot, and then most considerately advised him to pray
+for King George, observing that any prayers for his _own_ d--d _popish
+soul_ would be only time lost, as his fate in every world (should there
+be even a thousand) was decided to all eternity for having imagined the
+death of so good a monarch.
+
+During this exhortation, the lieutenant twisted up his long cravat so as
+to make a firm, handsome rope, and then expertly sliding it over the
+rebel's neck, secured it there by a double knot, drew the cravat over
+his own shoulders, and the aide-de-camp holding up the rebel's heels,
+till he felt him _pretty easy_, the lieutenant with a powerful chuck
+drew up the poor devil's head as high as his own (cheek by jowl), and
+began to trot about with his burden like a jolting cart-horse,--the
+rebel choking and gulping meanwhile, until he had no further solicitude
+about sublunary affairs--when the lieutenant, giving him a parting
+chuck, just to make sure that his neck was broken, threw down his
+load--the personal assets about which the aide-de-camp made a _present_
+of to _himself_.
+
+Now all this proceeding was very painstaking and ingenious: and yet the
+ungrateful government (as Secretary Cook assured me) would have been
+better pleased had the execution taken place on timber and with hemp,
+according to old formalities.
+
+To be serious:--this story is scarcely credible--yet it is a notorious
+fact; and the lieutenant, a few nights afterwards, acquired the
+_sobriquet_ which forms a head to this sketch and with which he was
+invested by the upper gallery of Crow Street Theatre--nor did he ever
+get rid of it to his dying-day.
+
+The above _trotting_ execution (which was humorously related to me by an
+eye-witness) took place in the barrack-yard at Kerry House, Stephen's
+Green. The _hangee_ was, I believe, (_as it happened_) in reality a
+rebel.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+MANNERS AND CUSTOMS.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+LAWS RELATING TO BACHELORS.
+
+
+Many laws have been made against bachelors by various nations, who all
+concurred in considering the bachelor as an enemy to his country and to
+mankind. The chief of these laws were those made by the Romans, and
+consisted of fining the bachelor, and various other penalties: the most
+celebrated one was that of Augustus, which was entitled the "_Lex julia
+de maritandis ordinibus_" by which the bachelor was made incapable of
+receiving legacies, or of holding inheritances given by a will, unless
+they were bequeathed to him by a near relation. Plutarch observes that
+this brought many to marry, not for the mere sake of raising heirs to
+their estates, but to make themselves capable of receiving legacies, and
+for the purpose of inheriting such estates as might be left them by a
+friend.
+
+The Jewish nation also had their laws to the disfavour of the bachelor.
+The rabbis affirm, that according to the Laws of Moses, every one who
+has attained the age of twenty-one years is bound in conscience to
+marry; and this makes one of their 613 precepts. We should suppose that
+if this law ever had existence, it has been handed down by tradition, as
+we cannot find any trace of it in the "Books of Moses." Their "wise men"
+have many sayings in favour of marriage and against bachelors, one of
+which is "He who does not take necessary means to leave heirs behind
+him, _is_ not a man, and ought to be reputed as a homicide." The Law of
+Lycurgus was not a shade more favourable to them: by his statutes,
+bachelors were branded with infamy and disgrace; they were also excluded
+from participating in the cares of government, from all offices either
+civil or martial, and were not permitted to view either public shows or
+sports. At certain of their feasts, they were forced to appear in the
+marketplace, and there were exposed to the cutting sarcasm, jest, and
+derision of the populace. At one feast, in particular, they were led to
+the altars _by women_, amidst a concord of harmonious sounds, and there
+were obliged to submit to blows and lashes with a rod, at the _merciful_
+pleasure of a _merciful_ people. And "Oh, most unkindly act of all,"
+they had also to sing certain songs composed to their own dishonour,
+contempt, and derision.
+
+By many, the Christian dispensation is supposed to be, in a great
+degree, favourable to a state of bachelorism, because the Apostle, Paul,
+has recommended it as preferable; but we think the recommendation was
+given for the following reason: (i.e.) every one in the early ages of
+Christianity was exposed to liability of testing his religious
+principles, by the loss of both his property and life; and consequently,
+the loss must have been felt in a greater degree, if the sufferer was
+married. Thus persecution must have been more dreadful to the married
+than to the unmarried. The ancient church, misconstruing the Apostle's
+words, and also overlooking his meaning, recommended the state of
+bachelorism in the male, and perpetual virginity in the female sex, not
+only as a state more perfect than marriage, but even as highly
+meritorious. Thus, by degrees, came into being the absurd and fast
+decaying system of monastic establishments, which, for many centuries
+burdened Europe with drones innumerable.
+
+In England, bachelors are not left to go forgotten to their solitary
+graves. There was a tax laid on them by the 7th William III., after the
+twenty-fifth year of their age, which was L12. 10_s_. for a duke, and
+1_s_. for a commoner. At present they are taxed by an extra duty upon
+their servants: for a male, L1. 5_s_.; for a female, 2_s_. 6_d_., above
+the usual duties leviable upon servants.     E.J.H.
+
+*** So, Touchstone's philosophy hath legal warrant: "Is the single man
+blessed? No: as a walled town is more worthier than a village, so is the
+forehead of a married man more honourable than the bare brow of a
+bachelor."--_As you like it._ (Ed. M.)
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+SAXON ALMANACS.
+
+
+The Saxons were accustomed to engrave upon square pieces of wood, the
+courses of the moons for the whole year, (or for a specified space of
+time) by which they could tell when the new-moons, full-moons, and
+changes would occur, and these pieces of wood were by them called
+_Al-mon-aght_ (i.e.) _Al_-moon-heed, which signifies the regard and
+observation of all the moons, and from this term is derived the word
+_Almanac_.
+
+Many of our readers are probably aware of, or have seen, a Saxon
+Almanac, answering the above description, in St. John's College,
+Cambridge.     E.J.H.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+SPIRIT OF DISCOVERY
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+EXEMPLARS ABRIDGED FROM MR. BABBAGE'S "ECONOMY OF MACHINERY AND
+MANUFACTURES."
+
+
+_Voyage of Manufacture._--The produce of our factories has preceded even
+our most enterprising travellers. Captain Clapperton saw at the court of
+the Sultan Bello, pewter dishes with the London stamp, and had at the
+royal table a piece of meat served up on a white wash-hand basin of
+English manufacture. The cotton of India is conveyed by British ships
+round half our planet, to be woven by British skill in the factories of
+Lancashire; it is again set in motion by British capital, and
+transported to the very plains whereon it grew, is repurchased by the
+lords of the soil which gave it birth, at a cheaper price than that at
+which their coarser machinery enables them to manufacture it themselves.
+At Calicut, in the East Indies (whence the cotton cloth called calico
+derives its name) the price of labour is one-seventh of that in England,
+yet the market is supplied from British looms.
+
+_Additions to human power._--The force necessary to move a stone along
+the roughly-chiselled floor of its quarry is nearly two-thirds of its
+weight; to move it along a wooden floor, three-fifths; by wood upon
+wood, five-ninths; if the wooden surfaces are soaped, one-sixth; if
+rollers are used on the floor of the quarry, it requires
+one-thirty-second part of the weight; if they roll on wood,
+one-fortieth; and if they roll between wood, one-fiftieth of its weight.
+At each increase of knowledge, as well as on the contrivance of every
+new tool, human labour becomes abridged.
+
+_Economy of time._--Several pounds of gunpowder may be purchased for a
+sum acquired by a few days' labour; yet, when this is employed in
+blasting rocks, effects are produced which could not, even with the best
+tools, be accomplished by other means in less than many months.
+
+_Economy of Materials._--The worn-out saucepans and tin-ware of our
+kitchens, when beyond the reach of the tinker's art, are not utterly
+worthless. We sometimes meet carts loaded with old tin kettles and
+worn-out iron coal-scuttles traversing our streets. These have not yet
+completed their useful course; the less corroded parts are cut into
+strips, punched with small holes, and varnished with a coarse black
+varnish for the use of the trunkmaker, who protects the edges and angles
+of his box with them; the remainder are conveyed to the manufacturing
+chemists in the outskirts of the town, who employ them, in conjunction
+with pyroligneous acid, in making a black dye for the use of calico
+printers.
+
+_Accumulation of Power_ arises from lifting a weight and then allowing
+it to fall. A man, even with a heavy hammer, might strike repeated blows
+upon the head of a pile without producing any effect. But if he raises a
+much heavier hammer to a much greater height, its fall, though far less
+frequently repeated, will produce the desired effect.
+
+_Regulating Power._--A contrivance for regulating the effect of
+machinery consists in a vane or a fly, of little weight, but presenting
+a large surface. This revolves rapidly, and soon acquires an uniform
+rate, which it cannot greatly exceed, because any addition to its
+velocity produces a much greater addition to the resistance it meets
+with from the air. The interval between the strokes on the bell of a
+clock is regulated by this means; and the fly is so contrived, that this
+interval may be altered by presenting the arms of it more or less
+obliquely to the direction in which they move. This kind of fly or vane
+is generally used in the smaller kinds of mechanism, and, unlike the
+heavy fly, it is a destroyer instead of a preserver of force. It is the
+regulator used in musical boxes, and in almost all mechanical toys.
+
+_Increase and Diminution of Velocity._--Twisting the fibres of wool by
+the fingers would be a most tedious operation; in the common
+spinning-wheel the velocity of the foot is moderate; but, by a very
+simple contrivance, that of the thread is most rapid. A piece of cat-gut
+passing round a large wheel, and then round a small spindle, effects
+this change. The small balls of sewing cotton, so cheap and so
+beautifully wound, are formed by a machine on the same principle, and
+but a few steps more complicated. The common smoke-jack is an instrument
+in which the velocity communicated is too great for the purpose
+required, and it is transmitted through wheels which reduce it to a more
+moderate rate.
+
+_Extending the Time of Action in Forces._--The half-minute which we
+daily devote to the winding up of our watches is an exertion of labour
+almost insensible; yet, by the aid of a few wheels its effect is spread
+over the whole twenty-four hours. Another familiar illustration may be
+noticed in our domestic furniture: the common jack by which our meat is
+roasted, is a contrivance to enable the cook in a few minutes to exert a
+force which the machine retails out during the succeeding hour in
+turning the loaded spit.
+
+_Saving Time in natural Operations._--The process of tanning formerly
+occupied from six months to two years; this time being apparently
+required in order to allow the tanning matter to penetrate into the
+interior of a thick hide. The improved process consists in placing the
+hides with the solution of tan in close vessels, and then exhausting the
+air. The consequence of this is to withdraw any air which might be
+contained in the pores of the hides, and to employ the pressure of the
+atmosphere to aid capillary attraction in forcing the tan into the
+interior of the skins. The effect of the additional force thus brought
+into action can be equal only to one atmosphere, but a further
+improvement has been made: the vessel containing the hides is, after
+exhaustion, filled up with a solution of tan; a small additional
+quantity is then injected with a forcing-pump. By these means any degree
+of pressure may be given which the containing vessel is capable of
+supporting, and it has been found that, by employing such a method, the
+thickest hides may be tanned in six weeks or two months.
+
+_Printing from Wooden Blocks._--A block of box-wood is, in this
+instance, the substance out of which the pattern is formed: the design
+being sketched upon it, the workman cuts away with sharp tools every
+part except the lines to be represented in the impression. This is
+exactly the reverse of the process of engraving on copper, in which
+every line to be represented is cut away. The ink, instead of filling
+the cavities cut in the wood, is spread upon the surface which remains,
+and is thence transferred to the paper.
+
+_Making and Manufacturing._--There exists a considerable difference
+between the terms _making_ and _manufacturing_. The former refers to the
+production of _a small_, the latter to that of _a very large number of
+individuals_; and the difference is well illustrated in the evidence
+given before the Committee of the House of Commons on the Export of
+Tools and Machinery. On that occasion Mr. Maudslay stated, that he had
+been applied to by the Navy Board to make iron tanks for ships, and that
+he was rather unwilling to do so, as he considered it to be out of his
+line of business; however, he undertook to make one as a trial. The
+holes for the rivets were punched by hand-punching with presses, and the
+1,680 holes which each tank required cost seven shillings. The Navy
+Board who required a large number, proposed that he should supply forty
+tanks a week for many months. The magnitude of the order made it worth
+while to commence _manufacturer_, and to make tools for the express
+business. Mr. Maudslay therefore offered, if the Board would give him an
+order for two thousand tanks, to supply them at the rate of eighty per
+week. The order was given: he made the tools, by which the expense of
+punching the rivet-holes of each tank was reduced from seven shillings
+to ninepence; he supplied ninety-eight tanks a week for six months, and
+the price charged for each was reduced from seventeen pounds to fifteen.
+
+_Brass-plate Coal Merchants._--In the recent examination by the
+committee of the House of Commons into the state of the Coal Trade, it
+appears that five-sixths of the London public is supplied by a class of
+middle-men who are called in the trade "Brass-plate Coal Merchants:"
+these consist principally of merchants' clerks, gentlemen's servants,
+and others, who have no wharfs, but merely give their orders to some
+true coal-merchant, who sends in the coals from his wharf. The
+brass-plate coal merchant, of course, receives a commission for his
+agency, which is just so much loss to the consumer.
+
+_Raw Materials._--Gold-leaf consists of a portion of the metal beaten
+out to so great a degree of thinness, as to allow a greenish-blue light
+to be transmitted through its pores. About 400 square inches of this are
+sold, in the form of a small book, containing twenty-five leaves of gold
+for 1_s_. 6_d_. In this case, the raw material, or gold, is worth rather
+less than two-thirds of the manufactured article. In the case of silver
+leaf, the labour considerably exceeds the value of the material. A book
+of fifty leaves, covering above 1,000 square inches is sold for 1_s_.
+3_d_.
+
+The quantity of labour applied to Venetian gold chains is very great,
+but incomparably less than that which is applied to some of the
+manufactures of iron. In the case of the smallest Venetian chain the
+value of the labour is not above thirty times that of the gold. The
+pendulum spring of a watch, which governs the vibrations of the balance,
+costs at the retail price twopence, and weighs fifteen one-hundredths of
+a grain, whilst the retail price of a pound of the best iron, the raw
+material out of which fifty thousand such springs are made, is exactly
+the sum of twopence.
+
+In France bar-iron, made as it usually is with charcoal, costs three
+times the price of the cast-iron out of which it is made; whilst in
+England, where it is usually made with coke, the cost is only twice the
+price of cast-iron.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+THE NATURALIST.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE NINE-BANDED ARMADILLO.
+
+
+[Illustration: THE NINE-BANDED ARMADILLO.]
+
+Armadillos are almost exclusively natives of South America, principally
+of the province of Paraguay. Some inhabit the forests; others are found
+in the open country. There are several species, all of which are
+invested with a coat of mail, or a kind of plate armour resembling the
+covering of the pangolin, or scaly ant-eater, and the shell of the
+tortoise. This crust or shell covers the upper parts of the animal, and
+consists of four or five different parts or divisions. The head may be
+said to have a helmet, and the shoulders a buckler, composed of several
+transverse series of plates. Transverse bands, varying in the different
+species from three to twelve, which are movable, cover the body; the
+crupper has its buckler similar to that on the shoulders, and the tail
+is protected by numerous rings. The hairs of the body are few, springing
+from between the plates; the under parts, which are without armour, have
+rather more hairs. In a living state, the whole armour is capable of
+yielding considerably to the motions of the body; the pieces or plates
+being connected by a membrane, like the joints in a tail of a lobster.
+The under parts present a light grainy skin. The legs are thick and
+strong, but only long enough to raise the body from the ground; the
+nails are very powerful, and calculated for digging; and, according to
+Buffon, the mole is not more expert in burrowing the earth.
+
+Some of the species have nocturnal habits and are very timid, flying to
+their burrows the moment they hear a noise. Other species quit their
+retreat equally by day and night, and these are said not to be so rapid
+in their motions as the others. All the species walk quickly, but they
+can neither leap, run, nor climb; so that, when pursued, they can only
+escape by hiding themselves in their holes; if these be too far off, the
+poor hunted creatures dig a hole before they are overtaken, and with
+their strong snout and fore claws in a few moments conceal themselves.
+Sometimes, however, before they are quite concealed, they are caught by
+the tail, when they struggle so powerfully that the tail often breaks
+short, and is left in the hands of the pursuers. To prevent this the
+hunter tickles the animal with a stick, till it looses its hold, and
+allows itself to be taken without further resistance. At other times,
+when pursued, and finding flight ineffectual, the Armadillos withdraw
+the head under the edge of the buckler of the shoulders; their legs,
+except the feet, are naturally hidden by the borders of the bucklers and
+the bands; they then contract the body as far towards the shape of a
+ball as the stretching of the membrane which unites the different
+movable pieces of the armour will permit.[8] Thus defended, they
+frequently escape danger; but if near a precipice, the animal will
+sometimes roll itself over, and in this case, says Molina, in his
+Natural History of Chili, it generally falls to the bottom unhurt.
+
+    [8] It should here be observed that the Three-banded Armadillo
+    is remarkable for the faculty of rolling itself up more
+    completely than the other species. It can, in so doing, totally
+    conceal the head, the tail, and the fore feet, which none of the
+    other species can completely effect.--_Cuvier._
+
+Armadillos were formerly thought to feed exclusively on vegetables; but
+they have since been found to devour insects and flesh. The directions
+of their burrows evince that they search after ant heaps, and the
+insects quickly disappear from near the hole of an Armadillo. The
+largest species, the great black Armadillo, common in the forests of
+Paraguay, feeds on the carcasses of animals; and the graves of the dead
+which are necessarily formed at a distance from the usual places of
+sepulture, in countries where the great Armadillo is found, are
+protected by strong double boards to prevent the animal from penetrating
+and devouring the body. It appears, also, that it eats young birds,
+eggs, snakes, lizards, &c. The Indians are very fond of the flesh of the
+Armadillo as food, especially when young; but, when old, it acquires a
+strong musky flavour. Mr. Waterton, who tasted the flesh, considered it
+strong and rank. The shells or crusts are applied to various useful
+purposes, and painted of different colours are made into boxes, baskets,
+&c.
+
+Cuvier remarks that that old mode of distinguishing the species of
+Armadillos by the number of the bands is clearly objectionable, inasmuch
+as D'Azara has established that not only the number of these bands
+varies, in the different individuals of the same species, but further,
+that there are individuals of different species which have the same
+number of bands. Eight species mentioned by D'Azara are admitted as
+distinct, but the whole number is very doubtful.
+
+(The species represented in the Cut,[9] or, the Nine-banded, is the most
+common. In the Zoological Gardens, in the Regent's Park, and in Surrey,
+are several specimens. They are usually kept in cages, but on fine sunny
+days are let out upon the turf. Their general pace may here be seen to
+advantage: it is a sort of quick shuffling walk, and they get over the
+ground easily, notwithstanding the weight of their shelly covering.)
+
+    [9] From a specimen figured in Dr. Shaw's Zoological Lectures,
+    with plates, by Mrs. Griffith, vol. i.
+
+In conclusion, it is interesting to remark that the whole series of
+these very singular animals offers a notable example of one genus being
+confined to a particular country. We have observed that they all belong
+to South America; nor do we find that in any parts of the old world, or,
+indeed, in the great northern division of the new, any races of
+quadrupeds at all to resemble them, or in any manner to be compared with
+them. They may be said to stand perfectly insulated; they exhibit all
+the characters of a creation entirely distinct, and except as to the
+general characters of mammiferous quadrupeds, perfectly of their own
+kind. There is no break in the whole circle of them, no deviation or
+leaning towards any other organized form; so that the boldest conjecture
+will hardly venture to guess at any other than a separate creation for
+these animals, and a distinct allocation in South America. This
+peculiarity is rendered the more striking by the facility with which it
+seems to endure removal, even to our latitudes; thereby proving that its
+present confined identity with South America is not altogether the
+result of its physical necessities.[10]
+
+    [10] Popular Zoology. Comprising Memoirs and Anecdotes of the
+    Animals of the Zoological Society's Menagerie. With many
+    Engravings. 1832.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+CLIMATE OF CANADA.
+
+_From Sketches, by a Backwoodsman._
+
+
+It never has been accountable to me, how the heat of the sun is
+regulated. There is no part of Upper Canada that is not to the south of
+Penzance, yet there is no part of England where the cold is so intense
+as in Canada; nay, there is no cold in England equal to the cold of
+Virginia, which, were it on the European side of the hemisphere, would
+be looked upon as an almost tropical climate. To explain to an European
+what the climate of Upper Canada is, we would say, that in summer it is
+the climate of Italy, in winter that of Holland; but in either case we
+should only be giving an illustration, for in both winter and summer it
+possesses peculiarities which neither of these two climates possess. The
+summer heat of Upper Canada generally ranges towards 80 deg. Fahrenheit;
+but should the wind blow twenty-four hours steadily from the north, it will
+fall to 40 deg. during the night. The reason of this seems to be the
+enormous quantity of forest over which that wind blows, and the leaves
+of the trees affording such an extensive surface of evaporation. One
+remarkable peculiarity in the climate of Canada, when compared with
+those to which we have likened it, is its dryness. Far from the ocean,
+the salt particles that somehow or other exist in the atmosphere of
+sea-bounded countries are not to be found here; roofs of tinned iron of
+fifty years' standing are as bright as the day they came out of the
+shop; and you may leave a charge of powder in your gun for a month, and
+find, at the end of it, that it goes off without hanging fire. The
+diseases of the body, too, that are produced by a damp atmosphere, are
+uncommon here. It may be a matter of surprise to some to hear, that
+pectoral and catarrhal complaints, which, from an association of ideas
+they may connect with cold, are here hardly known. In the cathedral at
+Montreal, where from three to five thousand people assemble every
+Sunday, you will seldom find the service interrupted by a cough, even in
+the dead of winter and in hard frost; whereas, in Britain, from the days
+of Shakspeare, even in a small country church, "coughing drowns the
+parson's saw." Pulmonary consumption, too, the scourge alike of England
+and the sea-coast of America, is so rare in the northern parts of New
+York and Pennsylvania, and the whole of Upper Canada, that in eight
+years' residence I have not seen as many cases of the disease as I have
+in a day's visit to a provincial infirmary at home. The only disease we
+are annoyed with here, that we are not accustomed to at home, is the
+intermittent fever,--and that, though most abominably annoying, is not
+by any means dangerous: indeed, one of the most annoying circumstances
+connected with it is, that, instead of being sympathized with, you are
+only laughed at. Otherwise the climate is infinitely more healthy than
+that of England. Indeed, it may be pronounced the most healthy country
+under the sun, considering that whisky can be procured for about one
+shilling sterling per gallon. Though the cold of a Canadian winter is
+great, it is neither distressing nor disagreeable. There is no day
+during winter, except a rainy one, in which a man need be kept from his
+work. It is a fact, though as startling as some of the dogmas of the
+Edinburgh school of political economy, that the thermometer is no judge
+of warm or cold weather. Thus, with us in Canada, when it is low, (say
+at zero,) there is not a breath of hair, and you can judge of the cold
+of the morning by the smoke rising from the chimney of a cottage, and
+shooting up straight like the steeple of a church, then gradually
+melting away in the beautiful clear blue of the morning sky: yet in such
+weather it is impossible to go through a day's march in your great coat;
+whereas, at home, when the wind blows from the north-east, though the
+thermometer stands at from 55 deg. to 60 deg. you find a fire far from
+oppressive. The fact is, that a Canadian winter is by far the
+pleasantest season of the year, for everybody is idle, and everybody is
+determined to enjoy himself. Between the summer and winter of Canada, a
+season exists, called the Indian summer. During this period, the
+atmosphere has a smoky, hazy effect, which is ascribed by the people
+generally to the simultaneous burning of the prairies of the western
+part of the continent. This explanation I take to be absurd; since, if
+it were so to be accounted for, the wind must necessarily blow from that
+quarter, which is not in all instances the case. During this period,
+which generally occupies two or three weeks of the month of November,
+the days are pleasant, and with abundance of sunshine, and the nights
+present a cold, clear, black frost. When this disappears, the rains
+commence, which always precede winter; for it is a proverb in the Lower
+Province, among the French Canadians, that the ditches never freeze till
+they are full. Then comes the regular winter, which, if rains and thaws
+do not interfere, is very pleasant; and that is broken up by rains
+again, which last until the strong sun of the middle of May renders
+everything dry and in good order. A satirical friend of mine gave a
+caricature account of the climate of the province, when he said that,
+for two months of the spring and two months of the autumn, you are up to
+your middle in mud; for four months of summer you are broiled by the
+heat, choked by the dust, and devoured by the mosquitoes; and for the
+remaining four months, if you get your nose above the snow, it is to
+have it bit off by the frost.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+THE PUBLIC JOURNALS
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+AN INCIDENT IN THE LIFE OF A RASCAL.
+
+
+"His name is never heard."
+
+Late one evening, a packet of letters, just arrived by the English mail,
+was handed to Mynheer Von Kapell, a merchant of Hamburgh. His head clerk
+awaited, as usual, for any orders which might arise from their contents;
+and was not a little surprised to observe the brow of his wealthy
+employer suddenly clouded; again and again he perused the letter he
+held, at last audibly giving vent to his feelings--
+
+"Donder and blitzen!" he burst forth, "but this _is_ a shock, who would
+have thought it? The house of Bennett and Ford to be shaken thus! What
+is to be done?"
+
+"Bennett and Ford failed!"' cried the astonished clerk.
+
+"Failed! ten thousand devils! not so bad as that; but they are in deep
+distress, and have suffered a heavy loss; but read, good Yansen! and let
+me have your advice."
+
+The clerk read as follows:--
+
+"_London, August 21st._
+
+"Most respected friend,
+
+"Yours of the 5th inst. came safe to hand, and will meet prompt
+attention. We have to inform you, with deep regret, that the son of the
+trustworthy cashier of this long-established house has absconded, taking
+with him bills accepted by our firm, to a large amount, as per margin;
+and a considerable sum in cash. We have been able to trace the misguided
+young man to a ship bound for Holland, and we think it probable he may
+visit Hamburgh, (where our name is so well known and, we trust, so
+highly respected) for the purpose of converting these bills into cash.
+He is a tall, handsome youth, about five feet eleven inches, with dark
+hair and eyes; speaks French and German well, and was dressed in deep
+mourning, in consequence of the recent death of his mother. If you
+should be able to find him, we have to request you will use your utmost
+endeavours to regain possession of the bills named in the margin; but,
+as we have a high respect for the father of the unfortunate young man,
+we will further thank you to procure for him a passage on board the
+first vessel sailing for Batavia, paying the expense of his voyage, and
+giving him the sum of two hundred louis d'or, which you will place to
+our account current, on condition that he does not attempt to revisit
+England till he receives permission so to do.
+
+"We are, most respected friend,
+
+"Your obedient servants,
+
+"BENNETT, FORD, AND CO.
+
+"Mynheer Von Kapell."
+
+"My life on't," said Yansen, "'tis the very lad I saw this day, walking
+up and down in front of the Exchange, who appeared half out of his wits;
+looking anxiously for some particular object, yet shunning general
+observation: his person answers the description."
+
+"That's fortunate," said the merchant, "you must devote the morrow to
+searching for him; bring him to me if possible, and I'll do my utmost to
+serve my excellent friends, Bennett and Ford of London."
+
+Early next morning, Yansen went to the Exchange, and kept an anxious
+watch for many hours in vain; he was returning hopeless, when he saw the
+identical youth coming out of the door of a Jew money-changer; he
+brushed hastily past him, exclaiming, "The unconscionable scoundrel!
+seventy per cent, for bills on the best house in England!"
+
+Yansen approached him. "Young gentleman," said he, in a very mild tone,
+"you appear to have met with some disappointment from that griping
+wretch, Levi. If you have any business to transact, my house is close
+by; I shall be happy to treat with you."
+
+"Willingly," replied the youth, "the sooner the better. I must leave
+Hamburgh at day-break."
+
+The clerk led him to the house of the merchant, and entered it by a
+small side door, desiring the young man to be seated, whilst he gave
+some directions. In a few minutes he reappeared, bringing Von Kapell
+with him. The worthy Hamburgher having no talent for a roundabout way of
+doing business, said bluntly, "So Mynheer! we are well met; it will be
+useless to attempt disguise with me; look at this!" and he put into his
+hand the letter he had the night before received.
+
+Overwhelmed with consternation, the young man fell at his feet.
+
+"Oh heaven!" he cried, "I am lost for ever--my father, my indulgent, my
+honourable father, is heart-broken and disgraced by my villany. My
+mother!" Here he became nearly inaudible, and hid his face in his hands.
+"You," he continued, "are spared all participation in the agony your
+wretched son is suffering."
+
+"Boy, boy!" said the merchant, raising him, and quite melted at this
+show of penitence, "listen to me! are the bills safe? if so, you may
+still hope."
+
+"They are," eagerly exclaimed the youth; "how fortunate that I did not
+listen to the offers of that rapacious Jew. Here, sir, take them, I
+implore you," pulling from his breast a large pocket-book; "they are
+untouched. Spare but my life, and I will yet atone--Oh, spare me from a
+shameful death."
+
+There was a pause, broken at last by Yansen's saying significantly to
+his employer, "as per margin."
+
+The merchant turned to the unhappy young man. "Take heart," said he,
+"'Wenn die noth ist amgroeszten die huelfe ist am naechsten.'[11] There's
+an old German proverb for you. Sit down and hear what I have to say. I
+think myself not a little fortunate in so soon being able to fulfil the
+wishes of my English correspondents; your natural alarm did not suffer
+you to finish their letter; you will perceive how generously they mean
+to act; their house's credit saved, they intend not to punish you. Read,
+read; and Yansen, order some eatables, and a bottle or two of my old
+Heidelberg hock, trouble always makes me thirsty--three glasses, my good
+Yansen."
+
+    [11] When things are at the worst they must mend.
+
+Again the young Englishman hid his face, and sighed convulsively, "I do
+not deserve this lenity. My excellent father! this is a tribute to your
+virtue."
+
+Von Kapell left his guest's reflections undisturbed, till a servant
+entered, who placed refreshments on a well polished oak table; when she
+retired, he resumed.
+
+"And now, what devil tempted you to play the--runaway?" swallowing the
+term he had intended to use. "Was it for the wenches, or the dicing
+table?"
+
+"Spare me, most kind and worthy sir, I intreat you! To my father I will
+make full confession of all my faults; but he must be the first to know
+the origin of my crimes."
+
+"Well, well, take another glass of wine; you shall stay in my house till
+we can find a passage for you. It was but last night my good ship the
+Christine sailed for Batavia, and--"
+
+"Under favour," interrupted Yansen, "she has not yet left the harbour;
+the wind blew too fresh for her to venture on crossing the sand-banks at
+night, and it is now only shifting round a point or two."
+
+"You are lucky, youngster;" quickly added the merchant, "the Christine
+has noble accommodations; you shall aboard this evening. Put these in
+the chest, good Yansen," handing him the bills, "and count me out the
+two hundred louis d'or the boy is to have. Come, man! finish your meal,
+for I see," said he, regarding a vane on the gable of an opposite house,
+"you have no time to lose."
+
+The meal was finished--the money given--the worthy merchant adding as
+much good advice as the brief space would permit. The Briton was profuse
+in his expressions of gratitude, promised amendment, and returned the
+warm grasp of Von Kapell, unable to speak for his tears. Yansen
+accompanied him on board, gave the owner's most particular charge to the
+skipper, to pay his passenger every attention on the voyage. The vessel
+cleared the harbour--was in a few hours out of sight--and the next
+morning, Mynheer Von Kapell wrote to London a full account of the
+transaction, returning the bills he had so fortunately recovered.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In less than a fortnight, the following letter reached the good old
+German:--
+
+"Sir,--We have to inform you, that we never lost the bills sent in your
+last favour, every one of which is fabricated, and our acceptance
+forged. Our cashier has no son, nor has he lost a wife. We are sincerely
+grieved that your friendly feeling towards our house should have led you
+to listen to so palpable a cheat.
+
+"We remain, with great respect, yours,
+
+"BENNETT, FORD, AND CO.
+
+"P.S. If you should ever hear again of the person you have, at your own
+expense, sent to Batavia, we shall be glad to know."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+What can be said of the good old German's feelings, but that they may
+"be more easily conceived than described?"--_Monthly Magazine._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+NEW BOOKS.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+OTWAY'S "VENICE PRESERVED."
+
+
+(Hundreds of our readers who have again and again heard
+
+  Belvidera pour her soul in love--
+
+may not be aware of the precise historical connexion of the incidents of
+Otway's play with the events of history. They are taken, in the main,
+from an atrocious conspiracy formed at Venice in 1618. Sir Henry Wotton,
+then English ambassador at Venice, writes as follows on the 25th of May,
+in the above year:--"The whole town is here at present in horror and
+confusion upon the discovering of a foul and fearful conspiracy of the
+French against this state; whereof no less than thirty have already
+suffered very condign punishment, between men strangled in prison,
+drowned in the silence of the night, and hanged in public view; and yet
+the bottom is invisible." Beyond this quaint, meagre, chronological
+notice, little is actually established of the details, although the
+event is perhaps as familiarly known by name to English readers as any
+other in the History of Venice. We are, therefore, happy to see the
+affair treated with minute consideration in the second volume of
+"Sketches from Venetian History," in the _Family Library_; and so
+interesting is the narrative, or rather the facts and conjectures, to
+the lover of history, as well as to the unstudious playgoer, that we are
+induced to quote nearly every line of the passage. The editor
+observes:--)
+
+Muratori indeed has scarcely exaggerated the obscurity in which this
+incident is enveloped when he affirms that only one fact illuminates its
+darkness; namely that several hundred French and Spaniards engaged in
+the service of the Republic were arrested and put to death. The
+researches of Comte Daru have brought to light some hitherto unknown
+contemporary documents; but even the inexhaustible diligence of that
+most laborious, accurate, and valuable writer has been baffled in the
+hope of obtaining certainty as its reward; and he has been compelled to
+content himself with the addition of one hypothesis more to those
+already proposed in explanation of this mystery.
+
+All that can be positively affirmed is that during the summer of 1617,
+Jacques Pierre, a Norman by birth, whose youth had been spent in
+piratical enterprises in the Levantine seas, from which he had acquired
+no inconsiderable celebrity, fled from the service of the Spanish Duke
+d'Ossuna, Viceroy of Naples; and, having offered himself at the Arsenal
+of Venice, was engaged there in a subordinate office. Not many days
+after his arrival in the _Lagune_, Pierre denounced to the Inquisitors
+of State a conspiracy projected, as he said, by the Duke d'Ossuna, and
+favoured by Don Alfonso della Cueva, Marquis de Bedemar, at that time
+resident ambassador from Spain. The original minutes of Pierre's
+disclosures, written in French, still exist among the correspondence of
+M. Leon Bruslart, the contemporary ambassador from the court of France
+to the Republic; and they were translated into Italian, with which
+language Pierre was but imperfectly acquainted, by his friend Renault,
+in order that they might be presented to the Inquisitors. In this plot,
+Pierre avowed himself to be chief agent; his pretended abandonment of
+the Duke d'Ossuna forming one part of the stratagem: and he added that
+his commission enjoined him to seduce the Dutch troops employed in the
+late war, who still remained in Venice and its neighbourhood; to fire
+the city; to seize and massacre the nobles; to overthrow the existing
+government; and ultimately to transfer the state to the Spanish crown.
+The sole immediate step taken by the Inquisitors in consequence of these
+revelations was the secret execution of Spinosa, a Neapolitan, whom
+Pierre described as an emissary of the Duke d'Ossuna; and whom he
+appears to have regarded with jealousy as a spy upon his own conduct.
+For the rest, the magistrates contented themselves, as it, seems, by
+awaiting the maturity of the plot with silent vigilance. Ten months
+elapsed during which Pierre communicated on the one hand with the Duke
+d'Ossuna, unsuspicious of his treachery, and on the other with the
+Inquisitors; till at the expiration of that term he was seized by an
+order of the X, while employed on his duties with the Fleet, and drowned
+without the grant of sufficient delay even for previous religious
+confession. More, perhaps many more, than three hundred French and
+Spaniards engaged in various naval and military capacities were at the
+same time delivered to the executioner; and Renault, after undergoing
+numerous interrogatories, and being placed seven times on the cord, was
+hanged by one foot on a gibbet on the _Piazzetta_, which day after day
+presented similar exhibitions of horror.
+
+This evidence of Pierre remained at the time concealed in the bosoms of
+the Inquisitors to whom it had been delivered; and no official
+declarations satisfied public curiosity as to the cause of the
+sanguinary executions which deformed the Capital. A rumour indeed spread
+itself abroad, and, although not traced to any certain authority, was
+universally credited, that a great peril had been escaped; that Venice
+had trembled on the very brink of destruction; and that the Spaniards
+had meditated her ruin. Popular fury was accordingly directed against
+the Marquis de Bedemar; and so fierce were the menaces of summary
+vengeance that the ambassador was forced to protest his innocence before
+the _Collegio_, more in the spirit of one deprecating punishment than
+defying accusation. He then earnestly solicited protection against the
+rabble surrounding his palace; for "God knows," affirmed his pale and
+affrighted secretary more than once, "the danger of our residence is
+great!" The Vice-doge, who during the interregnum between the death of
+one chief magistrate and the election of another presided over the
+_Collegio_, replied vaguely, coldly, and formally; and, the application
+having been renewed without any more favourable result, Bedemar, justly
+apprehensive for his safety, seized a pretext for withdrawing, till a
+successor to his embassy was appointed. Meantime, considerable doubts
+were entertained, not only by the resident foreign ministers,--
+especially by that of France, better informed than his brethren through
+the possession of Pierre's minutes,--but by the Venetian senators
+themselves, also, whether any conspiracy whatever had really existed.
+Nevertheless, in spite of these misgivings not obscurely expressed, it
+was not till the expiration of five months that the X presented a report
+to the Senate, detailing the information which they had received and the
+views upon which they had acted. That report however is so manifestly
+contradicted in many very important instances by Pierre's depositions,
+that it must be considered as drawn up and garbled solely with the
+intention of _making a case_; and therefore as revealing only so much
+truth dashed and brewed with a huge proportion of falsehood, as it
+suited the interests of the magistrates to exhibit to public view. All
+mention of the denouncements of Pierre during the long period of ten
+months is carefully suppressed, and yet no fact in history is more
+distinctly proved than that he did so communicate. The first intimation
+of the plot is there said to have been given but a few days before it
+was to have been executed, by two Frenchmen, Montcassin and Balthazar
+Juven, whom Pierre had endeavoured to seduce. "Look at these Venetians,"
+said the daring conspirator one day to his apparent proselytes, "they
+affect to chain the lion; but the lion sometimes devours his master,
+especially when that master uses him ill." According to their further
+evidence, some troops despatched by the Duke d'Ossuna were to land by
+night on the _Piazzetta_ and to occupy all the strong holds of the city;
+numerous treasonable agents already within the walls were to master the
+depots of arms; and fire, rapine, and massacre were to bring the
+enterprise to consummation.
+
+The papers abovementioned, together with a few letters from the Doge to
+the Venetian ambassador at Milan, and one or two other not very
+important documents contained in the archives of Venice, all printed by
+Comte Dam, are the sole authentic vouchers for this conspiracy now known
+to exist; and it must be confessed that they are insufficient for its
+elucidation. The Abbe St. Real, who for a long time was esteemed the
+chief historian of this dark transaction, is an agreeable and attractive
+writer; but--since he was unacquainted with the report of the X; since
+he does not cite the correspondence of the French ambassador containing
+Pierre's depositions; and since he frequently varies from a MS which he
+does cite, _The Interrogatories of the Accused_,[12] a MS indeed, which,
+even when quoted faithfully, is often contradicted by the few
+established facts, and by numerous well-known usages of the Venetian
+government,--little faith can be attached to his narrative. It was his
+opinion, and it has been that which has most generally prevailed, that
+the Duke d'Ossuna, the Marquis de Bedemar, and Don Pedro di Toledo,
+governor of Milan, mutually concerted a plan for the destruction of
+Venice; the chief execution of which was entrusted to Pierre and
+Renault: and that, on the very eve of its explosion, Jaffier, one of
+their band, touched by the magnificence of the Espousals of the Adriatic
+which he had just witnessed, was shaken from his stern purpose, and
+revealed the conspiracy. In order to overthrow the latter part of this
+hypothesis, it may be sufficient to state that the first executions took
+place on the 14th of May, 1618, and that it was not till the 24th of
+that month that the Feast of Ascension, and its gorgeous ceremonies,
+occurred in the same year.
+
+    [12] A translation of this document is given by Daru: the
+    original Italian may be found in the _Memorie recondite_ of
+    Vittorio Siri, i. 407.
+
+Comte Daru, on the other hand, first explains a design which it is
+notorious was entertained by the Duke d'Ossuna to convert his
+viceroyalty of Naples into a kingdom, the crown of which, wrested from
+Spain, should be placed on his own head. And hence he establishes the
+impossibility that d'Ossuna should at the same moment be plotting the
+overthrow of Venice; that power whose assistance, or at least whose
+connivance was one of the weapons most necessary for his success. On
+these grounds, Comte Daru contends that the Duke maintained a secret
+understanding both with the Signory and the court of France; that,
+refining on political duplicity, he deceived Pierre by really
+instructing him to gain over the Dutch troops quartered in the _Lagune_;
+not, however, as his emissary supposed, to be employed ultimately for
+the seizure of Venice, but in truth for that of Naples; that Pierre's
+courage was not proof against the dangers with which his apparently most
+hazardous commission beset him; and that accordingly he betrayed his
+employer, and revealed to the Inquisitors a plot which _they_ well knew
+to be feigned: and, lastly, that when the ambitious plans of d'Ossuna,
+partially discovered before their time by the Spanish government, might
+have compromised Venice also if they had been fully elucidated; in order
+to blot out each syllable of evidence which could bear, even indirectly,
+upon the transaction, so far as she was concerned, it was thought
+expedient to remove every individual who had been even unwittingly
+connected with it. So fully was this abominable wickedness perpetrated,
+that both the accused and the accusers, the deceivers and the deceived,
+those either faithless or faithful to their treason, the tools who
+either adhered to or who betrayed d'Ossuna, who sought to destroy or to
+preserve Venice, were alike enveloped in one common fate, and silenced
+in the same sure keeping of the grave. Some few, respecting whose degree
+of participation a slight doubt arose, were strangled on the avowed
+principle that _all_ must be put to death who were in any way
+implicated; others were drowned by night, in order that their execution
+might _make no noise_.[13] Moncassin, one of the avowed informers, was
+pensioned, spirited away to Cyprus, and there despatched in a drunken
+quarrel; and if it be asserted that his companion Balthazar Juven was
+permitted to survive, it is because he is the only individual concerning
+whose final destiny we cannot pronounce with certainty.[14]
+
+    [13] Laurent Brulard, concerning whose fate much discussion
+    arose, was strangled _par beaucoup de considerations et par une
+    suite du parti qu'on avrait pris de mettre a mort tons ceux qui
+    etaient impliques dans cette affaire_. The brothers Desbouleaux
+    were drowned by night in the _Canale Orfano, pour ne point
+    ebruiter l'affaire_; and the instructions sent to the Admiral
+    who was to drown Pierre were to fulfil his commission _avec le
+    moins de bruit possible_. Accordingly that ruffian, and
+    forty-five of his accomplices, were drowned at once _sans
+    bruit_. _Interrogatoire des Accuses_, translated by Daru, vol.
+    viii. sec. x.
+
+    [14] It is believed that Balthazar Juven, and a relation of the
+    Marechale de Lesdiguieres, who is stated to have escaped
+    punishment, are one and the same person.
+
+Of one personage who holds an important station in St. Real's romance,
+and yet more so in Otway's coarse and boisterous tragedy, which, by dint
+of some powerful _coups de theatre_, still maintains possession of the
+English stage, we have hitherto mentioned but the name; and, in fact,
+even for that name we are indebted only to the more than suspected
+summary of the _Interrogatories of the Accused_.
+
+Antoine Jaffier, a French captain, is there made chief evidence against
+Pierre and Renault, who are employed by d'Ossuna, as he vaguely states,
+to surprise _some_ maritime place belonging to the republic. This
+informer was rewarded with four thousand sequins, and instructed
+forthwith to quit the Venetian territories; but having, while at
+Brescia, renewed communications with suspected persons, he was brought
+back to the _Lagune_ and drowned. The minute particularities of
+Jaffier's depositions, and the motive which prompted him to offer them,
+(the latter, as we have already shown, resting on a gross anachronism,)
+are, we believe pure inventions by St. Real; and Otway has used a poet's
+license to palliate still farther deviations from authentic history.
+Under his hands, Pierre,--whom all accounts conspire in representing to
+us as a foreign, vulgar and mercenary bravo, equally false to every
+party, and frightened into confession,--is transformed into a Venetian
+patriot, the proud champion of his country's liberty; who declaims in
+good, set, round, customary terms against slavery and oppression; and
+who, in the end, escapes a mode of execution unknown to Venice, by
+persuading the friend who has betrayed him, and whom he has consequently
+renounced, to stab him to the heart, in order "to preserve his memory."
+The weak, whining, vacillating, uxorious Jaffier, by turns a cut-throat
+and a King's evidence; now pawning, now fondling, and now menacing with
+his dagger an imaginary wife; first placing his comrade's life in
+jeopardy, then begging it against his will, and finally taking it with
+his own hand, is a yet more unhappy creation of wayward fancy; and it is
+only in the names of the conspirators, in the introduction of an
+Englishman, Eliot, (whom he has brought nearer vernacular spelling than
+he found him,--Haillot,[15]) and in the character of Rainault, that
+Otway is borne out by authority. The last-mentioned person is described
+by the French ambassador as a sot, a gambler, and a sharper, whose
+rogueries are well known to all the world; in a word, therefore, as a
+fit leader of a revolutionary crew wrought up, "without the least
+remorse, with fire and sword t' exterminate" all who bore the stamp of
+nobility; and _not_ as the most fitting depository in which Belvidera's
+honour might be lodged as a security for that of her irresolute husband.
+
+    [15] Nani, iii. p. 169. He was to have commanded the naval part
+    of the enterprise.
+
+Whatever hypothesis may be adopted, be this conspiracy true or false,
+there is no bloodier, probably no blacker page in history than that
+which records its development. Were it not for the immeasurable weight
+of guilt which must press upon the memory of the rulers of Venice if we
+suppose the plot to have been altogether fictitious, we should assuredly
+admit that the evidence greatly preponderates in favour of that
+assertion. But respect for human nature compels us to hesitate in
+admitting a charge so monstrous. Five months after the commencement of
+the executions, either a tardy gratitude or a profane mockery was
+offered to Heaven; and the Doge and nobles returned thanks for their
+great deliverance, by a solemn service at St. Mark's.
+
+(Among the master-spirits who have commemorated the olden glories of
+Venice, but more especially her association with our dramatic
+literature, must not be forgotten Lord Byron:
+
+  But unto us she hath a spell beyond
+  Her name in story, and her long array
+  Of mighty shadows, whose dim forms despond
+  Above the dogeless city's vanish'd sway;
+  Our's is a trophy which will not decay
+  With the Rialto: Shylock and the Moor,
+  And Pierre cannot be swept away---
+  The keystones of the arch! though all were o'er,
+  For us repeopled were the solitary shore.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+  I lov'd her from my boyhood--she to me
+  Was as a fairy city of the heart,
+  Rising like water-columns from the sea,
+  Of joy the sojourn, and of wealth the mart;
+  And Otway, Radcliffe, Schiller, Shakspeare's art
+  Had stamp'd her image in me, and ever so,
+  Although I found her thus, we did not part,
+  Perchance even dearer in her day of woe
+  Than when she was a boast, a marvel, and a show.
+
+Returning to the "Sketches," we must observe that we beg to differ with
+the Editor in merely applying the epithets "coarse and boisterous," to
+Otway's play, and pointing to "_coups de Theatre_" as its only merits.
+He surely ought not to have omitted its originality of whatever order it
+may be.
+
+The volume before us brings the history of Venice to her subjection to
+Austria in 1798. It is throughout spiritedly executed. The
+illustrations, antique and modern, are precisely of this character,
+being from Titian, and our contemporary artist, Prout.)
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+THE GATHERER.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Sir Hercules Langreish and his Friend._--We found him in his study
+alone, poring over the national accounts, with two claret bottles empty
+before him, and a third bottle on the wane; it was about eight o'clock
+in the evening, and the butler, according to general orders when
+gentlemen came in, brought a bottle of claret to each of us. "Why," said
+Parnell, "Sir Heck, you have emptied _two bottles_ already." "True,"
+said Sir Hercules. "And had you nobody to help you?" "_O yes_, I had
+that bottle of _port_ there, and I assure you he afforded me very great
+assistance!"--_Sir Jonah Barrington._
+
+_The Irish Bar._--They used to tell a story of Fitzgibbon respecting a
+client who brought his own brief, and fee, that he might personally
+apologize for the smallness of the latter. Fitzgibbon, on receiving the
+fee, looked rather discontented. "I assure you, counsellor," said the
+client (mournfully) "I am ashamed of its smallness; but in fact it is
+all I have in the world." "Oh! then," said Fitzgibbon, "you can do no
+more:--as it's all you have in the world--why--hem--I must _take it_."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Speaking of the Catholics in the hall of the Four Courts, Keller seemed
+to insinuate that Norcott was favourable to their emancipation. "What!"
+said Norcott, with a great show of pomposity--"what! Pray, Keller, do
+you see anything that smacks of the _Pope_ about me?" "I don't know,"
+replied Keller; "but at all events there is a great deal of the
+_Pretender_, and I always understood them to travel in company."
+
+_National Gallery and Record Office, on the site of the King's Mews,
+Charing Cross._--The estimated expense of erecting the above building is
+50,000_l_.; the amount proposed to be taken for the present year is
+15,000_l_.; leaving to be granted in future years 35,000_l_. The
+proposed building will be 461 feet in length and 56 feet in width in its
+extreme dimensions, and will consist of a centre and two wings. The
+western wing will contain, on the ground floor, rooms for the reception
+of records, and an entrance into the barrack-yard such as now exists.
+Above them will be the picture-gallery, divided into four rooms; one 50
+feet by 50 feet; two 50 feet by 38 feet; and one room 50 feet by 32
+feet; together with four cabinets for the reception of small pictures,
+or for the use of the keeper. The floors will be made fire-proof. The
+eastern wing, of similar extent, will contain, on the ground floor, a
+hall for casts, the library and council-room of the Royal Academy, and a
+dwelling for the keeper. There will be likewise a gateway or entrance
+corresponding to that leading into the barrack-yard in the other wing.
+In the basement below this wing there will be offices for the use of the
+Royal Academy, and a separate set attached to the dwelling-house of the
+keeper. The centre building will consist of halls, vestibules,
+staircases, &c. for both establishments; they will be distinct and
+separated; but so brought together as to form one grand feature of
+interior decoration. The building is proposed to be executed in stone.
+The central portico is to be constructed with the columns and other
+members of that which formerly decorated the palace at Carlton House.
+The materials of the present building are to be used in the construction
+of the new building, so far as they can be employed with propriety. The
+whole cost of the building will be 50,000_l_., exclusive of the old
+materials above mentioned, which have been valued at 4,000_/l_. It is
+impossible to state with any degree of accuracy the cost of the grates,
+air-stoves, and fittings of the buildings, which will mainly depend upon
+the mode to be adopted in warming them; but it may be confidently stated
+that it will not exceed 600_l_.--_Parliamentary Paper, No. 611._
+
+_Home Truth._--"Give me my liar," was the phrase in which Charles the
+Fifth was used to call for a volume of history; and certainly no man can
+attentively examine any important period of our annals without
+remarking, that almost every incident admits of two handles, almost
+every character of two interpretations; and that, by a judicious packing
+of facts, the historian may make his picture assume nearly what form he
+pleases, without any direct violation of truth.--_Quarterly Rev._
+
+_Envy._--"Of all the spies that are," says Mr. Owen Feltham, "envy is
+the most observant and prying. When the physicians to Frederick were
+relating what most would sharpen the sight, some were for fennel, and
+some for glasses, and others for other matters; the noble Actius did
+assure them, there was nothing that would do it like envy. Whatsoever
+man does ill, by it is magnified, and multiplied; his failings are all
+watched, drawn out, and blazed to the world; and under the pretence of
+good, he is oft led to the extremest issue of evil. Like oil that is
+poured upon the roots of trees, which softens, it destroys and withers
+all the branches. And being once catched, with scorn he is insulted on.
+For envy is so unnoble a devil, that it ever tyrannizeth most upon a
+slip or low prostration, at which time gallant minds do most disdain to
+triumph. The envious is more unhappy than the serpent: for though he
+hath poison within him, and can cast it upon others, yet to his proper
+bosom it is not burdensome, as is the rancour that the envious keeps;
+but this most plainly is the plague, as it infects others, so it fevers
+him that hath it, till he dies. Nor is it more noxious to the owner than
+fatal and detrimental to all the world beside. It was envy first unmade
+the angels and created devils. It was envy first that turned man out of
+Paradise, and with the blood of the innocent first dyed the untainted
+earth. It was envy sold chaste Joseph as a bondman, and unto crucifixion
+gave the only Son of God. He walks among burning coals that converses
+with those that are envious. He that would avoid it in himself, must
+have worth enough to be humble and beneficent. But he that would avoid
+the danger of it from others, must abandon their company."
+
+_Extraordinary Whipping._--During the minority of King James I. he was
+at Stirling Castle, under the tuition of the celebrated Buchanan. It is
+reported that Buchanan's reverence for his royal pupil, did not prevent
+his giving him a severe whipping when he persisted against remonstrance,
+in disturbing him whilst he was reading. Historians do not tell us how
+the royal pupil supported this chastisement. Swift says, "Heirs to
+titles and large estates, have a weakness in their eyes, and are not
+able to bear the pain and indignity of whipping." P.T.W.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Erratum_ in page 2--the line quoted from Montgomery should be "The
+parrots swung like blossoms on the trees."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Printed and published by_ J. LIMBIRI, 143, _Strand, (near Somerset
+House,) London; sold by ERNEST FLEISCHER, 626, New Market, Leipsic; G.G.
+BENNIS, 55, Rue Neuve, St. Augustin, Paris; and by all Newsmen and
+Booksellers._
+
+
+
+***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT,
+AND INSTRUCTION, VOL. 20, ISSUE 559, JULY 28, 1832***
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