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| author | Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org> | 2025-10-15 04:41:50 -0700 |
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| committer | Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org> | 2025-10-15 04:41:50 -0700 |
| commit | 6634a5a6381676ee236a075839533dbf8a62c8c8 (patch) | |
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diff --git a/old/13304-h/13304-h.htm b/old/13304-h/13304-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b1b9f75 --- /dev/null +++ b/old/13304-h/13304-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,8248 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> + +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> +<head> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" + content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" /> + + <title>The Project Gutenberg eBook of McClures Magazine, Vol. + VI, No. 6, May, 1896.</title> + <style type="text/css"> + /*<![CDATA[*/ + + <!-- + body { + margin-left: 8%; + margin-right: 5% + } + p {text-align: justify;} + blockquote {text-align: justify;} + h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 {text-align: center;} + h2 {margin-top: 4em;} + h3, h5 {margin: 2em;} + h1 , h3 { + font-variant : small-caps; + } + pre {font-size: 0.7em;} + + hr {text-align: center; width: 50%;} + html>body hr {margin-right: 25%; margin-left: 25%; width: 50%;} + hr.full {width: 100%;} + html>body hr.full {margin-right: 0%; margin-left: 0%; width: 100%;} + hr.short {text-align: center; width: 20%;} + html>body hr.short {margin-right: 40%; margin-left: 40%; width: 20%;} + hr.issue { + width : 100%; + margin-top : 1em; + } + .center {text-align: center;} + .letter-left {margin-right: 1em; float: left;} + + .illustrations { margin: 0.5em 10%; + font-size: 0.9em;} + .note + {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 0.9em;} + + span.pagenum + {position: absolute; left: 1%; right: 91%; font-size: 0.5em; color: gray;} + + .poem + {margin-left:10%; margin-right:10%; margin-bottom: 1em; text-align: left;} + .poem .stanza {margin: 1em 0em 1em 0em;} + .poem p {margin: 0; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;} + .poem p.i2 {margin-left: 1em;} + .poem p.i4 {margin-left: 2em;} + .poem p.i6 {margin-left: 3em;} + .poem p.i8 {margin-left: 4em;} + .poem p.i10 {margin-left: 5em;} + + .figure, .figcenter, .figright, .figleft + {padding: 1em; margin: 0; text-align: center;} + .figure img, .figcenter img, .figright img, .figleft img + {border: none;} + .figure p, .figcenter p, .figright p, .figleft p + {margin-top: 1em; text-indent: 1em; font-size: 0.8em;} + .figcenter {margin: auto;} + .figright {float: right;} + .figleft {float: left;} + + .inline {border: none; vertical-align: middle;} + + .footnote {font-size: 0.9em; margin-right: 10%; margin-left: 10%;} + + div.trans-note {border-style : solid; border-width : 1px; + margin : 3em 15%; padding : 1em; text-align : center;} + + .illustrations { margin : 0.5em 10%; + font-size : 0.9em;} + + .toc {margin : 0 10%; + text-align : left; + font-size : 0.9em;} + .toc p {margin : 0.5em 0; } + .toc p.i4 {margin-left : 2em;} + + p.author {text-align: right;} + + a:link {color:#0000ff; + text-decoration:none} + link {color:#0000ff; + text-decoration:none} + a:visited {color:#0000ff; + text-decoration:none} + a:hover {color:#ff0000} + --> + /*]]>*/ + </style> +</head> + +<body> + + +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of McClure's Magazine, Vol. VI., No. 6, May, +1896, by Various + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: McClure's Magazine, Vol. VI., No. 6, May, 1896 + +Author: Various + +Release Date: August 27, 2004 [EBook #13304] +HTML version most recently revised: November 9, 2004 + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MCCLURE'S MAGAZINE, VOL. *** + + + + +Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Sandra Brown and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team. + + + + +</pre> + <div class="trans-note"> + Transcriber's Note: The Table of Contents and List of + Illustrations were added by the transcriber. + </div> + <hr class="full" /> + + <h1>McClure's Magazine</h1> + <hr class="issue" /> + + <table width="100%" + border="0" + summary="Volume, Date and Number"> + <tr> + <td width="33%" + align="left"><b>Vol. VI.</b></td> + + <td align="center"><b>May, 1896.</b></td> + + <td width="33%" + align="right"><b>No. 6.</b></td> + </tr> + </table> + <hr class="full" /> + + <h2>CONTENTS</h2> + <hr class="short" /> + + <div class="toc"> + <p><a href="#illustrations">ILLUSTRATIONS</a></p> + + <p><a href="#page499">A CENTURY OF PAINTING.</a></p> + + <p class="i4">BY WILL H. LOW.</p> + + <p><a href="#page513">CHAPTERS FROM A LIFE.</a></p> + + <p class="i4">BY ELIZABETH STUART PHELPS.</p> + + <p><a href="#page518">FOUR-LEAF CLOVER.</a></p> + + <p class="i4">BY ELLA HIGGINSON.</p> + + <p><a href="#page519">A LEAP IN THE DARK.</a></p> + + <p class="i4">BY JAMES T. MCKAY.</p> + + <p><a href="#page526">THE LIFE OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN.</a></p> + + <p class="i4">BY IDA M. TARBELL.</p> + + <p><a href="#page545">"PHROSO", A TALE OF BRAVE DEEDS AND + PERILOUS VENTURES.</a></p> + + <p class="i4">BY ANTHONY HOPE.</p> + + <p><a href="#page560">CLIMBING MONT BLANC IN A + BLIZZARD.</a></p> + + <p class="i4">BY GARRETT P. SERVISS.</p> + + <p><a href="#page573">FAIRY GOLD.</a></p> + + <p class="i4">BY MARY STEWART CUTTING.</p> + + <p><a href="#page579">THE USE OF THE RÖNTGEN X RAYS IN + SURGERY.</a></p> + + <p class="i4">BY W.W. KEEN, M.D., LL.D.</p> + </div> + <hr /> + <a name="illustrations" + id="illustrations"></a> + + <h4>ILLUSTRATIONS</h4> + + <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig001-1">STUDY FROM NATURE. + BY JEAN FRANÇOIS MILLET.</a></p> + + <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig001-2">MILLET'S COAT OF + ARMS.</a></p> + + <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig002">PORTRAIT OF JEAN + FRANÇOIS MILLET, DRAWN BY HIMSELF.</a></p> + + <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig500">THE SHEEP-SHEARERS. + FROM A PAINTING BY JEAN FRANÇOIS MILLET.</a></p> + + <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig501">PEASANT REPOSING. + FROM A PAINTING BY JEAN FRANCOIS MILLET, EXHIBITED IN THE SALON + OF 1863.</a></p> + + <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig502">THE MILK-CARRIER. + FROM A PAINTING BY JEAN FRANÇOIS MILLET.</a></p> + + <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig503">THE GLEANERS. FROM A + PAINTING IN THE LOUVRE, BY JEAN FRANÇOIS MILLET, + EXHIBITED IN THE SALON OF 1857.</a></p> + + <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig504">THE ANGELES, + MILLET'S MOST FAMOUS PICTURE.</a></p> + + <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig505">NESTLINGS. FROM A + PAINTING BY JEAN FRANCOIS MILLET, IN THE MUSEUM AT + LILLE.</a></p> + + <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig507">FIRST STEPS. FROM A + PASTEL BY JEAN FRANÇOIS MILLET.</a></p> + + <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig509">THE SOWER. FROM A + PAINTING BY JEAN FRANÇOIS MILLET.</a></p> + + <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig510">CHURNING. FROM A + PASTEL BY JEAN FRANÇOIS MILLET, IN THE + LUXEMBOURG</a></p> + + <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig511">A YOUNG SHEPHERDESS. + FROM A PAINTING BY JEAN FRANCOIS MILLET.</a></p> + + <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig521">"AGNES SAID, WITH + QUICKENED BREATHING, 'WE COULDN'T STAY HERE LONG.'"</a></p> + + <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig524">"'AGNES, DO YOU + KNOW?' HE ASKED. AND SHE ANSWERED, 'YES.'"</a></p> + + <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig529">ABRAHAM LINCOLN IN + 1860.--HITHERTO UNPUBLISHED.</a></p> + + <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig530-1">GENERAL JOHN J. + HARDIN.</a></p> + + <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig530-2">COLONEL EDWARD D. + BAKER.</a></p> + + <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig531">THE CARTER + SCHOOLHOUSE PRECINCT, INDIANA, WHERE LINCOLN RENEWED + ACQUAINTANCE WITH OLD NEIGHBORS IN 1844.</a></p> + + <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig532">THE REV. PETER + CARTWRIGHT.</a></p> + + <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig533">SCHOOLHOUSE AT + BRUCEVILLE, INDIANA, WHERE LINCOLN SPOKE FOR CLAY IN + 1844.</a></p> + + <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig535">HENRY CLAY.</a></p> + + <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig536">ROBERT C. + WINTHROP.</a></p> + + <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig537">COURTHOUSE AT + PETERSBURG, MENARD COUNTY.</a></p> + + <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig538-1">ROBERT + SMITH.</a></p> + + <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig538-2">"LONG JOHN" + WENTWORTH.</a></p> + + <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig539-1">WILLIAM A. + RICHARDSON.</a></p> + + <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig539-2">STEPHEN A. + DOUGLAS.</a></p> + + <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig539-3">SIDNEY + BREESE.</a></p> + + <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig540-1">ORLANDO B. + FICKLIN.</a></p> + + <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig540-2">GENERAL JOHN A. + MCCLERNAND.</a></p> + + <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig541">THE CAPITOL AT + WASHINGTON IN 1846.</a></p> + + <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig543">LEVI LINCOLN, + GOVERNOR OF MASSACHUSETTS.</a></p> + + <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig545">"PHROSO".</a></p> + + <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig561">COL DE BLANC, MONT + BLANC.</a></p> + + <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig562">THE MAUVAIS PAS, + MONT BLANC.</a></p> + + <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig563">THE GLACIER DES + BOSSONS, MONT BLANC.</a></p> + + <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig564">REFUGE STATION AT + THE GRANDS MULETS, MONT BLANC.</a></p> + + <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig565">ADÉLE BALMAT, + HOSTESS AT THE GRANDS MULETS STATION.</a></p> + + <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig567">PASSAGE OF A + CREVASSE, MONT BLANC.</a></p> + + <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig568">PASSAGE OF A + CREVASSE.</a></p> + + <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig569">A BIRTHPLACE OF + AVALANCHES, MONT BLANC.</a></p> + + <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig570">M. JANSSEN'S + OBSERVATORY ON TOP OF MONT BLANC.</a></p> + + <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig571">VIEW FROM THE SUMMIT + OF MONT BLANC, SHOWING THE MATTERHORN IN THE DISTANCE.</a></p> + + <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig579">FIGURE I.--APPARATUS + USED BY PROFESSOR W.F. MAGIE IN TAKING A SKIAGRAPH OF A + HAND.</a></p> + + <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig580">FIGURE 2.--SKIAGRAPH + OF A FOOT, SHOWING AN EXTRA BONE IN THE GREAT TOE.</a></p> + + <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig581-1">FIGURE 3.--SKETCH + OF A BABY'S FOOT AS SEEN THROUGH A SKIASCOPE.</a></p> + + <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig581-2">FIGURE 4.--SKETCH + OF A BABY'S KNEE AS SEEN THROUGH A SKIASCOPE.</a></p> + + <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig582">FIGURE 5.--SKIAGRAPH + OF A BULLOCK'S EYE.</a></p> + + <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig583">FIGURE 6.--SKIAGRAPH + OF A DEAD HAND AND WRIST, SHOWING TWO BUCK-SHOT AND A + NEEDLE.</a></p> + + <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig584">FIGURE 7.--SKIAGRAPH + OF A BABY'S SKULL, SHOWING TWO BUCK-SHOT PLACED UNDER THE + SKULL.</a></p> + + <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig585">FIGURE 8.--SKIAGRAPH + OF THE LEFT FOREARM OF A LIVING SUBJECT, SHOWING AT THE POINT + MARKED "B" A DEFORMITY.</a></p> + + <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig586">FIGURE 9.--SKIAGRAPH + OF A HUMAN FOOT, SHOWING THE DEFORMITY IN THE LAST TWO + TOES.</a></p> + + <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig587">FIGURE + 10.---SKIAGRAPH OF A SECTION OF A HUMAN ARM, SHOWING + TUBERCULOUS DISEASE OF THE ELBOW-JOINT.</a></p> + + <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig588">FIGURE + 11.--SKIAGRAPH OF A HUMAN WRIST WHICH HAD BEEN + DISLOCATED.</a></p> + <hr /> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a name="fig001-1" + id="fig001-1"></a> + <a href="images/001-1.jpg"><img width="60%" src="images/001-1.jpg" + alt="STUDY FROM NATURE." /></a><br /> + STUDY FROM NATURE. BY JEAN FRANÇOIS MILLET.<br /> + + + <p>Reproduced by permission of Braun, Clement & Co.</p> + </div> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a name="fig001-2" + id="fig001-2"><img src="images/001-2.jpg" + alt="MILLET'S COAT OF ARMS." /></a><br /> + MILLET'S COAT OF ARMS. + + <p>Reproduced by permission of Braun, Clement & Co. A + facsimile of one of the little drawings which Millet was + accustomed to make for acquaintances and collectors of + autographs, and which he laughingly called his "<i>armes + parlantes</i>."</p> + </div> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a name="fig002" + id="fig002"><img src="images/002.jpg" + alt="PORTRAIT OF JEAN FRANÇOIS MILLET" /> + </a><br /> + PORTRAIT OF JEAN FRANÇOIS MILLET, DRAWN BY HIMSELF. + + <p>Reproduced by permission of Braun, Clement & Co. Of + this portrait, drawn in 1847, Sensier, in his "Life" of + Millet, says: "It is in crayon, and life-sized. The head is + melancholy, like that of Albert Dürer; the profound + regard is filled with intelligence and goodness."</p> + </div><span class="pagenum"><a name="page499" + id="page499"></a>[pg 499]</span> + + <h2>A CENTURY OF PAINTING.</h2> + + <p>JEAN FRANÇOIS MILLET.—PARENTAGE AND EARLY + INFLUENCES.—HIS LIFE AT BARBIZON.—VISITS TO MILLET + IN HIS STUDIO.—HIS PERSONAL APPEARANCE.—HIS OWN + COMMENTS ON HIS PICTURES.—PASSAGES FROM HIS + CONVERSATION.</p> + + <h3>BY Will H. Low.</h3> + + <div class="letter-left"> + <img src="images/499.png" + alt="letter 'T'" /> + </div> + + <p style="text-indent:-1em;">hese papers, disclaiming any other + authority than that which appertains to the conclusions of a + practising painter who has thought deeply on the subject of his + art, have nevertheless avoided the personal equation as much as + possible. A conscientious endeavor has been made to consider + the work of each painter in the place which has been assigned + him by the concensus of opinion in the time which has elapsed + since his work was done. In the consideration of Jean + François Millet, however, I desire for the nonce to + become less impersonal, for the reason that it was my privilege + to know him slightly, and in the case of one who as a man and + as a painter occupies a place so entirely his own, the value of + recorded personal impressions is greater, at least for purposes + of record, than the registration of contemporary opinion + concerning him.</p> + + <p>I must further explain that, as a young student who received + at his hands the kindly reception which the master, stricken in + health, and preoccupied with his work, vouchsafed, I could only + know him superficially. It may have been the spectacle of + youthful enthusiasm, or the modest though dignified recognition + of the reverence with which I approached him, that made this + grave man unbend; but it is certain that the few times when I + was permitted to enter the rudely built studio at Barbizon have + remained red-letter days in my life, and on each occasion I + left Millet with an impression so strong and vital that now, + after a lapse of twenty years, the work which he showed me, and + the words which he uttered, are as present as though it all had + occurred yesterday. The reverence which I then felt for this + great man was born of his works, a few of which I had seen in + 1873 in Paris; and their constant study, and the knowledge of + his life and character gained since then, have intensified this + feeling.</p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a name="fig500" + id="fig500"><img src="images/500.jpg" + alt="THE SHEEP-SHEARERS. FROM A PAINTING BY JEAN FRANÇOIS MILLET." /> + </a><br /> + THE SHEEP-SHEARERS. FROM A PAINTING BY JEAN FRANÇOIS + MILLET.<br /> + + + <p>Reproduced by permission of Braun, Clement & Co. A + replica of Millet's picture in the Salon of 1861, which is + now owned by Mr. Quincy Shaw, Boston, Massachusetts. + Charles Jacque, who had quarrelled with Millet, after + seeing this picture, went to him and said: "We cannot be + friends; but I have come to say that you have painted a + masterpiece."</p> + </div> + + <p>Jean François Millet was born October 4, 1814, in the + hamlet of Gruchy, a mere handful of houses which lie in a + valley descending to the sea, in the department of the Manche, + not far from Cherbourg. He was the descendant of a class which + has no counterpart in England or America, and which in his + native France has all but disappeared. The rude forefathers of + our country may have in a degree resembled the French peasant + of Millet's youth; but their Protestant belief made them more + independent in thought, and the problems of a new country, and + the lack of stability inherent to the colonist, robbed them of + the fanatical love of the earth, which is perhaps the strongest + trait of the peasant. Every inch of the ground up to the cliffs + above the sea, in Millet's country, represented the struggle of + man with nature; and each parcel of land, every stone in the + walls which kept the earth from being engulfed in the floods + beneath, bore marks of his handiwork. Small wonder, then, that + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page500" + id="page500"></a>[pg 500]</span> this rude people should + engender the painter who has best expressed the intimate + relation between the man of the fields and his ally and foe, + the land which he subjugates, and which in turn enslaves + him. The inherent, almost savage, independence of the + peasant had kept him freer and of a nobler type than the + English yokel even in the time before the Revolution, and in + the little hamlet where Millet was born, + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page501" + id="page501"></a>[pg 501]</span> the great upheaval had + meant but little. Remote from the capital, cultivating land + which but for their efforts would have been abandoned as + worthless, every man was a land-owner in a small degree, and + the patrimony of Millet sufficed for a numerous family of + which he was the eldest son. Sufficed, that is, for a + Spartan subsistence, made up of unrelaxing toil, with few or + no comforts, save those of a spiritual nature which came in + the guise of religion.</p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a name="fig501" + id="fig501"><img src="images/501.jpg" + alt="PEASANT REPOSING. FROM A PAINTING BY JEAN FRANCOIS MILLET, EXHIBITED IN THE SALON OF 1863." /> + </a><br /> + PEASANT REPOSING. FROM A PAINTING BY JEAN FRANCOIS MILLET, + EXHIBITED IN THE SALON OF 1863. + + <p>Reproduced by permission of Braun, Clement & Co. + This picture, popularly known as "The man with the hoe," + was the cause of much discussion at the time of its + exhibition. Millet was accused of socialism; of inciting + the peasants to revolt; and from his quiet retreat in the + country, he defended himself in a letter to his friend + Sensier as follows: "I see very clearly the aureole + encircling the head of the daisy, and the sun which glows + beyond, far, far over the country-side, its glory in the + skies; I see, not less clearly, the smoking plough-horses + in the plain, and in a rocky corner a man bent with labor, + who groans as he works, or who for an instant tries to + straighten himself to catch his breath. The drama is + enveloped in splendor. This is not of my creation; the + expression, 'the cry of the earth,' was invented long + ago."</p> + </div> + + <p>Millet was reared by his grandmother, such being the custom + of the country; the younger women being occupied in the service + of the mastering earth, and the elders, no longer able to go + afield, bringing up the children born to their children, who in + turn replaced their parents in the never-ending struggle. This + grandmother, Louise Jumelin, widow of Nicolas Millet, was a + woman of great force of character, and extremely devout. The + most ordinary occupation of the day was made the subject not of + uttered prayer, for that would have entailed suspension of her + ceaseless activity, but of spiritual example tersely expressed, + which fell upon the fruitful soil of Millet's young + imagination, and left such a lasting impression that to the end + of his life his natural expression was almost Biblical in + character of language.</p> + + <p>Another formative influence of this young life was that of a + granduncle, Charles Millet, a priest who, driven from his + church by the Revolution, had returned to his native village + and taken up the simple life of his people, without, however, + abandoning his vocation. He was to be seen behind his plough, + his priest's robe gathered up about his loins, his breviary in + one hand, following the furrow up and down the undulating + fields which ran to the + cliffs.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page502" + id="page502"></a>[pg 502]</span> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a name="fig502" + id="fig502"><img src="images/502.jpg" + alt="THE MILK-CARRIER. FROM A PAINTING BY JEAN FRANÇOIS MILLET." /> + </a><br /> + THE MILK-CARRIER. FROM A PAINTING BY JEAN FRANÇOIS + MILLET. + + <p>Reproduced by permission of Braun, Clement & Co. + Probably commenced at Cherbourg, where Millet took refuge + with his family during the Franco-Prussian War, as Sensier + mentions it on Millet's return. This picture, or a replica + of it (Millet was fond of repeating his subjects, with + slight changes in each case), was in his studio in 1873, + and called forth the remark quoted in the text, about the + women in his country.</p> + </div> + + <p>Gifted with great strength, he piled up great masses of + granite, to reclaim a precious morsel of earth from the hungry + maw of the sea; lifting his voice, as he worked, in resonant + chants of the church. He it was who taught Millet to read; and, + later, it was another priest, the Abbé Jean Lebrisseux, + who, in the intervals of the youth's work in the fields, where + he had early become an efficient aid to his father, continued + his instruction. With the avidity of intelligence Millet + profited by this instruction, not only in the more ordinary + studies, but in Latin, with the Bible and Virgil as text-books. + His mind was also nourished by the books belonging to the + scanty library of his granduncle. These were of a purely + religious character—the "History of the Saints," the + "Confessions" of St. Augustine, the letters of St. Jerome, and + the works of Bossuet and Fénelon.</p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a name="fig503" + id="fig503"><img src="images/503.jpg" + alt="THE GLEANERS. FROM A PAINTING IN THE LOUVRE, BY JEAN FRANÇOIS MILLET, EXHIBITED IN THE SALON OF 1857." /> + </a><br /> + THE GLEANERS. FROM A PAINTING IN THE LOUVRE, BY JEAN + FRANÇOIS MILLET, EXHIBITED IN THE SALON OF 1857. + + <p>"The three fates of pauperism" was the disdainful + appreciation of Paul de Saint-Victor on the first + exhibition of this picture, while Edmond About wrote: "The + picture attracts one from afar by its air of grandeur and + serenity. It has the character of a religious painting. It + is drawn without fault, and colored without crudity; and + one feels the August sun which ripens the wheat." Sensier + says: "The picture sold with difficulty for four hundred + dollars. What is it worth to-day?"</p> + </div> + + <p>In his father, whose strongest characteristic was an intense + love of nature, Millet found an unconscious influence in the + direction which his life was to follow. Millet recalled in + after life that he would show him a blade of grass or a flower, + and say: "See how beautiful; how the petals overlap; and the + tree there, how strong and fine it is!" It was his father who + was attentive to the <!--page 503 blank--> + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page504" + id="page504"></a>[pg 504]</span> youth's first rude efforts, + and who encouraged him when the decisive step was to be + taken, which Millet, feeling that his labor in the fields + was necessary to the common good of the family, hesitated to + take. The boy was in his eighteenth year when his father + said:</p> + + <p>"My poor François, you are tormented between your + desire to be an artist and your duty to the family. Now that + your brothers are growing, they can take their turn in the + fields. I have long wished that you could be instructed in the + craft of the painter, which I am told is so noble, and we will + go to Cherbourg and see what can be done."</p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a name="fig504" + id="fig504"><img src="images/504.jpg" + alt="THE ANGELES, MILLET'S MOST FAMOUS PICTURE." /> + </a><br /> + THE ANGELES, MILLET'S MOST FAMOUS PICTURE. + + <p>Reproduced by permission of Braun, Clement & Co. + Despite its fame, this is distinctly not Millet's + masterpiece. During his life it sold for about ten thousand + dollars, and later for one hundred and fifty thousand.</p> + </div> + + <p>Thus encouraged, the boy made two drawings—one of two + shepherds in blouse and <i>sabots</i>, one listening while the + other played a rustic flute; and a second where, under a + starlit sky, a man came from out a house, carrying bread for a + mendicant at his gate. Armed with these two + designs—typical of the work which in the end, after being + led astray by schools and popular taste, he was to do—the + two peasants sought a local painter named Mouchel at Cherbourg. + After a moment of doubt as to the originality of the youth's + work, Mouchel offered to teach him all that he knew.</p> + + <p>Millet stayed with Mouchel some months. Then his father's + death recalled him home, where his honest spirit prompted him + to remain as the eldest son and head of the family, although + his heart was less than ever in the fields. But this the + mother, brought up in the spirit of resignation, would not + allow him to do. "God has made you a painter. His will be done. + Your father, my Jean Louis, has said it was to be, and you must + return to Cherbourg."</p> + + <p>Millet returned to Cherbourg, this time to the studio of one + Langlois, a pupil of Gros, who was the principal painter of the + little city. But Langlois, like his first master, Mouchel, kept + him at work copying either his own studies or pictures in the + city museum. After a few months, though, he had the honesty to + recognize that his pupil needed more efficient instruction + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page505" + id="page505"></a>[pg 505]</span> than he could give him, and + in August, 1836, he addressed a petition to the mayor and + common council of the city of Cherbourg, who took the matter + into consideration, and, with the authorities of the + department, voted a sum of one thousand francs—two + hundred dollars—as a yearly allowance to Millet, in + order that he might pursue his studies in Paris. Langlois in + his petition asks that he be permitted to "raise without + fear the veil of the future, and to assure the municipal + council a place in the memory of the world for having been + the first to endow their country with one more great name." + Grandiloquent promise has often been made without result; + but one must admire the hard-headed Norman councillors who, + representing a little provincial city which in 1884 had but + thirty-six thousand inhabitants, gave even this modest sum + to assure a future to one who might reflect honor on his + country.</p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a name="fig505" + id="fig505"><img src="images/505.jpg" + alt="NESTLINGS. FROM A PAINTING BY JEAN FRANCOIS MILLET, IN THE MUSEUM AT LILLE." /> + </a><br /> + NESTLINGS. FROM A PAINTING BY JEAN FRANCOIS MILLET, IN THE + MUSEUM AT LILLE. + + <p>Reproduced by permission of Braun, Clement & Co. A + notable instance of the scope of Millet's power, as tender + in depicting children as it is austere in "The + Gleaners."</p> + </div> + + <p>With a portion, of this allowance, and a small addition from + the "economies" of <span class="pagenum"><a name="page506" + id="page506"></a>[pg 506]</span> his mother and grandmother, + Millet went to Paris in 1837. The great city failed to + please the country-bred youth, and, indeed, until the end of + his life, Millet disliked Paris. I remember his saying that, + on his visits from Barbizon to the capital, he was happy on + his arrival at the station, but when he arrived at the + column of the Bastille, a few squares within the city, the + <i>mal du pays</i> took him by the throat.</p> + + <p>At first he spent all his time in the Louvre, which revealed + to him what the little provincial museum of Cherbourg had but + faintly suggested. Before long, however, he entered the studio + of Paul Delaroche, who was the popular master of the time. + There he won the sobriquet of the "man of the woods," from a + savage taciturnity which was his defence in the midst of the + <i>atelier</i> jokes. He had come to work, and to work he + addressed himself, with but little encouragement from master or + comrades. Strong as a young Hercules, with a dignity which + never forsook him, his studies won at least the success of + attention. When a favorite pupil of the master remonstrated + that his men and women were hewed from stone, Millet replied + tranquilly, "I came here because there are Greek statues and + living men and women to study from, not to please you or any + one. Do I preoccupy myself with your figures made of honey and + butter?"</p> + + <p>Delaroche, won by the strength of the man, at length unbent, + and showed him such favor as a commonplace mind could accord to + native superiority. He advised him to compete for the Prix de + Rome, warning him, however, that whatever might be the merit of + his work, he could not take it that year, as it was arranged + that another, approaching the limit of age, must have it. This + revolted the simple nature of Millet, who refused to compete, + and left the school.</p> + + <p>A return to Cherbourg, where he married his first wife, who + died at the end of two years; another sojourn in Paris, and a + visit home of some duration; a number of portraits and pictures + painted in Cherbourg and Havre, in which his talent was slowly + asserting itself, brings us to 1845, when he remarried. + Returning to Paris with his wife, he remained there until 1849, + when he went to Barbizon "for a time," which was prolonged to + twenty-seven years.</p> + + <p>In all the years preceding his final return to the country, + Millet was apparently undecided as to the definite character of + his work. Out of place in a city, more or less influenced by + his comrades in art, and forced to follow in a degree the + dictation of necessity in the choice of subject, as his brush + was his only resource and his family constantly increasing, his + work of this period is always tentative. In painting it is + luscious in color and firmly drawn and modelled, but it lacks + the perception of truth which, when once released from the + bondage of the city, began to manifest itself in his work. The + first indication of the future Millet is in a picture in the + Salon of 1848, "The Winnower," which has, in subject at least, + much the character of the work which followed his establishment + at Barbizon. For the rest, although the world is richer in + beautiful pictures of charmingly painted nymphs, and of rustic + scenes not altogether devoid of a certain artificiality, and in + at least one masterly mythological picture of Oedipus rescued + from the tree, through Millet's activity in these years, yet + his work, had it continued on this plane, would have lacked the + high significance which the next twenty-five years were to + show.</p> + + <p>Having endeavored to make clear the source from which Millet + came, and indicated the formative influences of his early life, + I may permit myself (as I warned my readers I should do) to + return to my recollections of Barbizon in 1873, and the + glimpses of Millet which my sojourn there in that and the + following year afforded me.</p> + + <p>Barbizon lies on a plain, more vast in the impression which + it makes on the eye than in actual area, and the village + consists of one long street, which commences at a group of farm + buildings of some importance, and ends in the forest of + Fontainebleau. About midway down this street, on the way to the + forest, Millet's home stood, on the right of the road. The + house, of two low stories, had its gable to the street, and on + the first floor, with the window breast high from the ground, + was the dining-room. Here, in pleasant weather, with the window + wide open, sat Millet at the head of his patriarchal table, his + children, of whom there were nine, about him; his good wife, + their days of acute misery past, smiling contentedly on her + brood, which, if I remember rightly, already counted a + grandchild or more: as pleasant a sight as one could readily + see. Later, in the autumn evenings, a lamplit replica of the + same picture presented itself. Or, if the dinner was cleared + away, one would see Madame Millet busy with her needle, the + children at their lessons, and the painter, whom even then + tradition <!--blank page 507--> + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page508" + id="page508"></a>[pg 508]</span> painted a sad and cheerless + misanthrope, contentedly playing at dominoes with one of the + children, or his honest Norman face wreathed in smiles as + the conversation took an amusing turn. This, it is true, was + when the master of the house was free from his terrible + enemy, the headache, which laid him low so often, and which + in these days became more and more frequent.</p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a name="fig507" + id="fig507"><img src="images/507.jpg" + alt="FIRST STEPS. FROM A PASTEL BY JEAN FRANÇOIS MILLET." /> + </a><br /> + FIRST STEPS. FROM A PASTEL BY JEAN FRANÇOIS MILLET. + + <p>Reproduced by permission of Braun, Clement & Co. As + Sensier remarks, Millet, with nine children, had abundant + opportunity to study them. This charming drawing was one of + the collection of Millet's pastels formed by M. Gavet, + which was unfortunately dispersed by auction soon after the + artist's death.</p> + </div> + + <p>The house, to resume the description of Millet's home, went + back at right angles from the street, and contained the various + apartments of the family, many of them on the ground floor, and + all of the most modest character. It was a source of wonder how + so large a family could inhabit so small a house. The garden + lay in front, and extended back of the house. A high wall with + a little door, painted green, by which you entered, ran along + the street, and ended at the studio, which was, like the + dining-room, on the street. The garden was pleasant with + flowers and trees, the kitchen garden being at the rear. But a + few short years ago, within its walls Madame Millet plucked a + red rose, and gave it to me, saying: "My husband planted this." + Outside the little green door, on either hand, were stone + benches set against the wall, on which the painter's children + sometimes sat and played; but it is somewhat strange that I + never remember Millet at his door or on the village street. He + walked a great deal, but always went out of the garden to the + fields back of the house, and from there gained the forest or + the plain. Among the young painters who frequented Barbizon in + those days (which were, however, long after the time when the + men of Millet's age established themselves there), there were, + strange as it may seem, few who cared for Millet's work, and + many who knew little or nothing of it. The prejudices of the + average art student are many and indurated. His horizon is apt + to be bounded by his master's work or the last Salon success, + and as Millet had no pupils, and had ceased to exhibit at the + Salon, he was little known to most of the youths who, as I look + back, must have made Barbizon a most undesirable place for a + quiet family to live in. An accident which made me acquainted + with Millet's eldest son, a painter of talent, seemed for a + time to bring me no nearer to knowing the father until one day + some remark of mine which showed at least a sincere admiration + for his work made the son suggest that I should come and see a + recently completed picture.</p> + + <p>If the crowd of young painters who frequented the village + were indifferent to Millet, such was not the case with people + from other places. The "personally conducted" were then newly + invented, and I have seen a wagon load of tourists, who had + been driven to different points in the forest, draw up before + Millet's modest door and express indignation in a variety of + languages when they were refused admittance. There were many in + those days who tried with little or no excuse to break in on + the work of a man whose working days were already counted, and + who was seldom free from his old enemy <i>migraine</i>. I was + to learn this when—I hope after having had the grace to + make it plain that, though I greatly desired to know Millet, I + felt no desire to intrude—the son had arranged for a day + when, at last, I was admitted to the studio.</p> + + <p>Millet did not make his appearance at once; and when he + came, and the son had said a few kindly words of presentation, + he seemed so evidently in pain that I managed, in a French + which must have been distinguished by a pure New York accent + and a vocabulary more than limited, to express a fear that he + was suffering, and suggested that my visit had better be + deferred.</p> + + <p>"No, it will pass," was his answer; and going to his easel + he placed, with the help of his son, picture after picture, for + my delectation.</p> + + <p>It was Millet's habit to commence a great number of + pictures. On some of them he would work as long, according to + his own expression, as he saw the scene in nature before him; + for, at least at this epoch, he never painted directly from + nature. For a picture which I saw the following summer, where + three great hay-stacks project their mass against a heavy storm + cloud, the shepherd seeking shelter from the impending rain, + and the sheep erring here and there, affected by the changing + weather—for this picture, conveying, as it did, the most + intense impression of nature, Millet showed me (in answer to my + inquiry and in explanation of his method of work) in a little + sketch-book, so small that it would slip into a waistcoat + pocket, the pencilled outline of the three hay-stacks. "It was + a stormy day," he said, "and on my return home I sat down and + commenced the picture, but of direct studies—<i>voila + tout</i>." Of another picture, now in the Boston Museum of Fine + Arts, of a young girl, life size, with a distaff, seated on a + hillock, her head shaded by a great straw hat relieved against + the sky, he told <span class="pagenum"><a name="page509" + id="page509"></a>[pg 509]</span> me that the only direct + painting from nature on the canvas was in a bunch of grass + in the foreground, which he had plucked in the fields and + brought into his studio.</p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a name="fig509" + id="fig509"><img src="images/509.jpg" + alt="THE SOWER. FROM A PAINTING BY JEAN FRANÇOIS MILLET." /> + </a><br /> + THE SOWER. FROM A PAINTING BY JEAN FRANÇOIS MILLET. + + <p>From the original painting, now in the collection of + Mrs. W.H. Vanderbilt; reproduced by permission of Braun, + Clement & Co. In his criticism of the Salon of 1850, + where the picture was first exhibited, Théophile + Gautier thus described it: "The sower advances with + rhythmic step, casting the seed into the furrowed land; + sombre rags cover him; a formless hat is drawn down over + his brow; he is gaunt, cadaverous, and thin under his + livery of misery; and yet life is contained in his large + hand, as with a superb gesture he who has nothing scatters + broadcast on the earth the bread of the future."</p> + </div> + + <p>On this first day, it would be difficult to say how many + pictures in various states of advancement I saw. The master + would occasionally say, reflectively: "It is six months since I + looked at that, and I must get to work at it," as some new + canvas was placed on the easel. At first, fearing that he was + too ill to have me stay, I made one or two motions to leave. + But each time, with a kindly smile, I was bidden to stay, with + the assurance that the headache was "going better." After a + time I quite forgot everything in enthusiasm at what I saw and + the sense that I was enjoying the privilege of a lifetime. The + life of the fields seemed to be unrolled before me like some + vast panorama. Millet's comments were short and descriptive of + what he aimed to represent, seldom or never concerning the + method of his work. "Women in my country," meaning Lower + Normandy, of course, "carry jars of milk in that way," he said, + indicating the woman crossing the fields with the milk-can + supported by a strap on her shoulder. "When I was a boy there + were great flights of wild pigeons which + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page510" + id="page510"></a>[pg 510]</span> settled in the trees at + night, when we used to go with torches, and the birds, + blinded by the light, could be killed by the hundred with + clubs," was his explanation of another scene full of the + confusion of lights and the whirr of the bewildered + pigeons.</p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a name="fig510" + id="fig510"><img src="images/510.jpg" + alt="CHURNING. FROM A PASTEL BY JEAN FRANÇOIS MILLET, IN THE LUXEMBOURG" /> + </a><br /> + CHURNING. FROM A PASTEL BY JEAN FRANÇOIS MILLET, IN + THE LUXEMBOURG GALLERY, PARIS. + + <p>Delightful for a sense of air through the cool and + spacious room, and for the sculpturesque solidity of the + group composed of the woman, the churn, and the cat.</p> + </div> + <p>"And you have not seen it since you were a boy?" I + asked.</p> + + <p>"No; but it all comes back to me as I work," was his + answer.</p> + + <p>From picture to picture, from question to kindly answer, the + afternoon sped, and at length, in response to a question as to + the relative importance of subject, the painter sent his son + into the house whence he returned with a panel a few inches + square. The father took it, wiped the dust from it, + absent-mindedly, on his sleeve, with a half caressing movement, + and placed it on the easel. "<i>Voila!</i> (There!)" was all he + said. The panel represented three golden juicy pears, their fat + sides relieved one against the other, forming a compact group + which, through the magic of color, told of autumn sun, and + almost gave the odor of ripened fruit. It was a lovely bit of + painting, and much interested, I said: "Pardon me, but you seem + as much or more proud of this than anything you have + shown."</p> + + <p>"Exactly," answered Millet, with an amused smile at my + eagerness. "Everything in nature is good to paint, and the + painter's business is to be occupied with his manner of + rendering it. These pears, a man or a woman, a flock of sheep, + all have the same qualities for a painter. There are," with a + gesture of his hands to make his meaning clear, "things that + lie flat, that are horizontal, like a plain; and there are + others which stand up, are perpendicular; and there are the + planes between: all of which should be expressed in a picture. + There are the distances between objects also. But all this can + be found in the simplest thing as in the most complicated."</p> + + <p>"But," I again ventured, "surely some subjects are more + important than others."</p> + + <p>"Some are more interesting in the sense that they add to the + problems of a painter. When he has to paint a human being, he + has to represent truth of action, the particular character of + an individual; but he must do the latter when he paints a pear. + No two pears are alike."</p> + + <p>I fear at the time I hardly understood the importance of the + lesson which I then received; certainly not to the degree with + which experience has confirmed it. But I have written it here, + the sense, if not the <span class="pagenum"><a name="page511" + id="page511"></a>[pg 511]</span> actual language, because + Millet has been so often misrepresented as seeking to point + a moral through the subject of his pictures. When we recall + the manner in which "The Angelus" was paraded through the + country a few years ago, and the genuine sentiment of the + simple scene—where Millet had endeavored to express + "the things that lie flat, like a plain; and the things that + stand up," like his peasants—was travestied by gushing + sentimentalists, it is pleasant to think of the wholesome + common sense of the great painter.</p><br clear="all" /> + + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a name="fig511" + id="fig511"><img src="images/511.jpg" + alt="A YOUNG SHEPHERDESS. FROM A PAINTING BY JEAN FRANCOIS MILLET." /> + </a><br /> + A YOUNG SHEPHERDESS. FROM A PAINTING BY JEAN FRANCOIS + MILLET. + + <p>The background here is typical of that part of the + forest of Fontainebleau which borders the plain of + Barbizon.</p> + </div> + + <p>The picture which I had specially come to see was meanwhile + standing covered with a drapery, on another easel, and at + length the resources of the studio were apparently exhausted. + Millet asked me to step back a few paces to where a short + curtain was placed on a light iron rod at right angles from the + studio window, so that a person standing behind it saw into the + studio while his eyes were screened from the glare of the + window. The painter then drew the covering, and—I feel + that what I am about to say may seem superlative, and I am + quite willing to-day to account for it by the enthusiasm for + the painter's work, which had been growing <i>crescendo</i> + with each successive moment passed in the studio. Be that as it + may, the picture which I saw caused me to forget where I was, + to forget painting, and to look, apparently, on a more + enchanting scene than my eyes had + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page512" + id="page512"></a>[pg 512]</span> ever beheld—one more + enchanting than they have since seen. It was a landscape, + "Springtime," now in the Louvre. Ah me! I have seen the + picture since, not once, but many times, and he who will go + to Paris may see it. A beautiful picture; but of the + transcendent beauty which transfigured it that day, it has + but the suggestion. It is still a masterpiece, however, and + still conveys, by methods peculiarly Millet's own, a + satisfying sense of the open air, and the charm of fickle + spring. The method is that founded on the constant + observation of nature by a mind acute to perceive, and + educated to remember. The method is one which misses many + trivial truths, and thereby loses the superficial look of + reality which many smaller men have learned to give; but it + retains the larger, more essential truths. Though dependence + on memory carried to the extent of Millet's practice would + be fatal to a weaker man, it can hardly be doubted that it + was the natural method for him.</p> + + <p>I left the studio that day, walking on clouds. When I + returned it was always to receive kindly and practical counsel. + For Millet, though conscious, as such a man must be, of his + importance, was the simplest of men. In appearance the portrait + published here gives him in his youth. At the time of which I + speak he was heavier, with a firm nose, eyes that, deeply set, + seemed to look inwards, except, when directly addressing one, + there was a sudden gleam. His manner of speech was slow and + measured, perhaps out of kindness to the stranger, though I am + inclined to think that it was rather the speech of one who + arrays his thoughts beforehand, and produces them in orderly + sequence. In dress he was like the ordinary <i>bourgeois</i> in + the country, wearing generally a woven coat like a cardigan + jacket in the studio, at the door of which he would leave his + <i>sabots</i> and wear the felt slippers, or <i>chaussons</i>, + which are worn with the wooden shoes. This was not the + affectation of remaining a peasant; every one in the country in + France wears <i>sabots</i>, and very comfortable they are.</p> + + <p>One more visit stands out prominently in my memory. It came + about in this wise. In the summer of 1874 the "two Stevensons," + as they were known, the cousins Robert Louis and Robert Alan + Mowbray Stevenson (the author of the recent "Life of + Velasquez," and the well-known writer on art), were in + Barbizon. It fell that the cousins, in pessimistic vein, were + decrying modern art—the great men were all dead; we + should never see their like again; in short, the mood in which + we all fall at times was dominant. As in duty bound, I argued + the cause of the present and future, and as a clinching + argument told them that I had it in my power to convince them + that at least one of the greatest painters of all time was + still busy in the practice of his art. Millet was not much more + than a name to my friends, and I am certain that that day when + we talked over our coffee in the garden of Siron's inn, they + had seen little or none of his work. I ventured across the + road, knocked at the little green door, and asked permission to + bring my friends, which was accorded for the same afternoon. In + half an hour, therefore, I was witness of an object lesson of + which the teacher was serenely unconscious. Of my complete + triumph when we left there was no doubt, though one of my + friends rather begged the question by insisting that I had + taken an unfair advantage; and that, as he expressed it, "it + was not in the game, in an ordinary discussion, between + gentlemen, concerning minor poets, to drag in Shakespeare in + that manner."</p> + + <p>I saw Millet but once after this, when late in the autumn I + was returning to Paris, and went, out of respect, to bid him + farewell. He was already ill, and those who knew him well, + already feared for his life. Not knowing this, it was a shock + to learn of his death a few months after—January 20, + 1875. The news came to me in the form of the ordinary + notification and convocation to the funeral, which, in the form + of a <i>lettre de faire part</i>, is sent out on the occasion + of a death in France, not only to intimate friends, but to + acquaintances.</p> + + <p>Determined to pay what honor I could, I went to Barbizon, to + find, as did many others gone for the same sad purpose, that an + error in the notices sent, discovered too late to be rectified, + had placed the date of the funeral a day later than that on + which it actually occurred. Millet rests in the little cemetery + at Chailly, across the plain from Barbizon, near his lifetime + friend, Theodore Rousseau, who is buried there. I will never + forget the January day in the village of Barbizon. Though + Millet had little part in the village life, and was known to + few, a sadness, as though the very houses felt that a great man + had passed away, had settled over the place. I sought out a + friend who had been Millet's friend for many years and was with + him at the last, and as he told me of the last sad months, + tears fell from his + eyes.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page513" + id="page513"></a>[pg 513]</span> + + <h2>CHAPTERS FROM A LIFE.</h2> + + <h3>By Elizabeth Stuart Phelps,</h3> + + <p>Author of "The Gates Ajar," "A Singular Life," etc.</p> + + <p>"THE GATES AJAR" WITH THE CRITICS AND THE PUBLIC.—THE + AUTHOR'S FIRST STUDY.—READING REVIEWS OF ONE'S OWN + BOOKS.—CORRESPONDENCE WITH READERS OF "THE GATES + AJAR."</p> + + <p>As was said in the last paper, "The Gates Ajar" was written + without hope or expectation of any especial success, and when + the happy storm broke in truth, I was the most astonished girl + in North America.</p> + + <p>From the day when Mr. Fields's thoughtful note reached the + Andover post-office, that miracle of which we read often in + fiction, and sometimes in literary history, touched the young + writer's life; and it began over again, as a new form of + organization.</p> + + <p>As I look back upon them, the next few years seem to have + been a series of amazing phantasmagoria. Indeed, at the time, + they were scarcely more substantial. A phantom among phantoms, + I was borne along. Incredulous of the facts, and dubious of my + own identity, I whirled through readjustments of scene, of + society, of purposes, of hopes, and now, at last, of ambitions; + and always of hard work, and plenty of it. Really, I think the + gospel of work then, as always, and to all of us, was salvation + from a good deal of nonsense incident to the situation.</p> + + <p>I have been told that the American circulation of the book, + which has remained below one hundred thousand, was rather more + than that in Great Britain. Translations, of course, were + manifold. The French, the German, the Dutch, the Italian have + been conscientiously sent to the author; some others, I think, + have not. More applications to republish my books have reached + me from Germany than from any other country. For a while, with + the tenderness of a novice in such experience, I kept all these + foreign curiosities on my book-shelves; but the throes of + several New England "movings" have scattered their ashes.</p> + + <p>Not long ago I came across a tiny pamphlet in which I used + to feel more honest pride than in any edition of "The Gates + Ajar" which it has ever been my fortune to handle. It is a + sickly yellow thing, covered with a coarse design of some kind, + in which the wings of a particularly sprawly angel + predominate.</p> + + <p>The print is abhorrent, and the paper such as any + respectable publisher would prepare to be condemned for in this + world and in that to come. In fact, the entire book was thus + given out by one of the most enterprising of English pirates, + as an advertisement for a patent medicine. I have never traced + the chemical history of the drug; but it has pleased my fancy + to suppose it to be the one in which Mrs. Holt, the mother of + Felix, dealt so largely; and whose sale Felix put forth his + mighty conscience to suppress.</p> + + <p>Of course, owing to the state of our copyright laws at that + time, all this foreign publication was piratical; and most of + it brought no visible consequence to the author, beyond that + cold tribute to personal vanity on which our unlucky race is + expected to feed. I should make an exception. The house of + Sampson, Low and Company honorably offered me, at a very early + date, a certain recognition of their editions. Other reputable + English houses since, in the case of succeeding books, have + passed contracts of a gentlemanly nature, with the + disproportionately grateful author, who was, of course, + entirely at their mercy. When an American writer compares the + sturdy figures of the foreign circulation with the attenuated + numerals of such visible returns as reach him, he is more + puzzled in his mind than surfeited in his purse. But the + relation of foreign publishers to "home talent" is an ancient + and honorable conundrum, which it is not for this paper or its + writer to solve.</p> + + <p>Nevertheless, I found the patent medicine "Gates Ajar" + delicious, and used to compare it with Messrs. Fields and + Osgood's edition <i>de luxe</i> with an undisguised delight, + which I found it difficult to induce the best of publishers to + share.</p> + + <p>Like most such matters, the first energy of the book had its + funny and its serious <span class="pagenum"><a name="page514" + id="page514"></a>[pg 514]</span> side. A man coming from a + far Western village, and visiting Boston for the first time, + is said to have approached a bartender, in an exclusive + hotel, thus confidentially:</p> + + <p>"Excuse me, but I am a stranger in this part of the country, + and I want to ask a question. Everywhere I go, I see posters up + like this—'The Gates Ajar!' 'The Gates Ajar!' I'm sick to + death of the sight of the durn thing; I haven't darst to ask + what it is. Do <i>tell</i> a fellar! Is it a new kind of + drink?"</p> + + <p>There was a "Gates Ajar" tippet for sale in the country + groceries; I have fancied that it was a knit affair of as many + colors as the jewels in the eternal portals, and extremely + openwork. There was a "Gates Ajar" collar—paper, I + fear—loading the city counters. Ghastly rumors have + reached me of the existence of a "Gates Ajar" cigar. I have + never personally set my eyes upon these tangible forms of + earthly fame. If the truth must be told, I have kept a cowardly + distance from them. Music, of course, took her turn at the + book, and popular "pieces" warbled under its title. One of + these, I think, is sung in Sunday-schools to this day. Then + there was, and still exists, the "Gates Ajar" funeral piece. + This used to seem to me the least serious of them all; but, by + degrees, when I saw the persistence of force in that elaborate + symbol, how many mourning people were so constituted as to find + comfort in it, I came to have a tolerance for it which even + grows into a certain tenderness. I may frankly admit that I + have begun to love it since I heard about the two ragged little + newsboys who came to the eminent city florist, with all their + savings clenched in their grimy fists, and thus made known + their case:</p> + + <p>"Ye see, Larks he was our pardner—him an' us sold on + the same beat—and he jes' got run over by a 'lectric, and + it went over his back. So they tuk him to the horspittle, 'n + Larks he up an' died there yestiddy. So us fellars we're goin' + to give Larks a stylish funeril, you bet. We liked + Larks—an' it went over his back. Say, mister, there ain't + nothin' mean 'bout <i>us</i>, come to buryin' of Larks; 'n + we've voted to settle on one them 'Gates Ajar' + pieces—made o'flowers, doncherknow. So me 'n him an' the + other fellars we've saved up all our propurty, for we're agoin' + ter give Larks a stylish funeril—an' here it is, mister. + I told the kids ef there was more'n enough you's trow in a few + greens, anyhow. Make up de order right away, mister, and give + us our money's worf now, sure—for Larks."</p> + + <p>The gamin proudly counted out upon the marble slab of that + fashionable flower store the sum of seventy-five cents.</p> + + <p>The florist—blessings on him—is said not to have + undeceived the little fellows, but to have duly honored their + "order," and the biggest and most costly "Gates Ajar" piece to + be had in the market went to the hospital, and helped to bury + Larks.</p> + + <p>Of course, as is customary in the case of all authors who + have written one popular book, requests for work at once rained + in on the new study on Andover Hill. For it soon became evident + that I must have a quiet place to write in. In the course of + time I found it convenient to take for working hours a sunny + room in the farm-house of the Seminary estate, a large, + old-fashioned building adjoining my father's house. In still + later years I was allowed to build over, for my own purposes, + the summer-house under the big elm in my father's garden, once + used by my mother for her own study, and well remembered by all + persons interested in Andover scenery. This building had been + for some years used exclusively as a mud-bakery by the boys; it + was piled with those clay turnovers and rolls and pies in whose + manufacture the most select circles of Andover youth + delighted.</p> + + <p>But the bakery was metamorphosed into a decent, dear little + room, about nine by eleven, and commanding the sun on the four + sides of its quadrangle. In fact, it was a veritable sun-bath; + and how dainty was the tip-drip of the icicles from the big + elm-bough, upon the little roof! To this spot I used to travel + down in all weathers; sometimes when it was so slippery on the + hill behind the carriage-house (for the garden paths were + impassable in winter) that I have had to return to primitive + methods of locomotion, and just sit down and coast half the way + on the crust. Later still, when an accident and crutches put + this delightful method of travelling out of the question, the + summer-house (in a blizzard I delighted in the name) was moved + up beside my father's study. I have, in fact, always had an + out-of-door study, apart from the house I lived in, and have + come to look upon it as quite a necessity; so that we have + carried on the custom in our Gloucester house. We heartily + recommend it to all people who live by their brains and pens. + The incessant trotting to and fro on little errands is a + wholesome thing. Proof-sheets, empty ink-stands, dried-up + mucilage, yawning wood-boxes, wet feet, missing scissors, + unfilled kerosene lamps, untimely thirst, or unromantic + lunches, the morning mail, and the dinner-bell, and the + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page515" + id="page515"></a>[pg 515]</span> orders of one's pet + dog—all are so many imperious summonses to breathe the + tingling air and stir the blood and muscle.</p> + + <p>Be as uncomfortable or as cross about it as you choose, an + out-of-door study is sure to prove your best friend. You become + a species of literary tramp, and absorb something of the + tramp's hygiene. It is impossible to be "cooped" at your desk, + if you have to cross a garden or a lawn thirty times a day to + get to it. And what reporter can reach that sweet seclusion + across the distant housemaid's wily and experienced art? What + autograph or lion hunter can ruin your best chapter by + bombardment in mid-morning?</p> + + <p>In the farm-house study I remember one of my earliest + callers from the publishing world, that seems always to stand + with clawing fingers demanding copy of the people least able to + give it. He was an emissary from the "Youth's Companion," who + threatened or cajoled me into a vow to supply him with a + certain number of stories. My private suspicion is that I have + just about at this present time completed my share in that + ancient bargain, so patient and long-suffering has this + pleasant paper been with me. I took particular delight in that + especial visit, remembering the time when the "Companion" gave + my first pious little sentence to print, and paid me with the + paper for a year.</p> + + <p>"The Gates Ajar" was attacked by the press. In fact it was + virulently bitten. The reviews of the book, some of them, + reached the point of hydrophobia. Others were found to be in a + milder pathological condition. Still others were gentle or even + friendly enough. Religious papers waged war across that girl's + notions of the life to come as if she had been an evil spirit + let loose upon accepted theology for the destruction of the + world. The secular press was scarcely less disturbed about the + matter, which it treated, however, with the more amused + good-humor of a man of the world puzzled by a religious + disagreement.</p> + + <p>In the days of the Most Holy Inquisition there was an old + phrase whose poignancy has always seemed to me to be but half + appreciated. One did not say: He was racked. She was burned. + They were flayed alive, or pulled apart with little pincers, or + clasped in the arms of the red-hot Virgin. One was too + well-bred for so bald a use of language. One politely and + simply said: He was put to the question.</p> + + <p>The young author of "The Gates Ajar" was only put to the + question. Heresy was her crime, and atrocity her name. She had + outraged the church; she had blasphemed its sanctities; she had + taken live coals from the altar in her impious hand. The + sacrilege was too serious to be dismissed with cold + contempt.</p> + + <p>Opinion battled about that poor little tale as if it had + held the power to overthrow church and state and family.</p> + + <p>It was an irreverent book—it was a devout book. It was + a strong book—it was a weak book. It was a religious + book—it was an immoral book (I have forgotten just why; + in fact, I think I never knew). It was a good book—it was + a bad book. It was calculated to comfort the + comfortless—it was calculated to lead the impressionable + astray. It was an accession to Christian literature—it + was a disgrace to the religious antecedents of the author; and + so on, and so forth.</p> + + <p>At first, when some of these reviews fell in my way, I read + them, knowing no better. But I very soon learned to let them + alone. The kind notices, while they gave me a sort of courage + which by temperament possibly I needed more than all young + writers may, overwhelmed me, too, by a sense of my own + inadequacy to be a teacher of the most solemn of truths, on any + such scale as that towards which events seemed to be pointing. + The unfair notices put me in a tremor of distress. The brutal + ones affected me like a blow in the face from the fist of a + ruffian. None of them, that I can remember, ever helped me in + any sense whatsoever to do better work.</p> + + <p>I quickly came to the conclusion that I was not adapted to + reading the views of the press about my own writing. I made a + vow to let them alone; and, from that day to this, I have kept + it. Unless in the case of something especially brought to my + attention by friends, I do not read any reviews of my books. Of + course, in a general way, one knows if some important pen has + shown a comprehension of what one meant to do and tried to do, + or has spattered venom upon one's poor achievement. Quite + fairly, one cannot sit like the Queen in the kitchen, eating + only bread and honey—and venom disagrees with me.</p> + + <p>I sometimes think—if I may take advantage of this + occasion to make the only reply in a working life of thirty + years to any of the "slashers" with whose devotion I am told + that I have been honored—I sometimes think, good brother + critics, that I have had my share of the attentions of poisoned + weapons.</p> + + <p>But, regarding my reviewers with the great good humor of one + who never reads <span class="pagenum"><a name="page516" + id="page516"></a>[pg 516]</span> what they say, I can afford + to wish them lively luck and better game in some quivering + writer who takes the big pile of what it is the fashion to + call criticisms from the publisher's table, and + conscientiously reads them through. With <i>this</i> form of + being "put to the question" I will have nothing to do. If it + gives amusement to the reviewers, they are welcome to their + sport. But they stab at the summer air, so far as any writer + is concerned who has the pertinacity of purpose to let them + alone.</p> + + <p>Long after I had adopted the rule to read no notices of my + work, I learned from George Eliot that the same had been her + custom for many years, and felt reënforced in the + management of my little affairs by this great example. + Discussing the question once, with one of our foremost American + writers, I was struck with something like holy envy in his + expression. He had received rough handling from those "critics" + who seem to consider authors as their natural foes, and who + delight in aiming the hardest blows at the heaviest enemy. His + fame is immeasurably superior to that of all his reviewers put + together.</p> + + <p>"Don't you really read them?" he asked, wistfully. "I wish I + could say as much. I'm afraid I shouldn't have the perseverance + to keep that up right along."</p> + + <p>In interesting contrast to all this discord from the + outside, came the personal letters. The book was hardly under + way before the storm of them set in. It began like a New + England snow-storm, with a few large, earnest flakes; then came + the swirl of them, big and little, sleet and rain, fast and + furious, regular and irregular, scurrying and tumbling over + each other through the Andover mails.</p> + + <p>The astonished girl bowed her head before the blast at + first, with a kind of terrified humility. Then, by degrees, she + plucked up heart to give to each letter its due attention.</p> + + <p>It would not be very easy to make any one understand, who + had not been through a closely similar experience, just what it + meant to live in the centre of such a whirlwind of human + suffering.</p> + + <p>It used to seem to me sometimes, at the end of a week's + reading of this large and painful mail, as if the whole world + were one great outcry. What a little portion of it cried to the + young writer of one little book of consolation! Yet how the ear + and heart ached under the piteous monotony! I made it a rule to + answer every civil letter that I received; and as few of them + were otherwise, this correspondence was no light load.</p> + + <p>I have called it monotonous; yet there was a curious variety + in monotony, such as no other book has brought to the author's + attention. The same mail gave the pleasant word of some + distinguished writer who was so kind as to encourage a beginner + in his own art, or so much kinder as gently and intelligently + to point out her defects; and beneath this welcome note lay the + sharp rebuke of some obscure parishioner who found the Temple + of Zion menaced to its foundation by my little story. Hunters + of heresy and of autograph pursued their game side by side. + Here, some man of affairs writes to say (it seemed incredible, + but it used to happen) that the book has given him his first + intelligent respect for religious faith. There, a poor colored + girl, inmate of a charitable institution, where she has figured + as in deed and truth the black sheep, sends her pathetic + tribute:</p> + + <p>"If heaven is like <i>that</i>, I want to go, and I mean + to."</p> + + <p>To-day I am berated by the lady who is offended with the + manner of my doctrine. I am called hard names in no soft + language, and advised to pray heaven for forgiveness for the + harm I am doing by this ungodly book.</p> + + <p>To-morrow I receive a widower's letter, of twenty-six pages, + rose-tinted and perfumed. He relates his personal history. He + encloses the photographs of his dead wife, his living children, + and himself. He adds the particulars of his income, which, I am + given to understand, is large. He adds—but I turn to the + next.</p> + + <p>This correspondent, like scores upon scores of others, will + be told instanter if I am a spiritualist. On this vital point + he demands my confession or my life.</p> + + <p>The next desires to be informed how much of the story is + autobiography, and requires the regiment and company in which + my brother served.</p> + + <p>And now I am haughtily taken to task by some unknown nature + for allowing my heroine to be too much attached to her brother. + I am told that this is impious; that only our Maker should + receive such adoring affection as poor Mary offered to dead + Roy.</p> + + <p>Having recovered from this inconceivable slap in the face, I + go bravely on. I open the covers of a pamphlet as green as + Erin, entitled, "Antidote to the Gates Ajar;" consider myself + as the poisoner of the innocent and reverent mind, and learn + what I may from this lesson in toxicology.</p> + + <p>There was always a certain share of abuse in these + outpourings from strangers; it was relatively small, but it was + enough to save my spirits, by the humor of it, or they would + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page517" + id="page517"></a>[pg 517]</span> have been crushed with the + weight of the great majority.</p> + + <p>I remember the editor of a large Western paper, who enclosed + a clipping from his last review for my perusal. It treated, not + of "The Gates Ajar" just then, but of a magazine story in + "Harper's," the "Century," or wherever. The story was told in + the first person fictitious, and began after this fashion:</p> + + <p>"I am an old maid of fifty-six, and have spent most of my + life in boarding-houses." (The writer was, be it said, at that + time, scarcely twenty-two.)</p> + + <p>"Miss Phelps says of herself," observed this oracle, "that + she is fifty-six years old; and we think she is old enough to + know better than to write such a story as this."</p> + + <p>At a summer place where I was in the early fervors of the + art of making a home, a citizen was once introduced to me at + his own request. I have forgotten his name, but remember having + been told that he was "prominent." He was big, red, and loud, + and he planted himself with the air of a man about to demolish + his deadliest foe.</p> + + <p>"So you are Miss Phelps. Well, I've wanted to meet you. I + read a piece you wrote in a magazine. It was about Our Town. It + did not please Me."</p> + + <p>I bowed with the interrogatory air which seemed to be + expected of me. Being just then very much in love with that + very lovable place, I was puzzled with this accusation, and + quite unable to recall, out of the warm flattery which I had + heaped upon the town in cool print, any visible cause of + offence.</p> + + <p>"You said," pursued my accuser, angrily, "that we had odors + here. You said Our Town smelled of fish. Now, you know, + <i>we</i> get so used to these smells <i>we like 'em!</i> It + gave great offence to the community, madam. And I really + thought at one time—feelin' ran so high—I thought + it would kill the sale of your book!"</p> + + <p>From that day to this I do not believe the idea has visited + the brain of this estimable person that a book could circulate + in any other spot upon the map than within his native town. + This delicious bit of provincialism served to make life worth + living for many a long day.</p> + + <p>There was fun enough in this sort of thing to "keep one up," + so that one could return bravely to the chief end of existence; + for this seemed for many years to be nothing less, and little + else, than the exercise of those faculties called forth by the + wails of the bereaved. From every corner of the civilized + globe, and in its differing languages, they came to + me—entreaties, outpourings, cries of agony, mutterings of + despair, breathings of the gentle hope by which despair may be + superseded; appeals for help which only the Almighty could have + given; demands for light which only eternity can supply.</p> + + <p>A man's grief, when he chooses to confide it to a woman, is + not an easy matter to deal with. Its dignity and its pathos are + never to be forgotten. How to meet it, Heaven only teaches; and + how far Heaven taught that awed and humbled girl I shall never + know.</p> + + <p>But the women—oh, the poor women! I felt less afraid + to answer them. Their misery seemed to cry in my arms like a + child who must be comforted. I wrote to them—I wrote + without wisdom or caution or skill; only with the power of + being sorry for them, and the wish to say so; and if I said the + right thing or the wrong one, whether I comforted or wearied, + strengthened or weakened, that, too, I shall not know.</p> + + <p>Sometimes, in recent years, a letter comes or a voice + speaks: "Do you remember—so many years ago—when I + was in great trouble? You wrote to me." And I am half ashamed + that I had forgotten. But I bless her because <i>she</i> + remembers.</p> + + <p>But when I think of the hundreds—it came into the + thousands, I believe—of such letters received, and how + large a proportion of them were answered, my heart sinks. How + is it possible that one should not have done more harm than + good by that unguided sympathy? If I could not leave the open + question to the Wisdom that protects and overrules well-meaning + ignorance, I should be afraid to think of it. For many years I + was snowed under by those mourners' letters. In truth, they + have not ceased entirely yet, though of course their visits are + now irregular.</p> + + <p>I am so often asked if I still believe the views of another + life set forth in "The Gates Ajar" that I am glad to use this + opportunity to answer the question; though, indeed, I have been + led to do so, to a certain extent, in another place, and may, + perhaps, be pardoned for repeating words in which the question + first and most naturally answered itself:</p> + + <p>"Those appeals of the mourning, black of edge and blurred + with tears, were a mass high beneath the hand and heavy to the + heart. These letters had the terrible and unanswerable power of + all great, natural voices; and the chiefest of these are love + and grief. Year upon year the recipient has sat dumb before + these signs of human misery and hope. They have rolled upon the + shore <span class="pagenum"><a name="page518" + id="page518"></a>[pg 518]</span> of life, a billow of solemn + inspiration. I have called them a human argument for faith + in the future life, and see no reason for amending the + term."</p> + + <p>But why dwell on the little book, which was only the + trembling organ-pipe through which the music thrilled? Its + faults have long since ceased to trouble, and its friends to + elate me. Sometimes one seems to one's self to be the least or + last agency in the universe responsible for such a work. What + was the book? Only an outcry of nature—and nature + answered it. That was all. And nature is of God, and is mighty + before Him.</p> + + <p>Do I believe in the "middle march" of life, as the girl did + in the morning, before the battle of the day?</p> + + <p>For nature's sake—which is for God's sake—I + cannot hesitate.</p> + + <p>Useless suffering is the worst of all kinds of waste. Unless + He created this world from sheer extravagance in the infliction + of purposeless pain, there must be another life to justify, to + heal, to comfort, to offer happiness, to develop holiness. If + there be another world, and such a one, it will be no theologic + drama, but a sensible, wholesome scene. The largest and the + strongest elements of this experimental life will survive its + weakest and smallest. Love is "the greatest thing in the + world," and love "will claim its own" at last.</p> + + <p>The affection which is true enough to live forever, need + have no fear that the life to come will thwart it. The grief + that goes to the grave unhealed, may put its trust in + unimagined joy to be. The patient, the uncomplaining, the + unselfish mourner, biding his time and bearing his lot, giving + more comfort than he gets, and with beautiful wilfulness + believing in the intended kindness of an apparently harsh force + which he cannot understand, may come to perceive, even here, + that infinite power and mercy are one; and, I solemnly believe, + is sure to do so in the life beyond, where "God keeps a niche + in heaven to hold our idols."</p> + + <h2>FOUR-LEAF CLOVER.</h2> + + <h3>By Ella Higginson.</h3> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>I know a place where the sun is like gold,</p> + + <p class="i2">And the cherry blooms burst with + snow;</p> + + <p>And down underneath is the loveliest nook,</p> + + <p class="i2">Where the four-leaf clovers grow.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>One leaf is for hope, and one is for faith,</p> + + <p class="i2">And one is for love, you know;</p> + + <p>And God put another one in for luck—</p> + + <p class="i2">If you search, you will find where they + grow.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>But you must have hope, and you must have faith;</p> + + <p class="i2">You must love and be strong—and + so—</p> + + <p>If you work, if you wait, you will find the + place</p> + + <p class="i2">Where the four-leaf clovers grow.</p> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <img src="images/518.png" + alt="page decoration" /> + </div><span class="pagenum"><a name="page519" + id="page519"></a>[pg 519]</span> + + <h2>A LEAP IN THE DARK</h2> + + <h3>By James T. Mckay,</h3> + + <p>Author of "Stella Grayland," "Larcone's Little Chap," and + other stories.</p> + + <p>The Windhams and Mandisons were old neighbors, and Phil + Windham had always been very much at home among the Mandisons, + and especially with Mary, the oldest daughter, who was like a + wise, kind sister to him. Now his own house began to break + up—his brothers went West; his sisters married; his + father, who was a chemist and inventor, was killed one day by + an explosion. In these trying times the Mandison household was + his chief resource, and Mary most of all.</p> + + <p>Then the Mandisons moved away. That seemed to Windham like + the end of things. He was awfully lonely, and thought a great + deal about Mary in the months that followed, but was not quite + sure of himself; though he was certain there was no one else he + liked and admired half so much. But in the following winter he + went to spend the holidays with the Mandisons, and when he came + away he and Mary were engaged.</p> + + <p>The next summer the Mandisons took a cottage at the shore, + and Windham went to spend some weeks with them. Idly busy and + calmly happy in the pleasant company of Mary and all the + friendly house, the sunny days slipped by till one came that + disturbed his dream. An aunt of Mary's arrived with her + husband, Dr. Saxon, and his niece, Agnes Maine. At the first + glance Miss Maine challenged Windham's attention. She was a + tall and striking person, with a keen glance that he felt took + his measure at the first look. She piqued his curiosity, and + interested him more and more.</p> + + <p>One day he saw her and Mary together, and caught himself + comparing them, not in Mary's favor. Panic seized him, and he + turned his back on Miss Maine and devoted himself to Mary. Miss + Maine went to stay with some neighbors, the Colemans. One night + she was caught at the Mandisons by a storm. Mary asked Windham + to entertain her, and he went and asked her to play chess. She + declined coldly, and Windham turned away with such a look that + Mary wondered what Agnes could have said so unkind. And the + next day Miss Maine spoke so gently to him that it warmed him + all through. Still he persistently avoided her.</p> + + <p>The Colemans got up a play in the attic of their large old + house. On the night of the performance the place was crowded. + The first two acts went off smoothly.</p> + + <p>Windham had been helping to shift the scenes, and was + standing alone, looking over the animated spectacle as the + audience chatted and laughed. Something in the play had made + him think of Agnes Maine, though she was not in the cast, and + he had not seen her. Suddenly, without any notice of her + approach, she stood close to him, looking in his face. Her face + was paler than usual, and her eyes had a startling light in + them. She said only half a dozen low words, but they made him + turn ghastly white. What she said was:</p> + + <p>"The house is on fire down-stairs."</p> + + <p>He stood looking at her an instant, long enough to reflect + that any alarm would result in piling those gay people in an + awful mass at the foot of the one steep and fragile stairway. + The stage entrance was little better than an enclosed ladder, + and not to be thought of.</p> + + <p>"Go and stand at the head of the stairs," he said to + her.</p> + + <p>The bell rang for the curtain to rise, but he slipped back + behind it, and it did not go up. Instead, Jeffrey Coleman + appeared before it, bowing and smiling with exaggeration, and + announced that the continuation of the performance had been + arranged as a surprise below-stairs, and would be found even + more exciting and interesting than the part already given. The + audience were requested to go below quickly, but at the same + time were cautioned against crowding, as the stair was rather + steep and temporary. As they did not start at once, he came off + the stage and led the way, going on down the stairs, and + calling gayly to the rest to + follow.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page520" + id="page520"></a>[pg 520]</span> + + <p>Windham had got to the stairhead by this time. Agnes Maine + stood there, on one side, looking calm and contained, and he + took up his position on the other, and followed the cue given + by young Coleman. He began to call out, extolling the absorbing + and thrilling character of the performance down-stairs, with + the extravagant epithets of the circus posters, laughing all + the while. He urged them on when they lingered, and restrained + them when they came too fast, addressing one and another with + jocularity, laying his hands on some and pushing them on with + assumed playfulness, keeping up the fire of raillery with + desperate resistance. When screams were heard now and then from + below, he made it appear to be only excited feminine merriment, + directing attention to it, and calling out to those yet to + come:</p> + + <p>"You hear them? Oh, yes; you'll scream, too, when you see + it!"</p> + + <p>All the time, though his faculties were sufficiently + strained by the effort he was making, he was watching Agnes + Maine, who stood opposite, doing nothing, but looking her calm, + pale self, and now and then smiling slightly at his extravagant + humor. And he thought admiringly that her simple quiet did more + to keep up the illusion than all his labored and violent + simulation.</p> + + <p>It seemed as if there never would be an end to the stream of + leisurely people who answered his banter with laugh and joke. + But finally the last of them were fairly on the stair, and he + turned to Agnes Maine with a suddenly transformed face.</p> + + <p>"Now—be quick!" he called.</p> + + <p>But she gave a low cry, looking away toward the farther end, + where she caught sight of a young couple still lingering. She + ran toward them, calling to them to hurry, and as they did not + understand, she took hold of the girl, and made her run. + Windham had followed her, and the four came together to the + stairhead, but there they stopped, and the young girl broke + into wild screams. The foot of the stairway was wrapped in + smoke and flames.</p> + + <p>There was an observatory upon the house, into which Windham + had once gone with Jeffrey Coleman, and he turned to it now, + and made the three go up before him. He stopped and cut away a + rope that held some of the hangings, and took it up with him. + Miss Maine was standing with her arm about Fanny Lee, whom she + had quieted.</p> + + <p>"Had she better go first?" he asked.</p> + + <p>"Yes, of course," Miss Maine answered.</p> + + <p>He fastened the rope about the girl, assured her they would + let her down safely, and between them they persuaded her, + shrinkingly, to let herself be swung over, and lowered to the + ground. In this Miss Maine gave more help than young Pritchard, + who shook and chattered so much as to be of little use. And as + soon as the girl was down and Windham turned toward Miss Maine, + Pritchard took a turn of the rope around the railing, with a + hasty knot, went over, and slid down it, out of sight. But + before he reached the ground, the rope broke loose, and slipped + out of Windham's grasp as he tried to catch it.</p> + + <p>A cry came up from below. Windham turned toward Miss Maine, + and they looked at one another, but said nothing. She was very + pale and still. Windham glanced down and around; the fire was + already following them up the tower. He made her come to the + other side, where the balcony overhung the ridge of the sloping + roof, got over the railing, and helped her to do the same, and + to seat herself on the narrow ledge outside, holding on by the + bars with her arms behind her. He let himself down by his hands + till within two or three feet of the roof, and dropped safely + upon it. Then he stood up, facing her just below, braced + himself with one foot on each side of the ridge, and told her + to loosen her hold and let herself fall forward. She did so, + and he caught her in his arms as she fell.</p> + + <p>It was a struggle for a minute to keep his balance; and + whether in the involuntary stress of the effort, or by an + instinctive impulse, conscious or otherwise, he clasped her + close for a moment, till her face touched his own. Then he put + her down, and they sat on the ridge near each other, flushed, + and short of breath. Below, on the lawn, a throng of people + looked up at them, some motionless, some gesticulating, and + some shouting in dumb show, their voices drowned in the fierce + roar and crackling that raged beneath the roof and shut in the + two above it in a kind of visible privacy. They were still a + while; then Agnes asked: "Can we do anything more?"</p> + + <p>"No," he answered, "nothing but wait."</p> + + <p>Both saw that men were running for ladders and ropes. + Presently he asked quietly:</p> + + <p>"Why did you come to me?"</p> + + <p>She looked up at him for a moment, then answered:</p> + + <p>"I suppose I thought you would know what to + do."</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page33" + id="page33"></a>[pg 33]</span> + + <p>"Thank you," he said, in a grave, low voice.</p> + + <p>After a little the tower blazed out above them, and they + moved along the ridge till stopped by a chimney, against which + he made her lean. Then they sat still again. The flames rose + above the eaves on one side, and flared higher and hotter. Soon + they grew scorching, and Agnes said, with quickened + breathing:</p> + + <p>"We couldn't stay here long."</p> + + <p>He looked at her, and the side of her face toward the fire + glowed bright red. He took off his coat, moved close to her, + and held it up between their faces and the flames; and they sat + together so, breathing audibly, but not speaking, till the head + of a ladder rose suddenly above the eaves, and a minute later + the head and shoulders of Jeffrey Coleman. He flung a rope to + Windham, who in another minute had let Miss Maine slip down by + it to the ladder; then, throwing a noose of it over the + chimney, he slid down himself to the eaves, and so to the + ground.</p> + + <div class="figleft" + style="width:50%;"> + <a name="fig521" + id="fig521"><img src="images/521.png" + alt="AGNES SAID, WITH QUICKENED BREATHING, 'WE COULDN'T STAY HERE LONG.'" /> + </a><br /> + "AGNES SAID, WITH QUICKENED BREATHING, 'WE COULDN'T STAY + HERE LONG.'" + </div> + + <p>Miss Maine stood waiting for him, pale and trembling now, + but said nothing. Mary Mandison was with her; she had made no + scene, and made none now.</p> + + <p>But there were sharper eyes than Mary's. That night, as + Windham strolled on the lawn alone, Dr. Saxon confronted him, + grimly puffing at his pipe. Then he said:</p> + + <p>"I thought you were an honest fellow."</p> + + <p>Windham leaned against a tree.</p> + + <p>"I want to be," he said feebly.</p> + + <p>"Then you'll have to look sharp," the doctor retorted. + "You'd better go fishing with me up-country in the + morning."</p> + + <p>He went, Mary making him promise to return in time for an + excursion to Blackberry Island which he had helped her plan. He + got back the night before; and in the morning the party set + out, some going round the shore by stage, and some in the boat + down the bay.</p> + + <p>Miss Maine went with those in the boat, and Windham went + with Mary in the stage. Both on the way and after their + arrival, he stayed by her, and did all he could to be useful + and amusing.</p> + + <p>They lunched on a grassy bank, in the shade of a cliff, by a + tumbling brook that streamed down from the rocks. By and by + Mary remarked that she would like to see where the little + torrent came from, and Windham said he would try and find out + for her. He scrambled up, and soon passed out of sight among + the bowlders. He found some tough climbing, but kept on, and + after a while traced the stream to a clear pool where a spring + bubbled out of a rock wall in a cave-like chamber near the + top.</p> + + <p>As he reached its edge, he caught sight of the reflection in + the pool of a woman's white dress; and, glancing up, saw Agnes + Maine standing a little above him, on a + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page522" + id="page522"></a>[pg 522]</span> sort of natural pedestal, + in a rude niche at one side. She looked so like a statue + that she smiled slightly at the confused thought of it which + she saw for an instant in his face, but she turned grave + then as their eyes met for a moment in a look of intimate + recognition. Then he turned his away, with a sudden terror + at himself, and leaned back against the wall, white in the + face.</p> + + <p>She stepped down and passed by him. He half put out his hand + to stop her, but drew it back, and she partly turned at the + gesture, but went on out of his sight.</p> + + <p>He stood there for some time; then climbed down the rocks + again, shaping his features into a careless form as he went, + and came back to Mary with a forced smile on his face. But he + forgot what he had gone for, and looked confused when Mary + asked him if he had found it. And she commented:</p> + + <p>"Why, Philip, what has happened? You look as if you had seen + a ghost."</p> + + <p>"I have," he answered.</p> + + <p>Mary asked no more, except by her look. Some one came and + proposed a sail, and Windham eagerly agreed, and went out in + the boat with Mary and others.</p> + + <p>They sailed down the bay. On the return the wind died away, + and when they got back, the stage had gone with more than half + the party, and Agnes Maine was not among those who were + waiting. They came on board, and the boat headed away for + home.</p> + + <p>After landing they had to walk across some fields. When near + the house, Mary missed something, and Windham went back for it. + He had to cross the road, and as he came near it the stage + passed along, with its merry company laughing and singing. They + did not notice him among the trees, but he distinctly saw all + who were in the open vehicle, and Miss Maine was not among + them.</p> + + <p>She had climbed up the cliff by a gradual, roundabout path; + and after Windham saw her, she had wandered on, lost herself + for a while, and got back after both stage and boat had left, + each party supposing she had gone with the other.</p> + + <p>Windham found a row-boat and started back. He knew nothing + about boats; but the bay was very smooth, it was yet early, and + he got across in due time. As he neared the island he saw her, + in her white dress, standing on the bluff, and looking out + toward him.</p> + + <p>Off the shore, rocks and bowlders stood thickly out of the + water, and Windham threaded his way in among them, thinking + nothing of those underneath. The skiff was little better than + an egg-shell, being built of half-inch cedar; and before he + knew what had happened, the point of a sunken rock had cut + through the bows, and the boat was filling with water. With a + landsman's instinct, he stood up on a thwart; the boat tipped + over and went from under him. In the effort to right it, he + made a thrust downward with one of the oars, but found no + bottom; and the next minute Agnes saw him clinging to the side + of a steep rock, with only his head and shoulders out of + water.</p> + + <p>She did not cry out; but after he had struggled vainly to + get up the rock, and found no other support for foot or hand + than the one projection just above him, by which he held, he + looked toward her as he clung there out of breath, and saw her + eagerly watching him from the water's edge. And her voice + showed the stress of her feeling, though it was quite clear + when she called:</p> + + <p>"Can't you climb up?"</p> + + <p>"No, there is nothing to hold by."</p> + + <p>"Can you swim?"</p> + + <p>"No."</p> + + <p>She looked all about, then back to him. There was no one in + sight; the island was out of the lines of communication, and a + point just north of them shut off the open water. But she saw + that the reef to which Windham clung trended in to the shore a + little way off, and she called:</p> + + <p>"I think I can get out to you—keep hold till I + come."</p> + + <p>She ran along the beach, but not all the way. As soon as she + was opposite a part of the reef that seemed accessible, she + walked straight into the water, and made her way through it, + though it was two or three feet deep near the rocks. He saw her + clamber upon them and start toward him, springing from one to + another, wading across submerged places, climbing around or + over the higher points. And even there, in his desperate + plight, as he watched her coming steadily toward him, her eyes + fixed on the difficult path, and her skirt instinctively + gathered a little in one hand, the sight of her fearless grace + thrilled through him, and filled him with despairing + admiration.</p> + + <p>She came presently to the edge of a wider gap with clear + water beneath, and paused for an instant. Windham called + out:</p> + + <p>"Don't jump; you'll be + lost!"</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page523" + id="page523"></a>[pg 523]</span> + + <p>She looked at him a moment, studied the rocks again, stepped + back, then forward quickly, and sprang across. She slipped and + fell, but got to her feet again, and came on as before. She + went out of Windham's sight, but in another minute he heard a + rustle above him, looked up, and saw her standing very near the + edge, and looking down at him, panting a little, but otherwise + calm.</p> + + <p>"Don't stand there; you will fall!" he called to her.</p> + + <p>She kneeled down and tried to reach over, but could not. She + raised herself again, and looked all around anxiously, but saw + no one; she had not seen any one since she left him hours + before on the cliff. She looked down at him and asked:</p> + + <p>"Can you hold on long?"</p> + + <p>"No," he answered, "not very long."</p> + + <p>She moved back and lay down on the rock, with her face over + the edge. It was wet and slippery, and inclined forward, so + that she had to brace herself with one hand by a projection + just below the brink. Lying so, she could reach down very near + him.</p> + + <p>"Take hold of my hand," she said.</p> + + <p>He raised one arm with an effort, so that she caught him by + the wrist, and his fingers closed about hers. She tried to pull + him up slowly, but he felt that it was hopeless, and would only + result in drawing her off the rock; so he settled back as + before. He noticed that she had given him her left hand, and + saw that there was another reason besides the necessity of + bracing herself with her right. Her wrist was cut and + bleeding.</p> + + <p>"Oh, you are hurt!" he exclaimed.</p> + + <p>"Never mind," she replied; "that is nothing."</p> + + <p>He looked up in her face with passionate regret. Her lips + were parted, and her breathing came quick and deep. He felt in + her wrist the hot blood with which all her pulses throbbed, and + it went through him as though one current flowed in their + veins. Her eyes looked full into his, and did not turn away + till the lashes trembled over them suddenly, and tears gushed + out upon her face. An agony of yearning took hold of Windham + and wrung his heart.</p> + + <p>"Agnes, do you know?" he asked.</p> + + <p>And she answered, "Yes."</p> + + <p>When she could see him again, drops stood out on his + forehead, and his eyes looked up at her with a despairing + tenderness. Her lips closed, and her features settled into a + look of answering resolve.</p> + + <p>"You must not give up," she urged. "Don't let go of my + hand."</p> + + <p>"Oh, I must!" he answered. "You couldn't hold me; I should + only draw you down."</p> + + <p>She neither looked away nor made any reply.</p> + + <p>"It would do no good," he went on. "I should only drown you + too."</p> + + <p>"I don't care," she answered. "I will not let you go."</p> + + <p>"Oh, Agnes!" he responded, the faintness of exhaustion + creeping over him, and mingling with a sharp but sweet + despair.</p> + + <p>Mary was standing at the door when the stage arrived, and + she saw that Agnes was not there. She took one of her brothers + who was a good boatman, and started back at once. When their + boat rounded the point of the island she was on the lookout, + and was the first to see the two they came to succor none too + soon. And before they saw her she caught sight, with terrible + clearness, of the look in the two faces that were bent upon one + another. It was she who supported Windham until Agnes could be + taken off, and preparations made for getting him on board; but + she turned her eyes away, and did not speak to him.</p> + + <p>On the way back she hardly noticed the dreary and draggled + pair, who had little to say for themselves. Many things that + had puzzled and troubled her ranged themselves in a dreadful + sequence and order now in her unsuspicious mind. On their + arrival she made some arrangements for their comfort, quietly; + then went to her room, and did not come down again.</p> + + <p>Windham left early in the morning, went straight back to Dr. + Saxon, and told him the whole story.</p> + + <p>"I hardly know whether I'm a villain or not," Windham + concluded.</p> + + <p>"You might as well be," the doctor growled. "You've been a + consummate fool, and one does about as much harm as the other. + Go home now and stay there; and don't do anything more, for + heaven's sake, until you hear from me."</p> + + <p>Windham went home, and was very miserable, as may be + supposed. Hearing nothing for some time, he could not bear it, + and wrote to Mary that he honored and admired her, and thought + everything of her that he ever had or could. In a week he got + this reply:</p> + + <p>"Mary Mandison has received Philip Windham's letter, and can + only reply that there is nothing to be + said."</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page524" + id="page524"></a>[pg 524]</span> + + <p>This stung him more deeply than silence, and he wrote that + he was going to see her on a certain day, and begged her not to + deny him. He went at the time, and she saw him, simply sitting + still, and hearing what he had to say. He hardly knew what to + say then, but vowed and protested, and finally complained of + her coldness and cruelty. She replied that she was not cold or + cruel, but only, as she had told him, there was nothing to be + said. In the end he found this was true, and rushed away in + despair.</p> + + <p>Mary had seemed calm; but when her mother came in that + afternoon and looked for her, she found her in her room, lying + on her face.</p> + + <p>When she knew who it was, she raised herself silently, + looked in her mother's face a moment, put her arms about her + neck, and hid her hot, dry eyes there as she used to do when a + child.</p> + + <p>Late that night those two were alone together in the same + place, and, before they parted, the mother said:</p> + + <p>"You were always my brave child, and you are going to be my + brave Mary still."</p> + + <p>And Mary answered with a low cry:</p> + + <p>"Yes—yes; but not now—not now!"</p> + + <p>For a good while Windham felt the sensation of having run + headlong upon a blank wall and been flung back and crippled. + But the feeling wore itself out as the months passed.</p> + + <p>It was nearly a year before he heard from Dr. Saxon, and he + had given up looking for anything from him, when he received a + cold note, inviting him to call at the doctor's home, if he + chose, at a certain date and hour. At the time set he went to + the city, and rang the doctor's bell as the hour was + striking.</p> + + <div class="figright" + style="width:50%;"> + <a name="fig524" + id="fig524"><img src="images/524.png" + alt="'AGNES, DO YOU KNOW?' HE ASKED. AND SHE ANSWERED, 'YES.'" /> + </a><br /> + "'AGNES, DO YOU KNOW?' HE ASKED. AND SHE ANSWERED, 'YES.'" + </div> + + <p>He was shown into the library, and when the door closed + behind him, he fell back against it. Dr. Saxon was not the only + person in the room; at the farther end sat Agnes Maine. She + knew nothing of his coming; and when she glanced round and saw + him, she stood up and faced him, with her hands crossed before + her, her breathing quickened, and her face flushed + blood-red.</p> + + <p>The old doctor leaned back and looked from one to the other, + studying them openly and keenly. When he was satisfied, he + ordered Windham to take a chair near the window and told Agnes + she might go out. She faced him a moment; then went away with + her straight, proud carriage. The doctor finished something he + was at, then got his pipe and filled and lighted it, backed up + against the chimney-piece, and stood eying Windham + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page525" + id="page525"></a>[pg 525]</span> with something more than + his usual scowl.</p> + + <p>"Well, young man," he asked, finally, "what did you come + here for?"</p> + + <p>"I came here because you asked me to."</p> + + <p>"No, sir; you didn't," the old man retorted. "I said you + might come if you liked."</p> + + <p>Windham stood up, trembling, and replied with suppressed + passion:</p> + + <p>"I came on your invitation. I did not come to be + insulted."</p> + + <p>"Tut, tut," the doctor rejoined. "You needn't be so + hoity-toity; you haven't much occasion; sit down. Have you been + making any more of your 'mistakes,' as you call them?"</p> + + <p>Windham answered emphatically: "No!"</p> + + <p>"Are you going to?" the doctor continued.</p> + + <p>"No, sir; I am not," Windham replied, with angry + decision.</p> + + <p>"Well, I wouldn't; you've done enough," the doctor commented + roughly. "You call it a mistake, but I call it blind stupidity, + worse than many crimes. Mary is worth three of Agnes, to begin + with; but it would be just as bad if she were a doll or a dolt. + Any fellow out of swaddling-clothes, who has brains in his + body, and isn't made of wood, ought to know that passion is as + hard a fact as hunger, and no more to be left out of account. + You were bound to know the chances were that it would have to + be reckoned with, first or last, and you deliberately took the + risk of wrecking two women's lives. I don't say anything about + your own; you richly deserve all you got, and all that's coming + to you. If law could be made to conform to abstract justice, it + would rank your offence worse than many for which men pay + behind bars."</p> + + <p>He went out abruptly, and after a few minutes returned with + Agnes, who came in lingering, and apparently unwilling.</p> + + <p>"Here, Agnes, I am going out," he said. "I've been giving + this young man my opinion of him, and haven't any more time to + waste. You can tell him what you think of him, and send him + off."</p> + + <p>He went out, and banged the door after him. Agnes leaned + against it, and stood there downcast and perfectly still. + Windham sat sunk together, as the doctor had left him, waiting + for her to speak. But she did not, and after a while he got up + and stood by the high desk, looking at her. Finally he spoke + low:</p> + + <p>"Are you going to scold me, too? Mary has discarded me, and + your uncle says I am a miserable sinner, and ought to be in the + penitentiary. I don't deny it; but if I went there it would be + for your sake. Do you condemn me, too? Have you no mercy for + me?"</p> + + <p>A flush spread slowly over her pale face. Then she replied + softly:</p> + + <p>"No, I have no right. I am no better than you."</p> + + <p>Two or three hours later Dr. Saxon sat at his desk, when + Agnes entered and came silently and stood beside him. He did + not look up, but asked quietly:</p> + + <p>"Well, have you packed him off?"</p> + + <p>"No," she answered under her breath; "you know I + haven't."</p> + + <p>He smiled up at her. This gruff old man had a rare smile on + occasion for those he liked. And he said:</p> + + <p>"Well, he isn't the worst they make; he's got spirit, and he + can take a drubbing, too, when it's deserved. I tried him + pretty well. Didn't I fire into him, though, hot shot!" He + fairly grinned at the recollection. "I had to, you know, to + keep myself in countenance. I suppose I said rather more than I + meant—but don't you tell him so."</p> + + <p>She smiled. "I have told him so already; I told him you + didn't mean a word you said."</p> + + <p>"You presumptuous baggage!" The doctor scowled now. "Then + you told him a tremendous fib. I meant a deal of it. Well, + he'll get his deserts yet, if he gets you, you deceiving minx. + I told him one thing that was true enough, anyway"—he + smiled broadly again—"I told him Mary was worth half a + dozen of you."</p> + + <p>Agnes turned grave, and put down her head so that she hid + her face.</p> + + <p>"So she is," she answered. "Oh, I'm very sorry—and + ashamed!"</p> + + <p>"Well, well," the old doctor responded soberly, stroking her + cheek, "it is a pity; but I suppose it can't be helped. Mary's + made of good stuff, and will pull through. It wouldn't do her + any good if three lives were spoiled instead of one. It's lucky + she found out before it was too + late."</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page526" + id="page526"></a>[pg 526]</span> + + <h2>THE LIFE OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN.</h2> + + <h3>By Ida M. Tarbell.</h3> + + <h3>LINCOLN IN CONGRESS</h3> + + <p><i>The following article is made up almost entirely of new + matter. It includes six hitherto unpublished letters, all of + them of importance in illustrating Lincoln's political methods + and his views on public questions from 1843 to 1848, and an + excellent report of a speech delivered in Worcester, + Massachusetts, in 1848, hitherto unknown to Lincoln's + biographers, discovered in course of a search instituted by + this Magazine through the files of the Boston and Worcester + newspapers of September, 1848. The article also comprises + various reminiscences of Lincoln in the period covered, + gathered especially for this Magazine from associates of his + who are still living.</i></p> + + <div class="letter-left"> + <img src="images/526.png" + alt="the letter 'F'" /> + </div> + + <p style="text-indent:-1em;">or eight successive years Lincoln + had been a member of the General Assembly of Illinois. It was + quite long enough, in his judgment. He wanted something better. + In 1842 he declined re-nomination, and became a candidate for + Congress. He did not wait to be asked, nor did he leave his + case in the hands of his friends. He frankly announced his + desire, and managed his own canvass. There was no reason, in + Lincoln's opinion, for concealing political ambition. He + recognized, at the same time, the legitimacy of the ambition of + his friends, and entertained no suspicion or rancor if they + contested places with him.</p> + + <p>"Do you suppose that I should ever have got into notice if I + had waited to be hunted up and pushed forward by older men?" he + wrote his friend Herndon once, when the latter was complaining + that the older men did not help him on. "The way for a young + man to rise is to improve himself every way he can, never + suspecting that anybody wishes to hinder him. Allow me to + assure you that suspicion and jealousy never did help any man + in any situation. There may sometimes be ungenerous attempts to + keep a young man down; and they will succeed, too, if he allows + his mind to be diverted from its true channel to brood over the + attempted injury. Cast about, and see if this feeling has not + injured every person you have ever known to fall into it."</p> + + <p>Lincoln had something more to do, however, in 1842, than + simply to announce himself in the innocent manner of earlier + politics. The convention system introduced into Illinois in + 1835 by the Democrats had been zealously opposed by all good + Whigs, Lincoln included, until constant defeat taught them that + to resist organization by an every-man-for-himself policy was + hopeless and wasteful, and that if they would succeed they must + meet organization with organization. In 1841 a Whig State + convention had been called to nominate candidates for the + offices of governor and lieutenant-governor; and now, in March, + 1843, a Whig meeting was held again at Springfield, at which + the party's platform was laid, and a committee, of which + Lincoln was a member, was appointed to prepare an "Address to + the People of Illinois." In this address the convention system + was earnestly defended. Against this rapid adoption of the + abominated system many of the Whigs protested, and Lincoln + found himself supporting before his constituents the tactics he + had once warmly opposed. In a letter to his friend John Bennett + of Petersburg, written in March, 1843, and now for the first + time published,<a id="footnotetag1" + name="footnotetag1"></a><a href="#footnote1"><sup>1</sup></a>he + said:</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page527" + id="page527"></a>[pg 527]</span> + + <p>"Your letter of this day was handed me by Mr. Miles. It is + too late now to effect the object you desire. On yesterday + morning the most of the Whig members from this district got + together and agreed to hold the convention at Tremont, in + Tazewell County. I am sorry to hear that any of the Whigs of + your county, or of any county, should longer be against + conventions.</p> + + <p>"On last Wednesday evening a meeting of all the Whigs then + here from all parts of the State was held, and the question of + the propriety of conventions was brought up and fully + discussed, and at the end of the discussion a resolution + recommending the system of conventions to all the Whigs of the + State was unanimously adopted. Other resolutions also were + passed, all of which will appear in the next 'Journal.' The + meeting also appointed a committee to draft an address to the + people of the State, which address will also appear in the next + 'Journal.' In it you will find a brief argument in favor of + conventions, and, although I wrote it myself, I <i>will</i> say + to you that it is conclusive upon the point, and cannot be + reasonably answered.</p> + + <p>"The right way for you to do is to hold your meeting and + appoint delegates anyhow, and if there be any who will not take + part, let it be so.</p> + + <p>"The matter will work so well this time that even they who + now oppose will come in next time. The convention is to be held + at Tremont on the fifth of April; and, according to the rule we + have adopted, your county is to have two delegates—being + double the number of your representation.</p> + + <p>"If there be any good Whig who is disposed still to stick + out against conventions, get him, at least, to read the + argument in their favor in the 'Address.'"<a id="footnotetag2" + name="footnotetag2"></a><a href="#footnote2"><sup>2</sup></a></p> + + <p>The "brief argument" which Lincoln thought so conclusive, + "if he did write it himself," justified his good opinion. After + its circulation there were few found to "stick out against + conventions." The Whigs of the various counties in the + Congressional district met as they had been ordered to do, and + chose delegates. John J. Hardin of Jacksonville, Edward D. + Baker and Abraham Lincoln of Springfield, were the three + candidates for whom these delegates were instructed.</p> + + <p>To Lincoln's keen disappointment, the delegation from + Sangamon County was instructed for Baker. A variety of social + and personal influences, besides Baker's popularity, worked + against Lincoln. "It would astonish, if not amuse, the older + citizens," wrote Lincoln to a friend, "to learn that I (a + stranger, friendless, uneducated, penniless boy, working on a + flat-boat at ten dollars per month) have been put down here as + the candidate of pride, wealth, and aristocratic family + distinction." He was not only accused of being an aristocrat, + he was called "a deist." He had fought, or been about to fight, + a duel. His wife's relations were Episcopalian and + Presbyterian. He and she attended a Presbyterian church. These + influences alone could not be said to have defeated him, he + wrote, but "they levied a tax of considerable per cent. upon my + strength."</p> + + <p>The meeting that named Baker as its choice for Congress + appointed Lincoln one of the delegates to the convention. "In + getting Baker the nomination," Lincoln wrote to Speed, "I shall + be fixed a good deal like a fellow who is made a grooms-man to + a man that has cut him out, and is marrying his own dear + 'gal.'" From the first, however, he stood bravely by Baker. "I + feel myself bound not to hinder him in any way from getting the + nomination; I should despise myself were I to attempt it," he + wrote certain of his constituents who were anxious that he + should attempt to secure the nomination in spite of his + instructions. It was soon evident to both Lincoln and Baker + that John J. Hardin was probably the strongest candidate in the + district, and so it proved when the convention met in May, + 1843, at Pekin.</p> + + <p>It has frequently been charged that in this Pekin + convention, Hardin, Baker, and Lincoln agreed to take in turn + the three next nominations to Congress, thus establishing a + species of rotation in office. This charge cannot be sustained. + What occurred at the Pekin convention has been written out for + this magazine by one of the only two surviving delegates, the + Hon. J.M. Ruggles of Havana, Illinois.</p> + + <p>"When the convention assembled," writes Mr. Ruggles, "Baker + was there with his friend and champion delegate, Abraham + Lincoln. The ayes and noes had been taken, and there were + fifteen votes apiece, and one in doubt that had not arrived. + That was myself. I was known to be a warm friend of Baker, + representing people who were partial to Hardin. As soon as I + arrived Baker hurried to me, saying: 'How is it? It all depends + on you.' On being told that notwithstanding my partiality for + him, the people I represented + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page528" + id="page528"></a>[pg 528]</span> expected me to vote for + Hardin, and that I would have to do so, Baker at once + replied: 'You are right—there is no other way.' The + convention was organized, and I was elected secretary. Baker + immediately arose, and made a most thrilling address, + thoroughly arousing the sympathies of the convention, and + ended by declining his candidacy. Hardin was nominated by + acclamation; and then came the episode.</p> + + <p>"Immediately after the nomination, Mr. Lincoln walked across + the room to my table, and asked if I would favor a resolution + recommending Baker for the next term. On being answered in the + affirmative, he said: 'You prepare the resolution, I will + support it, and I think we can pass it.' The resolution created + a profound sensation, especially with the friends of Hardin. + After an excited and angry discussion, the resolution passed by + a majority of one."</p> + + <p>Lincoln supported Hardin as energetically as he had Baker. + In a letter<a id="footnotetag3" + name="footnotetag3"></a><a href="#footnote3"><sup>3</sup></a> + to the former, hitherto unpublished, written on May 11th, + just after the convention, he says:</p> + + <blockquote> + <p>"Butler informs me that he received a letter from you in + which you expressed some doubt as to whether the Whigs of + Sangamon will support you cordially. You may at once + dismiss all fears on that subject. We have already resolved + to make a particular effort to give you the very largest + majority possible in our county. From this no Whig of the + county dissents. We have many objects for doing it. We make + it a matter of honor and pride to do it; we do it because + we love the Whig cause; we do it because we like you + personally; and, last, we wish to convince you that we do + not bear that hatred to Morgan County that you people have + seemed so long to imagine. You will see by the 'Journal' of + this week that we propose, upon pain of losing a barbecue, + to give you twice as great a majority in this county as you + shall receive in your own. I got up the proposal.</p> + + <p>"Who of the five appointed is to write the district + address? I did the labor of writing one address this year, + and got thunder for my reward. Nothing new here.</p> + + <p>Yours as ever,</p> + + <p>"A. LINCOLN."</p> + + <p>"P.S. I wish you would measure one of the largest of + those swords we took to Alton, and write me the length of + it, from tip of the point to tip of the hilt, in feet and + inches. I have a dispute about the + length<a id="footnotetag4" + name="footnotetag4"></a><a href="#footnote4"><sup>4</sup></a></p> + + <p>A. L."</p> + </blockquote> + + <h5>LINCOLN WORKS FOR THE NOMINATION IN 1846.</h5> + + <p>Hardin was elected, and in 1844 Baker was nominated and + elected. Lincoln had accepted his defeat by Hardin manfully. He + had secured the nomination for Baker in 1844. He felt that his + duty toward his friends was discharged, and that the nomination + in 1846 belonged to him. Through the terms of both Hardin and + Baker, he worked persistently and carefully to insure his own + nomination. With infinite pains-taking he informed himself + about the temper of every individual whom he knew or of whom he + heard. In an amusing letter to Hardin, hitherto unpublished, + written in May, 1844, while the latter was in Congress, he + tells him of one disgruntled constituent who must be pacified, + giving him, at the same time, a hint as to the temper of the + "Locofocos."</p> + + <blockquote> + <p>"Knowing that you have correspondents enough, I have + forborne to trouble you heretofore," he writes; "and I now + only do so to get you to set a matter right which has got + wrong with one of our best friends. It is old Uncle Thomas + Campbell of Spring Creek (Berlin P.O.). He has received + several documents from you, and he says they are old + newspapers and old documents, having no sort of interest in + them. He is, therefore, getting a strong impression that + you treat him with disrespect. This, I know, is a mistaken + impression, and you must correct it. The way, I leave to + yourself. Robert W. Canfield says he would like to have a + document or two from you.</p> + + <p>"The Locos here are in considerable trouble about Van + Buren's letter on Texas, and the Virginia electors. They + are growing sick of the tariff question, and consequently + are much confounded at Van Buren's cutting them off from + the new Texas question. Nearly half the leaders swear they + won't stand it. Of those are Ford, T. Campbell, Ewing, + Calhoun, and others. They don't exactly say they won't go + for Van Buren, but they say he will not be the candidate, + and that <i>they</i> are for Texas anyhow.</p> + + <p>"As ever yours,</p> + + <p>"A. LINCOLN."</p> + </blockquote><span class="pagenum"><a name="page529" + id="page529"></a>[pg 529]</span> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a name="fig529" + id="fig529"><img src="images/529.jpg" + alt="ABRAHAM LINCOLN IN 1860." /></a><br /> + ABRAHAM LINCOLN IN 1860.—HITHERTO UNPUBLISHED. + + <p>From an ambrotype taken in Springfield, Illinois, in + 1860, and given by Lincoln to J. Henry Brown, a miniature + artist who had gone to Springfield to paint a portrait of + the President for Judge Read of Pennsylvania. The ambrotype + is now in a collection in Boston. A companion picture, made + at the same time, is owned by Mr. William H. Lambert of + Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and was reproduced as the + frontispiece to MCCLURE'S MAGAZINE for March, 1896 (see + note to this frontispiece).</p> + </div><span class="pagenum"><a name="page530" + id="page530"></a>[pg 530]</span> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a name="fig530-1" + id="fig530-1"><img src="images/530-1.jpg" + alt="GENERAL JOHN J. HARDIN." /></a><br /> + GENERAL JOHN J. HARDIN. + + <p>After a portrait owned by Mrs. Julia Duncan Kirby, + Jacksonville, Illinois. John J. Hardin was born at + Frankfort, Kentucky, January 6, 1810; was educated at + Transylvania University; removed to Jacksonville, Illinois, + in 1830, and there began practising law. He at once became + active in politics, and in 1834 was a candidate for + Prosecuting Attorney, an officer at that time chosen by the + legislature. He was defeated by Stephen A. Douglas, then a + recent arrival from Vermont. In 1836 he was elected to the + lower branch of the General Assembly, and served three + terms. In the session of 1836-37, he was one of the few + members who opposed the internal improvements scheme. He + was elected to Congress from the Sangamon district in 1843, + and served until 1845. For some time he was a general in + the State militia. In the Mexican War, he was colonel of + the First Illinois Regiment, and was killed at the battle + of Buena Vista, February 23, 1847. General Hardin was a man + of brilliant parts. He was an able lawyer, and at the time + of his death had risen to the leadership of the Whig party + in his State. It was through his intercession, aided by Dr. + R.W. English, that the unpleasantness between Lincoln and + Shields in 1842 was amicably settled and a duel + prevented.—<i>J. McCan Davis</i>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a name="fig530-2" + id="fig530-2"><img src="images/530-2.jpg" + alt="COLONEL EDWARD D. BAKER." /></a><br /> + COLONEL EDWARD D. BAKER. + + <p>From the Civil War collection of Mr. Robert Coster. + Edward Dickinson Baker was born in London, February 24, + 1811. In his infancy his parents emigrated to America, and + his father became a teacher at Philadelphia. There Edward + was apprenticed to a weaver; but he disliked the trade, and + soon gave it up and left home. He drifted to Belleville, + Illinois, about 1826, and was followed a year later by his + parents. For several months he drove a dray in St. Louis, + Missouri; then removed to Carrollton, Illinois, and studied + law. His early experience at the bar was disheartening, and + upon becoming a member of the Christian church he resolved + to enter the ministry; but political success about this + time caused a change of mind, and robbed the pulpit of a + splendid ornament. In 1835 he removed to Springfield, and + in 1837 was elected to the legislature. He achieved + immediate distinction as an orator, and for the ensuing + fifteen years he ranked among the foremost lawyers and + politicians of the State. He was reflected to the House in + 1838, served in the State Senate from 1840 to 1844, and was + then elected to Congress. Upon the breaking out of the + Mexican War he returned home, and raised a regiment of + which he was commissioned colonel. After the war he removed + to Galena, and was there sent back to Congress. In 1851 he + went to the Isthmus of Panama with four hundred laborers to + engage in the construction of the Panama Railroad. In 1852 + he went to San Francisco, California, where he at once + became the leader of the bar. He was not successful there + in any of his political aspirations, and removed to Oregon. + That State at once made him a United States Senator. The + Civil War coming on, he resigned his seat in the Senate, + raised "the California regiment," immediately went to the + front, and was killed at Ball's Bluff, October 20, + 1861.—. <i>J. McCan Davis</i>.</p> + </div> + + <p>In 1844, being a presidential elector, Lincoln entered the + canvass with ardor. Henry Clay was the candidate, and Lincoln + shared the popular idolatry of the man. His devotion was not + merely a sentiment, however. He had been an intelligent student + of Clay's public life, and his sympathy was all with the + principles of the "gallant Harry of the West." Throughout the + campaign he worked zealously, travelling all over the State, + speaking and talking. As a rule he was accompanied by a + Democrat. The two went unannounced, simply stopping at some + friendly house. On their arrival the word was sent around, "the + candidates are here," and the men of the neighborhood gathered + to hear the discussion, which was carried on in the most + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page531" + id="page531"></a>[pg 531]</span> informal way, the + candidates frequently sitting tipped back against the side + of the house, or perched on a rail, whittling during the + debates. Nor was all of this electioneering done by + argument. Many votes were still cast in Illinois out of + personal liking, and the wily candidate did his best to make + himself agreeable, particularly to the women of the + household. The Hon. William L.D. Ewing, a Democrat who + travelled with Lincoln in one campaign, used to tell a story + of how he and Lincoln were eager to win the favor of one of + their hostesses, whose husband was an important man in his + neighborhood. Neither had made much progress until at + milking-time Mr. Ewing started after the woman of the house + as she went to the yard, took her pail, and insisted on + milking the cow himself. He naturally felt that this was a + master stroke. But receiving no reply from the hostess, to + whom he had been talking loudly as he milked, he looked + around, only to see her and Lincoln leaning comfortably over + the bars, engaged in an animated discussion. By the time he + had his self-imposed task done, Lincoln had captivated the + hostess, and all Mr. Ewing received for his pains was hearty + thanks for giving her a chance to have so pleasant a talk + with Mr. Lincoln.<a id="footnotetag5" + name="footnotetag5"></a><a href="#footnote5"><sup>5</sup></a></p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a name="fig531" + id="fig531"><img src="images/531.jpg" + alt="THE CARTER SCHOOLHOUSE PRECINCT, INDIANA, WHERE LINCOLN RENEWED ACQUAINTANCE WITH OLD NEIGHBORS IN 1844." /> + <br /></a> THE CARTER SCHOOLHOUSE PRECINCT, INDIANA, WHERE + LINCOLN RENEWED ACQUAINTANCE WITH OLD NEIGHBORS IN 1844. + </div> + + <p>Lincoln's speeches at this time were not confined to his own + State. He made several in Indiana, being invited thither by + prominent Whig politicians who had heard him speak in Illinois. + The first and most important of his meetings in Indiana was at + Bruceville. The Democrats, learning of the proposed Whig + gathering, arranged one, for the same evening, with Lieutenant + William W. Carr of Vincennes as speaker. As might have been + expected from the excited state of politics at the moment, the + proximity of the two mass-meetings aroused party loyalty to a + fighting pitch. "Each party was determined to break up the + other's speaking," writes Miss O'Flynn, in a description of the + Bruceville meeting prepared for this Magazine from interviews + with those who took part in it. "The night was made hideous + with the rattle of tin pans and bells and the blare of + cow-horns. In spite of all the din and uproar of the younger + element, a few grown-up male radicals and partisan women sang + and cheered loudly for their favorites, who kept on with their + flow of political information. Lieutenant Carr stood in his + carriage, and addressed the crowd around him, while a local + politician acted as grand marshal of the night, and urged the + yelling Democratic legion to surge to the schoolhouse, where + Abraham Lincoln was speaking, and run the Whigs from their + headquarters. Old men now living, who were big boys then, + cannot remember any of the burning eloquence of + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page532" + id="page532"></a>[pg 532]</span> either speaker. As they now + laughingly express it: 'We were far more interested in the + noise and fussing than the success of the speakers, and we + ran backward and forward from one camp to the other.'</p> + + <p>Fortunately, the remaining speeches in Indiana were made + under more dignified conditions. One was delivered at Rockport; + another "from the door of a harness shop" near Gentryville, + Lincoln's old home in Indiana; and a third at the "Old Carter + School" in the same neighborhood. At the delivery of the last + many of Lincoln's old neighbors were present, and they still + tell of the cordial way in which he greeted them and of the + interest he showed in every familiar spot.</p> + + <p>"'I was a young fellow,' Mr. Redmond Grigsby says, 'and took + a long time to get to the speaking. When I got to the + out-skirts of the crowd, Mr. Lincoln saw me, and called out: + "If that isn't Red Grigsby, then I'm a ghost." He then came + through the crowd and met me. We shook hands and talked a + little. His speech was good, and was talked about for a long + while around in this section. The last words of his speech at + the Carter schoolhouse were: 'My fellow-citizens, I may not + live to see it, but give us protective tariff, and we will have + the greatest country on the globe.'"</p> + + <p>"After the speaking was over, Mr. Josiah Crawford invited + Abraham Lincoln and John W. Lamar to go home with him. As they + rode along, Mr. Lincoln talked over olden times. He asked about + a saw pit in which he had worked when a young boy. Mr. Crawford + said it was still in existence, and that he would drive around + near it. The three men, Lincoln, Crawford, and Lamar, went up + into the woods where the old pit was. It had partly fallen + down; the northwest corner, where Lincoln used to stand when + working, was propped up by a large forked stick against a tree. + Mr. Lincoln said: 'This looks more natural than I thought it + would after so many years since I worked here.' During the time + spent at Mr. Crawford's home, Mr. Lincoln went around + inspecting everything."<a id="footnotetag6" + name="footnotetag6"></a><a href="#footnote6"><sup>6</sup></a></p> + + <p>So vivid were the memories which this visit to Gentryville + aroused, so deep were Lincoln's emotions, that he even + attempted to express them in verse.</p> + + <div class="figleft" + style="width:40%;"> + <a name="fig532" + id="fig532"><img src="images/532.jpg" + alt="THE REV. PETER CARTWRIGHT." /></a><br /> + THE REV. PETER CARTWRIGHT. + </div> + + <p>The Rev. Peter Cartwright, the most famous itinerant + preacher of the pioneer era, was born in Amherst County, + Virginia, on James River, September 1, 1785. His father was a + Revolutionary soldier, and soon after peace was declared the + family moved to the wildest region of Kentucky. The migrating + party consisted of two hundred families, guarded by an armed + escort of one hundred men. Peter was a wild boy; but in his + sixteenth year he was persuaded by his mother to join the + Methodist Church. He at once displayed a wonderful talent for + exhorting, and at the age of seventeen he became a licensed + exhorter. A year later he became a regular travelling preacher. + His reputation soon spread over Kentucky and Ohio. He hated + slavery, and in 1823, to get into a free State, he and his wife + (he had married Frances Gaines in 1808) and their seven + children removed to Illinois. They settled in the Sangamon + valley, near Springfield. For the next forty years he travelled + over the State, most of the time on horseback, preaching the + gospel in his unique and rugged fashion. His district was at + first so large (extending from Kaskaskia to Galena) that he was + unable to traverse the whole of it in the same year. He was + elected to the legislature in 1828 and again in 1832; Lincoln, + in the latter year, being an opposing candidate. In 1846 he was + the Democratic nominee for Congress against Lincoln, and was + badly beaten. Peter Cartwright enjoyed, perhaps, a larger + personal acquaintance with the people of Illinois than any + other man ever had. His name was familiar in every household in + the West. Up to 1856 (he wrote an autobiography in that year) + he had baptized twelve thousand persons and preached five + hundred funeral sermons. His personality was quaint and + original. A native vigor of intellect largely overbalanced the + lack of education. He was a great wit, and often said startling + things. His religion sometimes bordered upon fanaticism. He was + fearless and aggressive, and was no respecter of persons. It + was not a rare thing for him to descend from the pulpit, and by + sheer physical force subdue a disorderly member of his + congregation. On one occasion, attending a dinner given by + Governor Edwards, he requested the governor to "say grace," + observing that the ceremony was about to be dispensed with. The + wife of a Methodist brother objected to family worship; Peter + Cartwright shut her outdoors and kept her there until she + became convinced of her error. At Nashville, Tennessee, as he + was about to begin a sermon, a distinguished-looking stranger + entered the church; some one whispered to him that it was + Andrew Jackson; whereupon he at once blurted out, "Who is + General Jackson? If he don't get his soul converted, God will + damn him as quick as he would a Guinea nigger!" Attending the + general conference in New York, he astonished the hotel clerk + by asking for an axe "to blaze his way" up the six flights of + stairs, so that he would not get lost on the return trip. He + died in 1872, after having been a member of the Methodist + Church for more than seventy-one years.—<i>J. McCan + Davis</i>.]</p> + + <h5>LINCOLN'S POSITION IN 1845 ON THE SLAVERY QUESTION.</h5> + + <p>In this campaign of 1844 the annexation of Texas was one of + the most hotly discussed questions. The Whigs opposed + annexation, but their ground was not + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page533" + id="page533"></a>[pg 533]</span> radical enough to suit the + growing body of Abolitionists in the country, who nominated + a third candidate, James G. Birney. Lincoln was obliged to + meet the arguments of the Abolitionists frequently in his + campaigning. In 1845, while working for Congress, he found + the abolition sentiment stronger than ever. Prominent among + the leaders of the third party in the State were two + brothers, Williamson and Madison Durley of Hennepin, + Illinois. They were outspoken advocates of their principles, + and even operated a station of the underground railroad. + Lincoln knew the Durleys, and, when visiting Hennepin to + speak, solicited their support. They opposed their liberty + principles. When Lincoln returned to Springfield he wrote + Williamson Durley a letter which has never before been + published,<a id="footnotetag7" + name="footnotetag7"></a><a href="#footnote7"><sup>7</sup></a> + and which sets forth with admirable clearness his exact + position on the slavery question at that period. It must be + regarded, we think, as the most valuable document on the + question which we have up to this point in Lincoln's + life.</p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a name="fig533" + id="fig533"><img src="images/533.jpg" + alt="SCHOOLHOUSE AT BRUCEVILLE, INDIANA, WHERE LINCOLN SPOKE FOR CLAY IN 1844." /> + </a><br /> + SCHOOLHOUSE AT BRUCEVILLE, INDIANA, WHERE LINCOLN SPOKE FOR + CLAY IN 1844. + </div> + + <blockquote> + <p>"When I saw you at home," Lincoln began, "it was agreed + that I should write to you and your brother Madison. Until + I then saw you I was not aware of your being what is + generally called an Abolitionist, or, as you call yourself, + a Liberty man, though I well knew there were many such in + your county.</p> + + <p>"I was glad to hear that you intended to attempt to + bring about, at the next election in Putnam, a union of the + Whigs proper and such of the Liberty men as are Whigs in + principle on all questions save only that of slavery. So + far as I can perceive, by such union neither party need + yield anything on <i>the</i> point in difference between + them. If the Whig abolitionists of New York had voted with + us last fall, Mr. Clay would now be President, Whig + principles in the ascendant, and Texas not annexed; + whereas, by the division, all that either had at stake in + the contest was lost. And, indeed, it was extremely + probable, beforehand, that such would be the result. As I + always understood, the Liberty men deprecated the + annexation of Texas extremely; and this being so, why they + should refuse to cast their votes [so] as to prevent it, + even to me seemed wonderful. What was their process of + reasoning, I can only judge from what a single one of them + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page534" + id="page534"></a>[pg 534]</span> told me. It was this: + 'We are not to do <i>evil</i> that <i>good</i> may + come.' This general proposition is doubtless correct; + but did it apply? If by your votes you could have + prevented the <i>extension</i>, etc., of slavery, would + it not have been <i>good</i>, and not <i>evil</i>, so to + have used your votes, even though it involved the + casting of them for a slave-holder? By the <i>fruit</i> + the tree is to be known. An <i>evil</i> tree cannot + bring forth <i>good</i> fruit. If the fruit of electing + Mr. Clay would have been to prevent the extension of + slavery, could the act of electing have been evil?</p> + + <p>"But I will not argue further. I perhaps ought to say + that individually I never was much interested in the Texas + question. I never could see much good to come of + annexation, inasmuch as they were already a free republican + people on our own model. On the other hand, I never could + very clearly see how the annexation would augment the evil + of slavery. It always seemed to me that slaves would be + taken there in about equal numbers, with or without + annexation. And if more <i>were</i> taken because of + annexation, still there would be just so many the fewer + left where they were taken from. It is possibly true, to + some extent, that, with annexation, some slaves may be sent + to Texas and continued in slavery that otherwise might have + been liberated. To whatever extent this may be true, I + think annexation an evil. I hold it to be a paramount duty + of us in the free States, due to the Union of the States, + and perhaps to liberty itself (paradox though it may seem), + to let the slavery of the other States alone; while, on the + other hand, I hold it to be equally clear that we should + never knowingly lend ourselves, directly or indirectly, to + prevent that slavery from dying a natural death—to + find new places for it to live in, when it can no longer + exist in the old. Of course I am not now considering what + would be our duty in cases of insurrection among the + slaves. To recur to the Texas question, I understand the + Liberty men to have viewed annexation as a much greater + evil than ever I did; and I would like to convince you, if + I could, that they could have prevented it, without + violation of principle, if they had chosen.</p> + + <p>"I intend this letter for you and Madison together; and + if you and he or either shall think fit to drop me a line, + I shall be pleased.</p> + + <p>"Yours with respect,</p> + + <p>"A. LINCOLN."</p> + </blockquote> + + <h5>LINCOLN AND HARDIN.</h5> + + <p>As the time drew near for the convention of 1846 Lincoln + learned that Hardin proposed to contest the nomination with + him. Hardin certainly was free to do this. He had voluntarily + declined the nomination in 1844, because of the events of the + Pekin convention, but he had made no promise to do so in 1846. + Many of the Whigs of the district had not expected him to be a + candidate, however, arguing that Lincoln, because of his + relation to the party, should be given his turn. "We do not + entertain a doubt," wrote the editor of the "Sangamo Journal," + in February, 1846, "that if we could reverse the positions of + the two men, a very large portion of those who now support Mr. + Lincoln most warmly would support General Hardin quite as + warmly." Although Lincoln had anticipated that Hardin would + enter the race, it made him anxious and a little + melancholy.</p> + + <p>"Since I saw you last fall," he wrote on January 7, 1846, to + his friend Dr. Robert Boal of Lacon, Illinois, in a letter + hitherto unpublished<a id="footnotetag8" + name="footnotetag8"></a><a href="#footnote8"><sup>8</sup></a>, + "I have often thought of writing you, as it was then + understood I would; but, on reflection, I have always found + that I had nothing new to tell you. All has happened as I + then told you I expected it would—Baker's declining, + Hardin's taking the track, and so on.</p> + + <p>"If Hardin and I stood precisely equal—that is, if + <i>neither</i> of us had been to Congress, or if we <i>both</i> + had—it would not only accord with what I have always + done, for the sake of peace, to give way to him; and I expect I + should do it. That I <i>can</i> voluntarily postpone my + pretensions, when they are no more than equal to those to which + they are postponed, you have yourself seen. But to yield to + Hardin under present circumstances seems to me as nothing else + than yielding to one who would gladly sacrifice me altogether. + This I would rather not submit to. That Hardin is talented, + energetic, unusually generous and magnanimous, I have, before + this, affirmed to you, and do not now deny. You know that my + only argument is that 'turn about is fair play.' This he, + practically at least, denies.</p> + + <p>"If it would not be taxing you too much, I wish you would + write me, telling the aspect of things in your county, or + rather your district; and also send the names of + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page535" + id="page535"></a>[pg 535]</span> some of your Whig neighbors + to whom I might, with propriety, write. Unless I can get + some one to do this, Hardin, with his old franking list, + will have the advantage of me. My reliance for a fair shake + (and I want nothing more) in your county is chiefly on you, + because of your position and standing, and because I am + acquainted with so few others. Let me hear from you + soon."</p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a name="fig535" + id="fig535"><img src="images/535.jpg" + alt="HENRY CLAY." /></a><br /> + HENRY CLAY. + + <p>From a carbon reproduction, by Sherman and McHugh of New + York City, of a daguerreotype in the collection of Peter + Gilsey, Esq., and here reproduced through his courtesy.</p> + </div> + + <p>Lincoln followed the vibrations of feeling in the various + counties with extreme nicety, studying every individual whose + loyalty he suspected or whose vote was not + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page536" + id="page536"></a>[pg 536]</span> yet pledged. "Nathan + Dresser is here," he wrote to his friend Bennett, on January + 15, 1846, "and speaks as though the contest between Hardin + and me is to be doubtful in Menard County. I know he is + candid, and this alarms me some. I asked him to tell me the + names of the men that were going strong for Hardin; he said + Morris was about as strong as any. Now tell me, is Morris + going it openly? You remember you wrote me that he would be + neutral. Nathan also said that some man (who, he could not + remember) had said lately that Menard County was again to + decide the contest, and that made the contest very doubtful. + Do you know who that was?</p> + + <p>"Don't fail to write me instantly on receiving, telling me + all—particularly the names of those who are going strong + against me<a id="footnotetag9" + name="footnotetag9"></a><a href="#footnote9"><sup>9</sup></a>."</p> + + <p>In January, General Hardin suggested that, since he and Mr. + Lincoln were the only persons mentioned as candidates, there be + no convention, but the selection be left to the Whig voters of + the district. Lincoln refused.</p> + + <p>"It seems to me," he wrote Hardin, "that on reflection you + will see the fact of your having been in Congress has, in + various ways, so spread your name in the district as to give + you a decided advantage in such a stipulation. I appreciate + your desire to keep down excitement; and I promise you to 'keep + cool' under all circumstances.... I have always been in the + habit of acceding to almost any proposal that a friend would + make, and I am truly sorry that I cannot in this. I perhaps + ought to mention that some friends at different places are + endeavoring to secure the honor of the sitting of the + convention at their towns respectively, and I fear that they + would not feel much complimented if we shall make a bargain + that it should sit nowhere."<a id="footnotetag10" + name="footnotetag10"></a><a href="#footnote10"><sup>10</sup></a></p> + + <p>After General Hardin received this refusal he withdrew from + the contest, in a manly and generous letter which was warmly + approved by the Whigs of the district. Both men were so much + loved that a break between them would have been a disastrous + thing for the party. "We are truly glad that a contest which in + its nature was calculated to weaken the ties of friendship has + terminated amicably," said the "Sangamo Journal."</p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a name="fig536" + id="fig536"><img src="images/536.jpg" + alt="ROBERT C. WINTHROP." /></a><br /> + ROBERT C. WINTHROP, SPEAKER OF THE THIRTIETH CONGRESS. + + <p>Born in Boston in 1809, graduated at Harvard, and + studied law with Daniel Webster. Winthrop's career as a + statesman began with his election to the Massachusetts + House of Representatives in 1834. He remained there until + elected to Congress in 1840, where he served ten years. In + 1847 he was elected Speaker by the Whigs. In 1850 Winthrop + was appointed Senator to take Daniel Webster's place, but + he was defeated in his efforts to be re-elected. Candidate + for governor in the same year, he was also defeated. He + retired from politics after this, though often offered + various candidacies. Winthrop was especially noted as an + orator.</p> + </div> + + <p>The charge that Hardin, Baker, and Lincoln tried to ruin one + another in this contest for Congress has often been denied by + their associates, and never more emphatically than by Judge + Gillespie, an influential politician of the State. In an + unpublished letter Judge Gillespie says: "Hardin was one of the + most unflinching and unfaltering Whigs that ever drew the + breath of life. He was a mirror of chivalry, and so was Baker. + Lincoln had boundless respect for, and confidence in, them + both. He knew they would sacrifice themselves rather than do an + act that could savor in the slightest degree of meanness or + dishonor. Those men, Lincoln, Hardin, and Baker, were bosom + friends, to my certain knowledge.... Lincoln felt that they + could be actuated by nothing but the most honorable sentiments + towards him. For although they were rivals, they were all three + men of the most punctilious honor, and devoted friends. I knew + them intimately, and can say confidently that there never was a + particle of envy on the part of one towards the other. The + rivalry between them was of the most honorable and friendly + character, and when Hardin + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page537" + id="page537"></a>[pg 537]</span> and Baker were killed + (Hardin in Mexico, and Baker at Ball's Bluff) Lincoln felt + that in the death of each he had lost a dear and true + friend<a id="footnotetag11" + name="footnotetag11"></a><a href="#footnote11"><sup>11</sup></a>."</p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a name="fig537" + id="fig537"><img src="images/537.jpg" + alt="COURTHOUSE AT PETERSBURG, MENARD COUNTY, WHERE LINCOLN WAS NOMINATED FOR CONGRESS." /> + </a><br /> + COURTHOUSE AT PETERSBURG, MENARD COUNTY, WHERE LINCOLN WAS + NOMINATED FOR CONGRESS. + </div> + + <p>After Hardin's withdrawal, Lincoln went about in his + characteristic way trying to soothe his and Hardin's friends. + "Previous to General Hardin's withdrawal," he wrote one of his + correspondents,<a id="footnotetag12" + name="footnotetag12"></a><a href="#footnote12"><sup>12</sup></a> + "some of his friends and some of mine had become a little + warm; and I felt ... that for them now to meet face to face + and converse together was the best way to efface any remnant + of unpleasant feeling, if any such existed. I did not + suppose that General Hardin's friends were in any greater + need of having their feelings corrected than mine were."</p> + + <p>In May, Lincoln was nominated. His Democratic opponent was + Peter Cartwright, the famous Methodist exhorter. Cartwright had + been in politics before, and made an energetic canvass. His + chief weapon against Lincoln was the old charges of deism and + aristocracy; but they failed of effect, and in August, Lincoln + was elected.</p> + + <p>The contest over, sudden and characteristic disillusion + seized him. "Being elected to Congress, though I am grateful to + our friends for having done it, has not pleased me as much as I + expected," he wrote Speed.</p> + + <h5>LINCOLN GOES TO WASHINGTON.</h5> + + <p>In November, 1847, Lincoln started for Washington. The city + in 1848 was little more than the outline of the Washington of + 1896. The Capitol was without the present wings, dome, or + western terrace. The White House, the City Hall, the Treasury, + the Patent Office, and the Post-Office were the only public + buildings standing then which have not been rebuilt or + materially changed. The streets were unpaved, and their dust in + summer and mud in winter are celebrated in every record of the + period. The parks and circles were still unplanted. Near the + White House were a few fine old homes, and Capitol Hill was + partly built over. Although there were deplorable wastes + between these two points, the majority of the people lived in + this part of the city, on or near Pennsylvania + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page538" + id="page538"></a>[pg 538]</span> Avenue. The winter that + Lincoln was in Washington, Daniel Webster lived on Louisiana + Avenue, near Sixth Street; Speaker Winthrop and Thomas H. + Benton on C Street, near Third; John Quincy Adams and James + Buchanan, the latter then Secretary of State, on F Street, + between Thirteenth and Fourteenth. Many of the senators and + congressmen were in hotels, the leading ones of which were + Willard's, Coleman's, Gadsby's, Brown's, Young's, Fuller's, + and the United States. Stephen A. Douglas, who was in + Washington for his first term as senator, lived at + Willard's. So inadequate were the hotel accommodations + during the sessions that visitors to the town were + frequently obliged to accept most uncomfortable makeshifts + for beds. Seward, visiting the city in 1847, tells of + sleeping on "a cot between two beds occupied by + strangers."</p> + + <p>The larger number of members lived in "messes," a species of + boarding-club, over which the owner of the house occupied + usually presided. The "National Intelligencer" of the day is + sprinkled with announcements of persons "prepared to + accommodate a mess of members." Lincoln went to live in one of + the best known of these clubs, Mrs. Sprigg's, in "Duff Green's + Row," on Capitol Hill. This famous row has now entirely + disappeared, the ground on which it stood being occupied by the + new Congressional Library.</p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a name="fig538-1" + id="fig538-1"><img src="images/538-1.jpg" + alt="ROBERT SMITH, COLLEAGUE OF LINCOLN'S." /> + </a><br /> + ROBERT SMITH, COLLEAGUE OF LINCOLN'S IN CONGRESS. + + <p>Born in New Hampshire in 1802; removed to Illinois in + 1832. A member of the legislature from 1836 to 1840, and of + Congress from 1843 to 1849. During the war, paymaster in + the United States Army at St. Louis. Died at Alton in + 1868.</p> + </div> + + <p>At Mrs. Sprigg's, Lincoln had as mess-mates several + Congressmen: A.R. McIlvaine, James Pollock, John Strohm, and + John Blanchard, all of Pennsylvania, Patrick Tompkins of + Mississippi, Joshua R. Giddings of Ohio, and Elisha Embree of + Indiana. Among his neighbors in messes on Capitol Hill were + Andrew Johnson of Tennessee, Alexander H. Stephens of Georgia, + and Jefferson Davis of Mississippi. Only one of the members of + the mess at Mrs. Sprigg's in the winter of 1847-1848 is now + living, Dr. S.C. Busey of Washington, D.C. He sat nearly + opposite Lincoln at the table.</p> + + <p>"I soon learned to know and admire him," says Dr. + Busey<a id="footnotetag13" + name="footnotetag13"></a><a href="#footnote13"><sup>13</sup></a>, + "for his simple and unostentatious manners, + kind-heartedness, and amusing jokes, anecdotes, and + witticisms. When about to tell an anecdote during a meal he + would lay down his knife and fork, place his elbows upon the + table, rest his face between his hands, and begin with the + words, 'That reminds me,' and proceed. Everybody prepared + for the explosions sure to follow. I recall with vivid + pleasure the scene of merriment at the dinner after his + first speech in the House of Representatives, occasioned by + the descriptions, by himself and others of the Congressional + mess, of the uproar in the House during its delivery.</p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a name="fig538-2" + id="fig538-2"><img src="images/538-2.jpg" + alt="'LONG JOHN' WENTWORTH, COLLEAGUE" /></a><br /> + "LONG JOHN" WENTWORTH, COLLEAGUE OF LINCOLN'S IN CONGRESS. + + <p>Wentworth removed to Chicago from New Hampshire in 1836, + where he published the "Chicago Democrat." He was twice + Mayor of Chicago, and served in Congress from 1843 to 1851. + He was an ardent anti-slavery man. He died in 1888.</p> + </div> + + <p>"Congressman Lincoln was always neatly but very plainly + dressed, very simple and approachable in manner, and + unpretentious. He attended to his business, going promptly to + the House and remaining till the session adjourned, and + appeared to be familiar with the progress of legislation."</p> + + <p>The town offered then little in the way of amusement. The + Adelphi Theatre was opened that winter for the first + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page539" + id="page539"></a>[pg 539]</span> time, and presented a + variety of mediocre plays. At the Olympia were "lively and + beautiful exhibitions of model artists." Herz and Sivori, + the pianists, then touring in the United States, played + several times in the season; and there was a Chinese Museum. + Add the exhibitions of Brown's paintings of the heroes of + Palo Alto, Resaca, Monterey, and Buena Vista, and of + Powers's "Greek Slave," the performances of Dr. Valentine, + "Delineator of Eccentricities," a few lectures, and numerous + church socials, and you have about all there was in the way + of public entertainment in Washington in 1848. But of + dinners, receptions, and official gala affairs there were + many. Lincoln's name appears frequently in the "National + Intelligencer" on committees to offer dinners to this or + that great man. He was, in the spring of 1849, one of the + managers of the inaugural ball given to Taylor. His simple, + sincere friendliness and his quaint humor won him soon a + sure, if quiet, social position. He was frequently invited + to Mr. Webster's Saturday breakfasts, where his stories were + highly relished for their originality and drollery.</p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a name="fig539-1" + id="fig539-1"><img src="images/539-1.jpg" + alt="WILLIAM A. RICHARDSON, COLLEAGUE OF" /></a><br /> + WILLIAM A. RICHARDSON, COLLEAGUE OF LINCOLN'S IN CONGRESS. + + <p>Richardson removed to Illinois from Kentucky about 1831. + He was a prominent Democratic politician, serving in the + state legislature and in Congress. He was a captain in the + Mexican War, Governor of the territory of Nebraska in 1858, + and in 1863 the successor of Douglas in the United States + Senate. He died in 1875.</p> + </div> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a name="fig539-2" + id="fig539-2"><img src="images/539-2.jpg" + alt="STEPHEN A. DOUGLAS, COLLEAGUE OF LINCOLN'S" /> + </a><br /> + STEPHEN A. DOUGLAS, COLLEAGUE OF LINCOLN'S IN CONGRESS. + + <p>Member of the United States House of Representatives + during the twenty-eighth and twenty-ninth Congresses. In + 1846 Douglas was chosen Senator by the Democrats.</p> + </div> + + <p>Dr. Busey recalls his popularity at one of the leading + places of amusement on Capitol Hill.</p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a name="fig539-3" + id="fig539-3"><img src="images/539-3.jpg" + alt="SIDNEY BREESE, COLLEAGUE OF LINCOLN'S" /> + </a><br /> + SIDNEY BREESE, COLLEAGUE OF LINCOLN'S IN CONGRESS. + + <p>Sidney Breese was born at Whitesboro, New York, July 15, + 1800; graduated from Union College, New York, in 1818; and + at once removed to Illinois, where he was admitted to the + bar. He became active in the Democratic party, and served + in many important positions: United States District + Attorney, Judge of the Supreme Court, and United States + Senator. He died in 1878.</p> + </div> + + <p>"Congressman Lincoln was very fond of bowling," he says, + "and would frequently join others of the mess, or meet other + members in a match game, at the alley of James Casparis, which + was near the boarding-house. He was a very awkward bowler, but + played the game with great zest and spirit, solely for exercise + and amusement, and greatly to the enjoyment and entertainment + of the other players and bystanders by his criticisms and funny + illustrations. He accepted success and defeat with like good + nature and humor, and left the alley at the conclusion of the + game without a sorrow or disappointment. When it was known that + he was in the alley, there would assemble numbers of people to + witness the fun which was anticipated by those who knew of his + fund of anecdotes and jokes. When in the alley, surrounded by a + crowd of eager listeners, he indulged with great freedom in the + sport of narrative, some of which were very broad. His + witticisms seemed for the most part to be impromptu, but he + always told the anecdotes and jokes as if he wished to convey + the impression that he had heard them from some one; but they + appeared very <span class="pagenum"><a name="page540" + id="page540"></a>[pg 540]</span> many times as if they had + been made for the immediate occasion."</p> + + <p>Another place where he became at home and was much + appreciated was in the post-office at the Capitol. "During the + Christmas holidays," says Ben: Perley Poore, "Mr. Lincoln found + his way into the small room used as the post-office of the + House, where a few jovial <i>raconteurs</i> used to meet almost + every morning, after the mail had been distributed into the + members' boxes, to exchange such new stories as any of them + might have acquired since they had last met. After modestly + standing at the door for several days, Mr. Lincoln was reminded + of a story, and by New Year's he was recognized as the champion + story-teller of the Capitol. His favorite seat was at the left + of the open fireplace, tilted back in his chair, with his long + legs reaching over to the chimney jamb. He never told a story + twice, but appeared to have an endless <i>répertoire</i> + of them always ready, like the successive charges in a magazine + gun, and always pertinently adapted to some passing event. It + was refreshing to us correspondents, compelled as we were to + listen to so much that was prosy and tedious, to hear this + bright specimen of Western genius tell his inimitable stories, + especially his reminiscences of the Black Hawk War."</p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a name="fig540-1" + id="fig540-1"><img src="images/540-1.jpg" + alt="ORLANDO B. FICKLIN, COLLEAGUE" /></a><br /> + ORLANDO B. FICKLIN, COLLEAGUE OF LINCOLN'S IN CONGRESS. + + <p>Ficklin was a Kentuckian who settled in Illinois in + 1830. He served four terms in the state legislature, four + terms in Congress, and filled many important posts in the + Democratic party, of which he was a leader. He died in + 1885.</p> + </div> + + <h5>LINCOLN'S WORK IN THE THIRTIETH CONGRESS.</h5> + + <p>But Lincoln had gone to Washington for work, and he at once + interested himself in the Whig organization formed to elect the + officers of the House. There was only a small Whig majority, + and it took skill and energy to keep the offices in the party. + Lincoln's share in achieving this result was generally + recognized. As late as 1860, twelve years after the struggle, + Robert C. Winthrop of Massachusetts, who was elected speaker, + said in a speech in Boston wherein he discussed Lincoln's + nomination to the Presidency: "You will be sure that I remember + him with interest, if I may be allowed to remind you that he + helped to make me the speaker of the Thirtieth Congress, when + the vote was a very close and strongly contested vote."</p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a name="fig540-2" + id="fig540-2"><img src="images/540-2.jpg" + alt="GENERAL JOHN A. MCCLERNAND, COLLEAGUE" /> + </a><br /> + GENERAL JOHN A. MCCLERNAND, COLLEAGUE OF LINCOLN'S IN + CONGRESS. + + <p>Came to Illinois from Kentucky when a boy. Served in + Black Hawk War, and was one of the earliest editors of the + State. Served three terms in the state legislature, and in + Congress. Was active in the war, rising to the rank of + major-general. General McClernand is still living in + Springfield, Illinois.</p> + </div> + + <p>A week after Congress organized, Lincoln wrote to + Springfield: "As you are all so anxious for me to distinguish + myself, I have concluded to do so before long;" and he did + it—but not exactly as his Springfield friends wished. The + United States were then at war with Mexico, a war that the + Whigs abhorred. Lincoln had used his influence against it; but, + hostilities declared, he had publicly affirmed that every loyal + man must stand by the army. Many of his friends, Hardin, Baker, + and Shields, among others, were at that moment in Mexico. + Lincoln had gone to Washington intending to say nothing in + opposition to the war. But the administration wished to secure + from the Whigs not only votes of supplies and men, but a + resolution declaring that the war was just and right. Lincoln, + with others of his party in Congress, refused his sanction, + voting a resolution that the war had been "unnecessarily and + unconstitutionally" begun. On December 22d he made his debut in + the House by the famous "Spot Resolutions," a series of + searching questions so clearly put, so strong historically and + logically, that they drove + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page541" + id="page541"></a>[pg 541]</span> the administration step by + step from the "spot" where the war began, and showed that it + had been the aggressor in the conquest. In January Lincoln + followed up these resolutions with a speech in support of + his position. His action was much criticised in Illinois, + where the sound of the drum and the intoxication of victory + had completely turned attention from the moral side of the + question, and Lincoln found himself obliged to defend his + position with even his oldest friends.</p> + + <div class="figright"> + <a name="fig541" + id="fig541"><img src="images/541.png" + alt="THE CAPITOL AT WASHINGTON IN 1846." /></a><br /> + THE CAPITOL AT WASHINGTON IN 1846. + </div> + + <p>The routine work assigned him in the Thirtieth Congress was + on the Committee on the Post-office and Post Roads. Several + reports were made by him from this committee. These reports, + with a speech on internal improvements, cover his published + work in the House up to July. Then he made a speech which was + at the time quoted far and wide.</p> + + <p>In July Zachary Taylor had been nominated at Philadelphia + for President by the Whigs. Lincoln had been at the convention, + and went back to Washington full of enthusiasm. "In my opinion + we shall have a most overwhelming, glorious triumph," he wrote + a friend. "One unmistakable sign is that all the odds and ends + are with us—Barnburners, Native Americans, Tyler men, + disappointed office-seekers, Locofocos, and the Lord knows + what. This is important, if in nothing else, in showing which + way the wind blows."</p> + + <p>In connection with Alexander H. Stephens, with whom he had + become a warm friend, Toombs, and Preston, Lincoln formed the + first Congressional Taylor Club, known as the "Young Indians." + Campaigning had already begun on the floor of Congress, and the + members were daily making speeches for the various candidates. + On July 27th Lincoln made a speech for Taylor. It was a + boisterous election speech, full of merciless caricaturing, and + delivered with inimitable drollery. It kept the House in an + uproar, and was reported the country over by the Whig press. + The "Baltimore American," in giving a synopsis of it, called it + the "crack speech of the day," and said of Lincoln: "He is a + very able, acute, uncouth, honest, upright man, and a + tremendous wag, withal.... Mr. Lincoln's manner was so + good-natured, and his style so peculiar, that he kept the House + in a continuous roar of merriment for the last half hour of his + speech. He would commence a point in his speech far up one of + the aisles, and keep on talking, gesticulating, and walking + until he would find himself, at the end of a paragraph, down in + the centre of the area in front of the clerk's desk. He would + then go back and take another <i>head</i>, and <i>work down</i> + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page542" + id="page542"></a>[pg 542]</span> again. And so on, through + his capital speech."</p> + + <h5>LINCOLN GOES TO NEW ENGLAND.—A NEW SPEECH.</h5> + + <p>This speech, as well as the respect Lincoln's work in the + House had inspired among the leaders of the party, brought him + an invitation to deliver several campaign speeches in New + England at the close of Congress, and he went there early in + September. There was in New England, at that date, much strong + anti-slavery feeling. The Whigs claimed to be "Free Soilers" as + well as the party which appropriated that name, and Lincoln, in + the first speech he made, defined carefully his position on the + slavery question. This was at Worcester, Massachusetts, on + September 12th. The Whig State convention had met to nominate a + candidate for governor, and the most eminent Whigs of + Massachusetts were present. Curiously enough the meeting was + presided over by ex-Governor Levi Lincoln, a descendant, like + Abraham Lincoln, from the original Samuel of Hingham. There + were many brilliant speeches made; but if we are to trust the + reports of the day, Lincoln's was the one which by its logic, + its clearness, and its humor, did most for the Whig cause. + "Gentlemen inform me," says one Boston reporter, who came too + late for the exercises, "that it was one of the best speeches + ever heard in Worcester, and that several Whigs who had gone + off on the Free Soil fizzle have come back again to the Whig + ranks."</p> + + <p>A report was made and printed in the Boston "Advertiser," + though it has hitherto been entirely overlooked by biographers + of Lincoln. A search made for this magazine through the files + of the Boston and Worcester papers of the year brought it to + light, and we reprint it here for the first time. It gives + concisely what Lincoln thought about the slavery question in + 1848. The report reads:</p> + + <p>"Mr. Lincoln has a very tall and thin figure, with an + intellectual face, showing a searching mind and a cool + judgment. He spoke in a clear and cool and very eloquent manner + for an hour and a half, carrying the audience with him in his + able arguments and brilliant illustrations—only + interrupted by warm and frequent applause. He began by + expressing a real feeling of modesty in addressing an audience + this 'side of the mountains,' a part of the country where, in + the opinion of the people of his section, everybody was + supposed to be instructed and wise. But he had devoted his + attention to the question of the coming Presidential election, + and was not unwilling to exchange with all whom he might the + ideas to which he had arrived. He then began to show the + fallacy of some of the arguments against General Taylor, making + his chief theme the fashionable statement of all those who + oppose him (the old Locofocos as well as the new), that he + <i>has no principles</i>, and that the Whig party have + abandoned their principles by adopting him as their candidate. + He maintained that General Taylor occupied a high and + unexceptionable Whig ground, and took for his first instance + and proof of this his statement in the Allison + letter—with regard to the Bank, Tariff, Rivers and + Harbors, etc.—that the will of the people should produce + its own results, without executive influence. The principle + that the people should do what—under the + Constitution—they please, is a Whig principle. All that, + General Taylor not only consents to, but appeals to the people + to judge and act for themselves. And this was no new doctrine + for Whigs. It was the 'platform' on which they had fought all + their battles, the resistance of executive influence, and the + principle of enabling the people to frame the government + according to their will. General Taylor consents to be the + candidate, and to assist the people to do what they think to be + their duty, and think to be best in their national affairs; but + because <i>he don't want to tell what we ought to do</i>, he is + accused of having no principles. The Whigs have maintained for + years that neither the influence, the duress, nor the + prohibition of the executive should control the legitimately + expressed will of the people; and now that on that very ground + General Taylor says that he should use the power given him by + the people to do, to the best of his judgment, the will of the + people, he is accused of want of principle and of inconsistency + in position.</p> + + <p>"Mr. Lincoln proceeded to examine the absurdity of an + attempt to make a platform or creed for a national party, to + <i>all</i> parts of which <i>all</i> must consent and agree, + when it was clearly the intention and the true philosophy of + our government, that in Congress all opinions and principles + should be represented, and that when the wisdom of all had been + compared and united, the will of the majority should be carried + out. On this ground he conceived (and the audience seemed to go + with him) that General Taylor held correct, sound republican + principles.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page543" + id="page543"></a>[pg 543]</span> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a name="fig543" + id="fig543"><img src="images/543.jpg" + alt="LEVI LINCOLN, GOVERNOR OF MASSACHUSETTS FROM 1825 TO 1834." /> + </a><br /> + LEVI LINCOLN, GOVERNOR OF MASSACHUSETTS FROM 1825 TO 1834. + + <p>From a photograph kindly loaned by Miss Frances M. + Lincoln of Worcester, Massachusetts, after a painting by + Chester Harding. Levi Lincoln was born in Worcester, + Massachusetts, in 1782, and died there in 1868. He was a + fourth cousin of Thomas Lincoln, father of the President, + being descended from the oldest son of Samuel Lincoln of + Hingham, Massachusetts, from whose fourth son, Mordecai, + Abraham Lincoln descended. Levi Lincoln was a graduate of + Harvard, and studied law, practising in Worcester. He + filled many important public positions in the State, + serving in the legislature, and as lieutenant-governor, + judge of the Supreme Court, and from 1825 to 1834 as + governor. He represented the Whigs in Congress from 1835 to + 1841, and after the expiration of his term was made + collector of the port of Boston. Levi Lincoln was an active + member of several learned societies, and prominent in all + the public functions of his State. In 1848, when Abraham + Lincoln, then member of Congress, spoke in Worcester, + ex-Governor Lincoln presided.</p> + </div> + + <p>"Mr. Lincoln then passed to the subject of slavery in the + States, saying that the people of Illinois agreed entirely with + the people of Massachusetts on this subject, except, perhaps, + that they did not keep so constantly thinking about it. All + agreed that slavery was an evil, but that we were not + responsible for it, and cannot affect it in States of this + Union where we do not live. But the question of the + <i>extension</i> of slavery to new territories of this country + is a part of our responsibility and care, and is under our + control. In opposition to this Mr. Lincoln believed that the + self-named 'Free Soil' party was far behind the Whigs. Both + parties opposed the extension. As he understood it, the new + party had no principle except this opposition. If their + platform held any other, it was in such a general way that it + was like the pair of pantaloons the Yankee peddler offered for + sale, 'large enough for any man, small enough for any boy.' + They therefore had taken a position calculated to break down + their single important declared object. They were working for + the election of either General Cass or General Taylor. The + speaker then went on to show, clearly and eloquently, the + danger of extension of slavery likely to result from the + election of General Cass. To unite with those who annexed the + new territory, to prevent the extension of slavery in that + territory, seemed to him to be in the highest degree absurd and + ridiculous. Suppose these gentlemen succeed in electing Mr. Van + Buren, they had no specific means to <i>prevent</i> the + extension of slavery to New Mexico and California; and General + Taylor, he confidently believed, would not encourage it, and + would not prohibit its restriction. But if General Cass was + elected, he felt certain that the plans of farther extension of + territory would be encouraged, and those of the extension of + slavery would meet no check. The 'Free Soil' men, in claiming + that name, indirectly attempt a deception, by implying that + Whigs were <i>not</i> Free Soil men. In declaring that they + would 'do their duty and leave the consequences to God,' they + merely gave an excuse for taking a course they were not able to + maintain by a fair and full argument. To make this declaration + did not show what their duty was. If it did, we should have no + use for judgment; we might as well be made without intellect; + and when divine or human law does not clearly point out what + <i>is</i> our duty, we have no means of finding out what it is + but using our most intelligent judgment of + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page544" + id="page544"></a>[pg 544]</span> the consequences. If there + were divine law or human law for voting for Martin Van + Buren, or if a fair examination of the consequences and + first reasoning would show that voting for him would bring + about the ends they pretended to wish, then he would give up + the argument. But since there was no fixed law on the + subject, and since the whole probable result of their action + would be an assistance in electing General Cass, he must say + that they were behind the Whigs in their advocacy of the + freedom of the soil.</p> + + <p>"Mr. Lincoln proceeded to rally the Buffalo convention for + forbearing to say anything—after all the previous + declarations of those members who were formerly Whigs—on + the subject of the Mexican War because the Van Burens had been + known to have supported it. He declared that of all the parties + asking the confidence of the country, this new one had + <i>less</i> of principle than any other.</p> + + <p>"He wondered whether it was still the opinion of these Free + Soil gentlemen, as declared in the 'whereas' at Buffalo, that + the Whig and Democratic parties were both entirely dissolved + and absorbed into their own body. Had the <i>Vermont + election</i> given them any light? They had calculated on + making as great an impression in that State as in any part of + the Union, and there their attempts had been wholly + ineffectual. Their failure there was a greater success than + they would find in any other part of the Union.</p> + + <p>"Mr. Lincoln went on to say that he honestly believed that, + if all those who wished to keep up the character of the Union, + who did not believe in enlarging our field, but in keeping our + fences where they are, and cultivating our present possessions, + making it a garden, improving the morals and education of the + people, devoting the administrations to this purpose—all + real Whigs, friends of good honest government—will unite, + the race was ours. He had opportunities of hearing from almost + every part of the Union, from reliable sources, and had not + heard of a county in which we had not received accessions from + other parties. If the true Whigs come forward and join these + new friends, they need not have a doubt. We had a candidate + whose personal character and principles he had already + described, whom he could not eulogize if he would. General + Taylor had been constantly, perseveringly, quietly standing up, + <i>doing his duty</i>, and asking no praise or reward for it. + He was and must be just the man to whom the interests, + principles, and prosperity of the country might be safely + intrusted. He had never failed in anything he had undertaken, + although many of his duties had been considered almost + impossible.</p> + + <p>"Mr. Lincoln then went into a terse though rapid review of + the origin of the Mexican War, and the connection of the + administration and General Taylor with it, from which he + deduced a strong appeal to the Whigs present to do their duty + in the support of General Taylor, and closed with the warmest + aspirations for and confidence in a deserved success.</p> + + <p>"At the close of this truly masterly and convincing speech, + the audience gave three enthusiastic cheers for Illinois, and + three more for the eloquent Whig member from that State."</p> + + <p>After the speech at Worcester, Lincoln spoke at Dorchester, + Dedham, Roxbury, and Chelsea, and on September 22d, in Tremont + Temple, Boston,<a id="footnotetag14" + name="footnotetag14"></a><a href="#footnote14"><sup>14</sup></a> + following a splendid oration by Governor Seward. His speech + on this occasion was not reported, though the Boston papers + united in calling it "powerful and convincing." His success + at Worcester and Boston was such that invitations came from + all over New England asking him to speak, and "The Atlas," + to which many of these requests were sent, was obliged + finally to print the following note:</p> + + <blockquote> + <p class="center">HON. ABRAHAM LINCOLN.</p> + + <p class="note">In answer to the many applications which we + daily receive from different parts of the State for this + gentleman to speak, we have to say that he left Boston on + Saturday morning on his way home to Illinois.</p> + </blockquote> + + <p>But Lincoln won something in New England of vastly deeper + importance than a reputation for making popular campaign + speeches. He for the first time caught a glimpse of the utter + irreconcilableness of the Northern conviction that slavery was + evil and unendurable, and the Southern claim that it was divine + and necessary; and he began here to realize that something must + be done. Listening to Seward's speech in Tremont Temple, he + seems to have had a sudden insight into the truth, a quick + illumination; and that night, as the two men sat talking, he + said gravely to the great anti-slavery advocate:</p> + + <p>"Governor Seward, I have been thinking about what you said + in your speech. I reckon you are right. We have got to deal + with this slavery question, and got to give much more attention + to it hereafter than we have been + doing."</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page545" + id="page545"></a>[pg 545]</span> + + <p class="center">[BEGUN IN THE APRIL NUMBER.]</p><br /> + <br /> + + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a name="fig545" + id="fig545"><img src="images/545.png" + alt="PHROSO" /></a> + </div> + + <h2 style="margin-top:0em;">A TALE OF BRAVE DEEDS AND PERILOUS + VENTURES</h2> + + <h3>By Anthony Hope,</h3> + + <p>Author of "The Prisoner of Zenda," "The Dolly Dialogues," + etc.</p> + + <h4>SUMMARY OF CHAPTERS ALREADY PUBLISHED.</h4> + + <blockquote> + <p class="note">Lord Charles Wheatley, having taken leave + in London (in a parting not overcharged with emotion) of + Miss Beatrice Hipgrave, to whom he is to be married in a + year; of her mother, Mrs. Kennett Hipgrave. and of Mr. + Bennett Hamlyn, a rich young man who gives promise of + seeing that Miss Hipgrave does not wholly lack a man's + attentions in the absence of her lover,—sets put to + enter possession of a remote Greek island, Neopalia, which + he has purchased of the hereditary lord, Stefanopoulos. But + on arriving he finds himself anything but welcome. He and + his companions,—namely, his cousin, Denny Swinton; + his factotum, Hogvardt; and his servant, Watkins,—are + at once locked up; and though released soon, it is with a + warning from the populace, headed by Vlacho, the innkeeper, + that if found on the island after six o'clock the next + morning, their lives will not be worth much. Toward + midnight, little disposed to sleep, and curious to look + about somewhat before leaving the island, they stroll + inland, and come by chance upon the manor-house, still and + apparently deserted. Curiosity drives them to enter. They + find Lord Stefanopoulos, whom Vlacho had reported to them + as recently dead of a fever, not dead, but on the point of + dying—from a dagger wound. And the wound, they learn + from his own lips, was given him by his nephew, + Constantine, in a tumult that arose a few hours before when + the people came up to protest against the sale of the + island, and to persuade the lord to send the strangers + away. Constantine, it further appears, is making them all + their trouble, having come to the island just ahead of them + to that end, after learning their plans by overhearing + Wheatley talking in a London restaurant. In the darkness, + on their way up, they have met a man and a woman going + toward the village. The man, by his voice, they knew to be + Constantine. The woman, they now learn, was the Lady + Euphrosyne, cousin of Constantine and heiress to the + island. From talk overheard between her and Constantine, + she had seemed to be, while desirous of their departure, + also anxious to spare them harm. In full possession of the + house, they decide to stand siege, though scant of + provisions and ammunition, and armed only with their own + revolvers and a rifle left behind by Constantine. Soon + Stefanopoulos dies, and by an old serving-woman they send + warning to Constantine that he shall be brought to justice + for his crime. Thus passes the night. Next morning + Wheatley's attention is engaged by a woman studying them + through a field-glass from before a small bungalow, higher + up the mountain. Then Vlacho, the innkeeper, presents + himself for a parley, of which nothing comes but the + disclosure that Constantine is pledged to marry Euphrosyne, + while already secretly married to another woman. The + evening falls with the "death-chant" sounding in the + air—a chant made by Alexander the Bard when an + earlier Lord Stefanopoulos was killed by the people for + having tried to sell the island. Lord Wheatley himself + tells the story.</p> + </blockquote> + + <h3>CHAPTER IV.</h3> + + <h3>A RAID AND A RAIDER.</h3> + + <p>It was between eight and nine o'clock when the first of the + enemy appeared on the road, in the persons of two smart fellows + in gleaming kilts and braided jackets. It was no more than just + dusk, and I saw that they were strangers to me. One was tall + and broad, the other shorter, and of very slight build. They + came on towards us confidently enough. I was looking over + Denny's shoulder; he held Constantine's rifle, and I knew that + he was impatient to try it. But inasmuch as might was certainly + not on our side, I was determined that right should abide with + us, and was resolute not to begin hostilities. Constantine had + at least one powerful motive for wishing our destruction; I + would not furnish him with any plausible excuse for indulging + his desire. So we stood, Denny and I at one window, Hogvardt + and Watkins at the other, and watched the approaching figures. + No more appeared; the main body did not show itself, and the + sound of the fierce chant had suddenly died away. But all at + once a third man appeared, running rapidly after the first two. + He caught the shorter by the arm, and seemed to argue or + expostulate with him. For a while the three stood thus talking; + then I saw the last comer make a gesture of protest, and they + all came on + together.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page546" + id="page546"></a>[pg 546]</span> + + <p>"Push the barrel of that rifle a little farther out," said I + to Denny, "It may be useful to them to know it's there."</p> + + <p>Denny obeyed. The result was a sudden pause in our friends' + advance; but they were near enough now for me to distinguish + the last comer, and I discerned in him, although he wore the + native costume, and had discarded his tweed suit, Constantine + Stefanopoulos himself.</p> + + <p>"Here's an exercise of self-control," I groaned, laying a + detaining hand on Denny's shoulder.</p> + + <p>As I spoke, Constantine put a whistle to his lips and blew + loudly. The blast was followed by the appearance of five more + fellows. In three of them I recognized old + acquaintances—Vlacho, Demetri, and Spiro. These three all + carried guns; and the whole eight came forward again, till they + were within a hundred yards of us. There they halted, and, with + a sudden, swift movement, three barrels were levelled at the + window where Denny and I were looking out. Well, we ducked. + There is no use in denying it. For we thought that the + fusillade had really begun. Yet no shot followed, and, after an + instant, holding Denny down, I peered out cautiously myself. + The three stood motionless, their aim full on us. The other + five were advancing cautiously, well under the shelter of the + rock, two on one side of the road and three on the other. The + slim, boyish fellow was with Constantine, on our right hand; a + moment later the other three dashed across the road and joined + them. Suddenly what military men call "the objective," the aim + of these manoeuvres, flashed across me. It was simple almost to + ludicrousness; yet it was very serious, for it showed a + reasoned plan of campaign, with which we were very ill prepared + to cope. While the three held us in check, the five were going + to carry off our cows. And without our cows we should soon be + hard put to it for food. For the cows had formed in our plans a + most important <i>pièce de résistance</i>.</p> + + <p>"This won't do," said I. "They're after the cows." And I + took the rifle from Denny's hand, cautioning him not to show + his face at the window. Then I stood in the shelter of the + wall, so that I could not be hit by the three, and levelled the + rifle, not at any human enemies, but at the unoffending + cows.</p> + + <p>"A dead cow," I remarked, "is a great deal harder to move + than a live one."</p> + + <p>The five had now come quite near the pen of rude hurdles in + which the cows were. As I spoke, Constantine appeared to give + some order; and while he and the boy stood looking on, + Constantine leaning on his gun, the boy's hand resting with + jaunty elegance on the handle of the knife in his girdle, the + others leaped over the hurdles. Crack, went the rifle! A cow + fell! I reloaded hastily. Crack! And the second cow fell. It + was very fair shooting in such a bad light, for I hit both + mortally; and my skill was rewarded by a shout of anger from + the robbers (for robbers they were; I had bought the live + stock).</p> + + <p>"Carry them off now!" I cried, carelessly showing myself at + the window. But I did not stay there long, for three shots rang + out, and the bullets pattered on the masonry above me. Luckily + the covering party had aimed a trifle too high.</p> + + <p>"No more milk, my lord," observed Watkins, in a regretful + tone. He had seen the catastrophe from the other window.</p> + + <p>The besiegers were checked. They leaped out of the pen with + alacrity. I suppose they realized that they were exposed to my + fire, while at that particular angle I was protected from the + attack of their friends. They withdrew to the middle of the + road, selecting a spot at which I could not take aim without + showing myself at the window. I dared not look out to see what + they were doing. But presently Hogvardt risked a glance, and + called out that they were in retreat, and had rejoined the + three, and that the whole body stood together in consultation, + and were no longer covering my window. So I looked out, and saw + the boy standing in an easy, graceful attitude, while + Constantine and Vlacho talked a little apart. It was growing + considerably darker now, and the figures became dim and + indistinct.</p> + + <p>"I think the fun's over for to-night," said I, glad to have + it over so cheaply.</p> + + <p>Indeed, what I said seemed to be true, for the next moment + the group turned, and began to retreat along the road, moving + briskly out of our sight. We were left in the thick gloom of a + moonless evening and the peaceful silence of still air.</p> + + <p>"They'll come back and fetch the cows," said Hogvardt. + "Could we not drag one in, my lord, and put it where the goat + is, behind the house?"</p> + + <p>I approved of this suggestion, and Watkins having found a + rope, I armed Denny with the rifle, took from the wall a large, + keen hunting-knife, opened the door, and stole out, accompanied + by Hogvardt and Watkins, who carried their revolvers. We + reached the pen without interruption, + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page547" + id="page547"></a>[pg 547]</span> tied our rope firmly round + the horns of one of the dead beasts, and set to work to drag + it along. It was no child's play, and our progress was very + slow; but the carcass moved, and I gave a shout of + encouragement as we got it down to the smoother ground of + the road and hauled it along with a will. Alas! that shout + was a great indiscretion. I had been too hasty in assuming + that our enemy was quite gone. We heard suddenly the rush of + feet; shots whistled over our heads; we had but just time to + drop the rope and turn round when Denny's rifle rang out, + and then—somebody was at us! I really do not know + exactly how many there were. I had two at me, but by great + good luck I drove my big knife into one fellow's arm at the + first hazard, and I think that was enough for him. In my + other assailant I recognized Vlacho. The fat innkeeper had + got rid of his gun, and had a knife much like the one I + carried myself. I knew him more by his voice, as he cried + fiercely, "Come on," than by his appearance, for the + darkness was thick now. Parrying his fierce thrusts—he + was very active for so stout a man—I called out to our + people to fall back as quickly as they could, for I did not + know but that we might be taken in the rear also.</p> + + <p>But discipline is hard to maintain in such a force as + mine.</p> + + <p>"Bosh!" cried Denny's voice.</p> + + <p>"Mein Gott, no!" exclaimed Hogvardt.</p> + + <p>Watkins said nothing, but for once in his life he also + disobeyed me.</p> + + <p>Well, if they would not do as I said, I must do as they did. + The line advanced—the whole line, as at Waterloo. We + pressed them hard. I heard a revolver fired and a cry follow. + Fat Vlacho slackened in his attack, wavered, halted, turned and + ran. A shout of triumph from Denny told me that the battle was + going well there. Fired with victory, I set myself for a chase. + But, alas! my pride was checked. Before I had gone two yards I + fell headlong over the body for which we had been fighting (as + Greeks and Trojans fought for the body of Hector), and came to + an abrupt stop, sprawling most ignominiously over the cow's + broad back.</p> + + <p>"Stop! stop!" I cried. "Wait a bit, Denny. I'm down over + this infernal cow!" It was an inglorious ending to the exploits + of the evening.</p> + + <p>Prudence, or my cry, stopped them. The enemy were in full + retreat; their steps pattered quick along the rocky road, and + Denny observed in a tone of immense satisfaction:</p> + + <p>"I think that's our trick, Charlie,"</p> + + <p>"Are you hurt?" I asked, scrambling to my feet.</p> + + <p>Watkins owned to a crack from the stock of a gun on his + right shoulder; Hogvardt to a graze of a knife on the arm. + Denny was unhurt. We had reason to suppose that we had left our + mark on at least two of the enemy. For so great a victory it + was cheaply bought.</p> + + <p>"We'll just drag in the cow," said I—I like to stick + to my point—"and then we might see if there's anything in + the cellar."</p> + + <p>We did drag in the cow; we dragged it through the house, and + finally bestowed it in the compound behind. Hogvardt suggested + that we should fetch the other also; but I had no mind for + another surprise, which might not end so happily, and I decided + to run the risk of leaving the second animal till the morning. + So Watkins went off to seek for some wine, for which we all + felt very ready, and I went to the door with the intention of + securing it. But before I did so I stood for a moment on the + step, looking out into the night, and snuffing the sweet, + clear, pure air. It was in quiet moments like this, not in the + tumult that had just passed, that I had pictured my beautiful + island; and the love of it came on me now, and made me swear + that these fellows and their arch ruffian Constantine should + not drive me out of it without some more and more serious blows + than had been struck that night. If I could get away safely, + and return with enough force to keep them quiet, I would pursue + that course. If not—well, I believe I had very + blood-thirsty thoughts in my mind, as even the most peaceable + man will have, when he has been served as I had and his friends + roughly handled on his account.</p> + + <p>Having registered these determinations, I was about to + proceed with my task of securing the door, when I heard a sound + that startled me. There was nothing hostile or alarming about + it, rather it was pathetic and appealing; and, in spite of my + previous truculence of mind, it caused me to exclaim: "Hullo, + is that one of those poor beggars mauled?" For the sound was a + slight, painful sigh, as of somebody in suffering, and it + seemed to come from out of the darkness about a dozen yards + ahead of me. My first impulse was to go straight to the spot; + but I had begun by now to doubt whether the Neopalians were not + unsophisticated in quite as peculiar a sense as that in which + they were <span class="pagenum"><a name="page548" + id="page548"></a>[pg 548]</span> good-hearted; so I called + Denny and Hogvardt, bidding the latter to bring his lantern + with him. Thus protected, I stepped out of the door, in the + direction from which the sigh had come. Apparently we were + to crown our victory by the capture of a wounded enemy.</p> + + <p>An exclamation from Hogvardt told me that he, aided by the + lantern, had come upon the quarry; but Hogvardt spoke in + disgust rather than triumph.</p> + + <p>"Oh, it's only the little one!" said he. "What's wrong with + him, I wonder." He stooped down, and examined the prostrate + form. "By heaven, I believe he's not touched! Yes, there's a + bump on his forehead; but not big enough for any of us to have + given it."</p> + + <p>By this time Denny and I were with him, and we looked down + on the boy's pale face, which seemed almost death-like in the + glare of the lantern. The bump was not such a very small one, + but it would not have been made by any of our weapons, for the + flesh was not cut. A moment's further inspection showed that it + must be the result of a fall on the hard, rocky road.</p> + + <p>"Perhaps he tripped on the cord, as you did on the cow;" + suggested Denny, with a grin.</p> + + <p>It seemed likely enough, but I gave very little thought to + it, for I was busy studying the boy's face.</p> + + <p>"No doubt," said Hogvardt, "he fell in running away, and was + stunned; and they did not notice it in the dark, or were afraid + to stop. But they'll be back, my lord, and soon."</p> + + <p>"Carry him inside," said I. "It won't hurt us to have a + hostage."</p> + + <p>Denny lifted the lad in his long arms—Denny was a + tall, powerful fellow—and strode off with him. I + followed, wondering who it was that we had got hold of; for the + boy was strikingly handsome. I was last in, and barred the + door. Denny had set our prisoner down in an armchair, where he + sat now, conscious again, but still with a dazed look in his + large, dark eyes, as he looked from me to the rest, and back + again to me, finally fixing a long glance on my face.</p> + + <p>"Well, young man," said I, "you've begun this sort of thing + early. Lifting cattle and taking murder in the day's work is + pretty good for a youngster like you. Who are you?"</p> + + <p>"Where am I?" he cried, in that blurred, indistinct kind of + voice that comes with mental bewilderment.</p> + + <p>"You're in my house," said I, "and the rest of your infernal + gang's outside, and going to stay there. So you must make the + best of it."</p> + + <p>The boy turned his head away and closed his eyes. Suddenly I + snatched the lantern from Hogvardt. But I paused before I + brought it close to the boy's face, as I had meant to do, and I + said:</p> + + <p>"You fellows go and get something to eat and a snooze, if + you like. I'll look after this youngster. I'll call you if + anything happens outside."</p> + + <p>After a few unselfish protests, they did as I bade them. I + was left alone in the hall with the prisoner, and merry voices + from the kitchen told me that the battle was being fought again + over the wine. I set the lantern close to the boy's face.</p> + + <p>"H'm!" said I, after a prolonged scrutiny. Then I sat down + on the table, and began to hum softly that wretched chant of + One-eyed Alexander's, which had a terrible trick of sticking in + a man's head.</p> + + <p>For a few minutes I hummed. The lad shivered, stirred + uneasily, and opened his eyes. I had never seen such eyes, and + I could not conscientiously except even Beatrice Hipgrave's, + which were in their way quite fine. I hummed away, and the boy + said, still in a dreamy voice, but with an imploring gesture of + his hand:</p> + + <p>"Ah, no, not that! Not that, Constantine!"</p> + + <p>"He's a tender-hearted youth," said I; and I was smiling + now. The whole episode was singularly unusual and + interesting.</p> + + <p>The boy's eyes were on mine again. I met his glance full and + square. Then I poured out some water, and gave it to him. He + took it with trembling hand—the hand did not escape my + notice—and drank it eagerly, setting the glass down with + a sigh.</p> + + <p>"I am Lord Wheatley," said I, nodding to him. "You came to + steal my cattle, and murder me, if it happened to be + convenient, you know."</p> + + <p>The boy flashed out at me in a minute:</p> + + <p>"I didn't. I thought you'd surrender, if we got the cattle + away."</p> + + <p>"You thought," said I, scornfully. "I suppose you did as you + were bid."</p> + + <p>"No; I told Constantine that they weren't to—" The boy + stopped short, looked round him, and said in a questioning + voice: "Where are all the rest of my people?"</p> + + <p>"The rest of your people," said I, "have run away. You are + in my hands. I can do just as I please with + you."</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page549" + id="page549"></a>[pg 549]</span> + + <p>His lips set in an obstinate curve, but he made no answer. I + went on as sternly as I could: "And when I think of what I saw + here yesterday—of that poor old man stabbed by your + blood-thirsty crew—"</p> + + <p>"It was an accident," he cried, sharply; the voice had lost + its dreaminess, and sounded clear now.</p> + + <p>"We'll see about that when we get Constantine and Vlacho + before a judge," I retorted grimly. "Anyhow, he was foully + stabbed in his own house, for doing what he had a perfect right + to do."</p> + + <p>"He had no right to sell the island," cried the boy; and he + rose for a moment to his feet, with a proud air, only to sink + back again into the chair and stretch out his hand for water + again.</p> + + <p>Now at this moment Denny, refreshed by meat and drink, and + in the highest of spirits, bounded into the hall.</p> + + <p>"How's the prisoner?" he cried.</p> + + <p>"Oh, he's all right. There's nothing the matter with him," I + said; and, as I spoke, I moved the lantern, so that the boy's + face and figure were again in shadow.</p> + + <p>"That's all right," observed Denny, cheerfully. "Because I + thought, Charlie, we might get a little information out of + him."</p> + + <p>"Perhaps he won't speak," I suggested, casting a glance at + the captive, who sat now motionless in the chair.</p> + + <p>"Oh, I think he will," said Denny, confidently; and I + observed for the first time that he held a very substantial + looking whip in his hand; he must have found it in the kitchen. + "We'll give the young ruffian a taste of this, if he's + obstinate," said Denny; and I cannot say that his tone + witnessed any great desire that the boy should prove at once + compliant.</p> + + <p>I shifted my lantern so that I could see the proud young + face while Denny could not. The boy's eyes met mine + defiantly.</p> + + <p>"You hear what he proposes?" I asked. "Will you tell us all + we want to know?"</p> + + <p>The boy made no answer, but I saw trouble in his face, and + his eyes did not meet mine so boldly now.</p> + + <p>"We'll soon find a tongue for him," said Denny, in cheerful + barbarity; "upon my word, he richly deserves a thrashing. Say + the word, Charlie."</p> + + <p>"We haven't asked him anything yet," said I.</p> + + <p>"Oh, I'll ask him something. Look here, who was the fellow + with you and Vlacho?"</p> + + <p>The boy was silent; defiance and fear struggled in the dark + eyes.</p> + + <p>"You see, he's an obstinate beggar," said Denny, as though + he had observed all necessary forms and could now get to + business; and he drew the lash of the whip through his fingers. + I am afraid Denny was rather looking forward to executing + justice with his own hands.</p> + + <p>The boy rose again, and stood facing that heartless young + ruffian, Denny—it was thus that I thought of Denny at the + moment—then once again he sank back into his seat, and + covered his face with his hands.</p> + + <p>"Well, I wouldn't go out killing if I hadn't more pluck than + that," said Denny, scornfully. "You're not fit for the trade, + my lad."</p> + + <p>The boy had no retort. His face was buried in those slim + hands of his. For a moment he was quite still. Then he moved a + little; it was a movement that spoke of helpless pain, and I + heard something very like a stifled sob.</p> + + <p>"Just leave us alone a little, Denny," said I. "He may tell + me what he won't tell you."</p> + + <p>"Are you going to let him off?" demanded Denny, + suspiciously. "You never can be stiff in the back, + Charlie."</p> + + <p>"I must see if he won't speak to me first," I pleaded, + meekly.</p> + + <p>"But if he won't?" insisted Denny.</p> + + <p>"If he won't," said I, "and you still wish it, you may do + what you like."</p> + + <p>Denny sheered off to the kitchen, with an air that did not + seek to conceal his opinion of my foolish tender-heartedness. + Again I was alone with the boy.</p> + + <p>"My friend is right," said I, gravely. "You are not fit for + the trade. How came you to be in it?"</p> + + <p>My question brought a new look, as the boy's hands dropped + from his face.</p> + + <p>"How came you," said I, "who ought to restrain these + rascals, to be at their head? How came you, who ought to shun + the society of men like Constantine Stefanopoulos and his tool + Vlacho, to be working with them?"</p> + + <p>I got no answer; only a frightened look appealed to me in + the white glare of Hogvardt's lantern. I came a step nearer, + and leaned forward to ask my next question:</p> + + <p>"Who are you? What's your name?"</p> + + <p>"My name—my name?" stammered the prisoner. "I won't + tell my name."</p> + + <p>"You'll tell me nothing? You heard what I promised my + friend?"</p> + + <p>"Yes, I heard," said the lad, with a face utterly pale, but + with eyes that were <span class="pagenum"><a name="page550" + id="page550"></a>[pg 550]</span> again set in fierce + determination. I laughed a low laugh.</p> + + <p>"I believe you are fit for the trade, after all," said I; + and I looked with mingled distaste and admiration on him. But I + had my last weapon still, my last question.</p> + + <p>I turned the lantern full on his face; I leaned forward + again, and said, in distinct, low tones—and the question + sounded an absurd one to be spoken in such an impressive + way:</p> + + <p>"Do you generally wear clothes like these?"</p> + + <p>I had got home with that question. The pallor vanished; the + haughty eyes sank. I saw long, drooping lashes and a burning + flush; and the boy's face once again sought his hands.</p> + + <p>At the moment I heard chairs pushed back in the kitchen. In + came Hogvardt, with an amused smile on his broad face; in came + Watkins, with his impassive acquiescence in anything that his + lordship might order; in came Master Denny, brandishing his + whip in jovial relentlessness.</p> + + <p>"Well, has he told you anything?" cried Denny. It was plain + that he hoped for the answer "No."</p> + + <p>"I have asked him half a dozen questions," said I, "and he + has not answered one."</p> + + <p>"All right," said Denny, with wonderful emphasis.</p> + + <p>Had I been wrong to extort this much punishment for my most + inhospitable reception? Sometimes now I think that it was + cruel. In that night much had occurred to breed viciousness in + a man of the most equable temper. But the thing had now gone to + the extreme limit to which it could; and I said to Denny:</p> + + <p>"It's a gross case of obstinacy, of course, Denny; but I + don't see very well how we can horsewhip the lady!"</p> + + <p>A sudden, astounded cry, "The lady!" rang from three pairs + of lips; the lady herself dropped her head on the table, and + fenced her face round about with her protecting arms.</p> + + <p>"You see," said I, "this lad is the Lady Euphrosyne."</p> + + <p>For who else could it be that would give orders to + Constantine Stefanopoulos, and ask where "my people" were? Who + else, I also asked myself, save the daughter of the noble + house, would boast the air, the hands, the face, that graced + our young prisoner? In all certainty it was Lady + Euphrosyne.</p> + + <h3>CHAPTER V.</h3> + + <h3>THE COTTAGE ON THE HILL.</h3> + + <p>The effect of my remark was curious. Denny turned scarlet, + and flung his whip down on the table; the others stood for a + moment motionless, then turned tail and slunk back to the + kitchen. Euphrosyne's face remained invisible. However, I felt + quite at my ease. I had a triumphant conviction of the + importance of my capture, and a determination that no misplaced + chivalry should rob me of it. Politeness is, no doubt, a duty, + but only a relative duty; and, in plain English, men's lives + were at stake here. Therefore I did not make my best bow, fling + open the door, and tell the lady that she was free to go + whither she would; but I said to her in a dry, severe + voice:</p> + + <p>"You had better go, madam, to that room you usually occupy + here, while we consider what to do with you. You know where the + room is; I don't."</p> + + <p>She raised her head, and said in tones that sounded almost + eager:</p> + + <p>"My own room? May I go there?"</p> + + <p>"Certainly," said I. "I shall accompany you as far as the + door; and when you've gone in, I shall lock the door."</p> + + <p>This programme was duly carried out, Euphrosyne not favoring + me with a word during its progress. Then I returned to the + hall, and said to Denny:</p> + + <p>"Rather a trump card, isn't she?"</p> + + <p>"Yes, but they'll be back pretty soon to look for her, I + expect."</p> + + <p>Denny accompanied this remark with such a yawn that I + suggested he should go to bed.</p> + + <p>"And aren't you going to bed?" he asked.</p> + + <p>"I'll take first watch," said I. "It's nearly twelve now. + I'll wake you at two, and you can wake Hogvardt at five, and + Watkins will be fit and well at breakfast time, and can give us + roast cow."</p> + + <p>Thus I was left alone again; and I sat, reviewing the + position. Would the islanders fight for their lady? Or would + they let us go? They would only let us go, I felt sure, if + Constantine were outvoted, for he could not afford to see me + leave Neopalia with a head on my shoulders and a tongue in my + mouth. Then they probably would fight. Well, I calculated that + as long as our provisions held out, we could not be stormed; + our stone fortress was too strong. But we could be beleaguered + and starved out, and <span class="pagenum"><a name="page551" + id="page551"></a>[pg 551]</span> should be very soon, unless + the lady's influence could help us. I had just arrived at + the conclusion that I would talk very seriously to her in + the morning, when I heard a remarkable sound.</p> + + <p>"There never was such a place for queer noises," said I, + pricking up my ears.</p> + + <p>The noise seemed to come from directly above my head; it + sounded as though a light, stealthy tread were passing over the + roof of the hall in which I sat. But the only person in the + house besides ourselves was the prisoner; she had been securely + locked in her room; how then could she be on the top of the + hall? For her room was in the turret over the door. Yet the + steps crept over my head, going toward the kitchen. I snatched + up my revolver, and trod with a stealth equal to the stealth of + the steps overhead, across the hall and into the kitchen + beyond. My three companions slept the sleep of tired men, but I + ruthlessly roused Denny.</p> + + <p>"Go on guard in the hall," said I; "I want to have a look + round."</p> + + <p>Denny was sleepy, but obedient. I saw him start for the + hall, and went on till I reached the compound behind the house. + Here I stood, deep in the shadow of the wall. The steps were + now over my head again. I glanced up cautiously, and above me, + on the roof, three yards to the right, I saw the flutter of a + white kilt.</p> + + <p>"There are more ways out of this house than I know," I + thought to myself.</p> + + <p>I heard next a noise as though of something being pushed + cautiously along the flat roof. Then there protruded from + between two of the battlements the end of a ladder! I crouched + closer under the wall. The light flight of steps was let down; + it reached the ground; the kilted figure stepped on it and + began to descend. Here was the Lady Euphrosyne again! Her + eagerness to go to her own room was fully explained; there was + a way from it across the house and out on to the roof of the + kitchen; the ladder showed that the way was kept in use. I + stood still. She reached the ground, and as her foot touched it + she gave the softest possible little laugh of gleeful triumph. + A pretty little laugh it was. Then she stepped briskly across + the compound, till she reached the rocks on the other side. I + crept forward after her, for I was afraid of losing sight of + her in the darkness, and yet did not desire to arrest her + progress till I saw where she was going. On she went, skirting + the perpendicular drop of rock, I was behind her now. At last + she came to the angle formed by the rock running north and that + which, turning to the east, enclosed the compound.</p> + + <p>"How's she going to get up?" I asked myself.</p> + + <p>But up she began to go—her right foot on the north + rock, her left foot on the east. She ascended with such + confidence that it was evident that steps were ready for her + feet. She gained the top. I began to mount in the same fashion, + finding steps cut in the face of the cliff. I reached the top, + and I saw her standing still, ten yards ahead of me. She went + on. I followed. She stopped, looked, saw me, screamed. I rushed + on her. Her arms dealt a blow at me—I caught her hand, + and in her hand there was a little dagger. Seizing her other + hand, I held her fast.</p> + + <p>"Where are you going?" I asked in a matter-of-fact tone, + taking no notice of her hasty resort to the dagger. No doubt + that was purely a national trait.</p> + + <p>Seeing that she was caught, she made no attempt to + struggle.</p> + + <p>"I was trying to escape," she said. "Did you hear me?"</p> + + <p>"Yes, I heard you. Where were you going?"</p> + + <p>"Why should I tell you? Shall you threaten me with the whip + again?"</p> + + <p>I loosed her hands. She gave a sudden glance up the hill. + She seemed to measure the distance.</p> + + <p>"Why do you want to go to the top of the hill?" I asked. + "Have you friends there?"</p> + + <p>She denied the suggestion, as I thought she would.</p> + + <p>"No, I have not. But anywhere is better than with you."</p> + + <p>"Yet there is some one in the cottage up there," I observed. + "It belongs to Constantine, doesn't it?"</p> + + <p>"Yes, it does," she answered, defiantly. "Dare you go and + seek him there? Or dare you only skulk behind the walls of the + house?"</p> + + <p>"As long as we are only four against a hundred I dare only + skulk," I answered. She did not annoy me at all by her taunts. + "But do you think he's there?"</p> + + <p>"There! No, he's in the town—and he'll come from the + town to kill you to-morrow."</p> + + <p>"There is nobody there?" I pursued.</p> + + <p>"Nobody," she answered.</p> + + <p>"You're wrong," said I. "I saw somebody there to-day."</p> + + <p>"Oh, a peasant, perhaps."</p> + + <p>"Well, the dress didn't look like it. Do you really want to + go there now?"</p> + + <p>"Haven't you mocked me enough?" she burst out. "Take me back + to my prison."</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page552" + id="page552"></a>[pg 552]</span> + + <p>Her tragedy air was quite delightful. But I had been leading + her up to something which I thought she ought to know.</p> + + <p>"There's a woman in that cottage," said I. "Not a + peasant—a woman in some dark-colored dress, who uses + opera glasses."</p> + + <p>I saw her draw back with a start of surprise.</p> + + <p>"It's false," she cried. "There's no one there. Constantine + told me no one went there except Vlacho, and sometimes + Demetri."</p> + + <p>"Do you believe all Constantine tells you?" I asked.</p> + + <p>"Why should I not? He's my cousin and—"</p> + + <p>"And your suitor?"</p> + + <p>She flung her head back proudly.</p> + + <p>"I have no shame in that," she answered.</p> + + <p>"You would accept his offer?"</p> + + <p>"Since you ask, I will answer. Yes; I have promised my uncle + I would."</p> + + <p>"Good God!" said I, for I was very sorry for her.</p> + + <p>The emphasis of my exclamation seemed to startle her afresh. + I felt her glance rest on me in puzzled questioning.</p> + + <p>"Did Constantine let you see the old woman whom I sent to + him?" I demanded.</p> + + <p>"No," she murmured. "He told me what she said."</p> + + <p>"That I told him he was his uncle's murderer?"</p> + + <p>"Did you tell her to say that?" she asked, with a sudden + inclination of her body toward me.</p> + + <p>"I did. Did he give you the message?"</p> + + <p>She made no answer. I pressed my advantage.</p> + + <p>"On my honor I saw what I have told you at the cottage," I + said. "I know what it means no more than you do. But before I + came here I saw Constantine in London. And there I heard a lady + say she would come with him. Did any lady come with him?"</p> + + <p>"Are you mad?" she asked; but I could hear her breathing + quickly, and I knew that her scorn was assumed. I drew suddenly + away from her, and put my hands behind my back.</p> + + <p>"Go to the cottage if you like," said I. "But I won't answer + for what you'll find there."</p> + + <p>"You set me free?" she cried with eagerness.</p> + + <p>"Free to go to the cottage. You must promise to come back. + Or I'll go to the cottage, if you'll promise to go back to your + room and wait till I return."</p> + + <p>She hesitated, looking again toward where the cottage was; + but I had stirred suspicion and disquietude in her. She dared + not face what she might find in the cottage.</p> + + <p>"I'll go back and wait for you," she said. "If I went to the + cottage and—and all was well, I'm afraid I shouldn't come + back."</p> + + <p>The tone sounded softer. I would have sworn a smile or a + half smile accompanied the words, but it was too dark to be + sure; and when I leaned forward to look, Euphrosyne drew + back.</p> + + <p>"Then you mustn't go," said I decisively, "I can't afford to + lose you,"</p> + + <p>"But if you let me go, I could let you go," she cried.</p> + + <p>"Could you? Without asking Constantine? Besides, it's my + island, you see."</p> + + <p>"It's not," she cried, with a stamp of her foot. And without + more she walked straight by me and disappeared over the ledge + of rock. Two minutes later I saw her figure defined against the + sky, a black shadow on the deep gray ground. Then she + disappeared. I set my face straight for the cottage under the + summit of the hill. I knew that I had only to go straight, and + I must come to the little plateau, scooped out of the hillside, + on which the cottage stood. I found not a path, but a sort of + rough track that led in the desired direction, and along this I + made my way very cautiously. At one point it was joined at + right angles by another track, from the side of the hill where + the main road across the island lay. This, of course, afforded + an approach to the cottage without passing by my house. In + twenty minutes the cottage loomed, a blurred mass, before me. I + fell on my knees and peered at it.</p> + + <p>There was a light in one of the windows; I crawled nearer. + Now I was on the plateau; a moment later I was under the wooden + veranda and beneath the window where the light glowed. My hand + was on my revolver. If Constantine or Vlacho caught me here, + neither side would be able to stand on trifles; even my desire + for legality would fail under the strain. But for the minute + everything was quiet, and I began to fear that I should have to + return empty-handed; for it would be growing light in another + hour or so, and I must be gone before the day began to appear. + Ah! There was a sound—a sound that appealed to me after + my climb—the sound of wine poured into a glass; and then + came a voice I knew.</p> + + <p>"Probably they have caught her," said Vlacho the innkeeper. + "What of that? They will not hurt her. And she'll be kept + safe."</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page553" + id="page553"></a>[pg 553]</span> + + <p>"You mean she can't come spying about here?"</p> + + <p>"Exactly. And that, my lord, is an advantage. If she came + here—"</p> + + <p>"Oh the deuce!" laughed Constantine. "But won't the men want + me to free her by letting that infernal crew go?"</p> + + <p>"Not if they think Wheatley will go to Rhodes and get + soldiers and return. They love the island more than her. It + will all go well, my lord. And this other here?"</p> + + <p>I strained my ears to listen. No answer came; yet Vlacho + went on as though he had received an answer.</p> + + <p>"These cursed fellows make that difficult, too," he said. + "It would be an epidemic." Then he laughed, seeming to see wit + in his own remark.</p> + + <p>"Curse them, yes. We must move cautiously," said + Constantine. "What a nuisance women are, Vlacho."</p> + + <p>"Ay, too many of them," laughed Vlacho.</p> + + <p>"I had to swear my life out that no one was here—and + then, 'If no one's there, why mayn't I come?' You know the sort + of thing."</p> + + <p>"Indeed, no, my lord. You wrong me," protested Vlacho, + humorously; and Constantine joined in his laugh.</p> + + <p>"You've made up your mind which, I gather?" asked + Vlacho.</p> + + <p>"Oh, this one, beyond doubt," answered his master.</p> + + <p>Now, I thought that I understood most of this conversation, + and I was very sorry that Euphrosyne was not by my side to + listen to it. But I had heard about enough for my purpose, and + I had turned to crawl away stealthily—it is not well to + try fortune too far—when I heard the sound of a door + opening in the house. Constantine's voice followed directly on + the sound.</p> + + <p>"Ah, my darling, my sweet wife," he cried, "not sleeping + yet? Where will your beauty be. Vlacho and I must plot and plan + for your sake, but you need not spoil your eyes with + sleeplessness."</p> + + <p>Constantine did it uncommonly well. His manner was a pattern + for husbands. I was guilty of a quiet laugh all to myself, in + the veranda.</p> + + <p>"For me? You're sure it's for me?" came in that Greek tongue + with a strange accent which had first fallen on my ears in the + Optimum restaurant.</p> + + <p>"She's jealous, she's most charmingly jealous!" cried + Constantine, in playful rapture. "Does your wife pay you such + compliments, Vlacho?"</p> + + <p>"She has not cause, my lord. Now my Lady Francesca thinks + she has cause to be jealous of the Lady Euphrosyne."</p> + + <p>Constantine laughed scornfully at the suggestion.</p> + + <p>"Where is she now?" came swift and sharp from the woman. + "Where is Euphrosyne?"</p> + + <p>"Why, she's a prisoner to that Englishman," answered + Constantine.</p> + + <p>I suppose explanations passed on this point, for the voices + fell to a lower level, as is apt to happen in the telling of a + long story, and I could not catch what passed till + Constantine's tones rose again, as he said:</p> + + <p>"Oh, yes, we must have a try at getting her out, just to + satisfy the people. For me, she might stay there as long as she + likes, for I care for her just as little as, between ourselves, + I believe she cares for me."</p> + + <p>Really, this fellow was a very tidy villain; as a pair, + Vlacho and he would be hard to beat—in England, at all + events. About Neopalia I had learned to reserve my opinion. + Such were my reflections as I turned to resume my interrupted + crawl to safety. But in an instant I was still + again—still, and crouching close under the wall, + motionless as an insect that feigns death, holding my breath, + my hand on the trigger. For the door of the cottage was flung + open, and Constantine and Vlacho appeared on the threshold.</p> + + <p>"Ah," said Vlacho, "dawn is nearly on us. See, it grows + lighter on the horizon."</p> + + <p>A more serious matter was that, owing to the opened door and + the lamp inside, it had grown lighter on the veranda, so light + that I saw the three figures—for the woman had come + also—in the doorway; so light that my huddled shape would + be seen if any of the three turned an eye towards it. I could + have picked off both men before they could move; but a + civilized education has drawbacks; it makes a man scrupulous; I + did not fire. I lay still, hoping that I should not be noticed. + And I should not have been noticed but for one thing. Acting up + to his part in the ghastly farce which these two ruffians were + playing with the wife of one of them, Constantine turned to + bestow kisses on the woman before he parted from her. Vlacho, + in a mockery that was horrible to me who knew his heart, must + needs be facetious. With a laugh he drew back; he drew back + farther still; he was but a couple of feet from the wall of the + house, and that couple of feet I filled.</p> + + <p>In a moment, with one step backward, he would be upon me. + Perhaps he would not have made that step; perhaps I should + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page554" + id="page554"></a>[pg 554]</span> have gone, by grace of that + narrow interval, undetected. But the temptation was too + strong for me. The thought of the thing threatened to make + me laugh. I had a penknife in my pocket; I opened it, and I + dug it hard into that portion of Vlacho's frame which came + most conveniently (and prominently) to my hand. Then, + leaving the penknife where it was, I leaped up, gave the + howling ruffian a mighty shove, and with a loud laugh of + triumph bolted for my life down the hill. But when I had + gone twenty yards I dropped on my knees, for bullet after + bullet whistled over my head. Constantine, the outraged + Vlacho too, perhaps, carried a revolver. And the barrels + were being emptied after me. I rose and turned one hasty + glance behind me. Yes, I saw their dim shapes like moving + trees. I fired once, twice, thrice, in my turn, and then + went crashing and rushing down the path that I had ascended + so cautiously.</p> + + <p>I cannoned against the tree trunks; I tripped over trailing + branches; I stumbled over stones. Once I paused and fired the + rest of my barrels; a yell told me I had hit—but Vlacho, + alas! not Constantine. At the same instant my fire was + answered, and a bullet went through my hat. I was defenceless + now, save for my heels, and to them I took again with all + speed. But as I crashed along, one, at least, of them came + crashing after me. Yes, it was only one. I had checked Vlacho's + career. It was Constantine alone. I suppose one of your heroes + of romance would have stopped and faced him, for with them it + is not etiquette to run away from one man. Ah, well, I ran + away. For all I knew, Constantine might still have a shot in + the locker. I had none. And if Constantine killed me, he would + kill the only man who knew all his secrets. So I ran. And just + as I got within ten yards of the drop into my own territory I + heard a wild cry, "Charlie, Charlie! Where the devil are you, + Charlie?"</p> + + <p>"Why, here, of course," said I, coming to the top of the + bank and dropping over.</p> + + <p>I have no doubt that it was the cry uttered by Denny which + gave pause to Constantine's pursuit. He would not desire to + face all four of us. At any rate the sound of his pursuing feet + died away and ceased. I suppose he went back to look after + Vlacho and show himself safe and sound to that most unhappy + woman, his wife. As for me, when I found myself safe and sound + in the compound, I said, "Thank God!" And I meant it, too. Then + I looked round. Certainly the sight that met my eyes had a + touch of comedy in it.</p> + + <p>Denny, Hogvardt, and Watkins stood in the compound. Their + backs were toward me, and they were all staring up at the roof + of the kitchen, with expressions which the cold light of + morning revealed in all their puzzled foolishness. On the top + of the roof, unassailable and out of reach—for no ladder + ran from roof to ground now—stood Euphrosyne, in her + usual attitude of easy grace. And Euphrosyne was not taking the + smallest notice of the helpless three below, but stood quite + still, with unmoved face, gazing up toward the cottage. The + whole thing reminded me of nothing so much as of a pretty, + composed cat in a tree, with three infuriated, helpless + terriers barking round the trunk. I began to laugh.</p> + + <p>"What's all the shindy?" called out Denny. "Who's doing + revolver practice in the wood? And how the dickens did she get + there, Charlie?"</p> + + <p>But when the still figure on the roof saw me, the + impassivity of it vanished. Euphrosyne leant forward, clasping + her hands, and said to me:</p> + + <p>"Have you killed him?"</p> + + <p>The question vexed me. It would have been civil to accompany + it, at all events, with an inquiry as to my own health.</p> + + <p>"Killed him?" I answered gruffly. "No, he's sound + enough."</p> + + <p>"And—" she began; but now she glanced, seemingly for + the first time, at my friends below. "You must come and tell + me," she said; and with that she turned and disappeared from + our gaze behind the battlements. I listened intently. No sound + came from the wood that rose gray in the new light behind + us.</p> + + <p>"What have you been doing?" demanded Denny, surlily; he had + not enjoyed Euphrosyne's scornful attitude.</p> + + <p>"I have been running for my life," said I, "from the biggest + scoundrels unhanged. Denny, make a guess who lives in that + cottage."</p> + + <p>"Constantine?"</p> + + <p>"I don't mean him."</p> + + <p>"Not Vlacho—he's at the inn."</p> + + <p>"No, I don't mean Vlacho."</p> + + <p>"Who, then, man?"</p> + + <p>"Some one you've seen."</p> + + <p>"Oh, I give it up. It's not the time of day for + riddles."</p> + + <p>"The lady who dined at the next table to us at the Optimum," + said I.</p> + + <p>Denny jumped back in amazement, with a long, low + whistle.</p> + + <p>"What, the one who was with Constantine?" he + cried.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page555" + id="page555"></a>[pg 555]</span> + + <p>"Yes," said I. "The one who was with Constantine."</p> + + <p>They were all three round me now; and, thinking that it + would be better that they should know what I knew, and four + lives instead of one stand between a ruffian and the impunity + he hoped for, I raised my voice and went on in an emphatic + tone:</p> + + <p>"Yes. She's there, and she's his wife."</p> + + <p>A moment's astonished silence greeted my announcement. It + was broken by none of our party. But there came from the + battlemented roof above us a low, long, mournful moan that made + its way straight to my heart, armed with its dart of outraged + pride and trust betrayed. It was not thus, boldly and abruptly, + that I should have told my news. But I did not know that + Euphrosyne was still above us, hidden by the battlements; nor + had I known that she understood English. We all looked up. The + moan was not repeated. Presently we heard slow steps retreating + with a faltering tread across the roof; and we also went into + the house in silence and sorrow. For a thing like that gets + hold of a man; and when he has heard it, it's hard for him to + sit down and be merry till the fellow that caused it has paid + his reckoning—as I swore then and there that Constantine + Stefanopoulos should pay his.</p> + + <h3>CHAPTER VI.</h3> + + <h3>THE POEM OF ONE-EYED ALEXANDER.</h3> + + <p>There is a matter on my conscience which I can't excuse, but + may as well confess. To deceive a maiden is a very sore + thing—so sore that it had made us all hot against + Constantine; but it may be doubted by a cool mind whether it is + worse, nay, whether it is as bad, as to contrive the murder of + a lawful wife. Poets have paid more attention to the + first—maybe they know more about it; the law finds + greater employment on the whole in respect to the latter. For + me, I admit that it was not till I found myself stretched on a + mattress in the kitchen, with the idea of getting a few hours' + sleep, that it struck me that Constantine's wife deserved a + share of my concern and care. Her grievance against him was at + least as great as Euphrosyne's; her peril was far greater. For + Euphrosyne was his object, Francesca (for that appeared from + Vlacho's mode of address to be her name) was an obstacle that + prevented his attaining that object.</p> + + <p>For myself, I should have welcomed a cutthroat if it came as + an alternative to Constantine's society; but probably his wife + would not agree with me; and the conversation I had heard left + me in little doubt that her life was not safe. They could not + have an epidemic, Vlacho had prudently reminded his master; the + island fever could not kill Constantine's wife and our party + all in a day or two. Men suspect such obliging maladies, and + the old lord had died of it, pat to the happy moment, already. + But if the thing could be done, if it could be so managed that + London, Paris, and the Riviera would find nothing strange in + the disappearance of one Madame Stefanopoulos and the + appearance of another, why, to a certainty, done the thing + would be, unless I could warn or save the woman in the cottage. + But I did not see how to do either. So (as I set out to + confess) I dropped the subject. And when I went to sleep I was + thinking, not how to save Francesca, but how to console + Euphrosyne, a matter really of less urgency, as I should have + seen had not the echo of that sad little cry still filled my + ears.</p> + + <p>The news that Hogvardt brought me, when I woke in the + morning and was enjoying a slice of cow steak, by no means + cleared my way. An actual attack did not seem imminent—I + fancy these fierce islanders were not too fond of our + revolvers—but the house was, if I may use the term, + carefully picketed; and that both before and behind. Along the + road that approached it in front, there stood sentries at + intervals. They were stationed just out of range of our only + effective long-distance weapon, but it was evident that egress + on that side was barred; and the same was the case on the + other. Hogvardt had seen men moving in the wood, and had heard + their challenges to one another, repeated at regular intervals. + We were shut off from the sea; we were shut off from the + cottage. A blockade would reduce us as well as an attack. I had + nothing to offer except the release of Euphrosyne. And to + release Euphrosyne would in all likelihood not save us, while + it would leave Constantine free to play out his ghastly game to + its appointed end.</p> + + <p>I finished my breakfast in some perplexity of spirit. Then I + went and sat in the hall, expecting that Euphrosyne would + appear from her room before long. I was alone, for the rest + were engaged in various occupations, Hogvardt being + particularly busy over a large handful of hunting-knives that + he had gleaned from the walls; I did not understand what he + wanted with them, unless he meant to arm himself in porcupine + fashion.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page556" + id="page556"></a>[pg 556]</span> + + <p>Presently Euphrosyne came, but it was a transformed + Euphrosyne. The kilt, knee breeches, and gaiters were gone; in + their place was the white linen garment with flowing sleeves + and the loose jacket over it, the national dress of the Greek + woman; but Euphrosyne's was ornamented with a rare profusion of + delicate embroidery, and of so fine a texture that it seemed + rather like some delicate, soft, yielding silk. The change of + attire seemed reflected in her altered manner. Defiance was + gone and appeal glistened from her eyes as she stood before me. + I sprang up, but she would not sit. She stood there, and, + raising her glance to my face, asked simply: "Is it true?"</p> + + <p>In a business-like way I told her the whole story, starting + from the every-day scene at home in the restaurant, ending with + the villainous conversation and the wild chase of the night + before. When I related how Constantine had called Francesca his + wife, Euphrosyne shivered; while I sketched lightly my + encounter with him and Vlacho, she eyed me with a sort of grave + curiosity; and at the end she said: "I'm glad you weren't + killed." It was not an emotional speech, nor delivered with any + <i>empressement</i>; but I took it for thanks, and made the + best of it. Then at last she sat down and rested her head on + her hand. Her absent air allowed me to study her closely, and I + was struck by a new beauty which the bizarre boy's dress had + concealed. Moreover, with the doffing of that, she seemed to + have put off her extreme hostility; but perhaps the revelation + I had made to her, which showed her the victim of an + unscrupulous schemer, had more to do with her softened air. Yet + she bore the story firmly, and a quivering lip was her extreme + sign of grief or anger. And her first question was not of + herself.</p> + + <p>"Do you mean that they will kill this woman?" she asked.</p> + + <p>"I'm afraid it's not unlikely that something will happen to + her, unless, of course—" I paused, but her quick wit + supplied the omission.</p> + + <p>"Unless," she said, "he lets her live now, because I am out + of his hands."</p> + + <p>"Will you stay out of his hands?" I asked. "I mean, as long + as I can keep you out of them."</p> + + <p>She looked round with a troubled expression.</p> + + <p>"How can I stay here?" she said in a low tone.</p> + + <p>"You will be as safe here as you were in your mother's + arms," I answered.</p> + + <p>She acknowledged my promise with a movement of her head; but + a moment later she cried:</p> + + <p>"But I am not with you—I am with the people! The + island is theirs and mine. It is not yours. I will have no part + in giving it to you."</p> + + <p>"I wasn't proposing to take pay for my hospitality," said I. + "It'll be hardly handsome enough for that, I'm afraid. But + mightn't we leave that question for the moment?" And I + described briefly to her our present position.</p> + + <p>"So that," I concluded, "while I maintain my claim to the + island, I am at present more interested in keeping a whole skin + on myself and my friends."</p> + + <p>"If you will not give it up, I can do nothing," said she. + "Though they knew Constantine to be all you say, yet they would + follow him and not me if I yielded the island. Indeed, they + would most likely follow him in any case. For the Neopalians + like a man to follow, and they like that man to be a + Stefanopoulos; so they would shut their eyes to much, in order + that Constantine might marry me and become lord."</p> + + <p>She stated all this in a matter-of-fact way, disclosing no + great horror of her countrymen's moral standard. The + straightforward barbarousness of it perhaps appealed to her a + little; she loathed the man who would rule on those terms, but + had some toleration for the people who set the true dynasty + above all else. And she spoke of her proposed marriage as + though it were a natural arrangement.</p> + + <p>"I shall have to marry him, I expect, in spite of + everything," she said.</p> + + <p>I pushed my chair back violently. My English respectability + was appalled.</p> + + <p>"Marry him?" I cried. "Why, he murdered the old lord!"</p> + + <p>"That has happened before among the Stefanopouloi," said + Euphrosyne, with a calmness dangerously near to pride.</p> + + <p>"And he proposes to murder his wife," I added.</p> + + <p>"Perhaps he will get rid of her without that." She paused; + then came the anger I had looked for before. "Ah, but how dared + he swear that he had thought of no one but me and loved me + passionately? He shall pay for that." Again it was injured + pride that rang in her voice, as in her first cry. It did not + sound like love, and for that I was glad. The courtship had + probably been an affair of state rather than affection. I did + not ask how Constantine was to be made to pay, whether before + or after marriage. I was struggling between horror and + amusement at my guest's point + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page557" + id="page557"></a>[pg 557]</span> of view. But I take leave + to have a will of my own, even sometimes in matters that are + not exactly my concern, and I said now, with a composure + that rivalled Euphrosyne's: "It is out of the question that + you should marry him. I'm going to get him hanged, and, + anyhow, it would be atrocious."</p> + + <p>She smiled at that, but then she leant forward and + asked:</p> + + <p>"How long have you provisions for?"</p> + + <p>"That's a good retort," I admitted. "A few days; that's all. + And we can't get out to procure any more; and we can't go + shooting, because the wood's infested with these ruff—I + beg pardon—with your countrymen."</p> + + <p>"Then it seems to me," said Euphrosyne, "that you and your + friends are more likely to be hanged."</p> + + <p>Well, on a dispassionate consideration, it did seem more + likely; but she need not have said so. And she went on with an + equally discouraging good sense:</p> + + <p>"There will be a boat from Rhodes in about a month or six + weeks. The officer will come then to take the tribute; perhaps + the governor will come. But till then nobody will visit the + island, unless it be a few fishermen from Cyprus."</p> + + <p>"Fishermen? Where do they land? At the harbor?"</p> + + <p>"No. My people do not like them, though the governor + threatens to send troops if we do not let them land. So they + come to a little creek at the opposite end of the island, on + the other side of the mountain. Ah, what are you thinking + of?"</p> + + <p>As Euphrosyne perceived, her words had put a new idea in my + mind. If I could reach that creek and find the fishermen and + persuade them to help me, or to carry me and my party off, that + hanging might happen to the right man, after all.</p> + + <p>"You're thinking you can reach them?" she cried.</p> + + <p>"You don't seem sure that you want me to," I observed.</p> + + <p>"Oh, how can I tell what I want? If I help you, I am + betraying the island. If I do not—"</p> + + <p>"You'll have a death or two at your door, and you'll marry + the biggest scoundrel in Europe," said I.</p> + + <p>She hung her head, and plucked fretfully at the embroidery + on the neck of her dress.</p> + + <p>"But, anyhow, you couldn't reach them," she said. "You are + close prisoners here."</p> + + <p>That, again, seemed true, so true that it put me in a very + bad temper. Therefore I rose, and, leaving her without much + ceremony, strolled into the kitchen. Here I found Watkins + dressing the cow's head, Hogvardt surrounded by knives, and + Denny lying on a rug on the floor with a small book, which he + seemed to be reading. He looked up with a smile that he. + considered knowing.</p> + + <p>"Well, what does the captive queen say?" he asked with + levity.</p> + + <p>"She proposes to marry Constantine," I answered, and added + quickly to Hogvardt: "What's the game with those knives, + Hog?"</p> + + <p>"Well, my lord," said Hogvardt, surveying his dozen + murderous instruments, "I thought there was no harm in putting + an edge on them, in case we should find a use for them;" and he + fell to grinding one with great energy.</p> + + <p>"I say, Charlie, I wonder what this yarn's about? I can't + construe half of it. It's in Greek, and it's something about + Neopalia, and there's a lot about a Stefanopoulos."</p> + + <p>"Is there? Let's see;" and taking the book I sat down to + look at it. It was a slim old book, bound in calfskin. The + Greek was written in an antique style; it was verse. I turned + to the title-page. "Hullo, this is rather interesting," I + exclaimed. "It's about the death of old Stefanopoulos—the + man they sing that song about, you know."</p> + + <p>In fact, I had got hold of the poem which One-eyed Alexander + composed. Its length was about three hundred lines, exclusive + of the refrain which the islanders had chanted, and which was + inserted six times, occurring at the end of each fifty lines. + The rest was written in rather barbarous iambics; and the + sentiments were quite as barbarous as the verse. It told the + whole story, and I ran rapidly over it, translating here and + there for the benefit of my companions. The arrival of the + Baron d'Ezonville recalled our own with curious exactness, + except that he came with one servant only. He had been taken to + the inn, as I had, but he had never escaped from there, and had + been turned adrift the morning after his arrival. I took more + interest in Stefan, and followed eagerly the story of how the + islanders had come to his house, and demanded that he should + revoke the sale. Stefan, however, was obstinate; it lost the + lives of four of his assailants before his house was forced. + Thus far I read, and expected to find next an account of a + <i>mêlée</i> in the hall. But here the story took + a turn unexpected by me, one that might make the reading of the + old poem more than a mere pastime.</p> + + <p>"But when they had broken in," said One-eyed Alexander, + "behold, the hall was empty and the house empty! And they stood + amazed. But the two cousins of the + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page558" + id="page558"></a>[pg 558]</span> lord, who had been the + hottest in seeking his death, put all the rest to the door, + and were themselves alone in the house; for the secret was + known to them who were of the blood of the Stefanopouloi. + Unto me, the bard, it is not known. Yet men say they went + beneath the earth, and there in the earth found the lord. + And certain it is they slew him, for in a space they came + forth to the door bearing his head, and they showed it to + the people, who answered with a great shout. But the cousins + went back, barring the door again; and again, when but a few + minutes had passed, they came forth, and opened the door, + and the elder of them, being now by the traitor's death + become lord, bade the people in and made a great feast for + them. But the head of Stefan none saw again, nor did any see + his body; but the body and head were gone, whither none know + saving the noble blood of the Stefanopouloi; for utterly + they disappeared, and the secret was securely kept."</p> + + <p>I read this passage aloud, translating as I went. At the end + Denny drew a breath.</p> + + <p>"Well, if there aren't ghosts in this house, there ought to + be," he remarked. "What the deuce did those rascals do with the + old gentleman, Charlie?"</p> + + <p>"It says 'they went beneath the earth.'"</p> + + <p>"The cellar," suggested Hogvardt, who had a prosaic + mind.</p> + + <p>"But they wouldn't leave the body in the cellar," I + objected; "and if, as this fellow says, they were only away a + few minutes, they couldn't have dug a grave for it. And then it + says that they 'there in the earth found the lord'!"</p> + + <p>"It would have been more interesting," said Denny, "if + they'd told Alexander a bit more about it. However, I suppose + he consoles himself with his chant again?"</p> + + <p>"He does. It follows immediately on what I've read, and so + the thing ends." And I sat looking at the little yellow volume. + "Where did you find it, Denny?" I said.</p> + + <p>"Oh, on a shelf in the corner of the hall, between the Bible + and a Life of Byron."</p> + + <p>I got up and walked back to the hall. I looked round. + Euphrosyne was not there. I inspected the hall door; it was + still locked on the inside. I mounted the stairs, and called at + the door of her room; when no answer came I pushed it open and + took the liberty of glancing round; she was not there. I called + again, for I thought she might have passed along the way over + the hall and reached the roof, as she had done before. This + time I called loudly. Silence followed for a moment. Then came + an answer, in a hurried, rather apologetic tone, "Here I am." + But then the answer came, not from the direction that I had + expected, but from the hall. And looking over the balustrade, I + saw Euphrosyne sitting in the armchair.</p> + + <p>"This," said I, going down-stairs, "taken in conjunction + with this," and I patted One-eyed Alexander's book, which I + held in my hand, "is certainly curious and suggestive." "Here I + am," said Euphrosyne, with an air that added, "I've not moved. + What are you shouting for?"</p> + + <p>"Yes, but you weren't there a minute ago," I observed, + reaching the hall and walking across to her.</p> + + <p>She looked disturbed and embarrassed.</p> + + <p>"Where have you been?" I asked.</p> + + <p>"Must I give an account of every movement?" said she, trying + to cover her confusion with a show of haughty offence.</p> + + <p>The coincidence was really a remarkable one; it was as hard + to account for Euphrosyne's disappearance and reappearance as + for the vanished head and body of old Stefan. I had a + conviction, based on a sudden intuition, that one explanation + must lie at the root of both these curious things, that the + secret of which Alexander spoke was a secret still hidden, + hidden from my eyes but known to the girl before me, the + daughter of the Stefanopouloi.</p> + + <p>"I won't ask you where you've been, if you don't wish to + tell me," said I, carelessly.</p> + + <p>She bowed her head in recognition of my indulgence.</p> + + <p>"But there is one question I should like to ask you," I + pursued, "if you'll be so kind as to answer it."</p> + + <p>"Well, what is it?"</p> + + <p>"Where was Stefan Stefanopoulos killed, and what became of + his body?"</p> + + <p>As I put my question I flung One-eyed Alexander's book open + on the table beside her.</p> + + <p>She started visibly, crying, "Where did you get that?"</p> + + <p>I told her how Denny had found it, and I added:</p> + + <p>"Now, what does 'beneath the earth' mean? You are one of the + house, and you must know."</p> + + <p>"Yes, I know, but I must not tell you. We are all bound by + the most sacred oath to tell no one."</p> + + <p>"Who told you?"</p> + + <p>"My uncle. The boys of our house are told when they are + fifteen, the girls when they are sixteen. No one else + knows."</p> + + <p>"And why is that?"</p> + + <p>She hesitated, fearing perhaps that her + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page559" + id="page559"></a>[pg 559]</span> answer would itself tend to + betray the secret.</p> + + <p>"I dare tell you nothing," she said. "The oath binds me; and + it binds every one of my kindred to kill me if I break it."</p> + + <p>"But you've no kindred left except Constantine," I + objected.</p> + + <p>"He is enough. He would kill me."</p> + + <p>"Sooner than marry you?" I suggested, rather + maliciously.</p> + + <p>"Yes, if I broke the oath."</p> + + <p>"Hang the oath!" said I, impatiently. "The thing might help + us. Did they bury Stefan somewhere under the house?"</p> + + <p>"No, he was not buried," she answered.</p> + + <p>"Then they brought him up, and got rid of his body when the + islanders had gone?"</p> + + <p>"You must think what you will."</p> + + <p>"I'll find it out," said I. "If I pull the house down, I'll + find it. Is it a secret door or—"</p> + + <p>She had colored at the question. I put the latter part in a + low, eager voice, for hope had come to me.</p> + + <p>"Is it a way out?" I asked, leaning over to her.</p> + + <p>She sat mute, but irresolute, embarrassed and fretful.</p> + + <p>"Heavens!" I cried, impatiently, "it may mean life or death + to all of us, and you boggle over your oath!"</p> + + <p>My rude impatience met with a rebuke that it perhaps + deserved. With a glance of the utmost scorn, Euphrosyne asked, + coldly:</p> + + <p>"And what are the lives of all of you to me?"</p> + + <p>"True, I forgot," said I with a bitter politeness. "I beg + your pardon. I did you all the service I could last night, and + now I and my friends may as well die as live! But I'll pull + this place to ruin but I'll find your secret."</p> + + <p>I was walking up and down now in a state of some excitement. + My brain was fired with the thought of stealing a march on + Constantine through the discovery of his own family secret.</p> + + <p>Suddenly Euphrosyne gave a little soft clap with her hands. + It was over in a minute, and she sat blushing, confused, trying + to look as if she had not done it at all.</p> + + <p>"What did you do that for?" I asked, stopping in front of + her.</p> + + <p>"Nothing," said Euphrosyne.</p> + + <p>"Oh, I don't believe that," said I.</p> + + <p>She looked at me. "I didn't mean to do it," she said again. + "But can't you guess why?"</p> + + <p>"There's too much guessing to be done here," said I, + impatiently; and I started walking again. But presently I heard + a voice say softly, and in a tone that seemed to address nobody + in particular—me least of all:</p> + + <p>"We Neopalians like a man who can be angry, and I began to + think you never would."</p> + + <p>"I am not the least angry," said I, with great indignation. + I hate being told that I am angry when I am merely showing + firmness.</p> + + <p>Now, at this protest of mine Euphrosyne saw fit to + laugh—the most hearty laugh she had given since I had + known her. The mirthfulness of it undermined my wrath. I stood + still opposite her, biting the end of my mustache.</p> + + <p>"You may laugh," said I, "but I'm not angry; and I shall + pull this house down—or dig it up—in cold blood, in + perfectly cold blood."</p> + + <p>"You are angry," said Euphrosyne, "and you say you're not. + You are like my father. He would stamp his foot furiously like + that and say, 'I am not angry, I am not angry, Phroso.'"</p> + + <p>Phroso! I had forgotten that diminutive of my guest's + classical name. It rather pleased me, and I repeated it gently + after her, "Phroso, Phroso," and I'm afraid I eyed the little + foot that had stamped so bravely.</p> + + <p>"He always called me Phroso. Oh, I wish he were alive! Then + Constantine—"</p> + + <p>"Since he isn't," said I, sitting by Phroso (I must write + it, it's a deal shorter)—by Phroso's elbow—"since + he isn't, I'll look after Constantine. It would be a pity to + spoil the house, wouldn't it?"</p> + + <p>"I've sworn," said Phroso.</p> + + <p>"Circumstances alter oaths," said I, bending till I was very + near Phroso's ear.</p> + + <p>"Ah," said Phroso, reproachfully, "that's what lovers say + when they find another more beautiful than their old love."</p> + + <p>I shot away from Phroso's ear with a sudden backward start. + Her remark, somehow, came home to me with a very remarkable + force. I got off the table, and stood opposite to her, in an + awkward and stiff attitude.</p> + + <p>"I am compelled to ask you for the last time if you will + tell me the secret," said I, in the coldest of tones.</p> + + <p>She looked up with surprise. My altered manner may well have + amazed her. She did not know the reason of it.</p> + + <p>"You asked me kindly and—and pleasantly, and I would + not. Now you ask me as if you threatened," she said. "Is it + likely I should tell you + now?"</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page560" + id="page560"></a>[pg 560]</span> + + <p>Well, I was angry with myself, and with her because she had + made me angry with myself; and, the next minute, I became + furiously angry with Denny, whom I found standing in the + doorway that led to the kitchen, with a grin of intense + amusement on his face.</p> + + <p>"What are you grinning at?" I demanded fiercely.</p> + + <p>"Oh, nothing," said Denny, and his face strove to assume a + prudent gravity.</p> + + <p>"Bring a pickaxe," said I.</p> + + <p>Denny's face wandered toward Phroso. "Is she as annoying as + that?" he seemed to ask. "A pickaxe?" he repeated in surprised + tones.</p> + + <p>"Yes, two pickaxes! I'm going to have this floor up, and see + if I can find out the great Stefanopoulos secret." I spoke with + an accent of intense scorn.</p> + + <p>Again Phroso laughed; her hands beat very softly against one + another. Heavens, what did she do that for when Denny was + there, watching everything with those shrewd eyes of his?</p> + + <p>"The pickaxes!" I roared.</p> + + <p>Denny turned and fled; a moment elapsed; I did not know what + to do, how to look at Phroso, or how not to look at her. I took + refuge in flight. I rushed into the kitchen on pretence of + aiding or hastening Denny's search. I found him taking up an + old pick that stood near the door leading to the compound. I + seized it from his hand.</p> + + <p>"Confound you!" I cried, for Denny laughed openly at me; and + I rushed back to the hall! But on the threshold I + paused—and said what I will not write.</p> + + <p>For, though there came from somewhere just the last ripple + of a mirthful laugh, the hall was empty! Phroso was gone! I + flung the pickaxe down with a clatter on the boards, and + exclaimed in my haste:</p> + + <p>"I wish to heaven I'd never bought the island!"</p> + + <p>But I did not mean that really.</p> + + <p class="center">(<i>To be continued.</i>)</p> + + <h2>CLIMBING MONT BLANC IN A BLIZZARD.</h2> + + <h3>CAUGHT IN A BLINDING SNOW STORM ON A NARROW CLIFF, TWO AND + A HALF MILES ABOVE SEA LEVEL.</h3> + + <h3>By Garrett P. Serviss,</h3> + + <p>Author of "Astronomy with an Opera Glass," "Climbing the + Matterhorn,etc.<a name="footnotetag15" + id="footnotetag15"></a><a href="#footnote15"><sup>15</sup></a></p> + + <div class="letter-left"> + <img src="images/560.png" + alt=" the letter 'S'" /> + </div> + + <p style="text-indent:-1em;">tanding on the spindling tower of + the Matterhorn early one August morning in 1894 I saw, for the + first time, the white crown of Europe, Mont Blanc, with its + snows sparkling high above the roof of clouds that covered the + dozing summer in the valleys of Piedmont. Just one year later I + started from Chamonix to climb to that cool world in the + blue.</p> + + <p>My guide was Ambroise Couttet, whose family name is famous + in the mountaineering annals of Savoy. An earlier Ambroise + Couttet lies in the icy bosom of Mont Blanc, fallen, years ago, + down a crevasse so profound that his would-be rescuers were + drawn, baffled, awe-struck, and with shaking nerves, from its + horrible depths, whose bottom they could not find. Even before + that time Pierre Couttet had been whirled to death on the great + peak, and his body, embedded and preserved in a glacier, was + found nearly half a century afterward at its foot. And two + other Couttets of past years escaped, by the merest hair of + miraculous fortune, from a catastrophe on the same dreadful + slopes in which three of their comrades were swallowed up. Yet + the Ambroise Couttet of to-day is never so happy as when he is + on the mountain. His eyes sparkle if he hears the thunder of an + avalanche, and he smiles as he watches its tossing white crest + ploughing swiftly across some snowy incline which he has just + traversed.</p> + + <p>One porter sufficed, for my only traps consisted of a hand + camera, a field-glass, and a few extra woollen shirts and + stockings. Having had no serious exercise since climbing the + Matterhorn a year before, I deemed it prudent to spare my + strength for the more important work + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page561" + id="page561"></a>[pg 561]</span> above by taking a mule to + the Pierre Pointue. It was a fine morning, offering a + promise of favorable weather after several days of mist and + rain. Monsieur Janssen, the French astronomer, who was + waiting at Chamonix for his porters to complete their long + and wearisome labor of transporting piecemeal his telescope + and other instruments of observation to the summit, before + making the ascent himself, said, grasping my arm at + parting:</p> + + <p>"I wish you good luck; good weather you are sure of."</p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a name="fig561" + id="fig561"><img src="images/561.jpg" + alt="COL DE BLANC, MONT BLANC." /></a><br /> + COL DE BLANC, MONT BLANC. + + <p>From a photograph loaned by Mr. Frank Hegger, New + York.</p> + </div> + + <p>It was high authority, for Monsieur Janssen has studied the + weather all his life, and knows the atmosphere of mountain + peaks and of the airy levels where balloons float; yet if he + could have foreseen what was to occur on Mont Blanc within + twenty hours, he would have wished me the good fortune of being + somewhere else.</p> + + <p>It was past the middle of the forenoon of the 10th of August + when, with Couttet and the porter, I left Chamonix. Dismissing + my tired mule at the Pierre Pointue, which hangs with its flag + nearly seven thousand feet above sea level, and high over the + séracs of the Glacier des Bossons, we began the ascent + by way of the Pierre a l'Echelle and over the missile-scarred + foot of the Aiguille du Midi. The upper part of this mountain + as seen from Chamonix looks quite sharp-pointed enough to + deserve its name of the "Needle of the South." The side toward + the Glacier des Bossons is exceedingly steep, and when the + snows are melting the peak becomes a perfect catapult, volleys + of ice and stones being discharged from its lofty precipices. + The falling rocks, dropping, as some of them do, from ledge to + ledge half a mile, acquire the velocity of cannon shots. Nobody + ever lingers on this part of the route, and we had no desire to + pause, although the Aiguille sends comparatively few stones + down so late in the summer.</p> + + <p>The sun beat furiously while we were scrambling on the + rocks, and the latter were warm to the touch, although, + thousands of feet below, the immense cleft in the mountain side + was choked with masses of never-melted ice.</p> + + <p>"Never mind," said Couttet, as I stopped to wipe the + perspiration from my face, "it will be cool enough when we get + onto the glacier."</p> + + <p>And it was—so cool in fact that I hastily pulled on my + coat. Having passed out of range of the Aiguille du Midi, we + found comfortable going on the + ice.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page562" + id="page562"></a>[pg 562]</span> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a name="fig562" + id="fig562"><img src="images/562.jpg" + alt="THE MAUVAIS PAS, MONT BLANC." /></a><br /> + THE MAUVAIS PAS, MONT BLANC. + </div> + + <h4>DIFFICULTIES AND DANGERS OF THE ROUTE.</h4> + + <p>The northern slope of Mont Blanc is hollowed into a vast + cavernous channel, half filled with glaciers, and edged on the + east by the Mont Maudit, the Aiguille de Saussure, and the + Aiguille du Midi, and on the west by the Dome and Aiguille du + Gouter and the Gros Bechat. Down this tremendous gutter crowd + the eternal snows of Mont Blanc, compressed toward the bottom + into the Glacier des Bossons and the Glacier de Taconnaz. These + immense ice streams are separated by the projecting + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page563" + id="page563"></a>[pg 563]</span> nose of the Montagne de la + Cote, which rises from the valley of Chamonix and lies in a + long, dark ridge on the foot of Mont Blanc. Above the + Montagne de la Cote several gigantic rock masses, shooting + into pinnacles, push up through the ice from the bottom and + near the centre of the channel. These are called the Grands + Mulets, from the resemblance which they present, when seen + from Chamonix, to a row of huge black mules tramping up the + white mountain side.</p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a name="fig563" + id="fig563"><img src="images/563.jpg" + alt="THE GLACIER DES BOSSONS, MONT BLANC." /> + </a><br /> + THE GLACIER DES BOSSONS, MONT BLANC. + </div> + + <p>I mention these features because the best route to the + summit of Mont Blanc lies over the glaciers and snow fields and + between the walls of the great trough I have described, and the + first station is at the Grands Mulets, where a cabin for the + accommodation of climbers has existed for many years. From the + foot of the Aiguille du Midi, at the Pierre a l'Echelle, across + the Glacier des Bossons to the rocks of the Grands Mulets the + distance is about a mile and a quarter, and the perpendicular + increase of elevation nearly two thousand feet. The passage + seldom presents any difficulty, except to inexperienced + persons, although at times many crevasses must be crossed, + particularly at what is called the Junction, just above the + point where the Glacier des Bossons and the Glacier de Taconnaz + are divided by the Montagne de la Cote. Here some underlying + irregularity of the rocks, deep beneath the surface of the + mighty river of ice, causes the formation of a labyrinth of + fissures and crevasses, overhung with towering séracs, + or ice turrets; and the ice descends between the Grands Mulets + and the rock wall in front of the Gros Bechat in a sort of + motionless cascade—motionless, that is to say, except + when cracks break apart into yawning chasms, and massive blocks + tumble into the depths.</p> + + <p>Even a practised climber is occasionally compelled to look + to his steps in passing the Junction. On my return I witnessed + an accident in this place which proved at the same time the + reality of the danger and the usefulness in sudden crises of + the mountaineer's rope. A tourist descending from the Grands + Mulets was passing, under an impending sérac, around the + head of a crevasse, where the only footway was a few inches of + ice hewn with the axe. Being heedless or nervous, his feet shot + from under him, and with a yell he plunged into the pit. + Luckily, he was tied to the rope between two guides, one of + whom had passed the dangerous corner, while the other, behind, + had also a safe footing. As he fell the guides braced + themselves, the rope zipped, and the unfortunate adventurer + hung clutching and kicking at the polished blue wall. He had + really descended but a few feet into the crevasse, though to + him doubtless it seemed a hundred, and with a surprising + display of strength, or skill, the + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page564" + id="page564"></a>[pg 564]</span> guides hauled him out by + simply tightening the rope. One of them pulled back and the + other forward, and between them the sprawling victim rose + with the strain to the brink of the chasm, where a third man + dexterously caught and landed him.</p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a name="fig564" + id="fig564"><img src="images/564.jpg" + alt="REFUGE STATION AT THE GRANDS MULETS, MONT BLANC." /> + </a><br /> + REFUGE STATION AT THE GRANDS MULETS, MONT BLANC. + </div> + + <p>Madame Marke and Olivier Gay were not so fortunate near this + spot in 1870. A bridge of snow spanning a crevasse gave way + beneath them, and, the rope breaking, they disappeared and + perished in the abyss.</p> + + <p>We reached the Grands Mulets in the middle of the afternoon. + Here the great majority of amateur climbers are content to + terminate their ascent of Mont Blanc. The experience of getting + as far as this point and back again is, as the incidents just + related show, anything but insignificant, and may prove not + only exciting but even tragic. Yet, of course, the real work, + the tug of war between human endurance and the obstacles of + untamed nature, is above. The Grands Mulets formed the stopping + place in some of the earliest attempts to climb Mont Blanc, + more than a hundred years ago. Here Jacques Balmat, the hero of + the first ascent, passed an awful night alone, amid the + cracking of glaciers and the shaking of avalanches, before his + final victory over the peak in 1786. In the spirit which led + the Romans to surname the conqueror of Hannibal "Scipio + Africanus," the exultant Chamonniards called their hero "Balmat + de Mont Blanc." He, too, finally perished by a fall from a + precipice in 1834, and to-day there are those who whisper that + his spirit can be seen flitting over the snowy wastes before + every new catastrophe.</p> + + <p>The cabin at the Grands Mulets is furnished with rough bunks + and cooking apparatus, and during the summer a woman, + Adéle Balmat, assisted by the guides, acts as hostess + for this high-perched "inn," ten thousand feet above sea + level.</p> + + <p>It is customary to leave the Grands Mulets for the ascent to + the summit soon after midnight, in order to get over the + immense snow slopes before the action of the sun has loosened + the avalanches and weakened the crevasse bridges. But we did + not start until half-past three in the morning. The waning + moon, hanging over the Dome + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page565" + id="page565"></a>[pg 565]</span> du Gouter, gave sufficient + light to render a lantern unnecessary, and dawn was near at + hand. Threatening bands of clouds attracted anxious glances + from Couttet, and it was evident that a change of weather + impended. But we clambered over the rocks to the crevassed + slopes below the Gouter, and pushed upward.</p> + + <p>We were now approaching the higher and narrower portion of + the immense cleft or channel in the mountain that I have + described. On our right towered the Dome du Gouter, and on the + left the walls of the Mont Maudit and its outlying pinnacles. + Snowy ridges and peaks shone afar in the moonlight on all + sides. It was a wilderness of white.</p> + + <div class="figleft"> + <a name="fig565" + id="fig565"><img src="images/565.jpg" + alt="ADÉLE BALMAT, HOSTESS AT THE GRANDS MULETS STATION." /> + </a><br /> + ADÉLE BALMAT, HOSTESS AT THE GRANDS MULETS STATION. + </div> + + <p>At the height of twelve thousand feet we came upon the Petit + Plateau, a comparatively horizontal lap of snow which is + frequently swept clear across with avalanches of ice descending + from the enormous séracs that hang like cornices upon + the precipices above. The frosty splinters of a recent downfall + sparkled and crunched under our feet. It is one of the most + dangerous places on the mountain. "Men have lost their lives + here and will again lose them," is the remark of Mr. Conway, + the Himalayan climber, in describing his passage of the place. + "Many times I have crossed it," said Monsieur Vallot, the + mountain meteorologist, last summer, "but never without a + sinking of the heart, and the moment we are over the Petit + Plateau I always hear my guides, trained and fearless men, + mutter, 'Once more we are out of it.'"</p> + + <p>Knowing these things, it is needless to say that I found the + Petit Plateau keenly interesting. The menacing séracs + leaned from the cliffs, glittering icily, and threw black + shadows upon the <i>névé</i> beneath, but + suffered us to pass unmolested.</p> + + <p>Above the Petit Plateau is a steep ascent called the Grands + Montées which taxes the breath. Having surmounted this, + we were on the Grand Plateau, a much wider level than the + other, edged with tremendous ice cliffs and crevasses, and + situated at an elevation of thirteen thousand feet. For some + time now it had been broad day, but the clouds had thickened + rapidly, and the summit was wrapped and completely hidden in + them. Blasts of frigid wind began to whistle about us, driving + stinging pellets of ice into our faces. We quickened our steps, + for it would not do to be caught in a storm here. The Grand + Plateau has taken more lives than its ill-starred neighbor + below.</p> + + <h4>A BLINDING STORM OF SNOW AND WIND.</h4> + + <p>We now bore off to the right, in order to clamber up the + side of the great channel, or depression, that we had thus far + followed, because at its upper end, where it meets the base of + the crowning pyramid of Mont Blanc, it abuts against + ice-covered precipices that no mortal will ever scale. Snow + commenced to fall, and the wind rose. As we neared the crest of + the ridge connecting the Dome du Gouter with the Bosses du + Dromadaire and the summit, the tempest burst fiercely upon us. + In an instant we were enveloped by a cloud of whirling snow + that blotted out sky and mountains alike. It drove into my + eyes, and half blinded me. It was so thick that objects a few + yards away would have been concealed even without a violent + wind to confuse the vision. At times Couttet, close ahead of + me, was visible only in a kind of gray outline, like a wraith. + On an open plain such a storm in such a temperature would have + had its dangers for a traveller seeking his way. We were + seeking our way, not on an open plain, but two miles and a half + above sea level, in a desert of snow and ice, encompassed with + precipices, chasms, and pitfalls, treading on we knew not what, + assailed by a wild storm, all landmarks obliterated, and our + footsteps filling so fast with drifted snow that in two minutes + we could not see from what direction we had last come.</p> + + <p>In such a situation the imagination + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page566" + id="page566"></a>[pg 566]</span> becomes dramatic. The night + before I had been reading the account of the loss, in 1870, + of Dr. Bean, Mr. Randall, and the Rev. Mr. Corkendale, + together with five guides and three porters, eleven persons + in all, in just such a storm and within sight of this spot. + And now as we stumbled along I repeated to myself, almost + word for word, Dr. Bean's message to his wife, found when + his body was discovered:</p> + + <p>"September 7, evening—My dear Hessie: We have been two + days on Mont Blanc in the midst of a terrible hurricane of + snow; we have lost our way, and are in a hole scooped in the + snow at an altitude of fifteen thousand feet. I have no longer + any hope of descending. Perhaps this notebook will be found and + sent to you. We have nothing to eat, my feet are already + frozen, and I am exhausted. I have strength to write only a few + words more. I have left means for C.'s education; I know you + will employ them wisely. I die with faith in God and with + loving thoughts of you. Farewell to all. We shall meet again in + heaven—I think of you always."</p> + + <p>The bodies of five of these victims were found but a few + feet aside from the proper route which in clear weather would + have led to safety; the other six had disappeared.</p> + + <p>While such cheerful recollections were running through my + mind I noticed that we were no longer ascending, and that + Couttet, whom I had not troubled with questions as long as he + showed no hesitation, was bearing now this way and now that, + and occasionally stopping and peering about with spread + nostrils, like a dog seeking a trail. Clearly we were on the + top of the highest elevation in our neighborhood, for the wind + now came point blank in our faces out of the white abyss of the + atmosphere, and almost blew me off my feet.</p> + + <p>"Have you lost the way?" I asked.</p> + + <p>"I'll find it," Couttet replied.</p> + + <p>"Where are we?"</p> + + <p>"Near the Bosses."</p> + + <p>"Isn't there a refuge hut on the Bosses?"</p> + + <p>"Yes."</p> + + <p>"Can we reach it?"</p> + + <p>Couttet did not immediately reply, but looked up and about, + as if trying to pierce the driving snow with his gaze. "If I + could catch sight of the rocks," at length he said.</p> + + <p>Suddenly the gale seemed to split the clouds, and for an + instant a vision opened of blue sky over our heads, and endless + slopes of snow, falling one below another, under our feet. I + saw that we were standing on the rounded back of a snowy ridge. + Just in front the white surface dipped and disappeared in a + vast gulf of air, where flying clouds were torn against the + black jagged points of lower mountains. Above our level, to the + left, rocks appeared projecting through the covering of snow. I + knew that these must belong to the Bosses du Dromadaire, and + that the hut we sought was perched on one of them.</p> + + <p>All this the eye caught in a twinkling, for the storm + curtain was lifted only to be as quickly dropped again, + shutting out both the upper and the lower world, and leaving us + isolated on the slippery roof ridge of Europe. At the same time + the wind increased its violence, and the cold became more + penetrating. I pulled my fingers out of the digits of my + woollen gloves, and gripped my iron-shod baton between thumb + and knuckles. We now had our bearings, thanks to the momentary + glance, and it behooved us not to lose them, for the storm was + every instant growing worse. At times it was not the simplest + thing in the world to keep one's feet in the face of the + blasts. I was too fresh from reading the history of Mont Blanc + not to remember that a few years ago Count Villanova and two + guides were blown from another nearby ridge into the very abyss + whose jaws had just opened before us, where their bodies lie + undiscovered to this day.</p> + + <p>Moving cautiously, we began to descend, in order to cross + the neck which stretches between the Dome du Gouter and the + Bosses. When we wandered a little to the right the surface + commenced to pitch off, and we knew what that + meant—beware! Once when we had veered too far to the + left, staggering down hill under the blows of the storm, and + able to see but a few feet away, we stopped as if a shot had + arrested us. Another step or two would have carried us over a + precipice of ice, whose blue wall fell perpendicularly from the + brittle edge at our feet into cloud-choked depths. We had gone + down our roof to the eaves. Not a word was spoken, but with + instant unanimity we turned and scrambled up again, Couttet in + the lead, and the porter breathing hard at my heels. Such a + scene in the fraction of a second is photographed on the memory + for a lifetime.</p> + + <p>In a little while we began to ascend another slope, to which + we had felt our way, and this was surely the swelling hump of + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page567" + id="page567"></a>[pg 567]</span> the first of the Bosses, + and the rocks must be near at hand. Another opportune gap in + the clouds, which left us for an instant surrounded with + retreating walls of vapor, confirmed that opinion, and + vindicated the mountaineering skill of Couttet, who had + found the way though way there was none. A quick, breathless + scramble up a confused heap of ice and slippery points of + rock brought us at last to the refuge.</p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a name="fig567" + id="fig567"><img src="images/567.jpg" + alt="PASSAGE OF A CREVASSE, MONT BLANC." /></a><br /> + PASSAGE OF A CREVASSE, MONT BLANC. + </div> + + <h4>A NIGHT OF SCANT SHELTER AND NO FOOD.</h4> + + <p>Couttet shook and banged the door, making a noise that did + not penetrate far through the whistling air, and, with cold + fingers, began fumbling at the latch, when, to my surprise, the + door opened and a muffled voice bade us enter. An Englishman + who had started with his guides at midnight from the Grands + Mulets, and three or four of Monsieur Janssen's porters, had + already sought refuge in the hut. Icicles hung about my face, + and my clothes were as stiff as chain armor. There was no fire + in the little hut and no means of making any. My watch, when I + was able to get it out of my pocket, showed the time to be a + quarter to nine A.M.</p> + + <p>Pulling off our shoes and putting on dry stockings as + quickly as possible, we imitated the example of the man who had + let us in, and who no sooner closed the door than he tumbled + back into his bunk and buried himself in the rough woollen + blankets which the Alpine Club has provided for the use of + those who may need them.</p> + + <p>In about an hour the storm lightened, and the Englishman and + the porters started back to the Grands Mulets. I consulted + Couttet about making a dash for the summit; but he thought it + would be better to wait awhile, and better still to follow the + others down the mountain. To this last proposition I decidedly + objected, although Couttet was right, as it turned out; for in + another hour the storm, which had not entirely ceased at any + time, whipped itself into renewed fury, and before noon the + wind was howling and shrieking with demoniac energy, and + flinging gritty snow and ice in blinding clouds against the + hut, which, situated on a ridge, was completely exposed. + Fortunately it is strongly built and solidly anchored. While I + entertained no reasonable doubt of its security, yet when a + blast of extraordinary fierceness made it tremble, as if it + were holding itself with desperate grip upon the rocks, I could + not help picturing it, in imagination, taking flight at last, + and sailing high over the mountains in the wild embrace of the + tempest.</p> + + <p>Time moved with a dreadfully slow + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page568" + id="page568"></a>[pg 568]</span> pace. The only way to keep + warm was to remain in the bunk under a pile of blankets. + Once, in my impatience, I got out and painfully hauled on my + shoes, which were as cold as ice, and as hard almost; but my + feet were blistered through lack of previous exercise, and + after hobbling and shivering for a few minutes on the narrow + floor, which was partly covered with a constantly + accumulating deposit of snow, as fine and dry as flour and + as frigid as though it had come straight from the Arctic + Circle, I hurried back under the blankets. The invading snow + penetrated through cracks that one could hardly see, around + the door and the little square window.</p> + + <p>At last noon came, and we ate our remaining morsels of dry + bread, which finished our provisions. We had brought along only + enough to provide a lunch on the way to the summit, intending + to be back at the Grands Mulets not later than midday. Then the + long afternoon dragged its weary hours, while the storm got + higher, shriller, and colder, and the sense of our isolation + became keener. Finally daylight began to fade. Slowly the light + grew dim in the window at my feet, until it was a mere glimmer. + Since we had to stay, we thanked the storm for hastening the + fall of night. When the gloom became so dense that even the + window had disappeared, Couttet lit a tallow dip, but it would + not remain upright in its improvised holder, and the freezing + draughts that stole through the hut kept it flickering so that + he finally put it out, and we remained in the dark, not "seein' + things," like Eugene Field's youthful hero, but hearing things + no less uncanny. The wind whistled, moaned, screeched, growled, + and occasionally shouted with such startling imitation of human + voices that I once asked Couttet if some one were not calling + for help. But investigation showed that we were alone on our + tempestuous perch, and that the cry of agony had been uttered + by the hurricane, or the wind-lashed rocks.</p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a name="fig568" + id="fig568"><img src="images/568.jpg" + alt="PASSAGE OF A CREVASSE. MONT BLANC." /></a><br /> + PASSAGE OF A CREVASSE. MONT BLANC. + </div> + + <p>Supperless, we wrapped our blankets closer, got ears and + noses under, and tried to sleep. I had a few naps, but the roar + outside, and the shaking of the hut as the storm smote it again + and again, rendered continuous sleep impossible. Something had + been loosened on the roof close overhead, and it rattled and + banged as if the destruction of the hut had actually begun. It + was a queer sound, angry, imperious, menacing, and it produced + a quaking sensation. Sometimes it would + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page569" + id="page569"></a>[pg 569]</span> die down, and, with a final + rap or two, entirely cease. Then it would resume, with + perhaps five strokes to the second, increasing to ten, then + to twenty, and quickly rising to an ear-splitting r-r-r-h, + terminated with a bang! bang!! bang!!! that made the heart + leap, while the hut seemed to rock on its foundations.</p> + + <p>Getting out of the bunk, I found by the sense of touch that + the powdery snow-drifts were becoming steadily deeper on the + floor. This recalled another incident which had greatly + interested me during my preliminary reading at Chamonix. The + winter before, Monsieur Janssen's men had stored some of the + heavier materials for his observatory near these rocks. At the + opening of summer they could not be found, and no one knew what + had become of them. Finally, as the snows melted and fell from + the peak in slides and avalanches, the missing articles were + uncovered, having been buried in a white grave forty feet + deep.</p> + + <p>And so the wild night passed, until with tedious + deliberation the little window made a hole in the darkness, and + I knew that morning was at hand. The howling without was as + loud as ever, and the fine snow was packed high upon the + window, shutting out a good share of the light. The floor was + covered with white drifts, and my shoes had swallowed snow; but + being hard and dry, it was easily shaken out. There was no fire + to be built and no breakfast to be prepared. But it was + impossible to lie still, even for the sake of keeping warm, and + pulling on our shoes we stamped about the floor, and + occasionally opened the door to see what the storm was about. + Along about eight o'clock it began to lighten, and my hopes + rose. We could catch an occasional glimpse of the crowning peak + and of the observatory, which we knew contained two or three of + Janssen's men and some provisions. An hour later, when the + storm seemed about at an end, and we were preparing to ascend + to the top, we saw the men from the observatory coming down. + They warned us that the snow above was in bad condition, and, + believing that more foul weather was to come, they were + embracing this opportunity to get down. Couttet proposed that + we should accompany them, especially as they reported nothing + left to eat at the observatory, but I declined. Again the event + proved that he was right, for while we waited a little before + starting out, the storm fell upon us once more. Then Couttet + insisted upon descending, and I did not think it wise to oppose + his decision, knowing that it was based upon experience and + that he had nothing to gain and something to lose in returning + without having conducted his "monsieur" to the summit.</p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a name="fig569" + id="fig569"><img src="images/569.jpg" + alt="A BIRTHPLACE OF AVALANCHES, MONT BLANC." /> + </a><br /> + A BIRTHPLACE OF AVALANCHES, MONT BLANC. + </div> + + <h4>A SECOND ATTEMPT FOR THE SUMMIT.</h4> + + <p>We put on the rope and scrambled down, but when we got upon + the neck below the Bosses the clouds whirled off and the + burnished sun stood over the white peak, too splendid to be + looked upon.</p> + + <p>"Couttet, we must go up," I exclaimed.</p> + + <p>"As you say," he replied; and we turned upon our track.</p> + + <p>We had got back to the hut and started up the steep + arête above it, when the sun disappeared, the air turned + white, and the wind resumed its wrestle. So powerful was it + that on our narrow ridge it had the advantage of us, and we + crouched behind a projecting point.</p> + + <p>"It is too perilous," said Couttet, "and we must descend. I + will not take the risk."</p> + + <p>I saw it was necessary to yield, and down we went. Hunger + was beginning to <span class="pagenum"><a name="page570" + id="page570"></a>[pg 570]</span> tell, and we made haste. + Where the slopes were not seamed with open crevasses we + "glissaded," which is a very expeditious and exhilarating + method of getting down a mountain, although unsafe unless + one is certain of his ground. Sometimes we slid on our feet, + steadying ourselves with our batons or ice-axes, and + sometimes I sat on the hard snow and glided like a Turk on a + toboggan slide, the tassel of my woollen cap fluttering + behind in the wind. We took the unbridged crevasses with + flying leaps, and so plunged rapidly downward, with frequent + keen regrets on my part, because the weather seemed mending + again. But it would not do to turn back now in our + half-famished condition, and we were glad when the Grands + Mulets hove in sight below, a black squadron in a sea of + snow.</p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a name="fig570" + id="fig570"><img src="images/570.jpg" + alt="M. JANSSEN'S OBSERVATORY ON TOP OF MONT BLANC." /> + </a><br /> + M. JANSSEN'S OBSERVATORY ON TOP OF MONT BLANC. + </div> + + <p>In Chamonix I took a day or two to thaw out and mend + bruises, and then ran over to Martigny, crossed the Grand St. + Bernard, the St. Gotthard, and the Grimsel passes, spent a week + in William Tell's country, prowling about the ruins of old + castles and the sites of legendary battles, and finally settled + down in Milan to feast my eyes on the pinnacles of its wondrous + cathedral. But my failure to reach the top of Mont Blanc cast a + perceptible shadow over everything I saw.</p> + + <p>One day, the 27th of August, as I stood on the cathedral + spire, the sun lay warm upon the Alps, and Mont Blanc shone in + the distance. "It is time to go," I said to myself; and + descending, I hurried to my hotel and packed a gripsack. The + night express via Mont Cenis placed me in Geneva the next + morning in time to catch the first train for Cluses. The same + evening the diligence landed me in Chamonix. I sent for + Couttet.</p> + + <p>"Mont Blanc in the morning," I said.</p> + + <p>"Delighted, monsieur; we'll do it this time."</p> + + <p>"Storm or no storm?"</p> + + <p>"Yes."</p> + + <p>It so happened that I was to hear one more story of disaster + before getting to the top of Mont Blanc. While I watched the + distant mountain from the Milan cathedral spire the closing + scene of a new tragedy was being enacted amid its merciless + crevasses. Dr. Robert Schnurdreher, an advocate of Prague, + accompanied by Michael Savoye, guide, and Laurent Brou, porter, + ascended Mont Blanc from the Italian side on August 17th, and + passed the night in the hut on the Bosses du Dromadaire where, + six days before, I had had a stormy experience. But now the + weather was superb, and when, on the morning of the 18th, they + started to descend to Chamonix, no thought of impending evil + could have oppressed their minds.</p> + + <p>They passed the Grand Plateau and the Petit Plateau in + safety, and reached the labyrinth of crevasses between the + cliffs of the Dome du Gouter and the Grands Mulets. Just what + happened then no one <span class="pagenum"><a name="page571" + id="page571"></a>[pg 571]</span> will ever know, but there + they disappeared from the world of the living.</p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a name="fig571" + id="fig571"><img src="images/571.jpg" + alt="VIEW FROM THE SUMMIT OF MONT BLANC, SHOWING THE MATTERHORN IN THE DISTANCE." /> + </a><br /> + VIEW FROM THE SUMMIT OF MONT BLANC, SHOWING THE MATTERHORN + IN THE DISTANCE. + </div> + + <p>Eight days went by, and then a telegram was received at + Chamonix from the family of the guide Savoye, in Courmayer, + Italy, inquiring if he and his party had been seen. All + Chamonix comprehended in an instant the significance of that + telegram, and thirty guides started post haste for the + mountains.</p> + + <p>The fact was now recalled that several days before some of + Monsieur Janssen's porters had noticed an ice axe lying on the + snow a little aside from the ordinary route. They thought + nothing of it at the time, supposing that the implement had + either been thrown away, or left behind by some one who would + return to get it. This abandoned axe now became the first + object of the search. Having discovered it, the guides knew + well where to look for its owner. The axe lay on a slope of + snow almost as hard as ice, and at the foot of the slope was + the inevitable crevasse; not one of the largest, being only + fifteen feet wide by two hundred long, and one hundred deep, + but all too sufficient. They crept to the edge, and peered into + the gloomy depths. There lay the missing men, still tied + together. Schnurdreher and Savoye had apparently been killed at + once; but there was heart-rending evidence that Brou had + survived the fall, and made a pitiful effort to scale the + perpendicular walls of the ice chasm. Enclosed in bags of rough + sacking, the bodies were dragged with ropes down to the Pierre + Pointue, and thence carried to Chamonix. This is a time-honored + procedure in such cases. Every boy in Chamonix understands how + a body should be brought down from Mont Blanc.</p> + + <p>On the night of my arrival Savoye and Brou had just been + buried at Chamonix, and money was being raised for the relief + of their almost destitute families. But Schnurdreher, in his + mountain dress, with his spiked shoes on his feet, still lay at + the undertaker's, awaiting the coming of his relatives.</p> + + <h4>A RACE FOR THE SUMMIT.</h4> + + <p>The morning of August 29th was cloudless, and with the same + outfit as before, but with a scion of the house of Balmat for + porter in place of the man who had filled that office on the + first occasion, I started once more for the frosty topknot of + Europe. At the Grands Mulets we found two Germans with their + retinue of guides and porters, six persons in all, who were + also bound for the summit. They left the Grands Mulets at + midnight, and we followed them three-quarters of an hour later. + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page572" + id="page572"></a>[pg 572]</span> There was no moon, and + Couttet carried a lantern. On reaching the Petit Plateau we + saw the lights of the other party flashing ahead of us, and + at the foot of the Grands Montées we overtook them. + They had talked confidently of making the ascent in + extraordinarily quick time, and some good-natured chaffing + now passed between Couttet and the rival guides. I had had + no thought of a race; but I defy anybody, under the + circumstances in which we were placed, not to experience a + little spurring from the spirit of emulation. Jerking the + rope to attract Couttet's attention, I told him in a low + voice to pass the others at the first opportunity.</p> + + <p>"We'll do it on the Grand Plateau," he whispered.</p> + + <p>Five minutes later, however, the advance party paused to + take breath. We immediately broke out of their tracks in the + snow and started to pass around them; but they instantly + accepted the challenge, and a scrambling race began up the + steep slope. Sometimes we sank so deep that time was lost in + extricating our legs, and again we slipped back, which was even + more annoying than sticking fast. The powdery snow flew about + like dust, and was occasionally dumped into my face by the + piston-like action of my knees. The lanterns jangled and + flickered wildly, and in their shifting and uncertain light, + with our odd habiliments, we must have resembled a company of + mad demons on a lark.</p> + + <p>Such a race in such a place could only last a couple of + minutes, and it was soon over, the American coming out ahead. + Getting upon the Grand Plateau, we did not stop to rest, but + broke into a dog trot.</p> + + <p>"Whatever happens, Couttet, we must be first at the + top."</p> + + <p>"Very well, monsieur."</p> + + <p>From the Grand Plateau there are two ways to the summit: one + by the Bosses du Dromadaire, which we followed on the first + attempt; the other, which we now adopted, by the "Corridor." + This is a steep furrow, crossed by an ice precipice with a + great crevasse near its foot, which leads upward from the + left-hand border of the Grand Plateau to a snowy saddle between + the Mont Maudit and a precipitous out-cropping of rock called + the Mur de la Cote. A faint glimmer of approaching dawn now lay + on part of the rim of mountains surrounding us.</p> + + <p>When we reached the foot of the Corridor the lights of the + other party were not visible. But here step-cutting became + necessary, and this delayed us so much that presently I caught + dancing gleams from the pursuing lanterns moving rapidly at the + bottom of the bowl of night out of which we were climbing. They + were fast gaining upon us.</p> + + <p>"We must hurry, Couttet!"</p> + + <p>"Yes, but no man goes quick here who does not go for the + last time."</p> + + <p>In fact, our position had an appearance of peril. We were + part way up the frozen precipice that cuts across the Corridor, + and were balancing ourselves on an acute wedge of ice which + stood off several feet in front of the precipice, being + separated from it by a deep cleft. The outer side of this + wedge, whose edge we were traversing lengthwise, pitched down + into the darkness and ended, I believe, in a crevasse. + Presently we reached a place where the precipice overhung our + precarious footway, and an inverted forest of icicles depended + above us.</p> + + <p>"Make as little noise as possible, and step gently," said + Couttet.</p> + + <p>This is a familiar precaution in the High Alps, where the + vibrations of sound sometimes act the part of the trigger of a + gun and let loose terrific energies ready poised for action. + The clinking of particles of ice that shot from our feet into + the depths distracted attention from the beautiful play of the + light of the lanterns on some of the hanging masses.</p> + + <p>At last we attained a point where it was possible, by + swinging round a somewhat awkward corner, to get upon the roof + of the precipice. This we found so steep that occasional steps + had also to be cut there.</p> + + <p>The lights of the pursuers had approached the foot of the + wall, and though now invisible, we knew the party was ascending + close behind, taking advantage of the steps we had made. This + spurred us on, although I was beginning to suffer some + inconvenience from the rarity of the air, and had to stop to + breathe much oftener than I liked. In truth, the spurt we had + made, beginning at the Grands Montées, involved an + over-expenditure of energy whose effects I could not escape, + and nature was already demanding usury for the loan.</p> + + <p>As we approached the ridge of the saddle, day rose blushing + in the east, and Couttet put out the lantern. Turning to the + right, we hurried in zigzags up the slippery Mur de la Cote, + stopping to cut steps only when strictly necessary. While we + were ascending this wall the sun appeared, and hung for a + moment, a great, dazzling, fire-colored circle, on a distant + mountain rim. Below us for a long time + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page573" + id="page573"></a>[pg 573]</span> the great valleys remained + filled with gloom, while out of and around there rose + hundreds of peaks, tipped with pink and gold. But very few + of the towering giants now reached to our level, and in a + little while we should be above them all.</p> + + <p>Once on top of the Mur we had level going again for a space, + and hurrying to the base of the crowning dome, which swells + upward another thousand feet, we began its ascent without + stopping. About half way up the dome the highest visible rocks + of Mont Blanc on this side break through the Mur. They are + called the Petits Mulets. We had nearly reached them when, + looking back, I saw the heads of the other party appearing on + the brink of the Mur. They looked up at us hanging right above + them on the white slope, while Couttet carried my handkerchief, + streaming triumphantly in the morning wind, from the end of his + baton. Waving their hands, they sat down and gave up the race. + While they lunched we pushed upward more slowly, and at six + o'clock entered the door of Monsieur Janssen's observatory, + fifteen thousand seven hundred and seventy-seven feet above the + sea.</p> + + <p>My first look was directed to the Matterhorn, which, + thirty-five miles away, pierced the morning sky with its black + spike. Glittering near it were the snow turrets of Monte Rosa, + the Dent Blanche, and all the marvellous circle of peaks that + stand around Zermatt. There was not a cloud to break the view. + On one side lay Italy; on the other France. It would be + impossible to imagine the wild scene immediately below us. The + tremendous slopes of snow falling away on all sides, now in + steep inclines and now in broken precipices, ever down and + down, were not after all so imposing as the jagged pinnacles of + bare rock that sprang out of them.</p> + + <p>There was something peculiarly savage, almost menacing, in + the aspect of these lower mountains, pressing in serried ranks + around their white-capped chief. They seemed to shut us far + away from the human world below, and one felt that he had + placed himself entirely in the hands of nature. This was her + realm, where she acknowledged no laws but her own, and was + incapable of sympathy, pity, or remorse.</p> + + <h2>FAIRY GOLD.</h2> + + <h3>By Mary Stewart Cutting,</h3> + + <p>Author of "The Coupons of Fortune," "Henry," and other + stories.</p> + + <p>When Mr. William Belden walked out of his house one wet + October evening and closed the hall door carefully behind him, + he had no idea that he was closing the door on all the habits + of his maturer life and entering the borders of a land as far + removed from his hopes or his imagination as the country of the + Gadarenes.</p> + + <p>He had not wanted to go out that evening at all, not knowing + what the fates had in store for him, and being only too + conscious of the comfort of the sitting-room lounge, upon + which, after the manner of the suburban resident who travelleth + daily by railways, he had cast himself immediately after the + evening meal was over. The lounge was in proximity—yet + not too close proximity—to the lamp on the table; so that + one might have the pretext of reading to cover closed eyelids + and a general oblivion of passing events. On a night when a + pouring rain splashed outside on the pavements and the tin + roofs of the piazzas, the conditions of rest in the cosey + little room were peculiarly attractive to a man who had come + home draggled and wet, and with the toil and wear of a long + business day upon him. It was therefore with a sinking of the + heart that he heard his wife's gentle tones requesting him to + wend his way to the grocery to purchase a pound of butter.</p> + + <p>"I hate to ask you to go, William dear, but there really is + not a scrap in the house for breakfast, and the butter-man does + not come until to-morrow afternoon," she said deprecatingly. + "It really will only take you a few minutes."</p> + + <p>Mr. Belden smothered a groan, or perhaps something worse. + The butter question was a sore one, Mrs. Belden taking only a + stated quantity of that article a week, and always unexpectedly + coming short of it before the day of replenishment, although no + argument ever served to induce her to increase the original + amount for consumption.</p> + + <p>"Cannot Bridget go?" he asked weakly, + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page574" + id="page574"></a>[pg 574]</span> gazing at the small, plump + figure of his wife, as she stood with meek yet inexorable + eyes looking down at him.</p> + + <p>"Bridget is washing the dishes, and the stores will be + closed before she can get out."</p> + + <p>"Can't one of the boys—" He stopped. There was in this + household a god who ruled everything in it, to whom all + pleasures were offered up, all individual desires sacrificed, + and whose Best Good was the greedy and unappreciative + Juggernaut before whom Mr. Belden and his wife prostrated + themselves daily. This idol was called The Children. Mr. Belden + felt that he had gone too far.</p> + + <p>"William!" said his wife severely, "I am surprised at you. + John and Henry have their lessons to get, and Willy has a cold; + I could not think of exposing him to the night air; and it is + so damp, too!"</p> + + <p>Mr. Belden slowly and stiffly rose from his reclining + position on the sofa. There was a finality in his wife's tone + before which he succumbed.</p> + + <p>The night air <i>was</i> damp. As he walked along the street + the water slopped around his feet, and ran in rills down his + rubber coat. He did not feel as contented as usual. When he was + a youngster, he reflected with exaggerated bitterness, boys + were boys, and not treated like precious pieces of porcelain. + He did not remember, as a boy, ever having any special + consideration shown him; yet he had been both happy and + healthy, healthier perhaps than his over-tended brood at home. + In his day it had been popularly supposed that nothing could + hurt a boy. He heaved a sigh over the altered times, and then + coughed a little, for he had a cold as well as Willy.</p> + + <p>The streets were favorable to silent meditation, for there + was no one out in them. The boughs of the trees swished + backward and forward in the storm, and the puddles at the + crossings reflected the dismal yellow glare of the street + lamps. Every one was housed to-night in the pretty detached + cottages he passed, and he thought with growing wrath of the + trivial errand on which he had been sent. "In happy homes he + saw the light," but none of the high purpose of the youth of + "Excelsior" fame stirred his heart—rather a dull sense of + failure from all high things. What did his life amount to + anyway, that he should count one thing more trivial than + another? He loved his wife and children dearly, but he + remembered a time when his ambition had not thought of being + satisfied with the daily grind for a living and a dreamless + sleep at night.</p> + + <p>"'Our life is but a sleep and a forgetting,'" he thought + grimly, "in quite a different way from what Wordsworth meant." + He had been one of the foremost in his class at college, an + orator, an athlete, a favorite in society and with men. Great + things had been predicted for him. Then he had fallen in love + with Nettie; a professional career seemed to place marriage at + too great a distance, and he had joyfully, yet with some + struggles in his protesting intellect, accepted a position that + was offered to him—one of those positions which never + change, in which men die still unpromoted, save when a miracle + intervenes. It was not so good a position for a family of six + as it had been for a family of two, but he did not complain. He + and Nettie went shabby, but the children were clothed in the + best, as was their due.</p> + + <p>He was too wearied at night to read anything but the + newspapers, and the gentle domestic monotony was not inspiring. + He and Nettie never went out in the evenings; the children + could not be left alone. He met his friends on the train in + that diurnal journey to and from the great city, and she + occasionally attended a church tea; but their immediate and + engrossing world seemed to be made up entirely of persons under + thirteen years of age. They had dwelt in the place almost ever + since their marriage, respected and liked, but with no real + social life. If Mr. Belden thought of the years to come, he may + be pardoned an unwonted sinking of the heart.</p> + + <p>It was while indulging in these reflections that he + mechanically purchased the pound of butter, which he could not + help comparing with Shylock's pound of flesh, so much of life + had it taken out of him, and then found himself stepping up on + the platform of the station, led by his engrossing thoughts to + pass the street corner and tread the path most familiar to him. + He turned with an exclamation to retrace his way, when a man + pacing leisurely up and down, umbrella in hand, caught sight of + him.</p> + + <p>"Is that you, Belden?" said the stranger. "What are you + doing down here to-night?"</p> + + <p>"I came out on an errand for my wife," said Belden sedately. + He recognized the man as a young lawyer, much identified with + politics; a mere acquaintance, yet it was a night to make any + speaking animal seem a friend, and Mr. Belden took a couple of + steps along beside him.</p> + + <p>"Waiting for a train?" he said.</p> + + <p>"Oh, thunder, yes!" said Mr. Groper, + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page575" + id="page575"></a>[pg 575]</span> throwing away the stump of + a cigar. "I have been waiting for the last half hour for the + train; it's late, as usual. There's a whole deputation from + Barnet on board, due at the Reform meeting in town to-night, + and I'm part of the committee to meet them here."</p> + + <p>"Where is the other part of the committee?" asked Mr. + Belden.</p> + + <p>"Oh, Jim Crane went up to the hall to see about something, + and Connors hasn't showed up at all; I suppose the rain kept + him back. What kind of a meeting we're going to have I don't + know. Say, Belden, I'm not up to this sort of thing. I wish + you'd stay and help me out—there's no end of swells + coming down, more your style than mine."</p> + + <p>"Why, man alive, I can't do anything for you," said Mr. + Belden. "These carriages I see are waiting for the delegation, + and here comes the train now; you'll get along all right."</p> + + <p>He waited as the train slowed into the station, smiling anew + at little Groper's perturbation. He was quite curious to see + the arrivals. Barnet had been the home of his youth, and there + might be some one whom he knew. He had half intended, earlier + in the day, to go himself to the Reform meeting, but a growing + spirit of inaction had made him give up the idea. Yes, there + was quite a carload of people getting out—ladies, + too.</p> + + <p>"Why, Will Belden!" called out a voice from the party. A + tall fellow in a long ulster sprang forward to grasp his hand. + "You don't say it's yourself come down to meet us. Here we all + are, Johnson, Clemmerding, Albright, Cranston—-all the + old set. Rainsford, you've heard of my cousin, Will Belden. My + wife and Miss Wakeman are behind here; but we'll do all the + talking afterward, if you'll only get us off for the hall + now."</p> + + <p>"Well, I am glad to see you, Henry," said Mr. Belden + heartily. He thrust the pound of butter hastily into a large + pocket of his mackintosh, and found himself shaking hands with + a score of men. He had only time to assist his cousin's wife + and the beautiful Miss Wakeman into a carriage, and in another + moment they were all rolling away toward the town hall, with + little Mr. Groper running frantically after them, ignored by + the visitors, and peacefully forgotten by his friend.</p> + + <p>The public hall of the little town—which called itself + a city—was all ablaze with light as the party entered it, + and well filled, notwithstanding the weather. There were + flowers on the platform where the seats for the distinguished + guests were placed, and a general air of radiance and joyful + import prevailed. It was a gathering of men from all political + parties, concerned in the welfare of the State. Great measures + were at stake, and the election of governor of immediate + importance. The name of Judge Belden of Barnet was prominently + mentioned. He had not been able to attend on this particular + occasion, but his son had come with a delegation from the + county town, twenty miles away, to represent his interests. On + Mr. William Belden devolved the task of introducing the + visitors; a most congenial one, he suddenly found it to be.</p> + + <p>His friends rallied around him as people are apt to do with + one of their own kind when found in a foreign country. They + called him Will, as they used to, and slapped him on the + shoulder in affectionate abandon. Those among the group who had + not known him before were anxious to claim acquaintance on the + strength of his fame, which, it seemed, still survived him in + his native town. It must not be supposed that he had not seen + either his cousin or his friends during his sojourn away from + them; on the contrary, he had met them once or so in two or + three years, in the street, or on the ferry-boat—though + they travelled by different roads—but he had then been + but a passing interest in the midst of pressing business. + To-night he was the only one of their kind in a strange + place—-his cousin loved him, they all loved him. The + expedition had the sentiment of a frolic under the severer + political aspect.</p> + + <p>In the welcome to the visitors by the home committee Mr. + Belden also received his part, in their surprised recognition + of him, almost amounting to a discovery.</p> + + <p>"We had no idea that you were a nephew of Judge Belden," one + of them said to him, speaking for his colleagues, who stood + near.</p> + + <p>Mr. William Belden bowed, and smiled; as a gentleman, and a + rather reticent one, it had never occurred to him to parade his + family connections. His smile might mean anything. It made the + good committeeman, who was rich and full of power, feel a + little uncomfortable, as he tried to cover his embarrassment + with effusive cordiality. In the background stood Mr. Groper, + wet, and breathing hard, but plainly full of admiration for his + tall friend, and the position he held as the centre of the + group. The visitors referred all arrangements to him.</p> + + <p>At last they filed on to the platform—the two cousins + together.</p> + + <p>"You must find a place for the girls," + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page576" + id="page576"></a>[pg 576]</span> said Henry Belden, with the + peculiar boyish giggle that his cousin remembered so well. + "By George, they <i>would</i> come; couldn't keep 'em at + home, after they once got Jim Shore to say it was all right. + Of course, Marie Wakeman started it; she said she was bound + to go to a political meeting and sit on the platform; + arguing wasn't a bit of use. When she got Clara on her side + I knew that I was doomed. Now, you couldn't get them to do a + thing of this kind at home; but take a woman out of her + natural sphere, and she ignores conventionalities, just like + a girl in a bathing-suit. There they are, seated over in + that corner. I'm glad that they are hidden from the audience + by the pillar. Of course, there's that fool of a Jim, too, + with Marie."</p> + + <p>"You don't mean to say she's at it yet?" said his cousin + William.</p> + + <p>"'At it yet'! She's never stopped for a moment since you + kissed her that night on the hotel piazza after the hop, under + old Mrs. Trelawney's window—do you remember that, + Will?"</p> + + <p>Mr. William Belden did indeed remember it; it was a salute + that had echoed around their little world, leading, strangely + enough, to the capitulation of another heart—it had won + him his wife. But the little intimate conversation was broken + off as the cousins took the places allotted to them, and the + business of the meeting began.</p> + + <p>If he were not the chairman, he was appealed to so often as + to almost serve in that capacity. He became interested in the + proceedings, and in the speeches that were made; none of them, + however, quite covered the ground as he understood it. His mind + unconsciously formulated propositions as the flow of eloquence + went on. It therefore seemed only right and fitting toward the + end of the evening, when it became evident that his Honor the + Mayor was not going to appear, that our distinguished + fellow-citizen, Mr. William Belden, nephew of Judge Belden of + Barnet, should be asked to represent the interests of the + county in a speech, and that he should accept the + invitation.</p> + + <p>He stood for a moment silent before the assembly, and then + all the old fire that had lain dormant for so long blazed forth + in the speech that electrified the audience, was printed in all + the papers afterward, and fitted into a political pamphlet.</p> + + <p>He began with a comprehensive statement of facts, he drew + large and logical deductions from them, and then lit up the + whole subject with those brilliant flashes of wit and sarcasm + for which he had been famous in bygone days. More than that, a + power unknown before had come to him; he felt the real + knowledge and grasp of affairs which youth had denied him, and + it was with an exultant thrill that his voice rang through the + crowded hall, and stirred the hearts of men. For the moment + they felt as he felt, and thought as he thought, and a storm of + applause arose as he ended—applause that grew and grew + until a few more pithy words were necessary from the orator + before silence could be restored.</p> + + <p>He made his way to the back of the hall for some water, and + then, half exhausted, yet tingling still from the excitement, + dropped into an empty chair by the side of Miss Wakeman.</p> + + <p>"Well done, Billy," she said, giving him a little approving + tap with her fan. "You were just fine." She gave him an upward + glance from her large dark eyes. "Do you know you haven't + spoken to me to-night, nor shaken hands with me?"</p> + + <p>"Let us shake hands now," he said, smiling, flushed with + success, as he looked into the eyes of this very pretty + woman.</p> + + <p>"I shall take off my glove first—such old friends as + we are! It must be a real ceremony."</p> + + <p>She laid a soft, white, dimpled hand, covered with + glistening rings, in his outstretched palm, and gazed at him + with coquettish plaintiveness. "It's so <i>lovely</i> to see + you again! Have you forgotten the night you kissed me?"</p> + + <p>"I have thought of it daily," he replied, giving her hand a + hearty squeeze. They both laughed, and he took a surreptitious + peep at her from under his eyelids. Marie Wakeman! Yes, truly, + the same, and with the same old tricks. He had been married for + nearly fourteen years, his children were half grown, he had + long since given up youthful friskiness, but she was "at it" + still. Why, she had been older than he when they were boy and + girl; she must be for—He gazed at her soft, rounded, + olive cheek, and quenched the thought.</p> + + <p>"And you are very happy?" she pursued, with tender + solicitude. "Nettie makes you a perfect wife, I suppose."</p> + + <p>"Perfect," he assented gravely.</p> + + <p>"And you haven't missed me at all?"</p> + + <p>"Can you ask?" It was the way in which all men spoke to + Marie Wakeman, married or single, rich or poor, one with + another. He laughed inwardly at his lapse into the expected + tone. "I feel that I really breathe for the first time in + years, now that I'm with you again. But how is it that you are + not married?"</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page577" + id="page577"></a>[pg 577]</span> + + <p>"What, after I had known you?" She gave him a reproachful + glance. "And you were so cruel to me—as soon as you had + made your little Nettie jealous you cared for me no longer. + Look what I've declined to!" She indicated Jim Shore, leaning + disconsolately against the cornice, chewing his moustache. "Now + don't give him your place unless you really want to; well, if + you're tired of me already—thank you ever so much, and I + <i>am</i> proud of you to-night, Billy!"</p> + + <p>Her lustrous eyes dwelt on him lingeringly as he left her; + he smiled back into them. The lines around her mouth were a + little hard; she reminded him indefinably of "She;" but she was + a handsome woman, and he had enjoyed the encounter. The sight + of her brought back so vividly the springtime of life; his + hopes, the pangs of love, the joy that was his when Nettie was + won; he felt an overpowering throb of tenderness for the wife + at home who had been his early dream.</p> + + <p>The last speeches were over, but Mr. William Belden's + triumph had not ended. As the acknowledged orator of the + evening he had an ovation afterward; introductions and + unlimited hand-shakings were in order.</p> + + <p>He was asked to speak at a select political dinner the next + week; to speak for the hospital fund; to speak for the higher + education of woman. Led by a passing remark of Henry Belden's + to infer that his cousin was a whist player of parts, a + prominent social magnate at once invited him to join the party + at his house on one of their whist evenings.</p> + + <p>"My wife, er—will have great pleasure in calling on + Mrs. Belden," said the magnate. "We did not know that we had a + good whist player among us. This evening has indeed been a + revelation in many ways—in many ways. You would have no + objection to taking a prominent part in politics, if you were + called upon? A reform mayor is sadly needed in our + city—sadly needed. Your connection with Judge Belden + would give great weight to any proposition of that kind. But, + of course, all this is in the future."</p> + + <p>Mr. Belden heard his name whispered in another direction, in + connection with the cashiership of the new bank which was to be + built. The cashiership and the mayoralty might be nebulous + honors, but it <i>was</i> sweet, for once, to be recognized for + what he was—man of might; a man of talent, and of + honor.</p> + + <p>There was a hurried rush for the train at the last on the + part of the visitors. Mr. William Belden snatched his + mackintosh from the peg whereon it had hung throughout the + evening, and went with the crowd, talking and laughing in + buoyant exuberance of spirits. The night had cleared, the moon + was rising, and poured a flood of light upon the wet streets. + It was a different world from the one he had traversed earlier + in the evening. He walked home with Miss Wakeman's + exaggeratedly tender "Good-by, dear Billy!" ringing in his + ears, to provoke irrepressible smiles. The pulse of a free + life, where men lived instead of vegetating, was in his veins. + His footstep gave forth a ringing sound from the pavement; he + felt himself stalwart, alert, his brain rejoicing in its sense + of power. It was even with no sense of guilt that he heard the + church clocks striking twelve as he reached the house where his + wife had been awaiting his return for four hours.</p> + + <p>She was sitting up for him, as he knew by the light in the + parlor window. He could see her through the half-closed blinds + as she sat by the table, a magazine in her lap, her attitude, + unknown to herself, betraying a listless depression. After all, + is a woman glad to have all her aspirations and desires + confined within four walls? She may love her cramped quarters, + to be sure, but can she always forget that they are cramped? To + what does a wife descend after the bright dreams of her + girlhood! Does she really like above all things to be absorbed + in the daily consumption of butter, and the children's clothes, + or is she absorbed in these things because the man who was to + have widened the horizon of her life only limits it by his own + decadence?</p> + + <p>She rose to meet her husband as she heard his key in the + lock. She had exchanged her evening gown for a loose, trailing + white wrapper, and her fair hair was arranged for the night in + a long braid. Her husband had a smile on his face.</p> + + <p>"You look like a girl again," he said brightly, as he + stooped and kissed her. "No, don't turn out the light, come in + and sit down a while longer, I've ever so much to tell you. You + can't guess where I've been this evening."</p> + + <p>"At the political meeting," she said promptly.</p> + + <p>"How on earth did you know?"</p> + + <p>"The doctor came here to see Willy, and he told me he saw + you on the way. I'm glad you did go, William; I was worrying + because I had sent you out; I did not realize until later what + a night it was."</p> + + <p>"Well, I am very glad that you did + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page578" + id="page578"></a>[pg 578]</span> send me," said her husband. + He lay back in his chair, flushed and smiling at the + recollection. "You ought to have been there, too; you would + have liked it. What will you say if I tell you that I made a + speech—yes, it is quite true—and was applauded + to the echo. This town has just waked up to the fact that I + live in it. And Henry said—but there, I'll have to + tell you the whole thing, or you can't appreciate it."</p> + + <p>His wife leaned on the arm of his chair, watching his + animated face fondly, as he recounted the adventures of the + night. He pictured the scene vividly, and with a strong sense + of humor.</p> + + <p>"And you don't say that Marie Wakeman is the same as ever?" + she interrupted, with a flash of special interest. "Oh, + William!"</p> + + <p>"<i>She</i> called me Billy." He laughed anew at the + thought. "Upon my word, Nettie, she beats anything I ever saw + or heard of."</p> + + <p>"Did she remind you of the time you kissed her?"</p> + + <p>"Yes!" Their eyes met in amused recognition of the past.</p> + + <p>"Is she as handsome as ever?"</p> + + <p>"Um—yes—I think so. She isn't as pretty as you + are."</p> + + <p>"Oh, Will!" She blushed and dimpled.</p> + + <p>"I declare, it is true!" He gazed at her with genuine + admiration. "What has come over you to-night, Nettie?—you + look like a girl again."</p> + + <p>"And you were not sorry when you saw her, + that—that—"</p> + + <p>"Sorry! I have been thinking all the way home how glad I was + to have won my sweet wife. But we mustn't stay shut up at home + as much as we have; it's not good for either of us. We are to + be asked to join the whist club—what do you think of + that? You used to be a little card fiend once upon a time, I + remember."</p> + + <p>She sighed. "It is so long since I have been anywhere! I'm + afraid I haven't any clothes, Will. I suppose I + <i>might</i>—"</p> + + <p>"What, dear?"</p> + + <p>"Take the money I had put aside for Mary's next quarter's + music lessons; I do really believe a little rest would do her + good."</p> + + <p>"It would—it would," said Mr. Belden with suspicious + eagerness. Mary's after-dinner practising hour had tinged much + of his existence with gall. "I insist that Mary shall have a + rest. And you shall join the reading society now. Let us + consider ourselves a little as well as the children; it's + really best for them, too. Haven't we immortal souls as well as + they? Can we expect them to seek the honey dew of paradise + while they see us contented to feed on the grass of the + field?"</p> + + <p>"You call yourself an orator!" she scoffed.</p> + + <p>He drew her to him by one end of the long braid, and + solemnly kissed her. Then he went into the hall and took + something from the pocket of his mackintosh which he placed in + his wife's hand—a little wooden dish covered with a + paper, through which shone a bright yellow substance—the + pound of butter, a lump of gleaming fairy gold, the quest of + which had changed a poor, commonplace existence into one + scintillating with magic possibilities.</p> + + <p>Fairy gold, indeed, cannot be coined into marketable eagles. + Mr. William Belden might never achieve either the mayoralty or + the cashiership, but he had gained that of which money is only + a trivial accessory. The recognition of men, the flashing of + high thought to high thought, the claim of brotherhood in the + work of the world, and the generous social intercourse that + warms the earth—all these were to be his. Not even his + young ambition had promised a wider field, not the gold of the + Indies could buy him more of honor and respect.</p> + + <p>At home also the spell worked. He had but to speak the word, + to name the thing, and Nettie embodied his thought. He called + her young, and happy youth smiled from her clear eyes; + beautiful, and a blushing loveliness enveloped her; clever, and + her ready mind leaped to match with his in thought and study; + dear, and love touched her with its transforming fire and + breathed of long-forgotten things.</p> + + <p>If men only knew what they could make of the women who love + them—but they do not, as the plodding, faded matrons who + sit and sew by their household fires testify to us daily.</p> + + <p>Happy indeed is he who can create a paradise by naming + it!</p><br /> + <br /> + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page579" + id="page579"></a>[pg 579]</span> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a name="fig579" + id="fig579"></a> + <a href="images/579.jpg"> + <img width="60%" src="images/579.jpg" + alt="FIGURE I.—APPARATUS USED BY PROFESSOR W.F. MAGIE IN TAKING A SKIAGRAPH OF A HAND." /> + </a><br /> + FIGURE I.—APPARATUS USED BY PROFESSOR W.F. MAGIE IN + TAKING A SKIAGRAPH OF A HAND. + + <p>The Ruhmkorff coil in the background; the Crookes tube + in front of it; under the hand is the photographic plate in + its plate-holder.</p> + </div> + + <h2>THE USE OF THE RÖNTGEN X RAYS IN SURGERY.</h2> + + <h3>By W.W. Keen, M.D., LL.D.</h3> + + <p>The nineteenth century resembles the sixteenth in many ways. + In or about the sixteenth we have the extensive use of the + mariner's compass and of gunpowder, the discovery of printing, + the discovery and exploration of America, and the acquisition + of territory in the New World by various European states. In + the nineteenth century we have the exploration of Africa and + the acquisition of territory in its interior, in which the + various nations of Europe vie with each other again as three + centuries before; the discovery of steam, and its ever-growing + application to the transportation of goods and passengers on + sea and land; of the spectroscope, and through it of many new + elements, including helium in the sun, and, later, on the + earth; of argon in the earth's atmosphere; of anæsthetics + and of the antiseptic methods in surgery, and, lastly, the + enormous recent strides in electrical science.</p> + + <p>Not only has electricity been applied to transportation and + the development of light and power; but the latest discovery by + Professor Röntgen of the X rays seems destined, possibly, + not only to revolutionize our ideas of radiation in all its + forms on the scientific side, but also on the practical side to + be of use in the domain of medicine. It is, therefore, with + great pleasure that I accede to the request of the editor of + this Magazine to state briefly what has been achieved in the + department of medicine up to the present time.</p> + + <p>The method of investigating the body by means of the X rays + is very simple, as is shown in Figure 1. The Crookes tube, + actuated from a storage battery or other source of electricity + through a Ruhmkorff coil, is placed on one side of the body. If + need be, instead of using the entire tube, the rays from the + most effective portion of it only are allowed to impinge upon + the <span class="pagenum"><a name="page580" + id="page580"></a>[pg 580]</span> part of the body to be + investigated, through an opening in a disk of lead + interposed between the Crookes tube and the body. On the + other side of the part to be investigated is placed a quick + photographic plate shut up in its plate-holder, and is + exposed to the rays emanating from the tube for a greater or + less length of time. The parts of the plate not protected by + the body are acted upon by the rays, through the lid of the + plate-holder (to which the rays are pervious), while the + tissues of the body act, feebly or strongly, as the case may + be, as obstacles to the rays. Hence, the part of the plate + thus protected is less acted upon than the rest, and a + shadow is produced upon the plate. The soft tissues of the + body form but a very slight obstacle to the passage of the + rays, and, hence, throw very faint shadows on the plate. The + more dense portions, presenting a greater obstacle to the + passage of the rays, throw deeper shadows; hence the bones + are seen as dark shadows, the soft parts as lighter ones. + That the flesh or soft parts are not wholly permeable to the + rays is well shown in the skiagraph—<i>i.e.</i>, a + "shadow picture"—of a foot. (Figure 2.) Where two toes + overlap, it will be observed that there is a deeper shadow, + like the section of a biconvex lens.</p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a name="fig580" + id="fig580"><img src="images/580.jpg" + alt="FIGURE 2.—SKIAGRAPH OF A FOOT, SHOWING AN EXTRA BONE IN THE GREAT TOE." /> + </a> + <br /> + FIGURE 2.—SKIAGRAPH OF A FOOT, SHOWING AN EXTRA BONE + IN THE GREAT TOE, WHICH WAS REMOVED BY PROFESSOR MOSETIG. + + <p>(From the "British Medical Journal.")</p> + </div> + + <p>When we attempt to skiagraph the thicker portions of the + body, for example, the shoulder, the thigh, or the trunk, even + the parts consisting only of flesh obstruct the rays to such an + extent, by reason of their thickness, that the shadows of the + still more dense tissues, like the thigh bone, the arm bone, or + the bones of the trunk, cannot be distinguished from the + shadows of the thicker soft parts. Tesla ("Electrical Review," + March 11, 1896) has to some extent overcome these difficulties + by his improved apparatus, and has skiagraphed, though rather + obscurely, the shoulder and trunk, and Rowland has been able to + do the same. Doubtless when we are able to devise apparatus of + greater penetration, and to control the effect of the rays, we + shall be able to skiagraph clearly even through the entire + thickness of the body.</p> + + <p>It might be supposed that clothing or surgical dressings + would prove an obstacle to this new photography, but all our + preconceived notions derived from the ordinary photograph must + be thrown aside. The bones of the forearm or the hand can be as + readily skiagraphed through a voluminous surgical dressing or + through the ordinary clothing, as when the parts are entirely + divested of any covering. Even bed-ridden patients can be + skiagraphed through the bed-clothes, and, therefore, without + danger from + exposure.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page581" + id="page581"></a>[pg 581]</span> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a name="fig581-1" + id="fig581-1"><img src="images/581-1.jpg" + alt="FIGURE 3.—SKETCH OF A BABY'S FOOT." /> + </a><br /> + FIGURE 3.—SKETCH OF A BABY'S FOOT AS SEEN THROUGH THE + SKIASCOPE. + + <p>(From the "American Journal of the Medical Sciences," + March, 1896.)</p> + </div> + + <p>One of the principal difficulties of the method at present + is the time ordinarily required to obtain a good picture. + Usually this time may be stated at in the neighborhood of an + hour, though many good skiagraphs have been taken in a half + hour or twenty minutes. It is stated that Messrs. McLeennan, + Wright, and Keele of Toronto have reduced the necessary time to + one second, and that Mr. Edison has taken even instantaneous + pictures; but I am not aware of the publication of any pictures + showing how perfect these results are. Undoubtedly, as a result + of the labors of so many scores of physicists and physicians as + are now working at the problem, before long we shall be able to + skiagraph at least the thinner parts of the body in a very + brief interval. The brevity of the exposure will also better + the pictures in another way. At present, if the attempt is made + to skiagraph the shoulder or parts of the trunk, we have to + deal with organs which cannot be kept motionless, since the + movements incident to breathing produce a constant to and fro + movement of the shoulder, the lungs, the heart, the stomach, + the liver, and other organs which, hereafter, may be made + accessible to this process. There is no serious discomfort + excepting the somewhat irksome necessity of remaining + absolutely still.</p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a name="fig581-2" + id="fig581-2"><img src="images/581-2.jpg" + alt="FIGURE 4.—SKETCH OF A BABY'S KNEE." /></a> + <br />FIGURE 4.—SKETCH OF A BABY'S KNEE AS SEEN THROUGH THE + SKIASCOPE. + + <p>(From the "American Journal of the Medical Sciences," + March, 1896.)</p> + </div> + + <p>Another method of seeing the denser tissues of the body is + by direct observation. A means of seeing through the thinner + parts of the body, such as the fingers or the toes, has been + devised simultaneously by Salvioni of Italy, and Professor + Magie of Princeton. Their instruments are practically + identical, consisting of a hollow cylinder a few inches long, + one end of which is applied to the eye, the other end, instead + of having a lens, being covered by a piece of paper smeared + with a phosphorescent salt, the double cyanide of platinum and + barium. When the hand is held before a Crookes tube, and is + looked at through the cylinder, we can see the bones of the + hand or foot almost as clearly as is shown in Figure 2. It has + not yet, I believe, been applied to thicker parts of the body. + Figures 3 and 4 show a baby's foot and knee as seen through + this tube. The partial development of the bones accounts for + the peculiar appearance. There is no bony knee-pan, or patella, + at birth, and the bones of the toes consist only of cartilage, + which is translucent, and therefore not seen. The name given by + Professor Salvioni to this sort of "spy-glass"—if one may + apply this term to an instrument which has no glass—is + that of "cryptoscope" (seeing that which is hidden). The name + suggested by Professor Magie is "skiascope" (seeing a + shadow.)</p> + + <p>This leads me to say a word in reference to the + nomenclature. The very unfortunate name "shadowgraph" has been + suggested and largely used in the newspapers, and even in + medical journals. It has only the merit of clearness as to its + meaning to English-speaking persons. It is, however, an + abominable linguistic crime, being an unnatural compound of + English and Greek. "Radiograph" and its derivatives are equally + objectionable as compounds of Latin and Greek. The Greek word + for shadow is "skia," and the proper rendering, therefore, of + shadowgraph is "skiagraph," corresponding to photograph.</p> + + <p>The first question that meets us in the use of the method in + medicine is what normal constituents of the body are permeable + or impermeable to the X rays. It may be stated, in a general + way, that all of the fleshy parts of the body are partially + permeable to the rays in a relatively short time; and if the + exposure is long enough, they become entirely permeable, so + that no <span class="pagenum"><a name="page582" + id="page582"></a>[pg 582]</span> shadow is cast. Even the + bones, on <i>prolonged</i> exposure, do not present a + sufficient obstacle to the passage of the rays, and the + shadow originally cast becomes obliterated. Hence, + skiagraphs of the same object exposed to the rays for + varying times may be of value in showing the different + tissues. The most permeable of the normal tissues are + cartilage or gristle, and fat. A kidney (out of the body) is + stated by Dr. Reid of Dundee to show the difference between + the rind, or secreting portion, which is more transparent, + and the central portion, consisting chiefly of conducting + tubes, which is less transparent. On the contrary, in the + brain the gray cortex, or rind, is less transparent than the + white nerve tubules in the centre.</p> + + <p>The denser fibrous tissues, such as the ligaments of joints + and the tendons or sinews of muscles, cast very perceptible + shadows, so that when we come to a thick tendon like the tendo + Achillis, the shadow approaches even the density of the shadow + cast by bone. I presume that it is for the same reason (the + dense fibrous envelope, or sclerotic coat) that the eye-ball is + not translucent to the rays, as is seen in Figure 5, of a + bullock's eye.</p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a name="fig582" + id="fig582"><img src="images/582.jpg" + alt="FIGURE 5.—SKIAGRAPH OF A BULLOCK'S EYE." /> + </a> + <br />FIGURE 5.—SKIAGRAPH OF A BULLOCK'S EYE. + + <p>(From the "American Journal of the Medical Sciences," + March 1896.)</p> + </div> + + <p>Mr. Arthur H. Lea has ingeniously suggested that the + translucency of the soft parts of the living and of those of + the dead body might show a difference, and that, if such were + the case, it might be used as a definite test of death. + Unfortunately Figure 6, of a dead hand, when contrasted with + Figure 11, of a living hand, shows virtually no difference, and + the method cannot be used as a positive proof of death.</p> + + <p>That we are not able at present to skiagraph the soft parts + of the body, does not imply that we shall not be able to do it + hereafter; and should this be possible, especially with our + increasing ability to penetrate thick masses of tissue, it is + evident, without entering into details, that the use of the X + rays may be of immense importance in obstetrics.</p> + + <p>The bones, however, as is seen in nearly all of the + skiagraphs illustrating this paper, cast well-defined shadows. + This is at once an advantage and a hindrance. To illustrate the + latter first, even one thickness of bone is difficult to + penetrate, so that the attempt to skiagraph the opening which + had been made in a skull of a living person by a trephine + entirely failed, since the bone upon the opposite side of the + skull formed so dense an obstacle that not the slightest + indication of the trephine opening appeared. To take, + therefore, a skiagraph of a brain through two thicknesses of + skull, with our present methods, is an impossibility. Even + should the difficulty be overcome, it is very doubtful whether + there would be any possibility of discovering diseases of the + brain, since diseased tissues, such as cancer, sarcoma, etc., + are probably as permeable to the X rays as the normal tissues. + Thus Reid ("British Medical Journal," February 15, 1896) states + that a cancerous liver showed no difference in permeability to + the rays through its cancerous and its normal portions.</p> + + <p>Foreign bodies, such as bullets, etc., in the brain may be + discovered when our processes have become perfected. Figure 7 + shows two buck-shot skiagraphed inside of a baby's skull, and + therefore through two thicknesses of bone. It must be + remembered, however, that not only are the bones of a baby's + skull much less thick than those of an adult's skull, but they + are much less densely ossified, and so throw far less of a + shadow.</p> + + <p>The dense shadows cast by bone are, at least at present, an + insuperable obstacle to skiagraphing the soft translucent + organs of the body which are enclosed within a more or less + complete bony case, as the rays will be intercepted by the + bones. Efforts, therefore, to skiagraph the heart, the lungs, + the liver, and stomach, and all the pelvic organs, probably + will be fruitless to a greater or less extent until our methods + are improved. While a stone in a bladder outside the body would + undoubtedly <span class="pagenum"><a name="page583" + id="page583"></a>[pg 583]</span> be perceptible, in the body + the bones of the pelvis prevent any successful picture being + taken.</p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a name="fig583" + id="fig583"><img src="images/583.jpg" + alt="FIGURE 6.—SKIAGRAPH OF A DEAD HAND AND WRIST." /> + </a><br /> + FIGURE 6.—SKIAGRAPH OF A DEAD HAND AND WRIST, SHOWING + TWO BUCK-SHOT AND A NEEDLE EMBEDDED IN THE FLESH. + + <p>("American Journal of the Medical Sciences," March, + 1896.)</p> + </div> + + <p>To turn from the hindrances to the advantages of the + application of the method to the bones, one of the most + important uses will be in diseases and injuries of bones. In + many cases it is very difficult to determine, even under ether, + by the most careful manipulations, whether there is a fracture + or a dislocation, or both combined. When any time has elapsed + after the accident, the great swelling which often quickly + follows such injuries still further obscures the diagnosis by + manipulation. The X rays, however, are oblivious, or nearly so, + of all swelling, and the bones can be skiagraphed in the + thinner parts of the body at present, say up to the elbow and + the ankle, with very great accuracy. Thus, Figure 8 shows the + deformity from an old fracture of the ulna (one of the bones of + the forearm) very clearly.</p> + + <p>By this means we shall be able to distinguish between + fracture and dislocation in obscure cases. Thus Mr. Gray + ("British Medical Journal," March 7, 1896), in a case of injury + to an elbow, was enabled to diagnosticate and successfully to + replace a very rare dislocation, which could not be made out by + manipulation, but was clearly shown by the X rays. We may also + possibly be able to determine when the bones are properly + adjusted after a fracture; and all the better, since the + skiagraph can be taken through the dressings, even if wooden + splints have been employed. If plaster of Paris is used (and it + is often the best "splint") this is impermeable to the + rays.</p> + + <p>That this method will come into general use, however, is + very unlikely, since the expense, the time, and the trouble + will be so great that it will be impracticable to use it in + every case, especially in hospitals or dispensaries, where + crowds of patients have to be attended to in a relatively brief + time. In the surgical dispensary alone of the Jefferson Medical + College Hospital, about one hundred patients are in attendance + between twelve and two o'clock every day, and all the time of a + large number of assistants is occupied with dressing the cases. + It would be manifestly an utter impossibility to skiagraph the + many fractures which are seen there daily, considering that it + would take from half an hour to an hour of the time of not less + than two or three assistants skilled not only in surgery, but + also in electricity, to skiagraph a single fracture. Now and + then, in obscure <span class="pagenum"><a name="page584" + id="page584"></a>[pg 584]</span> cases, however, the method + will be undoubtedly of great service, as in the case above + described.</p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a name="fig584" + id="fig584"><img src="images/584.jpg" + alt="FIGURE 7.—SKIAGRAPH OF A BABY'S SKULL, SHOWING TWO BUCK-SHOT PLACED UNDER THE SKULL." /> + </a><br /> + FIGURE 7.—SKIAGRAPH OF A BABY'S SKULL, SHOWING TWO + BUCK-SHOT PLACED UNDER THE SKULL. + + <p>("American Journal of the Medical Sciences," March, + 1896.)</p> + </div> + + <p>Too hasty conclusions, especially in medico-legal cases, may + easily be reached. We do not yet know, by skiagraphs of + successful results after fracture, just how such bones look + during the process of healing, and, therefore, we cannot yet be + sure that the skiagraph of an unsuccessful case is an evidence + of unskilfulness on the part of the surgeon.</p> + + <p>In diseases of bone, which are obscure, it has already + proved of great advantage, as in a case related by Mr. Abrahams + ("British Medical Journal," February 22, 1896). A lad of + nineteen, who had injured his little finger in catching a + cricket ball, had the last joint of the finger bent at a slight + angle, and he could neither flex nor extend it. Any attempt to + do so caused great pain. The diagnosis was made of a fracture + extending into the joint, and that the joint having become + ossified, nothing short of amputation would give relief. Mr. + Sydney Rowland skiagraphed the hand, and showed that there was + only a bridge of bone uniting the last two joints of the + finger. An anaesthetic was administered, and with very little + force the bridge of bone was snapped, the finger saved, and the + normal use of the hand restored.</p> + + <p>Deformities of bone can be admirably shown. Thus Figure 9 + ("British Medical Journal," February 15, 1896) shows the + deformity of the last two toes of the foot, due to the wearing + of tight shoes. (Owing to the accidental breaking of the plate, + only a part of the foot is shown.) The lady whose foot was thus + skiagraphed stated that she had suffered tortures from her + boots, so that walking became a penance, and she even wanted + the toes amputated. Relief was obtained by wearing broad-toed + boots, which gave room for the deformed toes. Another admirable + illustration of a similar use of the method is seen in Figure + 2, from a case of Professor Mosetig in Vienna. The last joint + of the great toe was double the ordinary size, and by touch it + was recognized that there were two bones instead of one. The + difficulty was to determine which was the normal bone, and + which the extra bone that ought to be removed. The moment the + skiagraph was taken, it was very clear + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page585" + id="page585"></a>[pg 585]</span> which bone should be + removed. Bony tumors elsewhere can also be diagnosticated + and properly treated. Possibly, also, we may be able to + determine the presence of dead bone, though I am not aware + of any such skiagraphs having been taken.</p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a name="fig585" + id="fig585"><img src="images/585.jpg" + alt="FIGURE 8.—SKIAGRAPH OF THE LEFT FOREARM OF A LIVING SUBJECT." /> + </a><br /> + FIGURE 8.—SKIAGRAPH OF THE LEFT FOREARM OF A LIVING + SUBJECT, SHOWING AT THE POINT MARKED "B" A DEFORMITY FROM + AN OLD FRACTURE. + + <p>(Taken at the State Physical Laboratory, Hamburg, and + published in the "British Medical Journal.")</p> + </div> + + <p>Diseases and injuries of the joints will be amenable to + examination by this method. Figure 10 shows an elbow joint with + tuberculous disease. The bones of the arm and forearm are + clearly seen, and between them, is a light area due to + granulation-tissue, or to fluid, probably of tuberculous + nature, which is translucent to the rays. The picture confirms + the prior diagnosis of tuberculous disease, and shows that the + joint will have to be opened and treated for the disease. + Deposits of uric acid in gouty diseases of the joints will + undoubtedly be shown by these methods, but this will scarcely + be of any help in the treatment. Whether light will be thrown + on other diseases of the joints is a problem not yet + solved.</p> + + <p>Analogous to the bony tissues are the so-called ossified + (really, calcified) arteries. In the dead body, arteries filled + with substances opaque to the X rays, such as plaster of Paris + or cinnabar mixtures, have already been skiagraphed + successfully. It is not at all improbable that calcified + arteries in the living subject may be equally well shown. So, + too, when we are able to skiagraph through thick tissues, we + may be able to show such deposits in the internal organs of the + body. Stones in various organs, such as the kidney, will be + accessible to examination so soon as our methods have improved + sufficiently for us to skiagraph through the thicker parts of + the trunk. The presence of such stones in the kidney is very + often inferential, and it will be a great boon, both to the + surgeon and the patient, if we shall be able to demonstrate + positively their presence by skiagraphy. For the reason already + given (the pelvic bones which surround the bladder), it is + doubtful whether we can make use of it in stone in the bladder. + Gall stones, being made not of lime and other similar salts, as + are stones in the kidney and bladder, but of cholesterine, are, + unfortunately, permeable to these rays; and it is, therefore, + doubtful whether the X rays will be of any service to us in + determining their presence.</p> + + <p>The chief use of the method up to the present time, besides + determining the diseases, injuries, and abnormities of bone, + has been in determining with absolute accuracy the presence of + foreign bodies, especially of needles, bullets, or shot and + glass. It is often extremely difficult to decide whether a + needle is actually present + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page586" + id="page586"></a>[pg 586]</span> or not. There may be a + little prick of the skin, and no further positive evidence, + as the needle is often imperceptible to touch. The patient, + when cross-questioned, is frequently doubtful whether the + needle has not dropped on the floor; and it might be, in + some cases, a serious question whether an exploratory + operation to find a possible needle might not do more harm + than the needle. Moreover, though certainly present, to + locate it exactly is often very difficult; and even after an + incision has been made, though it may be embedded in a hand + or foot, it is no easy task to find it.</p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a name="fig586" + id="fig586"><img src="images/586.jpg" + alt="FIGURE 9.—SKIAGRAPH OF A HUMAN FOOT, SHOWING THE DEFORMITY IN THE LAST TWO TOES" /> + </a><br /> + FIGURE 9.—SKIAGRAPH OF A HUMAN FOOT, SHOWING THE + DEFORMITY IN THE LAST TWO TOES CAUSED BY TIGHT BOOTS. + + <p>(Skiagraphed by Mr. Sydney Rowland, and published in the + "British Medical Journal.")</p> + </div> + + <p>The new method is a great step in advance in the line of + precision of diagnosis, and, therefore, of correct treatment. + About half a dozen cases have already been reported in the + medical journals in which a needle was suspected to be in the + hand or the foot, and, in some instances, had been sought for + fruitlessly by a surgeon, in which the use of the X rays + demonstrated absolutely, not only its presence, but its exact + location, and it has then been an easy matter to extract it. + So, too, in an equal number of cases, bullets and shot have + been located, even after a prior fruitless search, and have + been successfully extracted. Figure 6 is the skiagraph of the + hand of a cadaver which shows a needle deeply embedded in the + thumb, and also two buck-shot, which were inserted into the + palm of the hand through two incisions. It will be noticed that + their denser shadow is seen even <i>through the bones</i> of + the hand themselves, for the hand was skiagraphed palm + downward.</p> + + <p>Professor von Bergmann of Berlin has uttered, however, a + timely warning upon this very point. In many cases, after + bullets or shot have been embedded in the tissues for any + length of time, they become quite harmless. They are surrounded + with a firm capsule of gristly substance which renders them + inert. In 1863, soon after I graduated in medicine, I remember + very well assisting the late Professor S.D. Gross in extracting + a ball from the leg of a soldier who had been wounded at the + Borodino, during Napoleon's campaign in Russia. It lay in the + leg entirely harmless for almost fifty years, and then became a + source of irritation, and was easily found and removed. There + are many veterans of the Civil War now living with bullets + embedded in their bodies which are doing no harm; and there is + not a little danger that in the desire to find and remove them + greater harm may be done by an operation than by letting them + alone.</p> + + <p>Glass is, fortunately, quite opaque to the Röntgen + rays, and it will be of great service to the patient, if the + surgeon shall <span class="pagenum"><a name="page587" + id="page587"></a>[pg 587]</span> be able, by skiagraphing + the hand, to determine positively whether any fragment of + glass still remains in a hand from which it is at least + presumed all the fragments have been extracted. Even after + the hand has been dressed, it is possible, through the + dressing, to skiagraph it, and determine the presence or + absence of any such fragments of glass.</p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a name="fig587" + id="fig587"><img src="images/587.jpg" + alt="FIGURE 10.—-SKIAGRAPH OF A SECTION OF A HUMAN ARM, SHOWING TUBERCULOUS DISEASE OF THE ELBOW-JOINT." /> + </a><br /> + FIGURE 10.—-SKIAGRAPH OF A SECTION OF A HUMAN ARM, + SHOWING TUBERCULOUS DISEASE OF THE ELBOW-JOINT. + + <p>("American Journal of the Medical Sciences," March, + 1896.)</p> + </div> + + <p>Possibly before long we shall be able to determine also the + presence or absence of solid foreign bodies in the larynx or + windpipe. Every now and then, patients, especially children, + get into the windpipe jack-stones, small tin toys, nails, pins, + needles, etc., foreign bodies which may menace life very + seriously. To locate them exactly is very difficult. The X rays + may here be a great help. An attempt has been made by Rowland + and Waggett. to skiagraph such foreign bodies, with encouraging + results. Improvements in our methods will, I think, undoubtedly + lead to a favorable use of the method in these instances. + Beans, peas, wooden toys, and similar foreign bodies, being + easily permeable to the rays, will not probably be + discovered.</p> + + <p>If our methods improve so that we can skiagraph through the + entire body, it will be very possible to determine the presence + and location of foreign bodies in the stomach and intestines. A + large number of cases are on record in which plates with + artificial teeth, knives, forks, coins, and other such bodies + have been swallowed; and the surgeon is often doubtful, + especially if they are small, whether they have remained in the + stomach, or have passed into the intestines, or entirely + escaped from the body. In these cases, too, a caution should be + uttered as to the occasional inadvisability of operating, even + should they be located, for if small they will probably escape + without doing any harm. But it may be possible to look at them + from day to day and determine whether or not they are passing + safely through the intestinal canal, or have been arrested, at + any point, and, therefore, whether the surgeon should + interfere. The man who had swallowed a fork which remained in + his stomach (<i>l'homme a la fourchette</i>, as he was dubbed + in Paris) was a noted patient, and would have proved an + excellent subject for a skiagraph, had the method then + existed.</p> + + <p>As sunlight is known to be the foe of bacteria, the hope has + been expressed that the new rays might be a means of destroying + the microbes of consumption and other diseases in the living + body. Delépine, Park, and others have investigated this + with a good deal of care. A dozen different varieties of + bacteria have been exposed to the Röntgen rays for over an + hour, but cultures made from the tubes after this exposure have + shown not only that they were not destroyed, but possibly they + were more vigorous than before.</p> + + <p>The facts above stated seem to warrant + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page588" + id="page588"></a>[pg 588]</span> the following conclusions + as to the present value of the method:</p> + + <p><i>First</i>.—That deformities, injuries, and diseases + of bone can be readily and accurately diagnosticated by the + Röntgen rays; but that the method at present is limited in + its use to the thinner parts of the body, especially to the + hands, forearms, and feet.</p> + + <p><i>Second</i>.—That foreign bodies which are opaque to + the rays, such as needles, bullets, and glass, can be + accurately located and their removal facilitated by this means; + but that a zeal born of a new knowledge almost romantic in its + character, should not lead us to do harm by attempting the + indiscriminate removal of every such foreign body. <i>Non + nocere</i> (to do no harm) is the first lesson a surgeon + learns.</p> + + <p><i>Third</i>.—That at present the internal organs are + not accessible to examination by the X rays for two reasons: + First, because many of them are enclosed in more or less + complete bony cases, which cut off the access of the rays; and, + second, because even where not so enclosed, the thickness of + the body, even though it consists only of soft parts, is such + that the rays have not sufficient power of penetration to give + us any information.</p> + + <p><i>Fourth</i>.—Even if the rays can be made to + permeate the thicker parts of the body, it is doubtful whether + tumors, such as cancers, sarcoma, fatty tumors, etc., which are + as permeable to the rays as the normal soft parts, can be + diagnosticated. Bony tumors, however, can be readily + diagnosticated; and possibly fibrous tumors, by reason of their + density, may cast shadows.</p> + + <p><i>Fifth</i>.—That stones in the kidney, bladder, and + gall bladder cannot be diagnosticated, either (1) because they + are embedded in such parts of the body as are too thick to be + permeable by the rays, or (2) are surrounded by the bones of + the pelvis, or (3) are, in the case of gall stones, themselves + permeable to the Röntgen rays.</p> + + <p><i>Sixth</i>.—That with the improvements which will + soon be made in our methods, and with a better knowledge of the + nature of the rays, and greater ability to make them more + effective, we shall be able to overcome many of the obstacles + just stated, and that the method will then probably prove to be + much more widely useful than at present.</p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a name="fig588" + id="fig588"><img src="images/588.jpg" + alt="FIGURE 11.—SKIAGRAPH OF A HUMAN WRIST WHICH HAD BEEN DISLOCATED." /> + </a><br /> + FIGURE 11.—SKIAGRAPH OF A HUMAN WRIST WHICH HAD BEEN + DISLOCATED. + + <p>From a photograph taken by Mr. Herbert B. Shallenberger, + Rochester, Pennsylvania, and reproduced by his permission. + This is a particularly interesting picture, because it not + only shows the bones with unusual clearness, but also shows + that the ulna (the small bone of the forearm) has been + broken; a small projection at its lower end, which ought to + appear, being absent from the bone as shown in the + picture.</p> + </div> + <hr class="full" /> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote1" + name="footnote1"></a><b>Footnote 1:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag1">(return)</a> + + <p>The term "unpublished" is employed in this series of + articles to cover documents that have never been published + in any authoritative or permanent way. Most of the + documents so designated have never, so far as we know, been + published at all; but a few have been printed in local + newspapers, though so long ago, and under such + circumstances, as to be practically unpublished now.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote2" + name="footnote2"></a><b>Footnote 2:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag2">(return)</a> + + <p>The original of this letter is owned by E.R. Oeltjen of + Petersburg, Illinois.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote3" + name="footnote3"></a><b>Footnote 3:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag3">(return)</a> + + <p>The originals of both the letters on this page addressed + by Lincoln to Hardin are owned by the daughter of General + Hardin, Mrs. Ellen Hardin Walworth of New York City.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote4" + name="footnote4"></a><b>Footnote 4:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag4">(return)</a> + + <p>The swords referred to in this postscript are those used + in the Shields-Lincoln duel. See MCCLURE'S MAGAZINE for + April, 1896.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote5" + name="footnote5"></a><b>Footnote 5:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag5">(return)</a> + + <p>Interview with Judge William Ewing of Chicago.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote6" + name="footnote6"></a><b>Footnote 6:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag6">(return)</a> + + <p>Lincoln in Indiana in 1844. Unpublished MS. by Anna + O'Flynn.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote7" + name="footnote7"></a><b>Footnote 7:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag7">(return)</a> + + <p>This letter is dated October 3, 1845. It is now owned by + the son of Williamson Durley, Mr. A.W. Durley of West + Superior, Wisconsin. Mr. C.W. Durley of Princeton, + Illinois, kindly secured the copy for us from his + brother.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote8" + name="footnote8"></a><b>Footnote 8:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag8">(return)</a> + + <p>This letter is still in the possession of Dr. Boal of + Lacon, Illinois, and the right of publication was secured + for the Magazine by W.B. Powell of that city.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote9" + name="footnote9"></a><b>Footnote 9:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag9">(return)</a> + + <p>This letter, hitherto unpublished, is owned by E. R. + Oeltjen of Petersburg, Illinois.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote10" + name="footnote10"></a><b>Footnote 10:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag10">(return)</a> + + <p>From a letter published in the "Sangamo Journal" of + February 26, 1846, and which is not found in any collection + of Lincoln's letters and speeches.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote11" + name="footnote11"></a><b>Footnote 11:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag11">(return)</a> + + <p>From an unpublished letter by Joseph Gillespie, owned by + Mrs. Ellen Hardin Walworth of New York City.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote12" + name="footnote12"></a><b>Footnote 12:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag12">(return)</a> + + <p>From an unpublished letter to Judge James Berdan of + Jacksonville, Illinois, dated April 26, 1846. The original + is now owned by Mrs. Mary Berdan Tiffany of Springfield, + Illinois.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote13" + name="footnote13"></a><b>Footnote 13:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag13">(return)</a> + + <p>"Personal Reminiscences and Recollections," by Samuel C. + Busey, M.D., LL.D., Washington, D.C., 1895.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote14" + name="footnote14"></a><b>Footnote 14:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag14">(return)</a> + + <p>At this meeting the secretary was Ezra Lincoln, also a + descendant of Samuel Lincoln of Hingham.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote15" + name="footnote15"></a><b>Footnote 15:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag15">(return)</a> + + <p>See MCCLURE'S MAGAZINE for September, 1895.</p> + </blockquote> + <hr class="full" /> + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of McClure's Magazine, Vol. VI., No. 6, +May, 1896, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MCCLURE'S MAGAZINE, VOL. *** + +***** This file should be named 13304-h.htm or 13304-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/1/3/3/0/13304/ + +Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Sandra Brown and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team. + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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