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diff --git a/1171-h/1171-h.htm b/1171-h/1171-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c0ff246 --- /dev/null +++ b/1171-h/1171-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,1026 @@ +<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> + +<!DOCTYPE html + PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd" > + +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en"> + <head> + <title> + The Apology, by Xenophon + </title> + <style type="text/css" xml:space="preserve"> + + body { margin:5%; background:#faebd0; text-align:justify} + P { text-indent: 1em; margin-top: .25em; margin-bottom: .25em; } + H1,H2,H3,H4,H5,H6 { text-align: center; margin-left: 15%; margin-right: 15%; } + hr { width: 50%; text-align: center;} + .foot { margin-left: 20%; margin-right: 20%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -3em; font-size: 90%; } + blockquote {font-size: 97%; font-style: italic; margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%;} + .mynote {background-color: #DDE; color: #000; padding: .5em; margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 95%;} + .toc { margin-left: 10%; margin-bottom: .75em;} + .toc2 { margin-left: 20%;} + div.fig { display:block; margin:0 auto; text-align:center; } + div.middle { margin-left: 20%; margin-right: 20%; text-align: justify; } + .figleft {float: left; margin-left: 0%; margin-right: 1%;} + .figright {float: right; margin-right: 0%; margin-left: 1%;} + .pagenum {display:inline; font-size: 70%; font-style:normal; + margin: 0; padding: 0; position: absolute; right: 1%; + text-align: right;} + pre { font-style: italic; font-size: 90%; margin-left: 10%;} + +</style> + </head> + <body> +<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 1171 ***</div> + <p> + <br /><br /> + </p> + <h1> + THE APOLOGY + </h1> + <p> + <br /> + </p> + <h2> + By Xenophon + </h2> + <p> + <br /> + </p> + <h2> + Translation by H. G. Dakyns + </h2> + <p> + <br /><br /> + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + Xenophon the Athenian was born 431 B.C. He was a + pupil of Socrates. He marched with the Spartans, + and was exiled from Athens. Sparta gave him land + and property in Scillus, where he lived for many + years before having to move once more, to settle + in Corinth. He died in 354 B.C. + </pre> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + The Apology describes Socrates' state of mind at + his trial and execution, and especially his view + that it was better to die before senility set in + than to escape execution by humbling himself be- + fore an unjust persecution. Xenophon was away at + the time, involved in the events of the march of + the ten thousand. + </pre> + <h3> + PREPARER'S NOTE + </h3> + <p> + This was typed from Dakyns' series, "The Works of Xenophon," a four-volume + set. The complete list of Xenophon's works (though there is doubt about + some of these) is: + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + Work Number of books + + The Anabasis 7 + The Hellenica 7 + The Cyropaedia 8 + The Memorabilia 4 + The Symposium 1 + The Economist 1 + On Horsemanship 1 + The Sportsman 1 + The Cavalry General 1 + The Apology 1 + On Revenues 1 + The Hiero 1 + The Agesilaus 1 + The Polity of the Athenians and the Lacedaemonians 2 +</pre> + <p> + Text in brackets "{}" is my transliteration of Greek text into English + using an Oxford English Dictionary alphabet table. The diacritical marks + have been lost. + </p> + <p> + <br /> <br /> + </p> + <hr /> + <h3> + <a href="#link2H_FOOT"> Footnotes </a> + </h3> + <hr /> + <p> + <br /> <br /> <a name="link2H_4_0001" id="link2H_4_0001"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <h2> + THE APOLOGY OF SOCRATES <a href="#linknote-1" name="linknoteref-1" + id="linknoteref-1"><small>1</small></a> + </h2> + <p> + Among the reminiscences of Socrates, none, as it seems to me, is more + deserving of record than the counsel he took with himself <a + href="#linknote-2" name="linknoteref-2" id="linknoteref-2"><small>2</small></a> + (after being cited to appear before the court), not only with regard to + his defence, but also as to the ending of his life. Others have written on + this theme, and all without exception have touched upon <a + href="#linknote-3" name="linknoteref-3" id="linknoteref-3"><small>3</small></a> + the lofty style of the philosopher, <a href="#linknote-4" + name="linknoteref-4" id="linknoteref-4"><small>4</small></a> which may be + taken as a proof that the language used by Socrates was really of that + type. But none of these writers has brought out clearly the fact that + Socrates had come to regard death as for himself preferable to life; and + consequently there is just a suspicion of foolhardiness in the arrogancy + of his address. <a href="#linknote-5" name="linknoteref-5" + id="linknoteref-5"><small>5</small></a> We have, however, from the lips of + one of his intimate acquaintances, Hermogenes, <a href="#linknote-6" + name="linknoteref-6" id="linknoteref-6"><small>6</small></a> the son of + Hipponicus, an account of him which shows the high demeanour in question + to have been altogether in keeping with the master's rational purpose. <a + href="#linknote-7" name="linknoteref-7" id="linknoteref-7"><small>7</small></a> + Hermogenes says that, seeing Socrates discoursing on every topic rather + than that of his impending trial, he roundly put it to him whether he + ought not to be debating the line of his defence, to which Socrates in the + first instance answered: "What! do I not seem to you to have spent my + whole life in meditating my defence?" And when Hermogenes asked him, + "How?" he added: "By a lifelong persistence in doing nothing wrong, and + that I take to be the finest practice for his defence which a man could + devise." Presently reverting to the topic, Hermogenes demanded: "Do you + not see, Socrates, how often Athenian juries <a href="#linknote-8" + name="linknoteref-8" id="linknoteref-8"><small>8</small></a> are + constrained by arguments to put quite innocent people to death, and not + less often to acquit the guilty, either through some touch of pity excited + by the pleadings, or that the defendant had skill to turn some charming + phrase?" Thus appealed to, Socrates replied: "Nay, solemnly I tell you, + twice already I have essayed to consider my defence, and twice the + divinity <a href="#linknote-9" name="linknoteref-9" id="linknoteref-9"><small>9</small></a> + hinders me"; and to the remark of Hermogenes, "That is strange!" he + answered again: "Strange, do you call it, that to God it should seem + better for me to die at once? Do you not know that up to this moment I + will not concede to any man to have lived a better life than I have; since + what can exceed the pleasure, which has been mine, of knowing <a + href="#linknote-10" name="linknoteref-10" id="linknoteref-10"><small>10</small></a> + that my whole life has been spent holily and justly? And indeed this + verdict of self-approval I found re-echoed in the opinion which my friends + and intimates have formed concerning me. <a href="#linknote-11" + name="linknoteref-11" id="linknoteref-11"><small>11</small></a> And now if + my age is still to be prolonged, <a href="#linknote-12" + name="linknoteref-12" id="linknoteref-12"><small>12</small></a> I know + that I cannot escape paying <a href="#linknote-13" name="linknoteref-13" + id="linknoteref-13"><small>13</small></a> the penalty of old age, in + increasing dimness of sight and dulness of hearing. I shall find myself + slower to learn new lessons, and apter to forget the lessons I have + learnt. And if to these be added the consciousness of failing powers, the + sting of self-reproach, what prospect have I of any further joy in living? + It may be, you know," he added, "that God out of his great kindness is + intervening in my behalf <a href="#linknote-14" name="linknoteref-14" + id="linknoteref-14"><small>14</small></a> to suffer me to close my life in + the ripeness of age, and by the gentlest of deaths. For if at this time + sentence of death be passed upon me, it is plain I shall be allowed to + meet an end which, in the opinion of those who have studied the matter, is + not only the easiest in itself, but one which will cause the least trouble + to one's friends, <a href="#linknote-15" name="linknoteref-15" + id="linknoteref-15"><small>15</small></a> while engendering the deepest + longing for the departed. For of necessity he will only be thought of with + regret and longing who leaves nothing behind unseemly or discomfortable to + haunt the imagination of those beside him, but, sound of body, and his + soul still capable of friendly repose, fades tranquilly away." + </p> + <p> + "No doubt," he added, "the gods were right in opposing me at that time + (touching the inquiry, what I was to say in my defence), <a + href="#linknote-16" name="linknoteref-16" id="linknoteref-16"><small>16</small></a> + when you all thought the great thing was to discover some means of + acquittal; <a href="#linknote-17" name="linknoteref-17" id="linknoteref-17"><small>17</small></a> + since, had I effected that, it is clear I should have prepared for myself, + not that surcease from life which is in store for me anon, but to end my + days wasted by disease, or by old age, on which a confluent stream of evil + things most alien to joyousness converges." <a href="#linknote-18" + name="linknoteref-18" id="linknoteref-18"><small>18</small></a> + </p> + <p> + "No," he added, "God knows I shall display no ardent zeal to bring that + about. <a href="#linknote-19" name="linknoteref-19" id="linknoteref-19"><small>19</small></a> + On the contrary, if by proclaiming all the blessings which I owe to god + and men; if, by blazoning forth the opinion which I entertain with regard + to myself, I end by wearying the court, even so will I choose death rather + than supplicate in servile sort for leave to live a little longer merely + to gain a life impoverished in place of death." + </p> + <p> + It was in this determination, Hermogenes states, that, when the + prosecution accused him of not recognising the gods recognised by the + state, but introducing novel divinities and corrupting the young, Socrates + stepped forward and said: "In the first place, sirs, I am at a loss to + imagine on what ground <a href="#linknote-20" name="linknoteref-20" + id="linknoteref-20"><small>20</small></a> Meletus asserts that I do not + recognise the gods which are recognised by the state, since, as far as + sacrificing goes, the rest of the world who have chanced to be present + have been in the habit of seeing me so engaged at common festivals, and on + the public altars; and so might Meletus himself, if he had wished. And as + to novel divinities, how, pray, am I supposed to introduce them by stating + that I have a voice <a href="#linknote-21" name="linknoteref-21" + id="linknoteref-21"><small>21</small></a> from God which clearly signifies + to me what I ought do do? Why, what else do those who make use of the + cries of birds or utterances of men draw their conclusions from if not + from voices? Who will deny that the thunder has a voice and is a very + mighty omen; <a href="#linknote-22" name="linknoteref-22" + id="linknoteref-22"><small>22</small></a> and the priestess on her tripod + at Pytho, <a href="#linknote-23" name="linknoteref-23" id="linknoteref-23"><small>23</small></a> + does not she also proclaim by voice the messages from the god? The god, at + any rate, has foreknowledge, and premonishes those whom he will of what is + about to be. That is a thing which all the world believes and asserts even + as I do. Only, when they describe these premonitions under the name of + birds and utterances, tokens <a href="#linknote-24" name="linknoteref-24" + id="linknoteref-24"><small>24</small></a> and soothsayers, I speak of a + divinity, and in using that designation I claim to speak at once more + exactly and more reverentially than they do who ascribe the power of the + gods to birds. And that I am not lying against the Godhead I have this as + a proof: although I have reported to numbers of friends the counsels of + heaven, I have never at any time been shown to be a deceiver or deceived." + </p> + <p> + As they listened to these words the judges murmured their dissent, some as + disbelieving what was said, and others out of simple envy that Socrates + should actually receive from heaven more than they themselves; whereupon + Socrates returned to the charge. "Come," he said, "lend me your ears while + I tell you something more, so that those of you who choose may go to a + still greater length in refusing to believe that I am thus highly honoured + by the divine powers. Chaerephon <a href="#linknote-25" + name="linknoteref-25" id="linknoteref-25"><small>25</small></a> once, in + the presence of many witnesses, put a question at Delhi concerning me, and + Apollo answered that there was no human being more liberal, or more + upright, or more temperate than myself." And when once more on hearing + these words the judges gave vent, as was only natural, to a fiercer murmur + of dissent, Socrates once again spoke: "Yet, sirs, they were still greater + words which the god spake in oracle concerning Lycurgus, <a + href="#linknote-26" name="linknoteref-26" id="linknoteref-26"><small>26</small></a> + the great lawgiver of Lacedaemon, than those concerning me. It is said + that as he entered the temple the god addressed him with the words: 'I am + considering whether to call thee god or man.' Me he likened not indeed to + a god, but in excellence <a href="#linknote-27" name="linknoteref-27" + id="linknoteref-27"><small>27</small></a> preferred me far beyond other + men." + </p> + <p> + "Still I would not have you accept this even on the faith of the god too + rashly; rather I would have you investigate, point by point, what the god + has said. I ask you, is there any one <a href="#linknote-28" + name="linknoteref-28" id="linknoteref-28"><small>28</small></a> else, you + know of, less enslaved than myself to the appetites <a href="#linknote-29" + name="linknoteref-29" id="linknoteref-29"><small>29</small></a> of the + body? Can you name another man of more independent spirit than myself, + seeing that I accept from no one either gifts or pay? Whom have you any + right to believe to be more just <a href="#linknote-30" + name="linknoteref-30" id="linknoteref-30"><small>30</small></a> than one + so suited with what he has, that the things of others excite no craving in + him? <a href="#linknote-31" name="linknoteref-31" id="linknoteref-31"><small>31</small></a> + Whom would one reasonably deem wise, rather than such a one as myself, + who, from the moment I began to understand things spoken, <a + href="#linknote-32" name="linknoteref-32" id="linknoteref-32"><small>32</small></a> + have never omitted to inquire into and learn every good thing in my power? + And that I laboured not in vain, what more conclusive evidence than the + fact that so many of my fellow-citizens who make virtue their pursuit, and + many strangers also, choose my society in preference to that of others? <a + href="#linknote-33" name="linknoteref-33" id="linknoteref-33"><small>33</small></a> + And how are we to explain the fact that though all know well enough that I + am wholly unable to repay them in money, so many are eager to present me + with some gift? <a href="#linknote-34" name="linknoteref-34" + id="linknoteref-34"><small>34</small></a> And what do you make of this—while + no one dreams of dunning me for benefits conferred, hosts of people + acknowledge debts of gratitude to myself? And what of this, that during + the siege, <a href="#linknote-35" name="linknoteref-35" id="linknoteref-35"><small>35</small></a> + while others were pitying themselves <a href="#linknote-36" + name="linknoteref-36" id="linknoteref-36"><small>36</small></a> I lived in + no greater straits than when the city was at the height of her prosperity? + and of this, that while others provide themselves with delicacies <a + href="#linknote-37" name="linknoteref-37" id="linknoteref-37"><small>37</small></a> + of the market at great cost, mine are the dainties of the soul more sweet + than theirs, <a href="#linknote-38" name="linknoteref-38" + id="linknoteref-38"><small>38</small></a> procured without expense? If in + all I have said about myself no one can convict me of lying, is it not + obvious that the praise I get from gods and men is justly earned? And yet + in spite of all, Meletus, you will have it that by such habits I corrupt + the young. We know, I fancy, what such corrupting influences are; and + perhaps you will tell us if you know of any one who, under my influence, + has been changed from a religious into an irreligious man; who, from being + sober-minded, has become prodigal; from being a moderate drinker has + become a wine-bibber and a drunkard; from being a lover of healthy honest + toil has become effeminate, or under the thrall of some other wicked + pleasure." + </p> + <p> + "Nay, bless my soul," exclaimed Meletus, "I know those whom you persuaded + to obey yourself rather than the fathers who begat them." <a + href="#linknote-39" name="linknoteref-39" id="linknoteref-39"><small>39</small></a> + </p> + <p> + "I admit it," Socrates replied, "in the case of education, for they know + that I have made the matter a study; and with regard to health a man + prefers to obey his doctor rather than his parents; in the public assembly + the citizens of Athens, I presume, obey those whose arguments exhibit the + soundest wisdom rather than their own relations. And is it not the case + that, in your choice of generals, you set your fathers and brothers, and, + bless me! your own selves aside, by comparison with those whom you believe + to be the wisest authorities on military matters?" + </p> + <p> + "No doubt, Socrates," replied Meletus, "because it is expedient and + customary so to do." + </p> + <p> + "Well then," rejoined Socrates, "does it not strike even you, Meletus, as + wonderful when in all ordinary concerns the best people should obtain, I + do not say only an equal share, but an exclusive preference; but in my + case, simply because I am selected by certain people as an adept in + respect of the greatest treasure men possess—education, I am on that + account to be prosecuted by you, sir, on the capital charge?" + </p> + <p> + Much more than this, it stands to reason, was urged, whether by himself or + by the friends who advocated his cause. <a href="#linknote-40" + name="linknoteref-40" id="linknoteref-40"><small>40</small></a> But my + object has not been to mention everything that arose out of the suit. It + suffices me to have shown on the one hand that Socrates, beyond + everything, desired not to display impiety to heaven, <a + href="#linknote-41" name="linknoteref-41" id="linknoteref-41"><small>41</small></a> + and injustice to men; and on the other, that escape from death was not a + thing, in his opinion, to be clamoured for importunately—on the + contrary, he believed that the time was already come for him to die. That + such was the conclusion to which he had come was made still more evident + later when the case had been decided against him. In the first place, when + called upon to suggest a counter-penalty, <a href="#linknote-42" + name="linknoteref-42" id="linknoteref-42"><small>42</small></a> he would + neither do so himself nor suffer his friends to do so for him, but went so + far as to say that to propose a counter-penalty was like a confession of + guilt. And afterwards, when his companions wished to steal him out of + prison, <a href="#linknote-43" name="linknoteref-43" id="linknoteref-43"><small>43</small></a> + he would not follow their lead, but would seem to have treated the idea as + a jest, by asking "whether they happened to know of some place outside + Attica where death was forbidden to set foot?" + </p> + <p> + When the trial drew to an end, we are told, the master said: <a + href="#linknote-44" name="linknoteref-44" id="linknoteref-44"><small>44</small></a> + "Sirs, those who instructed the witnesses that they ought to perjure + themselves and bear false witness against me, alike with those who + listened to their instruction, must be conscious to themselves of a deep + impiety and injustice. <a href="#linknote-45" name="linknoteref-45" + id="linknoteref-45"><small>45</small></a> But for myself, what reason have + I at the present time to hold my head less high than I did before sentence + was passed against me, if I have not been convicted of having done any of + those things whereof my accusers accused me? It has not been proved + against me that I have sacrificed to novel divinities in place of Zeus and + Hera and the gods who form their company. I have not taken oath by any + other gods, nor named their name. + </p> + <p> + "And then the young—how could I corrupt them by habituating them to + manliness and frugality? since not even my accusers themselves allege + against me that I have committed any of those deeds <a href="#linknote-46" + name="linknoteref-46" id="linknoteref-46"><small>46</small></a> of which + death is the penalty, such as robbery of temples, <a href="#linknote-47" + name="linknoteref-47" id="linknoteref-47"><small>47</small></a> breaking + into houses, selling freemen into slavery, or betrayal of the state; so + that I must still ask myself in wonderment how it has been proved to you + that I have done a deed worthy of death. Nor yet again because I die + innocently is that a reason why I should lower my crest, for that is a + blot not upon me but upon those who condemned me. + </p> + <p> + "For me, I find a certain consolation in the case of Palamedes, <a + href="#linknote-48" name="linknoteref-48" id="linknoteref-48"><small>48</small></a> + whose end was not unlike my own; who still even to-day furnishes a far + nobler theme of song than Odysseus who unjustly slew him; and I know that + testimony will be borne to me also by time future and time past that I + never wronged another at any time or ever made a worse man of him, <a + href="#linknote-49" name="linknoteref-49" id="linknoteref-49"><small>49</small></a> + but ever tried to benefit those who practised discussion with me, teaching + them gratuitously every good thing in my power." + </p> + <p> + Having so said he turned and went in a manner quite in conformity <a + href="#linknote-50" name="linknoteref-50" id="linknoteref-50"><small>50</small></a> + with the words which he had spoken—so bright an air was discernible + alike in the glance of his eye, his gesture, and his step. + </p> + <p> + And when he perceived those who followed by his side in tears, "What is + this?" he asked. "Why do you weep now? <a href="#linknote-51" + name="linknoteref-51" id="linknoteref-51"><small>51</small></a> Do you not + know that for many a long day, ever since I was born, sentence of death + was passed upon me by nature? If so be I perish prematurely while the tide + of life's blessings flows free and fast, certainly I and my well-wishers + should feel pained; but if it be that I am bringing my life to a close on + the eve of troubles, for my part I think you ought all of you to take + heart of grace and rejoice in my good fortune." + </p> + <p> + Now there was a certain Apollodorus, <a href="#linknote-52" + name="linknoteref-52" id="linknoteref-52"><small>52</small></a> who was an + enthusiastic lover of the master, but for the rest a simple-minded man. He + exclaimed very innocently, "But the hardest thing of all to bear, + Socrates, is to see you put to death unjustly." <a href="#linknote-53" + name="linknoteref-53" id="linknoteref-53"><small>53</small></a> + </p> + <p> + Whereupon Socrates, it is said, gently stroked the young man's head: + "Would you have been better pleased, my dear one, to see me put to death + for some just reason rather than unjustly?" and as he spoke he smiled + tenderly. <a href="#linknote-54" name="linknoteref-54" id="linknoteref-54"><small>54</small></a> + </p> + <p> + It is also said that, seeing Anytus <a href="#linknote-55" + name="linknoteref-55" id="linknoteref-55"><small>55</small></a> pass by, + Socrates remarked: "How proudly the great man steps; he thinks, no doubt, + he has performed some great and noble deed in putting me to death, and all + because, seeing him deemed worthy of the highest honours of the state, I + told him it ill became him to bring up his so in a tan-yard. <a + href="#linknote-56" name="linknoteref-56" id="linknoteref-56"><small>56</small></a> + What a scamp the fellow is! he appears not to know that of us two + whichever has achieved what is best and noblest for all future time is the + real victor in this suit. Well! well!" he added, "Homer <a + href="#linknote-57" name="linknoteref-57" id="linknoteref-57"><small>57</small></a> + has ascribed to some at the point of death a power of forecasting things + to be, and I too am minded to utter a prophecy. Once, for a brief space, I + associated with the son of Anytus, and he seemed to me not lacking in + strength of soul; and what I say is, he will not adhere long to the + slavish employment which his father has prepared for him, but, in the + absence of any earnest friend and guardian, he is like to be led into some + base passion and go to great lengths in depravity." + </p> + <p> + The prophecy proved true. The young man fell a victim to the pleasures of + wine; night and day he never ceased drinking, and at last became a mere + good-for-nothing, worthless alike to his city, his friends, and himself. + As to Anytus, even though the grave has closed upon him, his evil + reputation still survives him, due alike to his son's base bringing-up and + his own want of human feeling. + </p> + <p> + Socrates did, it is true, by his self-laudation draw down upon him the + jealousy of the court and caused his judges all the more to record their + votes against him. Yet even so I look upon the lot of destiny which he + obtained as providential, <a href="#linknote-58" name="linknoteref-58" + id="linknoteref-58"><small>58</small></a> chancing as he did upon the + easiest amidst the many shapes of death, <a href="#linknote-59" + name="linknoteref-59" id="linknoteref-59"><small>59</small></a> and + escaping as he did the one grievous portion of existence. And what a + glorious chance, moreover, he had to display the full strength of his + soul, for when once he had decided that death was better for him than + life, just as in the old days he had never harshly opposed himself to the + good things of life morosely, <a href="#linknote-60" name="linknoteref-60" + id="linknoteref-60"><small>60</small></a> so even in face of death he + showed no touch of weakness, but with gaiety welcomed death's embrace, and + discharged life's debt. + </p> + <p> + For myself indeed, as I lay to mind the wisdom of the man and his + nobility, I can neither forget him nor, remembering him, forbear to praise + him. But if any of those who make virtue their pursuit have ever met a + more helpful friend than Socrates, I tender such an one my congratulations + as a most enviable man. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_FOOT" id="link2H_FOOT"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + Footnotes: + </h2> + <p> + <a name="linknote-1" id="linknote-1"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 1 (<a href="#linknoteref-1">return</a>)<br /> [ Or, "Socrates' Defence + before the Dicasts." For the title of the work see Grote, "H. G." viii. + 641; Schneid. ap. L. Dindorf's note {pros tous dikastas}, ed. Ox. 1862, + and Dindorf's own note; L. Schmitz, "On the Apology of Socrates, commonly + attributed to Xenophon," "Class. Mus." v. 222 foll.; G. Sauppe, "Praef." + vol. iii. p. 117, ed. ster.; J. J. Hartman, "An. Xen." p. 111 foll.; E. + Richter, "Xen. Stud." pp. 61-96; M. Schanz, "Platos Apologia."] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-2" id="linknote-2"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 2 (<a href="#linknoteref-2">return</a>)<br /> [ Or possibly, "his + deliberate behaviour."] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-3" id="linknote-3"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 3 (<a href="#linknoteref-3">return</a>)<br /> [ Or, "have succeeded in + hitting off"; "done full justice to."] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-4" id="linknote-4"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 4 (<a href="#linknoteref-4">return</a>)<br /> [ Or, "the magniloquence of + the master."] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-5" id="linknote-5"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 5 (<a href="#linknoteref-5">return</a>)<br /> [ Or, "so that according to + them his lofty speech seems rather foolhardy."] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-6" id="linknote-6"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 6 (<a href="#linknoteref-6">return</a>)<br /> [ See "Mem." IV. viii. 4 + foll., a passage of which this is either an "ebauchement" or a + "rechauffe."] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-7" id="linknote-7"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 7 (<a href="#linknoteref-7">return</a>)<br /> [ Or, "the philosopher's cast + of thought."] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-8" id="linknote-8"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 8 (<a href="#linknoteref-8">return</a>)<br /> [ Dikasteries.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-9" id="linknote-9"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 9 (<a href="#linknoteref-9">return</a>)<br /> [ {to daimonion}.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-10" id="linknote-10"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 10 (<a href="#linknoteref-10">return</a>)<br /> [ {edein}, i.e. at any + moment.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-11" id="linknote-11"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 11 (<a href="#linknoteref-11">return</a>)<br /> [ For the phrase {iskhuros + agamenos emauton}, cf. "Mem." II. i. 19.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-12" id="linknote-12"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 12 (<a href="#linknoteref-12">return</a>)<br /> [ L. Dindorf cf. Dio Chrys. + "Or." 28, {anagke gar auto en probainonti anti men kallistou aiskhrotero + gignesthai k.t.l.}] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-13" id="linknote-13"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 13 (<a href="#linknoteref-13">return</a>)<br /> [ {apoteleisthai}. In + "Mem." IV. viii. 8, {epiteleisthai}.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-14" id="linknote-14"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 14 (<a href="#linknoteref-14">return</a>)<br /> [ Or, "God of his good + favour vouchsafes as my protector that I should," etc. For {proxenei} cf. + "Anab." VI. v. 14; Soph. "O. C." 465, and "O. T." 1483; and Prof. Jebb's + notes ad loc. "the god's kindly offices grant to me that I should lose my + life."] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-15" id="linknote-15"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 15 (<a href="#linknoteref-15">return</a>)<br /> [ Cf. Plat. "Phaed." 66.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-16" id="linknote-16"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 16 (<a href="#linknoteref-16">return</a>)<br /> [ {te tou logou + episkepsei}. Cf. Plat. "Rep." 456 C.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-17" id="linknote-17"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 17 (<a href="#linknoteref-17">return</a>)<br /> [ Or, if {emin}, transl. + "we all were for thinking that the main thing was."] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-18" id="linknote-18"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 18 (<a href="#linknoteref-18">return</a>)<br /> [ Or, "that sink into which + a confluent stream of evil humours discharge most incompatible with gaiety + of mind." Schneid. conj. {eremon} sc. {geras}.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-19" id="linknote-19"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 19 (<a href="#linknoteref-19">return</a>)<br /> [ Or, "I will give no + helping hand to that."] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-20" id="linknote-20"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 20 (<a href="#linknoteref-20">return</a>)<br /> [ Cf. "Mem." I. i. 2.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-21" id="linknote-21"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 21 (<a href="#linknoteref-21">return</a>)<br /> [ Cf. Plat. "Apol." 19.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-22" id="linknote-22"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 22 (<a href="#linknoteref-22">return</a>)<br /> [ Cf. "Anab." III. ii. 11; + Aristoph. "Birds," 720.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-23" id="linknote-23"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 23 (<a href="#linknoteref-23">return</a>)<br /> [ Delphi.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-24" id="linknote-24"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 24 (<a href="#linknoteref-24">return</a>)<br /> [ Or, "the objects that + meet us." See Prof. Jebb ad Theophr. "Ch." xxviii. 5.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-25" id="linknote-25"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 25 (<a href="#linknoteref-25">return</a>)<br /> [ L. Dindorf cf. Athen. v. + 218 E; Hermesianax ap. Athen. xiii. 599 A; Liban. vol. iii. pp. 34, 35; + Plat. "Apol." 21 A; Paus. i. 22. 8; Schol. ad Aristoph. "Clouds," 144; + Grote, "H. G." viii. 567 foll.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-26" id="linknote-26"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 26 (<a href="#linknoteref-26">return</a>)<br /> [ See Herod. i. 65: + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + {ekeis, o Lukoorge, emon pori piona neon, + Zeni philos kai pasin 'Olumpia domat' ekhousi + dizo e se theon manteusomai e anthropon. + all' eti kai mallon theon elpomai, o Lukoorge.} + + Cf. Plut. "Lyc." 5 (Clough, i. 89).] +</pre> + <p> + <a name="linknote-27" id="linknote-27"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 27 (<a href="#linknoteref-27">return</a>)<br /> [ Or, "gave judgment + beforehand that I far excelled."] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-28" id="linknote-28"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 28 (<a href="#linknoteref-28">return</a>)<br /> [ Lit. "whom do you know," + and so throughout.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-29" id="linknote-29"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 29 (<a href="#linknoteref-29">return</a>)<br /> [ Cf. Plat. "Phaed." 66 C.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-30" id="linknote-30"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 30 (<a href="#linknoteref-30">return</a>)<br /> [ Or, "so attempered and + adjusted." The phrase savours of "cynic." theory.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-31" id="linknote-31"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 31 (<a href="#linknoteref-31">return</a>)<br /> [ Or, "present no + temptation to him"; lit. "that he stands in no further need of what + belongs to his neighbours."] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-32" id="linknote-32"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 32 (<a href="#linknoteref-32">return</a>)<br /> [ {ta legomena}, "the + meaning of words and the force of argument."] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-33" id="linknote-33"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 33 (<a href="#linknoteref-33">return</a>)<br /> [ {ek panton}. Cf. Thuc. i. + 120, {osper kai en allois ek panton protimontai (oi egemones)}, "as they + (leaders) are first in honour, they should be first in the fulfilment of + their duties" (Jowett).] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-34" id="linknote-34"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 34 (<a href="#linknoteref-34">return</a>)<br /> [ The commentators quote + Libanius, "Apol." vol. iii. p. 39, {kai dia touto ekalei men Eurulokhos o + Kharistios, ekalei de Skopas k Kranonios, oukh ekista lontes, + upiskhnoumenoi}. Cf. Diog. Laert. ii. 31, {Kharmidou oiketas auto + didontos, in' ap' auton prosodeuoito, oukh eileto}. Cf. id. 65, 74.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-35" id="linknote-35"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 35 (<a href="#linknoteref-35">return</a>)<br /> [ See "Hell." II. ii. 10.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-36" id="linknote-36"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 36 (<a href="#linknoteref-36">return</a>)<br /> [ {oikteirein eautous}. See + L. Dind. ad loc. For an incident in point see "Mem." II. vii.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-37" id="linknote-37"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 37 (<a href="#linknoteref-37">return</a>)<br /> [ Plat. "Rep." iii. 404 D, + "refinements of Attic confectionery."] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-38" id="linknote-38"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 38 (<a href="#linknoteref-38">return</a>)<br /> [ {ek tes psukhes}, + possibly "by a healthy appetite." Cf. "Symp." iv. 41. The same sentiment + "ex ore Antisthenis." See Joel, op. cit. i. 382; Schanz, Plat. "Apol." p. + 88, S. 26.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-39" id="linknote-39"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 39 (<a href="#linknoteref-39">return</a>)<br /> [ Cf. "Mem." I. ii. 49.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-44" id="linknote-44"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 44 (<a href="#linknoteref-44">return</a>)<br /> [ {eipein auton + [autos(?)]}, i.e. "according to Hermiogenes."] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-45" id="linknote-45"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 45 (<a href="#linknoteref-45">return</a>)<br /> [ Or, "must have a heavy + load on their minds in the consciousness of their impiety and injustice."] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-40" id="linknote-40"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 40 (<a href="#linknoteref-40">return</a>)<br /> [ {sunagoreuein}, L. and S. + cf Thuc. vi. 6, "partisans," viii. 84, "pleaded the case of" (Jowett).] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-41" id="linknote-41"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 41 (<a href="#linknoteref-41">return</a>)<br /> [ Or, "laid the greatest + stress of not being guilty of impiety"; "attached the greatest importance + to the fact that he was never guilty of impiety."] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-42" id="linknote-42"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 42 (<a href="#linknoteref-42">return</a>)<br /> [ {upotimasthai}. See L. + Dind. cf. Cic. "Orat." i. 54; the technical word is {antitimasthai}. Cf. + Plat. "Apol." 36 D; Diog. Laert. ii. 41. These authorities tell a + different story. Why should these stories, if true, as no doubt they were, + be omitted?] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-43" id="linknote-43"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 43 (<a href="#linknoteref-43">return</a>)<br /> [ Cf. Plat. "Crit." 44 B.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-46" id="linknote-46"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 46 (<a href="#linknoteref-46">return</a>)<br /> [ Cf. "Mem." I. ii. 62.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-47" id="linknote-47"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 47 (<a href="#linknoteref-47">return</a>)<br /> [ See Plat. "Rep." iii. 413 + A.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-48" id="linknote-48"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 48 (<a href="#linknoteref-48">return</a>)<br /> [ Cf. "Mem." IV. viii. 9, + 10; ib. IV. ii. 3. See Plat. "Rep." v. 476 D, {exomen ti paramutheisthai + auton}; and "Hunting," i. 11. The story of Palamedes is told by Ovid, + "Met." xiii. 5.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-49" id="linknote-49"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 49 (<a href="#linknoteref-49">return</a>)<br /> [ Cf. Plat. "Apol." 25 D, + {poteron eme eisageis deuro os diaphtheironta tous neous kai poneroterous + poiounta ekonta e akonta}.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-50" id="linknote-50"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 50 (<a href="#linknoteref-50">return</a>)<br /> [ {omologoumenos}. For the + use of the word L. Dind. cf. Diog. Laert. vii. 87, {dioper protos o Zenon + en to peri anthropou phuseos telos eipe to omologoumenos te phusei zen} + (Cicero's "naturae convenienter vivere," L. and S.), whereas the regular + Attic use is different. Cf. "Oec." i. 11, {kai omologoumenos ge o logos + emin khorei} = "consentanea ratione." "Our argument runs on all-fours." + Plat. "Symp." 186 B, {to nasoun omologoumenos eteron te kai anomoion + esti}, "ut inter omnes convenit."] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-51" id="linknote-51"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 51 (<a href="#linknoteref-51">return</a>)<br /> [ "Why precisely now?"] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-52" id="linknote-52"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 52 (<a href="#linknoteref-52">return</a>)<br /> [ Cf. "Mem." III. xi. 17; + Plut. "Cato min." 46 (Clough, iv. 417). See Cobet, "Pros. Xen." s.n.; cf. + Plat. "Symp." 173; "Phaed." 54 A, 117 D; Aelian, "V. H." i. 16; Heges. + "Delph." ap. Athen. xi. 507.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-53" id="linknote-53"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 53 (<a href="#linknoteref-53">return</a>)<br /> [ Diog. Laert. ii. 5. 35, + ascribes the remark to Xanthippe, and so Val. Max. 7. 2, Ext. 1.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-54" id="linknote-54"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 54 (<a href="#linknoteref-54">return</a>)<br /> [ See Plat. "Phaed." 89 B, + where a similar action is attributed to Socrates in the case of Phaedo + (his beloved disciple). "He stroked my head and pressed the hair upon my + neck—he had a way of playing with my air; and then he said: + 'To-morrow, Phaedo, I suppose that these fair locks of yours will be + severed.'"] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-55" id="linknote-55"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 55 (<a href="#linknoteref-55">return</a>)<br /> [ Son of Anthemion. See + Plat. "Men." 90 B, {airountai goun auton epi tas megistas arkhas}, Plut. + "Alc." 4; id. "Coriol." 14; Aristot. "Ath. Pol." 27, 25, re {to dekazein}; + 34, 23. A moderate oligarch; cf. Xen. "Hell." II. iii. 42, 44; Schol. Cod. + Clarkiani ad Plat. "Apol." 18 B ap. L. Dind. ad loc.; cf. Diod. xiii. 64.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-56" id="linknote-56"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 56 (<a href="#linknoteref-56">return</a>)<br /> [ Cf. Plat. "Apol." 23 E.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-57" id="linknote-57"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 57 (<a href="#linknoteref-57">return</a>)<br /> [ e.g. Patroclus dying + predicts the death of Hector who had slain him, "Il." xvi. 851 foll.; and + Hector that of Achilles, "Il." xxii. 358 foll. Cf. Cic. "de Div." 1, 30. + Plato, "Apol." 39 C, making Socrates thus address his judges: {to de de + meta touto epithumo umin khresmodesai, o katapsephisamenoi mou' kai gar + eimi ede entautha, en o malist' anthropoi khresmodousin, otan mellosin + apothaneisthai}. "And now, O men who have condemned me, I would fain + prophesy to you, for I am about to die, and that is the hour at which all + men are gifted with prophetic power" (Jowett).] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-58" id="linknote-58"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 58 (<a href="#linknoteref-58">return</a>)<br /> [ Lit. "dear to the gods"; + "highly favoured."] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-59" id="linknote-59"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 59 (<a href="#linknoteref-59">return</a>)<br /> [ Cf. Hom. "Od." xii. 341, + {pantes men stugeroi thanatoi deiloisi brotoisin}.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-60" id="linknote-60"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 60 (<a href="#linknoteref-60">return</a>)<br /> [ {prosantes}, i.e. "he + faced death boldly as he had encountered life's blessings blandly." "As he + had been no stoic to repudiate life's blessings, so he was no coward to," + etc.] + </p> + <p> + <br /><br /> + </p> + <div>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 1171 ***</div> +</body> +</html> |