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+The Project Gutenberg eBook of Studies in the Psychology of Sex, Volume 2 (of 6), by Havelock Ellis
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
+most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
+whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
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+will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before
+using this eBook.
+
+Title: Studies in the Psychology of Sex, Volume 2 (of 6)
+
+Author: Havelock Ellis
+
+Release Date: October 8, 2004 [eBook #13611]
+[Most recently updated: March 5, 2022]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: UTF-8
+
+Produced by: Juliet Sutherland and the Project Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team
+
+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK STUDIES IN THE PSYCHOLOGY OF SEX, VOLUME 2 (OF 6) ***
+
+
+
+
+STUDIES IN THE PSYCHOLOGY OF SEX, VOLUME II
+
+   Sexual Inversion
+
+by
+
+HAVELOCK ELLIS
+
+1927
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION.
+
+
+It has been remarked by Professor Wilhelm Ostwald that the problem of
+homosexuality is a problem left over to us by the Middle Ages, which for
+five hundred years dealt with inverts as it dealt with heretics and
+witches. To regard the matter thus is to emphasize its social and
+humanitarian interest rather than its biological and psychological
+significance. It is no doubt this human interest of the question of
+inversion, rather than its scientific importance, great as the latter is,
+which is mainly responsible for the remarkable activity with which the
+study of homosexuality has been carried on during recent years.
+
+The result has been that, during the fourteen years that have passed since
+the last edition of this _Study_ was issued, so vast an amount of work has
+been carried on in this field that the preparation of a new edition of the
+book has been a long and serious task. Nearly every page has been
+rewritten or enlarged and the Index of Authors consulted has more than
+doubled in length. The original portions of the book have been still more
+changed; sixteen new Histories have been added, selected from others in my
+possession as being varied, typical, and full.
+
+These extensive additions to the volume have rendered necessary various
+omissions. Many of the shorter and less instructive Histories contained in
+earlier editions have been omitted, as well as three Appendices which no
+longer seem of sufficient interest to retain. In order to avoid undue
+increase in the size of this volume, already much larger than in the
+previous editions, a new Study of Eonism, or sexo-esthetic inversion, will
+be inserted in vol. v, where it will perhaps be at least as much in place
+as here.
+
+HAVELOCK ELLIS.
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION.
+
+
+It was not my intention to publish a study of an abnormal manifestation of
+the sexual instinct before discussing its normal manifestations. It has
+happened, however, that this part of my work is ready first, and, since I
+thus gain a longer period to develop the central part of my subject, I do
+not regret the change of plan.
+
+I had not at first proposed to devote a whole volume to sexual inversion.
+It may even be that I was inclined to slur it over as an unpleasant
+subject, and one that it was not wise to enlarge on. But I found in time
+that several persons for whom I felt respect and admiration were the
+congenital subjects of this abnormality. At the same time I realized that
+in England, more than in any other country, the law and public opinion
+combine to place a heavy penal burden and a severe social stigma on the
+manifestations of an instinct which to those persons who possess it
+frequently appears natural and normal. It was clear, therefore, that the
+matter was in special need of elucidation and discussion.
+
+There can be no doubt that a peculiar amount of ignorance exists regarding
+the subject of sexual inversion. I know medical men of many years' general
+experience who have never, to their knowledge, come across a single case.
+We may remember, indeed, that some fifteen years ago the total number of
+cases recorded in scientific literature scarcely equaled those of British
+race which I have obtained, and that before my first cases were published
+not a single British case, unconnected with the asylum or the prison, had
+ever been recorded. Probably not a very large number of people are even
+aware that the turning in of the sexual instinct toward persons of the
+same sex can ever be regarded as inborn, so far as any sexual instinct is
+inborn. And very few, indeed, would not be surprised if it were possible
+to publish a list of the names of sexually inverted men and women who at
+the present time are honorably known in church, state, society, art, or
+letters. It could not be positively affirmed of all such persons that they
+were born inverted, but in most the inverted tendency seems to be
+instinctive, and appears at a somewhat early age. In any case, however, it
+must be realized that in this volume we are not dealing with subjects
+belonging to the lunatic asylum, or the prison. We are concerned with
+individuals who live in freedom, some of them suffering intensely from
+their abnormal organization, but otherwise ordinary members of society. In
+a few cases we are concerned with individuals whose moral or artistic
+ideals have widely influenced their fellows, who know nothing of the
+peculiar organization which has largely molded those ideals.
+
+I am indebted to several friends for notes, observations, and
+correspondence on this subject, more especially to one, referred to as
+"Z.," and to another as "Q.," who have obtained a considerable number of
+reliable histories for me, and have also supplied many valuable notes; to
+"Josiah Flynt" (whose articles on tramps in _Atlantic Monthly_ and
+_Harper's Magazine_ have attracted wide attention) for an appendix on
+homosexuality among tramps; to Drs. Kiernan, Lydston, and Talbot for
+assistance at various points noted in the text; and to Dr. K., an American
+woman physician, who kindly assisted me in obtaining cases, and has also
+supplied an appendix. Other obligations are mentioned in the text.
+
+All those portions of the book which are of medical or medico-legal
+interest, including most of the cases, have appeared during the last three
+years in the _Alienist and Neurologist_, the _Journal of Mental Science_,
+the _Centralblatt für Nervenheilkunde_, the _Medico-legal Journal_, and
+the _Archivo delle Psicopatie Sessuale_. The cases, as they appear in the
+present volume, have been slightly condensed, but nothing of genuine
+psychological interest has been omitted. Owing to some delay in the
+publication of the English edition of the work, a German translation by my
+friend, Dr. Hans Kurella, editor of the _Centralblatt für
+Nervenheilkunde_, has already appeared (1896) in the _Bibliothek für
+Sozialwissenschaft_. The German edition contains some matter which has
+finally been rejected from the English edition as of minor importance; on
+the other hand, much has been added to the English edition, and the whole
+carefully revised.
+
+I have only to add that if it may seem that I have unduly ignored the
+cases and arguments brought forward by other writers, it is by no means
+because I wish to depreciate the valuable work done by my predecessors in
+this field. It is solely because I have not desired to popularize the
+results previously reached, but simply to bring forward my own results. If
+I had not been able to present new facts in what is perhaps a new light, I
+should not feel justified in approaching the subject of sexual inversion
+at all.
+
+HAVELOCK ELLIS.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+INTRODUCTION.
+
+Homosexuality Among Animals--Among the Lower Human Races--The
+Albanians--The Greeks--The Eskimos--The Tribes of the Northwest United
+States--Homosexuality Among Soldiers in Europe--Indifference Frequently
+Manifested by European Lower Classes--Sexual Inversion at
+Rome--Homosexuality in Prisons--Among Men of Exceptional Intellect and
+Moral Leaders--Muret--Michelangelo--Winkelmann--Homosexuality in English
+History--Walt Whitman--Verlaine--Burton's Climatic Theory of
+Homosexuality--The Racial Factor--The Prevalence of Homosexuality Today.
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+THE STUDY OF SEXUAL INVERSION.
+
+Westphal--Hössli--Casper--Ulrichs--Krafft-Ebing--Moll--Féré--Kiernan--
+Lydston--Raffalovich--Edward Carpenter--Hirschfeld.
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+SEXUAL INVERSION IN MEN.
+
+Relatively Undifferentiated State of the Sexual Impulse in Early Life--The
+Freudian View--Homosexuality in Schools--The Question of Acquired
+Homosexuality--Latent Inversion--Retarded Inversion--Bisexuality--The
+Question of the Invert's Truthfulness--Histories.
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+SEXUAL INVERSION IN WOMEN.
+
+Prevalence of Sexual Inversion Among Women--Among Women of
+Ability--Among the Lower Races--Temporary Homosexuality in Schools,
+etc.--Histories--Physical and Psychic Characteristics of Inverted
+Women--The Modern Development of Homosexuality Among Women.
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+THE NATURE OF SEXUAL INVERSION.
+
+Analysis of Histories--Race--Heredity--General Health--First Appearance of
+Homosexual Impulse--Sexual Precocity and Hyperesthesia--Suggestion and
+Other Exciting Causes of Inversion--Masturbation--Attitude Toward
+Women--Erotic Dreams--Methods of Sexual Relationship--Pseudo-sexual
+Attraction--Physical Sexual Abnormalities--Artistic and Other
+Aptitudes--Moral Attitude of the Invert.
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+THE THEORY OF SEXUAL INVERSION.
+
+What is Sexual Inversion?--Causes of Diverging Views--The Theory of
+Suggestion Unworkable--Importance of the Congenital Element in
+Inversion--The Freudian Theory--Embryonic Hermaphroditism as a Key to
+Inversion--Inversion as a Variation or "Sport"--Comparison with
+Color-blindness, Color-hearing, and Similar Abnormalities--What is an
+Abnormality?--Not Necessarily a Disease--Relation of Inversion to
+Degeneration--Exciting Causes of Inversion--Not Operative in the Absence
+of Predisposition.
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+CONCLUSIONS.
+
+The Prevention of Homosexuality--The Influence of the
+School--Coeducation--The Treatment of Sexual
+Inversion--Castration--Hypnotism--Associational
+Therapy--Psycho-analysis--Mental and Physical Hygiene--Marriage--The
+Children of Inverts--The Attitude of Society--The Horror Aroused by
+Homosexuality--Justinian--The _Code Napoléon_--The State of the Law in
+Europe Today--Germany--England--What Should be our Attitude Toward
+Homosexuality?
+
+
+APPENDIX A.
+
+Homosexuality Among Tramps.
+
+
+APPENDIX B.
+
+The School-friendships of Girls.
+
+
+INDEX OF AUTHORS.
+
+
+INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
+
+
+
+
+SEXUAL INVERSION.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+INTRODUCTION.
+
+Homosexuality Among Animals--Among the Lower Human Races--The
+Albanians--The Greeks--The Eskimos--The Tribes of the Northwest United
+States--Homosexuality Among Soldiers in Europe--Indifference Frequently
+Manifested by European Lower Classes--Sexual Inversion at
+Rome--Homosexuality in Prisons--Among Men of Exceptional Intellect and
+Moral Leaders--Muret--Michelangelo--Winkelmann--Homosexuality in English
+History--Walt Whitman--Verlaine--Burton's Climatic Theory of
+Homosexuality--The Racial Factor--The Prevalence of Homosexuality Today.
+
+
+Sexual inversion, as here understood, means sexual instinct turned by
+inborn constitutional abnormality toward persons of the same sex. It is
+thus a narrower term than homosexuality, which includes all sexual
+attractions between persons of the same sex, even when seemingly due to
+the accidental absence of the natural objects of sexual attraction, a
+phenomenon of wide occurrence among all human races and among most of the
+higher animals. It is only during recent years that sexual inversion has
+been recognized; previously it was not distinguished from homosexuality in
+general, and homosexuality was regarded as a national custom, as an
+individual vice, or as an unimportant episode in grave forms of
+insanity.[1] We have further to distinguish sexual inversion and all other
+forms of homosexuality from another kind of inversion which usually
+remains, so far as the sexual impulse itself is concerned, heterosexual,
+that is to say, normal. Inversion of this kind leads a person to feel like
+a person of the opposite sex, and to adopt, so far as possible, the
+tastes, habits, and dress of the opposite sex, while the direction of the
+sexual impulse remains normal. This condition I term sexo-esthetic
+inversion, or Eonism.
+
+    The nomenclature of the highly important form of sexual
+    perversion with which we are here concerned is extremely varied,
+    and most investigators have been much puzzled in coming to a
+    conclusion as to the best, most exact, and at the same time most
+    colorless names to apply to it.
+
+    The first in the field in modern times was Ulrichs who, as early
+    as 1862, used the appellation "Uranian" (Uranier), based on the
+    well-known myth in Plato's _Banquet_. Later he Germanized this
+    term into "Urning" for the male, and "Urningin" for the female,
+    and referred to the condition itself as "Urningtum." He also
+    invented a number of other related terms on the same basis; some
+    of these terms have had a considerable vogue, but they are too
+    fanciful and high-strung to secure general acceptance. If used in
+    other languages than German they certainly should not be used in
+    their Germanized shape, and it is scarcely legitimate to use the
+    term "Urning" in English. "Uranian" is more correct.
+
+    In Germany the first term accepted by recognized scientific
+    authorities was "contrary sexual feeling" (Konträre
+    Sexualempfindung). It was devised by Westphal in 1869, and used
+    by Krafft-Ebing and Moll. Though thus accepted by the earliest
+    authorities in this field, and to be regarded as a fairly
+    harmless and vaguely descriptive term, it is somewhat awkward,
+    and is now little used in Germany; it was never currently used
+    outside Germany. It has been largely superseded by the term
+    "homosexuality." This also was devised (by a little-known
+    Hungarian doctor, Benkert, who used the pseudonym Kertbeny) in
+    the same year (1869), but at first attracted no attention. It
+    has, philologically, the awkward disadvantage of being a bastard
+    term compounded of Greek and Latin elements, but its
+    significance--sexual attraction to the same sex--is fairly clear
+    and definite, while it is free from any question-begging
+    association of either favorable or unfavorable character. (Edward
+    Carpenter has proposed to remedy its bastardly linguistic
+    character by transforming it into "homogenic;" this, however,
+    might mean not only "toward the same sex," but "of the same
+    kind," and in German already possesses actually that meaning.)
+    The term "homosexual" has the further advantage that on account
+    of its classical origin it is easily translatable into many
+    languages. It is now the most widespread general term for the
+    phenomena we are dealing with, and it has been used by
+    Hirschfeld, now the chief authority in this field, as the title
+    of his encyclopedic work, _Die Homosexualität_.
+
+    "Sexual Inversion" (in French "inversion sexuelle," and in
+    Italian "inversione sessuale") is the term which has from the
+    first been chiefly used in France and Italy, ever since Charcot
+    and Magnan, in 1882, published their cases of this anomaly in the
+    _Archives de Neurologie_. It had already been employed in Italy
+    by Tamassia in the _Revista Sperimentale di Freniatria_, in 1878.
+    I have not discovered when and where the term "sexual inversion"
+    was first used. Possibly it first appeared in English, for long
+    before the paper of Charcot and Magnan I have noticed, in an
+    anonymous review of Westphal's first paper in the _Journal of
+    Mental Science_ (then edited by Dr. Maudsley) for October, 1871,
+    that "Conträre Sexualempfindung" is translated as "inverted
+    sexual proclivity." So far as I am aware, "sexual inversion" was
+    first used in English, as the best term, by J.A. Symonds in 1883,
+    in his privately printed essay, _A Problem in Greek Ethics_.
+    Later, in 1897, the same term was adopted, I believe for the
+    first time publicly in English, in the present work.
+
+    It is unnecessary to refer to the numerous other names which have
+    been proposed. (A discussion of the nomenclature will be found in
+    the first chapter of Hirschfeld's work, _Die Homosexualität_, and
+    of some special terms in an article by Schouten,
+    _Sexual-Probleme_, December, 1912.) It may suffice to mention the
+    ancient theological and legal term "sodomy" (sodomia) because it
+    is still the most popular term for this perversion, though, it
+    must be remembered, it has become attached to the physical act of
+    intercourse _per anum_, even when carried out heterosexually, and
+    has little reference to psychic sexual proclivity. This term has
+    its origin in the story (narrated in Genesis, ch. xix) of Lot's
+    visitors whom the men of Sodom desired to have intercourse with,
+    and of the subsequent destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah. This
+    story furnishes a sufficiently good ground for the use of the
+    term, though the Jews do not regard sodomy as the sin of Sodom,
+    but rather inhospitality and hardness of heart to the poor (J.
+    Preuss, _Biblisch-Talmudische Medizin_, pp. 579-81), and
+    Christian theologians also, both Catholic and Protestant (see,
+    e.g., _Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen_, vol. iv, p. 199,
+    and Hirschfeld, _Homosexualität_, p. 742), have argued that it
+    was not homosexuality, but their other offenses, which provoked
+    the destruction of the Cities of the Plain. In Germany "sodomy"
+    has long been used to denote bestiality, or sexual intercourse
+    with animals, but this use of the term is quite unjustified. In
+    English there is another term, "buggery," identical in meaning
+    with sodomy, and equally familiar. "Bugger" (in French,
+    _bougre_) is a corruption of "Bulgar," the ancient Bulgarian
+    heretics having been popularly supposed to practise this
+    perversion. The people of every country have always been eager to
+    associate sexual perversions with some other country than their
+    own.
+
+    The terms usually adopted in the present volume are "sexual
+    inversion" and "homosexuality." The first is used more especially
+    to indicate that the sexual impulse is organically and innately
+    turned toward individuals of the same sex. The second is used
+    more comprehensively of the general phenomena of sexual
+    attraction between persons of the same sex, even if only of a
+    slight and temporary character. It may be admitted that there is
+    no precise warrant for any distinction of this kind between the
+    two terms. The distinction in the phenomena is, however, still
+    generally recognized; thus Iwan Bloch applies the term
+    "homosexuality" to the congenital form, and
+    "pseudo-homosexuality" to its spurious or simulated forms. Those
+    persons who are attracted to both sexes are now usually termed
+    "bisexual," a more convenient term than "psycho-sexual
+    hermaphrodite," which was formerly used. There remains the normal
+    person, who is "heterosexual."
+
+Before approaching the study of sexual inversion in cases which we may
+investigate with some degree of scientific accuracy, there is interest in
+glancing briefly at the phenomena as they appear before us, as yet
+scarcely or at all differentiated, among animals, among various human
+races, and at various periods.
+
+Among animals in a domesticated or confined state it is easy to find
+evidence of homosexual attraction, due merely to the absence of the other
+sex.[2] This was known to the ancients; the Egyptians regarded two male
+partridges as the symbol of homosexuality, and Aristotle noted that two
+female pigeons would cover each other if no male was at hand. Buffon
+observed many examples, especially among birds. He found that, if male or
+female birds of various species--such as partridges, fowls, and
+doves--were shut up together, they would soon begin to have sexual
+relations among themselves, the males sooner and more frequently than the
+females. More recently Sainte-Claire Deville observed that dogs, rams, and
+bulls, when isolated, first became restless and dangerous, and then
+acquired a permanent state of sexual excitement, not obeying the laws of
+heat, and leading them to attempts to couple together; the presence of the
+opposite sex at once restored them to normal conditions.[3] Bombarda of
+Lisbon states that in Portugal it is well known that in every herd of
+bulls there is nearly always one bull who is ready to lend himself to the
+perverted whims of his companions.[4] It may easily be observed how a cow
+in heat exerts an exciting influence on other cows, impelling them to
+attempt to play the bull's part. Lacassagne has also noted among young
+fowls and puppies, etc., that, before ever having had relations with the
+opposite sex, and while in complete liberty, they make hesitating attempts
+at intercourse with their own sex.[5] This, indeed, together with similar
+perversions, may often be observed, especially in puppies, who afterward
+become perfectly normal. Among white rats, which are very sexual animals,
+Steinach found that, when deprived of females, the males practise
+homosexuality, though only with males with whom they have long associated;
+the weaker rats play the passive part. But when a female is introduced
+they immediately turn to her; although they are occasionally altogether
+indifferent to sex, they never actually prefer their own sex.[6]
+
+With regard to the playing of the female part by the weaker rats it is
+interesting to observe that Féré found among insects that the passive part
+in homosexual relations is favored by fatigue; among cockchafers it was
+the male just separated from the female who would take the passive part
+(on the rare occasions when homosexual relations occurred) with a fresh
+male.[7]
+
+Homosexuality appears to be specially common among birds. It was among
+birds that it attracted the attention of the ancients, and numerous
+interesting observations have been made in more recent times. Thus Selous,
+a careful bird-watcher, finds that the ruff, the male of the _Machetes
+pugnax_, suffers from sexual repression owing to the coyness of the female
+(the reeve), and consequently the males often resort to homosexual
+intercourse. It is still more remarkable that the reeves also, even in the
+presence of the males, will court each other and have intercourse.[8] We
+may associate this with the high erotic development of birds, the
+difficulty with which tumescence seems to occur in them, and their long
+courtships.
+
+Among the higher animals, again, female monkeys, even when grown up (as
+Moll was informed), behave in a sexual way to each other, though it is
+difficult to say how far this is merely in play. Dr. Seitz, Director of
+the Frankfurt Zoölogical Garden, gave Moll a record of his own careful
+observations of homosexual phenomena among the males and females of
+various animals confined in the Garden (_Antelope cervicapra, Bos Indicus,
+Capra hircus, Ovis steatopyga_).[9] In all such cases we are not concerned
+with sexual inversion, but merely with the accidental turning of the
+sexual instinct into an abnormal channel, the instinct being called out
+by an approximate substitute, or even by diffused emotional excitement, in
+the absence of the normal object.
+
+It is probable, however, that cases of true sexual inversion--in which
+gratification is preferably sought in the same sex--may be found among
+animals, although observations have rarely been made or recorded. It has
+been found by Muccioli, an Italian authority on pigeons, that among
+Belgian carrier-pigeons inverted practices may occur, even in the presence
+of many of the other sex.[10] This seems to be true inversion, though we
+are not told whether these birds were also attracted toward the opposite
+sex. The birds of this family appear to be specially liable to sexual
+perversion. Thus M.J. Bailly-Maitre, a breeder of great knowledge and a
+keen observer, wrote to Girard that "they are strange creatures in their
+manners and customs and are apt to elude the most persistent observer. No
+animal is more depraved. Mating between males, and still more frequently
+between females, often occurs at an early age: up to the second year. I
+have had several pairs of pigeons formed by subjects of the same sex who
+for many months behaved as if the mating were natural. In some cases this
+had taken place among young birds of the same nest, who acted like real
+mates, though both subjects were males. In order to mate them productively
+we have had to separate them and shut each of them up for some days with a
+female."[11] In the Berlin Zoölogical Gardens also, it has been noticed
+that two birds of the same sex will occasionally become attached to each
+other and remain so in spite of repeated advances from individuals of
+opposite sex. This occurred, for instance, in the case of two males of the
+Egyptian goose who were thus to all appearance paired, and always kept
+together, vigorously driving away any female that approached. Similarly a
+male Australian sheldrake was paired to a male of another species.[12]
+
+Among birds generally, inverted sexuality seems to accompany the
+development of the secondary sexual characters of the opposite sex which
+is sometimes found. Thus, a poultry-breeder describes a hen (colored
+Dorking) crowing like a cock, only somewhat more harshly, as a cockerel
+crows, and with an enormous comb, larger than is ever seen in the male.
+This bird used to try to tread her fellow-hens. At the same time she laid
+early and regularly, and produced "grand chickens."[13] Among ducks, also,
+it has occasionally been observed that the female assumes at the same time
+both male livery and male sexual tendencies. It is probable that such
+observations will be multiplied in the future, and that sexual inversion
+in the true sense will be found commoner among animals than at present it
+appears to be.
+
+Traces of homosexual practices, sometimes on a large scale, have been
+found among all the great divisions of the human race. It would be
+possible to collect a considerable body of evidence under this head.[14]
+Unfortunately, however, the travellers and others on whose records we are
+dependent have been so shy of touching these subjects, and so ignorant of
+the main points for investigation, that it is very difficult to discover
+sexual inversion in the proper sense in any lower race. Travellers have
+spoken vaguely of crimes against nature without defining the precise
+relationship involved nor inquiring how far any congenital impulse could
+be distinguished.
+
+Looking at the phenomena generally, so far as they have been recorded
+among various lower races, we seem bound to recognize that there is a
+widespread natural instinct impelling men toward homosexual relationships,
+and that this has been sometimes, though very exceptionally, seized upon
+and developed for advantageous social purposes. On the whole, however,
+unnatural intercourse (sodomy) has been regarded as an antisocial offense,
+and punishable sometimes by the most serious penalties that could be
+invented. This was, for instance, the case in ancient Mexico, in Peru,
+among the Persians, in China, and among the Hebrews and Mohammedans.
+
+Even in very early history it is possible to find traces of homosexuality,
+with or without an implied disapproval. Its existence in Assyria and
+Babylonia is indicated by the Codex Hamurabi and by inscriptions which do
+not on the whole refer to it favorably.[15] As regards Egypt we learn from
+a Fayum papyrus, found by Flinders Petrie, translated by Griffiths, and
+discussed by Oefele,[16] that more than four thousand years ago homosexual
+practices were so ancient that they were attributed to the gods Horus and
+Set. The Egyptians showed great admiration of masculine beauty, and it
+would seem that they never regarded homosexuality as punishable or even
+reprehensible. It is notable, also, that Egyptian women were sometimes of
+very virile type, and Hirschfeld considers that intermediate sexual types
+were specially widespread among the Egyptians.[17]
+
+One might be tempted to expect that homosexual practices would be
+encouraged whenever it was necessary to keep down the population.
+Aristotle says that it was allowed by law in Crete for this end. And
+Professor Haddon tells me that at Torres Straits a native advocated sodomy
+on this ground.[18] There seems, however, on the whole, to be little
+evidence pointing to this utilization of the practice. The homosexual
+tendency appears to have flourished chiefly among warriors and warlike
+peoples. During war and the separation from women that war involves, the
+homosexual instinct tends to develop; it flourished, for instance, among
+the Carthaginians and among the Normans, as well as among the warlike
+Dorians, Scythians, Tartars, and Celts,[19] and, when there has been an
+absence of any strong moral feeling against it, the instinct has been
+cultivated and, idealized as a military virtue, partly because it
+counteracts the longing for the softening feminine influences of the home
+and partly because it seems to have an inspiring influence in promoting
+heroism and heightening _esprit de corps_. In the lament of David over
+Jonathan we have a picture of intimate friendship--"passing the love of
+women"--between comrades in arms among a barbarous, warlike race. There is
+nothing to show that such a relationship was sexual, but among warriors in
+New Caledonia friendships that were undoubtedly homosexual were recognized
+and regulated; the fraternity of arms, according to Foley,[20] complicated
+with pederasty, was more sacred than uterine fraternity. We have,
+moreover, a recent example of the same relationships recognized in a
+modern European race--the Albanians.
+
+    Hahn, in the course of his _Albanische Studien_ (1854, p. 166),
+    says that the young men between 16 and 24 lore boys from about 12
+    to 17. A Gege marries at the age of 24 or 25, and then he
+    usually, but not always, gives up boy-love. The following passage
+    is reported by Hahn as the actual language used to him by an
+    Albanian Gege: "The lover's feeling for the boy is pure as
+    sunshine. It places the beloved on the same pedestal as a saint.
+    It is the highest and most exalted passion of which the human
+    breast is capable. The sight of a beautiful youth awakens
+    astonishment in the lover, and opens the door of his heart to the
+    delight which the contemplation of this loveliness affords. Love
+    takes possession of him so completely that all his thought and
+    feeling goes out in it. If he finds himself in the presence of
+    the beloved, he rests absorbed in gazing on him. Absent, he
+    thinks of nought but him. If the beloved unexpectedly appears, he
+    falls into confusion, changes color, turns alternately pale and
+    red. His heart beats faster and impedes his breathing. He has
+    ears and eyes only for the beloved. He shuns touching him with
+    the hand, kisses him only on the forehead, sings his praise in
+    verse, a woman's never." One of these love-poems of an Albanian
+    Gege runs as follows: "The sun, when it rises in the morning, is
+    like you, boy, when you are near me. When your dark eye turns
+    upon me, it drives my reason from my head."
+
+    It should be added that Prof. Weigand, who knew the Albanians
+    well, assured Bethe (_Rheinisches Museum für Philologie_, 1907,
+    p. 475) that the relations described by Hahn are really sexual,
+    although tempered by idealism. A German scholar who travelled in
+    Albania some years ago, also, assured Näcke (_Jahrbuch für
+    sexuelle Zwischenstufen_, vol. ix, 1908, p. 327) that he could
+    fully confirm Hahn's statements, and that, though it was
+    difficult to speak positively, he doubted whether these
+    relationships were purely ideal. While most prevalent among the
+    Moslems, they are also found among the Christians, and receive
+    the blessing of the priest in church. Jealousy is frequently
+    aroused, the same writer remarks, and even murder may be
+    committed on account of a boy.
+
+    It may be mentioned here that among the Tschuktsches,
+    Kamschatdals, and allied peoples (according to a Russian
+    anthropological journal quoted in _Sexual-Probleme_, January,
+    1913, p. 41) there are homosexual marriages among the men, and
+    occasionally among the women, ritually consecrated and openly
+    recognized.
+
+The Albanians, it is possible, belonged to the same stock which produced
+the Dorian Greeks, and the most important and the most thoroughly known
+case of socially recognized homosexuality is that of Greece during its
+period of highest military as well as ethical and intellectual vigor. In
+this case, as in those already mentioned, the homosexual tendency was
+frequently regarded as having beneficial results, which caused it to be
+condoned, if not, indeed, fostered as a virtue. Plutarch repeated the old
+Greek statement that the Beotians, the Lacedemonians, and the Cretans were
+the most warlike stocks because they were the strongest in love; an army
+composed of loving homosexual couples, it was held, would be invincible.
+It appears that the Dorians introduced _paiderastia_, as the Greek form of
+homosexuality is termed, into Greece; they were the latest invaders, a
+vigorous mountain race from the northwest (the region including what is
+now Albania) who spread over the whole land, the islands, and Asia Minor,
+becoming the ruling race. Homosexuality was, of course, known before they
+came, but they made it honorable. Homer never mentions it, and it was not
+known as legitimate to the Æolians or the Ionians. Bethe, who has written
+a valuable study of Dorian _paiderastia_, states that the Dorians admitted
+a kind of homosexual marriage, and even had a kind of boy-marriage by
+capture, the scattered vestiges of this practice indicating, Bethe
+believes, that it was a general custom among the Dorians before the
+invasion of Greece. Such unions even received a kind of religions
+consecration. It was, moreover, shameful for a noble youth in Crete to
+have no lover; it spoke ill for his character. By _paiderastia_ a man
+propagated his virtues, as it were, in the youth he loved, implanting them
+by the act of intercourse.
+
+In its later Greek phases _paiderastia_ was associated less with war than
+with athletics; it was refined and intellectualized by poetry and
+philosophy. It cannot be doubted that both Æschylus and Sophocles
+cultivated boy-love, while its idealized presentation in the dialogues of
+Plato has caused it to be almost identified with his name; thus in the
+early _Charmides_ we have an attractive account of the youth who gives his
+name to the dialogue and the emotions he excites are described. But even
+in the early dialogues Plato only conditionally approved of the sexual
+side of _paiderastia_ and he condemned it altogether in the final
+_Laws_.[21]
+
+    The early stages of Greek _paiderastia_ are very interestingly
+    studied by Bethe, "Die Dorische Knabenliebe," _Rheinisches Museum
+    für Philologie_, 1907. J.A. Symonds's essay on the later aspects
+    of _paiderastia_, especially as reflected in Greek literature, _A
+    Problem in Greek Ethics_, is contained in the early German
+    edition of the present study, but (though privately printed in
+    1883 by the author in an edition of twelve copies and since
+    pirated in another private edition) it has not yet been published
+    in English. _Paiderastia_ in Greek poetry has also been studied
+    by Paul Brandt, _Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen_, vols.
+    viii and ix (1906 and 1907), and by Otto Knapp
+    (_Anthropophyteia_, vol. iii, pp. 254-260) who seeks to
+    demonstrate the sensual side of _paiderastia_. On the other hand,
+    Licht, working on somewhat the same lines as Bethe (_Zeitschrift
+    für Sexualwissenschaft_, August, 1908), deals with the ethical
+    element in _paiderastia_, points out its beneficial moral
+    influence, and argues that it was largely on this ground that it
+    was counted sacred. Licht has also published a learned study of
+    _paiderastia_ in Attic comedy (_Anthropophyteia_, vol. vii,
+    1910), and remarks that "without _paiderastia_ Greek comedy is
+    unthinkable." _Paiderastia_ in the Greek anthology has been fully
+    explored by P. Stephanus (_Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen_,
+    vol. ix, 1908, p. 213). Kiefer, who has studied Socrates in
+    relation to homosexuality (O. Kiefer, "Socrates und die
+    Homosexualität," _Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen_, vol. ix,
+    1908), concludes that he was bisexual but that his sexual
+    impulses had been sublimated. It may be added that many results
+    of recent investigation concerning _paiderastia_ are summarized
+    by Hirschfeld, _Die Homosexualität_, pp. 747-788, and by Edward
+    Carpenter, _Intermediate Types Among Primitive Folk_, 1914, part
+    ii; see also Bloch, _Die Prostitution_, vol. i, p. 232 et seq.,
+    and _Der Ursprung der Syphilis_, vol. ii, p. 564.
+
+It would appear that almost the only indications outside Greece of
+_paiderastic_ homosexuality showing a high degree of tenderness and
+esthetic feeling are to be found in Persian and Arabian literature, after
+the time of the Abbasids, although this practice was forbidden by the
+Koran.[22]
+
+In Constantinople, as Näcke was informed by German inverts living in that
+city, homosexuality is widespread, most cultivated Turks being capable of
+relations with boys as well as with women, though very few are exclusively
+homosexual, so that their attitude would seem to be largely due to custom
+and tradition. Adult males rarely have homosexual relations together; one
+of the couple is usually a boy of 12 to 18 years, and this condition of
+things among the refined classes is said to resemble ancient Greek
+_paiderastia_. But ordinary homosexual prostitution is prevalent; it is
+especially recognized in the baths which abound in Constantinople and are
+often open all night. The attendants at these baths are youths who
+scarcely need an invitation to induce them to gratify the client in this
+respect, the gratification usually consisting in masturbation, mutual or
+one-sided, as desired. The practice, though little spoken of, is carried
+on almost openly, and blackmailing is said to be unknown.[23] In the New
+Turkey, however, it is stated by Adler Bey that homosexual prostitution
+has almost disappeared.[24]
+
+There is abundant evidence to show that homosexual practices exist and
+have long existed in most parts of the world outside Europe, when
+subserving no obvious social or moral end. How far they are associated
+with congenital inversion is usually very doubtful. In China, for
+instance, it seems that there are special houses devoted to male
+prostitution, though less numerous than the houses devoted to females, for
+homosexuality cannot be considered common in China (its prevalence among
+Chinese abroad being due to the absence of women) and it is chiefly found
+in the north.[25] When a rich man gives a feast he sends for women to
+cheer the repast by music and song, and for boys to serve at table and to
+entertain the guests by their lively conversation. The boys have been
+carefully brought up for this occupation, receiving an excellent
+education, and their mental qualities are even more highly valued than
+their physical attractiveness. The women are less carefully brought up and
+less esteemed. After the meal the lads usually return home with a
+considerable fee. What further occurs the Chinese say little about. It
+seems that real and deep affection is often born of these relations, at
+first platonic, but in the end becoming physical, not a matter for great
+concern in the eyes of the Chinese. In the Chinese novels, often of a very
+literary character, devoted to masculine love, it seems that all the
+preliminaries and transports of normal love are to be found, while
+physical union may terminate the scene. In China, however, the law may be
+brought into action for attempts against nature even with mutual consent;
+the penalty is one hundred strokes with the bamboo and a month's
+imprisonment; if there is violence, the penalty is decapitation; I am not
+able to say how far the law is a dead letter. According to Matignon, so
+far as homosexuality exists in China, it is carried on with much more
+decorum and restraint than it is in Europe, and he thinks it may be put
+down to the credit of the Chinese that, unlike Europeans, they never
+practice unnatural connection with women. His account of the customs of
+the Chinese confirms Morache's earlier account, and he remarks that,
+though not much spoken of, homosexuality is not looked down upon. He gives
+some interesting details concerning the boy prostitutes. These are sold by
+their parents (sometimes stolen from them), about the age of 4, and
+educated, while they are also subjected to a special physical training,
+which includes massage of the gluteal regions to favor development,
+dilatation of the anus, and epilation (which is not, however, practised by
+Chinese women). At the same time, they are taught music, singing, drawing,
+and the art of poetry. The waiters at the restaurants always know where
+these young gentlemen are to be found when they are required to grace a
+rich man's feast. They are generally accompanied by a guardian, and
+usually nothing very serious takes place, for they know their value, and
+money will not always buy their expensive favors. They are very
+effeminate, luxuriously dressed and perfumed, and they seldom go on foot.
+There are, however, lower orders of such prostitutes.[26]
+
+Homosexuality is easily traceable in India. Dubois referred to houses
+devoted to male prostitution, with men dressed as women, and imitating the
+ways of women.[27] Burton in the "Terminal Essay" to his translation of
+the _Arabian Nights_, states that when in 1845 Sir Charles Napier
+conquered and annexed Sind three brothels of eunuchs and boys were found
+in the small town of Karachi, and Burton was instructed to visit and
+report on them. Hindus, in general, however, it appears, hold
+homosexuality in abhorrence. In Afghanistan homosexuality is more
+generally accepted, and Burton stated that "each caravan is accompanied by
+a number of boys and lads almost in woman's attire, with kohled eyes and
+rouged cheeks, long tresses and hennaed fingers and toes, riding
+luxuriously in camel paniers."
+
+If we turn to the New World, we find that among the American Indians, from
+the Eskimo of Alaska downward to Brazil and still farther south,
+homosexual customs have been very frequently observed. Sometimes they are
+regarded by the tribe with honor, sometimes with indifference, sometimes
+with contempt; but they appear to be always tolerated. Although there are
+local differences, these customs, on the whole, seem to have much in
+common. The best early description which I have been able to find is by
+Langsdorff[28] and concerns the Aleuts of Oonalashka in Alaska: "Boys, if
+they happen to be very handsome," he says, "are often brought up entirely
+in the manner of girls, and instructed in the arts women use to please
+men; their beards are carefully plucked out as soon as they begin to
+appear, and their chins tattooed like those of women; they wear ornaments
+of glass beads upon their legs and arms, bind and cut their hair in the
+same manner as the women, and supply their place with the men as
+concubines. This shocking, unnatural, and immoral practice has obtained
+here even from the remotest times; nor have any measures hitherto been
+taken to repress and restrain it; such men are known under the name of
+_schopans_."
+
+Among the Konyagas Langsdorff found the custom much more common than among
+the Aleuts; he remarks that, although the mothers brought up some of their
+children in this way, they seemed very fond of their offspring. Lisiansky,
+at about the same period, tells us that: "Of all the customs of these
+islanders, the most disgusting is that of men, called _schoopans_, living
+with men, and supplying the place of women. These are brought up from
+their infancy with females, and taught all the feminine arts. They even
+assume the manner and dress of the women so nearly that a stranger would
+naturally take them for what they are not. This odious practice was
+formerly so prevalent that the residence of one of these monsters in a
+house was considered as fortunate; it is, however, daily losing
+ground."[29] He mentions a case in which a priest had nearly married two
+males, when an interpreter chanced to come in and was able to inform him
+what he was doing.
+
+The practice has, however, apparently continued to be fairly common among
+the Alaska Eskimos down to recent times. Thus Dr. Engelmann mentioned to
+me that he was informed by those who had lived in Alaska, especially near
+Point Barrow, that as many as 5 such individuals (regarded by uninstructed
+strangers as "hermaphrodites") might be found in a single comparatively
+small community. It is stated by Davydoff, as quoted by Holmberg,[30] that
+the boy is selected to be a _schopan_ because he is girl-like. This is a
+point of some interest as it indicates that the schopan is not effeminated
+solely by suggestion and association, but is probably feminine by inborn
+constitution.
+
+In Louisiana, Florida, Yucatan, etc., somewhat similar customs exist or
+have existed. In Brazil men are to be found dressed as women and solely
+occupying themselves with feminine occupations; they are not very highly
+regarded.[31] They are called _cudinas_: i.e., circumcized. Among the
+Pueblo Indians of New Mexico these individuals are called _mujerados_
+(supposed to be a corruption of _mujeriego_) and are the chief passive
+agents in the homosexual ceremonies of these people. They are said to be
+intentionally effeminated in early life by much masturbation and by
+constant horse-riding.[32]
+
+Among all the tribes of the northwest United States sexual inverts may be
+found. The invert is called a _boté_ ("not man, not woman") by the
+Montana, and a _burdash_ ("half-man, half-woman") by the Washington
+Indians. The _boté_ has been carefully studied by Dr. A.B. Holder.[33]
+Holder finds that the _boté_ wears woman's dress, and that his speech and
+manners are feminine. The dress and manners are assumed in childhood, but
+no sexual practices take place until puberty. These consist in the
+practice of _fellatio_ by the _boté_, who probably himself experiences the
+orgasm at the same time. The _boté_ is not a pederast, although pederasty
+occurs among these Indians. Holder examined _boté_ who was splendidly
+made, prepossessing, and in perfect health. With much reluctance he agreed
+to a careful examination. The sexual organs were quite normal, though
+perhaps not quite so large as his _physique_ would suggest, but he had
+never had intercourse with a woman. On removing his clothes he pressed his
+thighs together, as a timid woman would, so as to conceal completely the
+sexual organs; Holder says that the thighs "really, or to my fancy," had
+the feminine rotundity. He has heard a _boté_ "_beg_ a male Indian to
+submit to his caress," and he tells that "one little fellow, while in the
+agency boarding-school, was found frequently surreptitiously wearing
+female attire. He was punished, but finally escaped from school and became
+a _boté_, which vocation he has since followed."
+
+At Tahiti at the beginning of the nineteenth century, Turnbull[34] found
+that "there are a set of men in this country whose open profession is of
+such abomination that the laudable delicacy of our language will not admit
+it to be mentioned. These are called by the natives _Mahoos_; they assume
+the dress, attitude, and manners of women, and affect all the fantastic
+oddities and coquetries of the vainest of females. They mostly associate
+with the women, who court their acquaintance. With the manners of the
+women they adopt their peculiar employments, making cloth, bonnets, and
+mats; and so completely are they unsexed that had they not been pointed
+out to me I should not have known them but as women. I add, with some
+satisfaction, that the encouragement of this abomination is almost solely
+confined to the chiefs."
+
+Among the Sakalaves of Madagascar there are certain boys called _sekatra_,
+as described by Lasnet, who are apparently chosen from childhood on
+account of weak or delicate appearance and brought up as girls. They live
+like women and have intercourse with men, with or without sodomy, paying
+the men who please them.[35]
+
+Among the negro population of Zanzibar forms of homosexuality which are
+believed to be congenital (as well as acquired forms) are said to be
+fairly common. Their frequency is thought to be due to Arab influence. The
+male congenital inverts show from their earliest years no aptitude for
+men's occupations, but are attracted toward female occupations. As they
+grow older they wear women's clothes, dress their hair in women's fashion,
+and behave altogether like women. They associate only with women and with
+male prostitutes, and they obtain sexual satisfaction by passive pederasty
+or in ways simulating coitus. In appearance they resemble ordinary male
+prostitutes, who are common in Zanzibar, but it is noteworthy that the
+natives make a clear distinction between them and men prostitutes. The
+latter are looked down on with contempt, while the former, as being what
+they are "by the will of God," are tolerated.[36]
+
+Homosexuality; occurs in various parts of Africa. Cases of _effeminatio_
+and passive sodomy have been reported from Unyamwezi and Uganda. Among the
+Bangala of the Upper Congo sodomy between men is very common, especially
+when they are away from home, in strange towns, or in fishing camps. If,
+however, a man had intercourse with a woman _per anum_ he was at one time
+liable to be put to death.[37]
+
+Among the Papuans in some parts of New Guinea, as already mentioned,
+homosexuality is said to be well recognized, and is resorted to for
+convenience as well, perhaps, as for Malthusian reasons.[38] But in the
+Rigo district of British New Guinea, where habitual sodomy is not
+practised, Dr. Seligmann, of the Cambridge Anthropological Expedition to
+Torres Straits, made some highly important observations on several men and
+women who clearly appeared to be cases of congenital sexual inversion with
+some degree of esthetic inversion and even some anatomical
+modification.[39] These people, it may be noted, belong to a primitive
+race, uncontaminated by contact with white races, and practically still in
+the Stone Age.
+
+Finally, among another allied primitive people, the Australians, it would
+appear that homosexuality has long been well established in tribal
+customs. Among the natives of Kimberley, Western Australia (who are by no
+means of low type, quick and intelligent, with special aptitudes for
+learning languages and music), if a wife is not obtainable for a young man
+he is presented with a boy-wife between the ages of 5 and 10 (the age when
+a boy receives his masculine initiation). The exact nature of the
+relations between the boy-wife and his protector are doubtful; they
+certainly have connection, but the natives repudiate with horror and
+disgust the idea of sodomy.[40]
+
+Further light is thrown on homosexuality in Australia by the supposition
+of Spencer and Gillen that the _mika_ operation (urethral subincision), an
+artificial hypospadias, is for the purpose of homosexual intercourse.
+Klaatsch has discussed the homosexual origin of the _mika_ operation on
+the basis of information he received from missionaries at Niol-Niol, on
+the northwest coast. The subincised man acts as a female to the as yet
+unoperated boys, who perform coitus in the incised opening. Both informed
+Klaatsch in 1906 that at Boulia in Queensland the operated men are said to
+"possess a vulva."[41]
+
+These various accounts are of considerable interest, though for the most
+part their precise significance remains doubtful. Some of them,
+however,--such as Holder's description of the _boté_, Baumann's account of
+homosexual phenomena in Zanzibar, and especially Seligmann's observations
+in British New Guinea,--indicate not only the presence of esthetic
+inversion but of true congenital sexual inversion. The extent of the
+evidence will doubtless be greatly enlarged as the number of competent
+observers increases, and crucial points are no longer so frequently
+overlooked.
+
+On the whole, the evidence shows that among lower races homosexual
+practices are regarded with considerable indifference, and the real
+invert, if he exists among them, as doubtless he does exist, generally
+passes unperceived or joins some sacred caste which sanctifies his
+exclusively homosexual inclinations.
+
+Even in Europe today a considerable lack of repugnance to homosexual
+practices may be found among the lower classes. In this matter, as
+folklore shows in so many other matters, the uncultured man of
+civilization is linked to the savage. In England, I am told, the soldier
+often has little or no objection to prostitute himself to the "swell" who
+pays him, although for pleasure he prefers to go to women; and Hyde Park
+is spoken of as a center of male prostitution.
+
+    "Among the working masses of England and Scotland," Q. writes,
+    "'comradeship' is well marked, though not (as in Italy) very
+    conscious of itself. Friends often kiss each other, though this
+    habit seems to vary a good deal in different sections and
+    coteries. Men commonly sleep together, whether comrades or not,
+    and so easily get familiar. Occasionally, but not so very often,
+    this relation delays for a time, or even indefinitely, actual
+    marriage, and in some instances is highly passionate and
+    romantic. There is a good deal of grossness, no doubt, here and
+    there in this direction among the masses; but there are no male
+    prostitutes (that I am aware of) whose regular clients are manual
+    workers. This kind of prostitution in London is common enough,
+    but I have only a slight personal knowledge of it. Many youths
+    are 'kept' handsomely in apartments by wealthy men, and they are,
+    of course, not always inaccessible to others. Many keep
+    themselves in lodgings by this means, and others eke out scanty
+    wages by the same device: just like women, in fact. Choirboys
+    reinforce the ranks to a considerable extent, and private
+    soldiers to a large extent. Some of the barracks (notably
+    Knightsbridge) are great centres. On summer evenings Hyde Park
+    and the neighborhood of Albert Gate is full of guardsmen and
+    others plying a lively trade, and with little disguise, in
+    uniform or out. In these cases it sometimes only amounts to a
+    chat on a retired seat or a drink at a bar; sometimes recourse is
+    had to a room in some known lodging-house, or to one or two
+    hotels which lend themselves to this kind of business. In any
+    case it means a covetable addition to Tommy Atkins's
+    pocket-money." And Mr. Raffalovich, speaking of London, remarks:
+    "The number of soldiers who prostitute themselves is greater than
+    we are willing to believe. It is no exaggeration to say that in
+    certain regiments the presumption is in favor of the venality of
+    the majority of the men." It is worth noting that there is a
+    perfect understanding in this matter between soldiers and the
+    police, who may always be relied upon by the former for
+    assistance and advice. I am indebted to my correspondent "Z" for
+    the following notes: "Soldiers are no less sought after in France
+    than in England or in Germany, and special houses exist for
+    military prostitution both in Paris and the garrison-towns. Many
+    facts known about the French army go to prove that these habits
+    have been contracted in Algeria, and have spread to a formidable
+    extent through whole regiments. The facts related by Ulrichs
+    about the French foreign legion, on the testimony of a credible
+    witness who had been a pathic in his regiment, deserve attention
+    (_Ara Spei_, p. 20; _Memnon_, p. 27). This man, who was a German,
+    told Ulrichs that the Spanish, French, and Italian soldiers were
+    the lovers, the Swiss and German their beloved (see also General
+    Brossier's Report, quoted by Burton, _Arabian Nights_, vol. x, p.
+    251). In Lucien Descaves's military novel, _Sous Offs_ (Paris,
+    Tresse et Stock, 1890), some details are given regarding
+    establishments for male prostitution. See pages 322, 412, and 417
+    for description of the drinking-shop called 'Aux Amis de
+    l'Armée,' where a few maids were kept for show, and also of its
+    frequenters, including, in particular, the Adjutant Laprévotte.
+    Ulrichs reports that in the Austrian army lectures on homosexual
+    vices are regularly given to cadets and conscripts (_Memnon_, p.
+    26). A soldier who had left the army told a friend of mine that
+    he and many of his comrades had taken to homosexual indulgences
+    when abroad on foreign service in a lonely station. He kept the
+    practice up in England 'because the women of his class were so
+    unattractive.' The captain of an English man-of-war said that he
+    was always glad to send his men on shore after a long cruise at
+    sea, never feeling sure how far they might not all go if left
+    without women for a certain space of time." I may add that A.
+    Hamon (_La France Sociale et Politique_, 1891, pp. 653-55; also
+    in his _Psychologie du Militaire Professional_, chapter x) gives
+    details as to the prevalence of homosexuality in the French army,
+    especially in Algeria; he regards it as extremely common,
+    although the majority are free. A fragment of a letter by General
+    Lamoricière (speaking of Marshal Changarnier) is quoted: _En
+    Afrique nous en étions tous, mais lui en est resté ici_.
+
+This primitive indifference is doubtless also a factor in the prevalence
+of homosexuality among criminals, although, here, it must be remembered,
+two other factors (congenital abnormality and the isolation of
+imprisonment) have to be considered. In Russia, Tarnowsky observes that
+all pederasts are agreed that the common people are tolerably indifferent
+to their sexual advances, which they call "gentlemen's games." A
+correspondent remarks on "the fact, patent to all observers, that simple
+folk not infrequently display no greater disgust for the abnormalities of
+sexual appetite than they do for its normal manifestations."[42] He knows
+of many cases in which men of lower class were flattered and pleased by
+the attentions of men of higher class, although not themselves inverted.
+And from this point of view the following case, which he mentions, is very
+instructive:--
+
+    A pervert whom I can trust told me that he had made advances to
+    upward of one hundred men in the course of the last fourteen
+    years, and that he had only once met with a refusal (in which
+    case the man later on offered himself spontaneously) and only
+    once with an attempt to extort money. Permanent relations of
+    friendship sprang up in most instances. He admitted that he
+    looked after these persons and helped them with his social
+    influence and a certain amount of pecuniary support--setting one
+    up in business, giving another something to marry on, and finding
+    places for others.
+
+Among the peasantry in Switzerland, I am informed, homosexual
+relationships are not uncommon before marriage, and such relationships are
+lightly spoken of as "Dummheiten". No doubt, similar traits might be found
+in the peasantry of other parts of Europe.
+
+What may be regarded as true sexual inversion can be traced in Europe from
+the beginning of the Christian era (though we can scarcely demonstrate the
+congenital element) especially among two classes--men of exceptional
+ability and criminals; and also, it may be added, among those neurotic and
+degenerate individuals who may be said to lie between these two classes,
+and on or over the borders of both. Homosexuality, mingled with various
+other sexual abnormalities and excesses, seems to have flourished in Rome
+during the empire, and is well exemplified in the persons of many of the
+emperors.[43] Julius Cæsar, Augustus, Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, Nero,
+Galba, Titus, Domitian, Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Commodus, and
+Heliogabalus--many of them men of great ability and, from a Roman
+standpoint, great moral worth--are all charged, on more or less solid
+evidence, with homosexual practices. In Julius Cæsar--"the husband of all
+women and the wife of all men" as he was satirically termed--excess of
+sexual activity seems to have accompanied, as is sometimes seen, an excess
+of intellectual activity. He was first accused of homosexual practices
+after a long stay in Bithynia with King Nikomedes, and the charge was
+very often renewed. Cæsar was proud of his physical beauty, and, like
+some modern inverts, he was accustomed carefully to shave and epilate his
+body to preserve the smoothness of the skin. Hadrian's love for his
+beautiful slave Antinoüs is well known; the love seems to have been deep
+and mutual, and Antinoüs has become immortalized, partly by the romance of
+his obscure death and partly by the new and strangely beautiful type which
+he has given to sculpture.[44] Heliogabalus, "the most homosexual of all
+the company," as he has been termed, seems to have been a true sexual
+invert, of feminine type; he dressed as a woman and was devoted to the men
+he loved.[45]
+
+Homosexual practices everywhere flourish and abound in prisons. There is
+abundant evidence on this point. I will only bring forward the evidence of
+Dr. Wey, formerly physician to the Elmira Reformatory, New York.
+"Sexuality" (he wrote in a private letter) "is one of the most troublesome
+elements with which we have to contend. I have no data as to the number of
+prisoners here who are sexually perverse. In my pessimistic moments I
+should feel like saying that all were; but probably 80 per cent, would be
+a fair estimate." And, referring to the sexual influence which some men
+have over others, he remarks that "there are many men with features
+suggestive of femininity that attract others to them in a way that reminds
+me of a bitch in heat followed by a pack of dogs."[46] In Sing Sing prison
+of New York, 20 per cent, of the prisoners are said to be actively
+homosexual and a large number of the rest passively homosexual. These
+prison relationships are not always of a brutal character, McMurtrie
+states, the attraction sometimes being more spiritual than physical.[47]
+
+Prison life develops and fosters the homosexual tendency of criminals; but
+there can be little doubt that that tendency, or else a tendency to sexual
+indifference or bisexuality, is a radical character of a very large number
+of criminals. We may also find it to a considerable extent among tramps,
+an allied class of undoubted degenerates, who, save for brief seasons, are
+less familiar with prison life. I am able to bring forward interesting
+evidence on this point by an acute observer who lived much among tramps in
+various countries, and largely devoted himself to the study of them.[48]
+
+The fact that homosexuality is especially common among men of exceptional
+intellect was long since noted by Dante:--
+
+    "In somma sappi, che tutti fur cherci
+    E litterati grandi, et di gran fama
+    D'un medismo peccato al mondo lerci."[49]
+
+It has often been noted since and remains a remarkable fact.
+
+    There cannot be the slightest doubt that intellectual and
+    artistic abilities of the highest order have frequently been
+    associated with a congenitally inverted sexual temperament. There
+    has been a tendency among inverts themselves to discover their
+    own temperament in many distinguished persons on evidence of the
+    most slender character. But it remains a demonstrable fact that
+    numerous highly distinguished persons, of the past and the
+    present, in various countries, have been inverts. I may here
+    refer to my own observations on this point in the preface.
+    Mantegazza (_Gli Amori degli Uomini_) remarks that in his own
+    restricted circle he is acquainted with "a French publicist, a
+    German poet, an Italian statesman, and a Spanish jurist, all men
+    of exquisite taste and highly cultivated mind," who are sexually
+    inverted. Krafft-Ebing, in the preface to his _Psychopathia
+    Sexualis_, referring to the "numberless" communications he has
+    received from these "step-children of nature," remarks that "the
+    majority of the writers are men of high intellectual and social
+    position, and often possess very keen emotions." Raffalovich
+    (_Uranisme_, p. 197) names among distinguished inverts, Alexander
+    the Great, Epaminondas, Virgil, the great Condé, Prince Eugène,
+    etc. (The question of Virgil's inversion is discussed in the
+    _Revista di Filologia_, 1890, fas. 7-9, but I have not been able
+    to see this review.) Moll, in his _Berühmte Homosexuelle_ (1910,
+    in the series of _Grenzfragen des Nerven- und Seelenlebens_)
+    discusses the homosexuality of a number of eminent persons, for
+    the most part with his usual caution and sagacity; speaking of
+    the alleged homosexuality of Wagner he remarks, with entire
+    truth, that "the method of arguing the existence of homosexuality
+    from the presence of feminine traits must be decisively
+    rejected." Hirschfeld has more recently included in his great
+    work _Die Homosexualität_ (1913, pp. 650-674) two lists, ancient
+    and modern, of alleged inverts among the distinguished persons of
+    history, briefly stating the nature of the evidence in each case.
+    They amount to nearly 300. Not all of them, however, can be
+    properly described as distinguished. Thus we end in the list 43
+    English names; of these at least half a dozen were noblemen who
+    were concerned in homosexual prosecutions, but were of no
+    intellectual distinction. Others, again, are of undoubted
+    eminence, but there is no good reason to regard them as
+    homosexual; this is the case, for instance, as regards Swift, who
+    may have been mentally abnormal, but appears to have been
+    heterosexual rather than homosexual; Fletcher, of whom we know
+    nothing definite in this respect, is also included, as well as
+    Tennyson, whose youthful sentimental friendship for Arthur Hallam
+    is exactly comparable to that of Montaigne for Etienne de la
+    Boëtie, yet Montaigne is not included in the list. It may be
+    added, however, that while some of the English names in the list
+    are thus extremely doubtful, it would have been possible to add
+    some others who were without doubt inverts.
+
+It has not, I think, been noted--largely because the evidence was
+insufficiently clear--that among moral leaders, and persons with strong
+ethical instincts, there is a tendency toward the more elevated forms of
+homosexual feeling. This may be traced, not only in some of the great
+moral teachers of old, but also in men and women of our own day. It is
+fairly evident why this should be so. Just as the repressed love of a
+woman or a man has, in normally constituted persons, frequently furnished
+the motive power for an enlarged philanthropic activity, so the person
+who sees his own sex also bathed in sexual glamour, brings to his work of
+human service an ardor wholly unknown to the normally constituted
+individual; morality to him has become one with love.[50] I am not
+prepared here to insist on this point, but no one, I think, who studies
+sympathetically the histories and experiences of great moral leaders can
+fail in many cases to note the presence of this feeling, more or less
+finely sublimated from any gross physical manifestation.
+
+If it is probable that in moral movements persons of homosexual
+temperament have sometimes become prominent, it is undoubtedly true,
+beyond possibility of doubt, that they have been prominent in religion.
+Many years ago (in 1885) the ethnologist, Elie Reclus, in his charming
+book, _Les Primitifs_,[51] setting forth the phenomena of homosexuality
+among the Eskimo Innuit tribe, clearly insisted that from time immemorial
+there has been a connection between the invert and the priest, and showed
+how well this connection is illustrated by the Eskimo _schupans_. Much
+more recently, in his elaborate study of the priest, Horneffer discusses
+the feminine traits of priests and shows that, among the most various
+peoples, persons of sexually abnormal and especially homosexual
+temperament have assumed the functions of priesthood. To the popular eye
+the unnatural is the supernatural, and the abnormal has appeared to be
+specially close to the secret Power of the World. Abnormal persons are
+themselves of the same opinion and regard themselves as divine. As
+Horneffer points out, they often really possess special aptitude.[52]
+Karsch in his _Gleichgeschlechtliche Leben der Naturvölker_ (1911) has
+brought out the high religious as well as social significance of castes of
+cross-dressed and often homosexual persons among primitive peoples. At the
+same time Edward Carpenter in his remarkable book, _Intermediate Types
+among Primitive Folk_ (1914), has shown with much insight how it comes
+about that there is an organic connection between the homosexual
+temperament and unusual psychic or divinatory powers. Homosexual men were
+non-warlike and homosexual women non-domestic, so that their energies
+sought different outlets from those of ordinary men and women; they became
+the initiators of new activities. Thus it is that from among them would in
+some degree issue not only inventors and craftsmen and teachers, but
+sorcerers and diviners, medicine-men and wizards, prophets and priests.
+Such persons would be especially impelled to thought, because they would
+realize that they were different from other people; treated with reverence
+by some and with contempt by others, they would be compelled to face the
+problems of their own nature and, indirectly, the problems of the world
+generally. Moreover, Carpenter points out, persons in whom the masculine
+and feminine temperaments were combined would in many cases be persons of
+intuition and complex mind beyond their fellows, and so able to exercise
+divination and prophecy in a very real and natural sense.[53]
+
+This aptitude of the invert for primitive religion, for sorcery and
+divination, would have its reaction on popular feeling, more especially
+when magic and the primitive forms of religion began to fall into
+disrepute. The invert would be regarded as the sorcerer of a false and
+evil religion and be submerged in the same ignominy. This point has been
+emphasized by Westermarck in the instructive chapter on homosexuality in
+his great work on Moral Ideas.[54] He points out the significance of the
+fact, at the first glance apparently inexplicable, that homosexuality in
+the general opinion of medieval Christianity was constantly associated,
+even confounded, with heresy, as we see significantly illustrated by the
+fact that in France and England the popular designation for homosexuality
+is derived from the Bulgarian heretics. It was, Westermarck believes,
+chiefly as a heresy and out of religious zeal that homosexuality was so
+violently reprobated and so ferociously punished.
+
+In modern Europe we find the strongest evidence of the presence of what
+may fairly be called true sexual inversion when we investigate the men of
+the Renaissance. The intellectual independence of those days and the
+influence of antiquity seem to have liberated and fully developed the
+impulses of those abnormal individuals who would otherwise have found no
+clear expression, and passed unnoticed.[55]
+
+Muret, the Humanist, may perhaps be regarded as a typical example of the
+nature and fate of the superior invert of the Renaissance. Born in 1526 at
+Muret (Limousin), of poor but noble family, he was of independent,
+somewhat capricious character, unable to endure professors, and
+consequently he was mainly his own teacher, though he often sought advice
+from Jules-César Scaliger. Muret was universally admired in his day for
+his learning and his eloquence, and is still regarded not only as a great
+Latinist and a fine writer, but as a notable man, of high intelligence,
+and remarkable, moreover, for courtesy in polemics in an age when that
+quality was not too common. His portrait shows a somewhat coarse and
+rustic but intelligent face. He conquered honor and respect before he died
+in 1585, at the age of 59. In early life Muret wrote wanton erotic poems
+to women which seem based on personal experience. But in 1553 we find him
+imprisoned in the Châtelet for sodomy and in danger of his life, so that
+he thought of starving himself to death. Friends, however, obtained his
+release and he settled in Toulouse. But the very next year he was burnt in
+effigy in Toulouse, as a Huguenot and sodomist, this being the result of a
+judicial sentence which had caused him to flee from the city and from
+France. Four years later he had to flee from Padua owing to a similar
+accusation. He had many friends but none of them protested against the
+charge, though they aided him to escape from the penalty. It is very
+doubtful whether he was a Huguenot, and whenever in his works he refers to
+pederasty it is with strong disapproval. But his writings reveal
+passionate friendship for men, and he seems to have expended little energy
+in combating a charge which, if false, was a shameful injustice to him. It
+was after fleeing into Italy and falling ill of a fever from fatigue and
+exposure that Muret is said to have made the famous retort (to the
+physician by his bedside who had said: "Faciamus experimentum in anima
+vili"): "Vilem animam appellas pro qua Christus non dedignatus est
+mori."[56]
+
+A greater Humanist than Muret, Erasmus himself, seems as a young man, when
+in the Augustinian monastery of Stein, to have had a homosexual attraction
+to another Brother (afterward Prior) to whom he addressed many
+passionately affectionate letters; his affection seems, however, to have
+been unrequited.[57]
+
+As the Renaissance developed, homosexuality seems to become more prominent
+among distinguished persons. Poliziano was accused of pederasty. Aretino
+was a pederast, as Pope Julius II seems also to have been. Ariosto wrote
+in his satires, no doubt too extremely:--
+
+    "Senza quel vizio son pochi umanisti."[58]
+
+Tasso had a homosexual strain in his nature, but he was of weak and
+feminine constitution, sensitively emotional and physically frail.[59]
+
+It is, however, among artists, at that time and later, that homosexuality
+may most notably be traced. Leonardo da Vinci, whose ideals as revealed in
+his work are so strangely bisexual, lay under homosexual suspicion in his
+youth. In 1476, when he was 24 years of age, charges were made against him
+before the Florentine officials for the control of public morality, and
+were repeated, though they do not appear to have been substantiated. There
+is, however, some ground for supposing that Leonardo was imprisoned in his
+youth.[60] Throughout life he loved to surround himself with beautiful
+youths and his pupils were more remarkable for their attractive appearance
+than for their skill; to one at least of them he was strongly attached,
+while there is no record of any attachment to a woman. Freud, who has
+studied Leonardo with his usual subtlety, considers that his temperament
+was marked by "ideal homosexuality."[61]
+
+Michelangelo, one of the very chief artists of the Renaissance period, we
+cannot now doubt, was sexually inverted. The evidence furnished by his own
+letters and poems, as well as the researches of numerous recent
+workers,--Parlagreco, Scheffler, J.A. Symonds, etc.,--may be said to have
+placed this beyond question.[62] He belonged to a family of 5 brothers, 4
+of whom never married, and so far as is known left no offspring; the fifth
+only left 1 male heir. His biographer describes Michelangelo as "a man of
+peculiar, not altogether healthy, nervous temperament." He was indifferent
+to women; only in one case, indeed, during his long life is there evidence
+even of friendship with a woman, while he was very sensitive to the beauty
+of men, and his friendships were very tender and enthusiastic. At the
+same time there is no reason to suppose that he formed any physically
+passionate relationships with men, and even his enemies seldom or never
+made this accusation against him. We may probably accept the estimate of
+his character given by Symonds:--
+
+    Michelangelo Buonarotti was one of those exceptional, but not
+    uncommon men who are born with sensibilities abnormally deflected
+    from the ordinary channel. He showed no partiality for women, and
+    a notable enthusiasm for the beauty of young men.... He was a man
+    of physically frigid temperament, extremely sensitive to beauty
+    of the male type, who habitually philosophized his emotions, and
+    contemplated the living objects of his admiration as amiable, not
+    only for their personal qualities, but also for their esthetical
+    attractiveness.[63]
+
+A temperament of this kind seems to have had no significance for the men
+of those days; they were blind to all homosexual emotion which had no
+result in sodomy. Plato found such attraction a subject for sentimental
+metaphysics, but it was not until nearly our own time that it again became
+a subject of interest and study. Yet it undoubtedly had profound influence
+on Michelangelo's art, impelling him to find every kind of human beauty in
+the male form, and only a grave dignity or tenderness, divorced from every
+quality that is sexually desirable, in the female form. This deeply rooted
+abnormality is at once the key to the melancholy of Michelangelo and to
+the mystery of his art.
+
+Michelangelo's contemporary, the painter Bazzi (1477-1549), seems also to
+have been radically inverted, and to this fact he owed his nickname
+Sodoma. As, however, he was married and had children, it may be that he
+was, as we should now say, of bisexual temperament. He was a great artist
+who has been dealt with unjustly, partly, perhaps, because of the
+prejudice of Vasari,--whose admiration for Michelangelo amounted to
+worship, but who is contemptuous toward Sodoma and grudging of
+praise,--partly because his work is little known out of Italy and not
+very easy of access there. Reckless, unbalanced, and eccentric in his
+life, Sodoma revealed in his painting a peculiar feminine softness and
+warmth--which indeed we seem to see also in his portrait of himself at
+Monte Oliveto Maggiore--and a very marked and tender feeling for
+masculine, but scarcely virile, beauty.[64]
+
+Cellini was probably homosexual. He was imprisoned on a charge of
+unnatural vice and is himself suspiciously silent in his autobiography
+concerning this imprisonment.[65]
+
+In the seventeenth century another notable sculptor who has been termed
+the Flemish Cellini, Jérôme Duquesnoy (whose still more distinguished
+brother François executed the Manneken Pis in Brussels), was an invert;
+having finally been accused of sexual relations with a youth in a chapel
+of the Ghent Cathedral, where he was executing a monument for the bishop,
+he was strangled and burned, notwithstanding that much influence,
+including that of the bishop, was brought to bear in his behalf.[66]
+
+In more recent times Winkelmann, who was the initiator of a new Greek
+Renaissance and of the modern appreciation of ancient art, lies under what
+seems to be a well-grounded suspicion of sexual inversion. His letters to
+male friends are full of the most passionate expressions of love. His
+violent death also appears to have been due to a love-adventure with a
+man. The murderer was a cook, a wholly uncultivated man, a criminal who
+had already been condemned to death, and shortly before murdering
+Winkelmann for the sake of plunder he was found to be on very intimate
+terms with him.[67] It is noteworthy that sexual inversion should so often
+be found associated with the study of antiquity. It must not, however, be
+too hastily concluded that this is due to suggestion and that to abolish
+the study of Greek literature and art would be largely to abolish sexual
+inversion. What has really occurred in those recent cases that may be
+studied, and therefore without doubt in the older cases, is that the
+subject of congenital sexual inversion is attracted to the study of Greek
+antiquity because he finds there the explanation and the apotheosis of his
+own obscure impulses. Undoubtedly that study tends to develop these
+impulses.
+
+While it is peculiarly easy to name men of distinguished ability who,
+either certainly or in all probability, have been affected by homosexual
+tendencies, they are not isolated manifestations. They spring out of an
+element of diffused homosexuality which is at least as marked in
+civilization as it is in savagery. It is easy to find illustrations in
+every country. Here it may suffice to refer to France, Germany, and
+England.
+
+In France in the thirteenth century the Church was so impressed by the
+prevalence of homosexuality that it reasserted the death penalty for
+sodomy at the Councils of Paris (1212) and Rouen (1214), while we are told
+that even by rejecting a woman's advances (as illustrated in Marie de
+France's _Lai de Lanval_) a man fell under suspicion as a sodomist, which
+was also held to involve heresy.[68] At the end of this century (about
+1294) Alain de Lille was impelled to write a book, _De Planctu Naturæ_, in
+order to call attention to the prevalence of homosexual feeling; he also
+associated the neglect of women with sodomy. "Man is made woman," he
+writes; "he blackens the honor of his sex, the craft of magic Venus makes
+him of double gender"; nobly beautiful youths have "turned their hammers
+of love to the office of anvils," and "many kisses lie untouched on maiden
+lips." The result is that "the natural anvils," that is to say the
+neglected maidens, "bewail the absence of their hammers and are seen sadly
+to demand them." Alain de Lille makes himself the voice of this
+demand.[69]
+
+A few years later, at the beginning of the fourteenth century, sodomy was
+still regarded as very prevalent. At that time it was especially
+associated with the Templars who, it has been supposed, brought it from
+the East. Such a supposition, however, is not required to account for the
+existence of homosexuality in France. Nor is it necessary, at a somewhat
+later period, to invoke, as is frequently done, the Italian origin of
+Catherine de Medici, in order to explain the prevalence of homosexual
+practices at her court.
+
+Notwithstanding its prevalence, sodomy was still severely punished from
+time to time. Thus in 1586, Dadon, who had formerly been Rector of the
+University of Paris, was hanged and then burned for injuring a child
+through sodomy.[70] In the seventeenth century, homosexuality continued,
+however, to flourish, and it is said that nearly all the numerous
+omissions made in the published editions of Tallement des Reaux's
+_Historiettes_ refer to sodomy.[71]
+
+How prominent homosexuality was, in the early eighteenth century in
+France, we learn from the frequent references to it in the letters of
+Madame, the mother of the Regent, whose husband was himself effeminate and
+probably inverted.[72] For the later years of the century the evidence
+abounds on every hand. At this time the Bastille was performing a useful
+function, until recently overlooked by historians, as an _asile de sureté_
+for abnormal persons whom it was considered unsafe to leave at large.
+Inverts whose conduct became too offensive to be tolerated were frequently
+placed in the Bastille which, indeed "abounded in homosexual subjects," to
+a greater extent than any other class of sexual perverts. Some of the
+affairs which led to the Bastille have a modern air. One such case on a
+large scale occurred in 1702, and reveals an organized system of
+homosexual prostitution; one of the persons involved in this affair was a
+handsome, well-made youth named Lebel, formerly a lackey, but passing
+himself off as a man of quality. Seduced at the age of 10 by a famous
+sodomist named Duplessis, he had since been at the disposition of a number
+of homosexual persons, including officers, priests, and marquises. Some of
+the persons involved in these affairs were burned alive; some cut their
+own throats; others again were set at liberty or transferred to the
+Bicêtre.[73] During the latter part of the eighteenth century, also, we
+find another modern homosexual practice recognized in France; the
+rendezvous or center where homosexual persons could quietly meet each
+other.[74]
+
+Inversion has always been easy to trace in Germany. Ammianus Marcellinus
+bears witness to its prevalence among some German tribes in later Roman
+days.[75] In mediæval times, as Schultz points out, references to sodomy
+in Germany were far from uncommon. Various princes of the German Imperial
+house, and of other princely families in the Middle Ages, were noted for
+their intimate friendships. At a later date, attention has frequently been
+called to the extreme emotional warmth which has often marked German
+friendship, even when there has been no suspicion of any true homosexual
+relationship.[76] The eighteenth century, in the full enjoyment of that
+abandonment to sentiment initiated by Rousseau, proved peculiarly
+favorable to the expansion of the tendency to sentimental friendship. On
+this basis a really inverted tendency, when it existed, could easily come
+to the surface and find expression. We find this well illustrated in the
+poet Heinrich von Kleist who seems to have been of bisexual temperament,
+and his feelings for the girl he wished to marry were, indeed, much cooler
+than those for his friend. To this friend, Ernst von Pfuël (afterward
+Prussian war minister), Kleist wrote in 1805 at the age of 28: "You bring
+the days of the Greeks back to me; I could sleep with you, dear youth, my
+whole soul so embraces you. When you used to bathe in the Lake of Thun I
+would gaze with the real feelings of a girl at your beautiful body. It
+would serve an artist to study from." There follows an enthusiastic
+account of his friend's beauty and of the Greek "idea of the love of
+youths," and Kleist concludes: "Go with me to Anspach, and let us enjoy
+the sweets of friendship.... I shall never marry; you must be wife and
+children to me."[77]
+
+In all social classes and in all fields of activity, Germany during the
+nineteenth century produced a long series of famous or notorious
+homosexual persons. At the one end we find people of the highest
+intellectual distinction, such as Alexander von Humboldt, whom Näcke, a
+cautious investigator, stated that he had good ground for regarding as an
+invert.[78] At the other end we find prosperous commercial and
+manufacturing people who leave Germany to find solace in the free and
+congenial homosexual atmosphere of Capri; of these F.A. Krupp, the head of
+the famous Essen factory, may be regarded as the type.[79]
+
+In England (and the same is true today of the United States), although
+homosexuality has been less openly manifest and less thoroughly explored,
+it is doubtful whether it has been less prevalent than in Germany. At an
+early period, indeed, the evidence may even seem to show that it was more
+prevalent. In the Penitentials of the ninth and tenth centuries "natural
+fornication and sodomy" were frequently put together and the same penance
+assigned to both; it was recognized that priests and bishops, as well as
+laymen, might fall into this sin, though to the bishop nearly three times
+as much penance was assigned as to the layman. Among the Normans,
+everywhere, homosexuality was markedly prevalent; the spread of sodomy in
+France about the eleventh century is attributed to the Normans, and their
+coming seems to have rendered it at times almost fashionable, at all
+events at court. In England William Rufus was undoubtedly inverted, as
+later on were Edward II, James I, and, perhaps, though not in so
+conspicuous a degree, William III.[80]
+
+Ordericus Vitalis, who was himself half Norman and half English, says that
+the Normans had become very effeminate in his time, and that after the
+death of William the Conqueror sodomy was common both in England and
+Normandy. Guillaume de Nangis, in his chronicle for about 1120, speaking
+of the two sons of Henry and the company of young nobles who went down
+with them, in the _White Ship_, states that nearly all were considered to
+be sodomists, and Henry of Huntingdon, in his _History_, looked upon the
+loss of the _White Ship_ as a judgment of heaven upon sodomy. Anselm, in
+writing to Archdeacon William to inform him concerning the recent Council
+at London (1102), gives advice as to how to deal with people who have
+committed the sin of sodomy, and instructs him not to be too harsh with
+those who have not realized its gravity, for hitherto "this sin has been
+so public that hardly anyone has blushed for it, and many, therefore, have
+plunged into it without realizing its gravity."[81] So temperate a remark
+by a man of such unquestionably high character is more significant of the
+prevalence of homosexuality than much denunciation.
+
+In religious circles far from courts and cities, as we might expect,
+homosexuality was regarded with great horror, though even here we may
+discover evidence of its wide prevalence. Thus in the remarkable
+_Revelation_ of the Monk of Evesham, written in English in 1196, we find
+that in the very worst part of Purgatory are confined an innumerable
+company of sodomists (including a wealthy, witty, and learned divine, a
+doctor of laws, personally known to the Monk), and whether these people
+would ever be delivered from Purgatory was a matter of doubt; of the
+salvation of no other sinners does the Monk of Evesham seem so dubious.
+
+Sodomy had always been an ecclesiastical offense. The Statute of 1533 (25
+Henry VIII, c. 6) made it a felony; and Pollock and Maitland consider that
+this "affords an almost sufficient proof that the temporal courts had not
+punished it, and that no one had been put to death for it, for a very long
+time past."[82] The temporal law has never, however, proved very
+successful in repressing homosexuality. At this period the Renaissance
+movement was reaching England, and here as elsewhere it brought with it,
+if not an increase, at all events a rehabilitation and often an
+idealization of homosexuality.[83]
+
+An eminent humanist and notable pioneer in dramatic literature, Nicholas
+Udall, to whom is attributed _Ralph Roister Doister_, the first English
+comedy, stands out as unquestionably addicted to homosexual tastes,
+although he has left no literary evidence of this tendency. He was an
+early adherent of the Protestant movement, and when head-master of Eton he
+was noted for his love of inflicting corporal punishment on the boys.
+Tusser says he once received from Udall 53 stripes for "fault but small or
+none at all." Here there was evidently a sexual sadistic impulse, for in
+1541 (the year of _Ralph Roister Doister_) Udall was charged with
+unnatural crime and confessed his guilt before the Privy Council. He was
+dismissed from the head-mastership and imprisoned, but only for a short
+time, "and his reputation," his modern biographer states, "was not
+permanently injured." He retained the vicarage of Braintree, and was much
+favored by Edward VI, who nominated him to a prebend of Windsor. Queen
+Mary was also favorable and he became head-master of Westminster
+School.[84]
+
+An Elizabethan lyrical poet of high quality, whose work has had the honor
+of being confused with Shakespeare's, Richard Barnfield, appears to have
+possessed the temperament, at least, of the invert. His poems to male
+friends are of so impassioned a character that they aroused the protests
+of a very tolerant age. Very little is known of Barnfield's life. Born in
+1574 he published his first poem, _The Affectionate Shepherd_, at the age
+of 20, while still at the University. It was issued anonymously, revealed
+much fresh poetic feeling and literary skill, and is addressed to a youth
+of whom the poet declares:--
+
+    "If it be sin to love a lovely lad,
+    Oh then sin I."
+
+In his subsequent volume, _Cynthia_ (1595), Barnfield disclaims any
+intention in the earlier poem beyond that of imitating Virgil's second
+eclogue. But the sonnets in this second volume are even more definitely
+homosexual than the earlier poem, though he goes on to tell how at last he
+found a lass whose beauty surpassed that
+
+          "of the swain
+    Whom I never could obtain."
+
+After the age of 31 Barnfield wrote no more, but, being in easy
+circumstances, retired to his beautiful manor house and country estate in
+Shropshire, lived there for twenty years and died leaving a wife and
+son.[85] It seems probable that he was of bisexual temperament, and that,
+as not infrequently happens in such cases, the homosexual element
+developed early under the influence of a classical education and
+university associations, while the normal heterosexual element developed
+later and, as may happen in bisexual persons, was associated with the more
+commonplace and prosaic side of life. Barnfield was only a genuine poet on
+the homosexual side of his nature.
+
+Greater men of that age than Barnfield may be suspected of homosexual
+tendencies. Marlowe, whose most powerful drama, _Edward II_, is devoted to
+a picture of the relations between that king and his minions, is himself
+suspected of homosexuality. An ignorant informer brought certain charges
+of freethought and criminality against him, and further accused him of
+asserting that they are fools who love not boys. These charges have
+doubtless been colored by the vulgar channel through which they passed,
+but it seems absolutely impossible to regard them as the inventions of a
+mere gallows-bird such as this informer was.[86] Moreover, Marlowe's
+poetic work, while it shows him by no means insensitive to the beauty of
+women, also reveals a special and peculiar sensitiveness to masculine
+beauty. Marlowe clearly had a reckless delight in all things unlawful, and
+it seems probable that he possessed the bisexual temperament. Shakespeare
+has also been discussed from this point of view. All that can be said,
+however, is that he addressed a long series of sonnets to a youthful male
+friend. These sonnets are written in lover's language of a very tender and
+noble order. They do not appear to imply any relationship that the writer
+regarded as shameful or that would be so regarded by the world. Moreover,
+they seem to represent but a single episode in the life of a very
+sensitive, many-sided nature.[87] There is no other evidence in
+Shakespeare's work of homosexual instinct such as we may trace throughout
+Marlowe's, while there is abundant evidence of a constant preoccupation
+with women.
+
+While Shakespeare thus narrowly escapes inclusion in the list of
+distinguished inverts, there is much better ground for the inclusion of
+his great contemporary, Francis Bacon. Aubrey in his laboriously compiled
+_Short Lives_, in which he shows a friendly and admiring attitude toward
+Bacon, definitely states that he was a pederast. Aubrey was only a careful
+gleaner of frequently authentic gossip, but a similar statement is made by
+Sir Simonds D'Ewes in his _Autobiography_. D'Ewes, whose family belonged
+to the same part of Suffolk as Bacon's sprang from, was not friendly to
+Bacon, but that fact will not suffice to account for his statement. He was
+an upright and honorable man of scholarly habits, and, moreover, a trained
+lawyer, who had many opportunities of obtaining first-hand information,
+for he had lived in the Chancery office from childhood. He is very precise
+as to Bacon's homosexual practices with his own servants, both before and
+after his fall, and even gives the name of a "very effeminate-faced youth"
+who was his "catamite and bedfellow"; he states, further, that there had
+been some question of bringing Bacon to trial for sodomy. These
+allegations may be supported by a letter of Bacon's own mother (printed in
+Spedding's _Life of Bacon_), reproving him on account of what she had
+heard concerning his behavior with the young Welshmen in his service whom
+he made his bedfellows. It is notable that Bacon seems to have been
+specially attracted to Welshmen (one might even find evidence of this in
+the life of the Welshman, Henry VII), a people of vivacious temperament
+unlike his own; this is illustrated by his long and intimate friendship
+with the mercurial Sir Toby Mathew, his "alter ego," a man of dissipated
+habits in early life, though we are not told that he was homosexual. Bacon
+had many friendships with men, but there is no evidence that he was ever
+in love or cherished any affectionate intimacy with a woman. Women play no
+part at all in his life. His marriage, which was childless, took place at
+the mature age of 46; it was effected in a business-like manner, and
+though he always treated his wife with formal consideration it is probable
+that he neglected her, and certain that he failed to secure her devotion;
+it is clear that toward the end of Bacon's life she formed a relationship
+with her gentleman usher, whom subsequently she married. Bacon's writings,
+it may be added, equally with his letters, show no evidence of love or
+attraction to women; in his _Essays_ he is brief and judicial on the
+subject of Marriage, copious and eloquent on the subject of Friendship,
+while the essay on Beauty deals exclusively with masculine beauty.
+
+During the first half of the eighteenth century we have clear evidence
+that homosexuality flourished in London with the features which it
+presents today in all large cities everywhere. There was a generally known
+name, "Mollies," applied to homosexual persons, evidently having reference
+to their frequently feminine characteristics; there were houses of private
+resort for them ("Molly houses"), there were special public places of
+rendezvous whither they went in search of adventure, exactly as there are
+today. A walk in Upper Moorfields was especially frequented by the
+homosexual about 1725. A detective employed by the police about that date
+gave evidence as follows at the Old Bailey; "I takes a turn that way and
+leans over the wall. In a little time the prisoner passes by, and looks
+hard at me, and at a small distance from me stands up against the wall as
+if he was going to make water. Then by degrees he siddles nearer and
+nearer to where I stood, till at last he was close to me. 'Tis a very fine
+night,' says he. 'Aye,' say I, 'and so it is.' Then he takes me by the
+hand, and after squeezing and playing with it a little, he conveys it to
+his breeches," whereupon the detective seizes the man by his sexual organs
+and holds him until the constable comes up and effects an arrest.
+
+At the same period Margaret Clap, commonly called Mother Clap, kept a
+house in Field Lane, Holborn, which was a noted resort of the homosexual.
+To Mother Clap's Molly-house 30 or 40 clients would resort every night; on
+Sunday there might be as many as 50, for, as in Berlin and other cities
+today, that was the great homosexual gala night; there were beds in every
+room in this house. We are told that the "men would sit in one another's
+laps, kissing in a lewd manner and using their hands indecently. Then they
+would get up, dance and make curtsies, and mimic the voices of women, 'Oh,
+fie, sir,'--'Pray, sir,'--'Dear sir,'--'Lord, how can you serve me
+so?'--'I swear I'll cry out,'--'You're a wicked devil,'--'And you're a
+bold face,'--'Eh, ye dear little toad,'--'Come, bus.' They'd hug and play
+and toy and go out by couples into another room, on the same floor, to be
+'married,' as they called it."
+
+On the whole one gains the impression that homosexual practices were more
+prevalent in London in the eighteenth century, bearing in mind its
+population at that time, than they are today.[88] It must not, however, be
+supposed that the law was indulgent and its administration lax. The very
+reverse was the case. The punishment for sodomy, when completely effected,
+was death, and it was frequently inflicted. Homosexual intercourse,
+without evidence of penetration, was regarded as "attempt" and was usually
+punished by the pillory and a heavy fine, followed by two years'
+imprisonment. Moreover, it would appear that more activity was shown by
+the police in prosecution than is nowadays the case; this is, for
+instance, suggested by the evidence of the detective already quoted.
+
+To keep a homosexual resort was also a severely punishable offense. Mother
+Clap was charged at the Old Bailey in 1726 with "keeping a sodomitical
+house"; she protested that she could not herself have taken part in these
+practices, but that availed her nothing; she could bring forward no
+witnesses on her behalf and was condemned to pay a fine, to stand in the
+pillory, and to undergo imprisonment for two years. The cases were dealt
+with in a matter-of-fact way which seems to bear further witness to the
+frequency of the offense, and with no effort to expend any specially
+vindictive harshness on this class of offenders. If there was the
+slightest doubt as to the facts, even though the balance of evidence was
+against the accused, he was usually acquitted, and the man who could bring
+witnesses to his general good character might often thereby escape. In
+1721 a religious young man, married, was convicted of attempting sodomy
+with two young men he slept with; he was fined, placed in the pillory and
+imprisoned for two months. Next year a man was acquitted on a similar
+charge, and another man, of decent aspect, although the evidence indicated
+that he might have been guilty of sodomy, was only convicted of attempt,
+and sentenced to fine, pillory, and two years' imprisonment. In 1723,
+again, a schoolmaster was acquitted, on account of his good reputation, of
+the charge of attempt on a boy of 15, his pupil, though the evidence
+seemed decidedly against him. In 1730 a man was sentenced to death for
+sodomy effected on his young apprentice; this was a bad case and the
+surgeon's evidence indicated laceration of the perineum. Homosexuality of
+all kinds flourished, it will be seen, notwithstanding the fearless yet
+fair application of a very severe law.[89]
+
+In more recent times Byron has frequently been referred to as experiencing
+homosexual affections, and I have been informed that some of his poems
+nominally addressed to women were really inspired by men. It is certain
+that he experienced very strong emotions toward his male friends. "My
+school-friendships," he wrote, "were with me passions." When he afterward
+met one of these friends, Lord Clare, in Italy, he was painfully agitated;
+and could never hear the name without a beating of the heart. At the age
+of 22 he formed one of his strong attachments for a youth to whom he left
+£7000 in his will.[90] It is probable, however, that here, as well as in
+the case of Shakespeare, and in that of Tennyson's love for his youthful
+friend, Arthur Hallam, as well as of Montaigne for Etienne de la Boëtie,
+although such strong friendships may involve an element of sexual emotion,
+we have no true and definite homosexual impulse; homosexuality is merely
+simulated by the ardent and hyperesthetic emotions of the poet.[91] The
+same quality of the poet's emotional temperament may doubtless, also, be
+invoked in the case of Goethe, who is said to have written elegies which,
+on account of their homosexual character, still remain unpublished.
+
+The most famous homosexual trial of recent times in England was that of
+Oscar Wilde, a writer whose literary reputation may be said to be still
+growing, not only in England but throughout the world. Wilde was the son
+of parents who were both of unusual ability and somewhat eccentric. Both
+these tendencies became in him more concentrated. He was born with, as it
+were, a congenital antipathy to the commonplace, a natural love of
+paradox, and he possessed the skill to embody the characteristic in
+finished literary form. At the same time, it must not be forgotten,
+beneath this natural attitude of paradox, his essential judgments on life
+and literature were usually sound and reasonable. His essay on "The Soul
+of Man Under Socialism" witnessed to his large and enlightened conception
+of life, and his profound admiration for Flaubert to the sanity and
+solidity of his literary taste. In early life he revealed no homosexual
+tendencies; he married and had children. After he had begun to outgrow his
+youthful esthetic extravagances, however, and to acquire success and fame,
+he developed what was at first a simply inquisitive interest in inversion.
+Such inquisitive interest is sometimes the sign of an emerging homosexual
+impulse. It proved to be so in Wilde's case and ultimately he was found to
+be cultivating the acquaintance of youths of low class and doubtful
+character. Although this development occurred comparatively late in life,
+we must hesitate to describe Wilde's homosexuality as acquired. If we
+consider his constitution and his history, it is not difficult to suppose
+that homosexual germs were present in a latent form from the first, and it
+may quite well be that Wilde's inversion was of that kind which is now
+described as retarded, though still congenital.
+
+As is usual in England, no active efforts were made to implicate Wilde in
+any criminal charge. It was his own action, as even he himself seems to
+have vaguely realized beforehand, which brought the storm about his head.
+He was arrested, tried, condemned, and at once there arose a general howl
+of execration, joined in even by the judge, whose attitude compared
+unfavorably with the more impartial attitude of the eighteenth century
+judges in similar cases. Wilde came out of prison ambitious to retrieve
+his reputation by the quality of his literary work. But he left Reading
+gaol merely to enter a larger and colder prison. He soon realized that his
+spirit was broken even more than his health. He drifted at last to Paris,
+where he shortly after died, shunned by all but a few of his friends.[92]
+
+In a writer of the first order, Edward Fitzgerald, to whom we owe the
+immortal and highly individualized version of _Omar Khayyam_, it is easy
+to trace an element of homosexuality, though it appears never to have
+reached full and conscious development. Fitzgerald was an eccentric person
+who, though rich and on friendly terms with some of the most distinguished
+men of his time, was always out of harmony with his environment. He felt
+himself called on to marry, very unhappily, a woman whom he had never been
+in love with and with whom he had nothing in common. All his affections
+were for his male friends. In early life he was devoted to his friend W.K.
+Browne, whom he glorified in _Euphranor_. "To him Browne was at once
+Jonathan, Gamaliel, Apollo,--the friend, the master, the God,--there was
+scarcely a limit to his devotion and admiration."[93] On Browne's
+premature death Fitzgerald's heart was empty. In 1859 at Lowestoft,
+Fitzgerald, as he wrote to Mrs. Browne, "used to wander about the shore at
+night longing for some fellow to accost me who might give some promise of
+filling up a very vacant place in my heart." It was then that he met
+"Posh" (Joseph Fletcher), a fisherman, 6 feet tall, said to be of the best
+Suffolk type, both in body and character. Posh reminded Fitzgerald of his
+dead friend Browne; he made him captain of his lugger, and was thereafter
+devoted to him. Posh was, said Fitzgerald, "a man of the finest Saxon
+type, with a complexion _vif, mâle et flamboyant_, blue eyes, a nose less
+than Roman, more than Greek, and strictly auburn hair that any woman might
+envy. Further he was a man of simplicity; of soul, justice of thought,
+tenderness of nature, a gentleman of Nature's grandest type," in fact the
+"greatest man" Fitzgerald had ever met. Posh was not, however, quite so
+absolutely perfect as this description suggests, and various
+misunderstandings arose in consequence between the two friends so unequal
+in culture and social traditions. These difficulties are reflected in some
+of the yet extant letters from the enormous mass which Fitzgerald
+addressed to "my dear Poshy."[94]
+
+A great personality of recent times, widely regarded with reverence as the
+prophet-poet of Democracy[95]--Walt Whitman--has aroused discussion by his
+sympathetic attitude toward passionate friendship, or "manly love" as he
+calls it, in _Leaves of Grass_. In this book--in "Calamus," "Drumtaps,"
+and elsewhere--Whitman celebrates a friendship in which physical contact
+and a kind of silent voluptuous emotion are essential elements. In order
+to settle the question as to the precise significance of "Calamus," J.A.
+Symonds wrote to Whitman, frankly posing the question. The answer (written
+from Camden, N.J., on August 19, 1890) is the only statement of Whitman's
+attitude toward homosexuality, and it is therefore desirable that it
+should be set on record:--
+
+    "About the questions on 'Calamus,' etc., they quite daze me.
+    _Leaves of Grass_ is only to be rightly construed by and within
+    its own atmosphere and essential character--all its pages and
+    pieces so coming strictly under. That the 'Calamus' part has ever
+    allowed the possibility of such construction as mentioned is
+    terrible. I am fain to hope that the pages themselves are not to
+    be even mentioned for such gratuitous and quite at the time
+    undreamed and unwished possibility of morbid inferences--which
+    are disavowed by me and seem damnable."
+
+It would seem from this letter[96] that Whitman had never realized that
+there is any relationship whatever between the passionate emotion of
+physical contact from man to man, as he had experienced it and sung it,
+and the act which with other people he would regard as a crime against
+nature. This may be singular, for there are many inverted persons who have
+found satisfaction in friendships less physical and passionate than those
+described in _Leaves of Grass_, but Whitman was a man of concrete,
+emotional, instinctive temperament, lacking in analytical power, receptive
+to all influences, and careless of harmonizing them. He would most
+certainly have refused to admit that he was the subject of inverted
+sexuality. It remains true, however, that "manly love" occupies in his
+work a predominance which it would scarcely hold in the feelings of the
+"average man," whom Whitman wishes to honor. A normally constituted
+person, having assumed the very frank attitude taken up by Whitman, would
+be impelled to devote far more space and far more ardor to the subject of
+sexual relationships with women and all that is involved in maternity than
+is accorded to them in _Leaves of Grass_. Some of Whitman's extant letters
+to young men, though they do not throw definite light on this question,
+are of a very affectionate character,[97] and, although a man of
+remarkable physical vigor, he never felt inclined to marry.[98] It remains
+somewhat difficult to classify him from the sexual point of view, but we
+can scarcely fail to recognize the presence of a homosexual tendency.
+
+    I should add that some friends and admirers of Whitman are not
+    prepared to accept the evidence of the letter to Symonds. I am
+    indebted to "Q." for the following statement of the objections:--
+
+    "I think myself that it is a mistake to give much weight to this
+    letter--perhaps a mistake to introduce it at all, since if
+    introduced it will, of course, carry weight. And this for three
+    or four reasons:--
+
+    "1. That it is difficult to reconcile the letter itself (with its
+    strong tone of disapprobation) with the general 'atmosphere' of
+    _Leaves of Grass_, the tenor of which is to leave everything open
+    and free.
+
+    "2. That the letter is in hopeless conflict with the 'Calamus'
+    section of poems. For, whatever moral lines Whitman may have
+    drawn at the time of writing these poems, it seems to me quite
+    incredible that the possibility of certain inferences, morbid or
+    other, was undreamed of.
+
+    "3. That the letter was written only a few months before his last
+    illness and death, and is the only expression of the kind that he
+    appears to have given utterance to.
+
+    "4. That Symonds's letter, to which this was a reply, is not
+    forth coming; and we consequently do not know what rash
+    expressions it may have contained--leading Whitman (with his
+    extreme caution) to hedge his name from possible use to justify
+    dubious practices."
+
+    I may add that I endeavored to obtain Symonds's letter, but he
+    was unable to produce it, nor has any copy of it been found among
+    his papers.
+
+    It should be said that Whitman's attitude toward Symonds was
+    marked by high regard and admiration. "A wonderful man is
+    Addington Symonds," he remarked shortly before his own death;
+    "some ways the most indicative and penetrating and significant
+    man of our time. Symonds is a curious fellow; I love him dearly.
+    He is of college breed and education, horribly literary and
+    suspicious, and enjoys things. A great fellow for delving into
+    persons and into the concrete, and even into the physiological
+    and the gastric, and wonderfully cute." But on this occasion he
+    delved in vain.
+
+    The foregoing remarks (substantially contained in the previous
+    editions of this book) were based mainly on the information
+    received from J.A. Symonds's side. But of more recent years
+    interesting light has been thrown on this remarkable letter from
+    Walt Whitman's side. The Boswellian patience, enthusiasm, and
+    skill which Horace Traubel has brought to his full and elaborate
+    work, now in course of publication, _With Walt Whitman in
+    Camden_, clearly reveal, in the course of various conversations,
+    Whitman's attitude to Symonds's question and the state of mind
+    which led up to this letter.
+
+    Whitman talked to Traubel much about Symonds from the
+    twenty-seventh of April, 1888 (very soon after the date when
+    Traubel's work begins), onward. Symonds had written to him
+    repeatedly, it seems, concerning the "passional relations of men
+    with men," as Whitman expressed it. "He is always driving at me
+    about that: is that what Calamus means?--because of me or in
+    spite of me, is that what it means? I have said no, but no does
+    not satisfy him. [There is, however, no record from Symonds's
+    side of any letter by Whitman to Symonds in this sense up to this
+    date.] But read this letter--read the whole of it: it is very
+    shrewd, very cute, in deadliest earnest: it drives me hard,
+    almost compels me--it is urgent, persistent: he sort of stands in
+    the road and says 'I won't move till you answer my question.' You
+    see, this is an old letter--sixteen years old--and he is still
+    asking the question: he refers to it in one of his latest notes.
+    He is surely a wonderful man--a rare, cleaned-up man--a
+    white-souled, heroic character.... You will be writing something
+    about Calamus some day," said W. [to Traubel], "and this letter,
+    and what I say, may help to clear your ideas. Calamus needs clear
+    ideas; it may be easily, innocently distorted from its natural,
+    its motive, body of doctrine."
+
+    The letter, dated Feb. 7, 1872, of some length, is then
+    reproduced. It tells how much _Leaves of Grass_, and especially
+    the Calamus section, had helped the writer. "What the love of man
+    for man has been in the past," Symonds wrote, "I think I know.
+    What it is here now, I know also--alas! What you say it can and
+    should be I dimly discern in your Poems. But this hardly
+    satisfies me--so desirous am I of learning what you teach. Some
+    day, perhaps,--in some form, I know not what, but in your own
+    chosen form,--you will tell me more about the Love of Friends.
+    Till then I wait."
+
+    "Said W: 'Well, what do you think of that? Do you think that
+    could be answered?' 'I don't see why you call that letter driving
+    you hard. It's quiet enough--it only asks questions, and asks the
+    questions mildly enough,' 'I suppose you are right--"drive" is
+    not exactly the word: yet you know how I hate to be catechised.
+    Symonds is right, no doubt, to ask the questions: I am just as
+    much right if I do not answer them: just as much right if I do
+    answer them. I often say to myself about Calamus--perhaps it
+    means more or less than what I thought myself--means different:
+    perhaps I don't know what it all means--perhaps never did know.
+    My first instinct about all that Symonds writes is violently
+    reactionary--is strong and brutal for no, no, no. Then the
+    thought intervenes that I maybe do not know all my own meanings:
+    I say to myself: "You, too, go away, come back, study your own
+    book--as alien or stranger, study your own book, see what it
+    amounts to." Some time or other I will have to write to him
+    definitely about Calamus--give him my word for it what I meant or
+    mean it to mean.'"
+
+    Again, a month later (May 24, 1888), Whitman speaks to Traubel of
+    a "beautiful letter" from Symonds. "You will see that he harps on
+    the Calamus poems again. I don't see why it should, but his
+    recurrence to that subject irritates me a little. I suppose you
+    might say--why don't you shut him up by answering him? There is
+    no logical answer to that I suppose: but I may ask in my turn:
+    'What right has he to ask questions anyway?'" W. laughed a bit.
+    "Anyway the question comes back to me almost every time he
+    writes. He is courteous enough about it--that is the reason I do
+    not resent him. I suppose the whole thing will end in an answer
+    some day."
+
+    The letter follows. The chief point in it is that the writer
+    hopes he has not been importunate in the question he had asked
+    about Calamus three years before.
+
+    "I [Traubel] said to W.: 'That's a humble letter enough: I don't
+    see anything in that to get excited about. He doesn't ask you to
+    answer the old question. In fact he rather apologizes for having
+    asked it.' W. fired up 'Who is excited? As to that question, he
+    does ask it again and again: asks it, asks it, asks it.' I
+    laughed at his vehemence. 'Well, suppose he does? It does not
+    harm. Besides, you've got nothing to hide. I think your silence
+    might lead him to suppose there was a nigger in your wood pile.'
+    'Oh, nonsense! But for thirty years my enemies and friends have
+    been asking me questions about the _Leaves_: I'm tired of not
+    answering questions.' It was very funny to see his face when he
+    gave a humorous twist to the fling in his last phrase. Then he
+    relaxed and added: 'Anyway I love Symonds. Who could fail to love
+    a man who could write such a letter? I suppose he will yet have
+    to be answered, damn 'im!'"
+
+It is clear that these conversations considerably diminish the force of
+the declaration in Whitman's letter. We see that the letter which, on the
+face of it, might have represented the swift and indignant reaction of a
+man who, suddenly faced by the possibility that his work may be
+interpreted in a perverse sense, emphatically repudiates that
+interpretation, was really nothing of the kind. Symonds for at least
+eighteen years had been gently, considerately, even humbly, yet
+persistently, asking the same perfectly legitimate question. If the answer
+was really an emphatic no, it would more naturally have been made in 1872
+than 1890. Moreover, in the face of this ever-recurring question, Whitman
+constantly speaks to his friends of his great affection for Symonds and
+his admiration for his intellectual cuteness, feelings that would both be
+singularly out of place if applied to a man who was all the time
+suggesting the possibility that his writings contained inferences that
+were "terrible," "morbid," and "damnable." Evidently, during all those
+years, Whitman could not decide what to reply. On the one hand he was
+moved by his horror of being questioned, by his caution, by his natural
+aversion to express approval of anything that could be called unnatural or
+abnormal. On the other hand, he was moved by the desire to let his work
+speak for itself, by his declared determination to leave everything open,
+and possibly by a more or less conscious sympathy with the inferences
+presented to him. It was not until the last years of his life, when his
+sexual life belonged to the past, when weakness was gaining on him, when
+he wished to put aside every drain on his energies, that--being
+constitutionally incapable of a balanced scientific statement--he chose
+the simplest and easiest solution of the difficulty.[99]
+
+Concerning another great modern writer--Paul Verlaine, the first of modern
+French poets--it seems possible to speak with less hesitation. A man who
+possessed in fullest measure the irresponsible impressionability of
+genius, Verlaine--as his work shows and as he himself admitted--all his
+life oscillated between normal and homosexual love, at one period
+attracted to women, at another to men. He was without doubt, it seems to
+me, bisexual. An early connection with another young poet, Arthur Rimbaud,
+terminated in a violent quarrel with his friend, and led to Verlaine's
+imprisonment at Mons. In after-years he gave expression to the exalted
+passion of this relationship--_mon grand péché radieux_--in _Læti et
+Errabundi_, published in the volume entitled _Parallèlement_; and in later
+poems he has told of less passionate and less sensual relationships which
+yet were more than friendship, for instance, in the poem, "_Mon ami, ma
+plus belle amitié, ma Meilleure_" in _Bonheur_.[100]
+
+In this brief glance at some of the ethnographical, historical, religious,
+and literary aspects of homosexual passion there is one other phenomenon
+which may be mentioned. This is the alleged fact that, while the phenomena
+exist to some extent everywhere, we seem to find a special proclivity to
+homosexuality (whether or not involving a greater frequency of congenital
+inversion is not usually clear) among certain races and in certain
+regions.[101] In Europe this would be best illustrated by the case of
+southern Italy, which in this respect is held to be distinct from northern
+Italy, although Italians generally are franker than men of northern race
+in admitting their sexual practices.[102] How far the supposed greater
+homosexuality of southern Italy may be due to Greek influence and Greek
+blood it is not very easy to say.
+
+It must be remembered that, in dealing with a northern country like
+England, homosexual phenomena do not present themselves in the same way as
+they do in southern Italy today, or in ancient Greece. In Greece the
+homosexual impulse was recognized and idealized; a man could be an open
+homosexual lover, and yet, like Epaminondas, be a great and honored
+citizen of his country. There was no reason whatever why a man, who in
+mental and physical constitution was perfectly normal, should not adopt a
+custom that was regarded as respectable, and sometimes as even specially
+honorable. But it is quite otherwise today in a country like England or
+the United States.[103] In these countries all our traditions and all our
+moral ideals, as well as the law, are energetically opposed to every
+manifestation of homosexual passion. It requires a very strong impetus to
+go against this compact social force which, on every side, constrains the
+individual into the paths of heterosexual love. That impetus, in a
+well-bred individual who leads the normal life of his fellow-men and who
+feels the ordinary degree of respect for the social feeling surrounding
+him, can only be supplied by a fundamental--usually, it is probable,
+inborn--perversion of the sexual instinct, rendering the individual
+organically abnormal. It is with this fundamental abnormality, usually
+called sexual inversion, that we shall here be concerned. There is no
+evidence to show that homosexuality in Greece was a congenital perversion,
+although it appears that Coelius Aurelianus affirms that in the opinion of
+Parmenides it was hereditary. Aristotle also, in his fragment on physical
+love, though treating the whole matter with indulgence, seems to have
+distinguished abnormal congenital homosexuality from acquired homosexual
+vice. Doubtless in a certain proportion of cases the impulse was organic,
+and it may well be that there was an organic and racial predisposition to
+homosexuality among the Greeks, or, at all events, the Dorians. But the
+state of social feeling, however it originated, induced a large proportion
+of the ordinary population to adopt homosexuality as a fashion, or, it may
+be said, the environment was peculiarly favorable to the development of
+latent homosexual tendencies. So that any given number of homosexual
+persons among the Greeks would have presented a far smaller proportion of
+constitutionally abnormal individuals than a like number in England.
+In a similar manner--though I do not regard the analogy as
+complete--infanticide or the exposition of children was practised in some
+of the early Greek States by parents who were completely healthy and
+normal; in England a married woman who destroys her child is in nearly
+every case demonstrably diseased or abnormal. For this reason I am unable
+to see that homosexuality in ancient Greece--while of great interest as a
+social and psychological problem--throws light on sexual inversion as we
+know it in England or the United States.
+
+Concerning the wide prevalence of sexual inversion and of homosexual
+phenomena generally, there can be no manner of doubt. This question has
+been most fully investigated in Germany. In Berlin, Moll states that he
+has himself seen between 600 and 700 homosexual persons and heard of some
+250 to 350 others. Hirschfeld states that he has known over 10,000
+homosexual persons.
+
+There are, I am informed, several large cafés in Berlin which are almost
+exclusively patronized by inverts who come here to flirt and make
+acquaintances; as these cafés are frequented by male street prostitutes
+(Pupenjunge) the invert risks being blackmailed or robbed if he goes home
+or to a hotel with a café acquaintance. There are also a considerable
+number of homosexual _Kneipen_, small and unpretentious bar-rooms, which
+are really male brothels, the inmates being sexually normal working men
+and boys, out of employment or in quest of a few marks as pocket money;
+these places are regarded by inverts as very safe, as the proprietors
+insist on good order and allow no extortion, while the police, though of
+course aware of their existence, never interfere. Homosexual cafés for
+women are also found in Berlin.
+
+There is some reason for believing that homosexuality is especially
+prominent in Germany and among Germans. I have elsewhere referred to the
+highly emotional and sentimental traits which have frequently marked
+German friendships. Germany is the only country in which there is a
+definite and well-supported movement for the defense and social
+rehabilitation of inverts. The study of sexual inversion began in Germany,
+and the scientific and literary publications dealing with homosexuality
+issued from the German press probably surpass in quantity and importance
+those issued from all other countries put together. The homosexual
+tendencies of Germans outside Germany have been noted in various
+countries. Among my English cases I have found that a strain of German
+blood occurs much more frequently than we are entitled to expect; Parisian
+prostitutes are said to be aware of the homosexual tastes of Germans; it
+is significant that (as a German invert familiar with Turkey informed
+Näcke), at Constantinople, the procurers, who naturally supply girls as
+well as youths, regard Germans and Austrians as more tending to
+homosexuality than the foreigners from any other land. Germans usually
+deny, however, that there is any special German proclivity to inversion,
+and it would not appear that such statistics as are available (though all
+such statistics cannot be regarded as more than approximations) show any
+pronounced predominance of inversion among Germans. It is to Hirschfeld
+that we owe the chief attempt to gain some notion of the percentage of
+homosexual persons among the general population.[104] It may be said to
+vary in different regions and more especially in different occupations,
+from 1 to 10 per cent. But the average when the individuals belonging to a
+large number of groups are combined is generally found to be rather over 2
+per cent. So that there are about a million and a half inverted persons in
+Germany.[105] This would be a minimum which can scarcely fail to be below
+the actual proportion, as no one can be certain that he is acquainted with
+the real proclivities of all the persons comprising a larger group of
+acquaintances.[106] It is not found in the estimates which have reached
+Hirschfeld that the French groups show a smaller proportion of homosexual
+persons than the German groups, and a Japanese group comes out near to
+the general average for the whole. Various authorities, especially
+Germans, believe that homosexuality is just as common in France as in
+Germany.[107] Saint-Paul ("Dr. Laupts"), on the other hand, is unable to
+accept this view. As an army surgeon who has long served in Africa he can
+(as also Rebierre in his _Joyeux et demifous_) bear witness to the
+frequency of homosexuality among the African battalions of the French
+army, especially in the cavalry, less so in the infantry; in the French
+army generally he finds it rare, as also in the general population.[108]
+Näcke is also inclined to believe that homosexuality is rarer in Celtic
+lands, and in the Latin countries generally, than in Teutonic and Slavonic
+lands, and believes that it may be a question of race.[109] The question
+is still undecided. It is possible that the undoubted fact that
+homosexuality is less conspicuous in France and the other Latin countries
+than in Teutonic lands, may be due not to the occurrence of a smaller
+proportion of congenital inverts in the former lands, but mainly to
+general difference in temperament and in the social reaction.[110] The
+French idealize and emphasize the place of women to a much greater degree
+than the Germans, while at the same time inverts in France have much less
+occasion than in Germany to proclaim their legal grievances. Apart from
+such considerations as these it seems very doubtful whether inborn
+inversion is in any considerable degree rarer in France than in Germany.
+
+As to the frequency of homosexuality in England[111] and the United
+States there is much evidence. In England its manifestations are well
+marked for those whose eyes have once been opened. The manifestations are
+of the same character as those in Germany, modified by social and national
+differences, and especially by the greater reserve, Puritanism, and
+prudery of England.[112] In the United States these same influences exert
+a still greater effect in restraining the outward manifestations of
+homosexuality. Hirschfeld, though so acute and experienced in the
+investigation of homosexuality, states that when visiting Philadelphia and
+Boston he could scarcely detect any evidence of homosexuality, though he
+was afterward assured by those acquainted with local conditions that its
+extension in both cities is "colossal." There have been numerous criminal
+cases and scandals in the United States in which homosexuality has come to
+the surface, and the very frequently occurring cases of transvestism or
+cross-dressing in the States seem to be in a large proportion associated
+with homosexuality.
+
+In the opinion of some, English homosexuality has become much more
+conspicuous during recent years, and this is sometimes attributed to the
+Oscar Wilde case. No doubt, the celebrity of Oscar Wilde and the universal
+publicity given to the facts of the case by the newspapers may have
+brought conviction of their perversion to many inverts who were before
+only vaguely conscious of their abnormality, and, paradoxical though it
+may seem, have imparted greater courage to others; but it can scarcely
+have sufficed to increase the number of inverts. Rather, one may say, the
+development of urban life renders easier the exhibition and satisfaction
+of this as of all other forms of perversion. Regarding the proportion of
+inverts among the general population, it is very difficult to speak
+positively. The invert himself is a misleading guide because he has formed
+round himself a special coterie of homosexual persons, and, moreover, he
+is sometimes apt to overestimate the number of inverts through the
+misinterpretation of small indications that are not always conclusive.
+The estimate of the ordinary normal person, feeling the ordinary disgust
+toward abnormal phenomena, is also misleading, because his homosexual
+acquaintances are careful not to inform him concerning their proclivities.
+A writer who has studied the phenomena of homosexuality is apt to be
+misguided in the same way as the invert himself, and to overestimate the
+prevalence of the perversion. Striving to put aside this source of
+fallacy, and only considering those individuals with whom I have been
+brought in contact by the ordinary circumstances of life, and with whose
+modes of feeling I am acquainted, I am still led to the conclusion that
+the proportion is considerable. Among the professional and most cultured
+element of the middle class in England, there must be a distinct
+percentage of inverts which may sometimes be as much as 5 per cent.,
+though such estimates must always be hazardous. Among women of the same
+class the percentage seems to be at least double, though here the
+phenomena are less definite and deep-seated. This seems to be a moderate
+estimate for this class, which includes, however, it must be remembered, a
+considerable proportion of individuals who are somewhat abnormal in other
+respects. As we descend the scale the phenomena are doubtless less common,
+though when we reach the working class we come to that comparative
+indifference to which allusion has already been made. Taken altogether we
+may probably conclude that the proportion of inverts is the same as in
+other related and neighboring lands, that is to say, slightly over 2 per
+cent. That would give the homosexual population of Great Britain as
+somewhere about a million.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[1] Taking all its forms _en bloc_, as they are known to the police,
+homosexuality is seen to possess formidable proportions. Thus in France,
+from official papers which passed through M. Carlier's bureau during ten
+years (1860-70), he compiled a list of 6342 pederasts who came within the
+cognizance of the police; 2049 Parisians, 3709 provincials, and 584
+foreigners. Of these, 3432, or more than the half, could not be convicted
+of illegal acts.
+
+[2] The chief general collection of data (not here drawn upon) concerning
+homosexuality among animals is by the zoölogist Prof. Karsch, "Päderastie
+und Tribadie bei den Tieren," _Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen_, vol.
+ii. Brehm's _Tierleben_ also contains many examples. See also a short
+chapter (ch. xxix) in Hirschfeld's _Homosexualität_.
+
+[3] H. Sainte-Claire Deville, "De l'Internat et son influence sur
+l'education de la jeunesse," a paper read to the Académie des Sciences
+Morales et Politiques, July 27, 1871, and quoted by Chevalier,
+_L'Inversion Sexuelle_, pp. 204-5.
+
+[4] M. Bombarda, _Comptes rendus Congrès Internationale de l'Anthropologie
+Criminelle_, Amsterdam, p. 212.
+
+[5] Lacassagne, "De la Criminalité chez les Animaux," _Revue
+Scientifique_, 1882.
+
+[6] Steinach, "Utersuchungen zu vergleichende Physiologie," _Archiv für
+die Gesammte Physiologie_, Bd. lvi, 1894, p. 320.
+
+[7] Féré, _Comptes-rendus Société de Biologie_, July 30, 1898. We may
+perhaps connect this with an observation of E. Selous (_Zoölogist_, May
+and Sept., 1901) on a bird, the Great Crested Grebe; after pairing, the
+male would crouch to the female, who played his part to him; the same
+thing is found among pigeons. Selous suggests that this is a relic of
+primitive hermaphroditism. But it may be remembered that in the male
+generally sexual intercourse tends to be more exhausting than in the
+female; this fact would favor a reversion of their respective parts.
+
+[8] E. Selous, "Sexual Selection in Birds," _Zoölogist_, Feb., 1907, p.
+65; ib., May, p. 169. Sexual aberrations generally are not uncommon among
+birds; see, e.g., A. Heim, "Sexuelle Verirrungen bei Vögeln in den
+Tropen," _Sexual-Probleme_, April, 1913.
+
+[9] See Moll, _Untersuchungen über die Libido Sexualis_, 1898, Bd. i, pp.
+369, 374-5. For a summary of facts concerning homosexuality in animals see
+F. Karsch, "Päderastie und Tribadie bei den Tieren auf Grund der
+Literatur," _Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen_, Bd. ii, 1899, pp.
+126-154
+
+[10] Muccioli, "Degenerazione e Criminalità nei Colombi," _Archivio di
+Psichiatria_, 1893, p. 40.
+
+[11] _L'Intermédiare des Biologistes_, November 20, 1897.
+
+[12] R.I. Pocock, _Field_, 25 Oct., 1913.
+
+[13] R.S. Rutherford, "Crowing Hens," _Poultry_, January 26, 1896.
+
+[14] This has now been very thoroughly done by Prof. F. Karsch-Haack in a
+large book, _Das Gleichgeschlechtliche Leben der Naturvölker_, 1911. An
+earlier and shorter study by the same author was published in the
+_Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen_, Bd. iii, 1901.
+
+[15] See a brief and rather inconclusive treatment of the question by
+Bruns Meissner, "Assyriologische Studien," iv, _Mitteilungen der
+Vorderasiatischen Gesellschaft_, 1907.
+
+[16] _Monatshefte für praktische Dermatologie_, Bd. xxix, 1899, p. 409.
+
+[17] Hirschfeld, _Die Homosexualität_, p. 739.
+
+[18] Beardmore also notes that sodomy is "regularly indulged in" in New
+Guinea on this account. (_Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, May,
+1890, p. 464.)
+
+[19] I have been told by medical men in India that it is specially common
+among the Sikhs, the finest soldier-race in India.
+
+[20] Foley, _Bulletin Société d'Anthropologie de Paris_, October 9, 1879.
+
+[21] See, e.g., O. Kiefer, "Plato's Stellung zu Homosexualität," _Jahrbuch
+für sexuelle Zwischenstufen_, vol. vii.
+
+[22] Bethe, op. cit., p. 440. In old Japan (before the revolution of 1868)
+also, however, according to F.S. Krauss (_Das Geschlechtsleben der
+Japaner_, ch. xiii, 1911), the homosexual relations between knights and
+their pages resembled those of ancient Greece.
+
+[23] _Archiv für Kriminal-Anthropologie_, 1906, p. 106.
+
+[24] _Zeitschrift für Sexualwissenschaft_, 1914, Heft 2, p. 73.
+
+[25] Among the Sarts of Turkestan a class of well-trained and educated
+homosexual prostitutes, resembling those found in China and many regions
+of northern Asia, bearing also the same name of _batsha_, are said to be
+especially common because fostered by the scarcity of women through
+polygamy and by the women's ignorance and coarseness. The institution of
+the _batsha_ is supposed to have come to Turkestan from Persia. (Herman,
+"Die Päderastie bei den Sarten," _Sexual-Probleme_, June, 1911.) This
+would seem to suggest that Persia may have been a general center of
+diffusions of this kind of refined homosexuality in northern Asia.
+
+[26] Morache, art. "Chine," _Dictionnaire Encyclopédique des Sciences
+Médicales_; Matignon, "La Péderastie en Chine," _Archives d'Anthropologie
+Criminelle_, Jan., 1899; Von der Choven, summarized in _Archives de
+Neurologie_, March, 1907; Scié-Ton-Fa, "L'Homosexualité en Chine," _Revue
+de l'Hypnotisme_, April, 1909.
+
+[27] _Moeurs des Peuples de l'Inde_, 1825, vol. i, part ii, ch. xii. In
+Lahore and Lucknow, as quoted by Burton, Daville describes "men dressed as
+women, with flowing locks under crowns of flowers, imitating the feminine
+walk and gestures, voice and fashion of speech, ogling their admirer with
+all the coquetry of bayaderes."
+
+[28] _Voyages and Travels_, 1814, part ii, p. 47.
+
+[29] A. Lisiansky, _Voyage, etc._, London, 1814, p. 1899.
+
+[30] _Ethnographische Skizzen_, 1855, p. 121.
+
+[31] C.F.P. von Martius, _Zur Ethnographie Amerika's_, Leipzig, 1867, Bd.
+i, p. 74. In Ancient Mexico Bernal Diaz wrote: _Erant quasi omnes sodomia
+commaculati, et adolescentes multi, muliebriter vestiti, ibant publice,
+cibum quarentes ab isto diabolico et abominabili labore_.
+
+[32] Hammond, _Sexual Impotence_, pp. 163-174.
+
+[33] _New York Medical Journal_, Dec. 7, 1889.
+
+[34] J. Turnbull, "_A Voyage Round the World in the Year 1800_," etc.,
+1813, p. 382.
+
+[35] _Annales d'Hygiène et de Médecine Coloniale_, 1899, p. 494.
+
+[36] Oskar Baumann, "Conträre Sexual-Erscheinungen bei die
+Neger-Bevölkerung Zanzibars," _Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, 1899, Heft 6,
+p. 668.
+
+[37] Rev. J.H. Weeks, _Journal Anthropological Institute_, 1909, p. 449. I
+am informed by a medical correspondent in the United States that inversion
+is extremely prevalent among American negroes. "I have good reason to
+believe," he writes, "that it is far more prevalent among them than among
+the white people of any nation. If inversion is to be regarded as a
+penalty of 'civilization' this is remarkable. Perhaps, however, the Negro,
+_relatively to his capacity_, is more highly civilized than we are; at any
+rate his civilization has been thrust upon him, and not acquired through
+the long throes of evolution. Colored inverts desire white men as a rule,
+but are not averse to men of their own race. I believe that 10 per cent,
+of Negroes in the United States are sexually inverted."
+
+[38] Among the Papuans of German New Guinea, where the women have great
+power, marriage is late, and the young men are compelled to live separated
+from the women in communal houses. Here, says Moskowski (_Zeitschrift für
+Ethnologie_, 1911, Heft 2, p. 339), homosexual orgies are openly carried
+on.
+
+[39] C.G. Seligmann, "Sexual Inversion Among Primitive Races," _Alienist
+and Neurologist_, Jan., 1902. In a tale of the Western Solomon Islands,
+reported by J.C. Wheeler (_Anthropophyteia_, vol. ix, p. 376) we find a
+story of a man who would be a woman, and married another man and did
+woman's work.
+
+[40] Hardman, "Habits and Customs of Natives of Kimberley, Western
+Australia," _Proceedings Royal Irish Academy_, 3d series, vol. i, 1889, p.
+73.
+
+[41] Klaatsch, "Some Notes on Scientific Travel Amongst the Black
+Populations of Tropic Australia," Adelaide meeting of _Australian
+Association for the Advancement of Science_, January, 1907, p. 5.
+
+[42] In further illustration of this I have been told that among the
+common people there is often no feeling against connection with a woman
+_per anum_.
+
+[43] Chevalier (_L'Inversion Sexuelle_, pp. 85-106) brings forward a
+considerable amount of evidence regarding homosexuality at Rome under the
+emperors. See also Moll, _Konträre Sexualempfindung_, 1899, pp. 56-66, and
+Hirschfeld, _Homosexualität_, 1913, pp. 789-806. On the literary side,
+Petronius best reveals the homosexual aspect of Roman life about the time
+of Tiberius.
+
+[44] J.A. Symonds wrote an interesting essay on this subject; see also
+Kiefer, _Jahrbuch f. sex. Zwischenstufen_, vol. viii, 1906.
+
+[45] See L. von Scheffler, "Elagabal," _Jahrbuch f. sex. Zwischenstufen_,
+vol. iii, 1901; also Duviquet, _Héliogabale (Mercure de France_).
+
+[46] The following note has been furnished to me: "Balzac, in _Une
+Dernière Incarnation de Vautrin_, describes the morals of the French
+_bagnes_. Dostoieffsky, in _Prison-Life in Siberia_, touches on the same
+subject. See his portrait of Sirotkin, p. 52 et seq., p. 120 (edition J.
+and R. Maxwell, London). We may compare Carlier, _Les Deux Prostitutions_,
+pp. 300-1, for an account of the violence of homosexual passions in French
+prisons. The initiated are familiar with the fact in English prisons.
+Bouchard, in his _Confessions_, Paris, Liseux, 1881, describes the convict
+station at Marseilles in 1630." Homosexuality among French recidivists at
+Saint-Jean-du-Maroni in French Guiana has been described by Dr. Cazanova,
+_Arch. d'Anth. Crim._, January, 1906, p. 44. See also Davitt's _Leaves
+from a Prison Diary_, and Berkman's _Prison Memoirs of an Anarchist_; also
+Rebierre, _Joyeux et Demifous_, 1909.
+
+[47] D. McMurtrie, _Chicago Medical Recorder_, January, 1914.
+
+[48] See Appendix A: "Homosexuality among Tramps," by "Josiah Flynt."
+
+[49] _Inferno_, xv. The place of homosexuality in the _Divine Comedy_
+itself has been briefly studied by Undine Freün von Verschuer, _Jahrbuch
+für sexuelle Zwischenstufen_, Bd. viii, 1906.
+
+[50] Hirschfeld and others have pointed out, very truly, that inverts are
+less prone than normal persons to regard caste and social position. This
+innately democratic attitude renders it easier for them than for ordinary
+people to rise to what Cyples has called the "ecstasy of humanity," the
+emotional attitude, that is to say, of those rare souls of whom it may be
+said, in the same writer's words, that "beggars' rags to their
+unhesitating lips grew fit for kissing because humanity had touched the
+garb." Edward Carpenter (_Intermediate Types among Primitive Folk_, p. 83)
+remarks that great ethical leaders have often exhibited feminine traits,
+and adds: "It becomes easy to suppose of those early figures--who once
+probably were men--those Apollos, Buddhas, Dionysus, Osiris, and so
+forth--to suppose that they too were somewhat bisexual in temperament, and
+that it was really largely owing to that fact that they were endowed with
+far-reaching powers and became leaders of mankind."
+
+[51] English translation, _Primitive Folk_, in Contemporary Science
+series.
+
+[52] R. Horneffer, _Der Priester_, 2 vols., 1912. J.G. Frazer, in the
+volume entitled "Adonis, Attis, Osiris" (pp. 428-435) of the third edition
+of his _Golden Bough_, discusses priests dressed as women, and finds
+various reasons for the custom.
+
+[53] Edward Carpenter, _Intermediate Types among Primitive Folk_, 1914.
+
+[54] Westermarck, _Origin and Development of Moral Ideas_, vol. ii, ch.
+xliii.
+
+[55] "Italian literature," remarks Symonds, "can show the _Rime
+Burlesche_, Becadelli's _Hermaphroditus_, the _Canti Carnascialeschi_, the
+Macaronic poems of Fidentius, and the remarkably outspoken romance
+entitled _Alcibiade Fanciullo a Scola_."
+
+[56] The life of Muret has been well written by C. Dejob, _Marc-Antoine
+Muret_, 1881.
+
+[57] F.M. Nichols, _Epistles of Erasmus_, vol. i, pp. 44-55.
+
+[58] Burckhardt, _Die Kultur der Renaissance_, vol. ii, _Excursus_ ci.
+
+[59] F. de Gaudenzi in ch. v of his _Studio Psico-patologico sopra T.
+Tasso_ (1899) deals fully with the poet's homosexual tendencies.
+
+[60] Herbert P. Horne, _Leonardo da Vinci_, 1903, p. 12.
+
+[61] S. Freud, _Eine Kindheitserinnerung des Leonardo da Vinci_, 1910.
+
+[62] See Parlagreco, _Michelangelo Buonarotti_, Naples, 1888; Ludwig von
+Scheffler, _Michelangelo: Ein Renaissance Studie_, 1892; _Archivo di
+Psichiatria_, vol. xv, fasc. i, ii, p. 129; J.A. Symonds, _Life of
+Michelangelo_, 1893; Dr. Jur. Numa Praetorius, "Michel Angelo's
+Urningtum," _Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen_, vol. ii, 1899, pp,
+254-267.
+
+[63] J.A. Symonds, _Life of Michelangelo_, vol. ii, p. 384.
+
+[64] Sodoma's life and temperament have been studied and his pictures
+copiously reproduced by Elisár von Kupffer, _Jahrbuch für sexuelle
+Zwischenstufen_, Bd. ix, 1908, p. 71 et seq., and by R.H. Hobart Cust,
+_Giovanni Antonio Bazzi_.
+
+[65] Cellini, _Life_, translated by J.A. Symonds, introduction, p. xxxv,
+and p. 448. Queringhi (_La Psiche di B. Cellini_, 1913) argues that
+Cellini was not homosexual.
+
+[66] See the interesting account of Duquesnoy by Eekhoud (_Jahrbuch für
+sexuelle Zwischenstufen_, Bd. ii, 1899), an eminent Belgian novelist who
+has himself been subjected to prosecution on account of the pictures of
+homosexuality in his novels and stories, _Escal-Vigor_ and _Le Cycle
+Patibulaire_ (see _Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen_, Bd. iii, 1901).
+
+[67] See Justi's _Life of Winkelmann_, and also Moll's _Die Konträre
+Sexualempfindung_, third edition, 1899, pp. 122-126. In this work, as well
+as in Raffalovich's _Uranisme et Unisexualité_, as also in Moll's
+_Berühmte Homosexuelle_ (1910) and Hirschfeld's _Die Homosexualität_, p.
+650 et seq., there will be found some account of many eminent men who are,
+on more or less reliable grounds, suspected of homosexuality. Other German
+writers brought forward as inverted are Platen, K.P. Moritz, and Iffland.
+Platen was clearly a congenital invert, who sought, however, the
+satisfaction of his impulses in Platonic friendship; his homosexual poems
+and the recently published unabridged edition of his diary render him an
+interesting object of study; see for a sympathetic account of him, Ludwig
+Frey, "Aus dem Seelenleben des Grafen Platen," _Jahrbuch für sexuelle
+Zwischenstufen_, vols. i and vi. Various kings and potentates have been
+mentioned in this connection, including the Sultan Baber; Henri III of
+France; Edward II, William II, James I, and William III of England, and
+perhaps Queen Anne and George III, Frederick the Great and his brother,
+Heinrich, Popes Paul II, Sixtus IV, and Julius II, Ludwig II of Bavaria,
+and others. Kings, indeed, seem peculiarly inclined to homosexuality.
+
+[68] Schultz, _Das Höfische Leben_, Bd. i, ch. xiii.
+
+[69] _De Planctu Naturæ_ has been translated by Douglas Moffat, _Yale
+Studies in English_, No. xxxvi, 1908.
+
+[70] P. de l'Estoile, _Mémoires-Journaux_, vol. ii, p. 326.
+
+[71] Laborde, _Le Palais Mazarin_, p. 128.
+
+[72] Thus she writes in 1701 (_Correspondence_, edited by Brunet, vol. i,
+p. 58): "Our heroes take as their models Hercules, Theseus, Alexander, and
+Cæsar, who all had their male favorites. Those who give themselves up to
+this vice, while believing in Holy Scripture, imagine that it was only a
+sin when there were few people in the world, and that now the earth is
+populated it may be regarded as a _divertissement_. Among the common
+people, indeed, accusations of this kind are, so far as possible, avoided;
+but among persons of quality it is publicly spoken of; it is considered a
+fine saying that since Sodom and Gomorrah, the Lord has punished no one
+for such offences."
+
+[73] Sérieux and Libert, "La Bastille et ses Prisonniers," _L'Encéphale_,
+September, 1911.
+
+[74] Witry, "Notes Historiques sur l'Homosexualité en France," _Revue de
+l'Hypnotisme_, January, 1909.
+
+[75] In early Teutonic days there was little or no trace of any punishment
+for homosexual practices in Germany. This, according to Hermann Michaëlis,
+only appeared after the Church had gained power among the West Goths; in
+the Breviarium of Alaric II (506), the sodomist was condemned to the
+stake, and later, in the seventh century, by an edict of King
+Chindasvinds, to castration. The Frankish capitularies of Charlemange's
+time adopted ecclesiastical penances. In the thirteenth and fourteenth
+centuries death by fire was ordained, and the punishments enacted by the
+German codes tended to become much more ferocious than that edicted by the
+Justinian code on which they were modelled.
+
+[76] Raffalovich discusses German friendship, _Uranisme et Unisexualité_,
+pp. 157-9. See also Birnbaum, _Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen_, Bd.
+viii, p. 611; he especially illustrates this kind of friendship by the
+correspondence of the poets Gleim and Jacobi, who used to each other the
+language of lovers, which, indeed, they constantly called themselves.
+
+[77] This letter may be found in Ernst Schur's _Heinrich von Kleist in
+seinen Briefen_, p. 295. Dr. J. Sadger has written a pathographic and
+psychological study of Kleist, emphasizing the homosexual strain, in the
+_Grenzfragen des Nerven- und Seelenlebens_ series.
+
+[78] Alexander's not less distinguished brother, Wilhelm von Humboldt,
+though not homosexual, possessed, a woman wrote to him, "the soul of a
+woman and the most tender feeling for womanliness I have ever found in
+your sex;" he himself admitted the feminine traits in his nature. Spranger
+(_Wilhelm von Humboldt_, p. 288) says of him that "he had that dual
+sexuality without which the moral summits of humanity cannot be reached."
+
+[79] Krupp caused much scandal by his life at Capri, where he was
+constantly surrounded by the handsome youths of the place, mandolinists
+and street arabs, with whom he was on familiar terms, and on whom he
+lavished money. H.D. Davray, a reliable eyewitness, has written "Souvenirs
+sur M. Krupp à Capri," _L'Européen_, 29 November, 1902. It is not,
+however, definitely agreed that Krupp was of fully developed homosexual
+temperament (see, e.g., _Jahrbuch f. sexuelle Zwischenstufen_, Bd. v, p.
+1303 et seq.) An account of his life at Capri was published in the
+_Vorwärts_, against which Krupp finally brought a libel action; but he
+died immediately afterward, it is widely believed, by his own hand, and
+the libel action was withdrawn.
+
+[80] Madame, the mother of the Regent, in her letters of 12th October, 4th
+November, and 13th December, 1701, repeatedly makes this assertion, and
+implies that it was supported by the English who at that time came over to
+Paris with the English Ambassador, Lord Portland. The King was very
+indifferent to women.
+
+[81] Anselm, Epistola lxii, in Migne's _Patrologia_, vol. clix, col. 95.
+John of Salisbury, in his _Polycrates_, describes the homosexual and
+effeminate habits of his time.
+
+[82] Pollock and Maitland, _History of English Law_, vol. ii, p. 556.
+
+[83] Coleridge in his _Table Talk_ (14 May, 1833) remarked: "A man may,
+under certain states of the moral feeling, entertain something deserving
+the name of love towards a male object--an affection beyond friendship,
+and wholly aloof from appetite. In Elizabeth's and James's time it seems
+to have been almost fashionable to cherish such a feeling. Certainly the
+language of the two friends Musidorus and Pyrocles in the _Arcadia_ is
+such as we could not use except to women." This passage of Coleridge's is
+interesting as an early English recognition by a distinguished man of
+genius of what may be termed ideal homosexuality.
+
+[84] See account of Udall in the _National Dictionary of Biography_.
+
+[85] _Complete Poems of Richard Barnfield_, edited with an introduction by
+A.B. Grosart, 1876. The poems of Barnfield were also edited by Arber, in
+the English Scholar's Library, 1883. Arber, who always felt much horror
+for the abnormal, argues that Barnfield's occupation with homosexual
+topics was merely due to a search for novelty, that it was "for the most
+part but an amusement and had little serious or personal in it." Those
+readers of Barnfield, however, who are acquainted with homosexual
+literature will scarcely fail to recognize a personal preoccupation in his
+poems. This is also the opinion of Moll in his _Berühmte Homosexuelle_.
+
+[86] See appendix to my edition of Marlowe in the _Mermaid Series_, first
+edition. For a study of Marlowe's "Gaveston," regarded as "the
+hermaphrodite in soul," see J.A. Nicklin, _Free Review_, December, 1895.
+
+[87] As Raffalovich acutely points out, the twentieth sonnet, with its
+reference to the "one thing to my purpose nothing," is alone enough to
+show that Shakespeare was not a genuine invert, as then he would have
+found the virility of the loved object beautiful. His sonnets may fairly
+be compared to the _In Memoriam_ of Tennyson, whom it is impossible to
+describe as inverted, though in his youth he cherished an ardent
+friendship for another youth, such as was also felt in youth by Montaigne.
+
+[88] A scene in Vanbrugh's _Relapse_, and the chapter (ch. li) in
+Smollett's _Roderick Random_ describing Lord Strutwell, may also be
+mentioned as evidencing familiarity with inversion. "In our country," said
+Lord Strutwell to Rawdon, putting forward arguments familiar to modern
+champions of homosexuality, "it gains ground apace, and in all probability
+will become in a short time a more fashionable vice than simple
+fornication."
+
+[89] These observations on eighteenth century homosexuality in London are
+chiefly based on the volumes of _Select Trials_ at the Old Bailey,
+published in 1734.
+
+[90] Numa Praetorius (_Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen_, Bd. iv, p.
+885), who has studied Byron from this point of view, considers that,
+though his biography has not yet been fully written on the sexual side, he
+was probably of bisexual temperament; Raffalovich (_Uranisme et
+Unisexualité_, p. 309) is of the same opinion.
+
+[91] A youthful attraction of this kind in a poet is well illustrated by
+Dolben, who died at the age of nineteen. In addition to a passion for
+Greek poetry he cherished a romantic friendship of extraordinary ardor,
+revealed in his poems, for a slightly older schoolfellow, who was never
+even aware of the idolatry he aroused. Dolben's life has been written, and
+his poems edited, by his friend the eminent poet, Robert Bridges (_The
+Poems of D.M. Dolben_, edited with a Memoir by R. Bridges, 1911).
+
+[92] A well-informed narrative of the Oscar Wilde trial is given by
+Raffalovich in his _Uranisme et Unisexualité_, pp. 241-281; the full
+report of the trial has been published by Mason. The best life of Wilde is
+probably that of Arthur Ransome. André Gide's little volume of
+reminiscences, _Oscar Wilde_ (also translated into English), is well worth
+reading. Wilde has been discussed in relation to homosexuality by Numa
+Praetorius (_Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen_, vol. iii, 1901). An
+instructive document, an unpublished portion of _De Profundis_, in which
+Wilde sought to lay the blame for his misfortune on a friend,--his
+"ancient affection" for whom has, he declares, been turned to "loathing,
+bitterness, and contempt,"--was published in the _Times_, 18th April,
+1913; it clearly reveals an element of weakness of character.
+
+[93] T. Wright, _Life of Edward Fitzgerald_, vol. i, p. 158.
+
+[94] Most of these were carelessly lost or destroyed by Posh. A few have
+been published by James Blyth, _Edward Fitzgerald and_ '_Posh_,' 1908.
+
+[95] It is as such that Whitman should be approached, and I would desire
+to protest against the tendency, now marked in many quarters, to treat him
+merely as an invert, and to vilify him or glorify him accordingly. However
+important inversion may be as a psychological key to Whitman's
+personality, it plays but a small part in Whitman's work, and for many who
+care for that work a negligible part. (I may be allowed to refer to my own
+essay on Whitman, in _The New Spirit_, written nearly thirty years ago.)
+
+[96] I may add that Symonds (in his book on Whitman) accepted this letter
+as a candid and final statement showing that Whitman was absolutely
+hostile to sexual inversion, that he had not even taken its phenomena into
+account, and that he had "omitted to perceive that there are inevitable
+points of contact between sexual inversion and his doctrine of
+friendship." He recalls, however, Whitman's own lines at the end of
+"Calamus" in the Camden edition of 1876:--
+
+    "Here my last words, and the most baffling,
+    Here the frailest leaves of me, and yet my strongest-lasting,
+    Here I shade down and hide my thoughts--I do not expose them,
+    And yet they expose me more than all my other poems."
+
+[97] Whitman's letters to Peter Doyle, an uncultured young tram-conductor
+deeply loved by the poet, have been edited by Dr. Bucke, and published at
+Boston: _Calamus: A Series of Letters_, 1897.
+
+[98] Whitman acknowledged, however (as in the letter to Symonds already
+referred to), that he had had six children; they appear to have been born
+in the earlier part of his life when he lived in the South. (See a chapter
+on Walt Whitman's children in Edward Carpenter's interesting book, _Days
+with Walt Whitman_, 1906.) Yet his brother George Whitman said: "I never
+knew Walt to fall in love with young girls, or even to show them marked
+attention." And Doyle, who knew him intimately during ten years of late
+life, said: "Women in that sense never came into his head." The early
+heterosexual relationship seems to have been an exception in his life.
+With regard to the number of children I am informed that, in the opinion
+of a lady who knew Whitman in the South, there can be no reasonable doubt
+as to the existence of one child, but that when enumerating six he
+possibly included grandchildren.
+
+[99] While the homosexual strain in Walt Whitman has been more or less
+definitely admitted by various writers, the most vigorous attempts to
+present the homosexual character of his personality and work are due to
+Eduard Bertz in Germany, and to Dr. W.C. Rivers in England. Bertz has
+issued three publications on Whitman: see especially his _Der
+Yankee-Heiland_, 1906, and _Whitman-Mysterien_, 1907. The arguments of
+Rivers are concisely stated in a pamphlet entitled _Walt Whitman's
+Anomaly_ (London: George Allen, 1913). Both Bertz and Rivers emphasize the
+feminine traits in Whitman. An interesting independent picture of Whitman,
+at about the date of the letter to Symonds, accompanied by the author's
+excellent original photographs, is furnished by Dr. John Johnston, _A
+Visit to Walt Whitman_, 1898. It may be added that, probably, both the
+extent and the significance of the feminine traits in Whitman have been
+overestimated by some writers. Most artists and men of genius have some
+feminine traits; they do not prove the existence of inversion, nor does
+their absence disprove it. Dr. Clark Bell writes to me in reference to the
+little book by Dr. Rivers: "I knew Walt Whitman personally. To me Mr.
+Whitman was one of the most robust and virile of men, extraordinarily so.
+He was from my standpoint not feminine at all, but physically masculine
+and robust. The difficulty is that a virile and strong man who is poetic
+in temperament, ardent and tender, may have phases and moods of passion
+and emotion which are apt to be misinterpreted." A somewhat similar view,
+in opposition to Bertz and Rivers, has been vigorously set forth by
+Bazalgette (who has written a very thorough study of Whitman in French),
+especially in the _Mercure de France_ for 1st July, 1st Oct., and 15th
+Nov., 1913.
+
+[100] Lepelletier, in what may be regarded as the official biography of
+Verlaine (_Paul Verlaine_, 1907) seeks to minimize or explain away the
+homosexual aspect of the poet's life. So also Berrichon, Rimbaud's
+brother-in-law, _Mercure de France_, 16 July, 1911 and 1 Feb., 1912. P.
+Escoube, in a judicious essay (included in _Préférences_, 1913), presents
+a more reasonable view of this aspect of Verlaine's temperament. Even
+apart altogether from the evidence as to the poet's tendency to passionate
+friendship, there can be no appeal from the poems themselves, which
+clearly possess an absolute and unquestionable sincerity.
+
+[101] Sir Richard Burton, who helped to popularize this view, regarded the
+phenomenon as "geographical and climatic, not racial," and held that
+within what he called the Sotadic Zone "the vice is popular and endemic,
+held at the worst to be a mere peccadillo, while the races to the north
+and south of the limits here defined practice it only sporadically, amid
+the opprobrium of their fellows, who, as a rule, are physically incapable
+of performing the operation, and look upon it with the liveliest disgust."
+He adds: "The only physical cause for the practice which suggests itself
+to me, and that must be owned to be purely conjectural, is that within the
+Sotadic Zone there is a blending of the masculine and feminine
+temperaments, a crasis which elsewhere only occurs sporadically" (_Arabian
+Nights_, 1885, vol. x, pp. 205-254). The theory of the Sotadic Zone fails
+to account for the custom among the Normans, Celts, Scythians, Bulgars,
+and Tartars, and, moreover, in various of these regions different views
+have prevailed at different periods. Burton was wholly unacquainted with
+the psychological investigations into sexual inversion which had, indeed,
+scarcely begun in his day.
+
+[102] Spectator (_Anthropophyteia_, vol. vii, 1910), referring especially
+to the neighborhood of Sorrento, states that the southern Italians regard
+passive _pedicatio_ as disgraceful, but attach little or no shame to
+active _pedicatio_. This indifference enables them to exploit the
+homosexual foreigners who are specially attracted to southern Italy in the
+development of a flourishing homosexual industry.
+
+[103] It is true that in the solitude of great modern cities it is
+possible for small homosexual coteries to form, in a certain sense, an
+environment of their own, favorable to their abnormality; yet this fact
+hardly modifies the general statement made in the text.
+
+[104] See especially Hirschfeld, _Die Homosexualität_, chs. xxiv and xxv.
+
+[105] Ulrichs, in his _Argonauticus_, in 1869, estimated the number as
+only 25,000, but admitted that this was probably a decided underestimate.
+Bloch (_Die Prostitution_, Bd. i, p. 792) has found reason to believe that
+in Cologne in the fifteenth century the percentage was nearly as high as
+Hirschfeld finds it today. A few years earlier Bloch had believed
+(_Beiträge_, part i, p. 215, 1902) that Hirschfeld's estimate of 2 per
+cent, was "sheer nonsense."
+
+[106] Hirschfeld mentions the case of two men, artists, one of them
+married, who were intimate friends for a great many years before each
+discovered that the other was an invert.
+
+[107] See articles by Numa Praetorius and Fernan, maintaining that
+homosexuality is at least as frequent in France (_Sexual-Probleme_, March
+and December, 1909).
+
+[108] Dr. Laupts, _L'Homosexualité_, 1910, pp. 413, 420.
+
+[109] Näcke, _Zeitschrift für Sexualwissenschaft_, 1908, Heft 6.
+
+[110] It is a fact significant of the French attitude toward homosexuality
+that the psychologist, Dr. Saint-Paul, when writing a book on this
+subject, though in a completely normal and correct manner, thought it
+desirable to adopt a pseudonym.
+
+[111] A well-informed series of papers dealing with English
+homosexuality generally, and especially with London (L. Pavia, "Die
+männliche Homosexualität in England," _Vierteljahrsberichte des
+wissenschaftlich-humanitären Komitees_, 1909-1911) will be found
+instructive even by those who are familiar with London. And see also
+Hirschfeld, _Die Homosexualität_, ch. xxvi. Much information of historical
+nature concerning homosexuality in England will be found in Eugen Dühren
+(Iwan Bloch), _Das Geschlechtsleben in England_.
+
+[112] This: is doubtless the reason why so many English inverts establish
+themselves outside England. Paris, Florence, Nice, Naples, Cairo, and
+other places, are said to swarm with homosexual Englishmen.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+THE STUDY OF SEXUAL INVERSION.
+
+Westphal--Hössli--Casper--Ulrichs--Krafft-Ebing--Moll--Féré--Kiernan--
+Lydston--Raffalovich--Edward Carpenter--Hirschfeld.
+
+
+Westphal, an eminent professor of psychiatry at Berlin, may be said to be
+the first to put the study of sexual inversion on an assured scientific
+basis. In 1870 he published, in the _Archiv für Psychiatrie_, of which he
+was for many years editor, the detailed history of a young woman who, from
+her earliest years, differed from other girls: she liked to dress as a
+boy, only cared for boys' games, and as she grew up was sexually attracted
+only to women, with whom she formed a series of tender relationships, in
+which the friends obtained sexual gratification by mutual caresses; while
+she blushed and was shy in the presence of women, more especially the girl
+with whom she chanced to be in love, she was always absolutely indifferent
+in the presence of men. Westphal--a pupil, it may be noted, of Griesinger,
+who had already called attention to the high character sometimes shown by
+subjects of this perversion--combined keen scientific insight with a rare
+degree of personal sympathy for those who came under his care, and it was
+this combination of qualities which enabled him to grasp the true nature
+of a case such as this, which by most medical men at that time would have
+been hastily dismissed as a vulgar instance of vice or insanity. Westphal
+perceived that this abnormality was congenital, not acquired, so that it
+could not be termed vice; and, while he insisted on the presence of
+neurotic elements, his observations showed the absence of anything that
+could legitimately be termed insanity. He gave to this condition the name
+of "contrary sexual feeling" (_Konträre Sexualempfindung_), by which it
+was long usually known in Germany. The way was thus made clear for the
+rapid progress of our knowledge of this abnormality. New cases were
+published in quick succession, at first exclusively in Germany, and more
+especially in Westphal's _Archiv_, but soon in other countries also,
+chiefly Italy and France.[113]
+
+While Westphal was the first to place the study of sexual inversion on a
+progressive footing, many persons had previously obtained glimpses into
+the subject. Thus, in 1791, two cases were published[114] of men who
+showed a typical emotional attraction to their own sex, though it was not
+quite clearly made out that the inversion was congenital. In 1836, again,
+a Swiss writer, Heinrich Hössli, published a rather diffuse but remarkable
+work, entitled _Eros_, which contained much material of a literary
+character bearing on this matter. He seems to have been moved to write
+this book by a trial which had excited considerable attention at that
+time. A man of good position had suddenly murdered a youth, and was
+executed for the crime, which, according to Hössli, was due to homosexual
+love and jealousy. Hössli was not a trained scholar; he was in business at
+Glarus as a skillful milliner, the most successful in the town. His own
+temperament is supposed to have been bisexual. His book was prohibited by
+the local authorities and at a later period the entire remaining stock was
+destroyed in a fire, so that its circulation was very small. It is now,
+however, regarded by some as the first serious attempt to deal with the
+problem of homosexuality since Plato's _Banquet_.[115]
+
+Some years later, in 1852, Casper, the chief medico-legal authority of his
+time in Germany,--for it is in Germany that the foundations of the study
+of sexual inversion have been laid,--pointed out in Casper's
+_Vierteljahrsschrift_ that pederasty, in a broad sense of the word, was
+sometimes a kind of "moral hermaphroditism," due to a congenital psychic
+condition, and also that it by no means necessarily involved sodomy
+(_immissio penis in anum_). Casper brought forward a considerable amount
+of valuable evidence concerning these cardinal points, which he was the
+first to note,[116] but he failed to realize the full significance of his
+observations, and they had no immediate influence, though Tardieu, in
+1858, admitted a congenital element in some pederasts.
+
+The man, however, who more than anyone else brought to light the phenomena
+of sexual inversion had not been concerned either with the medical or the
+criminal aspects of the matter. Karl Heinrich Ulrichs (born in 1825 near
+Aurich), who for many years expounded and defended homosexual love, and
+whose views are said to have had some influence in drawing Westphal's
+attention to the matter, was a Hanoverian legal official (_Amtsassessor_),
+himself sexually inverted. From 1864 onward, at first under the name of
+"Numa Numantius" and subsequently under his own name, Ulrichs published,
+in various parts of Germany, a long series of works dealing with this
+question, and made various attempts to obtain a revision of the legal
+position of the sexual invert in Germany.
+
+Although not a writer whose psychological views can carry much scientific
+weight, Ulrichs appears to have been a man of most brilliant ability, and
+his knowledge is said to have been of almost universal extent; he was not
+only well versed in his own special subjects of jurisprudence and
+theology, but in many branches of natural science, as well as in
+archeology; he was also regarded by many as the best Latinist of his time.
+In 1880 he left Germany and settled in Naples, and afterward at Aquila in
+the Abruzzi, whence he issued a Latin periodical. He died in 1895.[117]
+John Addington Symonds, who went to Aquila in 1891, wrote: "Ulrichs is
+_chrysostomos_ to the last degree, sweet, noble, a true gentleman and man
+of genius. He must have been at one time a man of singular personal
+distinction, so finely cut are his features, and so grand the lines of his
+skull."[118]
+
+For many years Ulrichs was alone in his efforts to gain scientific
+recognition for congenital homosexuality. He devised (with allusion to
+Uranos in Plato's _Symposium_) the word uranian or urning, ever since
+frequently used for the homosexual lover, while he called the normal
+heterosexual lover a dioning (from Dione). He regarded uranism, or
+homosexual love, as a congenital abnormality by which a female soul had
+become united with a male body--_anima muliebris in corpore virili
+inclusa_--and his theoretical speculations have formed the starting point
+for many similar speculations. His writings are remarkable in various
+respects, although, on account of the polemical warmth with which, as one
+pleading _pro domo_, he argued his cause, they had no marked influence on
+scientific thought.[119]
+
+This privilege was reserved for Westphal. After he had shown the way and
+thrown open his journal for their publication, new cases appeared in rapid
+succession. In Italy, also, Ritti, Tamassia, Lombroso, and others began to
+study these phenomena. In 1882 Charcot and Magnan published in the
+_Archives de Neurologie_ the first important study which appeared in
+France concerning sexual inversion and allied sexual perversions. They
+regarded sexual inversion as an episode (_syndrome_) in a more fundamental
+process of hereditary degeneration, and compared it with such morbid
+obsessions as dipsomania and kleptomania. From a somewhat more
+medico-legal standpoint, the study of sexual inversion in France was
+furthered by Brouardel, and still more by Lacassagne, whose stimulating
+influence at Lyons has produced fruitful results in the work of many
+pupils.[120]
+
+Of much more importance in the history of the theory of sexual inversion
+was the work of Richard von Krafft-Ebing (born at Mannheim in 1840 and
+died at Graz in 1902), for many years professor of psychiatry at Vienna
+University and one of the most distinguished alienists of his time. While
+active in all departments of psychiatry and author of a famous textbook,
+from 1877 onward he took special interest in the pathology of the sexual
+impulse. His _Psychopathia Sexualis_ contained over two hundred histories,
+not only of sexual inversion but of all other forms of sexual perversion.
+For many years it was the only book on the subject and it long remained
+the chief storehouse of facts. It passed through many editions and was
+translated into many languages (there are two translations in English),
+enjoying an immense and not altogether enviable vogue.
+
+Krafft-Ebing's methods were open to some objection. His mind was not of a
+severely critical order. He poured out the new and ever-enlarged editions
+of his book with extraordinary rapidity, sometimes remodelling them. He
+introduced new subdivisions from time to time into his classification of
+sexual perversions, and, although this rather fine-spun classification has
+doubtless contributed to give precision to the subject and to advance its
+scientific study, it was at no time generally accepted. Krafft-Ebing's
+great service lay in the clinical enthusiasm with which he approached the
+study of sexual perversions. With the firm conviction that he was
+conquering a great neglected field of morbid psychology which rightly
+belongs to the physician, he accumulated without any false shame a vast
+mass of detailed histories, and his reputation induced sexually abnormal
+individuals in all directions to send him their autobiographies, in the
+desire to benefit their fellow-sufferers.
+
+It is as a clinician, rather than as a psychologist, that we must regard
+Krafft-Ebing. At the outset he considered inversion to be a functional
+sign of degeneration, a partial manifestation of a neuropathic and
+psychopathic state which is in most cases hereditary. This perverse
+sexuality appears spontaneously with the developing sexual life, without
+external causes, as the individual manifestation of an abnormal
+modification of the _vita sexualis_, and must then be regarded as
+congenital; or it develops as a result of special injurious influences
+working on a sexuality which had at first been normal, and must then be
+regarded as acquired. Careful investigation of these so-called acquired
+cases, however, Krafft-Ebing in the end finally believed, would indicate
+that the predisposition consists in a latent homosexuality, or at least
+bisexuality, which requires for its manifestation the operation of
+accidental causes. In the last edition of his work Krafft-Ebing was
+inclined to regard inversion as being not so much a degeneration as a
+variation, a simple anomaly, and acknowledged that his opinion thus
+approximated to that which had long been held by inverts themselves.[121]
+
+At the time of his death, Krafft-Ebing, who had begun by accepting the
+view, at that time prevalent among alienists, that homosexuality is a sign
+of degeneration, thus fully adopted and set the seal of his authority on
+the view, already expressed alike by some scientific investigators as well
+as by inverts themselves, that sexual inversion is to be regarded simply
+as an anomaly, whatever difference of opinion there might be as to the
+value of the anomaly. The way was even opened for such a view as that of
+Freud and most of the psychoanalysts today who regard a strain of
+homosexuality as normal and almost constant, with a profound significance
+for the psychonervous life. In 1891 Dr. Albert Moll, of Berlin, published
+his work, _Die Konträre Sexualempfindung_, which subsequently appeared in
+much enlarged and revised editions. It speedily superseded all previous
+books as a complete statement and judicious discussion of sexual
+inversion. Moll was not content merely to present fresh clinical material.
+He attacked the problem which had now become of primary importance: the
+nature and causes of sexual inversion. He discussed the phenomena as a
+psychologist even more than as a physician, bearing in mind the broader
+aspects of the problem, keenly critical of accepted opinions, but
+judiciously cautious in the statement of conclusions. He cleared away
+various ancient prejudices and superstitions which even Krafft-Ebing
+sometimes incautiously repeated. He accepted the generally received
+doctrine that the sexually inverted usually belong to families in which
+various nervous and mental disorders prevail, but he pointed out at the
+same time that it is not in all cases possible to prove that we are
+concerned with individuals possessing a hereditary neurotic taint. He also
+rejected any minute classification of sexual inverts, only recognizing
+psycho-sexual hermaphroditism and homosexuality. At the same time he cast
+doubt on the existence of acquired homosexuality, in a strict sense,
+except in occasional cases, and he pointed out that even when a normal
+heterosexual impulse appears at puberty, and a homosexual impulse later,
+it may still be the former that was acquired and the latter that was
+inborn.
+
+In America attention had been given to the phenomena at a fairly early
+period. Mention may be specially made of J.G. Kiernan and G. Frank
+Lydston, both of whom put forward convenient classifications of homosexual
+manifestations some thirty years ago.[122] More recently (1911) an
+American writer, under the pseudonym of Xavier Mayne, privately printed an
+extensive work entitled _The Intersexes: A History of Similisexualism as
+a Problem in Social Life_, popularly written and compiled from many
+sources. This book, from a subjective and scarcely scientific standpoint,
+claims that homosexual relationships are natural, necessary, and
+legitimate.[123]
+
+In England the first attempts to deal seriously, from the modern point of
+view, with the problem of homosexuality came late, and were either
+published privately or abroad. In 1883 John Addington Symonds privately
+printed his discussion of _paiderastia_ in ancient Greece, under the title
+of _A Problem in Greek Ethics_, and in 1889-1890 he further wrote, and in
+1891 privately printed, _A Problem of Modern Ethics: Being an Enquiry into
+the Phenomena of Sexual Inversion_. In 1886 Sir Richard Burton added to
+his translation of the _Arabian Nights_ a Terminal Essay on the same
+subject. In 1894 Edward Carpenter privately printed in Manchester a
+pamphlet entitled _Homogenic Love_, in which he criticised various
+psychiatric views of inversion at that time current, and claimed that the
+laws of homosexual love are the same as those of heterosexual love,
+urging, however, that the former possesses a special aptitude to be
+exalted to a higher and more spiritual level of comradeship, so fulfilling
+a beneficent social function. More recently (1907) Edward Carpenter
+published a volume of papers on homosexuality and its problems, under the
+title of _The Intermediate Sex_, and later (1914) a more special study of
+the invert in early religion and in warfare, _Intermediate Types among
+Primitive Folk_.
+
+In 1896 the most comprehensive book so far written on the subject in
+England was published in French by Mr. André Raffalovich (in Lacassagne's
+_Bibliothèque de Criminologie_), _Uranisme et Unisexualité_. This book
+dealt chiefly with congenital inversion, publishing no new cases, but
+revealing a wide knowledge of the matter. Raffalovich put forward many
+just and sagacious reflections on the nature and treatment of inversion,
+and the attitude of society toward perverted sexuality. The historical
+portions of the book, which are of special interest, deal largely with the
+remarkable prevalence of inversion in England, neglected by previous
+investigators. Raffalovich, whose attitude is, on the whole, philosophical
+rather than scientific, regards congenital inversion as a large and
+inevitable factor in human life, but, taking the Catholic standpoint, he
+condemns all sexuality, either heterosexual or homosexual, and urges the
+invert to restrain the physical manifestations of his instinct and to aim
+at an ideal of chastity. On the whole, it may be said that the book is the
+work of a thinker who has reached his own results in his own way, and
+those results bear an imprint of originality and freedom from tradition.
+
+In recent years no one has so largely contributed to place our knowledge
+of sexual inversion on a broad and accurate basis as Dr. Magnus Hirschfeld
+of Berlin, who possesses an unequalled acquaintance with the phenomena of
+homosexuality in all their aspects. He has studied the matter exhaustively
+in Germany and to some extent in other countries also; he has received the
+histories of a thousand inverts; he is said to have met over ten thousand
+homosexual persons. As editor of the _Jahrbuch für sexuelle
+Zwischenstufen_, which he established in 1899, and author of various
+important monographs--more especially on transitional psychic and physical
+stages between masculinity and femininity--Hirschfeld had already
+contributed greatly to the progress of investigation in this field before
+the appearance in 1914 of his great work, _Die Homosexualität des Mannes
+und des Weibes_. This is not only the largest but the most precise,
+detailed, and comprehensive--even the most condensed--work which has yet
+appeared on the subject. It is, indeed, an encyclopedia of homosexuality.
+For such a task Hirschfeld had been prepared by many years of strenuous
+activity as a physician, an investigator, a medico-legal expert before the
+courts, and his position as president of the _Wissenschaftlich-humanitären
+Komitee_ which is concerned with the defense of the interests of the
+homosexual in Germany. In Hirschfeld's book the pathological conception
+of inversion has entirely disappeared; homosexuality is regarded as
+primarily a biological phenomenon of universal extension, and secondarily
+as a social phenomenon of serious importance. There is no attempt to
+invent new theories; the main value of Hirschfeld's work lies, indeed, in
+the constant endeavor to keep close to definite facts. It is this quality
+which renders the book an indispensable source for all who seek
+enlightened and precise information on this question.
+
+Even the existence of such a treatise as this of Hirschfeld's is enough to
+show how rapidly the study of this subject has grown. A few years ago--for
+instance, when Dr. Paul Moreau wrote his _Aberrations du Sens
+Génésique_--sexual inversion was scarcely even a name. It was a loathsome
+and nameless vice, only to be touched with a pair of tongs, rapidly and
+with precautions. As it now presents itself, it is a psychological and
+medico-legal problem so full of interest that we need not fear to face it,
+and so full of grave social actuality that we are bound to face it.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[113] In England aberration of the sexual instinct, or the tendency of men
+to feminine occupations and of women to masculine occupations, had been
+referred to in the _Medical Times and Gazette_, February 9, 1867; Sir G.
+Savage first described a case of "Sexual Perversion" in the _Journal of
+Mental Science_, vol. xxx, October, 1884.
+
+[114] Moritz, _Magazin für Erfahrungsseelenkunde_, Berlin, Bd. viii.
+
+[115] A full and interesting account of Hössli and his book is given by
+Karsch in the _Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen_, Bd. v, 1903, pp.
+449-556.
+
+[116] "Eugen Dühren" (Iwan Bloch) remarks, however (_Neue Forschungen über
+den Marquis de Sade und seine Zeit_, p. 436), that de Sade in his _Aline
+et Valcour_ seems to recognize that inversion is sometimes inborn, or at
+least natural, and apt to develop at a very early age, in spite of all
+provocations to the normal attitude. "And if this inclination were not
+natural," he makes Sarmiento say, "would the impression of it be received
+in childhood?... Let us study better this indulgent Nature before daring
+to fix her limits." Still earlier, in 1676 (as Schouten has pointed out,
+_Sexual-Probleme_, January, 1910, p. 66), an Italian priest called
+Carretto recognized that homosexual tendencies are innate.
+
+[117] For some account of Ulrichs see _Jahrbuch für sexuelle
+Zwischenstufen_, Bd. i, 1899, p. 36.
+
+[118] Horatio Brown, _John Addington Symonds, a Biography_, vol. ii, p.
+344.
+
+[119] Ulrichs scarcely went so far as to assert that both homosexual and
+heterosexual love are equally normal and healthy; this has, however, been
+argued more recently.
+
+[120] Special mention may be made of _L'Inversion Sexuelle_, a copious and
+comprehensive, though sometimes uncritical book by Dr. J. Chevalier,
+published in 1893, and the _Perversion et Perversité Sexuelles_ of Dr.
+Saint-Paul, writing under the pseudonym of "Dr. Laupts," published in 1896
+and republished in an enlarged form, under the title of _L'Homosexualité
+et les Types Homosexuels_, in 1910.
+
+[121] Krafft-Ebing set forth his latest views in a paper read before the
+International Medical Congress, at Paris, in 1900 (_Comptes-rendus_,
+"Section de Psychiatrie," pp. 421, 462; also in contributions to the
+_Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen_, Bd. iii, 1901).
+
+[122] Kiernan, _Detroit Lancet_, 1884, _Alienist and Neurologist_, April,
+1891; Lydston, _Philadelphia Medical and Surgical Reporter_, September 7,
+1889, and _Addresses and Essays_, 1892.
+
+[123] A summary of the conclusion of this book, of which but few copies
+were printed, will be found in Hirschfeld's _Vierteljahrsberichte_,
+October, 1911, pp. 78-91.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+SEXUAL INVERSION IN MEN.
+
+Relatively Undifferentiated State of the Sexual Impulse in Early Life--The
+Freudian View--Homosexuality in Schools--The Question of Acquired
+Homosexuality--Latent Inversion--Retarded Inversion--Bisexuality--The
+Question of the Invert's Truthfulness--Histories.
+
+
+When the sexual instinct first appears in early youth, it is much less
+specialized than normally it becomes later. Not only is it, at the outset,
+less definitely directed to a specific sexual end, but even the sex of its
+object is sometimes uncertain.[124] This has always been so well
+recognized that those in authority over young men have sometimes forced
+women upon them to avoid the risk of possible unnatural offenses.[125]
+
+The institution which presents these phenomena to us in the most marked
+and the most important manner is, naturally, the school, in England
+especially the Public School. In France, where the same phenomena are
+noted, Tarde called attention to these relationships, "most usually
+Platonic in the primitive meaning of the word, which indicate a simple
+indecision of frontier between friendship and love, still undifferentiated
+in the dawn of the awakening heart," and he regretted that no one had
+studied them. In England we are very familiar with vague allusions to the
+vices of public schools. From time to time we read letters in the
+newspapers denouncing public schools as "hot-beds of vice" and one
+anonymous writer remarks that "some of our public schools almost provoke
+the punishment of the cities of the Plain."[126] But these allegations are
+rarely or never submitted to accurate investigation. The physicians and
+masters of public schools who are in a position to study the matter
+usually possess no psychological training, and appear to view
+homosexuality with too much disgust to care to pay any careful attention
+to it. What knowledge they possess they keep to themselves, for it is
+considered to be in the interests of public schools that these things
+should be hushed up. When anything very scandalous occurs one or two lads
+are expelled, to their own grave and, perhaps, lifelong injury, and
+without benefit to those who remain, whose awakening sexual life rarely
+receives intelligent sympathy.
+
+    In several of the Histories which follow in this chapter, as well
+    as in Histories contained in other volumes of these _Studies_,
+    details will be found concerning homosexuality as it occurs in
+    English schools, public or private. (See also the study
+    "Auto-erotism" in vol. i.) The prevalence of homosexual and
+    erotic phenomena in schools varies greatly at different schools
+    and at different times in the same school, while in small private
+    schools such phenomena may be entirely unknown. As an English
+    schoolboy I never myself saw or heard anything of such practices,
+    and in Germany, Professor Gurlitt (_Die Neue Generation_,
+    January, 1909), among others, testifies to similar absence of
+    experience during his whole school life, although there was much
+    talk and joking among the boys over sexual things. I have added
+    some observations by a correspondent whose experiences of English
+    public school life are still recent:--
+
+    "In the years I was a member of a public school, I saw and heard
+    a good deal of homosexuality, though till my last two years I did
+    not understand its meaning. As a prefect, I discussed with other
+    prefects the methods of checking it, and of punishing it when
+    detected. My own observations, supported by those of others, led
+    me to think that the fault of the usual method of dealing with
+    homosexuality in schools is that it regards all school
+    homosexualists as being in one class together, and has only one
+    way of dealing with them--the birch for a first offense,
+    expulsion for a second. Now, I think we may distinguish _three_
+    classes of school homosexualists:--
+
+    "(a) A very small number who are probably radically inverted, and
+    who do not scruple to sacrifice young and innocent boys to their
+    passions. These, and these only, are a real moral danger to
+    others, and I believe them to be rare.
+
+    "(b) Boys of various ages who, having been initiated into the
+    passive part in their young days, continue practices of an active
+    or passive kind; but only with boys already known to be
+    homosexualists; they draw the line at corrupting fresh victims.
+    This class realize more or less what they are about, but cannot
+    be called a danger to the morals of pure boys.
+
+    "(c) Young boys who, whether in the development of their own
+    physical nature, or by the instruction of older boys of the class
+    (a), find out the pleasures of masturbation or intercrural
+    connection. (I never heard of a case of _pedicatio_ at my school,
+    and only once of _fellatio_, which was attempted on a quite young
+    boy, who complained to his house master, and the offender was
+    expelled). Boys in this class have probably little or no idea of
+    what sexual morality means, and can hardly be accused of a
+    _moral_ offense at all.
+
+    "I submit that these three classes should receive quite different
+    treatment. Expulsion may occasionally be necessary for class (a),
+    but the few who belong to this class are usually too cunning to
+    get caught. It used to be notorious at school that it was almost
+    always the wrong people who got dropped on. I do not think a boy
+    in the other two classes should ever be expelled, and even when
+    expulsion is unavoidable, it should, if possible, be deferred
+    till the end of the term, so as to make it indistinguishable from
+    an ordinary departure. After all, there is no reason to ruin a
+    boy's prospects because he is a little beast at sixteen; there
+    are very few hopeless incorrigibles at that age.
+
+    "As regards the other two classes, I should begin by giving boys
+    very much fuller enlightenment on sexual subjects than is usually
+    done, before they go to a public school at all. Either a boy is
+    pitchforked into the place in utter innocence and ignorance, and
+    yields to temptations to do things which he vaguely, if at all,
+    realizes are wrong, and that only because a puzzling sort of
+    instinct tells him so; or else he is given just enough
+    information to whet his curiosity, usually in the shape of
+    warnings against certain apparently harmless bodily acts, which
+    he not unnaturally tries out of curiosity, and finds them very
+    pleasant. It may be undesirable that a boy should have full
+    knowledge, at the time he goes to school, but it is more
+    undesirable that he should go with a burning curiosity, or a
+    total ignorance on the subject. I am convinced that much might
+    be done in the way of prevention if boys were told more, and
+    allowed to be _open_. Much of the pleasure of sexual talk among
+    boys I believe to be due to the spurious interest aroused by the
+    fact that it is forbidden fruit, and involves risk if caught. It
+    seems to me that frankness is far more moral than suggestion. I
+    would not 'expurgate' school editions of great authors; the frank
+    obscenity of parts of Shakespeare is far less immoral than the
+    prurient prudishness which declines to print it, but numbers the
+    lines in such a way that the boy can go home and look up the
+    omitted passage in a complete edition, with a distinct sense of
+    guilt, which is where the harm comes in."
+
+    It is probable that only a small proportion of homosexual boys in
+    schools can properly be described as "vicious." A. Hoche,
+    describing homosexuality in German schools ("Zür Frage der
+    forensischen Beurteilung sexuellen Vergehen," _Neurologisches
+    Centralblatt_, 1896, No. 2), and putting together communications
+    received from various medical men regarding their own youthful
+    experiences at school, finds relationships of the kind very
+    common, usually between boys of different ages and
+    school-classes. According to one observer, the feminine, or
+    passive, part was always played by a boy of girlish form and
+    complexion, and the relationships were somewhat like those of
+    normal lovers, with kissing, poems, love-letters, scenes of
+    jealousy, sometimes visits to each other in bed, but without
+    masturbation, pederasty, or other grossly physical
+    manifestations. From his own youthful experience Hoche records
+    precisely similar observations, and remarks that the lovers were
+    by no means recruited from the vicious elements in the school.
+    (The elder scholars, of 21 or 22 years of age, formed regular
+    sexual relationships with the servant-girls in the house.) It is
+    probable that the homosexual relationships in English schools
+    are, as a rule, not more vicious than those described by Hoche,
+    but that the concealment in which they are wrapped leads to
+    exaggeration. In the course of a discussion on this matter over
+    thirty years ago, "Olim Etoniensis" wrote (_Journal of
+    Education_, 1882, p. 85) that, on making a list of the vicious
+    boys he had known at Eton, he found that "these very boys had
+    become cabinet ministers, statesmen, officers, clergymen,
+    country-gentlemen, etc., and that they are nearly all of them
+    fathers of thriving families, respected and prosperous." But, as
+    Marro has remarked, the question is not thus settled. Public
+    distinction by no means necessarily implies any fine degree of
+    private morality.
+
+    Sometimes the manifestations thus appearing in schools or
+    wherever youths are congregated together are not truly
+    homosexual, but exhibit a more or less brutal or even sadistic
+    perversion of the immature sexual instinct. This may be
+    illustrated by the following narrative concerning a large London
+    city warehouse: "A youth left my class at the age of 16½," writes
+    a correspondent, "to take up an apprenticeship in a large
+    wholesale firm in G---- Street. Fortunately he went on probation
+    of three weeks before articling. He came to me at the end of the
+    first week asking me to intercede with his mother (he had no
+    father) not to let him return. He told me that almost nightly,
+    and especially when new fellows came, the youths in his dormitory
+    (eleven in number) would waylay him, hold him down, and rub his
+    parts to the tune of some comic song or dance-music. The boy who
+    could choose the fastest time had the privilege of performing the
+    operation, and most had to be the victim in turn unless new boys
+    entered, when they would sometimes be subjected to this for a
+    week. This boy, having been brought up strictly, was shocked,
+    dazed, and alarmed; but they stopped him from calling out, and he
+    dared not report it. Most boys entered direct on their
+    apprenticeship without probation, and had no chance to get out. I
+    procured the boy's release from the place and gave the manager to
+    understand what went on." In such a case as this it has usually
+    happened that a strong boy of brutal and perverse instincts and
+    some force of character initiates proceedings which the others
+    either fall into with complacency or are too weak to resist.
+
+Max Dessoir[127] came to the conclusion that "an undifferentiated sexual
+feeling is normal, on the average, during the first years of
+puberty,--i.e., from 13 to 15 in boys and from 12 to 14 in girls,--while
+in later years it must be regarded as pathological." He added very truly
+that in this early period the sexual emotion has not become centered in
+the sexual organs. This latter fact is certainly far too often forgotten
+by grown-up persons who suspect the idealized passion of boys and girls of
+a physical side which children have often no suspicion of, and would view
+with repulsion and horror. How far the sexual instinct may be said to be
+undifferentiated in early puberty as regards sex is a little doubtful. It
+is comparatively undifferentiated, but except in rare cases it is not
+absolutely undifferentiated.
+
+We have to admit, however, that, in the opinion of the latest
+physiologists of sex, such as Castle, Heape, and Marshall, each sex
+contains the latent characters of the other or recessive sex. Each sex is
+latent in the other, and each, as it contains the characters of both
+sexes (and can transmit those of the recessive sex) is latently
+hermaphrodite. A homosexual tendency may thus be regarded as simply the
+psychical manifestation of special characters of the recessive sex,
+susceptible of being evolved under changed circumstances, such as may
+occur near puberty, and associated with changed metabolism.[128]
+
+    William James (_Principles of Psychology_, vol. ii, p. 439)
+    considered inversion "a kind of sexual appetite of which very
+    likely most men possess the germinal possibility." Conolly Norman
+    (Article "Sexual Perversion," Tuke's _Dictionary of Psychological
+    Medicine_) also stated that "the sexual passion, at its first
+    appearance, is always indefinite, and is very easily turned in a
+    wrong direction," and he apparently accounted for inversion by
+    this fact, and by the precocity of neurotics. Obici and
+    Marchesini (_Le 'Amicizie' di collegio_, p. 126) refer to the
+    indeterminate character of the sexual feelings when they first
+    begin to develop. A correspondent believes that sexual feelings
+    are undifferentiated in the early years about puberty, but at the
+    same time considers that school life is to some extent
+    responsible; "the holidays," he adds, "are sufficiently long to
+    counteract it, however, provided the boy has sisters and they
+    have friends; the change from school fare and work to home
+    naturally results in a greater surplus of nerve-force, and I
+    think most boys 'fool about' with servants or their sisters'
+    friends." Moll (_Konträre Sexualempfindung_, 1889, pp. 6 and 356)
+    does not think it proved that a stage of undifferentiated sexual
+    feeling always occurs, although we have to recognize that it is
+    of frequent occurrence. In his later work (1909, _Das Sexualleben
+    des Kindes_, English translation, _The Sexual Life of the Child_,
+    ch. iv), Moll remains of the same opinion that a homosexual
+    tendency is very frequent in normal children, whose later
+    development is quite normal; it begins between the ages of 7 and
+    10 (or even at 5) and may last to 20.
+
+    In recent years Freud has accepted and developed the conception
+    of the homosexual strain; as normal in early life. Thus, in 1905,
+    in his "Bruchstück einer Hysterie-Analyse" (reprinted in the
+    second series of _Sammlung Kleiner Schriften zur Neurosenlehre_,
+    1909), Freud regards it as a well-known fact that boys and girls
+    at puberty normally show plain signs of the existence of a
+    homosexual tendency. Under favorable circumstances this tendency
+    is overcome, but when a happy heterosexual love is not
+    established it remains liable to reappear under the influence of
+    an appropriate stimulus. In the neurotic these homosexual germs
+    are more highly developed. "I have never carried through any
+    psychoanalysis of a man or a woman," Freud states, "without
+    discovering a very significant homosexual tendency." Ferenczi,
+    again (_Jahrbuch für Psychoanalytische Forschungen_, Bd. iii,
+    1911, p. 119), without reference to any physical basis of the
+    impulse, accepts "the psychic capacity of the child to direct his
+    originally objectless eroticism to one or both sexes," and terms
+    this disposition _ambisexuality_. The normality of a homosexual
+    element in early life may be said to be accepted by most
+    psychoanalysts, even of the schools that are separated from
+    Freud. Stekel would go farther, and regards various psychic
+    sexual anomalies as signs of a concealed bisexual tendency;
+    psychic impotence, the admiration of men for masculine women and
+    of women for feminine men, various forms of fetichism,--they are
+    all masks of homosexuality (Stekel, _Zentralblatt für
+    Psychoanalyse_, vol. ii, April, 1912).
+
+These schoolboy affections and passions arise, to a large extent,
+spontaneously, with the evolution of the sexual emotions, though the
+method of manifestation may be a matter of example or suggestion. As the
+sexual emotions become stronger, and as the lad leaves school or college
+to mix with men and women in the world, the instinct usually turns into
+the normal channel, in which channel the instincts of the majority of boys
+have been directed from the earliest appearance of puberty, if not
+earlier. But a certain proportion remain insensitive to the influence of
+women, and these may be regarded as true sexual inverts. Some of them are
+probably individuals of somewhat undeveloped sexual instincts. The members
+of this group are of some interest psychologically, although from the
+comparative quiescence of their sexual emotions they have received little
+attention. The following communication which I have received from a
+well-accredited source is noteworthy from this point of view:--
+
+    "The following facts may possibly be of interest to you, though
+    my statement of them is necessarily general and vague. I happen
+    to know intimately three cases of men whose affections have
+    chiefly been directed exclusively to persons of their own sex.
+    The first, having practised masturbation as a boy, and then for
+    some ten years ceased to practise it (to such an extent that he
+    even inhibited his erotic dreams), has since recurred to it
+    deliberately (at about fortnightly intervals) as a substitute for
+    copulation, for which he has never felt the least desire. But
+    occasionally, when sleeping with a male friend, he has emissions
+    in the act of embracing. The second is constantly and to an
+    abnormal extent (I should say) troubled with erotic dreams and
+    emissions, and takes drugs, by doctor's advice, to reduce this
+    activity. He has recently developed a sexual interest in women,
+    but for ethical and other reasons does not copulate with them. Of
+    the third I can say little, as he has not talked to me on the
+    subject; but I know that he has never had intercourse with women,
+    and has always had a natural and instinctive repulsion to the
+    idea. In all these, I imagine, the physical impulse of sex is
+    less imperative than in the average man. The emotional impulse,
+    on the other hand, is very strong. It has given birth to
+    friendships of which I find no adequate description anywhere but
+    in the dialogues of Plato; and, beyond a certain feeling of
+    strangeness at the gradual discovery of a temperament apparently
+    different to that of most men, it has provoked no kind of
+    self-reproach or shame. On the contrary, the feeling has been
+    rather one of elation in the consciousness of a capacity of
+    affection which appears to be finer and more spiritual than that
+    which commonly subsists between persons of different sexes. These
+    men are all of intellectual capacity above the average; and one
+    is actively engaged in the world, where he is both respected for
+    his capacity and admired for his character. I mention this
+    particularly, because it appears to be the habit, in books upon
+    this subject, to regard the relation in question as pathological,
+    and to select cases where those who are concerned in it are
+    tormented with shame and remorse. In the cases to which I am
+    referring nothing of the kind subsists.
+
+    "In all these cases a physical sexual attraction is recognized as
+    the basis of the relation, but as a matter of feeling, and partly
+    also of theory, the ascetic ideal is adopted.
+
+    "These are the only cases with which I am personally and
+    intimately acquainted. But no one can have passed through a
+    public-school and college life without constantly observing
+    indications of the phenomenon in question. It is clear to me that
+    in a large number of instances there is no fixed line between
+    what is called distinctively 'friendship' and love; and it is
+    probably the influence of custom and public opinion that in most
+    cases finally specializes the physical passion in the direction
+    of the opposite sex."
+
+The classification of the varieties of homosexuality is a matter of
+difficulty, and no classification is very fundamental. The early attempts
+of Krafft-Ebing and others at elaborate classification are no longer
+acceptable. Even the most elementary groupings become doubtful when we
+have definitely to fit our cases into them. The old distinction between
+congenital and acquired homosexuality has ceased to possess significance.
+When we have recognized that there is a tendency for homosexuality to
+arise in persons of usually normal tendency who are placed under
+conditions (as on board ship or in prison) where the exercise of normal
+sexuality is impossible, there is little further classification to be
+achieved along this line.[129] We have gone as far as is necessary by
+admitting a general undefined homosexuality,--a relationship of
+unspecified nature to persons of the same sex,--in addition to the more
+specific sexual inversion.[130]
+
+It may now be said to be recognized by all authorities, even by Freud who
+emphasizes a special psychological mechanism by which homosexuality may
+become established, that a congenital predisposition as well as an
+acquired tendency is necessary to constitute true inversion, apparent
+exceptions being too few to carry much weight. Krafft-Ebing, Näcke, Iwan
+Bloch, who at one time believed in the possibility of acquired inversion,
+all finally abandoned that view, and even Schrenck-Notzing, a vigorous
+champion of the doctrine of acquired inversion twenty years ago, admits
+the necessity of a favoring predisposition, an admission which renders the
+distinction between innate and acquired an unimportant, if not a merely
+verbal, distinction.[131] Supposing, indeed, that we are prepared to admit
+that true inversion may be purely acquired the decision in any particular
+case must be extremely difficult, and I have found very few cases which,
+even with imperfect knowledge, could fairly so be termed.
+
+Even the cases (to which Schopenhauer long since referred) in which
+inversion is only established late in life, are no longer regarded as
+constituting a difficulty in accepting the doctrine of the congenital
+nature of inversion; in such cases the inversion is merely retarded. The
+conception of retarded inversion,--that is to say a latent congenital
+inversion becoming manifest at a late period in life,--was first brought
+forward by Thoinot in 1898 in his _Attentats aux Moeurs_, in order to
+supersede the unsatisfactory conception, as he considered it to be, of
+acquired inversion. Thoinot regarded retarded inversion as relatively rare
+and of no great importance but more accessible to therapeutic measures.
+Three years later, Krafft-Ebing, toward the close of his life, adopted the
+same conception; the cases to which he applied it were all, he considered,
+of bisexual disposition and usually, also, marked by sexual hyperesthesia.
+This way of looking at the matter was speedily championed by Näcke and may
+now be said to be widely accepted.[132]
+
+Moll, earlier than Thoinot, had pointed out that it is difficult to
+believe that homosexuality in late life can ever be produced without at
+least some inborn weakness of the heterosexual impulse, and that we must
+not deny the possibility of heredity even when homosexuality appears at
+the age of 50 or 60.[133]
+
+    Moll believes it is very doubtful whether heterosexual satiety
+    alone can ever suffice to produce homosexuality. Näcke was
+    careful to set aside the cases, to which much significance was
+    once attached, in which old men with failing sexual powers, or
+    younger men exhausted by heterosexual debauchery, are attracted
+    to boys. In such cases, which include the majority of those
+    appearing late, Näcke regarded the inversion as merely spurious,
+    the _faute de mieux_ of persons no longer apt for normal sexual
+    activity.
+
+    Such cases no doubt need more careful psychological study than
+    they usually receive. Féré once investigated a case of this kind
+    in which a healthy young man (though with slightly neurotic
+    heredity on one side) practised sexual intercourse excessively
+    between the ages of 20 and 23--often impelled more by _amour
+    propre_ (or what Adler would term the "masculine protest" of the
+    organically inferior) than sexual desire--and then suddenly
+    became impotent, at the same time losing all desire, but without
+    any other loss of health. Six months later potency slowly
+    returned, though never to the same extent, and he married. At the
+    age of 35 symptoms of locomotor ataxia began to appear, and some
+    years later he again became impotent, but without losing sexual
+    desire. Suddenly one day, on sitting in close contact with a
+    young man at a _table d'hôte_, he experienced a violent erection;
+    he afterward found that the same thing occurred with other young
+    men, and, though he had no psychic desire for men, he was
+    constrained to seek such contact, and a repugnance for women and
+    their sexuality arose. Five months later a complete paraplegic
+    impotence set in; and then both the homosexual tendency and the
+    aversion to women disappeared. (Féré, _L'Instinct Sexuel_, p.
+    184.) In such a case, under the influence of disease, excessive
+    stimulation seems to result in more or less complete sexual
+    anesthesia, just as temporarily we may be more or less blinded by
+    excess of light; and functional power reasserts itself under the
+    influence of a different and normally much weaker stimulus.
+
+    Leppmann, who has studied the homosexual manifestations of
+    previously normal old men toward boys ("Greisenalter und
+    Kriminalität," _Zeitschrift für Psychotherapie_, Bd. i, Heft 4,
+    1909), considers the chief factor to be a flaring up of the
+    sexual impulse in a perverted direction in an early stage of
+    morbid cerebral disturbance, not amounting to insanity and not
+    involving complete irresponsibility. In such cases, Leppmann
+    believes, the subject may, through his lack of power, be brought
+    back to the beginning of his sexual life and to the perhaps
+    unconsciously homosexual attractions of that age.
+
+With the recognition that homosexuality in youth may be due to an as yet
+undifferentiated sexual impulse, homosexuality in mature age to a retarded
+development on a congenital basis, and homosexuality in sold age to a
+return to the attitude of youth, the area of spurious or "pseudo"
+homosexuality seems to me to be very much restricted. Most, perhaps all,
+authorities still accept the reality of this spurious homosexuality in
+heterosexual persons. But they enter into no details concerning it, and
+they bring forward no minutely observed cases in which it occurred.
+Hirschfeld, in discussing the diagnosis of homosexuality and seeking to
+distinguish genuine from spurious inverts,[134] enumerates three classes
+of the latter: (1) those who practise homosexuality for purposes of gain,
+more especially male prostitutes and blackmailers; (2) persons who, from
+motives of pity, good nature, friendship, etc., allow themselves to be the
+objects of homosexual desire; (3) normal persons who, when excluded from
+the society of the opposite sex, as in schools, barracks, on board ship,
+or in prison, have sexual relations with persons of their own sex. Now
+Hirschfeld clearly realizes that the mere sexual act is no proof of the
+direction of the sexual impulse; it may be rendered possible by mechanical
+irritation (as by the stimulation of a full bladder) and in women without
+any stimulation at all; such cases can have little psychological
+significance. Moreover, he seems to admit that some subdivisions of his
+first class are true inverts. He further mentions that some 75 per cent.
+of the individuals included in these classes are between 15 and 25 years
+of age, that is to say, that they have scarcely emerged from the period
+when we have reason to believe that, in a large number of individuals at
+all events, the sexual impulse is not yet definitely differentiated; so
+that neither its homosexual nor its heterosexual tendencies can properly
+be regarded as spurious.
+
+If, indeed, we really accept the very reasonable view, that the basis of
+the sexual life is bisexual, although its direction may be definitely
+fixed in a heterosexual or homosexual direction at a very early period in
+life, it becomes difficult to see how we can any longer speak with
+certainty of a definitely spurious class of homosexual persons. Everyone
+of Hirschfeld's three classes may well contain a majority of genuinely
+homosexual or bisexual persons. The prostitutes and even the blackmailers
+are certainly genuine inverts in very many cases. Those persons, again,
+who allow themselves to be the recipients of homosexual attentions may
+well possess traces of homosexual feeling, and are undoubtedly in very
+many cases lacking in vigorous heterosexual impulse. Finally, the persons
+who turn to their own sex when forcibly excluded from the society of the
+opposite sex, can by no means be assumed, without question, to be normal
+heterosexual persons. It is only a small proportion of heterosexual
+persons who experience these impulses under such conditions. There are
+always others who under the same conditions remain emotionally attracted
+to the opposite sex and sexually indifferent to their own sex. There is
+evidently a difference, and that difference may most reasonably be
+supposed to be in the existence of a trace of homosexual feeling which is
+called into activity under the abnormal conditions, and subsides when the
+stronger heterosexual impulse can again be gratified.
+
+The real distinction would seem, therefore, to be between a homosexual
+impulse so strong that it subsists even in the presence of the
+heterosexual object, and a homosexual impulse so weak that it is eclipsed
+by the presence of the heterosexual object. We could not, however,
+properly speak of the latter as any more "spurious" or "pseudo" than the
+former. A heterosexual person who experiences a homosexual impulse in the
+absence of any homosexual disposition is not today easy to accept. We can
+certainly accept the possibility of a mechanical or other non-sexual
+stimulus leading to a sexual act contrary to the individual's disposition.
+But usually it is somewhat difficult to prove, and when proved it has
+little psychological significance or importance. We may expect, therefore,
+to find "pseudo-homosexuality," or spurious homosexuality, playing a
+dwindling part in classification.
+
+The simplest of all possible classifications, and that which I adopted in
+the earlier editions of the present _Study_, merely seeks to distinguish
+between those who, not being exclusively attracted to the opposite sex,
+are exclusively attracted to the same sex, and those who are attracted to
+both sexes. The first are the homosexual, whether or not the attraction
+springs from genuine inversion. The second are the bisexual, or, as they
+were formerly more often termed, following Krafft-Ebing, psycho-sexual
+hermaphrodites.[135] There would thus seem to be a broad and simple
+grouping of all sexually functioning persons into three comprehensive
+divisions: the heterosexual, the bisexual, and the homosexual.
+
+Even this elementary classification seems however of no great practical
+use. The bisexual group is found to introduce uncertainty and doubt. Not
+only a large proportion of persons who may fairly be considered normally
+heterosexual have at some time in their lives experienced a feeling which
+may be termed sexual toward individuals of their own sex, but a very large
+proportion of persons who are definitely and markedly homosexual are found
+to have experienced sexual attraction toward, and have had relationships
+with, persons of the opposite sex. The social pressure, urging all persons
+into the normal sexual channel, suffices to develop such slight germs of
+heterosexuality as homosexual persons may possess, and so to render them
+bisexual. In the majority of adult bisexual persons it would seem that the
+homosexual tendency is stronger and more organic than the heterosexual
+tendency. Bisexuality would thus in a large number of cases be comparable
+to ambidexterity, which Biervliet has found to occur most usually in
+people who are organically left-handed.[136] While therefore the division
+into heterosexual, bisexual, and homosexual is a useful superficial
+division, it is scarcely a scientific classification.
+
+In the face of these various considerations, and in view of the fact that,
+while I feel justified in regarding the histories of my cases as reliable
+so far as they go, I have not been always able to explore them
+extensively, it has seemed best to me to attempt no classification at all.
+
+The order in which the following histories appear is not, therefore, to be
+regarded as possessing any significance.
+
+    It may be proper, at this point, to say a few words as to the
+    reliability of the statements furnished by homosexual persons.
+    This has sometimes been called in question. Many years ago we
+    used to be told that inverts are such lying and deceitful
+    degenerates that it was impossible to place reliance on anything
+    they said. It was also usual to say that when they wrote
+    autobiographical accounts of themselves they merely sought to
+    mold them in the fashion of those published by Krafft-Ebing. More
+    recently the psychoanalysts have made a more radical attack on
+    all histories not obtained by their own methods as being quite
+    unreliable, even when put forth in good faith, in part because
+    the subject withholds much that he either regards as too trivial
+    or too unpleasant to bring forward, and in part because he cannot
+    draw on that unconscious field within himself wherein, it is
+    held, the most significant facts in his own sexual history are
+    concealed. Thus Sadger ("Ueber den Wert der Autobiographien
+    Sexuell Perverser," _Fortschritte der Medizin_, nos. 26-28, 1913)
+    vigorously puts forward this view and asserts that the
+    autobiographies of inverts are worthless, although his assertions
+    are somewhat discounted by the fact that they accompany an
+    autobiography, written in the usual manner, to which he
+    attributes much value.
+
+    The objection to homosexual autobiographic statements dates from
+    a period when the homosexual were very little known, and it was
+    supposed that their moral character generally was fairly
+    represented by a small section among them which attracted more
+    attention than the rest by reason of discreditable conduct. But,
+    in reality, as we now know, there are all sorts of people, with
+    all varieties of moral character, to be found among inverts, just
+    as among normal people. Sadger (_Archiv für
+    Kriminal-Anthropologie_, 1913, p. 199) complains of the "great
+    insincerity of inverts in not acknowledging their inversion;"
+    but, as Sadger himself admits, we cannot be surprised at this so
+    long as inversion is counted a crime. The most normal persons,
+    under similar conditions, would be similarly insincere. If the
+    homosexual differ in any respect, under this aspect, from the
+    heterosexual, it is by exhibiting a more frequent tendency to be
+    slightly neuropathic, nervously sensitive, and femininely
+    emotional. These tendencies, while on the one hand they are
+    liable to induce a very easily detectable vanity, may also lead
+    to an unusual self-subordination to veracity. On the whole, it
+    may be said, in my own experience, that the best histories
+    written by the homosexual compare favorably for frankness,
+    intelligence, and power of self-analysis with those written by
+    the heterosexual.
+
+    The ancient allegation that inverts have written their own
+    histories on the model, or under the suggestion, of those
+    published in Krafft-Ebing's _Psychopathia Sexualis_ can scarcely
+    have much force now that the published histories are so extremely
+    varied and numerous that they cannot possibly produce any uniform
+    impression on the most sensitively receptive mind. As a matter of
+    fact, there is no doubt that inverts have frequently been
+    stimulated to set down the narrative of their own experiences
+    through reading those written by others. But the stimulation has,
+    as often as not, lain in the fact that their own experiences have
+    seemed different, not that they have seemed identical. The
+    histories that they read only serve as models in the sense that
+    they indicate the points on which information is desired. I have
+    often been able to verify this influence, which would in any case
+    seem to be fairly obvious.
+
+    Psycho-analysis is, in theory, an ideal method of exploring many
+    psychic conditions, such as hysteria and obsessions, which are
+    obscure and largely concealed beneath the psychic surface. In
+    most homosexual cases the main facts are, with the patient's
+    good-will and the investigator's tact, not difficult to
+    ascertain. Any difficulties which psychoanalysis may help to
+    elucidate mainly concern the early history of the case in
+    childhood, and, regarding these, psychoanalysis may sometimes
+    raise questions which it cannot definitely settle.
+    Psycho-analysis reveals an immense mass of small details, any of
+    which may or may not possess significance, and in determining
+    which are significant the individuality of the psychoanalyst
+    cannot fail to come into play. He will necessarily tend to
+    arrange them according to a system. If, for instance, he regards
+    infantile incestuous emotions or early Narcissism as an essential
+    feature of the mechanism of homosexuality, a conscientious
+    investigator will not rest until he has discovered traces of
+    them, as he very probably will. (See, e.g., Sadger, "Fragment der
+    Psychoanalyse eines Homosexuellen," _Jahrbuch für sexuelle
+    Zwischenstufen_, Bd. ix, 1908; and cf. Hirschfeld, _Die
+    Homosexualität_, p. 164). But the exact weight and significance
+    of these traces may still be doubtful, and, even if considerable
+    in one case, may be inconsiderable in another. Freud, who sets
+    forth one type of homosexual mechanism, admits that there may be
+    others. Moreover, it must be added that the psychoanalytic method
+    by no means excludes unconscious deception by the subject, as
+    Freud found, and so was compelled to admit the patient's tendency
+    to "fantasy," as Adler has to "fictions," as a fundamental
+    psychic tendency of the "unconscious."
+
+    The force of these considerations is now beginning to be
+    generally recognized. Thus Moll (art. "Homosexualität," in 4th
+    ed. of Eulenburg's _Realencyclopädie der gesamten Heilkunde_,
+    1909, p. 611) rightly says that while the invert may occasionally
+    embroider his story, "the expert can usually distinguish between
+    the truth and the poetry, though it is unnecessary to add that
+    complete confidence on the patient's part is necessary," Näcke,
+    again (_Sexual-Probleme_, September, 1911, p. 619), after quoting
+    with approval the remark of one of the chief German authorities,
+    Dr. Numa Praetorius, that "a great number of inverts' histories
+    are at the least as trustworthy as the attempts of
+    psychoanalysts, especially when they come from persons skillful
+    in self-analysis," adds that "even Freudian analysis gives no
+    absolute guarantee for truth. A healthy skepticism is
+    justifiable--but not an unhealthy skepticism!" Hirschfeld, also
+    (_Die Homosexualität_, p. 164), whose knowledge of such histories
+    is unrivalled, remarks that while we may now and then meet with a
+    case of _pseudo-logia fantastica_ in connection with psychic
+    debility on the basis of a psychopathic constitution, "taken all
+    in all any generalized assertion of the falsehood of inverts is
+    an empty fiction, and is merely a sign that the physicians who
+    make it have not been able to win the trust of the men and women
+    who consult them." My own experience has fully convinced me of
+    the truth of this, statement. I am assured that many of the
+    inverts I have met not only possess a rare power of intellectual
+    self-analysis (stimulated by the constant and inevitable contrast
+    between their own feelings and those of the world around them),
+    but an unsparing sincerity in that self-analysis not so very
+    often attained by normal people.
+
+    The histories which follow have been obtained in various ways,
+    and are of varying degrees of value. Some are of persons whom I
+    have known very well for very long periods, and concerning whom I
+    can speak very positively. A few are from complete strangers
+    whose good faith, however, I judge from internal evidence that I
+    am able to accept. Two or three were written by persons
+    who--though educated, in one case a journalist--had never heard
+    of inversion, and imagined that their own homosexual feelings
+    were absolutely unique in the world. A fair number were written
+    by persons whom I do not myself know, but who are well known to
+    others in whose judgment I feel confidence. Perhaps the largest
+    number are concerned with individuals who wrote to me
+    spontaneously in the first place, and whom I have at intervals
+    seen or heard from since, in some cases during a very long
+    period, so that I have slowly been able to fill in their
+    histories, although the narratives, as finally completed, may
+    have the air of being written down at a single sitting. I have
+    not admitted any narrative which I do not feel that I am
+    entitled to regard as a substantially accurate statement of the
+    facts, although allowance must occasionally be made for the
+    emotional coloring of these facts, the invert sometimes
+    cherishing too high an opinion, and sometimes too low an opinion,
+    of his own personality.
+
+
+    HISTORY I.--Both parents healthy; father of unusually fine
+    _physique_. He is himself a manual worker and also of
+    exceptionally fine _physique_. He is, however, of nervous
+    temperament. He is mentally bright, though not highly educated, a
+    keen sportsman, and in general a good example of an all-around
+    healthy Englishman.
+
+    While very affectionate, his sexual desires are not strongly
+    developed on the physical side, and seem never to have been so.
+    He sometimes masturbated about the age of puberty, but never
+    afterward. He does not appear to have well-marked erotic dreams.
+    There used to be some attraction toward women, though it was
+    never strong. At the age of 26 he was seduced by a woman and had
+    connection with her once. Afterward he had reason to think she
+    had played him false in various ways. This induced the strongest
+    antipathy, not only to this woman, but to all marriageable women.
+    A year after this episode homosexual feeling first became clear
+    and defined. He is now 33, and feels the same antipathy to women;
+    he hates even to speak of marriage.
+
+    There has only been one really strong attraction, toward a man of
+    about the same age, but of different social class, and somewhat a
+    contrast to him, both physically and mentally. So far as the
+    physical act is concerned this relationship is not definitely
+    sexual, but it is of the most intimate possible kind, and the
+    absence of the physical act is probably largely due to
+    circumstances. At the same time there is no conscious desire for
+    the act for its own sake, and the existing harmony and
+    satisfaction are described as very complete. There is no
+    repulsion to the physical side, and he regards the whole
+    relationship as quite natural.
+
+
+    HISTORY II.--B.O., English, aged 35, missionary abroad. A brother
+    is more definitely inverted. B.O. has never had any definitely
+    homosexual relationships, although he has always been devoted to
+    boys; nor has he had any relationships with women. "As regards
+    women," he says, "I feel I have not the patience to try and
+    understand them; they are petulant and changeable," etc. He
+    objects to being called "abnormal," and thinks that people like
+    himself are "_extremely_ common."
+
+    "I have never wanted to kiss boys," he writes, "nor to handle
+    them in any way except to put my arm around them at their studies
+    and at other similar times. Of course, with really little boys,
+    it is different, but boys and girls under 14 seem to me much
+    alike, and I can love either equally well. As to any sort of
+    sexual connection between myself and one of my own sex, I cannot
+    think of it otherwise than with disgust. I can imagine great
+    pleasure in having connection with a woman, but their natures do
+    not attract me. Indeed, my liking for my own sex seems to consist
+    almost entirely in a preference for the masculine character, and
+    the feeling that as an object to _look at_ the male body is
+    really more beautiful than the female. When any strong
+    temptations to sexual passion come over me in my waking moments,
+    it is of women I think. On the other hand, I have to confess that
+    after being with some lad I love for an hour or two, I have
+    sometimes felt my sexual organs roused. But only once in my life
+    have I experienced a strong desire to sleep in the same bed with
+    a particular lad, and even then no idea of doing anything entered
+    my mind. Needless to say, I did not sleep with him.
+
+    "I never feel tempted by any girls here, although I see so many
+    with their bodies freely exposed, and plenty of them have really
+    pretty faces. Neither do I feel tempted to do anything improper
+    with any of the boys, although I frequently sit talking with one
+    who has very little on. But I find the constant sight of
+    well-shaped bare limbs has a curious effect on the mind and comes
+    before one's imagination as a picture at unlooked-for times. But
+    the most curious thing of all is this: There are several lads
+    here of whom I am very fond. Now when they are near me I think of
+    them with only the purest and most tender feelings, but sometimes
+    at night when I am half asleep, or when I am taking my midday
+    siesta, my imagination pictures one of these lads approaching a
+    girl, or actually lying with her, and the strange thing is that I
+    do not feel any desire myself to approach the girl, but I feel I
+    wish I were in _her_ place and the lad was coming to _me_. In my
+    calm, waking moments it disgusts and rather horrifies me to find
+    myself apparently so unsexed--yet such is the fact, and the
+    experience, with only slight changes, repeats itself over and
+    over again. It is not that I, as a man, wish even in imagination
+    to act improperly with a boy, but I feel I would like to be in
+    the girl's place, and the strange thing is that in all these
+    dreams and imaginings I can always apparently enter into the
+    feelings of the woman better than into those of the man.
+    Sometimes I fancy for a moment that perhaps reincarnation is true
+    and I was a woman in my last life. Sometimes I fancy that when I
+    was in the womb I was formed as a girl and the sexual organs
+    changed just at the last moment. It is a curious problem. Don't
+    think I worry about it. Only at long intervals do I think of
+    it.... The thing has its bright side. Boys and men seem to have
+    tender feelings toward me, such as one expects them to have for
+    members of the opposite sex, and I get into all the closer
+    contact with them in consequence."
+
+
+    HISTORY III.--F.R., English, aged 50, Belongs on both sides to
+    healthy, normal families, of more than average ability. Father
+    was 35 at birth, and mother 27. He is the second of four
+    children. There was a considerable interval between the births of
+    the children, which were spread over twenty-one years. All are
+    normal, except F.R., two of them married and with families.
+
+    Owing to the difference of age between the children, F.R. (who
+    was three years younger than his elder brother, and more than
+    four years older than his sister, the third child) had no male
+    companionship and was constantly alone with his mother. "Being
+    naturally imitative," he remarks, "I think I acquired her tastes
+    and interests and habits of thought. However that may be, I feel
+    sure that my interests and amusements were more girlish than
+    boyish. By way of illustration, I may mention that I have often
+    been told by a friend of my mother's that, on one occasion, I was
+    wanting a new hat, and none being found of a size to fit me, I
+    congratulated myself that I should therefore be obliged to have a
+    _bonnet!_ As regards my feminine tastes and instincts, I have
+    always been conscious of taking interest in questions of family
+    relationships, etiquette, dress (women's as much as, or more
+    than, men's) and other things of that kind, which, as a rule,
+    were treated with indifference or contempt. In the house I take
+    more notice than my sister does of the servants' deficiencies and
+    neglects, and am much more orderly in my arrangements than she
+    is."
+
+    There is nothing markedly feminine in the general appearance.
+    Pubertal development took place at an early age, long before
+    fourteen, with nocturnal emissions, but without erotic dreams.
+    The testicles are well developed, the penis perhaps rather below
+    the average in size, and the prepuce long and narrow. Erection
+    occurs with much facility, especially at night. When young he
+    knew nothing of masturbation, but he began the habit about ten
+    years ago, and has practised it occasionally ever since.
+
+    Although he likes the society of women to a certain extent, he
+    soon grows tired of it, and has never had any desire to marry.
+    His sexual dreams never have any relation to women. "I am
+    generally doing or saying something," he remarks, "to some man
+    whom I know when awake, something which I admit I might wish to
+    do or say if it were not quite out of the question on grounds of
+    propriety and self-respect."
+
+    He has, however, never had any intimate relationships with men,
+    and much that he has heard of such relationships fills him with
+    horror.
+
+    "What I feel about myself is," he writes, "that I have to a
+    certain extent, or in some respects, a feminine mind in a male
+    body; or, I might put it that I am a combination of an immoral
+    (in tendency, rather than in act) woman and a religious man.
+    From time to time I have felt strong affection for young men, but
+    I cannot flatter myself that my affection has been reciprocated.
+    At the present time there is a young fellow (23 years old) who
+    acts as my clerk and sits in my room. He is extremely
+    good-looking, and of a type which is generally considered
+    'aristocratic,' but so far as I (or he) know, he is quite of the
+    lower middle class. He has little to recommend him but a fine
+    face and figure, and there is nothing approaching to mental or
+    social equality between us. But I constantly feel the strongest
+    desire to treat him as a man might a young girl he warmly loved.
+    Various obvious considerations keep me from more than
+    quasi-paternal caresses, and I feel sure he would resent very
+    strongly anything more. This constant repression is trying beyond
+    measure to the nerves, and I often feel quite ill from that
+    cause. Having had no experiences of my own, I am always anxious
+    to learn anything I can of the sexual relations of other men, and
+    their organs, but I have no curiosity whatever concerning the
+    other sex. My chief pleasure and source of gratification is found
+    in the opportunities afforded by Turkish and other baths;
+    wherever, in fact, there is the nude male to be found. But I
+    seldom find in these places anyone who seems to have the same
+    tendency as myself, and certainly I have not met with more than
+    two cases among the attendants, who responded to my hinted desire
+    to see everything. Under a shampooer, particularly an unfamiliar
+    one, I occasionally experience an orgasm, but less often now than
+    when I was younger."
+
+    F.R. is very short-sighted. His favorite color is blue. He is
+    able to whistle. His tastes are chiefly of a literary character,
+    and he has never had any liking for sports. "I have been
+    generally considered ineffective in the use of my hands," he
+    writes, "and I am certainly not skillful. All I have ever been
+    able to do in that way is to net and do the simpler forms of
+    needlework; but it seems more natural to me to do, or try to do,
+    everything of that sort, and to play on the piano, rather than to
+    shoot or play games. I may add that I am fonder of babies than
+    many women, and am generally considered to be surprisingly
+    capable of holding them! Certainly I enjoy doing so. As a youth,
+    I used to act in charades; but I was too shy to do so unless I
+    was dressed as a woman and veiled; and when I took a woman's part
+    I _felt_ less like _acting_ than I have done in _propria
+    persona_. A remark made by an uncle once rather annoyed me: that
+    it seemed more like nature than art. But he was quite right."
+
+
+    HISTORY IV.--Of Lowland Scotch parentage. Both sides of house
+    healthy and without cerebral or nervous disease. Homosexual
+    desires began at puberty. He practised onanism to a limited
+    extent at school and up to the age of about 22. His erotic dreams
+    are exclusively about males. While very friendly and intimate
+    with women of all ages, he is instantly repelled by any display
+    of sexual affection on their side. This has happened in varying
+    degree in three or four cases. With regard to marriage, he
+    remarks: "As there seems no immediate danger of the race dying
+    out, I leave marriage to those who like it." His male ideal has
+    varied to some extent. It has for some years tended toward a
+    healthy, well-developed, athletic or out-of-door working type,
+    intelligent and sympathetic, but not specially intellectual.
+
+    At school his sexual relations were of the simplest type. Since
+    then there have been none. "This," he says, "is not due either to
+    absence of desire or presence of 'morals.' To put it shortly,
+    'there were never the time and the place and the loved one
+    together.' In another view, physical desire and the general
+    affection have not always coexisted toward the same person; and
+    the former without the latter is comparatively transient; while
+    the latter stops the gratification of the former, if it is felt
+    that that gratification could in any way make the object of
+    affection unhappy, mentally or emotionally."
+
+    He is healthy and fairly well developed; of sensitive, emotional
+    nature, but self-controlled; mentally he is receptive and
+    aggressive by turns, sometimes uncritical, sometimes analytical.
+    His temper is equable, and he is strongly affectionate. Very fond
+    of music and other arts, but not highly imaginative.
+
+    Of sexual inversion in the abstract he says he has no views, but
+    he thus sums up his moral attitude: "I presume that, if it is
+    there, it is there for use or abuse, as men please. I condemn
+    gratification of bodily desire at the expense of others, in
+    whatever form it may take. I condemn it no more in its inverted
+    form than in the ordinary. I believe that affection between
+    persons of the same sex, even when it includes the sexual passion
+    and its indulgences, may lead to results as splendid as human
+    nature can ever attain to. In short, I place it on an absolute
+    equality with love as ordinarily understood."
+
+
+    HISTORY V.--S.W., aged 64, English, musical journalist. The
+    communication which follows (somewhat abbreviated) was written
+    before S.W. had heard or read anything about sexual inversion,
+    and when he still believed that his own case was absolutely
+    unique.
+
+    "I am the son of a clergyman, and lived for the first thirteen
+    years of my life in the country town where I was born. Then my
+    father became the vicar of a country village, where I lived until
+    I went out into the world at the age of 18. As during the whole
+    of this time my father had a few pupils, I was educated with
+    them, and never went to school. I was born, I fancy, with sexual
+    passions about as strong as can well be imagined, and at the same
+    time was very precocious in my entry into the stage of puberty.
+    Semen began to form a little before my twelfth birthday; hair
+    soon followed, and in a year I was in that respect the equal of
+    an average boy of 15 or 16. I conversed freely with my companions
+    on the relations of the sexes, but, unlike them, had no personal
+    feeling toward girls. In time I became conscious that I was
+    different, as I then believed, and believe now, from all other
+    men. My sexual organs were quite perfect. But in the frame of a
+    man I had the sexual mind of a female. I distinctly disclaim the
+    faintest inclination to perform unnatural acts; the idea of
+    committing sodomy would be _most disgusting_.
+
+    "To come to my actual condition of mind: While totally
+    indifferent to the person of woman (I always enjoyed their
+    friendship and companionship, and many of my best friends have
+    been ladies), I had a burning desire to have carnal intercourse
+    with a male, and had the capacity for falling in love, as it is
+    called, to the utmost extent. In imagination, I possessed the
+    female organ, and felt toward man exactly as an amorous female
+    would. At the time when I became fully conscious of my condition,
+    I attached little importance to it; I had not a notion of its
+    terrible import, nor of the future misery it would entail. All
+    that I had to learn by bitter experience.
+
+    "I did once think of forcing myself to have connection with a
+    prostitute in order to see whether the actual sensual enjoyment
+    might bring a change, and so have the power to marry. But when it
+    came to thinking over ways and means, my repugnance to the act
+    became so strong that it was quite out of the question. In the
+    case of any male to whom I became attached, I wanted to feel
+    ourselves together, skin to skin, and to be privileged to take
+    such liberties as an amorous female would take if that were all
+    permitted. I sought no purely sensual gratification of any kind;
+    my love was far too genuine for that.
+
+    "During the rather more than half a century which has elapsed
+    since my twelfth birthday, I have been genuinely in love about
+    thirteen times. I despair attempting to give an idea of the depth
+    and reality of my feelings. I have alluded to my precocity. I was
+    in love when 12 years old, the object being a man of 24, a
+    well-known analytical chemist. He came to my father's house very
+    frequently; and my heart beat almost at the mention of his name.
+
+    "The next serious time I was about 15. It was a farmer's son,
+    about two years older. I don't think that I was ever alone with
+    him, and really only knew him as a member of his family, yet for
+    a time he was my chief interest in life.
+
+    "When 21 I had a 'chum,' a youth of 17, who entertained for me,
+    at any rate, a brotherly affection. We were under the same roof,
+    and early one summer morning he got out of bed and came direct to
+    my room to talk about some matter or other. In order to talk more
+    comfortably he got into bed with me and we lay there just as two
+    school-girls might have done. This proximity was more than I
+    could stand, and my heart began to beat so that it was impossible
+    that he should not notice it. As, of course, he could not have
+    the slightest notion of the reason, he said in all innocence,
+    'Why, how your heart beats. I can hear it quite plainly.'
+
+    "So far my details are purely innocent. Up to 18, familiarities
+    passed at intervals between me and the son of the village doctor,
+    a youth about two years older than myself, and precociously
+    immoral. I did not really care for him much, but he was my chief
+    companion. Then I became a school-assistant, and for about six
+    years managed to control myself, only, alas, to fall again.
+    Another resolution I kept for eight years, one long fight with my
+    nature. Again I sinned in three instances, extending over three
+    or four years. I now come to a very painful and eventful episode
+    in my unhappy life which I would gladly pass over were it
+    possible. It was a case, in middle life, of sin, discovery, and
+    great folly in addition.
+
+    "Before going into details, so far as may be necessary, I cannot
+    help asking you to consider calmly and dispassionately my exact
+    condition compared with that of my fellow-creatures as a whole.
+    In my struggles to resist in the past, I have at times felt as if
+    wrestling in the folds of a python. I again sinned, then, with a
+    youth and his friend. Oddly enough, discovery followed through a
+    man who was actuated by a feeling of revenge for a strictly right
+    act on my part. The lads refused to state more than the truth,
+    and this did not satisfy the man, and a _third_ lad was
+    introduced, who was prepared to say anything. This was not all;
+    some twelve or fifteen more boys made similar accusations! The
+    general belief, in consequence, was that I had committed
+    'nameless' crimes in all directions, _ad lib_. If you were to ask
+    me for an explanation of the action of all these boys beyond the
+    _third_, who, of course, had some special inducements, I can
+    offer none. They may have thought that the original trio were
+    regarded rather in the light of _heroes_; why should _they_ not
+    be heroes, too?
+
+    "I might well feel crushed under such a load of accusations, but
+    that does not excuse the incredible folly of my conduct. I denied
+    alike the modicum of truth and the mass of lying, and went off to
+    America. However, as time passed on and my mind got into a proper
+    state, I felt that the truth must be told some time or other. I
+    accordingly wrote from America to the proper quarter a full
+    confession of my sin with regard to the two youths who had told
+    merely the truth, at the same time pointing out the falsehood of
+    all the rest of the accusations.
+
+    "I remained in America six years, and actually made money, so
+    that I could return to England with a small capital. I was also
+    under a promise to my three sisters (all older than myself) that
+    I would return in their lifetime. My programme was to purchase a
+    small, light business in London, and quietly earn my living; at
+    the same time making my presence known to no one. I _did_ buy
+    such a business, got swindled in the most clever way, and lost
+    every farthing I possessed in the world! I had to make my plight
+    known to old friends who all either gave or lent me money. Still
+    my position was a very precarious one. I tried an insurance
+    agency, one of the last resources of the educated destitute, but
+    soon found out that I was unfitted for work in which _impudence_
+    is a prime factor. Then an extraordinary stroke of good fortune
+    took place; almost simultaneously I began to get a few music
+    pupils, and literary work in connection with a good musical
+    journal.
+
+    "Making my presence known to old friends involved the same
+    information to those who were _not_ friends. My identity as a
+    journalist became known, and as time passed by it seemed to me as
+    if half the world had heard of my alleged iniquities. People who
+    have never set eyes on me seem to regard me in the light of a
+    monster of iniquity who ought not to be suffered to exist. All
+    these outsiders believe that I have committed 'nameless' offenses
+    times innumerable and lift up their hands in speechless horror at
+    the audacity of a man who, so situated, dares to appear openly in
+    public, under his own name, and look people in the face. They
+    have not even the brains to see that this very fearlessness
+    proves the fictitious character of their beliefs. Next, they
+    believe that if only they could get my dismissal from my
+    journalistic post I should be brought to starvation point. This
+    up to a year ago was true. Then an old relative died and left me
+    some property which I sold to invest in an annuity, and thus have
+    just enough to live on quietly, apart from what I may earn. Under
+    such strange conditions it might be asked whether life was not
+    unendurable. Frankly speaking, I cannot say that I find it so. I
+    have in London a few bachelor friends who go with me to theaters,
+    etc. In the suburbs I have about half a dozen family friends.
+    Here I meet with pleasant society and a hearty welcome. I am
+    passionately fond of music, have an excellent piano, and can hear
+    the best concerts in Europe. I go to all good plays. I am a good
+    chess player. Lastly, I am an omnivorous reader. You will allow
+    that my resources for passing the time are not limited.
+
+    "Of course, I am sorry that I sinned, and wish that I had not
+    done so. But I disclaim any feeling of shame."
+
+    S.W. was the youngest of four children and the only boy. His
+    father was 40 at his birth, his mother 33. The father was an
+    intellectual man of weak character, the mother a woman of violent
+    and eccentric temper, with, he believes, strong sexual passions.
+    S.W. knows of nothing in the family to account for his own
+    abnormal condition.
+
+    He is short (five feet five inches), but well built, with strong
+    chest and a powerful voice. His arms are weak and flabby
+    (feminine, he thinks), but the legs muscular. As a boy of 14 he
+    could walk forty miles with ease, and he played football till
+    near the age of 45. He is considered manly in character and
+    tastes, but is easily moved to tears under strong excitement.
+    There is no information as to the type of man to whom he is
+    attracted. I may observe, however, that the analytical chemist
+    who first evoked S.W.'s admiration was well known to me some
+    thirty years later, as he was my own teacher in chemistry. At
+    that time he was an elderly man of attractive appearance and
+    character, sympathetic and winning in manner to an almost
+    feminine extent.
+
+    S.W. has never felt the slightest sexual attraction toward the
+    opposite sex. The first indications of inverted feeling were at
+    the age of 6 or 7. Watching his father's pupils, boys of 13 or
+    14, from the windows, he speculated on what their organs of
+    generation were like. "In connection with a girl," he writes, "I
+    should no more have thought of such a thing than in the case of a
+    block of marble." About this time, indeed, he at times slept with
+    a sister of 10, who induced him to go through the form of sexual
+    connection, saying that it felt "so funny;" but he merely did
+    this to please her, and without the slightest interest or feeling
+    on his own part. This attitude became more marked with increased
+    knowledge, until he fell ardently in love at the age of 12.
+    Throughout life he has practised masturbation to a certain
+    extent, and is prepared to defend the practice in his own case.
+    His erotic dreams have been of only the vaguest and most shadowy
+    character. He is able to whistle. He takes a warm interest in
+    politics and in philanthropic work. But his chief love is for
+    music and he has published many musical compositions. On the
+    whole, and notwithstanding the persecution he has endured, he
+    does not regard his life as unhappy. At the same time he is
+    keenly conscious of the atmosphere of "Pariahdom" which surrounds
+    inverts, and in his own case this has never been alleviated by
+    any sense of companionship in misery. The facility with which
+    some inverts are said to recognize others of their own kind is
+    quite incomprehensible to him; he has never to his knowledge met
+    one.
+
+
+    HISTORY VI.--E.S., physician, aged 50.
+
+    "I have some reason," he writes, "for believing that some of my
+    relatives (on the paternal side) were not normal in their sexual
+    life. But I am sure that no such suspicion was entertained by
+    their friends or associates; they were very reticent people. A
+    great proportion of my near relatives have remained unmarried or
+    deferred marriage until late in life. None of them have been good
+    business men; all seem to have been more deeply concerned in
+    other things than in making--or in keeping--money. They have
+    mostly taken little or no share in public life, and not cared
+    much for society. Yet they have been folk of more than average
+    ability, with intellectual and æsthetic interests. We are prone
+    to enthusiasms, but lack perseverance. We are discursive and
+    superficial, perhaps, but none would call us stupid. We are
+    perhaps abnormally self-centered and self-conscious--never cruel
+    or vicious. Our powers of self-control are considerable; we are
+    conventional people only because we are lazy and intensely
+    dislike any open self-assertion. Yet we are nervous rather than
+    phlegmatic. All that is on the father's side. My maternal
+    ancestors have been concerned with farming and the sea and have
+    also had a similar lack of business capacity, but with less
+    mental adaptiveness and alertness, with more steadiness of
+    purpose, however, always doers rather than dreamers. Among them I
+    remember one cousin who was probably abnormal, although he died
+    when I was too young to notice much. Again, they were all rather
+    reserved people, but more genial with strangers, more socially
+    inclined, and with less self-control.
+
+    "I was an only child and a spoilt one. I was always quick at
+    school, fond of learning, and finding my lessons no trouble.
+    Serious study I disliked. But for school purposes I did not find
+    it necessary, and had no difficulty in carrying all before me. I
+    was never fond of games, although very fond of being out of doors
+    and of walking. Few of my relatives have been at all keen on
+    sport. I made no close friendships at school and was never very
+    popular with my schoolfellows, who, however, tolerated my odd
+    ways better than might have been expected. I was easily brought
+    to appreciate good literature, but I never had much power of
+    expression or of strenuous thought. I was extremely susceptible
+    and impressible, moved by beauty of any kind, but never at all
+    ambitious or in any way creative. I was easily stimulated to
+    work, and then loved to work; but, unless the stimulus were
+    maintained the natural indolence of my disposition asserted
+    itself, and I wasted my powers in dreams and trifles. My memory
+    was very quick and retentive, in the main, but curiously
+    capricious. I always lacked initiative and decision. At college
+    my successes were continued. I gained medals and prizes, passed
+    my examinations easily, and graduated 'with first-class honors.'
+    In my professional lifework I have been successful rather beyond
+    the average. I love it with all my heart.
+
+    "I cannot speak with any confidence about the first stirrings of
+    my sexual instincts, but I think I can assert that they have at
+    no time led me to any desire for the opposite sex. It is true
+    that my earliest recollection of the kind is concerned with
+    intimacies with a girl play-fellow, but as we had at the time
+    reached only the mature age of 7 (at the most) I fancy that our
+    mutual exhibitions--for there was nothing more--simply satisfied
+    our natural curiosity. Certainly these memories are, in my mind,
+    in no way set apart from the recollections of other kinds of
+    play. Next to that I remember the usual schoolboy talk about
+    things hidden and forbidden, but up till I was 12 or so this was
+    simply dirty talk, concerned more with renal and intestinal
+    functions than with any sexual feelings or understanding. One boy
+    was known to us all (and of my not inconsiderable circle of early
+    friends, all grew up to be normal people, who married and had
+    children in due course) for the unusual size of his parts and for
+    the freedom with which he invited and satisfied the curiosity of
+    his friends. He must have been precocious, for he could not have
+    been more than 12, and I remember to have heard that he had a
+    thick growth of pubic hair. Even then, although I know that my
+    curiosity--to put it at that only--was active, I never allowed
+    myself to have any dealings with him; and I think I should have
+    discouraged them had they been suggested to me. That is the odd
+    thing about my life: the things I longed intensely to do I would
+    not let myself do, not from any religious or moral scruple, but
+    from some inexplicable fastidiousness or scrupulosity which is
+    yet as active as ever, although I am sure that it would not be
+    able to hold its own could these favorable conditions be
+    repeated, but would be overcome by the imperious and fully grown
+    desires which, by long repression, or by unsatisfactory
+    diversion, have grown to be so strong. Indeed, given the
+    opportunity, and the assurance that no first seduction or
+    corruption of anyone was in question, they would prove quite
+    irrepressible.
+
+    "Certainly, long before puberty--which was early with me--I
+    remember being greatly attracted to certain boys, and wishing to
+    have an opportunity of sleeping with them. Had I been able to do
+    so, I am sure I should have been impelled to get into as close
+    contact with their naked body as possible, and I do not think I
+    should then have craved for anything more. I knew some
+    boys--perhaps a little older--who even then had relations, which
+    were certainly not innocent, with a girl who was a year or two
+    older than any of us. She once kissed me, to my intense shame.
+    But I felt that these relations would have been unspeakably
+    disgusting and I took no particular interest in hearing about
+    them. I remember being fondled and caressed by a very
+    good-looking boy of 16 when I was three or four years younger and
+    had sustained some hurt at play; and I am still able to recall
+    the thrill of delight that I experienced at his touch. Nothing
+    took place that all the world might not have seen, but I remember
+    being taken between his knees as he sat, and his arms being put
+    around my neck, and the warm, soft pressure of his thighs had an
+    unspeakable effect on me.
+
+    "About this time, too, an older boy, perhaps about 18, used to
+    get hold of smaller boys when on country walks, to throw them
+    down and then look at and toy with their genitals. He was
+    himself a handsome boy, and I was greatly excited when told about
+    this by boys who had experienced it, and wished greatly to have
+    it done to me. It never was; and if it had been attempted I know
+    I should have resisted with all my strength, although my desires
+    would have set me aflame. This boy died before he was 20, with a
+    psoas abscess, and I remember crying myself to sleep the night I
+    learned of his death. Another boy, about three years older than
+    myself, who had very silky hair, I used to be attracted by and I
+    was always trying to stroke his hair, but he always objected.
+
+    "I must have been about 12 when I first was taught to masturbate
+    by a cousin who was slightly older. At first I thought it silly,
+    but I used to watch him at it, and practised it myself from time
+    to time until I became old enough to experience the proper
+    sensation. Then I have reason to think I gave myself up to it
+    rather freely, but it was generally done in solitude, although it
+    was long before I realized that there was anything wrong about it
+    or that it might prove hurtful. Looking back now, I feel
+    perfectly certain that my instincts were wholly homosexual from
+    the very first. This cousin, who possessed notable intellectual
+    and artistic gifts, married, but I feel sure his liking for his
+    own sex was not normal.
+
+    "With another cousin, almost years my junior, I was always on
+    terms of the most affectionate intimacy. My holidays at his
+    parents' house were my greatest delight. We were always together
+    by night or day; we slept in the same bed, literally in each
+    other's arms. To me it afforded the keenest sexual pleasure to
+    press close to his naked body. We used mutually to handle and
+    caress our parts, but without any attempt at mutual masturbation,
+    although at that period I regularly practised it on myself. I
+    asked him once about it, but he had not been taught it by others;
+    and to my great pride and satisfaction I can say that I never
+    either did it to him or asked him to do it to me. This I mention
+    as an instance of my restraint in act, although my thoughts and
+    desires knew no such curb. I remember also an elder brother of
+    his, perhaps three or four years my senior, once showing me (then
+    about 12, I suppose) his semierect penis. He would not allow me
+    to touch it, but showed me how to draw back the foreskin so as to
+    uncover the glans. His penis was large, and the incident was not
+    forgotten. We had no other relation and I know that both he and
+    my own friend grew up to be quite normal men.
+
+    "I think I must have been about 17 when I got frightened about
+    the occurrence of nocturnal emissions, which I believed were the
+    evil result of masturbation, and for two or three years I
+    continued in considerable mental distress until, when in my
+    second or third year at college, I summoned up courage enough to
+    consult our good old family doctor, who reassured me, but made, I
+    now think, too light of my confidences, so that I relapsed the
+    more readily, although much later on, into old habits.
+
+    "From our windows at home we looked over a bit of common or down
+    to the beach, and I used to keep watch on warm summer afternoons;
+    over boys who might be bathing, to observe them through our
+    telescope. All this I kept strictly secret and I was never
+    surprised. I might just as well, and without arousing the
+    slightest suspicion of my motive, have walked down to the beach
+    and seen them and chatted with them; but this I could not have
+    brought myself to do. It gave me considerable sexual satisfaction
+    when I was able to see them bathing without pants. I also used to
+    watch them at play on the common, and felt rewarded when I saw,
+    as I not infrequently did, sexual familiarities taking place.
+    These violently excited me and sometimes brought on orgasm,
+    always erection with pleasure. Indeed, it was an experience of
+    this kind that made me return to masturbation after I had given
+    it up for a while. I remember one day seeing two lads of about 16
+    lying on the grass in the sunshine; all at once the bigger lad
+    put out his hand and tried to open his companion's trousers. He
+    resisted with all his might, and a long struggle ensued, ending
+    in the smaller lad having his penis exposed and manipulated by
+    the other. Even at this day the recollection of this excites me.
+    Both lads grew up to be normal men.
+
+    "Twice only have I been approached by grown-up people. When I was
+    about 13 I used to meet often, when going to school by train, an
+    old gentleman who courted me, as it were, used often to talk to
+    me and asked me to come to see his well-known scientific
+    collections, but I always had a vague distrust of him and never
+    went. One day in the summer during a spare hour I met him in an
+    empty room in the museum, where there were usually very few
+    visitors at that time of day, and where large show-cases gave
+    concealment. He came up to me and told me he had been away in the
+    country, and that, when making his way home through hedges and
+    thorny bushes, some of the thorns got stuck amongst his clothes
+    and were still giving him uneasiness. 'I would be very grateful,'
+    he said, 'if you would put your hand down and try if you can feel
+    any thorns sticking in my underflannels and pull them out.' He
+    then unbuttoned his braces on one side, undid his trousers and
+    made me thrust my hand over his groin and lower abdomen. I
+    avoided touching his genitals, but he pushed my hand down in that
+    direction until, burning with shame, I made my escape and ran
+    off, not stopping until I was safe in school. I scarcely
+    understood it, but never spoke of it, and avoided him ever
+    afterward. I learned later on that he was a well-off bachelor
+    who took a great interest in working lads and young men and did
+    much to help them on in life and keep them, so it was said, from
+    falling into bad company. He died at a great age and left most of
+    his fortune to an institution for lads, as well as large legacies
+    to youths in whom he had been interested.
+
+    "The other time was on top of a tramcar when a grown-up man who
+    was near pressed as close to me as he could, began to talk,
+    praised my dark eyes, then put his hand on my thigh under my
+    loose cloak and felt up toward my parts. At the same time he took
+    hold of my hand, caressed it and put it over his parts (it was in
+    the dusk). This excited me and, if we had not been at our
+    destination, I think I would gladly have permitted further
+    familiarities. He tried to ask me where I lived, but there was no
+    time to answer, and the female relative who was with me (on
+    another seat) would no doubt have prevented this from having any
+    further sequel.
+
+    "On more than one occasion I have experienced the sexual orgasm
+    as the result of mental anxiety. The first time this occurred was
+    when I was hurrying to avoid being late for school. Another time
+    was when I was about 24, and was extremely anxious to fill an
+    appointment for which I was late. So copious was the emission
+    that I had to go home and change.
+
+    "As a medical student, the first reference bearing definitely on
+    the subject of sexual inversion was made in the class of Medical
+    Jurisprudence, where certain sexual crimes were alluded to--very
+    summarily and inadequately--but nothing was said of the existence
+    of sexual inversion as the 'normal' condition of certain unhappy
+    people, nor was any distinction drawn between the various
+    non-normal acts, which were all classed together as
+    manifestations of the criminal depravity of ordinary or insane
+    people. To a student beginning to be acutely conscious that his
+    sexual nature differed profoundly from that of his fellows,
+    nothing could be more perplexing and disturbing, and it shut me
+    up more completely in my reserve than ever. I felt that this
+    teaching must be based on some radical error or prejudice or
+    misapprehension, for I knew from my own very clear remembrance of
+    my own development that my peculiarity was not acquired, but
+    inborn; my great misfortune undoubtedly, but not my fault.
+
+    "It was still more unfortunate that in the course of the lectures
+    on Clinical Medicine there was not the slightest allusion to the
+    subject. All sorts of rare diseases--some of which I have not yet
+    met with in the course of twenty-one years of a busy
+    practice--were fully discussed, but we were left entirely
+    ignorant of a subject so vitally important to me personally, and,
+    as it seems to me, to the profession to which I aspired. There
+    might have been an incidental reference to masturbation--although
+    I do not remember it--but its real significance received no
+    attention; and what we students knew of it was the result of our
+    reading or of our personal experiences.
+
+    "In the class of Mental Disease there was, naturally, more
+    detailed and systematic reference to facts in the sexual life and
+    to sexual inversion as a rare pathological condition. But still
+    there was not a comforting word to reassure me, growing ever more
+    hopelessly ashamed of what it seemed was a criminal or a gravely
+    morbid nature.
+
+    "Among all my fellow-students I knew of no one constituted like
+    myself; but my natural reserve--increased, of course, by my
+    consciousness of what I saw would be thought to be a criminal
+    tendency--did not urge me to exchange of confidences or to the
+    formation of; close friendships.
+
+    "After graduation I became a resident medical officer in the
+    hospital and private assistant to one of the professors--a
+    physician and teacher of worldwide reputation. With him I
+    associated on the most cordial and affectionate terms; and often
+    in the course of conversation I tried to bring him to discuss the
+    subject, but without success. It was obviously unpleasant and
+    uninteresting to him. Enough was said, however, to enable me to
+    realize that he held the current ideas on the subject; and I
+    would not for worlds have allowed him, to guess that I myself
+    came under the despised and tainted category.
+
+    "I have seldom heard sexual inversion discussed among my
+    professional friends. They speak of it with disgust or amusement.
+    I have never met a professional man who would consider it
+    dispassionately and scientifically. For them it was a subject
+    entirely belonging to psychological medicine.
+
+    "I have had no admitted case of it among my patients; but I have
+    often instinctively felt that some who consulted me about other
+    matters would have taken me into their confidence about that, but
+    for their fear of being cruelly misunderstood.
+
+    "As to my moral attitude I fear to speak. Grossness disgusts me;
+    but I am not sure that I should be able to resist temptation
+    placed in my way. But I am absolutely sure that I should never,
+    under any circumstances, tempt others to any disgraceful act. If
+    I ever committed any sexual act with one of my own sex whom I
+    loved, I could not look at it or approach it in any other than a
+    sacramental way. This sounds blasphemous and shocking, but I
+    cannot otherwise express my meaning.
+
+    "As regards the marriage of inverts, my own feeling is that for a
+    congenital invert--no matter how fully the situation be explained
+    beforehand--it is a step fraught with too great possibilities of
+    tragedy and of the deepest unhappiness, to be advised at all. My
+    view is that for the invert, far more than for the ordinary
+    person, there is no escape from the supreme necessity of
+    self-control in any relationship he may form. If that be attained
+    then the ideal is a relationship with another man of similar
+    temperament--not a platonic one, necessarily--by means of which
+    the highest happiness of both may be reached. But this can occur
+    _very_ seldom.
+
+    "To poetry and the fine arts I am very susceptible, and I have
+    given a great deal of time to this study. I am devoted heart and
+    soul to music, which is more and more to me every year I live.
+    Trivial or light music I cannot endure, but of Beethoven, Bach,
+    Händel, Schumann, Schubert, Brahms, Tschaikowsky, and Wagner I
+    should never hear enough. Here, too, my sympathies, are very
+    catholic, and I delight in McDowell, Debussy, Richard Strauss,
+    and Hugo Wolf."
+
+
+    HISTORY VII.--"My parentage is very sound and healthy. Both my
+    parents (who belong to the professional middle class) have good
+    general health; nor can I trace any marked abnormal or diseased
+    tendency, of mind or body, in any records of the family.
+
+    "Though of a strongly nervous temperament myself, and sensitive,
+    my health is good. I am not aware of any tendency to physical
+    disease. In early manhood, however, owing, I believe, to the
+    great emotional tension under which I lived, my nervous system
+    was a good deal shattered and exhausted. Mentally and morally my
+    nature is pretty well balanced, and I have never had any serious
+    perturbations in these departments.
+
+    "At the age of 8 or 9, and long before distinct sexual feelings
+    declared themselves, I felt a friendly attraction toward my own
+    sex, and this developed after the age of puberty into a
+    passionate sense of love, which, however, never found any
+    expression for itself till I was fully 20 years of age. I was a
+    day-boarder at school and heard little of school-talk on sex
+    subjects, was very reserved and modest besides; no elder person
+    or parent ever spoke to me on such matters; and the passion for
+    my own sex developed gradually, utterly uninfluenced from the
+    outside. I never even, during all this period, and till a good
+    deal later, learned the practice of masturbation. My own sexual
+    nature was a mystery to me. I found myself cut off from the
+    understanding of others, felt myself an outcast, and, with a
+    highly loving and clinging temperament, was intensely miserable.
+    I thought about my male friends--sometimes boys of my own age,
+    sometimes elder boys, and once even a master--during the day and
+    dreamed about them at night, but was too convinced that I was a
+    hopeless monstrosity ever to make any effectual advances. Later
+    on it was much the same, but gradually, though slowly, I came to
+    find that there were others like myself. I made a few special
+    friends, and at last it came to me occasionally to sleep with
+    them and to satisfy my imperious need by mutual embraces and
+    emissions. Before this happened, however, I was once or twice on
+    the brink of despair and madness with repressed passion and
+    torment.
+
+    "Meanwhile, from the first, my feeling, physically, toward the
+    female sex was one of indifference, and later on, with the more
+    special development of sex desires, one of positive repulsion.
+    Though having several female friends, whose society I like and to
+    whom I am sincerely attached, the thought of marriage or
+    cohabitation with any such has always been odious to me.
+
+    "As a boy I was attracted in general by boys rather older than
+    myself; after leaving school I still fell in love, in a romantic
+    vein, with comrades of my own standing. Now,--at the age of
+    37,--my ideal of love is a powerful, strongly built man, of my
+    own age or rather younger--preferably of the working class.
+    Though having solid sense and character, he need not be specially
+    intellectual. If endowed in the latter way, he must not be too
+    glib or refined. Anything effeminate in a man, or anything of the
+    cheap intellectual style, repels me very decisively.
+
+    "I have never had to do with actual pederasty, so called. My
+    chief desire in love is bodily nearness or contact, as to sleep
+    naked with a naked friend; the specially sexual, though urgent
+    enough, seems a secondary matter. Pederasty, either active or
+    passive, might seem in place to me with one I loved very
+    devotedly and who also loved me to that degree; but I think not
+    otherwise. I am an artist by temperament and choice, fond of all
+    beautiful things, especially the male human form; of active,
+    slight, muscular build; and sympathetic, but somewhat indecisive
+    character, though possessing self-control.
+
+    "I cannot regard my sexual feelings as unnatural or abnormal,
+    since they have disclosed themselves so perfectly naturally and
+    spontaneously within me. All that I have read in books or heard
+    spoken about the ordinary sexual love, its intensity and passion,
+    lifelong devotion, love at first sight, etc., seems to me to be
+    easily matched by my own experiences in the homosexual form; and,
+    with regard to the morality of this complex subject, my feeling
+    is that it is the same as should prevail in love between man and
+    woman, namely: that no bodily satisfaction should be sought at
+    the cost of another person's distress or degradation. I am sure
+    that this kind of love is, notwithstanding the physical
+    difficulties that attend it, as deeply stirring and ennobling as
+    the other kind, if not more so; and I think that for a perfect
+    relationship the actual sex gratifications (whatever they may be)
+    probably hold a less important place in this love than in the
+    other."
+
+
+    HISTORY VIII.--M.N., aged 30. "My grandfather might be said to be
+    of abnormal temperament, for, though of very humble origin, he
+    organized and carried out an extremely arduous mission work and
+    became an accomplished linguist, translating the Bible into an
+    Eastern tongue and compiling the first dictionary of that
+    language. He died, practically of overwork, at the age of 45. He
+    was twice married, my father being his third son by the second
+    wife. I believe that two, if not more, of the family (numbering
+    seven in all) were inverted, and the only one of them to marry
+    was my father. My grandmother was the last representative of an
+    old and very 'wild' Irish family. She died at an advanced age, of
+    paralysis. My father was 36 and my mother 21 at the time of their
+    marriage. I was born three years after and was their only child.
+    The marriage proved a most unhappy one, they being utterly
+    unsuited to each other in every way.
+
+    "My father's health during the first years of his marriage was
+    very delicate, and I have reason to believe that it had been
+    undermined in certain ways by his life abroad. I understand I was
+    born with slight gonorrheal affection, and as a child my health
+    was very indifferent. This latter may have been brought about by
+    the peculiarly unhappy and unnatural life I led. I had no
+    companions of my own age, and did not even attend any school
+    until after my mother's death. My father superintended my
+    education up to that time, and I had free access to a large and
+    very varied library, and a great deal of solitary leisure to
+    enjoy it in. There were a number of medical and scientific books
+    in it, which were my principal favorites, and I remember deciding
+    at a very early age to be a doctor. When about 5 years old I
+    recollect having a sexual dream connected with a railway porter.
+    It afforded me great pleasure to recall this dream, and about
+    that time I discovered a method of self-gratification (there is
+    not much 'teaching' required in these matters!).
+
+    "I cannot say that the dream I have mentioned constituted
+    absolutely the first intimation of inverted feeling, but rather
+    that it crystallized vague ideas which I might have already had
+    on the subject. I can recollect that when about between 3 and 4
+    years of age a young fellow of about 20 came to our house several
+    times as a visitor. He was fond of children, I suppose, and I
+    generally sat on his knee and was kissed by him. This was a
+    source of great pleasure to me, but I cannot remember if it was
+    accompanied by erection. I can only recall that his attention and
+    caresses made a greater impression upon me than those of women.
+    When about that age too I was often aroused when sleeping with my
+    mother, and told not to lie on my face. I remember that erection
+    was always present on these occasions. The dream was the first of
+    many of its kind, and in my case they have never been accompanied
+    by emission. They have always been of an 'inverted' character,
+    though I have occasionally had dreams about women. These latter,
+    however, have usually partaken somewhat of the nature of a
+    nightmare!
+
+    "Up to the age of 14 I felt much perplexed and depressed by my
+    views on sexual desire, and was convinced that they were peculiar
+    to myself. This, combined with the solitary condition of my
+    life, and about four years' continued ill-treatment prior to my
+    mother's death (she had given way to drink for that period), had
+    a very injurious effect on my health, mental and bodily. Looking
+    back from my present point of view, I can understand and forgive
+    many things which appeared monstrous and unjust to me as a child.
+    My mother's life must have been a very unhappy one, and she was
+    bitterly disappointed in many ways, very likely in me as well. My
+    unfortunate, misunderstood temperament led me to be shy and
+    secretive, and I was often ailing, and my training was not
+    calculated to improve matters. At last, however, change and
+    freedom came, and I was sent to a boarding-school. Here, of
+    course, I soon met with attachments and gratifications with other
+    boys. I arrived at puberty, and my health improved under happier
+    surroundings. I was not long in discovering that my companions
+    viewed the pleasures that meant so much to me from an entirely
+    different standpoint. Their gratifications were usually
+    accompanied by conversation about, and a general direction of
+    thought toward, females. When I had turned 15, owing to monetary
+    difficulties I was obliged to leave school, and was soon not only
+    thrown on my own resources, but accountable to no one but myself
+    for my conduct. Of course, my next discovery was that my case, so
+    far from being peculiar, was a most common one, and I was quickly
+    initiated into all the mysteries of inversion, with its
+    freemasonry and 'argot.' Altogether my experience of inverts has
+    been a pretty wide and varied one, and I have always endeavored
+    to classify and compare cases which have come under my notice
+    with a view to arriving at some sort of conclusion or
+    explanation.
+
+    "I suppose it is due to female versatility or impressibility that
+    it is possible for me to experience mentally the emotions
+    attributable to either sex, according to the age and temperament
+    of my companion; for instance, with one older than myself,
+    possessing well-marked male characteristics, I am able to feel
+    all that surrender and dependence which is so essentially
+    feminine. On the other hand, if with a youth of feminine type and
+    behavior I can realize, with an equal amount of pleasure, the
+    tender, yet dominant, attitude of the male.
+
+    "I experience no particular 'horror' of women sexually. I should
+    imagine that my feeling toward them resembles very much what
+    normal people feel with regard to others of their own sex." M.N.
+    remarks that he cannot whistle, and that his favorite color is
+    green.
+
+In this case the subject easily found a moral _modus vivendi_ with his
+inverted instinct, and he takes its gratification for granted. In the
+following case, which, I believe, is typical of a large group, the subject
+has never yielded to his inverted impulses, and, except so far as
+masturbation is concerned, has preserved strict chastity.
+
+
+    HISTORY IX.--R.S., aged 31, American of French descent. "Upon the
+    question of heredity I may say that I belong to a reasonably
+    healthy, prolific, and long-lived family. On my father's side,
+    however, there is a tendency toward pulmonary troubles. He
+    himself died of pneumonia, and two of his brothers and a nephew
+    of consumption. Neither of my parents were morbid or eccentric.
+    Excepting for a certain shyness with strangers, my father was a
+    very masculine man. My mother is somewhat nervous, but is not
+    imaginative, nor at all demonstrative in her affections. I think
+    that my own imaginative and artistic temperament must come from
+    my father's side. Perhaps my French ancestry has something to do
+    with it. With the exception of my maternal grandfather, all my
+    progenitors have been of French descent. My mother's father was
+    English.
+
+    "I possess a mercurial temperament and a strong sense of the
+    ludicrous. Though my _physique_ is slight, my health has always
+    been excellent. Of late years especially I have been greatly
+    given to introspection and self-scrutiny, but have never had any
+    hallucinations, mental delusions, nor hysterics, and am not at
+    all superstitious. Spiritualistic manifestations, hypnotic
+    dabblings, and the other psychical fads of the day have little or
+    no attraction for me. In fact, I have always been skeptical of
+    them, and they rather bore me.
+
+    "At school I was an indolent, dreamy boy, shirking study, but
+    otherwise fairly docile to my teachers. From earliest childhood I
+    have indulged in omnivorous taste for reading, my particular
+    likings being for travels, esthetics, metaphysical and
+    theological subjects, and more recently for poetry and certain
+    forms of mysticism. I never cared much for history or for
+    scientific subjects. From the beginning, too, I showed a strong
+    artistic bent, and possessed an overpowering love for all things
+    beautiful. As a child I was passionately fond of flowers, loved
+    to be in the woods and alone, and wanted to become an artist. My
+    parents opposed the latter wish and I gave way before their
+    opposition.
+
+    "In me the homosexual nature is singularly complete, and is
+    undoubtedly congenital. The most intense delight of my childhood
+    (even when a tiny boy in a nurse's charge) was to watch acrobats
+    and riders at the circus. This was not so much for the skillful
+    feats as on account of the beauty of their persons. Even then I
+    cared chiefly for the more lithe and graceful fellows. People
+    told me that circus actors were wicked, and would steal little
+    boys, and so I came to look upon my favorites as half-devil and
+    half-angel. When I was older and could go about alone, I would
+    often hang around the tents of travelling shows in hope of
+    catching a glimpse of the actors. I longed to see them naked,
+    without their tights, and used to lie awake at night thinking of
+    them and longing to be loved and embraced by them. A certain
+    bareback rider, a sort of jockey, used especially to please me on
+    account of his handsome legs, which were clothed in fleshlings up
+    to his waist, leaving his beautiful loins uncovered by a
+    breech-clout. There was nothing consciously sensual about these
+    reveries, because at the time I had no sensual feelings or
+    knowledge. Curiously enough, the women-actors repelled me then
+    (as they do to this day) quite as strongly as I was attracted by
+    the men.
+
+    "I used, also, to take great pleasure in watching men and boys in
+    swimming, but my opportunities for seeing them thus were
+    extremely rare. I never dared let my comrades know how I felt
+    about these matters, but the sight of a well-formed, naked youth
+    or man would fill me (and does now) with mingled feelings of
+    bashfulness, anguish, and delight. I used to tell myself endless
+    stories of a visionary castle inhabited by beautiful boys, one of
+    whom was especially my dear chum.
+
+    "It was always the _prince_, in fairy tales, who held my interest
+    or affection. I was constantly falling in love with handsome boys
+    whom I never knew; nor did I ever try to mix in their company,
+    for I was abashed before them, and had no liking nor aptitude for
+    boyish games. Sometimes I played with girls because they were
+    more quiet and gentler, but I cared for them little or not at
+    all.
+
+    "As is usually the case, my parents neglected to impart to me any
+    sexual knowledge, and such as I possessed was gathered furtively
+    from tainted sources, bad boys' talk at school and elsewhere. My
+    elders let me know, in a vague way, that talk of the kind was
+    wicked, and natural timidity and a wish to be 'good' kept me from
+    learning much about sexual matters. As I never went to
+    boarding-school, I was spared, perhaps, many of the degrading
+    initiations administered by knowing boys at such institutions.
+
+    "In spite of what has been said above, I do not believe that I
+    was sexually very precocious, and even now I feel that more
+    pleasure would ensue from merely contemplating than from personal
+    contact with the object of my amorous attentions.
+
+    "As I grew older there came, of course, an undefined physical
+    longing, but it was the _beauty_ of those I admired which mainly
+    appealed to me. At the time of puberty I spontaneously acquired
+    the habit of masturbation. Once while bathing I found that a
+    pleasant feeling came with touching the sexual organs. It was not
+    long before I was confirmed in the habit. At first I practised it
+    but seldom, but afterward much more frequently (say, once a
+    week), though at times months have elapsed without any
+    indulgences on my part. I have only had erotic dreams three or
+    four times in my life. The masturbation habit I regard as
+    morally reprehensible and have made many resolutions to break it,
+    but without avail. It affords me only the most momentary
+    satisfaction, and is always followed by remorseful scruples.
+
+    "I have never in my life had any sexual feeling for a woman, nor
+    any sexual connection with any woman whatsoever. The very thought
+    of such a thing is excessively repugnant and disgusting to me.
+    This is true, apart from any moral considerations, and I do not
+    think I could bring myself to it. I am not attracted by young
+    women in any way. Even their physical beauty has little or no
+    charm for me, and I often wonder how men can be so affected by
+    it. On the other hand, I am not a woman-hater, and have several
+    strong friends of the opposite sex. They are, however, women
+    older than myself, and our friendship is based solely on certain
+    intellectual or esthetic tastes we have in common.
+
+    "I have had practically no physical relations with men; at any
+    rate, none specifically sexual. Once, when about 19 or 21, I
+    started to embrace a beautifully formed youth with whom I was
+    sleeping, but timidity and scruples got the better of my
+    feelings, and, as my bedfellow was not amorously inclined toward
+    me, nothing came of it. A few years after this I became strongly
+    attached to a friend whom I had already known for several years.
+    Circumstances threw us very much together during one summer. It
+    was now that I felt for the first time the full shock of love. He
+    returned my affection, but both of us were shy of showing our
+    feelings or speaking of them. Often when walking together after
+    night-fall we would put our arms about each other. Sometimes,
+    too, when sleeping together we would lie in close contact, and my
+    friend once suggested that I put my legs against his. He
+    frequently begged me to spend the night with him; but I began to
+    fear my feelings, and slept with him but seldom. We neither of us
+    had any definite ideas about homosexual relations, and, apart
+    from what I have related above, we had no further contact with
+    each other. A few months after our amorous feelings had developed
+    my friend died. His death caused me great distress, and my
+    naturally religious temperament began to manifest itself quite
+    strongly. At this time, too, I first read some writings of Mr.
+    Addington Symonds, and certain allusions in his work, coupled
+    with my recent experience, soon stirred me to a full
+    consciousness of my inverted nature.
+
+    "About eight months after my friend's death I happened to meet in
+    a strange town a youth of about my own age who exerted upon me a
+    strong and instant attraction. He possessed a refined, handsome
+    face, was gracefully built, and, though he was rather
+    undemonstrative, we soon became fast friends.
+
+    "We were together only for a few days, when I was obliged to
+    leave for my home, and the parting caused me great unhappiness
+    and depression. A few months after we spent a vacation together.
+    One day during our trip we went swimming, and undressed in the
+    same bathhouse. When I saw my friend naked for the first time he
+    seemed to me so beautiful that I longed to throw my arms about
+    him and cover him with kisses. I kept my feelings hidden,
+    however, hardly daring to look at him for fear of being unable to
+    restrain my desires. Several times afterward, in his room, I saw
+    him stripped, with the same effect upon my emotions. Until I had
+    seen him naked my feelings for him were not of a physical
+    character, but afterward I longed for actual contact, but only by
+    embraces and kisses. Though he was fond of me, he had absolutely
+    no amorous longings for me, and being a simple, pure-minded
+    fellow, would have loathed me for mine and my inverted nature. I
+    was careful never to let him discover it, and I was made very
+    unhappy when he confided that he was in love with a young girl
+    whom he wished to marry. This episode took place several years
+    ago, and though we are still friends my emotional feelings for
+    him have cooled considerably.
+
+    "I have always been very shy of showing any affectionate
+    tendencies. Most of my acquaintances (and close friends even)
+    think me curiously cold, and often wonder why I have never fallen
+    in love or married. For obvious reasons I have never been able to
+    tell them.
+
+    "Three or four years ago a little book by Coventry Patmore fell
+    into my hands, and from its perusal resulted a strange blending
+    of my religious and erotic notions. The desire to love and be
+    loved is hard to drown, and, when I realized that homosexually it
+    was neither lawful nor possible for me to love in this world, I
+    began to project my longings into the next. By birth I am a Roman
+    Catholic, and in spite of a somewhat skeptical temper, manage to
+    remain one by conviction.
+
+    "From the doctrines of the Trinity, Incarnation, and Eucharist, I
+    have drawn conclusions which would fill the minds of the average
+    pietist with holy horror; nevertheless I believe that (granting
+    the premises) these conclusions are both logically and
+    theologically defensible. The Divinity of my fancied paradise
+    resembles in no way the vapid conceptions of Fra Angelico, or the
+    Quartier St. Sulpice. His physical aspect, at least, would be
+    better represented by some Praxitilean demigod or Flandrin's
+    naked, brooding boy.
+
+    "While these imaginings have caused me considerable moral
+    disquietude, they do not seem wholly reprehensible, because I
+    feel that the chief happiness I would derive by their realization
+    would be mainly from the contemplation of the loved one, rather
+    than from closer joys.
+
+    "I possess only a slight knowledge of the history and particulars
+    of erotic mysticism, but it is likely that my notions are neither
+    new nor peculiar, and many utterances of the few mystical writers
+    with whose works I am acquainted seem substantially in accord
+    with my own longings and conclusions. In endeavoring to find for
+    them some sanction of valid authority, I have always sought
+    corroboration from members of my own sex; hence am less likely to
+    have fashioned my views after those of hypersensitive or
+    hysterical women.
+
+    "You will rightly infer that it is difficult for me to say
+    exactly how I regard (morally) the homosexual tendency. Of this
+    much, however, I am certain, that, even, if it were possible, I
+    would not exchange my inverted nature for a normal one. I suspect
+    that the sexual emotions and even inverted ones have a more
+    subtle significance than is generally attributed to them; but
+    modern moralists either fight shy of transcendental
+    interpretations or see none, and I am ignorant and unable to
+    solve the mystery these feelings seem to imply.
+
+    "Patmore speaks boldly enough, in his way, and Lacordaire has
+    hinted at things, but in a very guarded manner. I have neither
+    the ability nor opportunity to study what the mystics of the
+    Middle Ages have to say along these lines, and, besides, the
+    medieval way of looking at things is not congenial to me. The
+    chief characteristic of my tendency is an overpowering admiration
+    for male beauty, and in this I am more akin to the Greeks.
+
+    "I have absolutely no words to tell you how powerfully such
+    beauty affects me. Moral and intellectual worth is, I know, of
+    greater value, but physical beauty I _see_ more clearly, and it
+    appears to me the most _vivid_ (if not the most perfect)
+    manifestation of the divine. A little incident may, perhaps,
+    reveal to you my feelings more completely. Not long ago I
+    happened to see an unusually well-formed young fellow enter a
+    house of assignation with a common woman of the streets. The
+    sight filled me with the keenest anguish, and the thought that
+    his beauty would soon be at the disposal of a prostitute made me
+    feel as if I were a powerless and unhappy witness to a sacrilege.
+    It may be that my rage for male loveliness is only another
+    outbreaking of the old Platonic mania, for as time goes on I find
+    that I long less for the actual youth before me, and more and
+    more for some ideal, perfect being whose bodily splendor and
+    loving heart are the realities whose reflections only we see in
+    this cave of shadows. Since the birth and development within me
+    of what, for lack of a better name, I term my homosexualized
+    Patmorean ideal, life has become, in the main, a weary business.
+    I am not despondent, however, because many things still hold for
+    me a certain interest. When that interest dies down, as it is
+    wont from time to time, I endeavor to be patient. God grant that,
+    after the end _here_, I may be drawn from the shadow, and
+    seemingly vain imaginings into the possession of their
+    never-ending reality _hereafter_."
+
+
+    HISTORY X.--A.H., aged 62. Belongs to a family which cannot be
+    regarded as healthy, but there is no insanity among near
+    relations. Father a very virile man of high character and good
+    intelligence, but not sound physical health. Mother was
+    high-strung and nervous, but possessed of indomitable courage and
+    very affectionate; she lived very happily with her husband. She
+    became a chronic invalid and died of consumption. A.H. was a
+    seven months' child, the third in the family, who were born very
+    rapidly, so that there is only three years difference in the ages
+    of the first and third children. A.H. believes that one of his
+    brothers, who has never married and prefers men to women, is also
+    inverted, though not to the same degree as himself, and he also
+    suspects that a relation of his mother's may have been an invert.
+    Sister, who resembles the father in character, is married, but is
+    spoken of as a woman's woman rather than a man's woman. The
+    family generally are considered proud and reserved, but of
+    superior mental endowment.
+
+    In early life A.H. was delicate and his studies were often
+    interrupted by illness. Though living under happy conditions he
+    was shy and nervous, often depressed. In later life his health
+    has been up to the average, and he has usually been able to
+    conceal his mental doubts and diffidence.
+
+    As a child he played with dolls and made girls his companions
+    until an age when he grew conscious that his conduct was unusual
+    and became ashamed, while his father seemed troubled about him.
+    He regards himself as having been a very childish child.
+
+    His conscious sexual life began between the ages of 8 and 10. He
+    was playing in the garden when he saw a manservant who had long
+    been with the family, standing at the door of a shed with his
+    penis exposed and erect. The boy had never seen anything of the
+    kind before, but felt great delight in the exhibition and moved
+    shyly toward the man, who retreated into the shed. The boy
+    followed and was allowed to caress and play with the penis until
+    ejaculation took place, the man replying, in reply to the child's
+    innocent inquiries, that it "felt good." This experience was
+    frequently repeated with the same man, and the boy confided in a
+    boy friend, with whom he tried to ascertain by personal
+    experience what the "good feeling" was like, but they were too
+    young to derive any pleasure from the attempt beyond the joy of
+    what was instinctively felt to be "eating forbidden fruit."
+
+    From this period his sexual tendencies began to become fixed and
+    self-conscious. He has never at any period of life had a moment's
+    conscious sexual attraction toward a person of the opposite sex.
+    His warmest friendships have, indeed, been with women and much,
+    perhaps most, of the happiness he has enjoyed has been furnished
+    by those friendships. But passion has only been aroused by
+    persons of his own sex, generally by men much younger than
+    himself. He feels shy and uncomfortable in the presence of men
+    of his own age. But even at his present age, a touch of a man or
+    boy may cause the liveliest gratification.
+
+    Shortly after the incident in boyhood, already narrated, A.H.
+    induced a little boy companion to go to a quiet spot, where, at
+    A.H.'s suggestion, each placed the other's penis in his mouth by
+    turns. A.H. had never heard of such a proceeding. It was a
+    natural instinct. He began to masturbate at an early age. But he
+    soon found a companion to share his passion. An older man,
+    especially, married and with a family, became his accomplice on
+    every possible opportunity, and they would manipulate each other.
+    At the age of 21, _fellatio_ began to be practised with this man.
+    It became a lifelong practice, and the preferred method of sexual
+    gratification. He likes best to have it performed on himself, but
+    he has never asked anyone to do for him what he would not himself
+    do for the other if desired. There has never been _pedicatio_.
+    The penis, it may be added, is of good size, and the testicles
+    rather large.
+
+    No one has ever suspected A.H.'s sexual perversion, not even his
+    physician, with whom he has long had a close friendship, until at
+    a time of great mental distress A.H. voluntarily revealed his
+    state. He is accustomed to refined society, has always read much,
+    abhorred athletic pursuits, and loved poetry, children, and
+    flowers. His love of nature amounts, indeed, to a passion.
+    Wherever he has been he has made friends among the best people.
+    He confesses to occasional periods of addiction to intoxicants,
+    induced by sociable companionship, and only controlled by force
+    of will.
+
+    For business he has not the slightest aptitude, and cannot look
+    after his own affairs. He is always dreading poverty and
+    destitution. He believes, however, that he passes among his
+    friends as fairly capable.
+
+    He considers that inversion is natural in his case and that he
+    has a perfect right to gratify his own natural instincts, though
+    he also admits they may be vices. He has never sought to
+    influence an innocent person toward his own tendencies.
+
+
+    HISTORY XI.--T.D., knows of nothing abnormal in his ancestry. His
+    brother has homosexual tendencies, but is also attracted to
+    women. A sister, who is very religious, states that she has
+    little or no sexual inclinations. They were all of a dreamy
+    disposition when young, to the disgust of their teachers. He sent
+    the following account of himself from the University at the age
+    of 20:--
+
+    "When I was a child (before I went to school at 9)," he writes,
+    "I was already of an affectionate disposition, an affection
+    turned readily to either sex. No boy was the cause of my
+    inclinations, which were quite spontaneous. (No doubt, part of
+    the cause may be found in our social system, by which ladies are
+    rather drawing-room creatures to be treated with distant
+    respect.) When I was 10, at a preparatory school, I first began
+    to form attachments with other boys of my own age, in which I
+    always had regard to physical beauty. It is this stage, in which
+    the sexual element is latent, that Shelley speaks of as preceding
+    love in ardent natures.
+
+    "At 12 I learned masturbation, apparently by instinct, and, I
+    regret to say, practised it to excess for the next seven years,
+    always secretly and with shame, and often with the accompaniment
+    of prurient imaginings which did not prevent my relations with
+    those I loved being of a very spiritual nature. Masturbation was
+    often practised daily, with bursts of repentance and abstinence,
+    latterly more rarely. But until I was 15 I really knew nothing of
+    sexual matters, and it was not till I was at least 17 that I was
+    conscious of sexual desire, which I repressed with shame.
+
+    "Owing to excessive self-abuse, I am unable to emit except
+    manually, but desire is strong. I think naked contact would
+    suffice, and in any case intercrural connection. _Pedicatio_ and
+    _fellatio_ I abhor. I love boys between the ages of 12 and 15;
+    they must be of my own class, refined, and lovable. I only desire
+    the active masculine part. I now regard my inclinations as
+    natural and normal to me. The difficulty is that of leading the
+    other party to regard it as such, besides the young age required
+    and clandestine nature of proceedings necessary. The moral
+    difficulties of circumstances are so strong that I have little
+    hope of ever gratifying my passion fully. I have found myself
+    deceived in the character of the boy twice. The last friendship
+    lasted three years, during which time I only saw him naked two or
+    three times (this caused erection), never touched him pruriently,
+    and only kissed him once.
+
+    "I have never found a satisfactory object of my affections, and
+    my happiness, perhaps my health, have been seriously injured. At
+    my public school a master helped me to a truer understanding of
+    these things. The merely animal sodomy which exists in many
+    public schools was unknown. What I learned of sex I learned for
+    myself. I am recommended to turn my aspirations to the abstract
+    universal maid; but so far at least I cannot do it.
+
+    "Male Greek statuary and the _Phoedrus_ of Plato have had a
+    great, though only confirmatory, influence on my feelings. My
+    ideal is that of Theocritus XIII, wherein Hercules was bringing
+    Hylas to the perfect measure of a man. My first thought is the
+    good of my friend, but, except for the good subjective influence
+    of passion, I have failed utterly.
+
+    "I am very tall, dark, rather strong, fond of games, though I do
+    not excel, owing to short sight. I am English, though I have
+    French blood, which may account for an unreservedly passionate
+    disposition. Though unlike other people, I am not in the least
+    feminine, nor has anyone thought so to my knowledge. I can
+    whistle easily and well. I am so masculine that I cannot even
+    conceive of passive sexual pleasure in women, much less in men.
+    (That is one of the difficulties in boy-love.) My affections are
+    inextricably bound up in the ideals of protection of one weaker
+    than myself. In the earlier days, when sexuality was less
+    conscious, this was a great source of romantic feeling, the
+    glamour of which is rather departing. I cannot understand love of
+    adult males, much less if they are of lower class, and the idea
+    of prostitution is nauseous to me.
+
+    "I think I may say that I have the esthetic and moral sense very
+    strongly ingrained. Indeed, they are largely synonymous with me.
+    I have no dramatic aptitude, and, though I flatter myself that my
+    taste is good in music, I have no knowledge of music. If I have a
+    favorite color, it is a dark crimson or blue, of the nature of
+    old stained glass. I derive great pleasure from all literary and
+    pictorial art and architecture; indeed, art of all kinds. I have
+    facility in writing personal lyrical verse; it affords me relief.
+
+    "I think my inversion must be congenital, as the desire of
+    contact with those boys I loved began before masturbation and has
+    lasted through private and public resorts and into university
+    life. The other sex does not attract me, but I am very fond of
+    children, girls as well as boys. (If there is sexuality in this,
+    which I trust there is not, it is latent)."
+
+    This statement is of interest because it may well lead us to
+    suppose that the writer, who is of balanced mind and sound
+    judgment, possesses a confirmed homosexual outlook on life.
+    While, however, it is the rule for the permanent direction of the
+    sexual impulse to be decided by the age of 20, that age is too
+    early to permit us to speak positively, especially in a youth
+    whose adolescent undifferentiated or homosexual impulses are
+    fostered by university life. This proved to be! the case with
+    T.D., who, though doubtless possessing a psychically anomalous
+    strain, is yet predominantly masculine. On leaving the university
+    his heterosexuality asserted itself normally. About six years
+    after the earlier statement, he wrote that he had fallen in love.
+    "I am on the eve of marrying a girl of nearly my own age. She has
+    sympathy as well as knowledge in my fields of study; it was thus
+    easier for me to explain my past, and I found that she could not
+    understand the moral objections to homosexual practices. My own
+    opinion always was that the moral objections were very
+    considerable, but might in some cases be overcome. In any case I
+    have entirely lost my sexual attraction toward boys; though I am
+    glad to say that the appreciation of their charm and grace
+    remains. My instincts, therefore, have undergone a considerable
+    change, but the change is not entirely in the direction of
+    normality. The instinct for sodomy in the proper sense of the
+    word used to be unintelligible to me; since the object of
+    attraction has become a woman this instinct is mixed with the
+    normal in my desire. Further, an element which much troubled me,
+    as being most foreign to my ideal feelings, has not quite left
+    me--the indecent and often scatologic curiosity about immature
+    girls. I can only hope that the realization of the normal in
+    marriage may finally kill these painful aberrations. I should add
+    that the practice of masturbation has been abandoned."
+
+
+    HISTORY XII.--Aged 24. Father and mother both living; the latter
+    is of a better social standing than the father. He is much
+    attached to his mother, and she gives him some sympathy. He has a
+    brother who is normally attracted to women. He himself has never
+    been attracted to women, and takes no interest in them nor in
+    their society.
+
+    At the age of 4 he first became conscious of an attraction for
+    older males. From the ages of 11 and 19, at a large
+    grammar-school, he had relationships with about one hundred boys.
+    Needless to add, he considers homosexuality extremely common in
+    schools. It was, however, the Oscar Wilde case which first opened
+    his eyes to the wide prevalence of homosexuality, and he
+    considers that the publicity of that case has done much, if not
+    to increase homosexuality, at all events to make it more
+    conspicuous and outspoken.
+
+    He is now attracted to youths about 5 or 6 years younger than
+    himself; they must be good-looking. He has never perverted a boy
+    not already inclined to homosexuality. In his relationship he
+    does not feel exclusively like a male or a female: sometimes one,
+    sometimes the other. He is often liked, he says, because of his
+    masculine character.
+
+    He is fully developed and healthy, well over middle height,
+    inclined to be plump, with full face and small moustache. He
+    smokes many cigarettes and cannot get on without them. Though his
+    manners are very slightly if at all feminine, he acknowledges
+    many feminine ways. He is fond of jewelry, until lately always
+    wore a bangle, and likes women's rings; he is very particular
+    about fine ties, and uses very delicate women's handkerchiefs. He
+    has always had a taste for music, and sings. He has a special
+    predilection for green; it is the predominant color in the
+    decoration of his room, and everything green appeals to him. He
+    finds that the love of green (and also of violet and purple) is
+    very widespread among his inverted friends.
+
+
+    HISTORY XIII.--Artist, aged 34. "The earliest sex impression that
+    I am conscious of," he writes, "is at the age of 9 or 10 falling
+    in love with a handsome boy who must have been about two years my
+    senior. I do not recollect ever having spoken to him, but my
+    desire, so far as I can recall, was that he should seize hold of
+    and handle me. I have a distinct impression yet of how
+    pleasurable even physical pain or cruelty would have been at his
+    hands. (I have noticed that in young children it is often
+    difficult to differentiate the sexual emotions from what in the
+    grown up would be definite cruelty.)
+
+    "It must have been at about this time that I discovered--entirely
+    by myself--the act of masturbation. The process grew up quite
+    naturally, though I cannot but think that the cooped-up life in a
+    London street and a London school, with want of physical
+    exercise, as well as want of landscape, color, and beautiful
+    form, had much to do with it. The tone of the school I was at was
+    singularly clean, but I question whether the vaunted cleanliness
+    of tone of day-schools can compensate for the open life and large
+    discipline of an English public school.
+
+    "How far the rather frequent masturbation between the ages of 10
+    and 13 may have had to do with weakly health I do not know, but
+    when I was 12 I was taken by my mother to a famous doctor. He
+    made no inquiries of a sexual nature, but he advised that I
+    should be sent away from London. He had a sentimental horror of
+    violent games, etc., for boys, and put aside various suggested
+    public schools. Finally I was sent to a private school at the
+    seaside.
+
+    "The private school was clean and wholesome. The plunge into the
+    sexual cocytus of the great public school that followed was
+    effectually sudden. In my day ---- was a perfect stew of
+    uncleanness. There was plenty of incontinence, not much cruelty,
+    no end of dirty conversation, and a great deal of genuine
+    affection, even to heroism, shown among the boys in their
+    relations to one another. All these things were treated by
+    masters and boys alike as more or less unholy, with the result
+    that they were either sought after or flung aside, according to
+    the sexual or emotional instinct of each. No attempt was made at
+    discrimination. A kiss was as unclean as the act of _fellatio_,
+    and no one had any gauge or principle whatever on which to guide
+    the cravings of boyhood.
+
+    "My first initiation into the mysteries of sex was at the hands
+    of the dormitory servant, who showed me his penis when he woke me
+    in the mornings, and masturbated me when he gave me my hot bath
+    on a Saturday night. This old reprobate of 45 committed the act
+    of _fellatio_ with most of the boys in turn as he went the
+    dormitory rounds. For the older lads I cannot speak, but over us
+    younger ones of 14 and 15 he exercised a sort of unholy terror
+    and fascination. He was very popular; we came to him like doves
+    to a snake. When I revisited my old school many years later he
+    was occupying a very responsible position in the college chapel,
+    and I noticed that he wore that expression of sly reverence which
+    I think I can now instantly detect when I see it in a man.
+
+    "For the rest the dormitory was boisterous and lewd, and there
+    was a good deal of bullying, which probably did little harm. My
+    principal recollection now is of the filthy mystery of foul talk,
+    that I neither cared for nor understood. What I really needed,
+    like all the other boys, was a little timely help over the
+    sexual problems, but this we none of us got, and each had to work
+    out his own principle of conduct for himself. It was a long,
+    difficult, and wasteful process, and I cannot but believe that
+    many of us failed in the endeavor. We had come unprepared with
+    any advice. The principle upon which we were apparently trained
+    was the repression of every instinct. My mother was ignorant from
+    innocence, my father from indifference, and so between them I was
+    sent out helpless. A mother incurs great responsibility in
+    sending her child away unprepared. A parent should not seek to
+    shift his responsibility upon the schoolmaster. Love alone should
+    be the fount from which revelations should flow; the master, from
+    the very nature of his position, cannot reveal.
+
+    "An imminent breakdown in health--due, it would now appear, to
+    quite obvious causes--relieved me from the purgatory of the
+    college dormitory, and I was removed to one of the private
+    houses. These establishments were considered more select and less
+    'rough.' The social atmosphere was, however, perhaps more
+    unwholesome, because more effeminate, and was full of noble young
+    sucklings. The nominal head of the house under normal conditions
+    might have been a real leader; as it was, the real head of the
+    house was a gilded young pariah, fairly low down in the school
+    and full of hypocrisy and unnatural lusts. The boy who occupied
+    the cubicle next to mine was also a bad case of sexual
+    misdirection, though he had not the social distinction to make
+    him quite so refined a terror. I had every opportunity of
+    watching him until, two years later, he was fortunately asked to
+    leave. He talked bawd from morning till night, got drunk on one
+    or two occasions, masturbated constantly without concealment, had
+    several of the younger boys _inter femora_, though without
+    evincing any care or affection for them, and gave one the
+    impression of having been born for a brothel. His one redeeming
+    quality was an element of good nature: a characteristic one often
+    finds among such as are selfish and irresponsible. I have since
+    been told that he has gone completely to the dogs. Whether this
+    young cub's sexual instincts could have been turned or guided I
+    do not know; but in a rougher and simpler life than that of a
+    public school, in a more open and less hypocritical atmosphere,
+    he might, perhaps, have been licked into better shape. Hypocrisy
+    is a vice, however, that schoolboys themselves are fortunately
+    free from. It comes later. The tone among the boys was frankly
+    and violently unclean, though unclean not from instinct, but from
+    want of direction and from repression.
+
+    "I have not a single happy recollection of this period of my
+    school life. Yet out of this morass of misbegotten virtues I
+    plucked my first blossom of genuine affection. I call it a
+    blossom because it never ripened even to flower. I had been given
+    the extreme of filth to feed upon at the outset, and now I found
+    for myself the extreme of chastity. It will be a matter of
+    lifelong regret to me that the love which was the lodestar of my
+    school years was never fulfilled or set upon a sound basis of
+    comradeship.
+
+    "When I was about 16½ years old there came into the house a boy
+    about two years younger than myself, and who became the absorbing
+    thought of my school days. I do not remember a moment, from the
+    time I first saw him to the time I left school, that I was not in
+    love with him, and the affection was reciprocated, if somewhat
+    reservedly. He was always a little ahead of me in books and
+    scholarship, but as our affection ripened we spent most of our
+    spare time together, and he received my advances much as a girl
+    who is being wooed, a little mockingly, perhaps, but with real
+    pleasure. He allowed me to fondle and caress him, but our
+    intimacy never went further than a kiss, and about that even was
+    the slur of shame; there was always a barrier between us, and we
+    never so much as whispered to one another concerning those things
+    of which all the school obscenely talked. Any connection between
+    our own emotions and the sexual morals of the school never
+    occurred to us. In fact, we lived a dream-life of chastity that
+    could not relate itself to any human conditions. This was
+    suddenly broken in upon. My friend was very beautiful and an
+    object of attraction to others. That some of the elder boys had
+    made offers of sexual intercourse to him I knew, but to him, as
+    to me, that was unspeakable wickedness. One day I heard that four
+    or five of these suitors of his had mishandled him; they had, I
+    believe, taken off his trousers and attempted to masturbate him.
+    The offense was probably horse play of an animal nature; to me it
+    seemed an unpardonable offense. The matter had been reported to
+    the master by a servant, but confirmatory evidence was needed
+    before punishment could follow. I was torn asunder by passions I
+    could not then analyze and in the end committed the greatest of
+    schoolboy crimes,--I sneaked. The action under the circumstances
+    was courageous, but I was indifferent so long as the boy I loved
+    judged me rightly. The result was that at the close of the term
+    four or five of the senior boys were 'asked to leave.' The
+    remaining brief period of my school life, which had previously
+    been a living hell, became really happy. That this should have
+    been brought about to the harm of four or five boys whose sin,
+    after all, was but a misdirected impulse for which the system was
+    responsible, seems to me now all very wrong. Of the boys sent
+    away, however, certainly three have made honorable careers. For
+    my friend and I, we became more afraid of each other than before;
+    as our affections increased, so our fear of them increased also.
+    The friendship was too ethereal to live; but even yet we still
+    have a deep respect for one another.
+
+    "When at the age of 19 I left school I was allowed to knock about
+    for a year before entering college. During this time I picked up
+    a sexual experience that may or may not have been a valuable one,
+    I certainly look back upon it now, with regret, if not with
+    horror. My father had discovered, some months before this date,
+    that I was in the habit of masturbating, and he gave me what he
+    conceived to be the right counsel under the circumstances: 'If
+    you do this,' he said, 'you will never be able to use your penis
+    with a woman. Therefore your best plan will be to go with a
+    prostitute. Should you do this, however, you will probably pick
+    up a beastly disease. Therefore the safest way would be to do it
+    abroad if you get the chance, for there the houses are licensed.'
+    Having delivered himself of this advice he troubled himself no
+    further in the matter, but left me to work out my own destiny.
+    The great physician, to whom I was taken about this time, also
+    gave me his advice on this point. 'Masturbation,' he said, 'is
+    death. A number of young men come to me with the same story. I
+    tell them they are killing themselves, and you will kill
+    yourself, too.' The doctor's hope was apparently to frighten his
+    young patients into what he conceived to be natural conditions of
+    life, and one went away from him with the impression that every
+    sexual manifestation in one's self was a physical infirmity, due
+    to one's own moral weakness. It took me some time before I could
+    make up my mind to follow my father's advice, but after a period
+    of real moral agony I deliberately and entirely in cold blood
+    acted upon it. I sought out a scarlet woman in the streets of
+    ---- and went home with her. From something she said to me I know
+    that I gave her pleasure, and she asked me to come to her again.
+    This I did twice, but without any real pleasure. The whole thing
+    was too sordid and soulless, and the man who decides to take an
+    evil medicine regularly has first to make up his mind that he
+    really needs it.
+
+    "At about the same time I chanced to be, for a few months, in a
+    German university town, and I determined, as I had the
+    opportunity, to carry the parental advice to the logical
+    conclusion. I tried a licensed house. The place was clean and
+    decent, and the conditions, I take it, such as one would normally
+    find in any properly regulated continental city; but to me the
+    whole thing appeared unspeakably horrible. It was a purely
+    commercial transaction, and it had not even the redeeming element
+    of risk to one's self, or of offense against a social or
+    disciplinary code. I came away feeling that I had touched bottom
+    in my sexual experiences, and I understood what it was that Faust
+    saw when the red mouse sprang from the mouth of the witch in the
+    Walpurgis dance.
+
+    "These were the only occasions upon which I have had sexual
+    intercourse with women. Looking back to them now, they appear to
+    me to have been almost inevitable; but if I had my life over
+    again I would shun them as I would a lethal draught. I believe I
+    came out of the fire unscathed; probably, indeed, it did me good,
+    in the sense that it made it possible for me to look deeper into
+    life; though to what extent seeing the torments of the damned
+    makes us do this, perhaps only a Dante could tell. To gain
+    knowledge at the expense of the shame and misery of others I hold
+    to be fundamentally wrong and immoral. What is to me, however,
+    the chief and bitterest thought is that I flung away the first
+    spring of manhood where I got no love in return. His virginity
+    is, or should be, as glorious and sacred a possession to a youth
+    as to a maiden; to be guarded jealously; to be given only at the
+    call of love, to one who loves him--be it comrade, mistress, or
+    wife--and whom he can love in return.
+
+    "The full university life into which I now entered at the age of
+    20 brought with it a flood of new ideas, feelings and sensations.
+    The friendships I made there will always remain the central ones
+    in my life. Up to my last term at college at the age of 24 I
+    still wore my chain-mail of artificial chastity; but then a
+    change gradually set in, and I began to understand the
+    relationship of the physical phenomena of sex to its intellectual
+    and imaginative manifestations. (I was not destined to fully
+    realize this for some years and then exclusively through and out
+    of my own personal experience.) It was the study of Walt
+    Whitman's _Leaves of Grass_ that first brought me light upon this
+    question. Hitherto I had kept the two things locked up, as it
+    were, in two separate air-tight compartments,--my friendships in
+    one, my sex instincts in another,--to be kept under and repressed
+    by the public-school code as I conceived it.
+
+    "It is needless to say that I was continually troubled by the
+    customary sex phenomena: erotic dreams, loss of semen,
+    troublesome erections at night, etc. These I repressed as best I
+    could, by habitual masturbation and by the regular diet and
+    exercise which academic life made possible. At one time, for the
+    period of a year I should say, I tried to overcome the desire for
+    masturbation by gradual stages, on the principle of the
+    drunkard's cure by which he took every day less tipple by the
+    insertion of one pebble more in his bottle. I marked on my
+    calendar the erotic dreams and the nights on which I masturbated,
+    and sought gradually to extend the intervening periods. Six
+    weeks, however, was the longest time for which I was able to
+    abstain."
+
+    A few years later the writer of this communication formed an
+    intimate relationship (in which he did not make the first
+    advances) with a youth, some years younger than himself and of
+    lower social class, whose development he was able to assist. "But
+    for my part," he remarks, "I owe him as much as I gave him, for
+    his love lighted up the gold of affection that was in me and
+    consumed the dross. It was from him that I first learned that
+    there was no such thing as a hard-and-fast line between the
+    physical and the spiritual in friendship." This relationship
+    lasted for some years, when the young man married; its effects
+    are described as very beneficial to both parties; all the sexual
+    troubles vanished, together with the desire to masturbate.
+    "Everything in life began to sing with joy, and what little of
+    real creative work I may have done I attribute largely to the
+    power of work that was born in me during those years."
+
+
+    HISTORY XIV.--Scotchman, aged 38. His paternal ancestors were
+    normal, so far as he knows. His mother belonged to a very
+    eccentric old Celtic family. Soon after 5 he became so enamored
+    of a young shepherd that the boy had to be sent away. He
+    practised masturbation many years before the age of puberty, and
+    attaches importance to this as a factor in the evolution of his
+    homosexual life.
+
+    He has had erotic dreams rarely about men, about women more
+    frequently. While indifferent to women, he has no repulsion
+    toward them. He has had connection with women two or three times,
+    but without experiencing the same passionate emotions as with
+    men.
+
+    He would like a son, but he has never been able to get up the
+    necessary amount of passion to lead to marriage.
+
+    He has always had a sentimental and Platonic affection for men.
+    Of late years he has formed two friendships with adults of an
+    affectionate and also erotic character. He cares little for
+    anything beyond mutual masturbation and kissing; what he desires
+    is the love of the male.
+
+    In appearance there is nothing abnormal about him except an air
+    of youth. He is vigorous both in body and mind, and has enormous
+    power of resisting fatigue. He is an excellent man of business.
+    Is a patient student. He sees no harm in his homosexual passions.
+    He is averse to promiscuity. His ideal is a permanent union which
+    includes sexual relations.
+
+
+    HISTORY XV.--T.S., artist, aged 32. "I was born in England. My
+    father was a Jew, the first to marry out of his family and to
+    marry a Christian. My great-grandparents were cousins; he was a
+    German and she was a Dane. My grandparents were also cousins; he
+    was a Swede and she was a Dane.
+
+    "My maternal grandfather was an English Protestant, and my
+    maternal grandmother was Irish, fanatically Roman Catholic, and a
+    very eccentric woman.
+
+    "In my father's family there have been many members of note. In
+    my mother's family there were many renowned lawyers.
+
+    "My father had an elder brother who was homosexual. He was
+    already, at 31 years of age, a prominent author, when he died of
+    consumption. I have also a second cousin on my father's side who
+    is a very good tenor; he is also homosexual. In my mother's
+    family I know of nothing abnormal.
+
+    "In neither family is there or has there been any insanity, but
+    rather an overwealth of brain.
+
+    "My parents were an ideally happy couple. They were engaged after
+    knowing each other six days, and after being separated three
+    months they married. They were married thirty-five years without
+    a quarrel. I have a brother three years older, born a year after
+    their marriage, and a sister seven years younger.
+
+    "My brother takes after his father in appearance. He is a great
+    lover of women and much spoiled by them. He is quite normal and
+    abstemious.
+
+    "My sister is a very womanly woman. As a girl she disapproved
+    very much of girl friendships and always confided in her mother.
+    At 13 years of age she met the man she is now married to. They
+    waited ten years before marrying and are now an ideally happy
+    couple. My sister is perfectly normal and very abstemious.
+
+    "I lived my first ten years in England, eighteen years in Sweden,
+    two years in Denmark, two years in Bavaria, Austria, and Italy,
+    and am now living in Berlin. I consider myself English. I am
+    mentally a man, but all my physical feelings and desires are
+    those of a woman.
+
+    "I am middle height and very slight. Weigh 106 English pounds,
+    without clothes. My hands and feet are small and well-shaped.
+    Head of normal size. Features small. Eyes green. Have worn
+    glasses since I was 7 years old. Complexion fair. Appearance not
+    Jewish. The skin of my body is very white, without blemish. Very
+    little hair on my face. Hair on head and abdomen luxuriant. No
+    hair whatever on stomach and chest. Color of hair auburn
+    everywhere except below navel, that black. (My father's,
+    mother's, and brother's hair was brown. My sister has auburn
+    hair, and so had the aforementioned uncle.) My breasts are
+    slightly round; my hips are normal. I do not gesticulate much.
+    From my material self it would be difficult to draw the
+    conclusion that I was homosexual. My sexual organs are normal.
+
+    "My disposition is apparently bright, but in reality melancholy.
+    Have very little love for human nature, but have a partiality for
+    the British and Jewish races. Hate business, politics, sports,
+    and society. Love music, art, literature, and nature. Deep
+    interest in mysticism. Am clairvoyant. Have been used many times
+    as a medium. Lead two separate lives, an outer and inner psychic
+    life. Am a fatalist and a theosophist. Profound belief in
+    reincarnation, always have had, because when I was a little child
+    I could 'remember' so much. Have an excellent memory, dating back
+    to my third year. Have always been too self-analytical. Have from
+    my earliest childhood felt myself an alien. Am very sensitive,
+    physically and psychically. Have no wish to wear woman's clothing
+    or do woman's work. As to clothes for myself, I prefer black and
+    not much jewelry.
+
+    "I could only love a perfectly manly man from 21 to 40 years of
+    age. He must be physically beautiful and well made. Size of
+    sexual organs plays no part. The muscles must be developed and
+    the hands must be especially well shaped. Hands are my fetish. (I
+    could never love anyone with ugly hands.) He must have no odor
+    issuing from his body (though I do not dislike faint perfume when
+    clothed), and, above all, never have a bad breath. He must be
+    intelligent, love music, art, literature, and nature. He must be
+    refined and cultured and have been about the world. He must have
+    simplicity in behavior, dress, and manner, and, above all, be
+    clean-bodied as clean-minded. Cynicism I cannot stand. (Here I
+    may state I once owned a St. Bernard dog which reminded me much
+    of my ideal. He was always sedate, always loving, and faithful;
+    generally quiet. He only got excited when out in the elements.) I
+    have not been able to get on with people who have no sense of
+    humor. From my birth I was physically weak. First I suffered from
+    eczema. Being born with a double squint, I was operated on at 2½
+    and again at 3½ years of age, with excellent result. From 4 to 12
+    years of age I had convulsions (often), and all the illnesses of
+    childhood. At the age of 12½ years I took scarlet fever, followed
+    by a weak heart, which grew stronger after a year, and Bright's
+    disease, which lasted fifteen years with hardly a break. This
+    illness had its wonted effect of producing melancholia and
+    upsetting the whole nervous system. Bright's disease stopped
+    suddenly but was followed by a succession of illnesses. Then I
+    had neuritis very badly. I then removed to Bavaria, and to regain
+    nervous strength I was treated by Freud's psychoanalytical
+    method, with great success. I had a very bad relapse, as my
+    brother, who had just heard I was homosexual, came to visit me
+    and threatened to have me put under guardians, if my father
+    should die. It took me weeks to recover from the shock. We broke
+    off all intercourse and though my brother has been several times
+    in the same town where I have been, we remain strangers. At this
+    time my father died suddenly. Last spring four suicides of
+    friends in so many weeks had a very bad effect on my nerves. I am
+    now in Berlin in better spirits, but the cramp continues badly at
+    times.
+
+    "To this I must add that since my fourteenth year, independent of
+    any illness, I have suffered mentally and physically from
+    menstrual pains recurring every twenty-eight days and lasting
+    from six to eight days. That these were the equivalent pains to a
+    woman's menstruation periods I could get no doctor to admit till
+    I was treated for a length of time by a German nerve specialist.
+
+    "The physical pains begin abruptly. Sudden congestions of blood
+    in the brain and in the abdomen. Sudden perspirations, heat and
+    cold. Great nervous pains in the small of the back, also in the
+    nerve-centers of abdomen and stomach. Sharp, shooting pains in
+    the breasts and especially the nipples. Sudden toothache which
+    stops as suddenly. The skin becomes darker, sometimes mottled. I
+    have the whole time a taste of blood in my mouth and often
+    everything I eat tastes of blood. I have great difficulty at that
+    time in eating meat. Physical longings for erotic adventure,
+    counterbalanced by mental nausea at the bare idea.
+
+    "The mental symptoms are: sudden feeling of deep depression,
+    suicidal tendencies, alternating with sudden inexplicable
+    lightheartedness. Capriciousness and great dissatisfaction with
+    myself and life generally. Horror at my own incompleteness of sex
+    and sudden fits of hatred toward women and a great longing to be
+    loved by men. This condition changes slowly back to the normal
+    one. It takes several days for me to lose my physical weakness
+    owing to it.
+
+    "Physically I was developed at 16 years of age. Mentally I was
+    developed at a very early age, but I kept my inner life quite
+    dark, always playing the innocent. Nobody at home believed me to
+    know anything about life. They were at times very surprised when
+    I fell out of the rôle I had planned for myself. Up till I was 17
+    years of age nothing to do with other people's morals was ever
+    discussed before me. I looked so pure, and do now, that people
+    are always careful in front of me. My father never discussed such
+    things with me. From my earliest childhood I loved men dearly,
+    though I was always at daggers drawn with my father and brother.
+    I worshipped my mother then, as I do now. My sister and I did not
+    at all get on as children, though we are the best of friends now.
+    She and her husband as well as my mother have been kindness
+    itself ever since they knew of my condition. Not till I was over
+    30 years did I meet a man I loved as well as my mother, and he is
+    heterosexual. I must have loved my father and brother at first,
+    but continual conflicts, incompatible temperaments and mutual
+    misunderstandings and want of sympathy made life at home
+    horrible. I must admit from my earliest childhood I had a certain
+    contempt for my father and brother because I found them so
+    materialistic. I had all my childhood rows with my brother. My
+    father took his part, my mother mine. After I had recovered from
+    my father's sudden death (my first words were after reading the
+    letter: 'Thank God it isn't mother!') I felt a great relief, but
+    it took a long time for me to grasp that I was really free.
+
+    "I have always liked women's society and, as a youth, I was very
+    fond of gossip, which I by no means am now. I have many women
+    friends, more than men friends. These women friends are all
+    heterosexual except one. I very often like elderly women; I
+    suppose I see mother in such women. A woman never could make me
+    blush, but a man I admired could easily.
+
+    "I was 23 years of age when a married woman of good family asked
+    me to come and spend the night with her. I went, and though she
+    was beautifully built, cleanly, and though her garments and
+    apartments were of the utmost good taste, I did not have any
+    erection. On the other hand, I felt myself to be most unclean and
+    bathed three times each of the following three days. Since then I
+    have never tried to have sexual intercourse with women.
+
+    "In Copenhagen I tried to excite my feelings with every class of
+    woman, in vain. I suppose it is that my nature is so like woman's
+    that there can be no reaction. With men I am often very shy and
+    nervous, tongue-tied, and my hands perspire. Never so with women.
+
+    "As a child I loved men and used to fall desperately in love with
+    some who came to the house. I would, when no one was there, kiss
+    their hats, or gloves, or even their sticks.
+
+    "I can remember, when I was about 6 years, how I fell in love
+    with a very good-looking 26-year-old German. He had very curly
+    hair and his hands were very beautiful. He was very fond of me
+    and I used to call him 'my Boy.' When visiting us he often used
+    to 'tuck me in' after the nurse had gone down. He always had
+    sweets or something for me. I can remember how I used to fling my
+    arms round his neck and cover his face with kisses. I would then
+    draw his head down on my pillow and he would tell me fairy-tales
+    and I would go off to sleep quite happy.
+
+    "At 7 years of age, while staying in the country, a very
+    good-looking groom, about 25 years of age, misbehaved himself
+    with me. I often used to visit him in the stables, as this man
+    had a strange attraction for me. One day he tickled me. While
+    doing so he produced my penis and also his own, which was in full
+    erection. He tried in every way to excite my feelings, in vain.
+    For him the occasion terminated in an ejaculation. He forbade me
+    to tell anyone, and I did not do so, but tried to find out all I
+    could on the subject, with little or no result. From that day I
+    hated the groom and I felt a sort of guilt, as if I had 'lost
+    something.' Not till I was 12 years did I understand.
+
+    "From my earliest childhood I had one ideal of a man. From that
+    ideal I have never swerved. At the age of 30 I found a friend
+    who, though quite heterosexual, has, without giving me any sexual
+    intercourse, given me the love I have always needed. He has been
+    for the last couple of years a second mother, father, sister,
+    brother, and lover. Through him I have regained my health, my
+    love of nature, and he has helped to deaden my hatred toward
+    human nature and my bitterness. A better friend I never wish to
+    find. It has made up for all the years of mental and physical
+    suffering. One strange thing is that the feeling is mutual. He
+    has had a tragic life, for his wife, whom he loved beyond
+    everything, died under very sad circumstances. He says I am the
+    best male friend he has ever had. While with him, much of the
+    lower nature in me was stamped out. I shall always look upon him
+    as the turning point in my life. I think he wrought some of his
+    finest influence through his music. He played Beethoven and
+    Wagner for me for a couple of hours every day for months, and
+    thus opened up a new world to me.... He is six years older than I
+    am.
+
+    "At 10 years of age we moved to Sweden, a country I hated from
+    first to last. About this time I began to notice that there was
+    something strange about myself. I felt myself an alien, and have
+    done so ever since. An event of importance in my life was, I feel
+    sure, when my father's sister tried to take away my mother's
+    character. It was done in jealousy and spite, and my aunt had to
+    beg my parents' pardon. Outwardly the affair was patched up; but
+    I feel sure my father never really forgave his sister. Jews never
+    forgive.
+
+    "This event awoke in me a great hatred toward women, and it was
+    many years before I could at all control it.
+
+    "At the age of 14 I was much with a good-looking, musical
+    American, a year older than myself. One day, while romping, very
+    much the same thing occurred as with the groom. I still had no
+    sexual feelings. We remained good friends. I often wished to kiss
+    him. After the first time he would not allow it. He was very much
+    liked among the officers and so-called high society men, and had
+    always much money. About ten years later I heard he used to
+    accept money after intimate intercourse with those society men.
+
+    "During my fifteenth year I had great longing for sexual
+    intercourse with men. At this time the first signs of hair were
+    to be seen on my abdomen.
+
+    "At the age of 16 a gardener, a married man with family,
+    initiated me into mutual self-abuse. He lived in the back house
+    of the apartment house we then inhabited. He was about 40 years
+    of age, an ugly but muscularly developed man. These practices
+    took place in the cellar, to which there were three entrances. I
+    never allowed him to kiss me and the sight of his children always
+    awoke in me a great feeling of nausea. That was the natural
+    reaction of a bad conscience. For the man himself I had the
+    utmost contempt. This man told me of several parks and _pissoirs_
+    where men met, and I went to these places now and again for
+    erotic adventure.
+
+    "I must here relate that at the age of 16 my mother warned me
+    against self-abuse. It had the opposite effect, made me curious,
+    so I began at once. I have continued ever since, at least once a
+    day. (I have never had an involuntary emission in my whole life.)
+    Between 17 and 22 it became necessary for me to do so several
+    times a day. Working at art, painting, and above all music and
+    beauty have a strong influence over me and set my erotic longings
+    in violent motion. I have never found this do me any harm.
+    Abstinence, on the other hand, has a very harmful effect on me,
+    upsetting the whole nervous and physical system. I often find
+    that there is a something very much wanting in self-abuse: the
+    commingling of two human bodies who are _mentally_ as well as
+    physically in sympathy gives an electrical satisfaction which
+    quiets the whole nervous system. That at least has been my
+    experience.
+
+    "The gardener left and moved to the country. I then sometimes
+    visited _pissoirs_ or, as they are often called, 'panoramas'
+    (because they are round and one sees much there). What I saw in
+    the parks during the long summer nights was quite a revelation.
+    During the summer, when the husbands had sent their families in
+    the country, many of them led a very indiscreet life. What I saw
+    the first summer killed all the respect I had for elderly people.
+    I had always connected marriage and gray hairs with virtue and
+    morals; then I learnt otherwise. I must say I became about this
+    time a _sensual pig_. I knew how dangerous these places were on
+    account of the police and blackmailers, but that gave the hunt a
+    double zest. At this time I led a double life and was always
+    watching and analyzing myself. I had to do with heaps of men of
+    all classes. I was often offered money, but that I would on no
+    condition accept. To pay or to be paid kills every sort of erotic
+    feeling in me and always has done so. I once wished to experiment
+    with myself. I was offered a small sum of money by a former
+    schoolmaster. I accepted this just to see how it would affect me.
+    The next moment I threw the money as far away as possible. Then I
+    saw I had none of the prostitute nature in me. I was simply
+    overwhelmed with sensuality. I considered I was a criminal and
+    wished to see in how many ways my nature had the criminal
+    instinct. I wanted to see if I could become a thief. I stole a
+    silver button in a shop where antiquities were sold, but I went
+    to the shop the same day again and returned the button, without
+    the people knowing. I found I could not become a thief. Then the
+    question came. Why had I felt a criminal since my seventh year?
+    Was it my fault? If not, whose fault was it? Not till I studied
+    Freud's psychoanalytical system did I get a clear insight into my
+    own character.
+
+    "When I was 20 years of age I met a gentleman one night in a
+    heavy snow-storm. We walked and talked and understood each other.
+    He belonged to one of Sweden's first aristocratic families. He
+    was extremely refined. He asked me to his rooms. We undressed and
+    lay down. He had a very beautiful head and a still more beautiful
+    body. I think that all my erotic feelings were numbed by looking
+    at his beautiful body. To me anything sensual would have been
+    sacrilege, I thought, and I can remember the feeling of awe which
+    came over me. He was them 20 years of age, but his hair was quite
+    white. First he did not understand, and then he was very gentle
+    to me. I kept perfectly chaste for three whole months after the
+    sight of his body. We saw each other often. Eight years later we
+    met for the last time. He suffered much from melancholia. At that
+    time I prevented him from committing suicide. This winter,
+    however, he shot himself.
+
+    "At the age of 22 my sister introduced me to a charming,
+    intelligent and refined, half-English, half-Swedish painter. We
+    'recognized' each other at once, though we had never seen each
+    other before, and even knew each other's characters to the
+    smallest traits. My parents liked him better than any friend I
+    had ever had. My sister and he were from the first like sister
+    and brother. The first evening in my home he and I kissed each
+    other. The women were mad about him. Later I found many men were
+    too. I was three weeks his senior. He had his own rooms. I have
+    never felt any such wonderful harmony as when our naked bodies
+    mingled. It was like floating in ether. With him it was the only
+    time I had been active in _fellatio_. We were much together,
+    though not much physically, for he had many love affairs with
+    women. What I loved was the way he would cut off all advances of
+    men, I was his 'little brother' and so he calls me to this day.
+    He is now married in America, and the father of a pretty little
+    daughter. We are the best of friends to this day.
+
+    "The two years in Copenhagen were some of the happiest I have
+    spent, though nearly the whole time I was in physical pain. In
+    Austria I found, among the Tyrolese peasants, that the
+    Englishmen, who come there in winter for sports and in the summer
+    for mountain climbing, have demoralized the young male peasants
+    with money. Homosexual intercourse is easy to get if you are
+    willing to pay the price,--larger in season, less out of season.
+
+    "In Italy it is merely a question of money or passion, but
+    everything in love there is quite transient.
+
+    "In Bavaria I found the love and peace 'which passeth all
+    understanding.' This love and friendship without anything of a
+    physically intimate nature brought me back from the 'deep black
+    gulf' to which I was swiftly floating. When I met my friend I was
+    nearly at the end of my tether. What his love and friendship has
+    done for me, together with Freud's psychoanalytical system,
+    nobody will ever know.
+
+    "Since being in Berlin, a town I like very much, a new life has
+    opened for me, a life where one lives as one likes if one does
+    not have to do with young boys. Here are homosexual baths,
+    pensions, restaurants, and hotels, where you can go with one of
+    your own sex at a certain fee per hour. Berlin is a revelation.
+    But since being here I find the physical erotic side of my nature
+    is little excited. I suppose it is the old story of 'forbidden
+    fruit.'
+
+    "My parents kept a very hospitable home. The last two years in
+    Sweden I was never at home. I hated society and knew much too
+    much about the private histories of those who came to my home.
+    They all belonged to the highest society. The highest society and
+    the lowest are very much alike. Of course my parents knew nothing
+    about these people. When I told my mother a great deal of private
+    history of people who came to our house, she was thunderstruck
+    and could at last understand my contempt for so-called good
+    society. I have visited in later years only in artistic and
+    theatrical circles; I consider that class of people more natural
+    than the other class and much more kind-hearted.
+
+    "My life has quite another side, the mystic side. But that would
+    be a much longer story than this. Suffice it to say, I am of a
+    highly sensitive nature, gifted with second sight." [A detailed
+    record of the subject's visions, premonitions of death of
+    acquaintances, etc., has been furnished by him.]
+
+    "I tried on four occasions to commit suicide, but I now see there
+    is nothing to be gained by doing so.
+
+    "Two years ago I told my parents about my sexual condition. It
+    was a frightful blow to them. My father had the circumstances
+    explained to him; he never understood the matter and never
+    discussed it with me. Had I told him earlier I feel quite certain
+    that, with his despotic nature, he would have put me in a
+    madhouse. My mother and sister have treated me very kindly
+    always. My brother has disowned me."
+
+
+    HISTORY XVI.--Irish, aged 36; knows of nothing unusual in his
+    ancestry. His tastes are masculine in every respect. He is
+    strong, healthy, and fond of exercises and sports. The sexual
+    instincts are abnormally developed; he confesses to an, enormous
+    appetite for almost everything,--food, drink, smoking, and all
+    the good things of life.
+
+    At about the age of 14 he practised masturbation with other boys
+    of the same age, and also had much pleasure in being in bed with
+    an uncle with whom the same thing was practised. Later on he
+    practised masturbation with every boy or man with whom he was on
+    terms of intimacy; to have been in bed with anyone without
+    anything of the sort taking place would have made sleep
+    impossible, and rendered him utterly wretched. His erotic dreams
+    at first were concerned with women, but more recently they are
+    usually of young men, and very rarely of women. He is mostly
+    indifferent to women, as also they have always been to him.
+    Although good-looking, strong, and masculine, he has never known
+    a woman to be in love with him. When about the age of 18 he
+    imagined he was in love with a girl; and he had often, between
+    the ages of 20 to 30, cohabited with prostitutes. He remembers on
+    one occasion, many years ago, having connection with a woman
+    seven or eight times in one night, and then having to masturbate
+    at noon the next day. He is unmarried, and thinks it is unlikely
+    that he ever will marry, but he adds that if a healthy, handsome,
+    and intelligent woman fell in love with him he might change his
+    mind, as it would be lonely to be old and alone, and he would
+    like to have children.
+
+    He is never attracted to men older than himself, and prefers
+    youths between the ages of 18 and 25. They may be of any class,
+    but he does not like common people, and is not attached to
+    uniforms or liveries. The requisite attractions are an
+    intelligent eye, a voluptuous mouth, and "intelligent teeth." "If
+    Alcibiades himself tried to woo me," he says, "and had bad teeth,
+    his labor would be in vain." He has sometimes been the active
+    participant in _pedicatio_, and has tried the passive rôle out of
+    curiosity, but prefers _fellatio_.
+
+    He does not consider that he is doing anything wrong, and regards
+    his acts as quite natural. His only regret is the absorbing
+    nature of his passions, which obtrude themselves in season and
+    out of season, seldom or never leaving him quiet, and sometimes
+    making his life a hell. Yet he doubts whether he would change
+    himself, even if he had the power.
+
+
+    HISTORY XVII.--Age 25; is employed in an ordinary workshop, and
+    lives in the back alley of a large town in which he was born and
+    bred. Fair, slight, and refined in appearance. The sexual organs
+    are normal and well developed, and the sexual passions strong.
+    His mother is a big masculine woman, and he is much attached to
+    her. Father is slight and weakly. He has seven brothers and one
+    sister. Homosexual desires began at an early age, though he does
+    not seem to have come under any perverse influences. He is not
+    inclined to masturbation. Erotic dreams are always of males. He
+    declares he never cared for any woman except his mother, and that
+    he could not endure to sleep with a woman.
+
+    He says he generally falls in love with a man at first sight--as
+    a rule, some one older than himself and of higher class--and
+    longs to sleep and be with him. In one case he fell in love with
+    a man twice his own age, and would not rest until he had won his
+    affection. He does not much care what form the sexual relation
+    takes. He is sensitive and feminine by nature, gentle, and
+    affectionate. He is neat and orderly in his habits, and fond of
+    housework; helps his mother in washing, etc. He appears to think
+    that male attachments are perfectly natural.
+
+
+    HISTORY XVIII.--Englishman, born in Paris; aged 26; an actor. He
+    belongs to an old English family; his father, so far as he is
+    aware, had no homosexual inclinations, nor had any of his
+    ancestors on the paternal side; but he believes that his
+    mother's family, and especially a maternal uncle who had a strong
+    feeling for beauty of form, were more akin to him in this
+    respect.
+
+    His earliest recollections show an attraction for males. At
+    children's parties he incurred his father's anger by kissing
+    other small boys, and his feelings grew in intensity with years.
+    He has never practised self-abuse, and seldom had erotic dreams;
+    when they do occur they are about males.
+
+    His physical feeling for women is one of absolute indifference.
+    He admires beautiful women in the same way as one admires
+    beautiful scenery. At the same time he likes to talk with clever
+    women, and has formed many friendships with frank, pure, and
+    cultivated English girls, for whom he has the utmost admiration
+    and respect. Marriage is impossible, because physical pleasure
+    with women is impossible; he has tried, but cannot obtain, the
+    slightest sexual feeling or excitement.
+
+    He especially admires youths (though they must not be immature)
+    from 16 or 17 to about 25. The type which physically appeals to
+    him most, and to which he appeals, is fair, smooth-skinned,
+    gentle, rather girlish and effeminate, with the effeminacy of the
+    _ingénue_, not the _cocotte_. His favorite to attract him must be
+    submissive and womanly; he likes to be the man and the master. On
+    this point he adds: "The great passion of my life is an
+    exception, and stands on an utterly different level. It realizes
+    an ideal of marriage in which neither is master, but both share a
+    joint empire, and in which tyranny would be equally painful to
+    both. But this friendship and love is for an equal, a year
+    younger than myself, and does not preclude other and less
+    creditable _liaisons, physical_ constancy being impossible to men
+    of our caliber."
+
+    _Pedicatio_ is the satisfaction he prefers, provided he takes the
+    active, never the passive, rôle. He is handsome, with broad
+    shoulders, good figure, and somewhat classic type of face, with
+    fine blue eyes. He likes boating and skating, though not cricket
+    or football, and is usually ready for fun, but has, at the same
+    time, a taste for reading.
+
+    He has no moral feelings on these matters; he regards them as
+    outside ethics, mere matters of temperament and social feeling.
+    If England were underpopulated he thinks he might possibly feel
+    some slight pangs of remorse; but, as things are, he feels that
+    in prostituting males rather than females he is doing a
+    meritorious action.
+
+
+    HISTORY XIX.--T.N. His history is given in his own words.
+
+    "From the time of my earliest imaginings I have always been
+    attached by strength in men and often thought about being carried
+    off by big warriors and living with them in caves and elsewhere.
+    When about 7 a young man used to show me his penis and handle
+    mine occasionally. At private boarding school masturbation was
+    fairly frequent and I suppose I was initiated about 12 or 13.
+    After leaving I occasionally indulged, but nothing happened until
+    I was about 20, except that I was often attracted by strong,
+    well-built young men of good character; a man who was not honest
+    and good-hearted had no attraction. At 20 I was much attached to
+    a young man of my own age. He was engaged. This did not prevent
+    him on one occasion endeavoring playfully and with his brother to
+    obtain access to my person. I successfully resisted, although if
+    _he_ only had been present I should not have done so, but
+    welcomed the attempt, and I have often regretted I did not let
+    him know this. But I had a dim idea that my penis was somewhat
+    undeveloped and this made me shy. Circumstances separated us.
+    About two years later I was crossing the Channel when I engaged
+    in conversation with a man about eight years older, who was one
+    of our travelling party. I think the attraction was a case of
+    love at sight, certainly on my side. A few nights later he had so
+    arranged that we shared a bedroom, and he very soon came over to
+    me and tenderly handled my person. I reciprocated and I look back
+    all these years to that night with pleasure and no feeling of
+    shame. On one occasion, about this time, I happened to be
+    sleeping with another young fellow (an office mate) on a holiday,
+    when I awoke and found him handling my penis caressingly. I
+    gently removed his hand and turned over. I thought none the less
+    of him, but my body seemed to belong only to myself and the
+    friend I loved. He was not an urning, I am sure, but we Were
+    often together and I much entered into his interests and felt
+    infinite satisfaction with life, made good progress and many
+    friends. Our physical intimacy was repeated, he taking the active
+    part in intercrural contact. Then he married very happily. Our
+    friendship remains, but circumstances prevent our often meeting,
+    and there is no longer desire on either part.
+
+    "For some years I was rather lonely in spite of friends. I was
+    somewhat attracted to another man, but his superior social
+    position was a defect to me. Then when about 28 I came in contact
+    with a young man of 24, of the artisan class, but superior in
+    ideals and intelligence to most men. I loved him at first glance
+    and to this day. At first it was just friendship, but soon his
+    form, voice, and thoughts entered into my very soul by day and
+    night. I longed always to be near him, to see him progress and
+    help him if I could. I would joyfully have given up home,
+    friends, and income, and followed him to the end of the world,
+    preferably an island where we two might at least be the only
+    white men. He seemed to embody all I longed for in the way of
+    knowledge of nature, of strength, of practical ability, and the
+    desire to imitate him in these things widened and strengthened my
+    character. The first time I slept with him I could only summon
+    courage to put my arm over his chest, but I could not sleep for
+    unsatisfied desire, and the unrelieved erection caused a dull
+    pain on the morrow. I had always disliked conversation that might
+    be regarded as bordering on the obscene, and consequently was
+    very ignorant on most matters; it pained me even to hear him
+    laugh at such remarks. I think if he had been intimate with me I
+    should have not conversed much on such topics, but now I felt
+    pleasure in such things with him as they expressed intimacy. I
+    dreamed about him and was never really happy in his absence; the
+    greatest joy would have been to have slept in his arms; the
+    hairiness of his legs and arms were also most fascinating.
+    Perhaps a year later, we were again at night together, and this
+    time I by degrees felt his private organs, but he was cold and I
+    felt a little unsatisfied. I wanted to be hugged. This happened
+    once more, and then on a later occasion,--not that it afforded me
+    much gratification, but because I wanted to stimulate him to
+    ardor,--I attempted masturbation. This aroused his disgust and I
+    was consequently dismayed. He told me I ought to marry and,
+    although I knew his love was all I wanted, I did not feel but
+    what I could make a woman happy. The constant unrelieved
+    erections which took place when I saw my friend adopt a graceful
+    attitude caused pain at the bottom of my back, and I consulted
+    two specialists, who also advised marriage. I did not tell them I
+    was an 'invert,' for I hardly knew it was a recognized thing, but
+    I did tell them something of what had taken place, and they made
+    next to no comment, but implied it was frequent. My friend now
+    felt repulsion toward me, but did not express himself, and as
+    other circumstances then caused a barrier between us to a certain
+    extent, I did not realize the true reason of his coldness. But I
+    felt utterly miserable. When I met a noble woman whom I had long
+    known I asked her to be my wife and she consented. Although I
+    told her very soon, and long before our marriage, of my
+    limitations as a husband and of my continued longing for my
+    friend, I feel now I did a great wrong, and I cannot understand
+    why I was not more conscious of this at the time; that I was to a
+    certain extent deceiving her relations was inevitable. I had
+    expected to devote my life in making her happy, but I soon found
+    that the true reason of my friend's apparent unfaithfulness was
+    my own action, combined with a feeling on his part that it was as
+    well that our affection should cease even at the cost of
+    misunderstanding. Since then, three years ago, I have not had a
+    happy day or night, and am therefore quite unable to promote
+    happiness in others. Without my friend, I can find no
+    satisfaction with wife, child, or home. Life has become almost
+    unbearable. Often I have seriously thought of committing suicide,
+    only to postpone it to a time which would be less cruelly
+    inopportune to others. I see my friend (now married) almost
+    daily, and suffer tortures at seeing others nearer to him than
+    myself. No explanation seems possible, as the whole idea of
+    inversion is so repugnant to him, and being an honorable man he
+    would feel marital ties preclude _any_ warmth of affection. But
+    all the longing of my life seems to be culminating in a driving
+    force which will carry me to the male prostitute or to death. I
+    can concentrate my mind on nothing else, and consequently have
+    become inefficient in work and have no heart for play. I know if
+    my longings could be occasionally satisfied I should immediately
+    recover, but my fear is that if I killed myself those who knew me
+    in happier days would only be confirmed in the impression of my
+    degeneracy and would feel my instincts had caused it, whereas it
+    is the denial and starvation of them which would have brought
+    about the result. I know now by experience of self and others
+    that my disposition is congenital and that I have been rendered
+    unhappy myself and a cause of unhappiness to others by the too
+    late knowledge of myself. The example of my former friend who
+    married misled me to think I too _could_ marry and make a happy
+    home; so that when the man I loved advised me I resolved to do
+    so, as I would have done almost anything else _he_ suggested. If
+    I could have withdrawn from the engagement without embarrassment
+    to the devoted woman who became my wife I would have done so, if
+    she gave me the opportunity. Nothing in my married state has
+    brought me pleasure and I often wish my wife would cease to love
+    me so that we might separate. But she would be heart-broken at
+    the suggestion and I feel driven to attempt to relieve my
+    feelings even in a way that has previously seemed repulsive to
+    me,--I mean by use of money.
+
+    "About my feelings toward my child there is not much to say, as
+    they are not very strong. I believe I carry him and help bathe
+    and attend to him as much as most fathers, and when he is a few
+    years older I hope I may find him very companionable. But he has
+    brought me no real joy, though I see other men look at him almost
+    with affection. But he has brought added happiness to his
+    mother."
+
+The next case is interesting as showing the mental and emotional
+development in a very radical case of sexual inversion.
+
+
+    HISTORY XX.--Englishman, of independent means, aged 49. His
+    father and his father's family were robust, healthy, and
+    prolific. On his mother's side, phthisis, insanity, and
+    eccentricity are traceable. He belongs to a large family, some of
+    whom died in early childhood and at birth, while others are
+    normal. He himself was a weakly and highly nervous child, subject
+    to night-terrors and somnambulism, excessive shyness and
+    religious disquietude.
+
+    Sexual consciousness awoke before the age of 8, when his
+    attention was directed to his own penis. His nurse, while out
+    walking with him one day, told him that when little boys grow'
+    up their penes fall off. The nursery-maid sniggered, and he felt
+    that there must be something peculiar about the penis. He
+    suffered from; irritability of the prepuce, and the nurse
+    powdered it before he went to sleep. There was no transition from
+    this to self-abuse.
+
+    About the same time he became subject to curious half-waking
+    dreams. In these he imagined himself the servant of several adult
+    naked sailors; he crouched between their thighs and called
+    himself their dirty pig, and by their orders he performed
+    services for their genitals and buttocks, which he contemplated
+    and handled with relish. At about the same period, when these
+    visions began to come to him, he casually heard that a man used
+    to come and expose his person before the window of a room where
+    the maids sat; this troubled him vaguely. Between the age of 8
+    and 11 he twice took the penis of a cousin into his mouth, after
+    they had slept together; the feeling of the penis pleased him.
+    When sleeping with another cousin, they used to lie with hands
+    outstretched to cover each other's penis or nates. He preferred
+    the nates, but his cousin the penis. Neither of these cousins was
+    homosexual, and there was no attempt at mutual masturbation. He
+    was in the habit of playing with five male cousins. One of these
+    boys was unpopular with the others, and they invented a method of
+    punishing him for supposed offenses. They sat around the room on
+    chairs, each with his penis exposed, and the boy to be punished
+    went around the room on his knees and took each penis into his
+    mouth in turn. This was supposed to humiliate him. It did not
+    lead to masturbation. On one occasion the child accidentally
+    observed a boy who sat next to him in school playing with his
+    penis and caressing it. This gave him a powerful, uneasy
+    sensation. With regard to all these points the subject observes
+    that none of the boys with whom he was connected at this period,
+    and who were exposed to precisely the same influences, became
+    homosexual.
+
+    He was himself, from the first, indifferent to the opposite sex.
+    In early childhood, and up to the age of 13, he had frequent
+    opportunities of closely inspecting the sexual organs of girls,
+    his playfellows. These roused no sexual excitement. On the
+    contrary, the smell of the female parts affected him
+    disagreeably. When he once saw a schoolfellow copulating with a
+    little girl, it gave him a sense of mystical horror. Nor did the
+    sight of the male organs arouse any particular sensations. He is,
+    however, of opinion that, living with his sisters in childhood,
+    he felt more curious about his own sex as being more remote from
+    him. He showed no effeminacy in his preferences for games or
+    work.
+
+    He went to a public school. Here he was provoked by boy friends
+    to masturbate, but, though he often saw the act in process, it
+    only inspired him with a sense of indecency. In his fifteenth
+    year puberty commenced with nocturnal emissions, and, at the
+    same time, he began to masturbate, and continued to do so about
+    once a week, or once a fortnight, during a period of eight
+    months; always with a feeling that that was a poor satisfaction
+    and repulsive. His thoughts were not directed either to males or
+    females while masturbating. He spoke to his father about these
+    signs of puberty, and by his father's advice he entirely
+    abandoned onanism; he only resumed the practice, to some extent,
+    after the age of 30, when he was without male comradeship.
+
+    The nocturnal emissions, after he had abandoned self-abuse,
+    became very frequent and exhausting. They were medically treated
+    by tonics such as quinine and strychnine. He thinks this
+    treatment exaggerated his neurosis.
+
+    All this time, no kind of sexual feeling for girls made itself
+    felt. He could not understand what his schoolfellows found in
+    women, or the stories they told about wantonness and delight of
+    coitus.
+
+    His old dreams about the sailors had disappeared. But now he
+    enjoyed visions of beautiful young men and exquisite statues; he
+    often shed tears when he thought of them. These dreams persisted
+    for years. But another kind gradually usurped their place to some
+    extent. These second visions took the form of the large, erect
+    organs of naked young grooms or peasants. These gross visions
+    offended his taste and hurt him, though, at the same time, they
+    evoked a strong, active desire for possession; he took a strange,
+    poetic pleasure in the ideal form. But the seminal losses which
+    accompanied both kinds of dreams were a perpetual source of
+    misery to him.
+
+    There is no doubt that at this time--that is, between the
+    fifteenth and seventeenth years--a homosexual diathesis had
+    become established. He never frequented loose women, though he
+    sometimes thought that would be the best way of combating his
+    growing inclination for males. And he thinks that he might have
+    brought himself to indulge freely in purely sexual pleasure with
+    women if he made their first acquaintance in a male costume, as
+    _débardeuses, Cherubino_, court-pages, young halberdiers, as it
+    is only when so clothed that women on the stage or in the
+    ball-room have excited him.
+
+    His ideal of morality and fear of venereal infection, more than
+    physical incapacity, kept him what is called chaste. He never
+    dreamed of women, never sought their society, never felt the
+    slightest sexual excitement in their presence, never idealized
+    them. Esthetically, he thought them far less beautiful than men.
+    Statues and pictures of naked women had no attraction for him,
+    while all objects of art which represented handsome males deeply
+    stirred him.
+
+    It was in his eighteenth year that an event occurred which he
+    regards as decisive in his development. He read Plato. A new
+    world opened, and he felt that his own nature had been revealed.
+    Next year he formed a passionate, but pure, friendship with a boy
+    of 15. Personal contact with the boy caused erection, extreme
+    agitation, and aching pleasure, but not ejaculation. Through four
+    years he never saw the boy naked or touched him pruriently. Only
+    twice he kissed him. He says that these two kisses were the most
+    perfect joys he ever felt.
+
+    His father now became seriously anxious both about his health and
+    his reputation. He warned him of the social and legal dangers
+    attending his temperament. But he did not encourage him to try
+    coitus with women. He himself thinks that his own sense of danger
+    might have made this method successful, or that, at all events,
+    the habit of intercourse with women might have lessened neurosis
+    and diverted his mind to some extent from homosexual thoughts.
+
+    A period of great pain and anxiety now opened for him. But his
+    neurasthenia increased; he suffered from insomnia, obscure
+    cerebral discomfort, stammering, chronic conjunctivitis,
+    inability to concentrate his attention, and dejection. Meanwhile
+    his homosexual emotions strengthened, and assumed a more sensual
+    character. He abstained from indulging them, as also from
+    onanism, but he was often forced, with shame and reluctance, to
+    frequent places--baths, urinaries, and so forth--where there were
+    opportunities of seeing naked men.
+
+    Having no passion for women, it was easy to avoid them. Yet they
+    inspired him with no exact horror. He used to dream of finding an
+    exit from his painful situation by cohabitation with some coarse,
+    boyish girl of the people; but his dread of syphilis stood in the
+    way. He felt, however, that he must conquer himself by efforts of
+    will, and by a persistent direction of his thoughts to
+    heterosexual images. He sought the society of distinguished
+    women. Once he coaxed up a romantic affection for a young girl of
+    15, which came to nothing, probably because the girl felt the
+    want of absolute passion in his wooing. She excited his
+    imagination, and he really loved her; but she did not, even in
+    the closest contact, stimulate his sexual appetite. Once, when he
+    kissed her just after she had risen from bed in the morning, a
+    curious physical repugnance came over him, attended with a sad
+    feeling of disappointment.
+
+    He was strongly advised to marry by physicians. At last he did
+    so. He found that he was potent, and begot several children, but
+    he also found, to his disappointment, that the tyranny of the
+    male genital organs on his fancy increased. Owing to this cause
+    his physical, mental, and moral discomfort became acute. His
+    health gave way.
+
+    At about the age of 30, unable to endure his position any longer,
+    he at last yielded to his sexual inclinations. As he began to do
+    this, he also began to regain calm and comparative health. He
+    formed a close alliance with a youth of 19. This _liaison_ was
+    largely sentimental, and marked by a kind of etherealized
+    sensuality. It involved no sexual acts beyond kissing, naked
+    contact, and rare involuntary emissions. About the age of 36 he
+    began freely to follow homosexual inclinations. After this he
+    rapidly recovered his health. The neurotic disturbances subsided.
+
+    He has always loved men younger than himself. At about the age of
+    27 he had begun to admire young soldiers. Since he yielded freely
+    to his inclinations the men he has sought are invariably persons
+    of a lower social rank than his own. He carried on one _liaison_
+    continuously for twelve years; it began without passion on the
+    friend's side, but gradually grew to nearly equal strength on
+    both sides. He is not attracted by uniforms, but seeks some
+    uncontaminated child of nature.
+
+    The methods of satisfaction have varied with the phases of his
+    passion. At first they were romantic and Platonic, when a
+    hand-touch, a rare kiss, or mere presence sufficed. In the second
+    period sleeping side by side, inspection of the naked body of the
+    loved man, embracements, and occasional emissions after prolonged
+    contact. In the third period the gratification became more
+    frankly sensual. It took every shape: mutual masturbation,
+    intercrural coitus, _fellatio, irrumatio_, and occasionally
+    active _pedicatio_; always according to the inclination or
+    concession of the beloved male.
+
+    He himself always plays the active, masculine part. He never
+    yields himself to the other, and he asserts that he never has the
+    joy of finding himself desired with ardor equal to his own. He
+    does not shrink from passive _pedicatio_; but it is never
+    demanded of him. Coitus with males, as above described, always
+    seems to him healthy and natural; it leaves a deep sense of
+    well-being, and has cemented durable friendships. He has always
+    sought to form permanent ties with the men whom he has adored so
+    excessively.
+
+    He is of medium height, not robust, but with great nervous
+    energy, with strong power of will and self-control, able to
+    resist fatigue and changes of external circumstances.
+
+    In boyhood he had no liking for female occupations, or for the
+    society of girls, preferring study and solitude. He avoided games
+    and the noisy occupations of boys, but was only non-masculine in
+    his indifference to sport, was never feminine in dress or habit.
+    He never succeeded in his attempts to whistle. He is a great
+    smoker, and has at times drunk much. He likes riding, skating,
+    and climbing, but is a poor horseman, and is clumsy with his
+    hands. He has no capacity for the fine arts and music, though
+    much interested in them, and is a prolific author.
+
+    He has suffered extremely throughout life, owing to his sense of
+    the difference between himself and normal human beings. No
+    pleasure he has enjoyed, he declares, can equal a thousandth
+    part of the pain caused by the internal consciousness of
+    pariahdom. The utmost he can plead in his own defense, he admits,
+    is irresponsibility, for he acknowledges that his impulse may be
+    morbid. But he feels absolutely certain that in early life his
+    health was ruined and his moral repose destroyed owing to the
+    perpetual conflict with his own inborn nature, and that relief
+    and strength came with indulgence. Although he always has before
+    him the terror of discovery, he is convinced that his sexual
+    dealings with men have been thoroughly wholesome to himself,
+    largely increasing his physical, moral, and intellectual energy,
+    and not injurious to others. He has no sense whatever of moral
+    wrong in his actions, and he regards the attitude of society
+    toward those in his position as utterly unjust and founded on
+    false principles.
+
+The next case is, like the foregoing, that of a successful man of letters
+who also passed through a long period of mental conflict before he became
+reconciled to his homosexual instincts. He belongs to a family who are all
+healthy and have shown marked ability in different intellectual
+departments. He feels certain that one of his brothers is as absolute an
+invert as himself and that another is attracted to both sexes. I am
+indebted to him for the following detailed narrative, describing his
+emotions and experiences in childhood, which I regard as of very great
+interest, not only as a contribution to the psychology of inversion, but
+to the embryology of the sexual emotions generally. We here see described,
+in an unduly precocious and hyperesthetic form, ideas and feelings which,
+in a slighter and more fragmentary shape, may be paralleled in the early
+experiences of many normal men and women. But it must be rare to find so
+many points in sexual psychology so definitely illustrated in a single
+child. It may be added that the narrative is also not without interest as
+a study in the evolution of a man of letters; a child whose imagination
+was thus early exercised and developed was predestined for a literary
+career.
+
+
+    HISTORY XXI.--"Almost the earliest recollection I have is of a
+    dream, which, from my vivid recollection of its details, must
+    have repeated itself, I think, more than once, unless my waking
+    thoughts unconsciously added definition. From this dream dated my
+    consciousness of the attraction to me of my own sex, which has
+    ever since dominated my life. The dream, suggested in part, I
+    think, by a picture in an illustrated newspaper of a mob
+    murdering a church dignitary, took this form: I dreamed that I
+    saw my own father murdered by a gang of ruffians, but I do not
+    remember that I felt any grief, though I was actually an
+    exceedingly affectionate child. The body was then stripped of its
+    clothing and eviscerated. I had at the time no notion of
+    anatomical details; but the particulars remain distinct to my
+    mind's eye, of entrails uniformly brown, the color of dung, and
+    there was no accompaniment of blood. When the abdomen had been
+    emptied, the incident in which I became an active participant
+    occurred. I was seized (and the fact that I was overpowered
+    contributed to the agony of delight it afforded me) and was laid
+    between the thighs of my murdered parent; and from there I had
+    presently crawled my way into the evacuated, abdomen. The act, so
+    far as I can decide of a dream at an age when emission was out of
+    the question, caused in me extreme organic excitement. At all
+    events, I used afterward definitely to recur to it in the waking
+    moments before sleep for the purpose of gaining a state of
+    erection. The dream had no outcome; it seemed to reach its goal
+    in the excitement it caused. I was at that time between 3 and 4
+    years old. (I have been told that erections occurred when I was
+    only 2 years old. It was between 3 and 4 that I used to induce,
+    at all events, the _sensation_ of an erection. But I was nearer 5
+    when, sitting on my bed and waiting to be dressed, I got an
+    involuntary erection and called my nurse's attention to it,
+    asking what it meant. The _appearance_ must, therefore, have been
+    usual to me at that date, but certainly the sensation was not.)
+
+    "At that time I was totally ignorant of the conditions, of
+    puberty, which afterward, when I discovered them, so powerfully
+    affected me. I could not even visualize the private organs of a
+    man; I made no deductions from myself. The only naked bodies I
+    had seen then--I judge from circumstances, not from any actual
+    memory of the facts--were those of my own sisters. In the waking
+    dreams which I began to construct, though I recurred often to the
+    one already narrated, the goal of my desire was generally to
+    nestle between the thighs or to have my face pressed against the
+    hinder parts of the object of my worship. But for a time my first
+    dream so engrossed me that I did not indulge in any promiscuity.
+    Gradually, however, my horizon enlarged, and took in, besides the
+    first mentioned, three others: a cousin very much my elder, an
+    uncle, and the curate of the parish.
+
+    "At this stage I began to invent circumstances for the indulgence
+    of my passion. One of the earliest was to imagine myself in a
+    tank with my three lovers floating in the water above me. From
+    this position I visited their limbs in turn; the attraction
+    rested in the thighs and buttocks only. I fancy this limitation
+    of the charm to the lower parts only lasted until actual
+    experience of a more complete embrace made me as much a lover of
+    the arms and breast; indeed, later I became more emotionally
+    enamored of these parts than of all the rest. At the beginning of
+    things I simply loved best what my mind could first get hold of.
+
+    "Quite early in my experience, when I was not more than 5, I
+    awoke earlier than usual, and saw my nurse standing in complete
+    nudity, commencing her toilet. She seemed to me a gross, coarse,
+    and meaningless object; the hair under her armpits displeased me,
+    and still more that on the lower part of her body. In the case of
+    men, directly I came to have cognizance of the same thing on
+    their bodies, the effect was exactly the opposite. It so happened
+    that about this time the gardener had received some injury to his
+    leg, and in showing the bruise to another exhibited before my
+    eyes a skin completely shagged over with dark hair. Though the
+    sight of the bruise repulsed me, my pleasure was intense, and the
+    vision of the gardener's legs was in my bed every night for a
+    week afterward. My point is that the sight of my nurse was liable
+    to rouse interest just as much as the far more prosaic display of
+    the gardener's wounded leg, but my nature made it impossible.
+
+    "It was about this time, if not before, that an enormous sense of
+    shyness with regard to all my private duties began to afflict me.
+    So great was it that I could endure from no hand except my
+    mother's or my nurse's the necessary assistance in the buttoning
+    and unbuttoning of my garments, always excepting those who were
+    about my own age, toward whom I felt no privacy whatever.
+
+    "When I was a little more than 5 I formed a friendship with a
+    young clerk, a youth of about 15, though he seemed to me a
+    grown-up person. One day, as he sat at his desk writing, I sat
+    down and began playing with his feet, investigating the height to
+    which his socks went under his trousers; in this way I obtained
+    six inches of bare leg. Conscious of my courage I fell to kissing
+    it. My friend laughed, but left me to my devotions in peace. This
+    was the first time in which a feeling of romance mixed itself in
+    my dreams; the physical excitement was less, but the pleasure was
+    greater. I cannot understand why I never repeated the experience.
+    He remained to me an object of very special and tender
+    consideration.
+
+    "In the next episode I have to relate the ideal was totally
+    absent, and the part I played was passive rather than active. I
+    was put to sleep with a boy considerably my senior. His
+    initiation led to a physical familiarity between us which was not
+    warm or kind, and I was allowed no scope for my own instinctive
+    desires for a warmer kind of contact; if I sought it under cover
+    of my companion's slumbers I found myself kicked away. Only on
+    one occasion did I find a few moments of supreme charm, while his
+    sleep remained sound, by discovering in the recesses of the sheet
+    an exposed surface of flesh against which I pressed my face in an
+    abandonment of joy. For the rest I was a passive participant, his
+    pleasure seeming to end in the mere handling of the fleshy
+    portions of my body. For this purpose I usually lay face downward
+    across his knees. So far as I can remember, this intimacy led to
+    a decrease in my pursuit of imaginative pleasures; for about a
+    year no further development took place.
+
+    "At about this date I was circumcised on account of the prepuce
+    being too long.
+
+    "Between the 6th and 7th years a change of environment brought me
+    into contact with a new set of faces. I had then a bed to myself,
+    and once more my imagination awoke to life. It was at this time
+    that I found myself constructing from men's faces suppositions as
+    to the rest of their bodies: a brown face led me to suppose a
+    uniformly brown body, a pale face a pale body. This idea of
+    variety began to charm me. I now made definite choice in my
+    reveries whether I would go to sleep between white thighs, or red
+    thighs, or brown thighs. Going to sleep definitely describes the
+    goal of the method to which I had addicted myself. As soon as I
+    entered my bed I abandoned myself to the construction of an amour
+    and retained it as long as I had consciousness. I may say that I
+    was not conscious of any emissions under these circumstances
+    (until some years later, when I brought it about by my own act),
+    but the pleasure was fairly acute.
+
+    "All this time there were secret meetings, with my bedfellow of
+    the year before. But they now took place by day, in various
+    hiding-places, with little unclothing or exposure, and my
+    companion was cold and fastidious and repelled any warmth on my
+    part; it became to me a dry sort of ritual. I had an idea at that
+    time that the whole thing was so much an original invention of
+    his and mine that there was no likelihood of it being practised
+    by anyone else in the world. But this consideration did not
+    restrain me in constructing love scenes with all those whose
+    appearance attracted me. At this period nearly every man with
+    whom I came in contact won at least my transient desire; only the
+    quite old and deformed lay outside the scope of my wishes. Many
+    of my amours developed in church; the men who sat near me were
+    the objects of my attention, and the clergyman, whose sermon I
+    did not listen to, supplied me with an occasion for reverie on
+    the charms his person would have for me under other
+    circumstances. It must have been at this time that I began to
+    elaborate ideas of a serried rank of congregated thighs across
+    which I lay and was dragged. I would arrange them in definite
+    order and then imagine myself drawn across from one to the other
+    somewhat forcibly. Admiration of strength was beginning at this
+    time to have a definite part in my conceptions, but anything of
+    the nature of cruelty had not then appealed to me. (I except the
+    original dream of my childhood, which seems to me still to stand
+    fantastically apart.) In the inventions to which I now gave
+    myself the sense of being passed across limbs of different
+    texture and color was subtle and pleasurable. I think the note of
+    constructive cruelty which now followed arose from an imagined
+    rivalry among my lovers for possession of me; the idea that I was
+    desired made me soon take a delight in imagining myself torn and
+    snatched about by the contending parties. Presently out of this I
+    began constructing definite scenes of violence. I was able in
+    imagination to lie in the thick and stress of conglomerated
+    deliciousness of thighs struggling to hold me; I was able to
+    imagine at least six bodies encircling me with passionate
+    contact. At the same time I had an ingrained feeling of my own
+    physical smallness in relation to the limbs whose contact threw
+    me into such paroxysms of delight. A new and sufficiently
+    ludicrous invention took possession of me; I imagined myself
+    strapped to the thigh (always, I think, the right one) of the man
+    on whom I chose, for the time, to concentrate my desires, and so
+    to be worn by him during his day's work, hidden beneath his
+    garments. I was not conscious of any difficulty due to my size.
+    The charm of bondage and compulsion was here, again, in the
+    ascendant. I fancy that it was in this connection that I first
+    anticipated whipping as the delightful climax to my emotions,
+    administered when my possessor, at the end of his day's work,
+    unclothed himself for rest.
+
+    "Up to this stage my attraction to the male organ of generation
+    had been slight and vague. Two things now contributed to bring
+    thought of it into prominence. On two or three occasions when I
+    accompanied farm laborers to their occupations I saw them pause
+    by the way to relieve nature. My extreme shyness as regards such
+    matters in my own person made this performance in my presence
+    like an outrage on my modesty; it had about it the suggestion of
+    an indecent solicitation to one whose inclination was to headlong
+    and delirious surrender. I stood rooted and flushing with
+    downcast eyes till the act was over and was conscious for a
+    considerable time of stammering speech and bewildered faculties.
+    When I afterward reviewed the circumstances they had the same
+    attraction for me that amorous cruelty was just then beginning to
+    exercise on my imagination. My mind secretly embraced the fearful
+    sweetness of the newly discovered sensation, surrounding the
+    performance of the function with all sorts of atrocious and
+    bizarre inventions. For a time my intellect hung back from
+    accepting this as the central and most fiery secret of the male
+    attraction; but shortly afterward, when out walking with my
+    father, I saw him perform the same act; I was overwhelmed with
+    emotion and could barely drag my feet from the spot or my eyes
+    from the damp herbage where he had deposited the waters of
+    secrecy. Even today, when my mind has been long accustomed to the
+    knowledge of generative facts, I cannot dissociate myself from
+    the shuddering charm that moment had for me. The attraction my
+    father's person had always had for me was now increased tenfold
+    by the performance I had witnessed (though I had not seen the
+    penis in any of these cases).
+
+    "For a considerable time only those lovers were dominant in my
+    imagination whom I had witnessed in the act that had so
+    poignantly affected me. My delight now took the form of imagining
+    myself strapped to the thighs of the person while this function
+    was in progress.
+
+    "By this time I must have been 8 years old. The cold and secret
+    relationship of which I have given an account had continued
+    without instructing me in any of the ardent possibilities it
+    might have suggested; no force or cruelty was used upon me, no
+    warmth was lavished. It made little difference that my companion
+    had now discovered the act of masturbation; it had no meaning to
+    me, since it led to no warmth of embrace. His method was to avert
+    himself from me; I had to fawn upon him from the rear and also to
+    invent indecent stories to stimulate his imagination. I felt
+    myself a despised instrument, the mere spectator of an act which,
+    if directed toward me with any warmth, would have aroused the
+    liveliest appetite. At this time, as I have since seen, my
+    companion was gaining knowledge from the ancient classics. For a
+    time some charm was imparted by his instructing me to adopt a
+    superincumbent face-to-face embrace. The beginning of his puberty
+    was enormously attractive to me; had he been less cold-blooded I
+    could have responded passionately to his endearments; but he
+    always insisted on rigorous passivity on my part, and he
+    explained nothing. One day, by a small gratuity, he induced me to
+    offer him my mouth, though I still had no comprehension of the
+    result I was helping to attain. Once the orgasm occurred, and the
+    effect was extremely nauseous; after that he was more careful. My
+    companion was approaching manhood, and his demands became more
+    frequent, his exactions more humiliating.
+
+    "At the same time my passion for male love was growing stronger.
+    I was able to construct from the unsatisfactory bondage in which
+    I was held images of bodily embrace which I had not before had
+    sufficient sense of human contact to form, though I seldom
+    imagined any of the acts that in actual experience repulsed me.
+    One day, however, I shirked a particularly repulsive humiliation
+    which my companion had forced upon me. He discovered the
+    deception, rose from the prone position in which he lay, and
+    throwing me across his knees thrashed me violently. I submitted
+    without a struggle, experiencing a curious sensation of pleasure
+    in the midst of my pain. When he repeated his order I found its
+    accomplishment no longer repulsive. One of the few pleasurable
+    memories this intimacy, extending over years, has left for me is
+    that moment of abject abasement to one who, with no warmth of
+    feeling, had yet once had sufficient energy to be brutal to me.
+
+    "It must have been from this incident that the calculated effect
+    of flagellation began to have weight with me when I indulged my
+    imagination. A wish to be repulsed, trampled, violated by the
+    object of my passion took hold of my instincts. Even then--and,
+    indeed, up to my 13th year--I had no idea of normal sexual
+    connection. I knew vaguely that children were born from women's
+    bodies; I did not know--and when told I did not believe--the true
+    facts of the marital relationship. All that I had
+    experienced--both in fact and imagination--was to me so highly
+    individual that I had no notion anything kindred to it could
+    exist outside of my own experience. I had no notion of sex as the
+    basis of life. Even when I came gradually to realize that men and
+    women were formed in a way that argued connection with each
+    other, I still believed it to be a dissolute sort of conduct, not
+    to be indulged in by those who had claims to respectability.
+
+    "I had, however, by this time arrived at a strong attraction
+    toward the organs of generation and all aspects of puberty, and
+    my imagination spent Itself in a fantastic worship of every sign
+    of masculinity. My enjoyment now was to imagine myself forced to
+    undergo physical humiliation and submission to the caprice of my
+    male captors, and the central fact became the discharge of urine
+    from my lover over my body and limbs, or, if I were very fond of
+    him, I let it be in my face. This was followed usually by a
+    half-caressing castigation, in which the hand only was
+    instrumental.
+
+    "The period of which I am now writing was that of my entry into
+    school life. My imaginary lovers immediately became numerous; all
+    the masters and all the boys above a certain age attracted me;
+    for two I had in addition a feeling of romantic as well as
+    physical attachment. Indeed, from this time onward I was never
+    without some heroes toward whom I indulged a perfectly separate
+    and tenderly ideal passion. The announcement that one was about
+    to leave surprised me into a passionate fit of weeping; yet my
+    reserve was so great and my sense of isolation so crushing that I
+    made no effort at intimacy, and to one for whom I felt
+    inexhaustible devotion I barely spoke for the first three years,
+    though meeting him daily. At this time the subjects of my
+    contemplation had distinctly individualized methods of approach.
+    Thus in one case I imagined we stood face to face in our
+    night-gear; suddenly mine was stripped from me; I was seized and
+    forcibly thrust under his and made to hang with my feet off the
+    ground by my full weight on the erect organ which inserted
+    itself between my thighs; so suspended--my body enveloped in the
+    folds of his linen and my face pressed upon his heart--I
+    underwent a castigation which continued until I was thrown down
+    to receive a discharge of urine over my prostrate body. Such
+    images seemed to come independently of my will.
+
+    "It was at this time that I found a large pleasure in imagining
+    contact with people whom I disliked; the prevailing note of these
+    intimacies was always cruelty, to which I submitted with acute
+    relish. I discovered, however, from the ordinary school
+    experiences of corporal punishment, that it had no charm to me
+    when administered for school offenses, even from the hands under
+    which at other times I imagined myself as delighting to receive
+    pain. The necessary link was lacking; had I perceived on the part
+    of my judge any liking for the operation, there would probably
+    have been a response on my side. On one occasion I was flogged
+    unjustly; conscious as I was of its cruel instead of judiciary
+    character, this was the only castigation I received which had in
+    it an element of gratification for my instincts. At the same time
+    I never forgave the hand that administered it; it is the only
+    instance I remember in myself of a grudge nourished for years.
+
+    "Meanwhile, amid this chaos of confused love and hatred, of
+    relish for cruelty and loathing for injustice, my first
+    thoroughly romantic and ideal attachment was developing itself. I
+    may say, of those to whom romance as well as physical attachment
+    bound me, that they have remained unchangeable parts of my
+    nature. Today, as it was twenty years ago, when I think of them
+    the blood gushes to my brain, my hands tingle and moisten with an
+    emotion I cannot subdue: I am at their feet worshipping them. Of
+    them my dreams were entirely tender; the idea of cruelty never
+    touched the conception I had of them. But I return to that one
+    who was the chief influence of my youth: older than myself by
+    only three years, he was of fine build and athletic, with
+    adolescence showing in his face; my tremulous beginnings of
+    worship were confirmed by a word of encouragement thrown to me
+    one day as I went to receive my first flogging; no doubt my
+    small, scared face excited his kind pity. I made it my concern
+    afterward to let him know that I had not cried under the ordeal,
+    and I believe he passed the word around that I had taken my
+    punishment pluckily. So little contact had I with him that beyond
+    constant worship on my part I remember nothing till, about three
+    years later, I received from him a kind, half-joking
+    solicitation, spoken in clean and simple language. So terrific
+    was my shyness and secrecy that I had even then no idea that
+    familiarity of the sort was common enough in schools. I was
+    absolutely unable to connect my own sensations with those of the
+    world at large or to believe that others felt as I did. On this
+    occasion I simply felt that some shrewd thrust had been made at
+    me for the detection of my secret. He had drawn me upon his knee;
+    I sat there silent, flushing and dumbfounded. He made no attempt
+    to press me; he had, as he thought, said enough if I chose to be
+    reciprocal; beyond that he would not tempt me. A few years ago I
+    heard of him married and prosperous.
+
+    "In following up my emotions in this direction I have far
+    outstripped the period up to which I have given a complete
+    exposition of my development. I must have been more than 12 years
+    old before school life persuaded me to face (as taught by
+    sniggering novices) the actual facts of sexual intercourse. At
+    the same time I learned that I had means of extracting enjoyment
+    from my own body in a definite direction which I had not till
+    then suspected. A growing resistance on my part to his cold
+    desires had led to a break with my former intimate; to the last
+    he had taught me nothing, except distaste for himself. I now
+    found ready teachers right and left of me. One of my
+    schoolfellows invited me to watch; him in the process of
+    masturbation; the spectacle left me quite unmoved; the result
+    appeared to me far less exciting than the discharge of urine
+    which, until then, I had associated with male virility. I was so
+    accustomed to my own lone amorous broodings that the effort and
+    action required for this process, when I attempted to imitate it,
+    disconcerted my thoughts and interfered with concentration on my
+    own inventions. I had never experienced the pleasure accompanying
+    the spasm of emission, and there seemed to be nothing worth
+    trying for along that road. I desisted and returned to my
+    reveries. I was now in a perfect maze of promiscuity; there must
+    have been at least fifty people who attracted me at that time. I
+    developed a liking for imagining myself between two lovers,
+    generally men who were physical contrasts. It was my habit to
+    analyze as minutely as possible those who attracted me. To gain
+    intimacy with what was below the surface I studied with attention
+    their hands, the wrists where they disappeared (showing the hair
+    of the forearm), and the neck; I estimated the comparative size
+    of the generative organs, the formation of the thighs and
+    buttocks, and thus constructed a presentment of the whole man.
+    The more vividly I could do this, the keener was the pleasure I
+    was able to obtain from their contemplated embraces.
+
+    "Till now I had been absolutely untouched by any moral scruples.
+    I had the usual acquiescence in the religious beliefs in which I
+    had been trained; it did not enter my head that there was any
+    divine law, one way or the other, concerning the allurements of
+    the imagination. From my thirteenth year slight hints of
+    uneasiness began to creep into my conscience. I began perhaps to
+    understand that the formulas of religion, to which I had listened
+    all my life with as little attention as possible, had some
+    meaning which now and then touched the circumstances of my own
+    life. I had not yet realized that my past foretold my future, and
+    that women would be to me a repulsion instead of an attraction
+    where things sexual were concerned. I had the full conviction
+    that one day I should be married; I had also some fear that as I
+    grew to manhood I might succumb to the temptations of loose
+    women. I had an incipient revulsion from such a fate, and this
+    seemed to me to indicate that moral stirrings were at work within
+    me. One night I was amorously attacked in my bedroom by two of
+    the domestics. I experienced an acute horror which I hid under
+    laughter; my resistance was so desperate that I escaped with a
+    tickling. I had been accustomed to sit on the servants' knees, a
+    habit I had innocently retained from childhood; I can now recall
+    in detail the approaches these women had been used to make me. At
+    the time I was utterly oblivious that anything was intended.
+
+    "I was equally oblivious to things that had a nearer relation to
+    my own feelings. In passing along a side-street one night I was
+    overtaken by a man who began conversation on the weather. He
+    asked me if I were not cold, began passing his hand up and down
+    my back; then came a question about caning at school, whether
+    certain parts of me were not sore, leading to an investigating
+    touch. I put his hand aside shyly, but did not resent the action.
+    Presently he was for exploring my trousers pockets and I began to
+    think him a pickpocket; repulsed in that direction, he returned,
+    to rubbing my back. The sensation was pleasant. I now took him
+    for a pimp who wished to take me to a prostitute, and as at that
+    time I had begun to realize that such pleasures were not to my
+    taste I was glad to find myself at my destination, and said
+    good-bye sharply, leaving him standing full of astonishment at
+    his failure with one who had taken his advances so pleasantly. I
+    could not bring myself to believe that others had the same
+    feelings as myself. Later I realized my escape, not without a
+    certain amount of regret, and constructed for my own pleasure a
+    different termination to the incident.
+
+    "I was now so possessed by masculine attraction that I became a
+    lover of all the heroes I read of in books. Some became as vivid
+    to me as those with whom I was living in daily contact. For a
+    time I became an ardent lover of Napoléon (the incident of his
+    anticipation of the nuptials with his second wife attracting me
+    by its impetuous brutality), of Edward I, and of Julius Cæsar.
+    Charles II I remember by a caressing cruelty with which my
+    imagination gifted him. Jugurtha was a great acquisition.
+    Bothwell, Judge Jefferies, and many villains of history and
+    fiction appealed to me by their cruelty.
+
+    "I had become an adept in the mental construction necessary for
+    the satisfaction of my desires. And yet up to that date I had
+    never seen the nude body of a full-grown adult. I had no
+    knowledge of the extent to which hair in certain instances
+    develops on the torso; indeed, my efforts at characterization
+    centered, for the most part, around the thighs and generative
+    organs. At this time one of my schoolfellows saw a common
+    workman, known to me by name, bathing in a stream with some
+    companions; all his body was, my informant told me, covered with
+    hair from throat to belly. In face the man was coarse and
+    repulsive, but I now began to regard him as a lovely monstrosity,
+    and for many nights embraced the vision of him passionately, with
+    face buried in the jungle growth of hair that covered his chest.
+    I was, for the first time, conscious of deliberately (and
+    successfully) willing not to see his face, which was distasteful
+    to me. At the same time another schoolfellow told me, concerning
+    a master who bathed with the boys, that hair showed above his
+    bathing-drawers as high as the navel. I now began definitely to
+    construct bodies in detail; the suggestion of extensive hairiness
+    maddened me with delight, but remained in my mind strongly
+    associated with cruelty; my hairy lovers never behaved to me with
+    tenderness; everything at this period, I think, tended to draw me
+    toward force and violence as an expression of amativeness. A
+    schoolfellow, a few years my senior, of a cruel, bullying
+    disposition, took a particular delight in inflicting pain on me:
+    he had particularly pointed shoes, and it was his custom to make
+    me stand with my back to him while he addressed me in petting and
+    caressing tones; just when his words were at their kindliest he
+    would inflict a sharp stroke with the toe of his boot so as to
+    reach the most tender part of my fundament; the pain was
+    exquisite; I was conscious that he experienced sexual pleasure (I
+    had seen definite signs of it beneath his clothing), and, though
+    loathing him, I would, after I had suffered from his kicks, throw
+    myself into his imaginary embraces and indulge in a perfect rage
+    of abject submission. Yet all the time I would gladly have killed
+    him.
+
+    "At the age of 14 I went, for a time, to a farm-house, where I
+    was allowed to mingle familiarly with the farm-laborers, a fine
+    set of muscular young men. I became a great favorite, and, having
+    childish, caressing manners a good deal behind my real age, I was
+    allowed to take many liberties with them. They all lived under
+    the farmer's roof in the old-fashioned way, and in the evening I
+    used to sit on their knees and caress and hug them to my heart's
+    content. They took it phlegmatically; it apparently gave them no
+    surprise. One of the men used to return my squeezes and caresses
+    and once allowed me to put my hand under his shirt, but there
+    were no further liberties.
+
+    "It was not until I was nearly 15 that the event happened which
+    made me, for the first time, restless in my enforced solitude. I
+    was verging on puberty, and perhaps in the hope that I should
+    find my own development met by a corresponding warmth I again
+    came into intimate relations with the companion whose frigid
+    performances had caused me weariness and disgust. He was now a
+    man, having reached majority. He put me into his bed while he
+    undressed himself and came toward me in perfect nudity. In a
+    moment we were in each other's arms and the deliciousness of that
+    moment intoxicated me. Suddenly, lying on the bed, I felt
+    attacked, as I thought, by an imperative need to make water. I
+    leaped up with a hurried excuse, but already the paroxysm had
+    subsided. No discharge came to my relief, yet the need seemed to
+    have passed. I returned to my companion, but the glamour of the
+    meeting was already over. My companion evidently found more
+    pleasure in my person than when I was a mere child; I felt moved
+    and flattered by the pleasure he took in pressing his face
+    against certain parts of my body. On a second occasion, one day,
+    I seemed involuntarily about to transgress decency, but again, as
+    before, separated myself, and remained ignorant of what it was on
+    which I had verged in my excitement. At another meeting, however,
+    I had been allowed to prolong my embrace and to act, indeed, upon
+    my full instincts. Once more I felt suddenly the coming of
+    something acutely impending; I took my courage in my hands and
+    went boldly forward. In another moment I had hold of the
+    mysterious secret of masculine energy, to which all my years of
+    dilirious imaginings had been but as a waiting at the threshold,
+    the knocking on a closed door.
+
+    "It was inevitable that from that day our intimacy should dwindle
+    into dissolution (though other causes anticipated this natural
+    decay), but I no longer found masturbation a dry and wearisome
+    formula. In my novitiate I was disheartened to find how long it
+    took me to dissociate myself from the contemplative and attach
+    myself to the active form of self-gratification. But I presently
+    found myself committed to the repetition of the act three times a
+    day. On almost the last occasion I met my intimate he showed an
+    exceptional ardor. At that meeting he proposed to attempt an act
+    I had not previously considered possible, far less had I heard
+    that it was considered the worst criminal connection that could
+    take place. I had a slight fear of pain, but was willing to
+    gratify him, and for the first time found in my submission a
+    union of the two amative instincts which had before disputed sway
+    in me: the instinct for tenderness and the instinct for cruelty.
+    _Pedicatio_ failed to take place, but I received an embrace which
+    for the first time gave me full satisfaction. My delight was
+    enormous; I was filled with emotions. I have no words to describe
+    the extraordinary charm of the warm, smooth flesh upon mine, and
+    the rougher contact of the hairy parts. Yet I was conscious, even
+    at the time, that this was but the physical side of pleasure, and
+    that he was not and never could be one whom I might truly be said
+    to love.
+
+    "I was now in my sixteenth year, and under the influence of these
+    and many other emotions then, for the first time, beginning to
+    seize me, a sense of literary power and a desire to express
+    myself through imaginative channels began to take hold of me. I
+    feared that my indulgence was having an enfeebling power on my
+    faculties (I had begun to experience physical languor and
+    depression), and certain religious scruples, the result of my
+    early training, took hold of me. For the first time I became
+    conscious that the ardors I felt toward my own sex were a
+    diversion of the sex-instinct itself, and to my astonishment and
+    consternation I found by chance the practices I had already
+    indulged in definitely denounced in the Bible as an abomination.
+    From that moment began a struggle which lasted for years. I made
+    a final breach with my former intimate, and thereupon a long
+    dispute took place between the conflicting influences that strove
+    for possession of my body. For a time I broke off the habit of
+    masturbation, but I could not so easily rid myself of the mental
+    indulgence, which was now almost an essential sedative for
+    inducing sleep. At this time a visit to the seaside, where, for
+    the first time, I was able to see men bathing in complete nudity,
+    frankly, in the full light of day, plunged me again for a time
+    headforemost into imaginative amours, and my scruples and
+    resolutions were flung to the winds. But, on the whole, I had now
+    entered a stage which, for want of a better term, I must describe
+    as the emotionally moral. To whatever depth of indulgence I
+    descended I carried a sense of obliquity with me; I believed that
+    I was a rebel from a law, natural and divine, of which yet no
+    instinct had been implanted in me. I still held unquestioned the
+    truth of the religion I had been brought up in, and my whole
+    life, every thought of my brain, every impulse of my body, were
+    in direct antagonism to the will of God. At times physical desire
+    broke down these barriers, but I practised considerable restraint
+    physically, though not mentally, and made great efforts to
+    conquer my aversion from women and extreme devotion for men,
+    without the slightest success. I was 30, however, before I found
+    a companion to love me in the way my nature required. I am quite
+    a healthy person, and capable of working at very high pressure.
+    Under sexual freedom I have become stronger."
+
+
+    HISTORY XXII.--T.J., aged 50; man of letters. Height 5 feet 7
+    inches; weight 10 stone, but formerly much less. Belongs to an
+    entirely normal family, all married and with children.
+
+    "Owing to the fact that my mother suffered from some malady the
+    whole period of gestation prior to my birth, I came into the
+    world so puny a child, so ill-nourished, that for some time the
+    doctors despaired of my life. Till the age of puberty, though
+    never ill, I suffered greatly from delicate health. I was
+    abnormally sensitive and all my affections and passions
+    extraordinarily developed. Owing to my brothers being much older
+    than myself I was thrown into the society of my sister. Till 8
+    years old she was my chief playmate. With her I played with dolls
+    and abandoned myself wholly to the delights of an imaginary land
+    which was much more real to me than the world around me. I never
+    remember learning to read, but at 5 the _Arabian Nights_ and
+    Kingsley's _Hereward the Wake_ were my favorite books. Living in
+    the country the society of other children was difficult to
+    obtain. My whole affections centered in my father, my mother
+    having died when I was a child. This affection for my father was
+    rather a morbid passion which absorbed my life. I dared not leave
+    his side for fear of a final separation from him. I would wake
+    him when asleep to see if he still lived. To this day, though he
+    died twenty-six years ago, his memory haunts me.
+
+    "My first abnormal desires were connected with him. I had seen
+    him occasionally micturating in the garden alleys or out in the
+    country. These occasions excited me terribly, and I would, if
+    possible, wait till he had gone, and touch the humid leaves,
+    drawing a terrible pleasure from the contact. Afterward, though
+    he never suspected it, desire for him became a consuming passion,
+    and I remember on one occasion, when on a holiday, I occupied the
+    same bed with him, the excitement of his propinquity brought on
+    such a formidable attack of heart palpitation that my father
+    called in the family physician on our return home. Needless to
+    say my heart was found quite sound. The desire still remains
+    after all these years, and nothing excites me more even now than
+    the memory of my father in his morning bath.
+
+    "The whole world for me in my early childhood was peopled with
+    imaginary beings. While still a young child I would invent
+    stories and relate them to any listener I could find, one such
+    story lasting three years. I was an omnivorous reader, but my
+    favorite reading was poetry. At 7 I could repeat the greater part
+    of Longfellow's poems; Scott followed; then Milton captivated me
+    when I was 14; then came Tennyson, Arnold, Swinburne, and Morris.
+    Later came the Greek and Latin poets. From 7 years on I wrote
+    verses to my father. Till 8 years I was excessively timid of the
+    dark and, indeed, of all loneliness. This passed, however, and
+    developed into an extreme sensitiveness of seeing or meeting
+    people. Even on a country road I would walk miles out of my way
+    to avoid meeting the ordinary yokel. At this period my day-dreams
+    were my favorite occupation. Even to the present day my visions
+    take up the greater part of my life. Though timid I was not
+    wanting in courage. At an early age I would fight boys even older
+    than myself. Later I have risked my life many times in various
+    parts of Europe. As regards sports, I can do a little of
+    everything: swimming, riding, fencing, shooting,--a little of
+    each. Cricket and football I also played passably, but sports
+    never interested me much. Literature became and is the passion
+    of my life and for some years has remained my sole occupation.
+
+    "At 8 years the sexual inversion began to manifest itself, though
+    till I had attained 10 years of age I was practically quite
+    innocent. At 8 years of age, my family removed to another country
+    and I made the acquaintance of a little boy who attracted me
+    sexually. We masturbated in company, without any reason except
+    the pleasure of seeing each other exposed. Then I had connection
+    with him _in anum_. This really at that time was an exception to
+    my ordinary tastes which speedily developed into an intense
+    desire of _fellatio_ and later on of intercrural pleasures. This
+    latter perhaps may be accounted for by the visit to our house of
+    a small boy with whom I slept for about a year. Every night
+    during this period, I had intercrural connection with him twice
+    and sometimes three times. Then came a consuming passion for all
+    young boys and very old men. Boys after 14 or 15 ceased to
+    attract me, more particularly when the hair of the pubes began to
+    develop. From 8 to 14, when first I had sexual emissions, I
+    masturbated at every opportunity. From 14 to 27, always once a
+    day, generally twice and sometimes three times a day. At 27 I
+    took rooms and formed acquaintance with the family occupying the
+    house. The boys, one by one, were allowed to sleep with me and I
+    conceived an extraordinary passion for one of them, an attachment
+    which lasted till I finally left England. The attachment was much
+    more that of a man for his wife and had nothing degrading in it.
+    I was wretched when away from him, and as he was very attached to
+    sport of all kinds I suffered 'divers kinds of death' each time
+    that I imagined his life to be endangered. I can honestly say
+    that in each of my attachments, and I have had many, the
+    prevailing sentiment was the delight of protecting a weaker being
+    than myself. Each person whom I have loved has been perfectly
+    normal and all are now fathers of families. Each still regards me
+    with affection and respect in spite of what has passed between
+    us. All my life I have been possessed with the passion for
+    paternity, I could almost say maternity. Willingly would I have
+    suffered the pains of hell could I have borne a son to the person
+    I loved. That I can honestly say has been the dominant instinct
+    of my life. In my passion I have never been brutal, nor save
+    under the influence of wine have I had connection with men over
+    the age of puberty. In Southern Europe my experiences have been
+    the same, a predominant passion for a boy exhibiting itself in
+    every species of protecting care, and though terminating so far
+    as sexual passion was concerned when the boy reached 15 or 16
+    years, yet still lasting and enduring in an honest and unselfish
+    affection. At the age of 51, I still masturbate once or twice a
+    week, though I long for some person whom I love to share the
+    pleasure with me. I tried vainly at the age of 27 to bring
+    myself into line with others. Prostitutes caused me horror,
+    whether male or female. I attempted the act of coitus four or
+    five times, twice with women of loose lives and at other times
+    with married women. Save in one case the attempts were either
+    abortive or caused me extreme disgust.
+
+    "Practically from the time of puberty I have attracted sexually
+    not only women but men. Women, oddly enough, though I care
+    nothing for them sexually, either hate me or adore me, and I have
+    had five offers of marriage. At the same time up till five years
+    ago, I was pursued by men and have had the oddest experiences
+    both in England and abroad. In the early period of this history I
+    suffered tremendously from the feeling that I was isolated and
+    unique in the world. I strove against the habit of masturbation
+    and my perverted tastes with all my might. Scourges, vigils,
+    burnings, all were of no avail. Deeper reading in the Classics
+    showed me how common was the taste of sex for the same sex. At 27
+    I began to have a settled philosophy. Then as now, I made endless
+    resolutions to avoid masturbation, though I can see nothing wrong
+    in the mutual act of two persons drawn together by love. I am and
+    always have been an extremely religious man, and if I am not
+    altogether an orthodox Catholic, do my duties and have a high
+    sense of the supernatural. I suffered much from melancholy from
+    my earliest years. At 18, though nothing definitely was wrong, a
+    vague but profound _malaise_ induced me to open the veins of my
+    arm. I fainted, however, and was promptly succored. At the age of
+    35, after a return from abroad, I took an enormous dose of
+    poison. This time again a singular coincidence saved me, and I
+    once more came back to life. After this I purposely went abroad
+    to obtain death and sought it in every possible way. Quite in
+    vain, as you see. One thing I have never had a fear of, but have
+    always longed for--Death. I am sure that if we only knew what
+    joys lay on the other side of death, the whole world would rush
+    madly to suicide. I have, apart from any perversion of taste, an
+    honest and genuine passion for children and animals, and I am
+    never happier than when in their society. Both adore me.
+
+    "My life has not dimmed nor deadened my faculties, for I am
+    occupied at the present time with very important work and I write
+    steadily. But my real life is passed in my visions, which take me
+    into another world quite as real as this sensuous one, and where
+    I always retreat on all occasions possible. And yet, a strange
+    paradox--I am a convinced Stoic and almost confine my reading to
+    Epictetus, Marcus Aurelius, and the 'Imitation.' I am extremely
+    emotional, fond of the society of women, though I loathe the
+    sexual side of them, and when I love, though passion is certainly
+    inextricably mixed, the prevailing sentiment is spiritual. I
+    shall probably end by being a Carthusian or a fakir."
+
+
+    HISTORY XXIII.--Englishman, aged 70, of German descent on
+    father's side. Was first child of his mother, who was 36 at his
+    birth; a younger brother normal; has no other relatives.
+
+    He was brought up in England, and went to school at the age of
+    13. At a very early age, between 6 and 8, was deeply impressed by
+    the handsome face of a young man, a royal trumpeter on horseback,
+    seen in a procession. This, and the sight of the naked body of
+    young men in a rowing-match on the river, caused great commotion,
+    but not of a definitely sexual character. This was increased by
+    the sight of a beautiful male model of a young Turk smoking, with
+    his dress open in front, showing much of the breast and below the
+    waist. He became familiar with pictures, admired the male figures
+    of Italian martyrs, and the full, rich forms of the Antinous, and
+    he read with avidity the _Arabian Nights_ and other Oriental
+    tales, translations from the classics, Suetonius, Petronius, etc.
+    He drew naked models in life schools, and delighted in male
+    ballet-dancers. As a child, he used to perform in private
+    theatricals; he excelled in female parts, and sang the songs of
+    Madame Vestris, encouraged in this by his father.
+
+    The sexual organs have never been fully developed, and the
+    testicles, though large, are of a flabby consistence. He cannot
+    whistle. He thinks he ought to have been a woman.
+
+    At school he was shy and reserved, and had no particular intimacy
+    with anyone, although he once desired it. He learned self-abuse
+    from his younger brother, who had learned it from an older boy.
+    He has never had erotic dreams. He never touched anyone but his
+    brother until later when travelling in Italy, and then only his
+    fellow-traveller. When travelling in Asia Minor he had many
+    opportunities, but always put them aside from fear, afterward
+    regretting his fearfulness. He yearned for intimacy with
+    particular friends, but never dared to express it. He went much
+    to theaters, and what he saw there incited him to masturbation.
+    When he was about 30 years of age his reserve, and his fear of
+    treachery and extortion, were at last overcome by an incident
+    which occurred late at night at the Royal Exchange, and again in
+    a dark recess in the gallery of the Olympic Theater when Gustavus
+    Brooke was performing. From that time the Adelphi Theater, the
+    Italian Opera, and the open parks at night became his fields of
+    adventure. He remarks that among people crowding to witness a
+    fire he found many opportunities. His especial intimates were a
+    railway clerk and an Italian model. In more recent years he has
+    chiefly found gratification among footmen and policemen.
+
+    He is exclusively passive; also likes mutual _fellatio_. He used
+    greatly to admire finely developed forms (conscious of his own
+    shortcomings), shapely limbs, and delicate brown hair, and always
+    admired strength and manly vigor. He never took any interest in
+    boys, and has always been indifferent to women.
+
+
+    HISTORY XXIV.--A medical man, English, aged 30. He believes that
+    his father, who was a magistrate, was very sympathetic toward
+    men; on several occasions he has sat with him on the bench when
+    cases of indecent assault were brought up; he discharged three
+    cases, although there could be little doubt as to their guilt,
+    and was very lenient to the others.
+
+    From the age of 9 he loved to sleep with his brother, ten years
+    older, who was in the navy; they slept in different beds, and the
+    child went to bed early, but he always kept awake to see his
+    brother undress, as he adored his naked body; and would then get
+    into his bed. He learned the habit of masturbation from his
+    brother at the age of 9; at that time there was no sexual orgasm,
+    but watching it in his brother was a perpetual source of wonder
+    and pleasure. During his brother's absence at sea the boy longed
+    for his return and would practice self-abuse with the thought of
+    his brother's naked body before him. This brother's death was a
+    source of great grief. At the age of 12 he went to
+    boarding-school and was constantly falling in love with
+    good-looking boys. He was always taken into one of the bigger
+    boys' beds. At this age he was thoroughly able to enjoy the
+    sexual orgasm with boys. His erotic dreams have always been of
+    men and especially of boys; he has never dreamed sexually of
+    women. From the age of 9 to the age of 21, when he left school,
+    he never gave women a thought sexually, though he always liked
+    their society. For two years after leaving school he had
+    connection with women, not because he thought there was sin in
+    loving his own sex, but because he regarded it as a thing that no
+    one did after leaving school. During these two years he still
+    really preferred men and used to admire the figures of soldiers
+    and sailors. He then paid a visit to London, which may be
+    described in his own words: "I went to see an old schoolfellow
+    who was living there. In his room was a young fellow, fair,
+    extremely good looking, with a good figure and charming manners.
+    From that moment all my past recollections came back. I could not
+    get him out of my mind; in fact, I was in love with him. I
+    pictured him naked before me as a lovely statue; my dreams were
+    frequent at night, always of him. For a fortnight afterward I
+    practised masturbation with the picture of his lovely face and
+    form always before me. We became fast friends, and from that day
+    women have never entered my thoughts."
+
+    Although up to the present he has no wish or intention to marry,
+    he believes that he will eventually do so, because it is thought
+    desirable in his profession; but he is quite sure that his love
+    and affection for men and boys will never lessen.
+
+    In earlier life he preferred men from 20 to 35; now he likes boys
+    from 16 upward; grooms, for instance, who must be good looking,
+    well developed, cleanly, and of a lovable, unchanging nature; but
+    he would prefer gentlemen. He does not care for mere mutual
+    embracing and reciprocal masturbation; when he really loves a man
+    he desires _pedicatio_ in which he is himself the passive
+    subject.
+
+    He has curly hair and moustache, and well-developed sexual
+    organs. His habits are masculine; he has always enjoyed field
+    sports, and can swim, ride, drive, and skate. At the same time,
+    he is devoted to music, can draw and paint, and is an ardent
+    admirer of male statuary. While fond of practical occupations of
+    every sort, he dislikes anything that is theoretical.
+
+    He adds: "As a medical man, I fail to see morally any
+    unhealthiness, or anything that nature should be ashamed of, in
+    connection with, and sympathy for, men."
+
+
+    HISTORY XXV.--A.S. Schoolmaster, aged 46.
+
+    "My father was, I should say, below the average in capacity for
+    friendship. He liked young girls, and was never interested in
+    boys. He was a man of strongly Puritanical morality, capable of
+    condemning with gloomy bitterness. He was also a man capable of
+    great sacrifice for principle, and mentally very well endowed. My
+    mother was a clever, practical woman, with wide sympathies. She
+    was capable of warm friendship, especially toward those younger
+    than herself. Her father (whom I never saw) was a teacher. He was
+    devoted to his wife, but also delighted in the company of young
+    men. He had always some young man on his arm, my mother would
+    tell me. My mother's family is of Welsh descent. I learned to
+    read at 5, and I can scarcely have been more than 6 when I used
+    to read again and again David's lament for Absalom. Even now I
+    can dimly recall the siren charm for me of that melancholy
+    refrain, 'O my son Absalom.... O Absalom, my son, my son!' Of
+    late, when I have thought of the amount of devotion I have shown
+    to lads, and the amount I have sometimes suffered for them, I
+    have felt as if there were something almost weirdly prophetic in
+    that early incident.
+
+    "I was always an impressionable creature. My mother was very
+    musical, and her singing 'got hold' of me wonderfully. The
+    dramatic and the poetic always strongly appealed to me.
+
+    "I felt I should like to act; but I never dared. In the same way
+    I felt that one day I should like to be a schoolmaster, but I
+    dared not say so. A shy, retiring creature was obviously unfitted
+    for such occupations. Well, the teaching came about, and the
+    strange part was that the boys were somehow or other attracted
+    by me, and the 'worst' customers were attracted most. And there
+    came a chance of acting too. Owing to some difficulties about the
+    cast in a play at school, I took a part. After that I _knew_ that
+    (within a certain range) I could act. I spent two holidays with a
+    dramatic company. I should undoubtedly have remained on the
+    stage, but for one thing. I don't wish to be sanctimonious, but
+    dirty and ugly jokes are odious to me. It was this sort of thing
+    that drove me away. I threw myself into the school work instead.
+
+    "It was partly the dramatic interest, partly a quite genuine
+    interest in human nature, that led me to do some preaching too.
+    When I had been badly hurt by one or two youngsters whom I loved,
+    I thought of going in for pastoral work, but this too was given
+    up--and very wisely. I should never be able to work comfortably
+    with any organization. For one thing I have a way of taking on
+    new ideas, and organizations do not like that. For another, all
+    social functions are anathema to me.
+
+    "Interest in 'art' as usually understood began to be marked only
+    after I was 30. It started with architecture and passed on to
+    painting and sculpture. The tendency to do rather a variety (too
+    great a variety) of things characterizes many uranians. We are
+    rather like the labile chemical compounds: our molecules readily
+    rearrange themselves.
+
+    "As a boy of 10 I had the ordinary sweethearting with a girl of
+    the same age. The incident is worth perhaps a little further
+    comment for the following reason: When I was 16 years old the
+    girl lived with us for a year. She was a nice, pleasant, bright
+    girl, and she thought a great deal of me. I was strongly
+    attracted by her. I remember especially one little incident. I
+    had been showing her how to do some algebra and she was kneeling
+    at the table by the side of my chair. Her hair was flowing over
+    her shoulders and she looked rather charming. She expressed warm
+    admiration of the way I had worked the problem out. I remember
+    that I deliberately squashed out the feeling of attraction that
+    came over me. I scarcely know why I did this; but I fancy there
+    was a vague sense that I did not want my work disturbed. There
+    was no sexual attraction or, at least, none that was manifest.
+    The girl, there is no doubt, grew to love me. I am sorry to say
+    that in two other cases, later, women loved me, and have both
+    permanently remained unmarried on my account. I sometimes feel
+    that in a wisely free society I should be able to give both of
+    these women children. That I believe I could do, and I think it
+    would be an immense satisfaction to them. A permanent union with
+    a woman would, however, be impossible to me. A permanent union
+    with a man would, I believe, be possible. At least I know that
+    attractions which have been at all homosexual in character have
+    in my case been very lasting.
+
+    "I was strongly attracted when not more than 13 to a lad slightly
+    older. It was a love story, there is no doubt, but I do not
+    recollect any outer sexual signs. There were other passing cases,
+    but in no case was there any warm response till I was 15. I then
+    made friends with a lad of entirely different type from myself. I
+    was a reader. I liked long walks and fresh air, but I was too shy
+    to go in for sports. Indeed I was frightfully shy. He was a great
+    sportsman and always at home in society. But he asked me to help
+    him with some work, and we took to working together. I grew
+    passionately fond of him. His caresses always caused some
+    erection. Personally, I believe it would have been wiser to have
+    obtained complete sexual expression. The absence of knowledge led
+    to two distinctly undesirable results. The first was marked
+    congestion and pain at times; the second was a tendency to a sort
+    of modified masochism. There is always, I suppose, some erotic
+    attraction about the buttocks, and of course also, to boys, they
+    afford an irresistibly attractive mark for a good smack. I found
+    that when this lad spanked me it produced some amount of sexual
+    excitement, and the desire for this form of stimulus grew upon
+    me. The result, in my case, was bad. It was sensualism, not love.
+    I can say this with confidence, because in a much later case of
+    deeply passionate love, I shrank from any such method, but the
+    mutual, naked embrace I found was for me an absolutely natural
+    and _pure_ expression of love. I never felt any touch of
+    grossness in it, and it destroyed the earlier and (for me at
+    least) less wholesome desire.
+
+    "The school friendship disappeared with the marriage of my
+    friend. I was furiously jealous, and the young man's mother was
+    opposed to me, but I still think of that early friendship with
+    tenderness. I know that my boy friend was the first who made me
+    capable of self-expression, the first who taught me how to make
+    friends at all. And if he still cared for me, I know that his
+    love would be dear to me still.
+
+    "My chief regret, as I look back, is that I did not know about
+    these things early. I cannot but think that all youngsters should
+    be spoken to about the love of comrades and encouraged to seek
+    help in any sort of trouble that this may bring. We homogenic
+    folk may be but a small percentage of mankind, but our numbers
+    are still great, and surely the making or marring of our lives
+    should count for something. At college I fell violently in love
+    with a friend with whom I did work in science. He loved me too,
+    though not with such heat. He also was largely uranian, but this
+    I only realized a year or two back. He remains unmarried, and is
+    still my friend. We did some research work together which is
+    pretty well known. I am quite sure that the love we had for each
+    other gave tremendous zest to our work and greatly increased our
+    powers.
+
+    "While I was working at college I was interested in a lad who was
+    working as errand boy for a city firm. I helped him to get better
+    training, and spent money on him. My father was making me some
+    allowance at the time and demurred. I said I would in future
+    support myself, and in this way came to take up schoolmastering.
+    I at once became quite absorbed in my work with the boys. Of
+    course I loved them. And here I feel I must touch upon what seems
+    to me a characteristic of most of us uranians. Our genital organs
+    are with us ordinarily and usually organs of _expression_. The
+    clean-minded heterogenic man is apt to look upon such a view of
+    the genital organs as monstrous; we, on the other hand, are
+    compelled (at least for ourselves) to regard it as the natural
+    and pure one. For my own part I had many Puritan
+    prejudices--prejudices that I retained for many a long and weary
+    day--but my affection for those of my own sex so often expressed
+    itself by some sexual stirring, and more or less erection, that I
+    was _obliged_ to look upon this as inevitable, and in general I
+    paid no attention to it whatever. It was the older boys' who
+    sometimes attracted me strongly. My love for them was I know a
+    genuinely spiritual thing, though inevitably having some physical
+    expression. I was capable of great devotion to them and sacrifice
+    for them, and I would certainly rather have died than have
+    injured them. The boys got on well with me. I was never weak with
+    them, and I was able to allow all kinds of familiarities without
+    any loss of respect. The older boys usually, out of class, called
+    me by my Christian name, and I remember one writing to ask me
+    whether he might do so, as it made him feel 'nearer' to me. A few
+    of the lads I of course loved with special devotion. They kissed
+    me and loved to have me embrace them. One of these was, I now
+    know, pure uranian, and there was in his case certainly some
+    sexual response, but though I often slept with him, when he was a
+    lad of 17 and 18, there was never any idea in our minds of any
+    sexual act. We are still warm friends, and always kiss when we
+    meet. Looking back upon those days, I feel that I was a little
+    inclined to pass on from one love to another, but each was a
+    genuine devotion, and involved real hard work on the lad's
+    behalf. And I know that where the lad stuck to me into manhood a
+    real tenderness and love remain still.
+
+    "While teaching I made the acquaintance of a non-conformist
+    minister, who, though happily married, had certainly some
+    homogenic tendencies. He was most devoted to boys and helped me
+    with regard to some difficult cases. It was the difficult cases
+    that always attracted me. I had to punish these lads and my
+    friend recommended spanking with the hand on the bare buttocks. I
+    mention that I adopted this method, because it might have been
+    thought specially dangerous to me. It certainly never produced in
+    me the remotest suggestion of any sexual act, though it did
+    sometimes produce a slight amount of sexual excitement. I
+    disregarded this, or put it out of my mind, as I found the method
+    most efficacious. It was capable of great variation of intensity,
+    and the boys were always ready to joke about it. I never came
+    across a case where any sexual excitement was produced by it. The
+    boys whom I had to be most 'down' on almost always, however, grew
+    fonder of me. There may be a slight and normal masochistic
+    tendency in most boys, and _perhaps_ the erogenic character of
+    the buttocks has something to do with the development of
+    affection. If so, I am inclined to regard it as normal and useful
+    rather than otherwise, for in my experience no undesirable result
+    was ever produced. But then, of course, there was no playing with
+    the business; that might, I am sure, in some cases be decidedly
+    injurious.
+
+    "One experience of my schoolmastering days is, I think, important
+    in its bearing upon general sexual psychology. I always noticed
+    that during the term I was specially free from 'wet dreams.' What
+    is noteworthy is this: During term there was never anything more
+    than a very partial sexual expression of any feeling of mine,
+    such expression indeed as was wholly inevitable. There was
+    therefore no actual loss of semen, and it seems clear that the
+    'wet dreams' were not due to mere physical pressure. The psychic
+    satisfaction of love in this case made the complete physical
+    expression less urgent. But it was a love of a distinctly tender
+    kind that was needed to keep the physical from obtruding. Of that
+    further experience has made me sure. I am, moreover, now
+    convinced that a _mutual_ uranian love will reach its best
+    results, both spiritual and physical, where there is complete
+    sexual expression.
+
+    "Of the character of the sexual dreams I have had, there is not
+    much to be said. During the period of masochistic tendency, they
+    were masochistic in character; otherwise they have been dreams
+    simply of the naked embrace. Usually there has been a
+    considerable element of ideal love in the dream. I have not more
+    than three times at most dreamed of intercourse with one of the
+    opposite sex. There was only in one case anything that I could
+    call actual emotion in such a dream. The other dreams have often
+    (not always) been dreams of real yearning, and not at all what I
+    should call merely sensual.
+
+    "In the course of time I wanted more freedom to do things in my
+    own way than could be obtained in a public school. I started a
+    school of my own. The work was for a good many years very happy.
+    I loved the boys, and they loved me. I was active, ardent, and
+    they made a chum of me. But people got into the way of sending me
+    awkward customers. I poured out my love on these, I used myself
+    up for them. Unfortunately (though I was never 'orthodox') my
+    Puritanical morality was still strong within me, my views of
+    human psychology were too limited, and I imposed them on the
+    boys. Some were very devoted; but, as years went by and the
+    proportion of _mauvais sujets_ increased, there tended to be a
+    split in the small camp and one or two boys whom I loved deceived
+    me terribly. To a man of my temperament this was heart-rending
+    and from then the work was doomed. Troubles at school went along
+    with troubles at home, and these things contributed to center my
+    affection upon a lad who was with me, and who had given me much
+    trouble. For some reason or other I went on believing that he
+    would get right. Deceit was his great difficulty. He was
+    certainly partly homosexual himself. Looking back I can see that
+    with a wider and more charitable knowledge I could have dealt
+    more wisely and helpfully with certain homosexual episodes of
+    his. I am convinced now that mere sweeping condemnation of the
+    physical is not the wholesome way of help. However, to cut the
+    story short, all seemed at last to go well, and the lad was
+    growing into a young man. Our love deepened, and we always slept
+    together, but quite ascetically. Later, when quite in his young
+    manhood he had left school, there was, unfortunately,
+    misunderstandings with his parents, who forbad him to sleep with
+    me. What followed is of some importance. Up till then, though
+    certainly his affection seemed ardent, I had observed no sexual
+    signs on his part. I had been quite frank with him as to mine. He
+    was then 19, and I thought old enough to have things explained to
+    him. Sleeping with him I had found peaceful and helpful, and more
+    than once he told me that it greatly helped him. But _after we
+    were forbidden to sleep together_, I found the passion in me more
+    difficult to control, and it suddenly leaped out in him. We were
+    still, however, rather ascetic, though we used to kiss each
+    other, and we used to embrace naked. This produced emission not
+    infrequently with me, but only once with him, though always
+    powerful erection. I would not allow any friction. Perhaps this
+    was a mistake. A more complete expression might have helped him.
+
+    "All my life I had been hungry for a complete response, and at
+    one time the lad thought he could give it. He was then nearing
+    20. 'I have never been so happy in my life,' he said. It was a
+    blow to me when I found he had mistaken his own feelings, but I
+    was quite ready to accept what love he could give. I also never
+    dreamed of any sort of insistence on sexual expression. With such
+    love as he could give I was quite ready to make myself content.
+    'The true measure of love,' wrote a uranian schoolmaster to me
+    once, 'is self-sacrifice'; not 'What will you give?' but 'What
+    will you give up?' Not 'What will you do for him?' but 'What will
+    you forego for his sake?' I quote this gladly, for the
+    conventional English moralists regard an invert as a kind of
+    deformed beast. I can only say that I tried to realize the ideal
+    which these words express. No 'moralist' would have helped me one
+    whit. The parents, also, separated us. They have done much harm
+    by their mistake. How difficult it is for parents to allow
+    freedom to their children! Their ideal is successful constraint,
+    not free self-discovery. But in spite of them, and in spite of
+    the separation, I know that my friend and I have helped each
+    other.
+
+    "There is one fear parents have which I believe is unwarranted.
+    As far as I have seen, I do not conclude that the early
+    expression of homosexual love prevents heterosexual love from
+    developing later. Where this love is a part of the individual's
+    inborn nature, it will show itself. I do, however, believe that a
+    noble homogenic love in early life will sometimes help a lad to
+    avoid a low standard of heterogenic attachment. The Greeks did
+    well, at their best time, in cultivating and ennobling the
+    homogenic love. Amongst us, as can be understood by all who know
+    the working of society taboos, it is the baser forms that are
+    unhindered, the noblest forms that are debased.
+
+    "We urnings are, I think, dependent upon individual love. Many of
+    us, I know, need to work for an individual to do our best. Is
+    this the outcome of the woman in the uranian temperament? And the
+    tragedy of our fate is that we whose souls vibrate only to the
+    touch of the hand of Eros are faced with the fiercest taboo of
+    all that can give our lives meaning. The other taboos have been
+    given up one by one. Will not this, the last of the taboos, soon
+    vanish? I have known lives darkened by it, weakened by it,
+    crushed out by it. How long are the western moralists to maim and
+    brand and persecute where they do not understand?"
+
+The next case belongs to a totally different class from all the preceding
+histories. These--all British or American--were obtained privately; they
+are not the inmates of prisons or of asylums, and in most cases they have
+never consulted a physician concerning their abnormal instincts. They pass
+through life as ordinary, sometimes as honored, members of society. The
+following case, which happens to be that of an American, is acquainted
+with both the prison and the lunatic asylum. There are several points of
+interest in his history, and he illustrates the way in which sexual
+inversion can become a matter of medico-legal importance. I think,
+however, that I am justified in believing that the proportion of sexually
+inverted persons who reach the police-court or the lunatic asylum is not
+much larger in proportion to the number of sexually inverted persons among
+us than it is among my cases. For the documents on which I have founded
+the history of Guy Olmstead I am indebted to the kindness of Dr. Talbot,
+of Chicago, well known from his studies of abnormalities of the jaws and
+face, so often associated with nervous and mental abnormality. He knew the
+man who addressed to him the letters from which I here quote:--
+
+
+    HISTORY XXVI.--On the twenty-eighth of March, 1894, at noon, in
+    the open street in Chicago, Guy T. Olmstead fired a revolver at a
+    letter-carrier named William L. Clifford. He came up from behind,
+    and deliberately fired four shots, the first entering Clifford's
+    loins, the other three penetrating the back of his head, so that
+    the man fell and was supposed to be fatally wounded. Olmstead
+    made little attempt to escape, as a crowd rushed up with the
+    usual cry of "Lynch him!" but waved his revolver, exclaiming:
+    "I'll never be taken alive!" and when a police-officer disarmed
+    him: "Don't take my gun; let me finish what I have to do." This
+    was evidently an allusion, as will be seen later on, to an
+    intention to destroy himself. He eagerly entered the prison-van,
+    however, to escape the threatening mob.
+
+    Olmstead, who was 30 years of age, was born near Danville, Ill.,
+    in which city he lived for many years. Both parents were born in
+    Illinois. His father, some twenty years ago, shot and nearly
+    killed a wealthy coal operator, induced to commit the crime, it
+    is said, by a secret organization of a hundred prominent citizens
+    to whom the victim had made himself obnoxious by bringing suits
+    against them for trivial causes. The victim became insane, but
+    the criminal was never punished, and died a few years later at
+    the age of 44. This man had another son who was considered
+    peculiar.
+
+    Guy Olmstead began to show signs of sexual perversity at the age
+    of 12. He was seduced (we are led to believe) by a man who
+    occupied the same bedroom. Olmstead's early history is not clear
+    from the data to hand. It appears that he began his career as a
+    schoolteacher in Connecticut, and that he there married the
+    daughter of a prosperous farmer; but shortly after he "fell in
+    love" with her male cousin, whom he describes as a very handsome
+    young man. This led to a separation from his wife, and he went
+    West.
+
+    He was never considered perfectly sane, and from October, 1886,
+    to May, 1889 he was in the Kankakee Insane Asylum. His illness
+    was reported as of three years' duration, and caused by general
+    ill-health; heredity doubtful, habits good, occupation that of a
+    schoolteacher. His condition was diagnosed as paranoia. On
+    admission he was irritable, alternately excited and depressed. He
+    returned home in good condition.
+
+    At this period, and again when examined later, Olmstead's
+    physical condition is described as, on the whole, normal and
+    fairly good. Height, 5 feet 8 inches; weight, 159 pounds. Special
+    senses normal; genitals abnormally small, with rudimentary penis.
+    His head is asymmetrical, and is full at the occiput, slightly
+    sunken at the bregma, and the forehead is low. His cephalic index
+    is 78. The hair is sandy, and normal in amount over head, face,
+    and body. His eyes are gray, small, and deeply set; the zygomæ
+    are normal. The nose is large and very thin. There is arrested
+    development of upper jaw. The ears are excessively developed and
+    malformed. The face is very much lined, the nasolabial fissure is
+    deeply cut, and there are well-marked horizontal wrinkles on the
+    forehead, so that he looks at least ten years older than his
+    actual age. The upper jaw is of partial V-shape, the lower well
+    developed. The teeth and their tubercles and the alveolar process
+    are normal. The breasts are full. The body is generally well
+    developed; the hands and feet are large.
+
+    Olmstead's history is defective for some years after he left
+    Kankakee. In October, 1892, we hear of him as a letter-carrier in
+    Chicago. During the following summer he developed a passion for
+    William Clifford, a fellow letter-carrier about his own age, also
+    previously a schoolteacher, and regarded as one of the most
+    reliable and efficient men in the service. For a time Clifford
+    seems to have shared this passion, or to have submitted to it,
+    but he quickly ended the relationship and urged his friend to
+    undergo medical treatment, offering to pay the expenses himself.
+    Olmstead continued to write letters of the most passionate
+    description to Clifford, and followed him about constantly until
+    the latter's life was made miserable. In December, 1893, Clifford
+    placed the letters in the postmaster's hands, and Olmstead was
+    requested to resign at once. Olmstead complained to the Civil
+    Service Commission at Washington that he had been dismissed
+    without cause, and also applied for reinstatement, but without
+    success.
+
+    In the meanwhile, apparently on the advice of friends, he went
+    into hospital, and in the middle of February, 1894, his testicles
+    were removed. No report from the hospital is to hand. The effect
+    of removing the testicles was far from beneficial, and he began
+    to suffer from hysterical melancholia. A little later he went
+    into hospital again. On March 19th he wrote to Dr. Talbot from
+    the Mercy Hospital, Chicago: "I returned to Chicago last
+    Wednesday night, but felt so miserable I concluded to enter a
+    hospital again, and so came to Mercy, which is very good as
+    hospitals go. But I might as well go to Hades as far as any hope
+    of my getting well is concerned. I am utterly incorrigible,
+    utterly incurable, and utterly impossible. At home I thought for
+    a time that I was cured, but I was mistaken, and after seeing
+    Clifford last Thursday I have grown worse than ever so far as my
+    passion for him is concerned. Heaven, only knows how hard I have
+    tried to make a decent creature out of myself, but my vileness is
+    uncontrollable, and I might as well give up and die. I wonder if
+    the doctors knew that after emasculation it was possible for a
+    man to have erections, commit masturbation, and have the same
+    passion as before. I am ashamed of myself; I hate myself; but I
+    can't help it. I have friends among nice people, play the piano,
+    love music, books, and everything that is beautiful and
+    elevating; yet they can't elevate me, because this load of inborn
+    vileness drags me down and prevents my perfect enjoyment of
+    anything. Doctors are the only ones who understand and know my
+    helplessness before this monster. I think and work till my brain
+    whirls, and I can scarce refrain from crying out my troubles."
+    This letter was written a few days before the crime was
+    committed.
+
+    When conveyed to the police station Olmstead completely broke
+    down and wept bitterly, crying: "Oh! Will, Will, come to me! Why
+    don't you kill me and let me go to him!" (At this time he
+    supposed he had killed Clifford.) A letter was found on him, as
+    follows: "Mercy, March 27th. To Him Who Cares to Read: Fearing
+    that my motives in killing Clifford and myself may be
+    misunderstood, I write this to explain the cause of this homicide
+    and suicide. Last summer Clifford and I began a friendship which
+    developed into love." He then recited the details of the
+    friendship, and continued: "After playing a Liszt rhapsody for
+    Clifford over and over, he said that when our time to die came he
+    hoped we would die together, listening to such glorious music as
+    that. Our time has now come to die, but death will not be
+    accompanied by music. Clifford's love has, alas! turned to deadly
+    hatred. For some reason Clifford suddenly ended our relations and
+    friendship." In his cell he behaved in a wildly excited manner,
+    and made several attempts at suicide; so that he had to be
+    closely watched. A few weeks later he wrote to Dr. Talbot: "Cook
+    County Gaol, April 23. I feel as though I had neglected you in
+    not writing you in all this time, though you may not care to hear
+    from me, as I have never done anything but trespass on your
+    kindness. But please do me the justice of thinking that I never
+    expected all this trouble, as I thought Will and I would be in
+    our graves and at peace long before this. But my plans failed
+    miserably. Poor Will was not dead, and I was grabbed before I
+    could shoot myself. I think Will really shot himself, and I feel
+    certain others will think so, too, when the whole story comes out
+    in court. I can't understand the surprise and indignation my act
+    seemed to engender, as it was perfectly right and natural that
+    Will and I should die together, and nobody else's business. Do
+    you know I believe that poor boy will yet kill himself, for last
+    November when I in my grief and anger told his relations about
+    our marriage he was so frightened, hurt, and angry that he wanted
+    us both; to kill ourselves. I acquiesced gladly in this proposal
+    to commit suicide, but he backed out in a day or two. I am glad
+    now that Will is alive, and am glad that I am alive, even with
+    the prospect of years of imprisonment before me, but which I will
+    cheerfully endure for his sake. And yet for the last ten months
+    his influence has so completely controlled me, both body and
+    soul, that if I have done right he should have the credit for my
+    good deeds, and if I have done wrong he should be blamed for the
+    mischief, as I have not been myself at all, but a part of him,
+    and happy to merge my individuality into his."
+
+    Olmstead was tried privately in July. No new points were brought
+    out. He was sentenced to the Criminal Insane Asylum. Shortly
+    afterward, while still in the prison at Chicago, he wrote to Dr.
+    Talbot: "As you have been interested in my case from a scientific
+    point of view, there is a little something more I might tell you
+    about myself, but which I have withheld, because I was ashamed to
+    admit certain facts and features of my deplorable weakness. Among
+    the few sexual perverts I have known I have noticed that all are
+    in the habit of often closing the mouth with the lower lip
+    protruding beyond the upper. [Usually due to arrested development
+    of upper jaw.] I noticed the peculiarity in Mr. Clifford before
+    we became intimate, and I have often caught myself at the trick.
+    Before that operation my testicles would swell and become sore
+    and hurt me, and have seemed to do so since, just as a man will
+    sometimes complain that his amputated leg hurts him. Then, too,
+    my breasts would swell, and about the nipples would become hard
+    and sore and red. Since the operation there has never been a day
+    that I have been free from sharp, shooting pains down the abdomen
+    to the scrotum, being worse at the base of the penis. Now that my
+    fate is decided, I will say that really my passion for Mr.
+    Clifford is on the wane, but I don't know whether the improvement
+    is permanent or not. I have absolutely no passion for other men,
+    and have begun to hope now that I can yet outlive my desire for
+    Clifford, or at least control it. I have not yet told of this
+    improvement in my condition, because I wished people to still
+    think I was insane, so that I would be sure to escape being sent
+    to the penitentiary. I know I was insane at the time I tried to
+    kill both Clifford and myself, and feel that I don't deserve such
+    a dreadful punishment as being sent to a State prison. However, I
+    think it was that operation and my subsequent illness that caused
+    my insanity rather than passion for Clifford. I should very much
+    like to know if you really consider sexual perversion an
+    insanity."
+
+    When discharged from the Criminal Insane Asylum, Olmstead
+    returned to Chicago and demanded his testicles from the City
+    Postmaster, whom he accused of being in a systematized conspiracy
+    against him. He asserted that the postmaster was one of the chief
+    agents in a plot against him, dating from before the castration.
+    He was then sent to the Cook Insane Hospital. It seems probable
+    that a condition of paranoia is now firmly established.
+
+The following cases are all bisexual, attraction being felt toward both
+sexes, usually in predominant degree toward the male:--
+
+    HISTORY XXVII.--H.C., American, aged 28, of independent means,
+    unmarried, the elder of two children. His history may best be
+    given in his own words:--
+
+    "I am on both sides distantly of English ancestry, the first
+    colonists of my name having come to New England in 1630. Both my
+    mother's and my father's families have been prolific in soldiers
+    and statesmen; my mother's contributed one president to the
+    United States. So far as I am aware, none of my antecedents have
+    betrayed mental vagaries, except a maternal uncle, who, from
+    overstudy, became for a year insane.
+
+    "I am a graduate of two universities with degrees in arts and
+    medicine. After a year as physician in a hospital, I relinquished
+    medicine altogether, to follow literature, a predilection since
+    early boyhood.
+
+    "I awoke to sexual feeling at the age of 7, when, at a small
+    private school, glimpsing bare thighs above the stockings of girl
+    schoolmates, I dimly exulted. This fetishism, as it grew more
+    definite, centered at last upon the thighs and then the whole
+    person of one girl in particular. My first sexually tinged dream
+    was of her--that while she stood near I impinged my penis upon a
+    red-hot anvil and then, in beatific self-immolation, exhibited
+    the charred stump to her wondering, round eyes. This love,
+    however, abated at the coming of a new girl to the school, who,
+    not more beautiful, but more buxom, made stronger appeal to my
+    nascent sexuality. One afternoon, in the loft of her father's
+    stable, she induced me to disrobe, herself setting the example.
+    The erection our mutual handlings produced on me was without
+    conscious impulse; I felt only a childish curiosity on beholding
+    our genital difference. But the episode started extravagant
+    whimsies, one of which persistently obsessed me: with these
+    obviously compensatory differences, why might not the girl and I
+    effect some sort of copulation? This fantasy, drawn exclusively
+    from that unique experience, charmed with its grotesqueness only,
+    for at that time my sense of sex was but inchoate and my
+    knowledge of it was nothing. The bizarre conceit, submitted to
+    the equally ignorant girl and approved, was borne to the paternal
+    hay-loft and there, with much bungling, brought to surprising and
+    pleasurable consummation.
+
+    "In the four ensuing years I repeated the act not seldom with
+    this girl and with others.
+
+    "When I was 11 my sister and I were taken by our parents to
+    Europe, where we remained six years, attending school each winter
+    in a different city and, during the summer, travelling in various
+    countries.
+
+    "Abroad my lust was glutted to the full: the amenable
+    girl-playmate was ubiquitous, whom I plied with ardor at Swiss
+    hotels, German watering-places, French pensions,--where not?
+    Toward puberty I first repaired at times to prostitutes.
+
+    "Masturbation, excepting a few experiments, I never resorted to.
+    Few of my schoolmates avowedly practised it.
+
+    "Of homosexuality my sole hearing was through the classics,
+    where, with no long pondering, I opined it merely our modern
+    comradery, poetically aggrandized, masquerading in antique
+    habiliments and phraseology. It never came home to me; it attuned
+    to no tone in the scale of my sympathies; I possessed no
+    touchstone for transmitting the recitals of those ambiguous
+    amours into fiery messages. The relation to my own sex was,
+    intellectually, an occasional friendship devoid of strong
+    affection; physically, a mild antagonism, the naked body of a man
+    was slightly repellant. Statues of women evoked both carnal and
+    esthetic response; of men, no emotions whatever, save a deepening
+    of that native antipathy. Similarly in paintings, in literature,
+    the drama, the men served but as foils for the delicious maidens,
+    who visited my aërial seraglios and lapped me in roseate
+    dreamings.
+
+    "In my eighteenth year we returned to America, where I entered
+    the university.
+
+    "The course of my love of women was now a little erratic; normal
+    connection began to lose fascination. As long ago I had
+    formulated untutored the _rationale_ of coitus, so now
+    imagination, groping in the dark, conceived a fresh fillip for
+    the appetite--_cunnilinctus_. But this, though for a while quite
+    adequate, soon ceased to gratify. At this juncture, Christmas of
+    my first college year, I was appointed editor of a small
+    magazine, an early stricture of whose new conduct was paucity of
+    love stories. Such improvident neglect was in keeping with my
+    altering view of women, a view accorded to me by self-dissipation
+    of the glamour through which they had been wont to appear. I had
+    wandered somehow behind the scenes, and beheld, no footlights of
+    sex intervening, the once so radiant fairies resolved into a
+    raddled humanity, as likable as ever, but desirable no longer.
+
+    "Soon after this the Oscar Wilde case was bruiting about. The
+    newspaper accounts of it, while illuminating, flashed upon me no
+    light of self-revelation; they only amended some idle conjectures
+    as to certain mystic vices I had heard whispered of. Here and
+    there a newspaper allusion still too recondite was painstakingly
+    clarified by an effeminate fellow-student, who, I fancy now,
+    would have shown no reluctance had I begged him to adduce
+    practical illustration. I purchased, too, photographs of Oscar
+    Wilde, scrutinizing them under the unctuous auspices of this same
+    emasculate and blandiloquent mentor. If my interest in Oscar
+    Wilde arose from any other emotion than the rather morbid
+    curiosity then almost universal, I was not conscious of it.
+
+    "Erotic dreams, precluded hitherto by coition, came now to beset
+    me. The persons of these dreams were (and still are) invariably
+    women, with this one remembered exception: I dreamed that Oscar
+    Wilde, one of my photographs of him incarnate, approached me with
+    a buffoon languishment and perpetrated _fellatio_, an act
+    verbally expounded shortly before by my oracle. For a month or
+    more, recalling this dream disgusted me.
+
+    "The few subsequent endeavors, tentative and half-hearted, to
+    repristinate my venery were foredoomed, partly because I had
+    feared they were, to failure: erection was incomplete,
+    ejaculation without pleasure.
+
+    "There seemed a fallacy in this behavior. Why coitus without
+    sensual desire for it? No sense of duty impelled me, nor dread of
+    sexual aberration. The explanation is this: attraction to females
+    was not expunged, simply sublimed; my imagination, no longer
+    importing women from observation, created its own delectable
+    sirens, grown exacting and transcendental, petitioned reality in
+    vain. Substance had receded for good now, and soon even these
+    tormenting shadows of it became ever dimmer and dimmer, until
+    they too at length faded into nothingness.
+
+    "The antipodes of the sexual sphere turned more and more toward
+    the light of my tolerance. Inversion, till now stained with a
+    slight repugnance, became esthetically colorless at last, and
+    then delicately retinted, at first solely with pity for its
+    victims, but finally, the color deepening, with half-conscious
+    inclination to attach it to myself as a remote contingency. This
+    revolution, however, was not without external impetus. The
+    prejudiced tone of a book I was reading, Krafft-Ebing's
+    _Psychopathia Sexualis_, by prompting resentment, led me on to
+    sympathy. My championing, purely abstract though it was to begin
+    with, none the less involved my looking at things with eyes
+    hypothetically inverted,--an orientation for the sake of
+    argument. After a while, insensibly and at no one moment,
+    hypothesis merged into reality: I myself was inverted. That
+    occasional and fictitious inversion had never, I believe,
+    superposed this true inversion; rather a true inversion, those
+    many years dormant, had simply responded finally to a stimulus
+    strong and prolonged enough, as a man awakens when he is loudly
+    called.
+
+    "In presenting myself thus sexually transformed, I do not aver
+    having had at the outset any definitive inclination. The instinct
+    so freshly evolved remained for a while obscure. Its primary
+    expression was a feebly sensuous interest in the physical
+    character of boys--in their feminine resemblances especially. To
+    this interest I opposed no discountenance; for wantonness with
+    women under many and diverse conditions having long ago medicined
+    my sexual conscience to lethargy, no access of reasons came to me
+    now for its refreshment. On the other hand, intellectual delight
+    in the promises of the new world, as well as sensuality, conduced
+    to its deliberate exploration. Still, for a year, the yearning
+    settled with true lust upon no object more concrete than youths
+    whose only habitation was my fancy.
+
+    "A young surgeon, having read my copy of _Psychopathia Sexualis_,
+    fell one evening to discussing inverts with such relish that I
+    inquired ingenuously if he himself was one. He colored, whether
+    confirmatively or otherwise I could not guess, in spite of his
+    vehement no. Presently he very subtly recanted his denial. But to
+    his counter-question I maintained my own no, lest he propose some
+    sexual act, a point the esthetics of my developing inversion
+    would not yet concede, the boys of my imagination being still
+    predominant.
+
+    "One evening, soon after this, he convoyed me to several of the
+    café's where inverts are accustomed to foregather. These trysting
+    places were much alike: a long hall, with sparse orchestra at one
+    end, marble-topped tables lining the walls, leaving the floor
+    free for dancing. Round the tables sat boys and youths, Adonises
+    both by art and nature, ready for a drink or a chat with the
+    chance Samaritan, and shyly importunate for the pleasures for
+    which, upstairs, were small rooms to let. One of the boys,
+    supported by the orchestra, sang the 'Jewel Song' out of
+    '_Faust_.' His voice had the limpid, treble purity of a
+    clarinet, and his face the beauty of an angel. The song
+    concluded, we invited him to our table, where he sat sipping neat
+    brandy, as he mockingly encountered my book-begotten queries. The
+    boy-prostitutes gracing these halls, he apprised us, bore
+    fanciful names, some of well-known actresses, others of heroes in
+    fiction, his own being Dorian Gray. Rivals, he complained, had
+    assumed the same appellation, but he was the original Dorian; the
+    others were jealous impostors. His curly hair was golden; his
+    cheeks were pink; his lips, coral red, parted incessantly to
+    reveal the glistening pearliness of his teeth. Yet, though
+    deeming him the beautifulest youth in the world, I experienced no
+    sexual interest either in him or in the other boys, who indeed
+    were all beautiful--beauty was their chief asset. Dorian,
+    further, dilated on the splendor of his female attire, satin
+    corsets, low-cut evening gowns, etc., donned on gala nights to
+    display his gleaming shoulders and dimpled, plump, white arms.
+    Thus arrayed, he bantered, he would bewitch even me, now so
+    impassive, until I should throw myself, in tears of happiness,
+    into his loving embrace.
+
+    "My first venture upon _fellatio_ was a month later, with the
+    young surgeon. I confessed the whim to try it, and he acceded.
+    Though this nauseous and fatiguing act, very imperfectly
+    performed, was prompted mostly by curiosity, there arose soon a
+    passional hankering for repetition. In short, appetence for
+    _fellatio_ grew slowly from the night of that mawkish fiasco and
+    waxed eventually into a sovereign want.
+
+    "Perhaps miscarriage of that initiatory experiment was due to
+    precipitance, incubation of my perverse instinct being not yet
+    complete. A hiatus of a month now supervened, in which, while
+    further _fellatio_ was not attempted, my mind came always nearer
+    to a reconcilement with the grossness of the act, and began to
+    discover for its creatures some correlation in pretty boys beheld
+    in the flesh. One evening, in Broadway, I conceived suddenly a
+    full-fledged desire for a youth issuing from an hotel as I
+    passed. Our glances met and dwelled together. At a shop-window he
+    first accosted me. He was an invert. With him, in his room at the
+    hotel whence I had seen him emerge, I passed an apocalyptic
+    night. Thereafter commerce with boys only in the spirit ceased to
+    be an end; the images were carnalized, stepped from their
+    framework into the streets. That boy, that god out of the
+    machine, I see him clearly: his brown, curling hair; his eyes
+    blue as the sea; his chest both arched and so plump, his rounded
+    arms, his taper waist, the graceful swell of his hips and full,
+    snowy thighs; I recall as of yesterday the dimples in his knees,
+    the slenderness of his ankles, the softness of his little feet,
+    with insteps pink like the inside of a shell. How I gloated over
+    his ample roundness, his rich undulations!
+
+    "In the last eight years I have performed _fellatio_ (never
+    _pedicatio_) with more than three hundred men and boys. My
+    preference is for boys between 15 and 20, refined, pretty,
+    girlish, and themselves homosexual.
+
+    "Personally, barring this love for males, I am in all ways
+    masculine, given to outdoor sports, and to smoking and drinking
+    moderately. In appearance I am but a boy of 18. My face and
+    figure are generally considered beautiful: I am clean-shaved,
+    with black, curling hair, red cheeks and brown eyes; features
+    delicate and regular; body, of medium height, everywhere
+    practically hairless. By years of training I have attained alike
+    great strength and classic proportions, the muscular contours
+    smoothly rounded with adipose tissue. My hands and feet are
+    small. My penis, though perfectly shaped, is rather
+    enormous--erect, ten and a half inches in length, seven and a
+    quarter inches in circumference.
+
+    "Some abetment of my apostasy from orthodox methods was, no
+    doubt, this hypertrophy of the penis, which already in my
+    twentieth year had acquired its present redundance, rendering
+    coitus impracticable with most women I essayed and painful where
+    insertion was effected. Since falling heir to inversion, a unique
+    recurrence of normal desire, six years ago, persuaded me to
+    attempt coitus with eleven or twelve prostitutes, and, strangely
+    enough, with much of the old-time salacity and full erection,
+    but, as it chanced, always with too great disparity of parts for
+    success."
+
+    A certain preciosity in the manner of this communication may be
+    put down partly to the nature of the literary avocations with
+    which the writer is by preference occupied, and partly, no doubt
+    more fundamentally, to the special character of his predominantly
+    esthetic temperament and attraction to the exotic. An attraction
+    for exotic experiences will not, however, suffice to account for
+    the rather late development of homosexual tendencies, a late
+    development which may be held to place this case in the retarded
+    group of inverts. H.C. has himself pointed out to me that his
+    aversion to women, beginning to appear in the eighteenth year,
+    was already well pronounced before he had ever heard definitely
+    of specific homosexual acts, and fully a year before he
+    experienced the slightest sexual interest in men or boys.
+    Moreover, while it is true that the actual tendency to homosexual
+    attraction only appeared after he had read Krafft-Ebing and come
+    in contact with inverts, such influences would not suffice to
+    change the sexual nature of a normally constituted man.
+
+    It may be added that H.C. is not attracted to normal males. As
+    regards his moral attitude he remarks: "I have no scruples in the
+    indulgence of my passion. I perceive the moral objections
+    advanced, but how speculative they are, and constructive; while,
+    immediately, inversion is the source of so much good." He looks
+    upon the whole sexual question as largely a matter of taste.
+
+I regard the foregoing case as of considerable interest. It presents what
+is commonly supposed to be a very common type of inversion, Oscar Wilde
+being the supreme exemplar, in which a heterosexual person apparently
+becomes homosexual by the exercise of intellectual curiosity and esthetic
+interest. In reality the type is far from common; indeed, an intellectual
+curiosity and an esthetic interest, strong enough even apparently to
+direct the sexual impulse in any new channel, are themselves far from
+common. Moreover, a critical reading of this history suggests that the
+apparent control over the sexual impulse by reason is merely a superficial
+phenomenon. Here, as ever, reason is but a tool in the hands of the
+passions. The apparent causes are really the results; we are witnessing
+the gradual emergence of a retarded homosexual impulse.
+
+
+    HISTORY XXVIII.--English, aged 40, surgeon. Sexual experiences
+    began early, about the age of 10, when a companion induced him to
+    play at intercourse with their sisters. He experienced no
+    pleasure. A little later a servant-girl began to treat him
+    affectionately and at last called him into her bedroom when she
+    was partially undressed, fondled and kissed his member, and
+    taught him to masturbate her. On subsequent occasions she
+    attempted a simulation of intercourse, which gave her
+    satisfaction, but failed to induce emission in him. On returning
+    to school mutual masturbation was practised with schoolfellows,
+    and the first emission took place at the age of 14.
+
+    On leaving school he became a slave to the charms of women, and
+    had frequent coitus about the age of 17, but he preferred
+    masturbating girls and especially in persuading girls of good
+    position, to whom the experience was entirely novel, to allow him
+    to take liberties with them. At 25 he became engaged, and mutual
+    masturbation was practised to excess during the engagement; after
+    marriage connection generally took place twice every twenty-four
+    hours until pregnancy.
+
+    "At this time," he writes, "I stayed at the house of an old
+    school-fellow, due of my lovers of old days. There were so many
+    guests that I shared my friend's bedroom. The sight of his body
+    gave rise to lustful feelings, and when the light was out I stole
+    across to his bed. He made no objection, and we passed the night
+    in mutual masturbation. We passed the next fortnight together,
+    and I never took the same pleasure in coitus with my wife, though
+    I did my duty. She died five years later, and I devoted myself
+    heart and soul to my friend until his death by accident last
+    year. Since then I have lost all interest in life."
+
+    I am indebted for this case to a well-known English alienist, who
+    remarks that the patient is fairly healthy to look at, but with
+    neurasthenia and tendency to melancholia, and neurotic
+    temperament. The body is masculine and pubic hair abundant. One
+    testicle shows wasting.
+
+
+    HISTORIES XXIX AND XXX.--I give the following narrative in the
+    words of an intimate friend of one of the cases in question: "My
+    attention was first drawn to the study of inversion--though I
+    then regarded all forms of it as depraving and abominable--at a
+    public school, where in our dormitory a boy of 15 initiated his
+    select friends into the secrets of mutual masturbation, which he
+    had learned from his brother, a midshipman. I gave no heed to
+    this at the time, though I remembered it in after-years when
+    immersed in Plato, Lucretius, and the Epicurean writers. But my
+    attention was riveted to it at the age of 20, when I spent a
+    holiday with A., a companion with whom I was, and still am, on
+    terms of great friendship. We enjoyed many things in common,
+    studied together and discussed most unconventional matters, but
+    not this. Previously we had always occupied separate sleeping
+    apartments; on this occasion we were abroad in a country place,
+    and were compelled to put up with what we could get. We not only
+    had to share a room, but a bed. I was not surprised at his
+    throwing his arm over me, as I knew he was extraordinarily
+    attached to me, and I had always felt a brute for not returning
+    his affection so warmly. But I was surprised when later I awoke
+    to find him occupied in _fellatio_ and endeavoring to obtain my
+    response. Had it been anyone else I should have resented strongly
+    such a liberty, and our acquaintance would have ended, but I
+    cared for him too well, though never very demonstrative. This
+    episode led to discussion of the topic. He told me that his
+    sexual strength was great, that he had tested it in many ways,
+    and that it was essential to his well-being that he should have
+    satisfaction in some way. He loathed prostitution and considered
+    it degrading; he felt physically attracted to some women and
+    intellectually to others, but the two elements were never
+    combined, and though he had been intimate with a few he felt that
+    it was not right to them, as he could not marry them because he
+    held too high an ideal of marriage. He had always felt attracted
+    to his own sex, and had kept up a Platonic friendship with a
+    college chum, X (to whom I knew he was passionately attached),
+    for some years. Both considered it perfectly moral, and both,
+    felt better for it. Both abhor _pedicatio_. X., however, would
+    never discuss the subject, and seemed half-ashamed of it. A., on
+    the other hand, though showing a great self-respect in all things
+    else, feels no shame, though he says he would never discuss it
+    except with close friends or if asked for private advice.
+
+    "A. is the elder child of a military officer. His parents were 21
+    and 19, respectively, at the time of his birth. Both parents are
+    healthy, and the two children (both boys) have good
+    constitutions, though the elder has the better. He is of medium
+    height and slender limbs, proud carriage, handsome and
+    intellectual face (classic Greek type), excellent complexion,
+    charming manners, and good temper. The penis is large, the
+    foreskin very short. He is fond of philosophy, natural science,
+    history, and literature. He is reflective and patient rather than
+    smart, but strong-willed and very active when roused, never
+    resting till he has accomplished what he wants, even if this
+    takes years. He sings excellently, and is fond of cycling,
+    boating, swimming, and mountain-climbing. He enjoys excellent
+    health, and has never had a day's illness since he was 12 years
+    of age. He says the only time he cannot sleep has been when in
+    bed with some one who could not or would not satisfy him. He
+    requires satisfaction at least once a week, twice or thrice in
+    the hot season. He never smokes, nor drinks beer or spirits. He
+    is still single, but believes that marriage would meet all his
+    needs.
+
+    "X. is also an oldest child, of young and healthy parents
+    (between 21 and 24 at his birth) of different class; father a
+    builder. He is of pleasing, but not handsome, appearance; very
+    sensitive, very neat, and methodical in all things; not very
+    strong-willed, and very reserved to women. He is of very studious
+    disposition, especially fond of philosophy, politics, and natural
+    science; a good musician. Takes moderate exercise, but rather
+    easily fatigued. Is generally healthy, but not overstrong. He is
+    a vegetarian, and was brought up as a free-thinker. Until two
+    years ago he was never attracted toward a girl; indeed, he
+    disliked girls; but he is now engaged. For about eighteen months,
+    he has relinquished homosexuality, but has suffered from dreams,
+    bad digestion, and peevishness since. He thinks the only remedy
+    is marriage, which he is pushing on. He regards homosexuality as
+    quite natural and normal, though his desires are not strong, and
+    once a fortnight has always satisfied him. He was led to the
+    practice by the reasoning of A., and because he felt a certain
+    vague need, and this comforted him. He thinks it a matter of
+    temperament and not to be discussed, except by scientists. He
+    says he could never perform it except with his dearest friend,
+    whose request he could not resist. He has a long foreskin, flesh
+    like a woman's, and is well proportioned.
+
+    "Both men are ardent for social reform, the one actively, the
+    other passively engaged in it. Both also regard the law as to
+    homosexuality as absurd and demoralizing. They also think that
+    the law prohibiting polygamy is largely the cause of
+    prostitution, as many women are prevented from living honest
+    lives and being cared for by someone, and many men could marry
+    one woman for physical satisfaction and another for intellectual.
+
+    "They were devoted to each other when I first knew them; they are
+    still friends, but separated by distance. Both are exceedingly
+    honorable, and the latter is truthful to a fault."
+
+    According to later information X. had married and his homosexual
+    tendencies were almost completely in abeyance, partly, perhaps,
+    owing to the fact that he now lives quietly in the country. A.
+    has surprised his friends by his ardent attachment to a lady of
+    about his own age to whom he has become engaged. He declares that
+    he loves this woman better than any man, but nevertheless he
+    still feels strong passion for his men friends. It is evident
+    that the homosexual tendency in A. is distinctly more pronounced
+    than in his friend X. As is found more often in bisexual than in
+    homosexual persons, he is of predominantly masculine type,
+    possesses great vitality, and desires to exert all his faculties.
+    He has a sound nervous system and is very free from all
+    "nervousness." He has written a scientific treatise and can study
+    undisturbed amid violent noises. His voice is manly (in singing
+    deep base). He can whistle. He is not vain, though well formed,
+    and his hands are delicate. His favorite color is green. The
+    demonstrative warmth of his affection for his friends is the
+    chief feminine trait noted in him. He rarely dreams and has never
+    had an erotic dream; this he explains by saying (earlier than
+    Freud) that all dreams not caused by physical conditions are
+    wish-dreams, and as he always satisfies his sexual needs at once,
+    with a friend or by masturbation, his sexual needs have no
+    opportunity of affecting his subconscious life.
+
+There may be some doubt as to the classification of the two foregoing
+cases: they are not personally known to me. The following case, with which
+I have been acquainted for many years, I regard as clearly a genuine
+example of bisexuality:--
+
+
+    HISTORY XXXI.--Englishman, independent means, aged 52, married.
+    His ancestry is of a complicated character. Some of his mother's
+    forefathers in the last and earlier centuries are supposed to
+    have been inverted. He remembers liking the caresses of his
+    father's footmen when he was quite a little boy. He dreams
+    indifferently about men and women, and has strong sexual feeling
+    for women. Can copulate, but does not insist on this act; there
+    is a tendency to refined, voluptuous pleasure. He has been
+    married for many years, and there are several children by the
+    marriage.
+
+    He is not particular about the class or age of the men he loves.
+    He feels with regard to older men as a women does, and likes to
+    be caressed by them. He is immensely vain of his physical beauty;
+    he shuns _pedicatio_ and does not much care for the sexual act,
+    but likes long hours of voluptuous communion during which his
+    lover admires him. He feels the beauty of boyhood. At the same
+    time he is much attracted by young girls.
+
+    He is decidedly feminine in his dress, manner of walking, love of
+    scents, ornaments, and fine things. His body is excessively
+    smooth and white, the hips and buttocks rounded. Genital organs
+    normal. His temperament is feminine, especially in vanity,
+    irritability, and petty preoccupations. He is much preoccupied
+    with his personal appearance and fond of admiration; on one
+    occasion he was photographed naked as Bacchus. He is physically
+    and morally courageous. He has a genius for poetry and
+    speculation, with a tendency to mysticism.
+
+    He feels the discord between his love for men and society, also
+    between it and his love for his wife. He regards it as, in part,
+    at least, hereditary and inborn in him.
+
+
+    HISTORY XXXII.--C.R., physician; age 38. Nationality, Irish, with
+    a Portuguese strain. "My mother came of an old Quaker family. I
+    was quite unaware of sexual differences until I was about 14, as
+    I was carefully kept separate from my sisters and, although from
+    time to time strange longings which I did not understand
+    possessed me, I was a virgin in thought and deed until that
+    period of life.
+
+    "When I was 14 a cousin some years older than myself came to stay
+    with us and shared my bed. To my surprise he took hold of my
+    penis and rubbed it for a time, when a most pleasant feeling
+    seized me and increased until a discharge came out of my organ;
+    he then asked me to do the same to him. We frequently repeated
+    the process during the following month; I was quite unaware of
+    any harm resulting.
+
+    "The same year I went to school, but none of my schoolmates for
+    some time even suggested such actions until a friend staying with
+    us for the holidays one day in the bathroom repeated the process
+    and pressed his penis between my thighs, when a similar discharge
+    took place. I shortly found out that several of my school friends
+    and male cousins had the same desires, and an elder brother of my
+    first introducer into sexuality repeatedly spent the night with
+    me, when we would amuse ourselves in a similar way.
+
+    "A little later, my mother being away from home, I shared my
+    father's bed and he took my penis in his hand and pulled my
+    foreskin back. I in return took hold of his and found that he had
+    an erection. I proceeded to rub him when he stopped me and told
+    me that I should not do so, that when I was a little older I
+    should love a woman to do it and that if I did not rub myself and
+    allow other boys to do so, I would enjoy myself much more. I am
+    quite certain that my father was inverted, as he frequently, if
+    sleeping with me, used to press my naked body against his and he
+    always had a strong erection. On one occasion he rubbed me until
+    I had a discharge and then, turning over on his back, made me
+    take his penis in my hand and rub him for a few minutes. I used
+    to jest frequently with my father, as from my seventeenth year my
+    penis was larger than his. I will return to my father a little
+    later. When I was 17 a college friend shared my bed, and when
+    undressing he said that he envied me my penis being so much
+    larger than his; after getting into bed, he asked me to turn on
+    my side and I found that he was attempting _pedicatio_. I was
+    astonished at his doing so when he informed me that next to a
+    woman this process gave most pleasure. However, nothing resulted
+    and this is the only experience of _pedicatio_ that I have ever
+    had.
+
+    "When I was 18 one evening a college chum introduced me to a
+    woman and she was the first I ever had connection with. We went
+    behind some rocks and she took hold of my penis and pressed it
+    into her body, lying against me.
+
+    "My father evidently suspected me when I came home, and a few
+    days afterward told me that it was very dangerous to have
+    anything to do with women, that I should wait until I was older,
+    that when a boy became a man he ought to have a woman
+    occasionally, and that if I ever had a nasty disease I should
+    promptly tell him so that I could be properly cured.
+
+    "At college I found several chums who were fond of sharing my bed
+    and indulging in mutual masturbation, pressing our bodies
+    together face to face until there was mutual discharge, but never
+    again anyone who tried anal connection.
+
+    "A short time afterward I was in Brussels and I paid my first
+    visit to a brothel, a place close to the Cathedral. I picked a
+    girl of about 18 from eight naked beauties paraded for my choice.
+    She was avaricious and demanded 10 francs, I had paid 20 for my
+    room and had only 2 left. I wanted her to play with me, but she
+    only seized the penis and pulled me to her with such vigorous
+    action that I discharged very rapidly. I was so disgusted with
+    the result that I masturbated when I returned to my boarding
+    house.
+
+    "A year later I paid Portugal a visit and my friends there
+    frequently brought me to brothels and also introduced me to
+    ladies of easy virtue. I had connection with them; the Portuguese
+    prostitutes never suggested anything unnatural and in no instance
+    did a male approach me for sexual purposes.
+
+    "When I became a medical student, I used to visit a Turkish bath
+    frequently; on one occasion I playfully slapped a friend on the
+    buttocks, when my father, who was present, told me not to do so
+    as it was not proper conduct in public, that if I liked to do so
+    to him or one or two others it was no harm in private. Until I
+    was 21, in the bath my father always covered his penis from my
+    view, but after I attained my majority he always exposed himself
+    and repeatedly showed me pictures of naked women; he also taught
+    me the use of the condom.
+
+    "In my twenty-fourth year, a tall, handsome man who used to
+    frequent the baths one day sat down beside me and playfully
+    knocked my toes with his; he then pressed his naked thigh against
+    mine and a little later in the cooling room slipped his hand
+    under my sheet and grasped my penis; he then asked me to meet him
+    a few days later in the baths, saying I would be pleased with
+    what he would do.
+
+    "I kept the appointment and he took me into the hottest room,
+    where we lay on the floor; in a few minutes he turned on his side
+    and threw one of his legs across me; I got frightened and jumped
+    up; he had a powerful erection, but I refused to lie down again,
+    although he pulled his foreskin back to excite my desires; I was
+    afraid of being surprised by another bather. Twice on future
+    occasions I met this man and he made advances. I believe that I
+    would have yielded then if we had met at a private house.
+
+    "Shortly afterward I met an elderly gentleman at the baths who
+    also made advances to me, but from fear I resisted him. I also
+    disliked him as he had a foul breath and bad teeth; besides I was
+    now able to go to the Continent and enjoy female charms to my
+    heart's desire.
+
+    "After qualification I joined the army in South Africa and to my
+    astonishment found many of my comrades fond of male society; one
+    officer who had been wounded shared my bedroom at a military
+    hospital and when undressing frequently admired my penis; we used
+    to play with each other until we had powerful erections, but we
+    never masturbated or tried any unnatural vice.
+
+    "I used to have connection with women as frequently as I could,
+    and I frequently visited the Turkish baths and found that several
+    clients were abnormal, including one of the masseurs; the latter
+    enjoyed playing with my penis, kissing and tickling me.
+
+    "I married at 28. My married life has been normal and my wife and
+    I are still in love with one another; we have had several
+    children.
+
+    "My last sexual experiences have been in Australia; once in
+    Sydney at the baths a fellow-bather playfully began tickling me,
+    when I had an erection; he grasped my penis, I jumped up, and he
+    asked me to do anything that I liked with him. I refused. Once
+    on board a coasting steamer a fellow-passenger used to expose
+    himself, posing as a statue; we became very familiar and he
+    wanted me to spend a night with him. I also refused his offers.
+
+    "I am very healthy and strong, fond of riding, fishing, and
+    shooting. I lead a very active life. I am neither musician nor
+    artist, but fond of hearing music and I admire works of art.
+
+    "In person I am 6 feet high, inclined to fat; my body is very
+    strong; my penis is six inches long in repose and eight in
+    erection; I can without fatigue discharge twice in the night and
+    have connection at least twice a week. My scrotum is tense and
+    both testicles large. I am rather slow at discharging. I have
+    never had any desire to have connection with any other woman
+    since marriage, but several times I have met men who attracted
+    me. I have a friend (another doctor) who is very familiar with me
+    and if we spend a night together we will play with each other. I
+    have a great desire for him to circumcize me. We have never
+    indulged in anything beyond feeling or pressing our bodies
+    together like schoolboys.
+
+    "My favorite color is green.
+
+    "My erotic dreams, when I have any, are of my wife or of a male
+    lover.
+
+    "Sexual inversion is more widespread than is popularly supposed
+    and I have never had any twinge of conscience after any of my
+    affairs. I regard the homosexual instinct as quite natural, and,
+    except in regard to my wife, it is stronger in my case than the
+    heterosexual instinct. I have never initiated a youth into the
+    sexual life or had any desire to seduce a girl. Boys under 17, or
+    persons of lower social class, have no attraction for me."
+
+
+    HISTORY XXXIII.--M.O., 30 years of age, born in the United
+    States, of English father and of mother whose father was
+    Scotch,--the rest of his ancestry being English of long standing
+    in America, with a very little admixture of Dutch blood. He is 5
+    feet 8 inches in height, and has brown hair and eyes. No
+    hereditary troubles so far as known. In childhood, for some time
+    "threatened with chorea." Is subject to tonsillitis and a
+    stubborn though not severe form of indigestion, induced by
+    sedentary habits. He is of quick, nervous temperament. Has an
+    aversion from most outdoor sports, but a great esthetic
+    attraction to nature. Highly educated.
+
+    As far back as he can remember, he lived in a house from which
+    his parents removed when he was 4 years old. Before this removal,
+    he remembers two distinctly sexual experiences. A cousin five
+    years older was in the bathroom, seated, and M.O. was feeling his
+    sexual organs; his mother called him out. On another occasion he
+    was in a wagonhouse with a girl of his own age. They were lying
+    on a carriage-seat attempting intercourse. The girl's older
+    sister came in and found them. She said: "I am going to tell
+    mamma; you know she said for you not to do that any more." With
+    each of these clear memories comes the strong impression that it
+    was but one among many. Five years ago M.O. met a man of his own
+    age who had lived in that neighborhood at the same time.
+    Comparing notes, they found that nearly all the small children in
+    it had been given to such practices. The neighborhood was a
+    thoroughly "respectable" middle-class one.
+
+    From it, M.O. removed to another of just about the same
+    character, and lived there until he was 11 years old. Of this
+    period his memories are very fresh and abundant. With a single
+    exception, all the children between 5 and 14 years of age appear
+    to have indulged freely in promiscuous sexual play. In little
+    companies of from four to twelve they went where trees or long
+    grass hid them from observation, and exhibited their persons to
+    one another; sometimes, also, they handled one another, but not
+    in the way of masturbation. Of this last, M.O. was wholly
+    ignorant. Sometimes when but two or three were together,
+    intercourse was attempted. In M.O.'s case there was eager sexual
+    curiosity, and a more or less keen desire, but actual contact
+    brought no great satisfaction. On two or three occasions girls
+    practised _fellatio_, and he then reciprocated with
+    _cunnilinctus_, but without pleasure. In all these plays he is
+    sure that girls took the initiative as often as boys did.
+
+    During all this period, M.O. had now one girl sweetheart and now
+    another. This was conventional among the children, and was
+    fostered by the banter of older persons. M.O.'s sexual curiosity
+    was certainly greater in regard to the opposite sex. At this
+    time, however, his homosexual interests appeared. With a boy two
+    or more years older he frequently went to some hiding-place where
+    they looked at each other's organs and handled them. He and
+    another boy were once in an abandoned garden, and they took off
+    all their clothes, the better to examine each other. The other
+    boy then offered to kiss M.O.'s fundament, and did so. It caused
+    a surprisingly keen and distinctly sexual sensation, the first
+    sexual shock that he can remember experiencing. He refused to
+    reciprocate, however, when asked.
+
+    Toward the end of this period there was a new and increasing
+    development of another sort, not recognized then as at all sexual
+    in character. He began to feel toward certain boys in a way very
+    different and much keener than he had done thus far toward girls,
+    although at the time he made no comparisons. For instance there
+    was a boy whom he considered very pretty. They visited each other
+    often and spent long times playing together. In school they
+    looked and looked at each other until delicious, uncontrollable
+    giggling spells came on. Sexual matters were never discussed or
+    thought of. These experiences were, in their way, very
+    sentimental and ideal. M.O. is sure that with himself the main
+    consideration was always the other boy's beauty. He began to
+    recall with great fondness a certain much older and very handsome
+    youth who had lived near him in the first neighborhood, and had
+    at the time shown him, various little friendly attentions. He
+    seldom saw him now, and hardly sought to do so, yet was immensely
+    pleased by a casual word or look from him in the schoolyard, and
+    much interested when other people spoke of him.
+
+    A cousin about two years younger than M.O. often visited him and
+    slept with him. They were very fond of each other, and handled
+    each other's organs.
+
+    When M.O. was about 11 years of age the family removed to a
+    distant neighborhood, where there were almost no children of his
+    own age, and where any association with those in the one just
+    left was practically impossible. From this time until the changes
+    of puberty were well under way his sexual life contrasted
+    strongly, in its solitude, with the former promiscuity. He
+    remembers liking to wrestle with two or three schoolboys and to
+    get their heads between his legs. He thinks they were not aware
+    of his sexual impulses. He flirted, consciously flirted, with
+    certain school-girls, but never even suggested anything sexual to
+    them. He read a few family medical books.
+
+    One day, lying on an old uneven couch, innocently enough at
+    first, he induced a new and delicious sensation, altogether
+    different from any he had ever dreamed of--something far beyond
+    the satisfaction of mere curiosity. He repeated the thing and
+    before long produced emissions. Masturbation soon followed.
+    Certain days he would perform the act two or three times, but
+    again he would avoid it for days. He began at once to fight the
+    tendency, and felt very guilty and very ashamed for indulging it.
+    He prayed for help and at times wept over his failures to break
+    the habit so quickly formed. For a certain period, after two or
+    three years, he seemed to have succeeded, but he observed that he
+    had intense erotic dreams with copious emissions regularly every
+    eight days. Just then certain newspaper advertisements fell under
+    his eye, and these persuaded him that he had produced in himself
+    a diseased condition. He never resorted to the remedies
+    advertised, but he was discouraged in his efforts to overcome the
+    bad habit; and since the evil effects appeared to consist only in
+    the seminal losses, he concluded that he might as well have the
+    greater enjoyment of masturbation.
+
+    For a short time, he remembers that he had an intense but
+    revolting interest in the sexual organs of animals, especially
+    horses. The males were much more interesting.
+
+    Gradually he began to develop, entirely from within, the ideal of
+    a male comrade,--a beautiful, emotional boy between whom and
+    himself there might exist a powerful romantic passion. He lay for
+    hours dreaming of this, and inventing thrilling situations.
+    Suddenly, at church, he became acquainted with the very youth,
+    Edmund, who seemed to satisfy all his longings. M.O. was then 16½
+    and Edmund 15. A real wooing ensued, Edmund finally yielding to
+    the physical appeals of M.O. after several fits of misgiving. The
+    yielding was in the end complete, however. The two spent night
+    after night together, enjoying intercrural intercourse and
+    sometimes mutual masturbation. Their parents may have been
+    slightly uneasy at times, but the connection continued
+    uninterruptedly for a year and a half or more. In the meantime
+    M.O. occasionally had relations with other boys, but never
+    wavered in his real preference for Edmund. For girls he had no
+    sexual desire whatever, though he was much associated with them.
+
+    Then M.O. and Edmund went to college at different places, but
+    they met in vacations and wrote frequent and ardent love-letters.
+    Both had genuine attacks of love-sickness and of jealousy. As
+    M.O. looks back on this first love passion he can by no means
+    regret it. It doubtless had great formative influence.
+
+    After the first year at college, Edmund transferred to another
+    school farther away from M.O. and the opportunities for meeting
+    became rarer, but their affection was maintained and the
+    intercourse resumed whenever it was possible. Gradually, however,
+    Edmund became interested in women and finally married. M.O. also
+    formed relations repeatedly with college friends and occasionally
+    with others.
+
+    On the whole M.O. preferred boys a year or two younger than
+    himself, but as he grew older the age difference increased. At 30
+    he regarded himself as virtually "engaged" to a youth of 17, one
+    unusually mature, however, and much larger than himself.
+
+    M.O. is always unhappy unless his affections have fairly free
+    course. Life has been very disappointing to him in other
+    respects. His greatest joys have come to him in this way. If he
+    is able to consummate his present plan of union with the youth
+    just referred to, he will feel that his life has been crowned by
+    what is for him the best possible end; otherwise, he declares, he
+    would not care to live at all.
+
+    He admires male beauty passionately. Feminine beauty he perceives
+    objectively, as he would any design of flowing curves and
+    delicate coloring, but it has no sexual charm for him whatever.
+    Women have put themselves in his way repeatedly, but he finds
+    himself more and more irritated by their specifically feminine
+    foibles. With men generally he is much more patient and
+    sympathetic.
+
+    The first literature that appealed to him was Plato's dialogues,
+    first read at 20 years of age. Until then he had not known but
+    what he stood alone in his peculiarity. He read what he could of
+    classic literature. He enjoys Pater, appreciating his attitude
+    toward his own sex. Four or five years, later he came across
+    Raffalovich's book, and ever since has felt a real debt of
+    gratitude to its author.
+
+    M.O. has no wish to injure society at large. As an individual he
+    holds that he has the same right to be himself that anyone else
+    has. He thinks that while boys of from 13 to 15 might possibly be
+    rendered inverts, those who reach 16 without it cannot be bent
+    that way. They may be devoted to an invert enough in other ways
+    to yield him what he wishes sexually, but they will remain
+    essentially normal themselves. His observations are based on
+    about 30 homosexual relationships that have lasted various
+    lengths of time.
+
+    M.O. feels strongly the poetic and elevated character of his
+    principal homosexual relationships, but he shrinks from appearing
+    too sentimental.
+
+    With regard to the traces of feminism in inverts he writes:--
+
+    "Up to the age of 11 I associated much with a cousin five years
+    older (the one referred to above) and took great delight in a
+    game we often played, in which I was a girl,--a never-ending
+    romance, a non-sexual love story.
+
+    "Somewhat later and until puberty, I took great delight in
+    acting, but generally took female roles, wearing skirts, shawls,
+    beads, wigs, head-dresses. When I was about 13 my family began to
+    make fun of me for it. I played secretly for a while, and then
+    the desire for it left, never to return.
+
+    "There still lingers, however, a minor interest, which began
+    before puberty, in valentines. My feeling for them is much like
+    my feeling for flowers.
+
+    "Before I reached puberty I was sometimes called a 'sissy' by my
+    father. Such taunts humiliated me more than anything else has
+    ever done. After puberty my father no longer applied the term,
+    and gradually other persons ceased to tease me that way. The
+    sting of it lasted, though, and led me more than once to ask
+    intimate friends, both men and women, if they considered me at
+    all feminine. Every one of them has been very emphatically of the
+    opinion that my rational life is distinctively masculine, being
+    logical, impartial, skeptical. One or two have suggested that I
+    have a finer discrimination than most men, and that I take care
+    of my rooms somewhat as a woman might, though this does not
+    extend to the style of decorations. One man said that I lacked
+    sympathy with certain 'grosser manifestations of masculine
+    character, such as smoking.' Some women think me unusually
+    observing of women's dress. My own is by no means effeminate. In
+    a muscular way I have average strength, but am supple far beyond
+    what is usual. If trained for it early, I believe I would have
+    made a good contortionist.
+
+    "I have never had the least inclination to use tobacco, generally
+    take neither tea nor coffee, and seldom any liquor, never malt
+    liquors. The dessert is always the best part of the meal. These
+    tastes I attribute largely to my sedentary life. When out camping
+    I observed a marked change in the direction of heartier food and
+    mild stimulants.
+
+    "My physical courage has never been put to the test, but I
+    observe that others appear to count on it. I am very aggressive
+    in matters of religious, political, social opinion. In moral
+    courage I am either reckless or courageous, I do not know which.
+
+    "I am, perhaps, a better whistler than most men.
+
+    "When I was quite little my grandmother taught me to do certain
+    kinds of fancy-work, and I continued to do a little from time to
+    time until I was 24. Then I became irritated over a piece that
+    troubled me, put it in the fire, and have not wanted to touch any
+    since. As a pet economy I continue to do nearly all of my own
+    mending.
+
+    "I have a decided aversion for much jewelry. My estheticism is
+    very pronounced as compared with most of the men with whom I
+    associate, although I have never been able to give it much scope.
+    It makes for cleanliness, order, and general good taste. My dress
+    is economical and by no means fastidious; yet it seems to be
+    generally approved. I have been complimented often on my ability
+    to select appropriate presents, clothing, and to arrange a room."
+
+    M.O. states that he practises the love-bite at times, though very
+    gently. He often wants to pinch one who interests him sexually.
+
+    He considers very silly the statement somewhere made, that
+    inverts are always liars. Very few people, he says, are perfectly
+    honest, and the more dangerous society makes it for a man to be
+    so, the less likely he is to be. While he himself has been unable
+    in two or three instances to keep promises made to withhold from
+    sexual intercourse with certain attractive individuals, he has
+    never otherwise been guilty of untruth about his homosexual
+    relations.
+
+    The foregoing narrative was received eight years ago. During this
+    interval M.O.'s health has very greatly improved. There has been
+    a marked increase in outdoor activities and interests.
+
+    Two years since M.O. consulted a prominent specialist who
+    performed a thorough psychoanalysis. He informed M.O. that he
+    was less strongly homosexual than he himself supposed, and
+    recommended marriage with some young and pretty woman. He
+    attributed the homosexual bent to M.O.'s having had his "nose
+    broken" at the age of 6, by the birth of a younger brother, who
+    from that time on received all the attention and petting. M.O.
+    had continued up to that age very affectionate toward his mother
+    and dependent on her. He can remember friends and neighbors
+    commenting on it. At first M.O. was inclined to reject this
+    suggestion of the specialist, but on long reflection he inclines
+    to believe that it was indeed a very important factor, though not
+    the sole one. From his later observations of children and
+    comparisons of these with memories of his own childhood, M.O.
+    says he is sure he was affectionate and demonstrative much beyond
+    the average. His greatest craving was for affection, and his
+    greatest grief the fancied belief that no one cared for him. At
+    10 or 11 he attempted suicide for this reason.
+
+    Also as a result of the psychoanalysis, but trying to eliminate
+    the influence of suggestion, he recollects and emphasizes more
+    the attraction he felt toward girls before the age of 12. Had his
+    sexual experiences subsequently proved normal, he doubts if those
+    before 12 could be held to give evidence of homosexuality, but
+    only of precocious nervous and sexual irritability, greatly
+    heightened and directed by the secret practices of the children
+    with whom he associated. He does not see why these experiences
+    should have given him a homosexual bent any more than a
+    heterosexual one.
+
+    The psychoanalysis recalled to M.O. that during the period of
+    early flirtation he had often kissed and embraced various girls,
+    but likewise he recalled having observed at the same time, with
+    some surprise, that no definitely sexual desire arose, though the
+    way was probably open to gratify it. Such interest as did exist
+    ceased wholly or almost so as the relation with Edmund developed.
+    There was no aversion from the company of girls and women,
+    however; the intellectual friendships were mainly with them,
+    while the emotional ones were with boys.
+
+    Very recently M.O. spent several days with Edmund, who has been
+    married for several years. With absolutely no sexual interest in
+    each other, they nevertheless found a great bond of love still
+    subsisting. Neither regrets anything of the past, but feels that
+    the final outcome of their earlier relation has been good.
+    Edmund's beauty is still pronounced, and is remarked by others.
+
+    In spite of his precocious sexuality, M.O. had from the very
+    first an extreme disgust for obscene stories, and for any
+    association of sexual things with filthy words and anecdotes.
+    Owing in part to this and in part to his temperamental
+    skepticism, he disbelieved what associates told him regarding
+    sexual emissions, only becoming convinced when he actually
+    experienced them; and the facts of reproduction he denied
+    indignantly until he read them in a medical work. Until he was
+    well over 25 the physical aversion from any thought of
+    reproduction was intense. He knows other, normal, young men who
+    have felt the same way, but he believes it would be prevented or
+    overcome by sex-education such as is now being introduced in
+    American schools.
+
+    Again, as to traces of feminism: Perhaps two years ago, all
+    impulse to give the love-bite disappeared suddenly. There has
+    been lately a marked increase of dramatic interest, arising in
+    perfectly natural ways, and without any of the peculiarities
+    noted before. The childish pleasure in valentines has all gone;
+    M.O. believes that _circumstances_ have lately been more
+    favorable for the development of a more robust estheticism.
+
+    For some years he has heard no definite reproach for feminism,
+    though some persons tell his friends that he is "very peculiar."
+    He forms many intimate, enduring, non-sexual friendships with
+    both men and women, and he doubts if the peculiarity noted by
+    others is due so much to his homosexuality as it is to his
+    estheticism, skepticism, and the unconventional opinions which he
+    expresses quite indiscreetly at times. With the improvement in
+    general health, has come the changes that would be expected in
+    food and other matters of daily life.
+
+    Resuming his narrative at the point where the earlier
+    communication left it, M.O. says that about a year after that
+    time, the youth of 17 to whom he had considered himself virtually
+    engaged withdrew from the agreement so far as it bore on his own
+    future, but not from the sentimental relation as it existed.
+    Although separated most of the time by distance, the physical
+    relation was resumed whenever they met. Subsequently, however,
+    the young man fell in love with a young woman and became engaged
+    to her. His physical relation with M.O. then ceased, but the
+    friendship otherwise continues strong.
+
+    Shortly after the first break in this relation, M.O. became,
+    through the force of quite unusual circumstances, very friendly
+    and intimate with a young woman of considerable charm. He
+    confided to her his abnormality, and was not repulsed. To others
+    their relation probably appeared that of lovers, and a painful
+    situation was created by the slander of a jealous woman. M.O.
+    felt that in honor he must propose marriage to her. The young
+    woman was non-committal, but invited M.O. to spend several months
+    at her home. Shortly after his arrival a sad occurrence in his
+    own family compelled him to go away, and they did not meet again
+    for four years. They corresponded, but less and less often. His
+    relations with boys continued.
+
+    Before his final meeting with her he became acquainted with a
+    woman whom he has since married. The acquaintance began in a
+    wholly non-sentimental community of interests in certain
+    practical affairs, and very gradually widened into an
+    intellectual and sympathetic friendship. M.O. had no secrets from
+    this woman. After a full and prolonged consideration of all sides
+    of the matter they married. Since that event he has had no sexual
+    relations except with his wife. With her they are not passionate,
+    but they are animated by the strong desire for children. Of the
+    parental instinct he had become aware several years before this.
+
+    M.O. believes that no moral stigma should be attached to
+    homosexuality until it can be proved to result from the vicious
+    life of a free moral agent,--and of this he has no expectation.
+    He believes that much of its danger and unhappiness would be
+    prevented by a thorough yet discreet sex-education, such as
+    should be given to all children, whether normal or abnormal.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[124] Thus Godard described the little boys in Cairo as amusing themselves
+indifferently either with boys or girls in sexual play. (_Egypte et
+Palestine_, 1867, p. 105.) The same thing may be observed in England and
+elsewhere.
+
+[125] Thus, of the Duc d'Orleans, in the seventeenth century, as described
+in Bouchard's _Confessions_, one of my correspondents writes: "This prince
+was of the same mind as Campanella, who, in the _Città del Sole_, laid it
+down that young men ought to be freely admitted to women for the avoidance
+of sexual aberrations. Aretino and Berni enable us to comprehend the
+sexual immorality of males congregated together in the courts of Roman
+prelates." The homosexuality of youth was also well recognized among the
+Romans, but they adopted the contrary course and provided means to gratify
+it, as the existence of the _concubinus_, referred to by Catullus, clearly
+shows.
+
+[126] "Our Public Schools: their Methods and Morals." _New Review_, July,
+1893.
+
+[127] Max Dessoir, "Zür Psychologie der Vita Sexualis," _Allgemeine
+Zeitschrift für Psychiatrie_, 1894, H. 5.
+
+[128] F.H.A. Marshall, _The Physiology of Reproduction_, 1910, pp. 650-8.
+
+[129] Iwan Bloch, in _The Sexual Life of Our Time_, makes this distinction
+as between "homosexuality" (corresponding to inversion) and
+"pseudo-homosexuality." According to the terminology I have accepted, the
+term "pseudo-homosexuality" would be unnecessary and incorrect. More
+recently (_Die Prostitution_, Bd. i, 1912, p. 103) Bloch has preferred, in
+place of pseudo-homosexuality, the more satisfactory term, "secondary
+homosexuality."
+
+[130] See, for instance, Hirschfeld's reasonable discussion of the matter,
+_Die Homosexualität_, ch. xvii.
+
+[131] Alfred Fuchs, who edited Krafft-Ebing's _Psychopathia Sexualis_
+after the latter's death, distinguishes between congenital homosexuality,
+manifesting itself from the first without external stimulation, and
+homosexuality on a basis of inborn disposition needing special external
+influences to arouse it (_Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen_, Bd. iv,
+1902, p. 181).
+
+[132] Krafft-Ebing, "Ueber tardive Homosexualität," _Jahrbuch für sexuelle
+Zwischenstufen_, Bd. iii, 1901, p. 7; Näcke, "Probleme auf den Gebiete der
+Homosexualität," _Allgemeine Zeitschrift für Psychiatrie_, 1902, p. 805;
+ib., "Ueber tardive Homosexualität," _Sexual-Probleme_, September, 1911.
+Numa Praetorius (_Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen_, January, 1913, p.
+228) considers that retarded cases should not be regarded as bisexual, but
+as genuine inverts who had acquired a pseudoheterosexuality which at last
+falls away; at the most, he believes such cases merely represent a
+prolongation of the youthful undifferentiated period.
+
+[133] Moll, _Untersuchungen über die Libido Sexualis_, 1897, pp, 458-8.
+
+[134] Hirschfeld, _Die Homosexualität_, ch. viii.
+
+[135] This was the term used in the earlier editions of the present
+_Study_. I willingly reject it in favor of the simpler and fairly clear
+term now more generally employed. It is true that by bisexuality it is
+possible to understand not only the double direction of the sexual
+instinct, but also the presence of both sexes in the same individual,
+which in French is more accurately distinguished as "bisexuation."
+
+[136] J. Van Biervliet, "L'Homme Droit et l'Homme Gauche," _Revue
+Philosophique_, October, 1901. It is here shown that in the constitution
+of their nervous system the ambidextrous are demonstrably left-sided
+persons; their optic, acoustic, olfactory, and muscular sensitivity is
+preponderant on the left side.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+SEXUAL INVERSION IN WOMEN.
+
+Prevalence of Sexual Inversion Among Women--Among Women of
+Ability--Among the Lower Races--Temporary Homosexuality in Schools,
+etc.--Histories--Physical and Psychic Characteristics of Inverted
+Women--The Modern Development of Homosexuality Among Women.
+
+
+Homosexuality is not less common in women than in men. In the seriocomic
+theory of sex set forth by Aristophanes in Plato's _Symposium_, males and
+females are placed on a footing of complete equality, and, however
+fantastic, the theory suffices to indicate that to the Greek mind, so
+familiar with homosexuality, its manifestations seemed just as likely to
+occur in women as in men. That is undoubtedly the case. Like other
+anomalies, indeed, in its more pronounced forms it may be less frequently
+met with in women; in its less pronounced forms, almost certainly, it is
+more frequently found. A Catholic confessor, a friend tells me, informed
+him that for one man who acknowledges homosexual practices there are three
+women. For the most part feminine homosexuality runs everywhere a parallel
+course to masculine homosexuality and is found under the same conditions.
+It is as common in girls as in boys; it has been found, under certain
+conditions, to abound among women in colleges and convents and prisons, as
+well as under the ordinary conditions of society. Perhaps the earliest
+case of homosexuality recorded in detail occurred in a woman,[137] and it
+was with the investigation of such a case in a woman that Westphal may be
+said to have inaugurated the scientific study of inversion.
+
+Moreover, inversion is as likely to be accompanied by high intellectual
+ability in a woman as in a man. The importance of a clear conception of
+inversion is indeed in some respects, under present social conditions,
+really even greater in the case of women than of men. For if, as has
+sometimes been said of our civilization, "this is a man's world," the
+large proportion of able women inverts, whose masculine qualities render
+it comparatively easy for them to adopt masculine avocations, becomes a
+highly significant fact.[138]
+
+It has been noted of distinguished women in all ages and in all fields of
+activity that they have frequently displayed some masculine traits.[139]
+Even "the first great woman in history," as she has been called by a
+historian of Egypt, Queen Hatschepsu, was clearly of markedly virile
+temperament, and always had herself represented on her monuments in
+masculine costume, and even with a false beard.[140] Other famous queens
+have on more or less satisfactory grounds been suspected of a homosexual
+temperament, such as Catherine II of Russia, who appears to have been
+bisexual, and Queen Christina of Sweden, whose very marked masculine
+traits and high intelligence seem to have been combined with a definitely
+homosexual or bisexual temperament.[141]
+
+Great religious and moral leaders, like Madame Blavatsky and Louise
+Michel, have been either homosexual or bisexual or, at least, of
+pronounced masculine temperament.[142] Great actresses from the eighteenth
+century onward have frequently been more or less correctly identified with
+homosexuality, as also many women distinguished in other arts.[143] Above
+all, Sappho, the greatest of women poets, the peer of the greatest poets
+of the other sex in the supreme power of uniting art and passion, has left
+a name which is permanently associated with homosexuality.
+
+    It can scarcely be said that opinion is unanimous in regard to
+    Sappho, and the reliable information about her, outside the
+    evidence of the fragments of her poems which have reached us, is
+    scanty. Her fame has always been great; in classic times her name
+    was coupled with Homer's. But even to antiquity she was somewhat
+    of an enigma, and many legends grew up around her name, such as
+    the familiar story that she threw herself into the sea for the
+    love of Phaon. What remains clear is that she was regarded with
+    great respect and admiration by her contemporaries, that she was
+    of aristocratic family, that she was probably married and had a
+    daughter, that at one time she had to take her part in political
+    exile, and that she addressed her girl friends in precisely
+    similar terms to those addressed by Alcaeus to youths. We know
+    that in antiquity feminine homosexuality was regarded as
+    especially common in Sparta, Lesbos, and Miletus. Horace, who was
+    able to read Sappho's complete poems, states that the objects of
+    her love-plaints were the young girls of Lesbos, while Ovid, who
+    played so considerable a part in weaving fantastic stories round
+    Sappho's name, never claimed that they had any basis of truth. It
+    was inevitable that the early Christians should eagerly attack so
+    ambiguous a figure, and Tatian (_Oratio ad Graecos_, cap. 52)
+    reproached the Greeks that they honored statues of the tribade
+    Sappho, a prostitute who had celebrated her own wantonness and
+    infatuation. The result is that in modern times there have been
+    some who placed Sappho's character in a very bad light and others
+    who have gone to the opposite extreme in an attempt at
+    "rehabilitation." Thus, W. Mure, in his _History of the Language
+    and Literature of Ancient Greece_ (1854, vol. iii, pp. 272-326,
+    496-8), dealing very fully with Sappho, is disposed to accept
+    many of the worst stories about her, though he has no pronounced
+    animus, and, as regards female homosexuality, which he considers
+    to be "far more venial" than male homosexuality, he remarks that
+    "in modern times it has numbered among its votaries females
+    distinguished for refinement of manners and elegant
+    accomplishments." Bascoul, on the other hand, will accept no
+    statements about Sappho which conflict with modern ideals of
+    complete respectability, and even seeks to rewrite her most
+    famous ode in accordance with the colorless literary sense which
+    he supposes that it originally bore (J.M.F. Bascoul, _La Chaste
+    Sappho et le Mouvement Feministe à Athènes_, 1911).
+    Wilamowitz-Moellendorff (_Sappho und Simonides_, 1913) also
+    represents the antiquated view, formerly championed by Welcker,
+    according to which the attribution of homosexuality is a charge
+    of "vice," to be repudiated with indignation. Most competent and
+    reliable authorities today, however, while rejecting the
+    accretions of legend around Sappho's name and not disputing her
+    claim to respect, are not disposed to question the personal and
+    homosexual character of her poems. "All ancient tradition and the
+    character of her extant fragments," says Prof. J.A. Platt
+    (_Encyclopedia Britannica_, 11th. ed., art. "Sappho"), "show that
+    her morality was what has ever since been known as 'Lesbian.'"
+    What exactly that "Lesbian morality" involved, we cannot indeed
+    exactly ascertain. "It is altogether idle," as A. Croiset remarks
+    of Sappho (_Histoire de la Littérature Grecque_, vol. ii, ch. v),
+    "to discuss the exact quality of this friendship or this love, or
+    to seek to determine with precision the frontiers, which language
+    itself often seems to seek to confuse, of a friendship more or
+    less esthetic and sensual, of a love more or less Platonic." (See
+    also J.M. Edmonds, _Sappho in the Added Light of the New
+    Fragments_, 1912). Iwan Bloch similarly concludes (_Ursprung der
+    Syphilis_, vol. ii, 1911, p. 507) that Sappho probably combined,
+    as modern investigation shows to be easily possible, lofty ideal
+    feelings with passionate sensuality, exactly as happens in normal
+    love.
+
+It must also be said that in literature homosexuality in women has
+furnished a much more frequent motive to the artist than homosexuality in
+men. Among the Greeks, indeed, homosexuality in women seldom receives
+literary consecration, and in the revival of the classical spirit at the
+Renaissance it was still chiefly in male adolescents, as we see, for
+instance, in Marino's _Adone_, that the homosexual ideal found expression.
+After that date male inversion was for a long period rarely touched in
+literature, save briefly and satirically, while inversion in women
+becomes a subject which might be treated in detail and even with
+complacence. Many poets and novelists, especially in France, might be
+cited in evidence.
+
+    Ariosto, it has been pointed out, has described the homosexual
+    attractions of women. Diderot's famous novel, _La Religieuse_,
+    which, when first published, was thought to have been actually
+    written by a nun, deals with the torture to which a nun was put
+    by the perverse lubricity of her abbess, for whom, it is said,
+    Diderot found a model in the Abbess of Chelles, a daughter of the
+    Regent and thus a member of a family which for several
+    generations showed a marked tendency to inversion. Diderot's
+    narrative has been described as a faithful description of the
+    homosexual phenomena liable to occur in convents. Feminine
+    homosexuality, especially in convents, was often touched on less
+    seriously in the eighteenth century. Thus we find a homosexual
+    scene in _Les Plaisirs du Cloître_, a play written in 1773 (_Le
+    Théâtre d'Amour an XVIIIe Siècle_, 1910.) Balzac, who treated so
+    many psychological aspects of love in a more or less veiled
+    manner, has touched on this in _La Fille aux Yeux d'Or_, in a
+    vague and extravagantly romantic fashion. Gautier made the
+    adventures of a woman who was predisposed to homosexuality, and
+    slowly realizes the fact, the central motive of his wonderful
+    romance, _Mademoiselle de Maupin_ (1835). He approached the
+    subject purely as an artist and poet, but his handling of it
+    shows remarkable insight. Gautier based his romance to some
+    extent on the life of Madame Maupin or, as she preferred to call
+    herself, Mademoiselle Maupin, who was born in 1673 (her father's
+    name being d'Aubigny), dressed as a man, and became famous as a
+    teacher of fencing, afterward as an opera singer. She was
+    apparently of bisexual temperament, and her devotion to women led
+    her into various adventures. She ultimately entered a convent,
+    and died, at the age of 34, with a reputation for sanctity. (E.C.
+    Clayton, _Queens of Song_, vol. i, pp, 52-61; F. Karsch,
+    "Mademoiselle Maupin," _Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen_,
+    vol. v, 1903, pp. 694-706.) A still greater writer, Flaubert, in
+    _Salammbô_ (1862) made his heroine homosexual. Zola has described
+    sexual inversion in _Nona_ and elsewhere. Some thirty years ago a
+    popular novelist, A. Belot, published a novel called
+    _Mademoiselle Giraud, ma Femme_, which was much read; the
+    novelist took the attitude of a moralist who is bound to treat
+    frankly, but with all decorous propriety, a subject of increasing
+    social gravity. The story is that of a man whose bride will not
+    allow his approach on account of her own _liaison_ with a female
+    friend continued after marriage. This book appears to have given
+    origin to a large number of novels, some of which touched the
+    question with considerable less affectation of propriety. Among
+    other novelists who have dealt with the matter may be mentioned
+    Guy de Maupassant (_La Femme de Paul_), Bourget (_Crime
+    d'Amour_), Catulle Mendès (_Méphistophéla_), and Willy in the
+    _Claudine_ series.
+
+    Among poets who have used the motive of homosexuality in women
+    with more or less boldness may be found Lamartine (_Regina_),
+    Swinburne (first series of _Poems and Ballads_), Verlaine
+    (_Parallèlement_), and Pierre Louys (_Chansons de Bilitis_). The
+    last-named book, a collection of homosexual prose-poems,
+    attracted considerable attention on publication, as it was an
+    attempt at mystification, being put forward as a translation of
+    the poems of a newly discovered Oriental Greek poetess; Bilitis
+    (more usually Beltis) is the Syrian name for Aphrodite. _Les
+    Chansons de Bilitis_ are not without charm, but have been
+    severely dealt with by Wilamowitz-Moellendorff (_Sappho und
+    Simonides_, 1913, p. 63 et seq.) as "a travesty of Hellenism,"
+    betraying inadequate knowledge of Greek antiquity.
+
+    More interesting, as the work of a woman who was not only highly
+    gifted, but herself of homosexual temperament, are the various
+    volumes of poems published by "Renée Vivien." This lady, whose
+    real name was Pauline Tarn, was born in 1877; her father was of
+    Scotch descent, and her mother an American lady from Honolulu. As
+    a child she was taken to Paris, and was brought up as a French
+    girl. She travelled much and at one time took a house at
+    Mitylene, the chief city of ancient Lesbos. She had a love of
+    solitude, hated publicity, and was devoted to her women friends,
+    especially to one whose early death about 1900 was the great
+    sorrow of Pauline Tarn's life. She is described as very
+    beautiful, very simple and sweet-natured, and highly accomplished
+    in many directions. She suffered, however, from nervous
+    overtension and incurable melancholy. Toward the close of her
+    life she was converted to Catholicism and died in 1909, at the
+    age of 32. She is buried in the cemetery at Passy. Her best verse
+    is by some considered among the finest in the French language.
+    (Charles Brun, "Pauline Tarn," _Notes and Queries_, 22 Aug.,
+    1914; the same writer, who knew her well, has also written a
+    pamphlet, _Renée Vivien_, Sansot, Paris, 1911.) Her chief volumes
+    of poems are _Etudes et Preludes_ (1901), _Cendres et Poussières_
+    (1902), _Evocations_ (1903). A novel, _Une Femme M'Apparut_
+    (1904), is said to be to some extent autobiographical. "Renée
+    Vivien" also wrote a volume on Sappho with translations, and a
+    further volume of poems, _Les Kitharèdes_, suggested by the
+    fragments which remain of the minor women poets of Greece,
+    followers of Sappho.
+
+It is, moreover, noteworthy that a remarkably large proportion of the
+cases in which homosexuality has led to crimes of violence, or otherwise
+come under medico-legal observation, has been among women. It is well
+know that the part taken by women generally in open criminality, and
+especially in crimes of violence, is small as compared with men.[144] In
+the homosexual field, as we might have anticipated, the conditions are to
+some extent reversed. Inverted men, in whom a more or less feminine
+temperament is so often found, are rarely impelled to acts of aggressive
+violence, though they frequently commit suicide. Inverted women, who may
+retain their feminine emotionality combined with some degree of infantile
+impulsiveness and masculine energy, present a favorable soil for the seeds
+of passional crime, under those conditions of jealousy and allied emotions
+which must so often enter into the invert's life.
+
+    The first conspicuous example of this tendency in recent times is
+    the Memphis case (1892) in the United States. (Arthur Macdonald,
+    "Observation de Sexualité Pathologique Feminine," _Archives
+    d'Anthropologie Criminelle_, May, 1895; see also Krafft-Ebing,
+    _Psychopathia Sexualis_, Eng. trans, of 10th ed., p. 550.) In
+    this case a congenital sexual invert, Alice Mitchell, planned a
+    marriage with Freda Ward, taking a male-name and costume. This
+    scheme was frustrated by Freda's sister, and Alice Mitchell then
+    cut Freda's throat. There is no reason to suppose that she was
+    insane at the time of the murder. She was a typical invert of a
+    very pronounced kind. Her mother had been insane and had
+    homicidal impulses. She herself was considered unbalanced, and
+    was masculine in her habits from her earliest years. Her face was
+    obviously unsymmetrical and she had an appearance of youthfulness
+    below her age. She was not vicious, and had little knowledge of
+    sexual matters, but when she kissed Freda she was ashamed of
+    being seen, while Freda could see no reason for being ashamed.
+    She was adjudged insane.
+
+    There have been numerous cases in America more recently. One case
+    (for some details concerning which I am indebted to Dr. J.G.
+    Kiernan, of Chicago) is that of the "Tiller Sisters," two
+    quintroons, who for many years had acted together under that name
+    in cheap theaters. One, who was an invert, with a horror of men
+    dating from early girlhood, was sexually attached to the other,
+    who was without inborn inversion, and was eventually induced by a
+    man to leave the invert. The latter, overcome by jealousy, broke
+    into the apartment of the couple and shot the man dead. She was
+    tried, and sent to prison for life. A defense of insanity was
+    made, but for this there was no evidence. In another case, also
+    occurring in Chicago (reported in _Medicine_, June, 1899, and
+    _Alienist and Neurologist_, October, 1899), a trained nurse lived
+    for fourteen years with a young woman who left her on four
+    different occasions, but was each time induced to return;
+    finally, however, she left and married, whereupon the nurse shot
+    the husband, who was not, however, fatally wounded. The culprit
+    in this case had been twice married, but had not lived with
+    either of her husbands; it was stated that her mother had died in
+    an asylum, and that her brother had committed suicide. She was
+    charged with disorderly conduct, and subjected to a fine.
+
+    In another later case in Chicago a Russian girl of 22, named Anna
+    Rubinowitch, shot from motives of jealousy another Russian girl
+    to whom she had been devoted from childhood, and then fatally
+    shot herself. The relations between the two girls had been very
+    intimate. "Our love affair is one purely of the soul," Anna
+    Rubinowitch was accustomed to say; "we love each other on a
+    higher plane than that of earth." (I am informed that there were
+    in fact physical relationships; the sexual organs were normal.)
+    This continued, with great devotion on each side, until Anna's
+    "sweetheart" began to show herself susceptible to the advances of
+    a male wooer. This aroused uncontrollable jealousy in Anna, whose
+    father, it may be noted, had committed suicide by shooting some
+    years previously.
+
+    Homosexual relationships are also a cause of suicide among women.
+    Such a case was reported in Massachusetts early in 1901. A girl
+    of 21 had been tended during a period of nervous prostration,
+    apparently of hysterical nature, by a friend and neighbor,
+    fourteen years her senior, married and having children. An
+    intimate friendship grew up, equally ardent on both sides. The
+    mother of the younger woman and the husband of the other took
+    measures to put a stop to the intimacy, and the girl was sent
+    away to a distant city; stolen interviews, however, still
+    occurred. Finally, when the obstacles became insurmountable, the
+    younger woman bought a revolver and deliberately shot herself in
+    the temple, in presence of her mother, dying immediately. Though
+    sometimes thought to act rather strangely, she was a great
+    favorite with all, handsome, very athletic, fond of all outdoor
+    sports, an energetic religious worker, possessing a fine voice,
+    and was an active member of many clubs and societies. The older
+    woman belonged to an aristocratic family and was loved and
+    respected by all. In another case in New York in 1905 a retired
+    sailor, "Captain John Weed," who had commanded transatlantic
+    vessels for many years, was admitted to a Home for old sailors
+    and shortly after became ill and despondent, and cut his throat.
+    It was then found that "Captain Weed" was really a woman. I am
+    informed that the old sailor's despondency and suicide were due
+    to enforced separation from a female companion.
+
+    The infatuation of young girls for actresses and other prominent
+    women may occasionally lead to suicide. Thus in Philadelphia, a
+    few years ago, a girl of 19, belonging to a very wealthy family,
+    beautiful and highly educated, acquired an absorbing infatuation
+    for Miss Mary Garden, the _prima donna_, with whom she had no
+    personal acquaintance. The young girl would kneel in worship
+    before the singer's portrait, and studied hairdressing and
+    manicuring in the hope of becoming Miss Garden's maid. When she
+    realized that her dream was hopeless she shot herself with a
+    revolver. (Cases more or less resembling those here brought
+    forward occur from time to time in all parts of the civilized
+    world. Reports, mostly from current newspapers, of such cases, as
+    well as of simple transvestism, or Eonism, in both women and men,
+    will be found in the publications of the Berlin
+    Wissenschaftlich-humanitären Komitee: the _Monatsberichte_ up to
+    1909, then in the _Vierteljahrsberichte_, and from 1913 onward in
+    the _Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen_.)
+
+Yet, until recently, comparatively little has been known of sexual
+inversion in women. Even so lately as 1901 (after the publication of the
+first edition of the present Study), Krafft-Ebing wrote that scarcely
+fifty cases had been recorded. The chief monographs devoted but little
+space to women.
+
+    Krafft-Ebing himself, in the earlier editions of _Psychopathia
+    Sexualis_, gave little special attention to inversion in women,
+    although he published a few cases. Moll, however, included a
+    valuable chapter on the subject in his _Konträre
+    Sexualempfindung_, narrating numerous cases, and inversion in
+    women also received special attention in the present Study.
+    Hirschfeld, however, in his _Homosexualität_ (1914) is the first
+    authority who has been able to deal with feminine homosexuality
+    as completely co-ordinate with masculine homosexuality. The two
+    manifestations, masculine and feminine, are placed on the same
+    basis and treated together throughout the work.
+
+It is, no doubt, not difficult to account for this retardation in the
+investigation of sexual inversion in women. Notwithstanding the severity
+with which homosexuality in women has been visited in a few cases, for the
+most part men seem to have been indifferent toward it; when it has been
+made a crime or a cause for divorce in men, it has usually been considered
+as no offense at all in women.[145] Another reason is that it is less
+easy to detect in women; we are accustomed to a much greater familiarity
+and intimacy between women than between men, and we are less apt to
+suspect the existence of any abnormal passion. And, allied with this
+cause, we have also to bear in mind the extreme ignorance and the extreme
+reticence of women regarding any abnormal or even normal manifestation of
+their sexual life. A woman may feel a high degree of sexual attraction for
+another woman without realizing that her affection is sexual, and when she
+does realize this, she is nearly always very unwilling to reveal the
+nature of her intimate experience, even with the adoption of precautions,
+and although the fact may be present to her that, by helping to reveal the
+nature of her abnormality, she may be helping to lighten the burden of it
+on other women. Among the numerous confessions voluntarily sent to
+Krafft-Ebing there is not one by a woman. There is, again, the further
+reason that well-marked and fully developed cases of inversion are
+probably rarer in women, though a slighter degree may be more common; in
+harmony with the greater affectability of the feminine organism to slight
+stimuli, and its lesser liability to serious variation.[146]
+
+The same aberrations that are found among men are, however, everywhere
+found among women. Feminine inversion has sometimes been regarded as a
+vice of modern refined civilization. Yet it was familiar to the
+Anglo-Saxons, and Theodore's Penitential in the seventh century assigned a
+penance of three years (considerably less than that assigned to men, or
+for bestiality) to "a woman fornicating with a woman." Among the women of
+savages in all parts of the world homosexuality is found, though it is
+less frequently recorded than among men.[147]
+
+In New Zealand it is stated on the authority of Moerenhout (though I have
+not been able to find the reference) that the women practised Lesbianism.
+In South America, where inversion is common among men, we find similar
+phenomena in women. Among Brazilian tribes Gandavo[148] wrote:--
+
+    "There are certain women among these Indians who determine to be
+    chaste and know no man. These leave every womanly occupation and
+    imitate the men. They wear their hair the same way as the men;
+    they go to war with them or hunting, bearing their bows; they
+    continue always in the company of men, and each has a woman who
+    serves her and with whom she lives."
+
+This has some analogy with the phenomena seen among North American men.
+Dr. Holder, who has carefully studied the _boté_, tells me that he has met
+no corresponding phenomena in women.
+
+There is no doubt, however, that homosexuality among women is well known
+to the American Indians in various regions. Thus the Salish Indians of
+British Columbia have a myth of an old woman who had intercourse with a
+young woman by means of a horn used as a penis.[149] In the mythology of
+the Assiniboine Indians (of Canada and Montana) and the Fox Indians (of
+Iowa) there are also legends of feminine homosexuality, supposed to have
+been derived from the Algonkin Cree Indians, who were closely connected
+with both.[150]
+
+    According to the Assiniboine legend, a man's wife fell in love
+    with his sister and eloped with her, a boneless child being the
+    result of the union; the husband pursued the couple, and killed
+    his wife as well as the child; no one cared to avenge her death.
+    The Fox legend, entitled "Two Maidens who Played the Harlot with
+    Each Other," runs as follows: "It is said that once on a time
+    long ago there were two young women who were friends together. It
+    is told that there were also two youths who tried to woo the two
+    maidens, but they were not able even so much as to talk with
+    them. After awhile the youths began to suspect something wrong.
+    So once during the summer, when the two maidens started away to
+    peel off bark, the youths followed, staying just far enough
+    behind to keep them in sight. While the girls were peeling the
+    bark, the youths kept themselves hidden. After awhile they no
+    longer heard the sound of the maidens at work. Whereupon they
+    began to creep up to where they were. When they drew nigh,
+    behold, the maidens were in the act of taking off their clothes.
+    The first to disrobe flung herself down on the ground and lay
+    there. 'Pray, what are these girls going to do?' was the feeling
+    in the hearts of the youths. And to their amazement the girls
+    began to lie with each other. Thereupon the youths ran to where
+    the girls were. She who was lying on top instantly fell over
+    backward. Her clitoris was standing out and had a queer shape; it
+    was like a turtle's penis. Thereupon the maidens began to plead
+    with the youths: 'Oh, don't tell on us!' they said. 'Truly it is
+    not of our own free desire that we have done this thing We have
+    done it under the influence of some unknown being.' It is said
+    that afterward one of the maidens became big with child. In the
+    course of time, she gave birth, and the child was like a
+    soft-shell turtle."
+
+In Bali, according to Jacobs (as quoted by Ploss and Bartels),
+homosexuality is almost as common among women as among men, though it is
+more secretly exercised; the methods of gratification adopted are either
+digital or lingual, or else by bringing the parts together (tribadism).
+
+Baumann, who noted inversion among the male negro population of Zanzibar,
+finds that it is also not rare among women. Although Oriental manners
+render it impossible for such women to wear men's clothes openly, they do
+so in private, and are recognized by other women by their man-like
+bearing, as also by the fact that women's garments do not suit them. They
+show a preference for masculine occupations, and seek sexual satisfaction
+among women who have the same inclinations, or else among normal women,
+who are won over by presents or other means. In addition to tribadism or
+cunnilinctus, they sometimes use an ebony or ivory phallus, with a kind of
+glans at one end, or sometimes at both ends; in the latter case it can be
+used by two women at once, and sometimes it has a hole bored through it by
+which warm water can be injected; it is regarded as an Arab invention, and
+is sometimes used by normal women shut up in harems, and practically
+deprived of sexual satisfaction.[151]
+
+Among the Arab women, according to Kocher, homosexual practices are rare,
+though very common among Arab men. In Egypt, however, according to Godard,
+Kocher, and others, it is almost fashionable, and every woman in the harem
+has a "friend." In Turkey homosexuality is sometimes said to be rare among
+women. But it would appear to be found in the harems and women's baths of
+Turkey, as well as of Islam generally. Brantôme in the sixteenth century
+referred to the Lesbianism of Turkish women at the baths, and Leo
+Africanus in the same century mentioned the tribadism of Moorish women and
+the formal organization of tribadic prostitution in Fez. There was an
+Osmanli Sapphic poetess, Mihiri, whose grave is at Amasia, and Vambery and
+Achestorides agree as to the prevalence of feminine homosexuality in
+Turkey.[152] Among the negroes and mulattoes of French creole countries,
+according to Corre, homosexuality is very common. "I know a lady of great
+beauty," he remarks, "a stranger in Guadalupe and the mother of a family,
+who is obliged to stay away from the markets and certain shops because of
+the excessive admiration of mulatto women and negresses, and the impudent
+invitations which they dare to address to her."[153] He refers to several
+cases of more or less violent sexual attempts by women on young colored
+girls of 12 or 14, and observes that such attempts by men on children of
+their own sex are much rarer.
+
+In China (according to Matignon) and in Cochin China (according to
+Lorion) homosexuality does not appear to be common among women. In India,
+however, it is probably as prevalent among women as it certainly is among
+men.
+
+    In the first edition of this Study I quoted the opinion of Dr.
+    Buchanan, then Superintendant of the Central Gaol of Bengal at
+    Bhagalpur, who informed me that he had never come across a case
+    and that his head-gaoler had never heard of such a thing in
+    twenty-five years' experience. Another officer in the Indian
+    Medical Service assures me, however, that there cannot be the
+    least doubt as to the frequency of homosexuality among women in
+    India, either inside or outside gaols. I am indebted to him for
+    the following notes on this point:--
+
+    "That homosexual relationships are common enough among Indian
+    women is evidenced by the fact that the Hindustani language has
+    five words to denote the tribade: (1) _dúgáná_, (2) _zanàkhé_,
+    (3) _sa'tar_, (4) _chapathái_, and (5) _chapatbáz_. The _modus
+    operandi_ is generally what Martial calls _geminos committere
+    cunnos_, but sometimes a phallus, called _saburah_, is employed.
+    The act itself is called _chapat_ or _chapti_, and the Hindustani
+    poets, Nazir, Rangin, Ján S'áheb, treat of Lesbian love very
+    extensively and sometimes very crudely. Ján S'áheb, a woman poet,
+    sings to the effect that intercourse with a woman by means of a
+    phallus is to be preferred to the satisfaction offered by a male
+    lover. The common euphemism employed when speaking of two
+    tribades who live together is that they 'live apart.' So much for
+    the literary evidence as to the prevalence of what, _mirable
+    dictu_, Dr. Buchanan's gaoler was ignorant of.
+
+    "Now for facts. In the gaol of R. the superintendent discovered a
+    number of phalli in the females' inclosure; they were made of
+    clay and sun-dried and bore marks of use. In the gaol of S. was a
+    woman who (as is usual with tribades in India) wore male attire,
+    and was well known for her sexual proclivities. An examination
+    revealed the following: Face much lined, mammæ of masculine type,
+    but nipples elongated and readily erectile; gluteal and iliac
+    regions quite of masculine type, as also the thighs; clitoris,
+    with enlarged glands, readily erectile; nymphæ thickened and
+    enlarged; vulvar orifice patent, for she had in early youth been
+    a prostitute; the voice was almost contralto. Her partner was of
+    low type, but eminently feminine in configuration and manner. In
+    this case I heard that 'the man' went to a local ascetic and
+    begged his intercession with the deity, so that she might
+    impregnate her partner. ('The Hindoo medical works mention the
+    possibility of a woman uniting with another woman in sexual
+    embraces and begetting a boneless fetus.' _Short History of Aryan
+    Medical Science_, p. 44.)
+
+    "In the town of D. there 'lived apart' two women, one a Brahmin,
+    the other a grazier; their _modus operandi_ was tribadism, as an
+    eyewitness informed me. In S. I was called in to treat the widow
+    of a wealthy Mohammedan; I had occasion to examine the pudenda,
+    and found what Martineau would have called the indelible stigmata
+    of early masturbation and later sapphism. She admitted the
+    impeachment and confessed that she was on the best of terms with
+    her three remarkably well-formed and good-looking handmaidens.
+    This lady said that she began masturbation at an early age, 'just
+    like all other women,' and that sapphism came after the age of
+    puberty. Another Mohammedan woman whom I knew, and who had a very
+    large clitoris, told me that she had been initiated into Lesbian
+    love at 12 by a neighbor and had intermittently practised it ever
+    since. I might also instance two sisters of the gardener caste,
+    both widows, who 'lived apart' and indulged in simultaneous
+    sapphism.
+
+    "That sometimes the actors in tribadism are most vigorous is
+    shown by the fact that, in the central gaol of ----, swelling of
+    the vulva was admitted to have been caused by the embraces of two
+    female convicts. The subordinate who told me this mentioned it
+    quite incidentally while relating his experiences as hospital
+    assistant at this gaol. When I questioned him he stated that the
+    woman, whom he was called to treat, told him that she could never
+    'satisfy herself' with men, but only with women. He added that
+    tribadism was 'quite common in the gaol.'"
+
+The foregoing sketch may serve to show that homosexual practices
+certainly, and probably definite sexual inversion, are very widespread
+among women in very many and various parts of the world, though it is
+likely that, as among men, there are variations--geographical, racial,
+national, or social--in the frequency or intensity of its obvious
+manifestations. Thus, in the eighteenth century, Casanova remarked that
+the women of Provence are specially inclined to Lesbianism.
+
+In European prisons homosexual practices flourish among the women fully as
+much, it may probably be said, as among the men. There is, indeed, some
+reason for supposing that these phenomena are here sometimes even more
+decisively marked than among men.[154] This prevalence of homosexuality
+among women in prison is connected with the close relationship between
+feminine criminality and prostitution.
+
+The frequency of homosexual practices among prostitutes is a fact of some
+interest, and calls for special explanation, for, at the first glance, it
+seems in opposition to all that we know concerning the exciting causes of
+homosexuality. Regarding the fact there can be no question.[155] It has
+been noted by all who are acquainted with the lives of prostitutes, though
+opinion may differ as to its frequency. In Berlin, Moll was told in
+well-informed quarters, the proportion of prostitutes with Lesbian
+tendencies is about 25 per cent. This was almost the proportion at Paris
+many years ago, according to Parent-Duchâtelet; today, according to
+Chevalier, it is larger; and Bourneville believes that 75 per cent, of the
+inmates of the Parisian venereal hospitals have practised homosexuality.
+Hammer in Germany has found among 66 prostitutes that 41 were
+homosexual.[156] Hirschfeld thinks that inverted women are specially prone
+to become prostitutes.[157] Eulenburg believes, on the other hand, that
+the conditions of their life favor homosexuality among prostitutes; "a
+homosexual union seems to them higher, purer, more innocent, and more
+ideal."[158] There is, however, no fundamental contradiction between these
+two views; they are probably both right.
+
+In London, so far as my inquiries extend, homosexuality among prostitutes
+is very much less prevalent, and in a well-marked form is confined to a
+comparatively small section. I am indebted to a friend for the following
+note: "From my experience of the Parisian prostitute, I gather that
+Lesbianism in Paris is extremely prevalent; indeed, one might almost say
+normal. In particular, most of the chahut-dancers of the Moulin-Rouge,
+Casino de Paris, and the other public balls are notorious for going in
+couples, and, for the most part, they prefer not to be separated, even in
+their most professional moments with the other sex. In London the thing
+is, naturally, much less obvious, and, I think, much less prevalent; but
+it is certainly not infrequent. A certain number of well-known prostitutes
+are known for their tendencies in this direction, which do not, however,
+interfere in any marked way with the ordinary details of their profession.
+I do not personally know of a single prostitute who is exclusively
+Lesbian; I have heard vaguely that there are one or two such anomalies.
+But I have heard a swell _cocotte_ at the Corinthian announce to the whole
+room that she was going home with a girl; and no one doubted the
+statement. Her name, indeed, was generally coupled with that of a
+fifth-rate actress. Another woman of the same kind has a little clientele
+of women who buy her photographs in Burlington Arcade. In the lower ranks
+of the profession all this is much less common. One often finds women who
+have simply never heard of such a thing; they know of it in regard to men,
+but not in regard to women. And they are, for the most part, quite
+horrified at the notion, which they consider part and parcel of 'French
+beastliness.' Of course, almost every girl has her friend, and, when not
+separately occupied, they often sleep together; but, while in separate,
+rare cases, this undoubtedly means all that it can mean, for the most
+part, so far as one can judge, it means no more than it would mean among
+ordinary girls."
+
+It is evident that there must be some radical causes for the frequency of
+homosexuality among prostitutes. One such cause doubtless lies in the
+character of the prostitute's relations with men; these relations are of a
+professional character, and, as the business element becomes emphasized,
+the possibility of sexual satisfaction diminishes; at the best, also;
+there lacks the sense of social equality, the feeling of possession, and
+scope for the exercise of feminine affection and devotion. These the
+prostitute must usually be forced to find either in a "bully" or in
+another woman.[159]
+
+Apart from this fact it must be borne in mind that, in a very large number
+of cases, prostitutes show in slight or more marked degree many of the
+signs of neurotic heredity,[160] and it would not be surprising if they
+present the germs of homosexuality in an unusually high degree. The life
+of the prostitute may well develop such latent germs; and so we have an
+undue tendency to homosexuality, just as we have it among criminals, and,
+to a much less extent, among persons of genius and intellect.
+
+Homosexuality is specially fostered by those employments which keep women
+in constant association, not only by day, but often at night also, without
+the company of men. This is, for instance, the case in convents, and
+formerly, at all events,--however, it may be today,--homosexuality was
+held to be very prevalent in convents. This was especially so in the
+eighteenth century when very many young girls, without any religious
+vocation, were put into convents.[161] The same again is today the case
+with the female servants in large hotels, among whom homosexual practices
+nave been found very common.[162] Laycock, many years ago, noted the
+prevalence of manifestations of this kind, which he regarded as
+hysterical, among seamstresses, lace-makers, etc., confined for hours in
+close contact with one another in heated rooms. The circumstances under
+which numbers of young women are employed during the day in large shops
+and factories, and sleep in the establishment, two in a room or even two
+in a bed, are favorable to the development of homosexual practices.
+
+    In England it is seldom that anyone cares to investigate these
+    phenomena, though, they certainly exist. They have been more
+    thoroughly studied elsewhere. Thus, in Rome, Niceforo, who
+    studied various aspects of the lives of the working classes,
+    succeeded in obtaining much precise information concerning the
+    manners and customs of the young girls in dressmaking and
+    tailoring work-rooms. He remarks that few of those who see the
+    "virtuous daughters of the people," often not more than 12 years
+    old, walking along the streets with the dressmaker's box under
+    their arm, modestly bent head and virginal air, realize the
+    intense sexual preoccupations often underlying these appearances.
+    In the work-rooms the conversation perpetually revolves around
+    sexual subjects in the absence of the mistress or forewoman, and
+    even in her presence the slang that prevails in the work-rooms
+    leads to dialogues with a double meaning. A state of sexual
+    excitement is thus aroused which sometimes relieves itself
+    mentally by psychic onanism, sometimes by some form of
+    masturbation; one girl admitted to Niceforo that by allowing her
+    thoughts to dwell on the subject while at work she sometimes
+    produced physical sexual excitement as often as four times a day.
+    (See also vol. i of these _Studies_, "Auto-erotism.") Sometimes,
+    however, a vague kind of homosexuality is produced, the girls,
+    excited by their own thoughts and their conversation, being still
+    further excited by contact with each other. "In summer, in one
+    work-room, some of the girls wear no drawers, and they unbutton
+    their bodices, and work with crossed legs, more or less
+    uncovered. In this position, the girls draw near and inspect one
+    another; some boast of their white legs, and, then the petticoats
+    are raised altogether for more careful comparison. Many enjoy
+    this inspection of nudity, and experience real sexual pleasure.
+    From midday till 2 P.M., during the hours of greatest heat, when
+    all are in this condition, and the mistress, in her chemise (and
+    sometimes, with no shame at the workers' presence, even without
+    it), falls asleep on the sofa, all the girls, _without one
+    exception_, masturbate themselves. The heat seems to sharpen
+    their desires and morbidly arouse all their senses. The
+    voluptuous emotions, restrained during the rest of the day, break
+    out with irresistible force; stimulated by the spectacle of each
+    other's nakedness, some place their legs together and thus
+    heighten the spasm by the illusion of contact with a man." In
+    this way they reach mutual masturbation. "It is noteworthy,
+    however," Niceforo points out, "that these couples for mutual
+    masturbation are never Lesbian couples. Tribadism is altogether
+    absent from the factories and work-rooms." He even believes that
+    it does not exist among girls of the working class. He further
+    describes how, in another work-room, during the hot hours of the
+    day in summer, when no work is done, some of the girls retire
+    into the fitting-room, and, having fastened their chemises round
+    their legs and thighs with pins, so as to imitate trousers, play
+    at being men and pretend to have intercourse with the others.
+    (Niceforo, _Il Gergo_, cap. vi, 1897, Turin.) I have reproduced
+    these details from Niceforo's careful study because, although
+    they may seem to be trivial at some points, they clearly bring
+    out the very important distinction between a merely temporary
+    homosexuality and true inversion. The amusements of these young
+    girls may not be considered eminently innocent or wholesome, but,
+    on the other hand, they are not radically morbid or vicious. They
+    are strictly, and even consciously, _play_; they are dominated by
+    the thought that the true sexual ideal is normal relationship
+    with a man, and they would certainly disappear in the presence of
+    a man.
+
+    It must be remembered that Niceforo's observations were made
+    among girls who were mostly young. In the large factories, where
+    many adult women are employed, the phenomena tend to be rarer,
+    but of much less trivial and playful character. At Wolverhampton,
+    some forty years ago, the case was reported of a woman in a
+    galvanizing "store" who, after dinner, indecently assaulted a
+    girl who was a new hand. Two young women held the victim down,
+    and this seems to show that homosexual vice was here common and
+    recognized. No doubt, this case is exceptional in its brutality.
+    It throws, however, a significant light on the conditions
+    prevailing in factories. In Spain, in the large factories where
+    many adult women are employed, especially in the great tobacco
+    factory at Seville, Lesbian relationships seem to be not
+    uncommon. Here the women work in an atmosphere which in summer is
+    so hot that they throw off the greater part of their clothing, to
+    such an extent that a bell is rung whenever a visitor is
+    introduced into a work-room, in order to warn the workers. Such
+    an environment predisposes to the formation of homosexual
+    relationships. When I was in Spain some years ago an incident
+    occurred at the Seville Fábrica de Tabacos which attracted much
+    attention in the newspapers, and, though it was regarded as
+    unusual, it throws light on the life of the workers. One morning
+    as the women were entering the work-room and amid the usual scene
+    of animation changing their Manila shawls for the light costume
+    worn during work, one drew out a small clasp-knife and, attacking
+    another, rapidly inflicted six or seven wounds on her face and
+    neck, threatening to kill anyone who approached. Both these
+    _cigarreras_ were superior workers, engaged in the most skilled
+    kind of work, and had been at the factory for many years. In
+    appearance they were described as presenting a striking contrast:
+    the aggressor, who was 48 years of age, was of masculine air,
+    tall and thin, with an expression of firm determination on her
+    wrinkled face; the victim, on the other hand, whose age was 30,
+    was plump and good-looking and of pleasing disposition. The
+    reason at first assigned for the attack on the younger woman was
+    that her mother had insulted the elder woman's son. It appeared,
+    however, that a close friendship had existed between the two
+    women, that latterly the younger woman had formed a friendship
+    with the forewoman of her work-room, and that the elder woman,
+    animated by jealousy, then resolved to murder both; this design
+    was frustrated by the accidental absence of the forewoman that
+    day.
+
+In theaters the abnormal sexuality stimulated by such association in work
+is complicated by the general tendency for homosexuality to be connected
+with dramatic aptitude, a point to which I shall have to refer later on. I
+am indebted to a friend for the following note: "Passionate friendships
+among girls, from the most innocent to the most elaborate excursions in
+the direction of Lesbos, are extremely common in theaters, both among
+actresses and, even more, among chorus-and ballet-girls. Here the
+pell-mell of the dressing-rooms, the wait of perhaps two hours between the
+performances, during which all the girls are cooped up, in a state of
+inaction and of excitement, in a few crowded dressing-rooms, afford every
+opportunity for the growth of this particular kind of sentiment. In most
+of the theaters there is a little circle of girls, somewhat avoided by the
+others, or themselves careless of further acquaintanceship, who profess
+the most unbounded devotion to one another. Most of these girls are
+equally ready to flirt with the opposite sex, but I know certain ones
+among them who will scarcely speak to a man, and who are never seen
+without their particular 'pal' or 'chum,' who, if she gets moved to
+another theater, will come around and wait for her friend at the
+stage-door. But here, again, it is but seldom that the experience is
+carried very far. The fact is that the English girl, especially of the
+lower and middle classes, whether she has lost her virtue or not, is
+extremely fettered by conventional notions. Ignorance and habit are two
+restraining influences from the carrying out of this particular kind of
+perversion to its logical conclusions. It is, therefore, among the upper
+ranks, alike of society and of prostitution, that Lesbianism is most
+definitely to be met with, for here we have much greater liberty of
+action, and much greater freedom from prejudices."
+
+With girls, as with boys, it is in the school, at the evolution of
+puberty, that homosexuality usually first shows itself. It may originate
+in a way mainly peripheral or mainly central. In the first case, two
+children, perhaps when close to each other in bed, more or less
+unintentionally generate in each other a certain amount of sexual
+irritation, which they foster by mutual touching and kissing. This is a
+spurious kind of homosexuality, the often precocious play of the normal
+instinct. In the girl who is congenitally predisposed to homosexuality it
+will continue and develop; in the majority it will be forgotten as quickly
+as possible, not without shame, in the presence of the normal object of
+sexual love.
+
+    I may quote as fairly typical the following observation supplied
+    by a lady who cannot be called inverted: "Like so many other
+    children and girls, I was first taught self-indulgence by a girl
+    at school, and I passed on my knowledge to one or two others,
+    with one of whom I remember once, when we were just 16, spending
+    the night sensually. We were horribly ashamed after, and that was
+    the only time. When I was only 8 there was a girl of 13 who liked
+    to play with my body, and taught me to play with hers, though I
+    rather disliked doing so. We slept together, and this went on at
+    intervals for six months. These things, for the sake of getting
+    enjoyment, and not with any passion, are not uncommon with
+    children, but less common, I think, than people sometimes
+    imagine. I believe I could recall without much difficulty, the
+    number of times such things happened with me. In the case I
+    mentioned when I did for one night feel--or try to excite in
+    myself and my girl-companion of 16--sensual passion, we had as
+    little children slept together a few times and done these things,
+    and meeting after an absence, just at that age, recalled our
+    childish memories, and were carried away by sexual impulse. But I
+    never felt any peculiar affection or passion for her even at the
+    time, nor she for me. We only felt that our sensual nature was
+    strong at the time, and had betrayed us into something we were
+    ashamed of, and, therefore, we avoided letting ourselves sleep
+    too close after that day. I think we disliked each other, and
+    were revolted whenever we thought of that night, feeling that
+    each had degraded the other and herself."
+
+The cases in which the source is mainly central, rather than peripheral,
+nevertheless merge into the foregoing, with no clear line of demarcation.
+In such cases a girl forms an ardent attachment for another girl, probably
+somewhat older than herself, often a schoolfellow, sometimes her
+schoolmistress, upon whom she will lavish an astonishing amount of
+affection and devotion. There may or not be any return; usually the return
+consists of a gracious acceptance of the affectionate services. The girl
+who expends this wealth of devotion is surcharged with emotion, but she is
+often unconscious or ignorant of the sexual impulse, and she seeks for no
+form of sexual satisfaction. Kissing and the privilege of sleeping with
+the friend are, however, sought, and at such times it often happens that
+even the comparatively unresponsive friend feels more or less definite
+sexual emotion (pudendal turgescence, with secretion of mucus and
+involuntary twitching of the neighboring muscles), though little or no
+attention may be paid to this phenomenon, and in the common ignorance of
+girls concerning sex matters it may not be understood. In some cases there
+is an attempt, either instinctive or intentional, to develop the sexual
+feeling by close embraces and kissing. This rudimentary kind of homosexual
+relationship is, I believe, more common among girls than among boys, and
+for this there are several reasons: (1) a boy more often has some
+acquaintance with sexual phenomena, and would frequently regard such a
+relationship as unmanly; (2) the girl has a stronger need of affection
+and self-devotion to another person than a boy has; (3) she has not, under
+our existing social conditions which compel young women to hold the
+opposite sex at arm's length, the same opportunities of finding an outlet
+for her sexual emotions; while (4) conventional propriety recognizes a
+considerable degree of physical intimacy between girls, thus at once
+encouraging and cloaking the manifestations of homosexuality.
+
+The ardent attachments which girls in schools and colleges form to each
+other and to their teachers constitute a subject which is of considerable
+psychological interest and of no little practical importance.[163] These
+girlish devotions, on the borderland between friendship and sexual
+passion, are found in all countries where girls are segregated for
+educational purposes, and their symptoms are, on the whole, singularly
+uniform, though they vary in intensity and character to some extent, from
+time to time and from place to place, sometimes assuming an epidemic form.
+They have been most carefully studied in Italy, where Obici and
+Marchesini--an alienist and a psychologist working in conjunction--have
+analyzed the phenomena with remarkable insight and delicacy and much
+wealth of illustrative material.[164] But exactly the same phenomena are
+everywhere found in English girls' schools, even of the most modern type,
+and in some of the large American women's colleges they have sometimes
+become so acute as to cause much anxiety.[165] On the whole, however, it
+is probable that such manifestations are regarded more indulgently in
+girls' than in boys' schools, and in view of the fact that the
+manifestations of affection are normally more pronounced between girls
+than between boys, this seems reasonable. The head mistress of an English
+training college writes:--
+
+"My own assumption on such, matters has been that affection does naturally
+belong to the body as well as the mind, and between two women is naturally
+and innocently expressed by, caresses. I have never therefore felt that I
+ought to warn any girl against the physical element in friendship, as
+such. The test I should probably suggest to them would be the same as one
+would use for any other relation--was the friendship helping life as a
+whole, making them keener, kinder, more industrious, etc., or was it
+hindering it?"
+
+Passionate friendships, of a more or less unconsciously sexual character,
+are common even outside and beyond school-life. It frequently happens that
+a period during which a young woman falls in love at a distance with some
+young man of her acquaintance alternates with periods of intimate
+attachment to a friend of her own sex. No congenital inversion is usually
+involved. It generally happens, in the end, either that relationship with
+a man brings the normal impulse into permanent play, or the steadying of
+the emotions in the stress of practical life leads to a knowledge of the
+real nature of such feelings and a consequent distaste for them. In some
+cases, on the other hand, such relationships, especially when formed after
+school-life, are fairly permanent. An energetic emotional woman, not
+usually beautiful, will perhaps be devoted to another who may have found
+some rather specialized lifework, but who may be very unpractical, and who
+has probably a very feeble sexual instinct; she is grateful for her
+friends's devotion, but may not actively reciprocate it. The actual
+specific sexual phenomena generated in such cases vary very greatly. The
+emotion may be latent or unconscious; it may be all on one side; it is
+often more or less recognized and shared. Such cases are on the borderland
+of true sexual inversion, but they cannot be included within its region.
+Sex in these relationships is scarcely the essential and fundamental
+element; it is more or less subordinate and parasitic. There is often a
+semblance of a sex-relationship from the marked divergence of the friends
+in physical and psychic qualities, and the nervous development of one or
+both the friends is sometimes slightly abnormal. We have to regard such
+relationships as hypertrophied friendships, the hypertrophy being due to
+unemployed sexual instinct.
+
+    The following narrative is written by a lady who holds a
+    responsible educational position: "A friend of mine, two or three
+    years older than myself (I am 31), and living in the same house
+    with me, has been passing through a very unhappy time. Long
+    nervous strain connected with this has made her sleep badly, and
+    apt to wake in terrible depression about 3 o'clock in the
+    morning. In the early days of our friendship, about eight months
+    ago, she occasionally at these times took refuge with me. After a
+    while I insisted on her consulting a doctor, who advised her,
+    amongst other things, not to sleep alone. Thenceforth for two or
+    three months I induced her to share my room. After a week or two
+    she generally shared my bed for a time at the beginning of the
+    night, as it seemed to help her to sleep.
+
+    "Before this, about the second or third time that she came to me
+    in the early morning, I had been surprised and a little
+    frightened to find how pleasant it was to me to have her, and how
+    reluctant I was that she should go away. When we began regularly
+    to sleep in the same room, the physical part of our affection
+    grew rapidly very strong. It is natural for me generally to
+    caress my friends, but I soon could not be alone in a room with
+    this one without wanting to have my arms round her. It would have
+    been intolerable to me to live with her without being able to
+    touch her. We did not discuss it, but it was evident that the
+    desire was even stronger in her than in me.
+
+    "For some time it satisfied us fully to be in bed together. One
+    night, however, when she had had a cruelly trying day and I
+    wanted to find all ways of comforting her, I bared by breast for
+    her to lie on. Afterward it was clear that neither of us could be
+    satisfied without this. She groped for it like a child, and it
+    excited me much more to feel that than to uncover my breast and
+    arms altogether at once.
+
+    "Much of this excitement was sexually localized, and I was
+    haunted in the daytime by images of holding this woman in my
+    arms. I noticed also that my inclination to caress my other women
+    friends was not diminished, but increased. All this disturbed me
+    a good deal. The homosexual practices of which I had read lately
+    struck me as merely nasty; I could not imagines myself tempted to
+    them;--at the same time the whole matter was new to me, for I had
+    never wanted anyone even to share my bed before; I had read that
+    sex instinct was mysterious and unexpected, and I felt that I did
+    not know what might come next.
+
+    "I knew only one elder person whom (for wide-mindedness,
+    gentleness, and saintliness) I could bear to consult; and to this
+    person, a middle-aged man, I wrote for advice. He replied by a
+    long letter of the most tender warning. I had better not weaken
+    my influence with my friend, he wrote, by going back suddenly or
+    without her consent, but I was to be very wary of going further;
+    there was fire about. I tried to put this into practice by
+    restraining myself constantly in our intercourse, by refraining
+    from caressing her, for instance, when I wanted to caress her and
+    knew that she wanted it. The only result seemed to be that the
+    desire was more tormenting and constant than ever.
+
+    "If at this point my friend had happened to die or go away, and
+    the incident had come to an end, I should probably have been left
+    nervous in these matters for years to come. I should have
+    faltered in the opinion I had always held, that bodily
+    expressions of love between women were as innocent as they were
+    natural; and I might have come nearer than I ever expected to the
+    doctrine of those convent teachers who forbid their girls to
+    embrace one another for fear an incalculable instinct should
+    carry them to the edge of an abyss.
+
+    "As it was, after a while I said a little on the subject to my
+    friend herself. I had been inclined to think that she might share
+    my anxiety, but she did not share it at all. She said to me that
+    she did not like these thoughts, that she cared for me more than
+    She had ever done for any person except one (now causing most of
+    her unhappiness), and wanted me in all possible ways, and that it
+    would make her sad to feel that I was trying not to want her in
+    one way because I thought it was wrong.
+
+    "On my part, I knew very well how much she did need and want me.
+    I knew that in relations with others she was spending the
+    greatest effort in following a course that I urged on her, and
+    was doing what I thought right in spite of the most painful
+    pressure on her to do wrong; and that she needed all the support
+    and comfort I could give her. It seemed to me, after our
+    conversation, that the right path for me lay not in giving way to
+    fears and scruples, but in giving my friend straightforwardly all
+    the love I could and all the kinds of love I could. I decided to
+    keep my eyes open for danger, but meanwhile to go on.
+
+    "We were living alone together at the time, and thenceforward we
+    did as we liked doing. As soon as we could, we moved to a bed
+    where we could sleep together all night. In the day when no one
+    was there we sat as close together as we wished, which was very
+    close. We kissed each other as often as we wanted to kiss each
+    other, which was very many times a day.
+
+    "The results of this, so far as I can see, have been wholly good.
+    We love each other warmly, but no temptation to nastiness has
+    ever come, and I cannot see now that it is at all likely to come.
+    With custom, the localized physical excitement has practically
+    disappeared, and I am no longer obsessed by imagined embraces.
+    The spiritual side of our affection seems to have grown steadily
+    stronger and more profitable since the physical side has, been
+    allowed to take its natural place."
+
+A class in which homosexuality, while fairly distinct, is only slightly
+marked, is formed by the women to whom the actively inverted woman is most
+attracted. These women differ, in the first place, from the normal, or
+average, woman in that they are not repelled or disgusted by lover-like
+advances from persons of their own sex. They are not usually attractive to
+the average man, though to this rule there are many exceptions. Their
+faces may be plain or ill-made, but not seldom they possess good figures:
+a point which is apt to carry more weight with the inverted woman than
+beauty of face. Their sexual impulses are seldom well marked, but they are
+of strongly affectionate nature. On the whole, they are women who are not
+very robust and well developed, physically or nervously, and who are not
+well adapted for child-bearing, but who still possess many excellent
+qualities, and they are always womanly. One may, perhaps, say that they
+are the pick of the women whom the average man would pass by. No doubt,
+this is often the reason why they are open to homosexual advances, but I
+do not think it is the sole reason. So far as they may be said to
+constitute a class, they seem to possess a genuine, though not precisely
+sexual, preference for women over men, and it is this coldness, rather
+than lack of charm, which often renders men rather indifferent to them.
+
+The actively inverted woman usually differs from the woman of the class
+just mentioned in one fairly essential character: a more or less distinct
+trace of masculinity. She may not be, and frequently is not, what would be
+called a "mannish" woman, for the latter may imitate men on grounds of
+taste and habit unconnected with sexual perversion, while in the inverted
+woman the masculine traits are part of an organic instinct which she by no
+means always wishes to accentuate. The inverted woman's masculine element
+may, in the least degree, consist only in the fact that she makes advances
+to the woman to whom she is attracted and treats all men in a cool,
+direct manner, which may not exclude comradeship, but which excludes every
+sexual relationship, whether of passion or merely of coquetry. Usually the
+inverted woman feels absolute indifference toward men, and not seldom
+repulsion. And this feeling, as a rule, is instinctively reciprocated by
+men. At the same time bisexual women are at least as common as bisexual
+men.
+
+    HISTORY XXXIV.--Miss S., aged 38, living in a city of the United
+    States, a business woman of fine intelligence, prominent in
+    professional and literary circles. Her general health is good,
+    but she belongs to a family in which there is a marked
+    neuropathic element. She is of rather phlegmatic temperament,
+    well poised, always perfectly calm and self-possessed, rather
+    retiring in disposition, with gentle, dignified bearing.
+
+    She says she cannot care for men, but that all her life has been
+    "glorified and made beautiful by friendship with women," whom she
+    loves as a man loves women. Her character is, however, well
+    disciplined, and her friends are not aware of the nature of her
+    affections. She tries not to give all her love to one person, and
+    endeavors (as she herself expresses it) to use this "gift of
+    loving" as a stepping-stone to high mental and spiritual
+    attainments. She is described by one who has known her for
+    several years as "having a high nature, and instincts unerringly
+    toward high things."
+
+
+    HISTORY XXXV.--Miss B., artist, of German ancestry on the
+    paternal side. Among her brothers and sisters, one is of neurotic
+    temperament and another is inverted. She is herself healthy. She
+    has no repugnance to men, and would even like to try marriage, if
+    the union were not permanent, but she has seldom felt any sexual
+    attraction to a man. In one exceptional instance, early in life,
+    realizing that she was not adapted for heterosexual
+    relationships, she broke off the engagement she had formed. Much
+    later in life, she formed a more permanent relationship with a
+    man of congenial tastes.
+
+    She is attracted to women of various kinds, though she recognizes
+    that there are some women to whom only men are attracted. Many
+    years since she had a friend to whom she was very strongly
+    attached, but the physical manifestations do not appear to have
+    become pronounced. After that her thoughts were much occupied by
+    several women to whom she made advances, which were not
+    encouraged to pass beyond ordinary friendship. In one case,
+    however, she formed an intimate relationship with a girl somewhat
+    younger than herself, and a very feminine personality, who
+    accepted Miss B.'s ardent love with pleasure, but in a passive
+    manner, and did not consider that the relationship would stand in
+    the way of her marrying, though she would on no account tell her
+    husband. The relationship for the first time aroused Miss B.'s
+    latent sexual emotions. She found sexual satisfaction in kissing
+    and embracing her friend's body, but there appeared to be no
+    orgasm. The relationship made a considerable change in her, and
+    rendered her radiant and happy.
+
+    In her behavior toward men Miss B. reveals no sexual shyness. Men
+    are not usually attracted to her. There is nothing striking in
+    her appearance; her person and manners, though careless, are not
+    conspicuously man-like. She is fond of exercise and smokes a good
+    deal.
+
+
+    HISTORY XXXVI.--Miss H., aged 30. Among her paternal relatives
+    there is a tendency to eccentricity and to nervous disease. Her
+    grandfather drank; her father was eccentric and hypochondriacal,
+    and suffered from obsessions. Her mother and mother's relatives
+    are entirely healthy, and normal in disposition.
+
+    At the age of 4 she liked to see the nates of a little girl who
+    lived near. When she was about 6, the nurse-maid, sitting in the
+    fields, used to play with her own parts, and told her to do
+    likewise, saying it would make a baby come; she occasionally
+    touched herself in consequence, but without producing any effect
+    of any kind. When she was about 8 she used to see various
+    nurse-maids uncover their children's sexual parts and show them
+    to each other. She used to think about this when alone, and also
+    about whipping. She never cared to play with dolls, and in her
+    games always took the part of a man. Her first rudimentary
+    sex-feelings appeared at the age of 8 or 9, and were associated
+    with dreams of whipping and being whipped, which were most vivid
+    between the ages of 11 and 14, when they died away on the
+    appearance of affection for girls. She menstruated at 12.
+
+    Her earliest affection, at the age of 13, was for a schoolfellow,
+    a graceful, coquettish girl with long golden hair and blue eyes.
+    Her affection displayed itself in performing all sorts of small
+    services for this girl, in constantly thinking about her, and in
+    feeling deliciously grateful for the smallest return. At the age
+    of 14 she had a similar passion for a girl cousin; she used to
+    look forward with ecstasy to her visits, and especially to the
+    rare occasions when the cousin slept with her; her excitement was
+    then so great that she could not sleep, but there was no
+    conscious sexual excitement. At the age of 15 or 16 she fell in
+    love with another cousin; her experiences with this girl were
+    full of delicious sensations; if the cousin only touched her
+    neck, a thrill went through her body which she now regards as
+    sexual. Again, at 17, she had an overwhelming, passionate
+    fascination for a schoolfellow, a pretty, commonplace girl, whom
+    she idealized and etherealized to an extravagant extent. This
+    passion was so violent that her health was, to some extent,
+    impaired; but it was purely unselfish, and there was nothing
+    sexual in it. On leaving school at the age of 19 she met a girl
+    of about the same age as herself, very womanly, but not much
+    attracted to men. This girl became very much attached to her, and
+    sought to gain her love. After some time Miss H. was attracted by
+    this love, partly from the sense of power it gave her, and an
+    intimate relation grew up. This relation became vaguely physical,
+    Miss H. taking the initiative, but her friend desiring such
+    relations and taking extreme pleasure in them; they used to touch
+    and kiss each other tenderly (especially on the _mons veneris_),
+    with equal ardor. They each experienced a strong pleasurable
+    feeling in doing this, and sexual erethism, but no orgasm, and it
+    does not appear that this ever occurred. Their general behavior
+    to each other was that of lovers, but they endeavored, as far as
+    possible, to hide this fact from the world. This relation lasted
+    for several years, and would have continued, had not Miss H.'s
+    friend, from religious and moral scruples, put an end to the
+    physical relationship. Miss H. had been very well and happy
+    during this relationship; the interference with it seems to have
+    exerted a disturbing influence, and also to have aroused her
+    sexual desires, though she was still scarcely conscious of their
+    real nature.
+
+    Soon afterward another girl of exceedingly voluptuous type made
+    love to Miss H., to which the latter yielded, giving way to her
+    feelings as well as to her love of domination. She was afterward
+    ashamed of this episode, though the physical element in it had
+    remained vague and indefinite. Her remorse was so great that when
+    her friend, repenting her scruples, implored her to let their
+    relationship be on the same footing as of old, Miss H., in her
+    return, resisted every effort to restore the physical relation.
+    She kept to this resolution for some years, and sought to divert
+    her thoughts into intellectual channels. When she again formed an
+    intimate relationship it was with a congenial friend, and lasted
+    for several years.
+
+    She has never masturbated. Occasionally, but very rarely, she has
+    had dreams of riding accompanied by pleasurable sexual emotions
+    (she cannot recall any actual experience to suggest this, though
+    fond of riding). She has never had any kind of sexual dreams
+    about a man; of late years she has occasionally had erotic dreams
+    about women.
+
+    Her feeling toward men is friendly, but she has never had sexual
+    attraction toward a man. She likes them as good comrades, as men
+    like each other. She enjoys the society of men on account of
+    their intellectual attraction. She is herself very active in
+    social and intellectual work. Her feeling toward marriage has
+    always been one of repugnance. She can, however, imagine a man
+    whom she could love or marry.
+
+    She is attracted to womanly women, sincere, reserved, pure, but
+    courageous in character. She is not attracted to intellectual
+    women, but at the same time cannot endure silly women. The
+    physical qualities that attract her most are not so much beauty
+    of face as a graceful, but not too slender, body with beautiful
+    curves. The women she is drawn to are usually somewhat younger
+    than herself. Women are much attracted to her, and without any
+    effort on her part. She likes to take the active part and
+    protecting rôle with them. She is herself energetic in character,
+    and with a somewhat neurotic temperament.
+
+    She finds sexual satisfaction in tenderly touching, caressing,
+    and kissing the loved one's body. (There is no _cunnilinctus_,
+    which she regards with abhorrence.) She feels more tenderness
+    than passion. There is a high degree of sexual erethism when
+    kissing, but orgasm is rare and is produced by lying on the
+    friend or by the friend lying on her, without any special
+    contact. She likes being herself kissed, but not so much as
+    taking the active part.
+
+    She believes that homosexual love is morally right when it is
+    really part of a person's nature, and provided that the nature of
+    homosexual love is always made plain to the object of such
+    affection. She does not approve of it as a mere makeshift, or
+    expression of sensuality, in normal women. She has sometimes
+    resisted the sexual expression of her feelings, once for years at
+    a time, but always in vain. The effect on her of loving women is
+    distinctly good, she asserts, both spiritually and physically,
+    while repression leads to morbidity and hysteria. She has
+    suffered much from neurasthenia at various periods, but under
+    appropriate treatment it has slowly diminished. The inverted
+    instinct is too deeply rooted to eradicate, but it is well under
+    control.
+
+
+    HISTORY XXXVII.--Miss M., the daughter of English parents (both
+    musicians), who were both of what is described as "intense"
+    temperament, and there is a neurotic element in the family,
+    though no history of insanity or alcoholism, and she is herself
+    free from nervous disease. At birth she was very small. In a
+    portrait taken at the age of 4 the nose, mouth, and ears are
+    abnormally large, and she wears a little boy's hat. As a child
+    she did not care for dolls or for pretty clothes, and often
+    wondered why other children found so much pleasure in them. "As
+    far back as my memory goes," she writes, "I cannot recall a time
+    when I was not different from other children. I felt bored when
+    other little girls came to play with me, though I was never rough
+    or boisterous in my sports." Sewing was distasteful to her. Still
+    she cared little more for the pastimes of boys, and found her
+    favorite amusement in reading, especially adventures and
+    fairy-tales. She was always quiet, timid, and self-conscious. The
+    instinct first made its appearance in the latter part of her
+    eighth or the first part of her ninth year. She was strongly
+    attracted by the face of a teacher who used to appear at a
+    side-window on the second floor of the school-building and ring a
+    bell to summon the children to their classes. The teacher's face
+    seemed very beautiful, but sad, and she thought about her
+    continually, though not coming in personal contact with, her. A
+    year later this teacher was married and left the school, and the
+    impression gradually faded away. "There was no consciousness of
+    sex at this time," she wrote; "no knowledge of sexual matters or
+    practices, and the feelings evoked were feelings of pity and
+    compassion and tenderness for a person who seemed to be very sad
+    and very much depressed. It is this quality or combination of
+    qualities which has always made the appeal in my own case. I may
+    go on for years in comparative peace, when something may happen,
+    in spite of my busy practical life, to call it all out." The next
+    feelings were experienced when, she was about 11 years of age. A
+    young lady came to visit a next-door neighbor, and made so
+    profound an impression on the child that she was ridiculed by her
+    playmates for preferring to sit in a dark corner on the
+    lawn--where she might watch this young lady--rather than to play
+    games. Being a sensitive child, after this experience she was
+    careful not to reveal her feelings to anyone. She felt
+    instinctively that in this she was different from others. Her
+    sense of beauty developed early, but there was always an
+    indefinable feeling of melancholy associated with it. The
+    twilight, a dark night when the stars shone brightly; these had a
+    very depressing effect upon her, but possessed a strong
+    attraction nevertheless, and pictures appealed to her. At the age
+    of 12 she fell in love with a schoolmate, two years older than
+    herself, who was absorbed in the boys and never suspected this
+    affection; she wept bitterly because they could not be confirmed
+    at the same time, but feared to appear undignified and
+    sentimental by revealing her feelings. The face of this friend
+    reminded her of one of Dolce's Madonnas which she loved. Later
+    on, at the age of 16, she loved another friend very dearly and
+    devoted herself to her care. There was a tinge of masculinity
+    among the women of this friend's family, but it is not clear if
+    she can be termed inverted. This was the happiest period of Miss
+    M.'s life. Upon the death of this friend, who had long been in
+    ill health, eight years afterward, she resolved never to let her
+    heart go out to anyone again.
+
+    Specific physical gratification plays no part in these
+    relationships. The physical sexual feelings began to assert
+    themselves at puberty, but not in association with her ideal
+    emotions. "In that connection," she writes, "I would have
+    considered such things a sacrilege. I fought them and in a
+    measure successfully. The practice of self-indulgence which might
+    have become a daily habit was only occasional. Her image evoked
+    at such times drove away such feelings, for which I felt a
+    repugnance, much preferring the romantic ideal feelings. In this
+    way, quite unconscious of the fact that I was at all different
+    from, any other person, I contrived to train myself to suppress
+    or at least to dominate my physical sensations when they arose.
+    That is the reason why friendship and love have always seemed
+    such holy and beautiful things to me. I have never connected the
+    two sets of feelings. I think I am as strongly sexed as anyone,
+    but I am able to hold a friend in my arms and experience deep
+    comfort and peace without having even a hint of physical sexual
+    feeling. Sexual expression may be quite necessary at certain
+    times and right under certain conditions, but I am convinced that
+    free expression of affection along sentimental channels will do
+    much to minimize the necessity for it along specifically sexual
+    channels. I have gone three months without the physical outlet.
+    The only time I was ever on the verge of nervous prostration was
+    after having suppressed the instinct for ten months. The other
+    feelings, which I do not consider as sexual feelings at all, so
+    fill my life in every department--love, literature, poetry,
+    music, professional and philanthropic activities--that I am able
+    to let the physical take care of itself. When the physical
+    sensations come, it is usually when I am not thinking of a loved
+    one at all. I could dissipate them by raising my thought to that
+    spiritual friendship. I do not know if this was right and wise. I
+    know it is what occurred. It seems a good thing to practise some
+    sort of inhibition of the centers and acquire this kind of
+    domination. One bad result, however, was that I suffered much at
+    times from the physical sensations, and felt horribly depressed
+    and wretched whenever they seemed to get the better of me."
+
+    "I have been able," she writes, "successfully to master the
+    desire for a more perfect and complete expression of my feelings,
+    and I have done so without serious detriment to my health." "I
+    love few people," she writes again, "but in these instances when
+    I have permitted my heart to go out to a friend I have always
+    experienced most exalted feelings, and have been made better by
+    them morally, mentally, and spiritually. Love is with me a
+    religion."
+
+    With regard to her attitude toward the other sex, she writes: "I
+    have never felt a dislike for men, but have good comrades among
+    them. During my childhood I associated with both girls and boys,
+    enjoying them all, but wondering why the girls cared to flirt
+    with boys. Later in life I have had other friendships with men,
+    some of whom cared for me, much to my regret, for, naturally, I
+    do not care to marry."
+
+    She is a musician, and herself attributes her nature in part to
+    artistic temperament. She is of good intelligence, and shows
+    remarkable talent for various branches of physical science. She
+    is about 5 feet 4 inches in height, and her features are rather
+    large. The pelvic measurements are normal, and the external
+    sexual organs are fairly normal in most respects, though somewhat
+    small. At a period ten years subsequent to the date of this
+    history, further examination, under anesthetics, by a
+    gynecologist, showed no traces of ovary on one side. The general
+    conformation of the body is feminine. But with arms, palms up,
+    extended in front of her with inner sides of hands touching, she
+    cannot bring the inner sides of forearms together, as nearly
+    every woman can, showing that the feminine angle of arm is lost.
+
+    She is left-handed and shows a better development throughout on
+    the left side. She is quiet and dignified, but has many boyish
+    tricks of manner and speech which seem to be instinctive; she
+    tries to watch herself continually, however, in order to avoid
+    them, affecting feminine ways and feminine interests, but always
+    being conscious of an effort in so doing.
+
+    Miss M. can see nothing wrong in her feelings; and, until, at the
+    age of 28, she came across the translation of Krafft-Ebing's
+    book, she had no idea "that feelings like mine were 'under the
+    ban of society' as he puts it, or were considered unnatural and
+    depraved." She would like to help to bring light on the subject
+    and to lift the shadow from other lives. "I emphatically
+    protest," she says, "against the uselessness and the inhumanity
+    of attempts to 'cure' inverts. I am quite sure they have perfect
+    right to live in freedom and happiness as long as they live
+    unselfish lives. One must bear in mind that it is the soul that
+    needs to be satisfied, and not merely the senses."
+
+
+    HISTORY XXXVIII.--Miss V., aged 35. Throughout early life up to
+    adult age she was a mystery to herself, and morbidly conscious of
+    some fundamental difference between herself and other people.
+    There was no one she could speak to about this peculiarity. In
+    the effort to conquer it, or to ignore it, she became a hard
+    student and has attained success in the profession she adopted. A
+    few years ago she came across a book on sexual inversion which
+    proved to be a complete revelation to her of her own nature, and,
+    by showing her that she was not an anomaly to be regarded with
+    repulsion, brought her comfort and peace. She is willing that her
+    experiences should be published for the sake of other women who
+    may be suffering as in the past she has suffered.
+
+    "I am a teacher in a college for women. I am 34 years old and of
+    medium size. Up to the age of 30 I looked much younger, and since
+    older, than my age. Until 21 I had a strikingly child-like
+    appearance. My physique has nothing masculine in it that I am
+    aware of; but I am conscious that my walk is mannish, and I have
+    very frequently been told that I do things--such as
+    sewing,--'just like a man.' My voice is quite low but not coarse.
+    I dislike household work, but am fond of sports, gardening, etc.
+    When so young that I cannot remember it, I learned to whistle, a
+    practice at which I am still expert. When a young girl, I learned
+    to smoke, and should still enjoy it.
+
+    "Several men have been good friends of mine, but very few
+    suitors. I scarcely ever feel at ease with a man; but women I
+    understand and can nearly always make my friends.
+
+    "I am of Scotch-Irish descent. My father's family were
+    respectable, prosperous, religious people; my mother's family
+    only semi-respectable, hard livers, shrewd, but not intelligent,
+    industrious and money-getting, but fond of drinking and
+    carousing. There were many illegitimates among them. Both
+    grandmothers, though of little education, were unusual women. Of
+    my four maternal uncles, three drank heavily.
+
+    "When 43, my mother gave birth to me, the youngest of 8 children.
+    Of those who grew to adult years, 2 seem quite normal sexually; 1
+    is exceedingly erratic, entirely unprincipled, has been a thief
+    and a forger, is a probable bigamist, and has betrayed several
+    respectable women. Aside from his having inordinate desire, I
+    know of no sexual abnormality. Another brother, married and a
+    father, as a boy was much given to infatuations for men. I fancy
+    this never went beyond infatuation and of late years has not been
+    noticeable. A third brother, single, though much courted by women
+    on account of his good looks and personal charm, is wholly
+    unresponsive, has no gallantry, nor was ever, to my knowledge, a
+    suitor. He is, however, fond of the society of women, especially
+    those older than he. He has a somewhat effeminate voice and walk.
+    Though he has begun of late years to smoke and drink a little,
+    these habits sit rather oddly upon him. When a child, one of his
+    favorite make-believe games was to pretend that he was a famous
+    woman singer. At school he was always found hanging around the
+    older girls.
+
+    "As a child I loved to stay in the fields, refused to wear a
+    sunbonnet, used to pretend I was a boy, climbed trees, and played
+    ball. I liked to play with dolls, but I did not fondle them, or
+    even make them dresses. When my hair was clipped, I was delighted
+    and made everyone call me 'John.' I used to like to wear a man's
+    broad-brimmed hat and make corn-cob pipes. I was very fond of my
+    father and tried to imitate him as much as possible. Where
+    animals were concerned, I was entirely fearless.
+
+    "I think I was not a sexually precocious child, though I seem to
+    have always known in a dim way that there were two sexes. Very
+    early I had a sense of shame at having my body exposed; I
+    remember on one occasion I could not be persuaded to undress
+    before a young girl visitor. At that time I must have been about
+    3. When I was 4 a neighbor who had often petted me took me on his
+    lap and clasped my hand around his penis. Though he was
+    interrupted in a moment, this made a lasting impression on me. I
+    had no physical sensation nor did I have any conception of the
+    significance of the act. Yet I had a slight feeling of repulsion,
+    and I must have dimly felt that it was wrong, for I did not tell
+    my mother. I was not accustomed to confide in her, for, though
+    truthful, I was secretive.
+
+    "At the age of 5 I commenced to attend a district school. I
+    remember that on my first day I was Greatly attracted by a little
+    girl who wore a bright-red dress.
+
+    "My first definite knowledge of sex came in this way: I was
+    attending Sabbath school and had become ambitious to read the
+    Bible through. I had gotten as far as the account of the birth of
+    Esau and Jacob, which aroused my curiosity. So I asked my mother
+    the meaning of some word in the passage. She seemed embarrassed
+    and evaded my question. This attitude stimulated my curiosity
+    further, and I re-read the chapter until I understood it pretty
+    well. Later I was further enlightened by girl playmates. I fancy
+    I enjoyed listening to their talk and repeating what I knew on
+    account of the mystery and secrecy with which sex subjects are
+    surrounded rather than any sensual delight.
+
+    "I cannot recall any act of mine growing directly from sexual
+    feeling until I was 10 years old. Several other little girls and
+    myself two or three times exposed private parts of our bodies to
+    each other. In one instance, at least, I was the instigator. This
+    act gave me some pleasure, though no distinct physical sensation.
+    One incident I recall that happened when I was about 10. A girl
+    cousin and myself had been playing 'house' together. I do not
+    recall what immediately led to it, but we began to address each
+    other as boys and tried to urinate through long tubes of some
+    sort. I also recall feeling a vague interest in this process in
+    animals, and observing them closely in the act.
+
+    "From this time until I was about 14 I grew ruder, more
+    boisterous and uncontrollable. Prior to this I had been a quite
+    tractable child. When 12 I became interested in a boy in my grade
+    at school, and tried to attract him, but failed. Once at a
+    children's party where we were playing kissing games I tried to
+    get him to kiss me, but he was unresponsive. I do not recall
+    bothering myself about him after that. A year later I had a boy
+    chum about whom my schoolmaster teased me. I thought this
+    ridiculous. At the age of 13 I menstruated, a fact that caused me
+    shame and anger. Gradually I grew to feel myself peculiar, why, I
+    cannot explain. I did not seem to myself to be like other girls
+    of my acquaintance. I adopted, as a defense, a brusque and
+    defiant air. I spent a good deal of time playing alone in our
+    backyard, where I made a pair of stilts, practised rope-walking,
+    and such things. At school I felt I was not liked by the nicer
+    girls and began to associate with girls whom I now believe were
+    immoral, but whom I then supposed did nothing worse than talk in
+    an obscene manner. I copied their conversation and grew more
+    reckless and uncontrollable. The principal of the high school I
+    was attending, I learned afterward, said I was the hardest pupil
+    to control she had ever had. About this time I read a book where
+    a girl was represented as saying she had a 'boy's soul in a
+    girl's body.' The applicability of this to myself struck me at
+    once, and I read the sentence to my mother who disgusted me by
+    appearing shocked.
+
+    "During this period I began to fall in love,--a practice which
+    clung to me until I was nearly 30 years old. I recall various
+    older women with whom I became much enamored, and one man. Of
+    these there was only one with whom I became acquainted well
+    enough to show any affection; another was a teacher, and another
+    was a young married woman at whom I used to gaze ardently during
+    an entire church service. Toward all my women teachers I had a
+    somewhat sentimental attitude. They stimulated me, while the men
+    gave me a wholly impersonal feeling. This abnormal sentimentality
+    may have been caused, or at least was increased, by the reading
+    of novels, some of a highly voluptuous nature. I began to read
+    novels at 7, and from 11 to 14 I absorbed a great many
+    undesirable ones. This lead to my picturing my future with a
+    lover, fancying myself in romantic scenes and being caressed and
+    embraced. I had always supposed I should marry. When about 5 I
+    decided that when I grew up I would marry a certain young man who
+    used to come to our house. Several years later he married, to my
+    real disappointment. I had no affection for him, but merely
+    thought he would make a desirable husband.
+
+    "During my unhappy adolescence I heard that a former playmate was
+    going to visit at my home. I began to look forward to the visit
+    with much eagerness and at her arrival was much excited. I wished
+    to stay alone with her and to caress her, and when we slept
+    together I pressed my body against her in a sensual manner, which
+    act she permitted, but without passion. I was greatly excited and
+    could scarcely sleep. This was the first time I had acted in such
+    a way, and after she left I felt shame and dislike for her. At
+    future meetings there was never the least sensuality; we never
+    referred to the first visit and are still friends, though not
+    intimate.
+
+    "A diary which I kept during my fourteenth and fifteenth years is
+    filled with romantic sentiments and endearing terms applied
+    successively to three girls of my own age. I had but a speaking
+    acquaintance with them, but I was strongly infatuated with all.
+    One boy was also the object of adoration.
+
+    "During my thirteenth year I became for a time very religious and
+    devoted to religious exercises. This passed and by my fourteenth
+    year I had become heretical, but was still keenly sensitive to
+    religious influences.
+
+    "When barely 16 I slept one night with a woman of low morals. She
+    acted toward me in a sensual manner and aroused my sexual
+    feelings. I felt at the time that this was a sin, but I was
+    carried away by passion. Afterward I hated this woman and
+    despised myself.
+
+    "I then went away to a co-educational boarding school. Here for
+    the first time I became happy. A girl of my own age, of fine
+    character and noticeable refinement, fell in love with me and
+    caused me to reciprocate. On retrospection I believe this to have
+    been a genuine and beautiful love on both sides. After a few
+    months, however, our relation, at my initiative and against my
+    friend's will, became a physical one. We expressed our affection
+    by mutual caresses, close embraces and lying on each other's
+    bodies. I sometimes touched her sexual organs sensually. All this
+    contact gave me exquisite thrills. After three years we had a
+    misunderstanding and separated. I was greatly grieved and
+    troubled for many years, and came to regret greatly the physical
+    relationship that had existed between us. My friend at length
+    fell in love and married. I had several other slighter
+    infatuations for women, was courted by several men to whom I
+    remained cold and bored except in one instance, where I was
+    somewhat touched, and finally found a lasting friendship with a
+    woman who had fallen deeply in love with me in her school days
+    and had never been able to care for any one else. She is a woman
+    of considerable literary talent and of good general ability and
+    high ideals. She is usually much liked by men. Her love for me is
+    the most real thing in the world for me, and seems the most
+    permanent. At first my feeling for her was almost purely
+    physical, although there were no sexual relations. I hated this
+    feeling and have succeeded in overcoming it pretty largely. At
+    times after long separations we have embraced with great passion,
+    at least on my part. This has always had a bad physical effect on
+    me. At present, however, it very rarely occurs. We both consider
+    sexual feelings degrading and deleterious to real love. Whether
+    at any time we have had complete physical satisfaction or
+    gratification, I hardly know. I have experienced very keen
+    physical pleasure, mingled with what I took to be great mental
+    exaltation and quickening of the emotions. This condition was
+    brought about by close contact with the body of my friend,
+    usually by lying upon it. But if by 'gratification' it is meant
+    that desire, having been completely satisfied, ceases
+    temporarily, I think I have never had that experience. If I did,
+    it was when I was about 18 when I lived with a girl friend in
+    intimate relations. Of late years, at any rate, it has never
+    happened to me, and an embrace, however close, always leaves me
+    with a desire for a closer union, both physical and spiritual. So
+    a few years since, I came to the conclusion that it was
+    impossible to obtain physical satisfaction through the woman I
+    loved. I came to this conclusion because of the bad physical
+    effects of contact. My sexual organs became highly sensitive and
+    inflamed and I suffered pain from the inflammation and resulting
+    leucorrhea. Should I allow myself to indulge in caresses this
+    condition would return. My friend, fortunately, though very
+    affectionate and demonstrative toward me, has very little sexual
+    passion. The idea that our relationship is based upon it is very
+    repugnant to her. I was at one time, a few years since, much
+    discouraged and almost hopeless of being able to overcome my
+    appetite, and I decided that we could not associate unless I
+    succeeded. At present, with help, I have very largely succeeded
+    in living with my friend on a basis of normal, though
+    affectionate and tender, companionship. I have been helped more,
+    and have learned more, through this companionship, than through
+    anything else. The keen pleasure that I have felt when in
+    responsive contact I never experienced in masturbation. So far as
+    I remember it never took place till I was well along in my 'teens
+    and was never an habitual practice, except the first summer I was
+    separated from a school friend whom I loved. Thoughts of her
+    aroused feelings which I attempted to satisfy in this way, but
+    the entire sensuality of the act soon led me to refrain and to
+    see that that was not what I wanted.
+
+    "A peculiar incident that might have some significance occurred
+    to me about five years ago. I was sitting in a small room where a
+    seminar was being conducted. The leader of the discussion was a
+    man about 50, whom I looked up to on account of his attainments
+    and respected as a man, though I knew him socially very slightly.
+    I had lost a night's sleep from toothache and was feeling
+    nervous. I was giving my entire attention to the subject in hand,
+    when suddenly I felt a very strong physical compulsion toward
+    that man. I did not know what I was going to do, but I felt on
+    the point of losing all control of myself. I was afraid to leave,
+    for fear the slightest movement would throw me into a panic. The
+    attraction was entirely physical and like nothing I had felt
+    before. And I had a strange feeling that its cause was in the man
+    himself; that he was willing it; I was like a spectator. It was
+    some moments before the assemblage broke up, when my 'possession'
+    completely disappeared and never recurred.
+
+    "Regarding dreams, I will say that not until the past year or two
+    have I been conscious of having clear-cut dreams with definite
+    happenings. They seemed usually to leave only vague impressions,
+    such as a feeling that I had been riding horseback, or trying to
+    perform some hard task. Sexual dreams I do not recall having had
+    for several years, except that occasionally I am awakened by a
+    feeling of uncomfortable sexual desire, which seems usually
+    caused by a need to urinate. Between the ages of 17 and 22,
+    approximately, I frequently, perhaps several times a month, would
+    have vague sexual dreams. These always, I think, occurred when I
+    happened to be sleeping with someone whom, in my dream, I would
+    mistake for my intimate friend, and would awaken myself by
+    embracing my bedfellow with sometimes a slight, sometimes
+    considerable degree of passion. I have finally arrived at some
+    understanding of my own temperament, and am no longer miserable
+    and melancholy. I regret that I am not a man, because I could
+    then have a home and children."
+
+
+    HISTORY XXXIX.--Miss D., actively engaged in the practice of her
+    profession, aged 40. Heredity good, nervous system sound, general
+    health on the whole satisfactory. Development feminine but manner
+    and movements somewhat boyish. Menstruation scanty and painless.
+    Hips normal, nates small, sexual organs showing some
+    approximation toward infantile type with large labia minora and
+    probably small vagina. Tendency to development of hair on body
+    and especially lower limbs. The narrative is given in her own
+    words:--
+
+    "Ever since I can remember anything at all I could never think of
+    myself as a girl and I was in perpetual trouble, with this as the
+    real reason. When I was 5 or 6 years old I began to say to myself
+    that, whatever anyone said, if I was not a boy at any rate I was
+    not a girl. This has been my unchanged conviction all through my
+    life.
+
+    "When I was little, nothing ever made me doubt it, in spite of
+    external appearance. I regarded the conformation of my body as a
+    mysterious accident. I could not see why it should have anything
+    to do with the matter. The things that really affected the
+    question were my own likes and dislikes, and the fact that I was
+    not allowed to follow them. I was to like the things which
+    belonged to me as a girl,--frocks and toys and games which I did
+    not like at all. I fancy I was more strongly 'boyish' than the
+    ordinary little boy. When I could only crawl my absorbing
+    interest was hammers and carpet-nails. Before I could walk I
+    begged to be put on horses' backs, so that I seem to have been
+    born with the love of tools and animals which has never left me.
+
+    "I did not play with dolls, though my little sister did. I was
+    often reproached for not playing her games. I always chose boys'
+    toys,--tops and guns and horses; I hated being kept indoors and
+    was always longing to go out. By the time I was 7 it seemed to me
+    that everything I liked was called wrong for a girl. I left off
+    telling my elders what I did like. They confused and wearied me
+    by their talk of boys and girls. I did not believe them and could
+    hardly imagine that they believed themselves. By the time I was 8
+    or 9 I used to wonder whether they were dupes, or liars, or
+    hypocrites, or all three. I never believed or trusted a grown
+    person in consequence. I led my younger brothers in everything. I
+    was not at all a happy little child and often cried and was made
+    irritable; I was so confused by the talk, about boys and girls. I
+    was held up as an evil example to other little girls who
+    virtuously despised me.
+
+    "When I was about 9 years old I went to a day school and began to
+    have a better time. From 9 to 13 I practically shaped my own
+    life. I learned very little at school, and openly hated it, but I
+    read a great deal at home and got plenty of ideas. I lived,
+    however, mainly out of doors whenever I could get out. I spent
+    all my pocket money on tools, rabbits, pigeons and many other
+    animals. I became an ardent pigeon-catcher, not to say thief,
+    though I did not knowingly steal.
+
+    "My brothers were as devoted to the animals as I was. The men
+    were supposed to look after them, but we alone did so. We
+    observed, mated, separated, and bred them with considerable
+    skill. We had no language to express ourselves, but one of our
+    own. We were absolutely innocent, and sweetly sympathetic with
+    every beast. I don't think we ever connected their affairs with
+    those of human beings, but as I do not remember the time when I
+    did not know all about the actual facts of sex and reproduction,
+    I presume I learned it all in that way, and life never had any
+    surprises for me in that direction. Though I saw many sights that
+    a child should not have seen, while running about wild, I never
+    gave them a thought; all animals great and small from rabbits to
+    men had the same customs, all natural and right. My initiation
+    here was, in my eyes, as nearly perfect as a child's should be. I
+    never asked grown people questions. I thought all those in charge
+    of me coarse and untruthful and I disliked all ugly things and
+    suggestions.
+
+    "Every half-holiday I went out with the boys from my brothers'
+    school. They always liked me to play with them, and, though not
+    pleasant-tongued boys, were always civil and polite to me. I
+    organized games and fortifications that they would never have
+    imagined for themselves, led storming parties, and instituted
+    some rather dangerous games of a fighting kind. I taught my
+    brothers; to throw stones. Sometimes I led adventures such as
+    breaking into empty houses. I liked being out after dark.
+
+    "In the winter I made and rigged boats and went sailing them, and
+    I went rafting and pole-leaping. I became a very good jumper and
+    climber, could go up a rope, bowl overhand, throw like a boy, and
+    whistle three different ways. I collected beetles and butterflies
+    and went shrimping and learned to fish. I had very little money
+    to spend, but I picked things up and I made all traps, nets,
+    cages, etc., myself. I learned from every working-man, I could
+    get hold of the use of all ordinary carpenters' tools, and how to
+    weld hot iron, pave, lay bricks and turf, and so on.
+
+    "When I was about 11 my parents got more mortified at my behavior
+    and perpetually threatened me with a boarding-school. I was told
+    for months how it would take the nonsense out of me--'shape me,'
+    'turn me into a young lady.' My going was finally announced to me
+    as a punishment to me for being what I was.
+
+    "Certainly, the horror of going to this school and the cruel and
+    unsympathetic way that I was sent there gave me a shock that I
+    never got over. The only thing that reconciled me to going was my
+    intense indignation with those who sent me. I appealed to be
+    allowed to learn Latin and boys' subjects, but was laughed at.
+
+    "I was so helpless that I knew I could not run away without being
+    caught, or I would have run away anywhere from home and school. I
+    never cried or fretted, but burnt with anger and went like a
+    trapped rabbit.
+
+    "In no words can I describe the severity of the nervous shock, or
+    the suffering of my first year at school. The school was noted
+    for its severity and I heard that at one period the elder girls
+    ran away so often that they wore a uniform dress. I knew two who
+    had run away. The teachers in my time were ignorant,
+    self-indulgent women who cared nothing for the girls or their
+    education and made much money out of them. There was a suspicious
+    reformatory atmosphere, and my money was taken from me and my
+    letters read.
+
+    "I was intensely shy. I hated the other girls. There were no
+    refinements anywhere; I had no privacy in my room, which was
+    always overcrowded; we had no hot water, no baths, improper food,
+    and no education. We were not allowed to wear enough clean linen,
+    and for five years I never felt clean.
+
+    "I never had one moment to myself, was not allowed to read
+    anything, had even not enough lesson books, was taught nothing to
+    speak of except a little inferior music and drawing. I never got
+    enough exercise, and was always tired and dull, and could not
+    keep my digestion in order. My pride and self-respect were
+    degraded in innumerable ways, I suffered agonies of disgust, and
+    the whole thing was a dreary penal servitude.
+
+    "I did not complain. I made friends with a few of the girls. Some
+    of the older girls were attracted to me. Some talked of men and
+    love affairs to me, but I was not greatly interested. No one ever
+    spoke of any other matters of sex to me or in my hearing, but
+    most of the girls were shy with me and I with them.
+
+    "In about two years' time the teachers got to like me and thought
+    me one of their nicest girls. I certainly influenced them and got
+    them to allow the girls more privileges.
+
+    "I lay great stress upon the physical privations and disgust that
+    I felt during these years. The mental starvation was not quite so
+    great because it was impossible for them to crush my mind as they
+    did my body. That it all materially aided to arrest the
+    development of my body I am certain.
+
+    "It is difficult to estimate sexual influences of which as a
+    child I was practically unaware. I certainly admired the
+    liveliest and cleverest girls and made friends with them and
+    disliked the common, lumpy, uneducated type that made two-thirds
+    of my companions. The lively girls liked me, and I made several
+    nice friends whom I have kept ever since. One girl of about 15
+    took a violent liking for me and figuratively speaking licked the
+    dust from my shoes. I would never take any notice of her. When I
+    was nearly 16 one of my teachers began to notice me and be very
+    kind to me. She was twenty years older than I was. She seemed to
+    pity my loneliness and took me out for walks and sketching, and
+    encouraged me to talk and think. It was the first time in my life
+    that anyone had ever sympathized with me or tried to understand
+    me and it was a most beautiful thing to me. I felt like an orphan
+    child who had suddenly acquired a mother, and through her I began
+    to feel less antagonistic to grown people and to feel the first
+    respect I had ever felt for what they said. She petted me into a
+    state of comparative docility and made the other teachers like
+    and trust me. My love for her was perfectly pure, and I thought
+    of her's as simply maternal. She never roused the least feeling
+    in me that I can think of as sexual. I liked her to touch me and
+    she sometimes held me in her arms or let me sit on her lap. At
+    bedtime she used to come and say good-night and kiss me upon the
+    mouth. I think now that what she did was injudicious to a degree,
+    and I wish I could believe it was as purely unselfish and kind as
+    it seemed to me then. After I had left school I wrote to her and
+    visited her during a few years. Once she wrote to me that if I
+    could give her employment she would come and live with me. Once
+    when she was ill with neurasthenia her friends asked me to go to
+    the seaside with her, which I did. Here she behaved in an
+    extraordinary way, becoming violently jealous over me with
+    another elderly friend of mine who was there. I could hardly
+    believe my senses and was so astonished and disgusted that I
+    never went near her again. She also accused me of not being
+    'loyal' to her; to this day I have no idea what she meant. She
+    then wrote and asked me what was wrong between us, and I replied
+    that after the words she had had with me my confidence in her was
+    at an end. It gave me no particular pang as I had by this time
+    outgrown the simple gratitude of my childish days and not
+    replaced it by any stronger feeling. All my life I have had the
+    profoundest repugnance to having any 'words' with other women.
+
+    "I was much less interested in sex matters than other children of
+    my age. I was altogether less precocious, though I knew more, I
+    imagine, than other girls. Nevertheless, by the time I was 15
+    social matters had begun to interest me greatly. It is difficult
+    to say how this happened, as I was forbidden all books and
+    newspapers (except in my holidays when I had generally a reading
+    orgy, though not the books I needed or wanted). I had abundant
+    opportunities for speculation, but no materials for any
+    profitable thinking.
+
+    "Dreaming was forced upon me. I dreamed fairy-tales by night and
+    social dreams by day. In the nightdreams, sometimes in the
+    day-dreams, I was always the prince or the pirate, rescuing
+    beauty in distress, or killing the unworthy. I had one dream
+    which I dreamed over and over again and enjoyed and still
+    sometimes dream. In this I was always hunting and fighting, often
+    in the dark; there was usually a woman or a princess, whom I
+    admired, somewhere in the background, but I have never really
+    seen her. Sometimes I was a stowaway on board ship or an Indian
+    hunter or a backwoodsman making a log-cabin for my wife or rather
+    some companion. My daythoughts were not about the women round
+    about me, or even about the one who was so kind to me; they were
+    almost impersonal. I went on, at any rate, from myself to what I
+    thought the really ideal and built up a very beautiful vision of
+    solid human friendship in which there was everything that was
+    strong and wholesome on either side, but very little of sex. To
+    imagine this in its fullness I had to imagine all social, family,
+    and educational conditions vastly different from anything I had
+    come across. From this my thoughts ran largely on social matters.
+    In whatever direction my thoughts ran I always surveyed them from
+    the point of view of a boy. I was trying to wait patiently till I
+    could escape from slavery and starvation, and trying to keep the
+    open mind I have spoken of, though I never opened a book of
+    poetry, or a novel, or a history, but I slipped naturally back
+    into my non-girl's attitude and read it through my own eyes. All
+    my surface-life was a sham, and only through books, which were
+    few, did I ever see the world naturally. A consideration of
+    social matters led me to feel very sorry for women, whom I
+    regarded as made by a deliberate process of manufacture into the
+    fools I thought they were, and by the same process that I myself
+    was being made one. I felt more and more that men were to be
+    envied and women pitied. I lay stress on this for it started in
+    me a deliberate interest in women as women. I began to feel
+    protective and kindly toward women and children and to excuse
+    women from their responsibility for calamities such as my
+    school-career. I never imagined that men required, or would have
+    thanked me for, any sort of sympathy. But it came about in these
+    ways, and without the least help that I can trace, that by the
+    time I was 19 years of age I was keenly interested in all kinds
+    of questions: pity for downtrodden women, suffrage questions,
+    marriage laws, questions of liberty, freedom of thought, care of
+    the poor, views of Nature and Man and God. All these things
+    filled my mind to the exclusion of individual men and women. As
+    soon as I left school I made a headlong plunge into books where
+    these things were treated; I had the answers to everything to
+    find after a long period of enforced starvation. I had to work
+    for my knowledge. No books or ideas came near me but what I went
+    in search of. Another thing that helped me to take an expansive
+    view of life at this time was my intense love of Nature. All
+    birds and animals affected me by their beauty and grace, and I
+    have always kept a profound sympathy with them as well as some
+    subtle understanding which enables me to tame them, at times
+    remarkably. I not only loved all other creatures, but I believed
+    that men and women were the most beautiful things in the universe
+    and I would rather look at them (unclothed) than on any other
+    thing, as my greatest pleasure. I was prepared to like them
+    because they were beautiful. When the time came for me to leave
+    school I rather dreaded it, chiefly because I dreaded my life at
+    home. I had a great longing at this time to run away and try my
+    fortune anywhere; possibly if I had been stronger I might have
+    done so. But I was in very poor health through the physical
+    crushing I had had, and in very poor spirits through this and my
+    mental repression. I still knew myself a prisoner and I was
+    bitterly disappointed and ashamed at having no education. I
+    afterward had myself taught arithmetic and other things.
+
+    "The next period of my life which covered about six years was not
+    less important to my development, and was a time of extreme
+    misery to me. It found me, on leaving school, almost a child.
+    This time between 18 and 24 should, I think, count as my proper
+    period of puberty, which probably in most children occupies the
+    end years of their school-life.
+
+    "It was at this time that I began to make a good many friends of
+    my own and to become aware of psychical and sexual attractions. I
+    had never come across any theories on the subject, but I decided
+    that I must belong to a third sex of some kind. I used to wonder
+    if I was like the neuter bees! I knew physical and psychical sex
+    feeling and yet I seemed to know it quite otherwise from other
+    men and women. I asked myself if I could endure living a woman's
+    life, bearing children and doing my duty by them. I asked myself
+    what hiatus there could be between my bodily structure and my
+    feelings, and also what was the meaning of the strong physical
+    feelings which had me in their grip without choice of my own.
+    [Experience of physical sex sensations first began about 16 in
+    sleep; masturbation was accidentally discovered at the age of 19,
+    abandoned at 28, and then at 34 deliberately resumed as a method
+    of purely physical relief.] These three things simply would not
+    be reconciled and I said to myself that I must find a way of
+    living in which there was as little sex of any kind as possible.
+    There was something that I simply lacked; that I never doubted.
+    Curiously enough, I thought that the ultimate explanation might
+    be that there were men's minds in women's bodies, but I was more
+    concerned in finding a way of life than in asking riddles without
+    answers.
+
+    "I thought that one day when I had money and opportunity I would
+    dress in men's clothes and go to another country, in order that I
+    might be unhampered by sex considerations and conventions. I
+    determined to live an honorable, upright, but simple life.
+
+    "I had no idea at first that homosexual attractions in women
+    existed; afterward observations on the lower animals put the idea
+    into my head. I made no preparation in my mind for any sexual
+    life, though I thought it would be a dreary business repressing
+    my body all my days.
+
+    "My relations with other women were entirely pure. My attitude
+    toward my sexual physical feelings was one of reserve and
+    repression, and I think the growing conviction of my radical
+    deficiency somewhere, would have made intimate affection for
+    anyone, with any demonstration in it, a kind of impropriety for
+    which I had no taste.
+
+    "However, between 21 and 24 other things happened to me.
+
+    "During these few years I saw plenty of men and plenty of women.
+    As regards the men I liked them very well, but I never thought
+    the man would turn up with whom I should care to live. Several
+    men were very friendly with me and three in particular used to
+    write me letters and give me much of their confidence. I invited
+    two of them to visit at my house. All these men talked to me with
+    freedom and even told me about their sexual ideas and doings. One
+    asked me to believe that he was leading a good life; the other
+    two owned that they were not. One discussed the question of
+    homosexuality with me; he has never married. I liked one of them
+    a good deal, being attracted by his softness and gentleness and
+    almost feminine voice. It was hoped that I would take to him and
+    he very cautiously made love to me. I allowed him to kiss me a
+    few times and wrote him a few responsive letters, wondering what
+    I liked in him. Someone then commented on the acquaintance and
+    said 'marriage,' and I woke up to the fact that I did not really
+    want him at all. I think he found the friendship too insipid and
+    was glad to be out of it. All these men were a trifle feminine in
+    characteristics, and two played no games. I thought it odd that
+    they should all express admiration for the very boyish qualities
+    in me that other people disliked. A fourth man, something of the
+    same type, told another friend that he always felt surprised at
+    how freely he was able to talk to me, but that he never could
+    feel that I was a woman. Two of these were brilliantly clever
+    men; two were artists.
+
+    "At the same period, or earlier, I made a number of women
+    friends, and of course saw more of them. I chose out some and
+    some chose me; I think I attracted them as much as, or even more
+    than, they attracted me. I do not quite remember if this was so,
+    though I can say for certain that it was so at school. There were
+    three or four bright, clever, young women whom I got to know then
+    with whom I was great friends. We were interested in books,
+    social theories, politics, art. Sometimes I visited them or we
+    went on exploring expeditions to many country places or towns.
+    They all in the end either had love affairs or married. I know
+    that in spite of all our free conversations they never talked to
+    me as they did to each other; we were always a little shy with
+    each other. But I got very fond of at least four of them. I
+    admired them and when I was tired and worried I often thought how
+    easily, if I had been a man, I could have married and settled
+    down with one or the other. I used to think it would be
+    delightful to have a woman to work for and take care of. My
+    attraction to these women was very strong, but I don't think they
+    knew it. I seldom even kissed them, but I should often have
+    cheerfully given them a good hugging and kissing if I had thought
+    it a right or proper thing to do. I never wanted them to kiss me
+    half so much as I wanted to kiss them. In these years I felt this
+    with every woman I admired.
+
+    "Occasionally, I experienced slight erections when close to other
+    women. I am sure that no deliberate thought of mine caused them,
+    and as I had them at other times too, when I was not expecting
+    them, I think it may have been accidental. What I felt with my
+    mind and what I felt with my body always at this time seemed
+    apart. I cannot accurately describe the interest and attraction
+    that women then were to me. I only know I never felt anything
+    like it for men. All my feelings of desire to do kindnesses, to
+    give presents, to be liked and respected and all such natural
+    small matters, referred to women, not to men, and at this time,
+    both openly and to myself, I said unhesitatingly that I liked
+    women best. It must be remembered that at this time a dislike for
+    men was being fostered in me by those who wanted me to marry, and
+    this must have counted for more than I now remember.
+
+    "As regards my physical sexual feelings, which were well
+    established during these few years, I don't think I often
+    indulged in any erotic imaginations worth estimating, but so far
+    as I did at all, I always imagined myself as a man loving a
+    woman. I cannot recall ever imagining the opposite, but I seldom
+    imagined anything at all, and I suppose ultimate sex sensations
+    know no sex.
+
+    "But as time went on and my physical and psychical feelings met,
+    at any rate in my own mind, I became fully aware of the meaning
+    of love and even, of homosexual possibilities.
+
+    "I should probably have thought more of this side of things
+    except that during this time I was so worried by the difficulty
+    of living in my home under the perpetual friction of comparison
+    with other people. My life was a sham; I was an actor never off
+    the boards. I had to play at being a something I was not from
+    morning till night, and I had no cessation of the long fatigue I
+    had had at school; in addition I had sex to deal with actively
+    and consciously.
+
+    "Looking back on these twenty-four years of my life I only look
+    back on a round of misery. The nervous strain was enormous and so
+    was the moral strain. Instead of a child I felt myself, whenever
+    I desired to please anyone else, a performing monkey. My
+    pleasures were stolen or I was snubbed for taking them. I was not
+    taught and was called a fool. My hand was against everybody's.
+    How it was that with my high spirits and vivid imagination I did
+    not grow up a moral imbecile full of perverted instincts I do not
+    know. I describe myself as a docile child, but I was full of
+    temptations to be otherwise. There were times when I was silent
+    before people, but if I had had a knife in my hand I could have
+    stuck it into them. If it had been desired to make me a
+    thoroughly perverted being I can imagine no better way than the
+    attempt to mould me by force into a particular pattern of girl.
+
+    "Looking at my instincts in my first childhood and my mental
+    confusion over myself, I do not believe the most sympathetic and
+    scientific treatment would have turned me into an average girl,
+    but I see no reason why proper physical conditions should not
+    have induced a better physical development and that in its turn
+    have led to tastes more approximate to those of the normal woman.
+    That I do not even now desire to be a normal woman is not to the
+    point.
+
+    "Instead of any such help, I suffered during the time that should
+    have been puberty from a profound mental and physical shock which
+    was extended over several years, and in addition I suffered from
+    the outrage of every fine and wholesome feeling I had. These
+    things by checking my physical development gave, I am perfectly
+    convinced, a traumatic impetus to my general abnormality, and
+    this was further kept up by demanding of me (at the dawn of my
+    real sexual activity, and when still practically a child) an
+    interest in men and marriage which I was no more capable of
+    feeling than any ordinary boy or girl of 15. If you had taken a
+    boy of 13 and given him all my conditions, bound him hand and
+    foot, when you became afraid of him petted him into docility, and
+    then placed him in the world and, while urging normal sexuality
+    upon him on the one hand, made him disgusted with it on the
+    other, what would have been the probable result?
+
+    "Looking back, I can only say I think, the results in my own case
+    were marvellously good, and that I was saved from worse by my own
+    innocence and by the physical backwardness which nature, probably
+    in mercy, bestowed upon me.
+
+    "I find it difficult to sum up the way in which I affect other
+    women and they me. I can only record my conviction that I do
+    affect a large number, whether abnormally or not I don't know,
+    but I attract them and it would be easy for some of them to
+    become very fond of me if I gave them a chance. They are also, I
+    am certain, more shy with me than they are with other women.
+
+    "I find it difficult also to sum up their effect on me. I only
+    know that some women attract me and some tempt me physically, and
+    have done ever since I was about 22 or 23. I know that
+    psychically I have always been more interested in women than in
+    men, but have not considered them the best companions or
+    confidants. I feel protective towards them, never feel jealous of
+    them, and hate having differences with them. And I feel always
+    that I am not one of them. If there had been any period in my
+    life when health, and temptation and money and opportunity had
+    made homosexual relations easy I cannot say how I should have
+    resisted. I think that I have never had any such relations simply
+    because I have in a way been safeguarded from them. For a long
+    time I thought I must do without all actual sexual relations and
+    acted up to that. If I had thought any relations right and
+    possible I think I should have striven for heterosexual
+    experiences because of the respect that I had cultivated, indeed
+    I think always had, for the normal and natural. If I had thought
+    it right to indulge any sort of gratification which was within my
+    reach I think I might probably have chosen the homosexual as
+    being perhaps more satisfying and more convenient. I always
+    wanted love and friendship first; later I should have been glad
+    of something to satisfy my sex hunger too, but by that time I
+    could have done without it, or I thought so."
+
+    At a period rather later than that dealt with in this narrative,
+    the subject of it became strongly attracted to a man who was of
+    somewhat feminine and abnormal disposition. But on consideration
+    she decided that it would not be wise to marry him.
+
+The commonest characteristic of the sexually inverted woman is a certain
+degree of masculinity or boyishness. As I have already pointed out,
+transvestism in either women or men by no means necessarily involves
+inversion. In the volume of _Women Adventurers_, edited by Mrs. Norman for
+the Adventure Series, there is no trace of inversion; in most of these
+cases, indeed, love for a man was precisely the motive for adopting male
+garments and manners. Again, Colley Cibber's daughter, Charlotte Charke, a
+boyish and vivacious woman, who spent much of her life in men's clothes,
+and ultimately wrote a lively volume of memoirs, appears never to have
+been attracted to women, though women were often attracted to her,
+believing her to be a man; it is, indeed, noteworthy that women seem, with
+special frequency, to fall in love with disguised persons of their own
+sex.[166] There is, however, a very pronounced tendency among sexually
+inverted women to adopt male attire when practicable. In such cases male
+garments are not usually regarded as desirable chiefly on account of
+practical convenience, nor even in order to make an impression on other
+women, but because the wearer feels more at home in them. Thus, Moll
+mentions the case of a young governess of 16 who, while still unconscious
+of her sexual perversion, used to find pleasure, when everyone was out of
+the house, in putting on the clothes of a youth belonging to the family.
+
+    Cases have been recorded of inverted women who spent the greater
+    part of their lives in men's clothing and been generally regarded
+    as men. I may cite the case of Lucy Ann Slater, _alias_ the Rev.
+    Joseph Lobdell, recorded by Wise (_Alienist and Neurologist_,
+    1883). She was masculine in character, features, and attire. In
+    early life she married and had a child, but had no affection for
+    her husband, who eventually left her. As usual in such cases, her
+    masculine habits appeared in early childhood. She was expert with
+    the rifle, lived the life of a trapper and hunter among the
+    Indians, and was known as the "Female Hunter of Long Eddy." She
+    published a book regarding those experiences. I have not been
+    able to see it, but it is said to be quaint and well written. She
+    regarded herself as practically a man, and became attached to a
+    young woman of good education, who had also been deserted by her
+    husband. The affection was strong and emotional, and, of course,
+    without deception. It was interrupted by her recognition and
+    imprisonment as a vagabond, but on the petition of her "wife" she
+    was released. "I may be a woman in one sense," she said, "but I
+    have peculiar organs which make me more a man than a woman." She
+    alluded to an enlarged clitoris which she could erect, she said,
+    as a turtle protrudes its head, but there was no question of its
+    use in coitus. She was ultimately brought to the asylum with
+    paroxysmal attacks of exaltation and erotomania (without
+    self-abuse apparently) and corresponding periods of depression,
+    and she died with progressive dementia. I may also mention the
+    case (briefly recorded in the _Lancet_, February 22, 1884) of a
+    person called John Coulter, who was employed for twelve years as
+    a laborer by the Belfast Harbor Commissioners. When death
+    resulted from injuries caused in falling down stairs, it was
+    found that this person was a woman. She was fifty years of age,
+    and had apparently spent the greater part of her life as a man.
+    When employed in early life as a manservant on a farm, she had
+    married her mistress's daughter. The pair were married for
+    twenty-nine years, but during the last six years lived apart,
+    owing to the "husband's" dissipated habits. No one ever suspected
+    her sex. She was of masculine appearance and good muscular
+    development. The "wife" took charge of the body and buried it.
+
+    A more recent case of the same kind is that of "Murray Hall," who
+    died in New York in 1901. Her real name was Mary Anderson, and
+    she was born at Govan, in Scotland. Early left an orphan, on the
+    death of her only brother she put on his clothes and went to
+    Edinburgh, working as a man. Her secret was discovered during an
+    illness, and she finally went to America, where she lived as a
+    man for thirty years, making money, and becoming somewhat
+    notorious as a Tammany politician, a rather riotous "man about
+    town." The secret was not discovered till her death, when it was
+    a complete revelation, even to her adopted daughter. She married
+    twice; the first marriage ended in separation, but the second
+    marriage seemed to have been happy, for it lasted twenty years,
+    when the "wife" died. She associated much with pretty girls, and
+    was very jealous of them. She seems to have been slight and not
+    very masculine in general build, with a squeaky voice, but her
+    ways, attitude, and habits were all essentially masculine. She
+    associated with politicians, drank somewhat to excess, though not
+    heavily, swore a great deal, smoked and chewed tobacco, sang
+    ribald songs; could run, dance, and fight like a man, and had
+    divested herself of every trace of feminine daintiness. She wore
+    clothes that were always rather too large in order to hide her
+    form, baggy trousers, and an overcoat even in summer. She is said
+    to have died of cancer of the breast. (I quote from an account,
+    which appears to be reliable, contained in the _Weekly
+    Scotsman_, February 9, 1901.)
+
+    Another case, described in the London papers, is that of
+    Catharine Coome, who for forty years successfully personated a
+    man and adopted masculine habits generally. She married a lady's
+    maid, with whom she lived for fourteen years. Having latterly
+    adopted a life of fraud, her case gained publicity as that of the
+    "man-woman."
+
+    In 1901 the death on board ship was recorded of Miss Caroline
+    Hall, of Boston, a water-color painter who had long resided in
+    Milan. Three years previously she discarded female dress and
+    lived as "husband" to a young Italian lady, also an artist, whom
+    she had already known for seven years. She called herself "Mr.
+    Hall" and appeared to be a thoroughly normal young man, able to
+    shoot with a rifle and fond of manly sports. The officers of the
+    ship stated that she smoked and drank heartily, joked with the
+    other male passengers, and was hail-fellow-well-met with
+    everyone. Death was due to advanced tuberculosis of the lungs,
+    hastened by excessive drinking and smoking.
+
+    Ellen Glenn, _alias_ Ellis Glenn, a notorious swindler, who came
+    prominently before the public in Chicago during 1905, was another
+    "man-woman," of large and masculine type. She preferred to dress
+    as a man and had many love escapades with women. "She can fiddle
+    as well as anyone in the State," said a man who knew her, "can
+    box like a pugilist, and can dance and play cards."
+
+    In Seville, a few years ago, an elderly policeman, who had been
+    in attendance on successive governors of that city for thirty
+    years, was badly injured in a street accident. He was taken to
+    the hospital and the doctor there discovered that the "policeman"
+    was a woman. She went by the name of Fernando Mackenzie and
+    during the whole of her long service no suspicion whatever was
+    aroused as to her sex. She was French by birth, born in Paris in
+    1836, but her father was English and her mother Spanish. She
+    assumed her male disguise when she was a girl and served her
+    time in the French army, then emigrated to Spain, at the age of
+    35, and contrived to enter the Madrid police force disguised as a
+    man. She married there and pretended that her wife's child was
+    her own son. She removed to Seville, still serving as a
+    policeman, and was engaged there as cook and orderly at the
+    governor's palace. She served seven successive governors. In
+    consequence of the discovery of her sex she has been discharged
+    from the police without the pension due to her; her wife had died
+    two years previously, and "Fernando" spent all she possessed on
+    the woman's funeral. Mackenzie had a soft voice, a refined face
+    with delicate features, and was neatly dressed in male attire.
+    When asked how she escaped detection so long, she replied that
+    she always lived quietly in her own house with her wife and did
+    her duty by her employers so that no one meddled with her.
+
+    In Chicago in 1906 much attention was attracted to the case of
+    "Nicholai de Raylan," confidential secretary to the Russian
+    Consul, who at death (of tuberculosis) at the age of 33 was found
+    to be a woman. She was born in Russia and was in many respects
+    very feminine, small and slight in build, but was regarded as a
+    man, and even as very "manly," by both men and women who knew her
+    intimately. She was always very neat in dress, fastidious in
+    regard to shirts and ties, and wore a long-waisted coat to
+    disguise the lines of her figure. She was married twice in
+    America, being divorced by the first wife, after a union lasting
+    ten years, on the ground of cruelty and misconduct with chorus
+    girls. The second wife, a chorus girl who had been previously
+    married and had a child, was devoted to her "husband." Both wives
+    were firmly convinced that their husband was a man and ridiculed
+    the idea that "he" could be a woman. I am informed that De Raylan
+    wore a very elaborately constructed artificial penis. In her will
+    she made careful arrangements to prevent detection of sex after
+    death, but these were frustrated, as she died in a hospital.
+
+    In St. Louis, in 1909, the case was brought forward of a young
+    woman of 22, who had posed as a man for nine years. Her masculine
+    career began at the age of 13 after the Galveston flood which
+    swept away all her family. She was saved and left Texas dressed
+    as a boy. She worked in livery stables, in a plough factory, and
+    as a bill-poster. At one time she was the adopted son of the
+    family in which she lived and had no difficulty in deceiving her
+    sisters by adoption as to her sex. On coming to St. Louis in 1902
+    she made chairs and baskets at the American Rattan Works,
+    associating with fellow-workmen on a footing of masculine
+    equality. One day a workman noticed the extreme smallness and
+    dexterity of her hands. "Gee, Bill, you should have been a girl."
+    "How do you know I'm not?" she retorted. In such ways her ready
+    wit and good humor always, disarmed suspicion as to her sex. She
+    shunned no difficulties in her work or in her sports, we are
+    told, and never avoided the severest tests. "She drank, she
+    swore, she courted girls, she worked as hard as her fellows, she
+    fished and camped; she told stories with the best of them, and
+    she did not flinch when the talk grew strong. She even chewed
+    tobacco." Girls began to fall in love with the good-looking boy
+    at an early period, and she frequently boasted of her feminine
+    conquests; with one girl who worshipped her there was a question
+    of marriage. On account of lack of education she was restricted
+    to manual labor, and she often chose hard work. At one time she
+    became a boiler-maker's apprentice, wielding a hammer and driving
+    in hot rivets. Here she was very popular and became local
+    secretary of the International Brotherhood of Boiler-makers. In
+    physical development she was now somewhat of an athlete. "She
+    could outrun any of her friends on a sprint; she could kick
+    higher, play baseball, and throw the ball overhand like a man,
+    and she was fond of football. As a wrestler she could throw most
+    of the club members." The physician who examined her for an
+    insurance policy remarked: "You are a fine specimen of physical
+    manhood, young fellow. Take good care of yourself." Finally, in a
+    moment of weakness, she admitted her sex and returned to the
+    garments of womanhood.
+
+    In London, in 1912, a servant-girl of 23 was charged in the Acton
+    Police Court with being "disorderly and masquerading," having
+    assumed man's clothes and living with another girl, taller and
+    more handsome than herself, as husband and wife. She had had
+    slight brain trouble as a child, and was very intelligent, with a
+    too active brain; in her spare time she had written stories for
+    magazines. The two girls became attached through doing Christian
+    social work together in their spare time, and resolved to live as
+    husband and wife to prevent any young man from coming forward.
+    The "husband" became a plumber's mate, and displayed some skill
+    at fisticuffs when at length discovered by the "wife's" brother.
+    Hence her appearance in the Police Court. Both girls were sent
+    back to their friends, and situations found for them as
+    day-servants. But as they remained devoted to each other
+    arrangements were made for them to live together.
+
+    Another case that may be mentioned is that of Cora Anderson, "the
+    man-woman of Milwaukee," who posed for thirteen years as a man,
+    and during that period lived with two women as her wives without
+    her disguise being penetrated. (Her "Confessions" were published
+    in the _Day Book_ of Chicago during May, 1914.)
+
+    It would be easy to bring forward other cases. A few instances of
+    marriage between women will be found in the _Alienist and
+    Neurologist_, Nov., 1902, p. 497. In all such cases more or less
+    fraud has been exercised. I know of one case, probably unique, in
+    which the ceremony was gone through without any deception on any
+    side: a congenitally inverted Englishwoman of distinguished
+    intellectual ability, now dead, was attached to the wife of a
+    clergyman, who, in full cognizance of all the facts of the case,
+    privately married the two ladies in his own church.
+
+When they still retain female garments, these usually show some traits of
+masculine simplicity, and there is nearly always a disdain for the petty
+feminine artifices of the toilet. Even when this is not obvious, there are
+all sorts of instinctive gestures and habits which may suggest to female
+acquaintances the remark that such a person "ought to have been a man."
+The brusque, energetic movements, the attitude of the arms, the direct
+speech, the inflexions of the voice, the masculine straightforwardness and
+sense of honor, and especially the attitude toward men, free from any
+suggestion either of shyness or audacity, will often suggest the
+underlying psychic abnormality to a keen observer.
+
+In the habits not only is there frequently a pronounced taste for smoking
+cigarettes, often found in quite feminine women, but also a decided taste
+and toleration for cigars. There is also a dislike and sometimes
+incapacity for needlework and other domestic occupations, while there is
+often some capacity for athletics.
+
+    As regards the general bearing of the inverted woman, in its most
+    marked and undisguised form, I may quote an admirable description
+    by Prof. Zuccarelli, of Naples, of an unmarried middle-class
+    woman of 35: "While retaining feminine garments, her bearing is
+    as nearly as possible a man's. She wears her thin hair thrown
+    carelessly back _alla Umberto_, and fastened in a simple knot at
+    the back of her head. The breasts are little developed, and
+    compressed beneath a high corset; her gown is narrow without the
+    expansion demanded by fashion. Her straw hat with broad plaits is
+    perhaps adorned by a feather, or she wears a small hat like a
+    boy's. She does not carry an umbrella or sunshade, and walks out
+    alone, refusing the company of men; or she is accompanied by a
+    woman, as she prefers, offering her arm and carrying the other
+    hand at her waist, with the air of a fine gentleman. In a
+    carriage her bearing is peculiar and unlike that habitual with
+    women. Seated in the middle of the double seat, her knees being
+    crossed or else the legs well separated, with a virile air and
+    careless easy movements she turns her head in every direction,
+    finding an acquaintance here and there with her eye, saluting men
+    and women with a large gesture of the hand as a business man
+    would. In conversation her pose is similar; she gesticulates
+    much, is vivacious in speech, with much power of mimicry, and
+    while talking she arches the inner angles of her eyebrow, making
+    vertical wrinkles at the center of her forehead. Her laugh is
+    open and explosive and uncovers her white rows of teeth. With men
+    she is on terms of careless equality." ("Inversione congenita
+    dell'istinto sessuale in una donna," _L'Anomalo_, February,
+    1889.)
+
+    "The inverted woman," Hirschfeld truly remarks (_Die
+    Homosexualität_, p. 158), "is more full of life, of enterprise,
+    of practical energy, more aggressive, more heroic, more apt for
+    adventure, than either the heterosexual woman or the homosexual
+    man." Sometimes, he adds, her mannishness may approach reckless
+    brutality, and her courage becomes rashness. This author
+    observes, however, in another place (p. 272) that, in addition to
+    this group of inverted women with masculine traits there is
+    another group, "not less large," of equally inverted women who
+    are outwardly as thoroughly feminine as are normal women. This is
+    not an observation which I am able to confirm. It appears to me
+    that the great majority of inverted women possess some masculine
+    or boyish traits, even though only as slight as those which may
+    occasionally be revealed by normal women. Extreme femininity, in
+    my observation, is much more likely to be found in bisexual than
+    in homosexual women, just as extreme masculinity is much more
+    likely to be found in bisexual than in homosexual men.
+
+While inverted women frequently, though not always, convey an impression
+of mannishness or boyishness, there are no invariable anatomical
+characteristics associated with this impression. There is, for instance,
+no uniform tendency to a masculine distribution of hair. Nor must it be
+supposed that the presence of a beard in a woman indicates a homosexual
+tendency. "Bearded women," as Hirschfeld remarks, are scarcely ever
+inverted, and it would seem that the strongest reversals of secondary
+sexual characters less often accompany homosexuality than slighter
+modifications of these characters.[167] A faint moustache and other slight
+manifestations of hypertrichosis also by no means necessarily indicate
+homosexuality. To some extent it is a matter of race; thus in the Pera
+district of Constantinople, Weissenberg, among nearly seven hundred women
+between about 18 and 50 years of age, noted that 10 per cent, showed hair
+on the upper lip; they were most often Armenians, the Greeks coming
+next.[168]
+
+    There has been some dispute as to whether, apart from
+    homosexuality, hypertrichosis in a woman can be regarded as an
+    indication of a general masculinity. This is denied by Max
+    Bartels (in his elaborate study, "Ueber abnorme Behaarung beim
+    Menschen," _Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, 1876, p. 127; 1881, p.
+    219) and, as regards insanity, by L. Harris-Liston ("Cases of
+    Bearded Women," _British Medical Journal_, June 2, 1894). On the
+    other hand, J.H. Claiborne ("Hypertrichosis in Women," _New York
+    Medical Journal_, June 13, 1914) believes that hair on the face
+    and body in a woman is a sign of masculinity; "women with
+    hypertrichosis possess masculine traits."
+
+    There seems to be very little doubt that fully developed "bearded
+    women" are in most, possibly not all, cases decidedly feminine in
+    all other respects. A typical instance is furnished by Annie
+    Jones, the "Esau Lady" of Virginia. She belonged to a large and
+    entirely normal family, but herself possessed a full beard with
+    thick whiskers and moustache of an entirely masculine type; she
+    also showed short, dark hair on arms and hands resembling a man.
+    Apart from this heterogeny, she was entirely normal and feminine.
+    At the age of 26, when examined in Berlin, the hair of the head
+    was very long, the expression of the face entirely feminine, the
+    voice also feminine, the figure elegant, the hands and feet
+    entirely of feminine type, the external and internal genitalia
+    altogether feminine. Annie Jones was married. Max Bartels, who
+    studied Annie Jones and published her portrait (_Zeitschrift für
+    Ethnologie_, 1891, Heft 3, p. 243), remarks that in these
+    respects Annie Jones resembles other "bearded women"; they marry,
+    have children, and are able to suckle them. A beard in women
+    seems, as Dupré and Duflos believe (_Revue Neurologique_, Aug.
+    30, 1901), to be more closely correlated with neuropathy than
+    with masculinity; comparing a thousand sane women with a thousand
+    insane women in Paris, they found unusual degree of hair or down
+    on the face in 23 per cent. of the former and 50 per cent. of the
+    latter; but even the sane bearded women frequently belonged to
+    neuropathic families.
+
+    A tendency to slight widely diffused hypertrichosis of the body
+    generally, not localized or highly developed on the face, seems
+    much more likely than a beard to be associated with masculinity,
+    even when it occurs in little girls. Thus Virchow once presented
+    to the Berlin Anthropological Society a little girl of 5 of this
+    type who also possessed a deep and rough voice (_Zeitschrift für
+    Ethnologie_, 1891, Heft 4, p. 469). A typical example of slight
+    hypertrichosis in a woman associated with general masculine
+    traits is furnished by a description and figure of the body of a
+    woman of 56 in an anatomical institute, furnished by C. Strauch
+    (_Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, 1901, Heft 6, p. 534). In this
+    case there was a growth of hair around both nipples and a line of
+    hair extended from the pubes to the navel; both these two
+    dispositions of hair are very rare in women. (In Vienna among
+    nearly 700 women Coe only found a tendency to hair distribution
+    toward the navel in about 1 per cent.). While the hair in this
+    subject was otherwise fairly normal, there were many
+    approximations to the masculine type in other respects: the
+    muscles were strongly developed, the bones massive, the limbs
+    long, the joints powerful, the hands and feet large, the thorax
+    well developed, the lower jaw massive; there was an absence of
+    feminine curves on the body and the breasts were scarcely
+    perceptible. At the same time the genital organs were normal and
+    there had been childbirth. It was further notable that this woman
+    had committed suicide by self-strangulation, a rare method which
+    requires great resolution and strength of will, as at any moment
+    of the process the pressure can be removed.
+
+There seems little doubt that inverted women frequently tend to show minor
+anomalies of the piliferous system, and especially slight hypertrichosis
+and a masculine distribution of hair. Thus in a very typical case of
+inversion in an Italian girl of 19 who dressed as a man and ran away from
+home, the down on the arms and legs was marked to an unusual extent, and
+there was very abundant hair in the armpits and on the pubes, with a
+tendency to the masculine distribution.[169] Of the three cases described
+in this chapter which I am best acquainted with, one possesses an
+unusually small amount of hair on the pubes and in the axillæ
+(oligotrichosis terminalis), approximating to the infantile type, while
+another presents a complex and very rare piliferous heterogeny. There is
+marked dark down on the upper lip; the pubic hair is thick, and there is
+hair on toes and feet and legs to umbilicus; there are also a few hairs
+around the nipples. A woman physician in the United States who knows many
+female inverts similarly tells me that she has observed the tendency to
+growth of hair on the legs. If, as is not improbable, inversion is
+associated with some abnormal balance in the internal secretions, it is
+not difficult to understand this tendency to piliferous anomalies; and we
+know that the thyroid secretion, for instance, and much more the
+testicular and ovarian secretions, have a powerful influence on the hair.
+
+    Ballantyne, some years ago, in discussing congenital
+    hypertrichosis (_Manual of Antenatal Pathology_, 1902, pp. 321-6)
+    concluded that the theory of arrested development is best
+    supported by the facts; persistence of lanugo is such an arrest,
+    and hypertrichosis may largely be considered a persistence of
+    lanugo. Such a conclusion is still tenable,--though it encounters
+    some difficulties and inconsistencies,--and it largely agrees
+    with what we know of the condition as associated with inversion
+    in women. But we are now beginning to see that this arrested
+    development may be definitely associated with anomalies in the
+    internal secretions, and even with special chemical defects in
+    these secretions. Virile strength has always been associated with
+    hair, as the story of Samson bears witness. Ammon found among
+    Baden conscripts (_L'Anthropologie_, 1896, p. 285) that when the
+    men were divided into classes according to the amount of hair on
+    body, the first class, with least hair, have the smallest
+    circumference of testicle, the fewest number of men with glans
+    penis uncovered, the largest number of infantile voices, the
+    largest proportion of blue eyes and fair hair, the smallest
+    average height, weight, and chest circumference, while in all
+    these respects the men with hairy bodies were at the other
+    extreme. It has been known from antiquity that in men early
+    castration affects the growth of hair. It is now known that in
+    women the presence or absence of the ovary and, other glands
+    affects the hair, as well as sexual development. Thus Hegar
+    (_Beiträge zur Geburtshülfe und Gynäkologie_, vol. i, p. 111,
+    1898) described a girl with pelvis of infantile type and uterine
+    malformation who had been unusually hairy on face and body from
+    infancy, with masculine arrangement of hair on pubes and abdomen;
+    menstruation was scanty, breasts atrophic; the hair was of lanugo
+    type; we see here how in women infantile and masculine
+    characteristics are associated with, and both probably dependent
+    on, defects in the sexual glands. Plant (_Centralblatt für
+    Gynäkologie_, No. 9, 1896) described another girl with very small
+    ovaries, rudimentary uterus, small vagina, and prominent nymphæ,
+    in whom menstruation was absent, hair on head long and strong,
+    but hair absent in armpits and scanty on mons veneris. These two
+    cases seem inconsistent as regards hair, and we should now wish
+    to know the condition of the other internal glands. The thyroid,
+    for instance, it is now known, controls the hair, as well as do
+    the sexual glands; and the thyroid, as Gautier has shown
+    (Académie de Médecine, July 24, 1900) elaborates arsenic and
+    iodine, which nourish the skin and hair; he found that the
+    administration of sodium cacodylate to young women produced
+    abundant growth of hair on head. Again, the kidneys, and
+    especially the adrenal glands, influence the hair. It has long
+    been known that in girls with congenital renal tumors there is an
+    abnormally early growth of axillary and pubic hair; Goldschwend
+    (_Präger medizinische Wochenschrift_, Nos. 37 and 38, 1910) has
+    described the case of a woman of 39, with small ovaries and
+    adrenal tumor, in whom hair began to grow on chin and cheeks.
+    (See also C.T. Ewart, _Lancet_, May 19, 1915.) Once more, the
+    glans hypophysis also affects hair growth and it has been found
+    by Lévi (quoted in _Archives d'Anthropologie Criminelle_,
+    August-September, 1912, p. 711) that the administration of
+    hypophysis extract to an infantile, hairless woman of 27, without
+    sexual feeling, produced a general tendency to growth of hair.
+    Such facts not only help to explain the anomalies of hair
+    development, but also indicate the direction in which we may find
+    an explanation of the anomalies of the sexual impulse.
+
+Apart from the complicated problem presented by the hair, there are
+genuine approximations to the masculine type. The muscles tend to be
+everywhere firm, with a comparative absence of soft connective tissue; so
+that an inverted woman may give an unfeminine impression to the sense of
+touch. A certain tonicity of the muscles has indeed often been observed in
+homosexual women. Hirschfeld found that two-thirds of inverted women are
+more muscular than normal women, while, on the other hand, he found that
+among inverted men the musculature was often weak.
+
+Not only is the tone of the voice often different, but there is reason to
+suppose that this rests on a basis, of anatomical modification. At Moll's
+suggestion, Flatau examined the larynx in a large number of inverted
+women, and found in several a very decidedly masculine type of larynx, or
+an approach to it, especially in cases of distinctly congenital origin.
+Hirschfeld has confirmed Flatau's observations on this point. It may be
+added that inverted women are very often good whistlers; Hirschfeld even
+knows two who are public performers in whistling. It is scarcely necessary
+to remark that while the old proverb associates whistling in a woman with
+crowing in a hen, whistling in a woman is no evidence of any general
+physical or psychic inversion.
+
+As regards the sexual organs it seems possible, so far as my observations
+go, to speak more definitely of inverted women than of inverted men. In
+all three of the cases concerning whom I have precise information, among
+those whose histories are recorded in the present chapter, there is more
+or less arrested development and infantilism. In one a somewhat small
+vagina and prominent nymphæ, with local sensitiveness, are associated with
+oligotrichosis. In another the sexual parts are in some respects rather
+small, while there is no trace of ovary on one side. In the third case,
+together with hypertrichosis, the nates are small, the nymphæ large, the
+clitoris deeply hooded, the hymen thick, and the vagina probably small.
+These observations, though few, are significant, and they accord with
+those of other observers.[170] Krafft-Ebing well described a case which I
+should be inclined to regard as typical of many: sexual organs feminine in
+character, but remaining at the infantile stage of a girl of 10; small
+clitoris, prominent cockscomb-like nymphæ, small vagina scarcely
+permitting normal intercourse and very sensitive. Hirschfeld agrees in
+finding common an approach to the type described by Krafft-Ebing; atrophic
+anomalies he regards as more common than hypertrophic, and he refers to
+thickness of hymen and a tendency to notably small uterus and ovaries. The
+clitoris is more usually small than large; women with a large clitoris (as
+Parent-Duchâtelet long since remarked) seem rarely to be of masculine
+type.
+
+Notwithstanding these tendencies, however, sexual inversion in a woman is,
+as a rule, not more obvious than in a man. At the same time, the inverted
+woman is not usually attractive to men. She herself generally feels the
+greatest indifference to men, and often, cannot understand why a woman
+should love a man, though she easily understands why a man should love a
+woman. She shows, therefore, nothing of that sexual shyness and engaging
+air of weakness and dependence which are an invitation to men. The man who
+is passionately attracted to an inverted woman is usually of rather a
+feminine type. For instance, in one case present to my mind he was of
+somewhat neurotic heredity, of slight physical development, not sexually
+attractive to women, and very domesticated in his manner of living; in
+short, a man who might easily have been passionately attracted to his own
+sex.
+
+While the inverted woman is cold, or, at most, comradely in her bearing
+toward men, she may become shy and confused in the presence of attractive
+persons of her own sex, even unable to undress in their presence, and full
+of tender ardor for the woman whom she loves.[171]
+
+Homosexual passion in women finds more or less complete expression in
+kissing, sleeping together, and close embraces, as in what is sometimes
+called "lying spoons," when one woman lies on her side with her back
+turned to her friend and embraces her from behind, fitting her thighs into
+the bend of her companion's legs, so that her mons veneris is in dose
+contact with the other's buttocks, and slight movement then produces mild
+erethism. One may also lie on the other's body, or there may be mutual
+masturbation. Mutual contact and friction of the sexual parts seem to be
+comparatively rare, but it seems to have been common in antiquity, for we
+owe to it the term "tribadism" which is sometimes used as a synonym of
+feminine homosexuality, and this method is said to be practised today by
+the southern Slav women of the Balkans.[172] The extreme gratification is
+_cunnilinctus_, or oral stimulation of the feminine sexual organs, not
+usually mutual, but practised by the more active and masculine partner;
+this act is sometimes termed, by no means satisfactorily, "Sapphism," and
+"Lesbianism."[173]
+
+An enlarged clitoris is but rarely found in inversion and plays a very
+small part in the gratification of feminine homosexuality. Kiernan refers;
+to a case, occurring in America, in which an inverted woman, married and a
+mother, possessed a clitoris which measured 2½ inches when erect. Casanova
+described an inverted Swiss, woman, otherwise feminine in development,
+whose clitoris in excitement was longer than his little finger, and
+capable of penetration.[174] The older literature contains many similar
+cases. In most such cases, however, we are probably concerned with some
+form of pseudohermaphroditism, and the "clitoris" may more properly be
+regarded as a penis; there is thus no inversion involved.[175]
+
+While the use of the clitoris is rare in homosexuality, the use of an
+artificial penis is by no means uncommon and very widespread. In several
+of the modern cases in which inverted women have married women (such as
+those of Sarolta Vay and De Raylan) the belief of the wife in the
+masculinity of the "husband" has been due to an appliance of this kind
+used in intercourse. The artificial penis (the olisbos, or baubon) was
+well known to the Greeks and is described by Herondas. Its invention was
+ascribed by Suidas to the Milesian women, and Miletus, according to
+Aristophanes in the _Lysistrata_, was the chief place of its
+manufacture.[176] It was still known in medieval times, and in the twelfth
+century Bishop Burchard, of Worms, speaks of its use as a thing "which
+some women are accustomed to do." In the early eighteenth century,
+Margaretha Lincken, again in Germany, married another woman with the aid
+of an artificial male organ.[177] The artificial penis is also used by
+homosexual women in various parts of the world. Thus we find it mentioned
+in legends of the North American Indians and it is employed in Zanzibar
+and Madagascar.[178]
+
+    The various phenomena of sadism, masochism, and fetichism which
+    are liable to arise, spontaneously or by suggestion, in the
+    relationships of normal lovers, as well as of male inverts, may
+    also arise in the same way among inverted women, though,
+    probably, not often in a very pronounced form. Moll, however,
+    narrates a case (_Konträre Sexualempfindung_, 1899, pp. 565-70)
+    in which various minor but very definite perversions were
+    combined with inversion. A young lady of 26, of good heredity,
+    from the age of 6 had only been attracted to her own sex, and
+    even in childhood had practised mutual _cunnilinctus_. She was
+    extremely intelligent, and of generous and good-natured
+    disposition, with various masculine tastes, but, on the whole, of
+    feminine build and with completely feminine larynx. During seven
+    years she lived exclusively with one woman. She found complete
+    satisfaction in active _cunnilinctus_. During the course of this
+    relationship various other methods of excitement and
+    gratification arose--it seems, for the most part, spontaneously.
+    She found much pleasure in urolagnic and coprolagnic practices.
+    In addition to these and similar perversions, the subject liked
+    being bitten, especially in the lobule of the ear, and she was
+    highly excited when whipped by her friend, who should, if
+    possible, be naked at the time; only the nates must be whipped
+    and only a birch rod be used, or the effect would not be
+    obtained. These practices would not be possible to her in the
+    absence of extreme intimacy and mutual understanding, and they
+    only took place with the one friend. In this case the perverse
+    phenomena were masochistic rather than sadistic. Many homosexual
+    women, however, display sadistic tendencies in a more or less
+    degree. Thus Dr. Kiernan tells me of an American case, with which
+    he was professionally concerned with Dr. Moyer (see also paper by
+    Kiernan and Moyer in _Alienist and Neurologist_, May, 1907), of a
+    sadistic inverted woman in a small Illinois city, married and
+    with two young children. She was of undoubted neuropathic stock
+    and there was a history of pre-marital masturbation and
+    bestiality with a dog. She was a prominent club woman in her city
+    and a leader in religious and social matters; as is often the
+    case with sadists she was pruriently prudish, and there was
+    strong testimony to her chaste and modest character by clergymen,
+    club women, and local magnates. The victim of her sadistic
+    passion was a girl she had adopted from a Home, but whom she half
+    starved. On this girl she inflicted over three hundred wounds.
+    Many of these wounds were stabs with forks and scissors which
+    merely penetrated the skin. This was especially the case with
+    those inflicted on the breasts, labia, and clitoris. During the
+    infliction of these she experienced intense excitement, but this
+    excitement was under control, and when she heard anyone
+    approaching she instantly desisted. She was found sane and
+    responsible at the time of these actions, but the jury also found
+    that she had since become insane and she was sent to an Insane
+    Hospital, after recovery to serve a sentence of two years in
+    prison. The alleged insanity, Dr. Kiernan adds, was of the
+    dubious manic and depressive variety, and perhaps chiefly due to
+    wounded pride.
+
+The inverted woman is an enthusiastic admirer of feminine beauty,
+especially of the statuesque beauty of the body, unlike, in this, the
+normal woman, whose sexual emotion is but faintly tinged by esthetic
+feeling. In her sexual habits we perhaps less often find the degree of
+promiscuity which is not uncommon among inverted men, and we may perhaps
+agree with Moll that homosexual women are more often apt to love
+faithfully and lastingly than homosexual men. Hirschfeld remarks that
+inverted women are not usually attracted in girlhood by the autoerotic and
+homosexual vices of school-life,[179] and nearly all the women whose
+histories I have recorded in this chapter felt a pronounced repugnance to
+such manifestations and cherished lofty ideals of love.
+
+Inverted women are not rarely married. Moll, from various confidences
+which he has received, believes that inverted women have not the same
+horror of normal coitus as inverted, men; this is probably due to the fact
+that the woman under such circumstances can retain a certain passivity. In
+other cases there is some degree of bisexuality, although, as among
+inverted men, the homosexual instinct seems usually to give the greater
+relief and gratification.
+
+It has been stated by many observers--in America, in France, in Germany,
+and in England--that homosexuality is increasing among women.[180] There
+are many influences in our civilization today which encourage such
+manifestations.[181] The modern movement of emancipation--the movement to
+obtain the same rights and duties as men, the same freedom and
+responsibility, the same education and the same work--must be regarded as,
+on the whole, a wholesome and inevitable movement. But it carries with it
+certain disadvantages.[182] Women are, very justly, coming to look upon
+knowledge and experience generally as their right as much as their
+brothers' right. But when this doctrine is applied to the sexual sphere it
+finds certain limitations. Intimacies of any kind between young men and
+young women are as much discouraged socially now as ever they were; as
+regards higher education, the mere association of the sexes in the
+lecture-room or the laboratory or the hospital is discouraged in England
+and in America. While men are allowed freedom, the sexual field of women
+is becoming restricted to trivial flirtation with the opposite sex, and to
+intimacy with their own sex; having been taught independence of men and
+disdain for the old theory which placed women in the moated grange of the
+home to sigh for a man who never comes, a tendency develops for women to
+carry this independence still farther and to find love where they find
+work. These unquestionable influences of modern movements cannot directly
+cause sexual inversion, but they develop the germs of it, and they
+probably cause a spurious imitation. This spurious imitation is due to the
+fact that the congenital anomaly occurs with special frequency in women of
+high intelligence who, voluntarily or involuntarily, influence others.
+
+    Kurella, Bloch, and others believe that the woman movement has
+    helped to develop homosexuality (see, e.g., I. Bloch, _Beiträge
+    zur Ætiologie der Psychopathia Sexualis_, 1902, vol. i, p. 248).
+    Various "feminine Strindbergs of the woman movement," as they
+    have been termed, displayed marked hostility to men. Anna Rüling
+    claims that many leaders of the movement, from the outset until
+    today, have been inverted. Hirschfeld, however (_Die
+    Homosexualität_, p. 500), after giving special attention to the
+    matter, concludes that, alike among English suffragettes and in
+    the German Verein für Frauenstimmrecht, the percentage of inverts
+    is less than 10 per cent.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[137] Catharina Margaretha Lincken, who married another woman, somewhat
+after the manner of the Hungarian Countess Sarolta Vay (i.e., with the aid
+of an artificial male organ), was condemned to death for sodomy, and
+executed in 1721 at the age of 27 (F.C. Müller, "Ein weiterer Fall von
+conträrer Sexualempfindung," _Friedrich's Blätter für Gerichtliche
+Medizin_, Heft 4, 1891). The most fully investigated case of sexual
+inversion in a woman in modern times is that of Countess Sarolta Vay
+(_Friedrich's Blätter_, Heft, 1, 1891; also Krafft-Ebing, _Psychopathia
+Sexualis_, Eng. trans. of 10th. ed., 416-427; also summarized in Appendix
+E of earlier editions of the present Study). Sarolta always dressed as a
+man, and went through a pseudo-marriage with a girl who was ignorant of
+the real sex of her "husband." She was acquitted and allowed to return
+home and continue dressing as a man.
+
+[138] Anna Rüling has some remarks on this point, _Jahrbuch für sexuelle
+Zwischenstufen_, vol. vii, 1905, p. 141 et seq.
+
+[139] This, of course, by no means necessarily indicates the existence of
+sexual inversion, any more than the presence of feminine traits in
+distinguished men. I have elsewhere pointed out (e.g., _Man and Woman_,
+5th ed., 1915, p. 488) that genius in either sex frequently involves the
+coexistence of masculine, feminine, and infantile traits.
+
+[140] Various references to Queen Hatschepsu are given by Hirschfeld (_Die
+Homosexualität_, p. 739). Hirschfeld's not severely critical list of
+distinguished homosexual persons includes 18 women. It would not be
+difficult to add others.
+
+[141] Sophie Hochstetter, in a study of Queen Christina in the _Jahrbuch
+für sexuelle Zwischenstufen_ (vol. ix, 1908, p. 168 et seq.), regards
+her as bisexual, while H.J. Schouten (_Monatsschrift für
+Kriminalanthropologie_, 1912, Heft 6) concludes that she was homosexual,
+and believes that it was Monaldeschi's knowledge on this point which led
+her to instigate his murder.
+
+[142] Cf. Hans Freimark, _Helena Petrovna Blavatsky_; Levetzow, "Louise
+Michel," _Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen_, vol. vii, 1905, p. 307 et
+seq.
+
+[143] Rosa Bonheur, the painter, is a specially conspicuous example of
+pronounced masculinity in, a woman of genius. She frequently dressed as a
+man, and when dressed as a woman her masculine air occasionally attracted
+the attention of the police. See Theodore Stanton's biography.
+
+[144] There is some difference of opinion as to whether there is less real
+delinquency among women (see Havelock Ellis, _Man and Woman_, 6th ed.,
+1915, p. 469), but we are here concerned with judicial criminality.
+
+[145] This apparently widespread opinion is represented by the remark of a
+young man in the eighteenth century (concerning the Lesbian friend of the
+woman he wishes to marry), quoted in the Comte de Tilly's _Souvenirs_: "I
+confess that that is a kind of rivalry which causes me no annoyance; on
+the contrary it amuses me, and I am immoral enough to laugh at it." That
+attitude of the educated and refined was not probably shared by the
+populace. Madame de Lamballe, who was guillotined at the Revolution, was
+popularly regarded as a tribade, and it was said that on this account her
+charming head received the special insults of the mob.
+
+[146] Havelock Ellis, _Man and Woman_, 5th ed., 1915, especially chapters
+xiii and xv.
+
+[147] Karsch (_Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen_, vol. iii, 1901, pp.
+85-9) brings together some passages concerning homosexuality in women
+among various peoples.
+
+[148] Gandavo, quoted by Lomaeco, _Archivio per l'Antropologia_, 1889,
+fasc. 1.
+
+[149] _Journal Anthropological Institute_, July-Dec., 1904, p. 342.
+
+[150] G.H. Lowie, "The Assiniboine," Am. Museum of Nat. Hist.,
+_Anthropological Papers_, New York, 1909, vol. xiv, p. 223; W. Jones, "Fox
+Texts," _Publications of Am. Ethnological Soc._, Leyden, 1907, vol. i, p.
+151; quoted by D.C. McMurtrie, "A Legend of Lesbian Love Among the North
+American Indians," _Urologic Review_, April, 1914.
+
+[151] _Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, Heft 6, 1899, p. 669.
+
+[152] I. Bloch, _Die Prostitution_, vol. i, pp. 180, 181.
+
+[153] Corre, _Crime en Pays Creoles_, 1889.
+
+[154] In a Spanish prison, some years ago, when a new governor endeavored
+to reform the homosexual manners of the women, the latter made his post so
+uncomfortable that he was compelled to resign. Salillas (_Vida Penal en
+España_) asserts that all the evidence shows the extraordinary expansion
+of Lesbian love in prisons. The _mujeres hombrunas_ receive masculine
+names--Pepe, Chulo, Bernardo, Valiente; new-comers are surrounded in the
+court-yard by a crowd of lascivious women, who overwhelm them with honeyed
+compliments and gallantries and promises of protection, the most robust
+virago having most successes; a single day and night complete the
+initiation.
+
+[155] Even among Arab prostitutes it is found, according to Kocher, though
+among Arab women generally it is rare.
+
+[156] _Monatsschrift für Harnkrankheiten_, Nov., 1905; in his _Tribadie
+Berlins_, he states that among 3000 prostitutes at least ten per cent.
+were homosexual. See also Parent-Duchâtelet, _De la Prostitution_, 3d ed.,
+vol. i, pp. 159, 169; Martineau, _Les Déformations vulvaires et anales_;
+and Iwan Bloch, _Beiträge zur Ætiologie der Psychopathia Sexualis_, 1902,
+vol. i, p. 244.
+
+[157] Hirschfeld, _Die Homosexualität_, p. 330.
+
+[158] Eulenburg, _Sexuelle Neuropathie_, p. 144.
+
+[159] See vol. vi of these _Studies_, "Sex in Relation to Society," ch.
+vii.
+
+[160] The prostitute has sometimes been regarded as a special type,
+analogous to the instinctive criminal. This point of view has been
+specially emphasized by Lombroso and Ferrero, _La Donna Delinquente_.
+Apart from this, these authors regard homosexuality among prostitutes as
+due to the following causes (p. 410 et seq.): (_a_) excessive and often
+unnatural venery; (_b_) confinement in a prison, with separation from men;
+(_c_) close association with the same sex, such as is common in brothels;
+(_d_) maturity and old age, inverting the secondary sexual characters and
+predisposing to sexual inversion; (_e_) disgust of men produced by a
+prostitute's profession, combined with the longing for love. For cases of
+homosexuality in American prostitutes, see D. McMurtrie, _Lancet-Clinic_,
+Nov. 2, 1912.
+
+[161] Thus Casanova, who knew several nuns intimately, refers to
+homosexuality as a childish sin so common in convents that confessors
+imposed no penance for it (_Mémoires_, ed. Garnier, vol. iv, p. 517).
+Homosexuality in convent schools has been studied by Mercante, _Archivos
+di Psiquiatria_, 1905, pp. 22-30.
+
+[162] I quote the following from a private letter written in Switzerland:
+"An English resident has told me that his wife has lately had to send away
+her parlor-maid (a pretty girl) because she was always taking in strange
+women to sleep with her. I asked if she had been taken from hotel service,
+and found, as I expected, that she had. But neither my friend nor his wife
+suspected the real cause of these nocturnal visits."
+
+[163] For a series of cases of affection of girls for girls, in apparently
+normal subjects in the United States, see, e.g., Lancaster, "The
+Psychology and Pedagogy of Adolescence," _Pedagogical Seminary_, July,
+1897, p. 88; also, for school friendships between girls, exactly
+resembling those between boys and girls, Theodate L. Smith, "Types of
+Adolescent Affection," ib., June, 1904, pp. 193, 195.
+
+[164] Obici and Marchesini, _Le "Amicizie" di Collegio_, Rome, 1898.
+
+[165] See Appendix B, in which I have briefly summarized the result of the
+investigation by Obici and Marchesini, and also brought forward
+observations concerning English colleges.
+
+[166] An interesting ancient example of a woman with an irresistible
+impulse to adopt men's clothing and lead a man's life, but who did not, so
+far as is known, possess any sexual impulses, is that of Mary Frith,
+commonly called Moll Cutpurse, who lived in London at the beginning of the
+seventeenth century. _The Life and Death of Mrs. Mary Frith_ appeared in
+1662; Middleton and Rowley also made her the heroine of their delightful
+comedy, _The Roaring Girl (Mermaid Series, Middleton's Plays_, volume ii),
+somewhat idealizing her, however. She seems to have belonged to a neurotic
+and eccentric stock; "each of the family," her biographer says, "had his
+peculiar freak." As a child she only cared for boys' games, and could
+never adapt herself to any woman's avocations. "She had a natural
+abhorrence to the tending of children." Her disposition was altogether
+masculine; "she was not for mincing obscenity, but would talk freely,
+whatever came uppermost." She never had any children, and was not taxed
+with debauchery: "No man can say or affirm that ever she had a sweetheart
+or any such fond thing to dally with her;" a mastiff was the only living
+thing she cared for. Her life was not altogether honest, but not so much
+from any organic tendency to crime, it seems, as because her abnormal
+nature and restlessness made her an outcast. She was too fond of drink,
+and is said to have been the first woman who smoked tobacco. Nothing is
+said or suggested of any homosexual practices, but we see clearly here
+what may be termed the homosexual diathesis.
+
+[167] Hirschfeld, _Die Homosexualität_, p. 137.
+
+[168] S. Weissenberg, _Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, 1892, Heft 4, p. 280.
+
+[169] This case was described by Gasparini, _Archivio di Psichiatria_,
+1908, fasc. 1-2.
+
+[170] Bringing together ten cases of inverted women from various sources
+(including the three original cases mentioned above), in only four were
+the sexual organs normal; in the others they were more or less
+undeveloped.
+
+[171] Homosexual persons generally, male and female, unlike the
+heterosexual, are apt to feel more modesty with persons of the same sex
+than with those of the opposite sex. See, e.g., Hirschfeld, _Die
+Homosexualität_, p. 76.
+
+[172] Kryptadia, vol. vi, p. 197.
+
+[173] The term "cunnilinctus" was suggested to me by the late Dr. J.
+Bonus, and I have ever since used it; the Latin authors commonly used
+"cunnilingus" for the actor, but had no corresponding term for the action.
+Hirschfeld has lately used the term "cunnilinctio" in the same sense, but
+such a formation is quite inadmissible. For information on the classic
+terms for this perversion, see, e.g., Iwan Bloch, _Ursprung der Syphilis_,
+vol. ii, p. 612 et seq.
+
+[174] Casanova, _Mémoires_, ed. Gamier, vol. iv, p. 597.
+
+[175] Hirschfeld deals in a full and authoritative manner with the
+differential diagnosis of inversion and the other groups of transitional
+sexuality in _Die Homosexualität_, ch. ii; also in his fully illustrated
+book _Geschlechtsübergänge_, 1905.
+
+[176] Havelock Ellis, "Auto-erotism," in vol. i of these _Studies_; Iwan
+Bloch, _Ursprung der Syphilis_, vol. ii, p. 589; ib., _Die Prostitution_,
+vol, i, pp. 385-6; for early references, Crusius, _Untersuchungen zu den
+Mimiamben der Herondas_, pp. 129-30.
+
+[177] I have found a notice of a similar case in France, during the
+sixteenth century, in Montaigne's _Journal du Voyage en Italie en_ 1850
+(written by his secretary); it took place near Vitry le François. Seven or
+eight girls belonging to Chaumont, we are told, resolved to dress and to
+work as men; one of these came to Vitry to work as a weaver, and was
+looked upon as a well-conditioned young man, and liked by everyone. At
+Vitry she became betrothed to a woman, but, a quarrel arising, no marriage
+took place. Afterward "she fell in love with a woman whom she married, and
+with whom she lived for four or five months, to the wife's great
+contentment, it is said; but, having been recognized by some one from
+Chaumont, and brought to justice, she was condemned to be hanged. She said
+she would even prefer this to living again as a girl, and was hanged for
+using illicit inventions to supply the defects of her sex" (_Journal_, ed.
+by d'Ancona, 1889, p. 11).
+
+[178] Roux, _Bulletin Société d'Anthropologie_, 1905, No. 3. Roux knew a
+Comarian woman who, at the age of 50, after her husband's death, became
+homosexual and made herself an artificial penis which she used with
+younger women.
+
+[179] Hirschfeld, _Die Homosexualität_, p. 47.
+
+[180] There are few traces of feminine homosexuality in English social
+history of the past. In Charles the Second's Court, the _Mémoires de
+Ghrammont_ tell us, Miss Hobart was credited with Lesbian tendencies.
+"Soon the rumor, true or false, of this singularity spread through the
+court. They were gross enough there never to have heard of that refinement
+of ancient Greece in the tastes of tenderness, and the idea came into
+their heads that the illustrious Hobart, who seemed so affectionate to
+pretty women, must be different from what she appeared." This passage is
+interesting because it shows us how rare was the exception. A century
+later, however, homosexuality among English women seems to have been
+regarded by the French as common, and Bacchaumont, on January 1, 1773,
+when recording that Mlle. Heinel of the Opera was settling in England,
+added: "Her taste for women will there find attractive satisfaction, for
+though Paris furnishes many tribades it is said that London is herein
+superior."
+
+[181] "I believe," writes a well-informed American correspondent, "that
+sexual inversion is increasing among Americans--both men and women--and
+the obvious reasons are: first, the growing independence of the women,
+their lessening need for marriage; secondly, the nervous strain that
+business competition has brought upon the whole nation. In a word, the
+rapidly increasing masculinity in women and the unhealthy nervous systems
+of the men offer the ideal factors for the production of sexual inversion
+in their children."
+
+[182] Homosexual women, like homosexual men, now insert advertisements in
+the newspapers, seeking a "friend." Näcke ("Zeitungsannoncen von
+weiblichen Homosexuellen," _Archiv für Kriminal-Anthropologie_, 1902, p.
+225) brought together from Munich newspapers a collection of such
+advertisements, most of which were fairly unambiguous: "Actress with
+modern ideas desires to know rich lady with similar views, for the sake of
+friendly relations, etc.;" "Young lady of 19, a pretty blonde, seeks
+another like herself for walks, theatre, etc.," and so on.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+THE NATURE OF SEXUAL INVERSION.
+
+Analysis of Histories--Race--Heredity--General Health--First Appearance of
+Homosexual Impulse--Sexual Precocity and Hyperesthesia--Suggestion and
+Other Exciting Causes of Inversion--Masturbation--Attitude Toward
+Women--Erotic Dreams--Methods of Sexual Relationship--Pseudo-sexual
+Attraction--Physical Sexual Abnormalities--Artistic and Other
+Aptitudes--Moral Attitude of the Invert.
+
+
+Before stating briefly my own conclusions as to the nature of sexual
+inversion, I propose to analyze the facts brought out in the histories
+which I have been able to study.[183]
+
+
+RACE.--All my cases, 80 in number, are British and American, 20 living in
+the United States and the rest being British. Ancestry, from the point of
+view of race, was not made a matter of special investigation. It appears,
+however, that at least 44 are English or mainly English; at least 10 are
+Scotch or of Scotch extraction; 2 are Irish and 4 others largely Irish; 4
+have German fathers or mothers; another is of German descent on both
+sides, while 2 others are of remote German extraction; 2 are partly, and 1
+entirely, French; 2 have a Portuguese strain, and at least 2 are more or
+less Jewish. Except the apparently frequent presence of the German
+element, there is nothing remarkable in this ancestry.
+
+
+HEREDITY.--It is always difficult to deal securely with the significance
+of heredity, or even to establish a definite basis of facts. I have by no
+means escaped this difficulty, for in some cases I have not even had an
+opportunity of cross-examining the subjects whose histories I have
+obtained. Still, the facts, so far as they emerge, have some interest. I
+possess some record of heredity in 62 of my cases. Of these, not less than
+24, or in the proportion of nearly 39 per cent., assert that they have
+reason to believe that other cases of inversion have occurred in their
+families, and, while in some it is only a strong suspicion, in others
+there is no doubt whatever. In one case there is reason to suspect
+inversion on both sides. Usually the inverted relatives have been
+brothers, sisters, cousins, or uncles. In one case a bisexual son seems to
+have had a bisexual father.
+
+    This hereditary character of inversion (which was denied by
+    Näcke) is a fact of great significance, and, as it occurs in
+    cases with which I am well acquainted, I can have no doubt
+    concerning the existence of the tendency. The influence of
+    suggestion may often be entirely excluded, especially when the
+    persons are of different sex. Both Krafft-Ebing and Moll noted a
+    similar tendency. Von Römer states that in one-third of his cases
+    there was inversion in other members of the family. Hirschfeld
+    also found that there is a relatively high proportion of cases of
+    family inversion.
+
+Twenty-six, so far as can be ascertained, belong to reasonably healthy
+families; minute investigation would probably reduce the number of these,
+and it is noteworthy that even in some of the healthy families there was
+only one child born of the parents' marriage. In 28 cases there is more or
+less frequency of morbidity or abnormality--eccentricity, alcoholism,
+neurasthenia, insanity, or nervous disease--on one or both sides, in
+addition to inversion or apart from it. In some of these cases the
+inverted offspring is the outcome of the union, of a very healthy with a
+thoroughly morbid stock; in some others there is a minor degree of
+abnormality on both sides.
+
+
+GENERAL HEALTH.--It is possible to speak with more certainty of the health
+of the individual than of that of his family. Of the 80 cases, 53--or
+about two-thirds--may be said to enjoy good, and sometimes even very good,
+health, though occasionally there is some slight qualification to be made.
+In 22 cases the health is delicate, or at best only fair; in these cases
+there is sometimes a tendency to consumption, and often marked
+neurasthenia and a more or less unbalanced temperament. Four cases are
+morbid to a considerable degree; the remaining case has had insane
+delusions which required treatment in an asylum. A considerable
+proportion, included among those as having either good or fair health, may
+be described as of extremely nervous temperament, and in most cases they
+so describe themselves; a certain proportion of these combine great
+physical and, especially, mental energy with this nervousness; all these
+are doubtless of neurotic temperament.[184] Very few can be said to be
+conspicuously lacking in energy. On the whole, therefore, a large
+proportion of these inverted individuals are passing through life in an
+unimpaired state of health, which enables them to do at least their fair
+share of work in the world; in a considerable proportion of my cases that
+work is of high intellectual value. Only in 5 cases, it will be seen, or
+at most 6, can the general health be said to be distinctly bad.
+
+This result may, perhaps, seem surprising. It must, however, be remembered
+that my cases do not, on the whole, represent the class which alone the
+physician is usually able to bring forward: i.e., the sexual inverts who
+are suffering from a more or less severe degree of complete nervous
+breakdown.
+
+    There is no frequent relationship between homosexuality and
+    insanity, and such homosexuality as is found in asylums is mostly
+    of a spurious character. This point was specially emphasized by
+    Näcke (e.g., "Homosexualität und Psychose," _Zeitschrift für
+    Psichiatrie_, vol. lxviii, No. 3, 1911). He quoted the opinions
+    of various distinguished alienists as to the rarity with which
+    they had met genuine inverts, and recorded his own experiences.
+    He had never met a genuine invert in the asylum throughout his
+    extensive experience, although he was quite willing to admit that
+    there may be unrecognized inverts in asylums, and one patient
+    informed him, after leaving, that he was inverted, and had
+    attracted the attention of the police both before and afterward,
+    though nothing happened in the asylum. Among 1500 patients in the
+    asylum during one year, active _pedicatio_ occurred in about 1
+    per cent. of cases, these patients being frequently idiots or
+    imbeciles and at the same time masturbators, solitary or mutual.
+    Hirschfeld informed Näcke that, among homosexual persons,
+    hysterical conditions (not usually on hereditary basis) are
+    fairly common, and neurasthenia of high degree decidedly
+    frequent, but though stages of depression are common he had never
+    seen pure melancholia and very seldom mania, but paranoiac
+    delusional ideas frequently, and he agreed with Bryan of
+    Broadmoor that religious delusions are not uncommon. General
+    paralysis occurs, but is comparatively rare, and the same may be
+    said of dementia præcox. On the whole, although Hirschfeld was
+    unable to give precise figures, there was no reason whatever to
+    suppose an abnormal prevalence of insanity. This was Näcke's own
+    view. It is quite true, Näcke concluded, that homosexual actions
+    occur in every form of psychosis, especially in congenital and
+    secondary dements, and at periods of excitement, but we are here
+    more concerned with "pseudo-homosexuality" than with true
+    inversion. Hirschfeld finds that 75 per cent. inverts are of
+    sound heredity; this seems too large a proportion; in any case
+    allowance must be made for differences in method and minuteness
+    of investigation.
+
+I am fairly certain that thorough investigation would very considerably
+enlarge the proportion of cases with morbid heredity. At the same time
+this enlargement would be chiefly obtained by bringing minor abnormalities
+to the front, and it would then have to be shown how far the families of
+average or normal persons are free from such abnormalities. The question
+is sometimes asked: What family is free from neuropathic taint? At present
+it is difficult to answer this question precisely. There is good ground to
+believe that a fairly large proportion of families are free from such
+taint. In any case it seems probable that the families to which the
+inverted belong do not usually present such profound signs of nervous
+degeneration as we were formerly led to suppose. What we vaguely call
+"eccentricity" is common among them; insanity is much rarer.
+
+
+FIRST APPEARANCE OF HOMOSEXUAL INSTINCT.--Out of 72 cases, in 8 the
+instinct veered round to the same sex in adult age or at all events after
+puberty; in 3 of these there had been a love-disappointment with a woman;
+no other cause than this can be assigned for the transition; but it is
+noteworthy that in at least 2 of these cases the sexual instinct is
+undeveloped or morbidly weak, while a third individual is of somewhat
+weak _physique_, and another has long been in delicate health. In a
+further case, also somewhat morbid, the development was rather more
+complicated.
+
+In 64 cases, or in a proportion of 88 per cent., the abnormal instinct
+began in early life, without previous attraction to the opposite sex.[185]
+In 27 of these it dates from about puberty, usually beginning at school.
+In 39 cases the tendency began before puberty, between the ages of 5 and
+11, usually between 7 and 9, sometimes as early as the subject can
+remember. It must not be supposed that, in these numerous cases of the
+early appearance of homosexuality, the manifestations were of a
+specifically physical character, although erections are noted in a few
+cases. For the most part sexual manifestations at this early age, whether
+homosexual or heterosexual, are purely psychic.[186]
+
+
+SEXUAL PRECOCITY AND HYPERESTHESIA.--It is a fact of considerable interest
+and significance that in so large a number of my cases there was distinct
+precocity of the sexual emotions, both on the physical and psychic sides.
+There can be little doubt that, as many previous observers have found,
+inversion tends strongly to be associated with sexual precocity. I think
+it may further be said that sexual precocity tends to encourage the
+inverted habit where it exists. Why this should be so is obvious, if we
+believe--as there is some reason for believing--that at an early age the
+sexual instinct is comparatively undifferentiated in its manifestations.
+The precocious accentuation of the sexual impulse leads to definite
+crystallization of the emotions at a premature stage. It must be added
+that precocious sexual energy is likely to remain feeble, and that a
+feeble sexual energy adapts itself more easily to homosexual
+relationships, in which there is no definite act to be accomplished, than
+to normal relationships. It is difficult to say how many of my cases
+exhibit sexual weakness. In 6 or 7 it is evident, and it may be suspected
+in many others, especially in those who are, and often describe themselves
+as, "sensitive" or "nervous," as well as in those whose sexual development
+was very late. In many cases there is marked hyperesthesia, or irritable
+weakness. Hyperesthesia simulates strength, and, while there can be little
+doubt that some sexual inverts (and more especially bisexuals) do possess
+unusual sexual energy, in others it is but apparent; the frequent
+repetition of seminal emissions, for example, may be the result of
+weakness as well as of strength. It must be added that this irritability
+of the sexual centers is, in a considerable proportion of inverts,
+associated with marked emotional tendencies to affection and
+self-sacrifice. In the extravagance of his affection and devotion, it has
+been frequently observed, the male invert resembles many normal women.
+
+
+SUGGESTION AND OTHER EXCITING CAUSES OF INVERSION.--In 18 of my cases it
+is possible that some event, or special environment, in early life had
+more or less influence in turning the sexual instinct into homosexual
+channels, or in calling out a latent inversion. In 3 cases a
+disappointment in normal love seems to have produced a profound nervous
+and emotional shock, acting, as we seem bound to admit, on a predisposed
+organism, and developing a fairly permanent tendency to inversion. In 8
+cases there was seduction by an older person, but in at least 4 or 5 of
+these there was already a well-marked predisposition. In at least 8 other
+cases, example, usually at school, may probably be regarded as having
+exerted some influence. It is noteworthy that in very few of my cases can
+we trace the influence of any definite "suggestion," as asserted by
+Schrenck-Notzing, who believes that, in the causation of sexual inversion
+(as undoubtedly in the causation of erotic fetichism), we must give the
+first place to "accidental factors of education and external influence."
+He records the case of a little boy who innocently gazed in curiosity at
+the penis of his father who was urinating, and had his ears boxed, whence
+arose a train of thought and feeling which resulted in complete sexual
+inversion. In two of the cases I have reported we have parallel incidents,
+and here we see clearly that the homosexual tendency already existed. I do
+not question the occurrence of such incidents, but I refuse to accept them
+as supplying the causation of inversion, and in so doing I am supported by
+all the evidence I am able to obtain. I am in agreement with a
+correspondent who wrote:--
+
+    "Considering that all boys are exposed to the same order of
+    suggestions (sight of a man's naked organs, sleeping with a man,
+    being handled by a man), and that only a few of them become
+    sexually perverted, I think it reasonable to conclude that those
+    few were previously constituted to receive the suggestion. In
+    fact, suggestion seems to play exactly the same part in the
+    normal and abnormal awakening of sex."
+
+I would go so far as to assert that for normal boys and girls the
+developed sexual organs of the adult man or woman--from their size,
+hairiness, and the mystery which envelops them--nearly always exert a
+certain fascination, whether of attraction or horror.[187] But this has no
+connection with homosexuality, and scarcely with sexuality at all. Thus,
+in one case known to me, a boy of 6 or 7 took pleasure in caressing the
+organs of another boy, twice his own age, who remained passive and
+indifferent; yet this child grew up without ever manifesting any
+homosexual instinct. The seed of suggestion can only develop when it falls
+on a suitable soil. If it is to act on a fairly normal nature the
+perverted suggestion must be very powerful or iterated, and even then its
+influence will probably only be temporary, disappearing in the presence of
+the normal stimulus.[188]
+
+Not only is "suggestion" unnecessary to develop a sexual impulse already
+rooted in the organism, but when exerted in an opposite direction it is
+powerless to divert that impulse. We see this illustrated in several of
+the cases whose histories I have presented. Thus in one case a boy was
+seduced by the housemaid at the age of 14 and even derived pleasure from
+the girl, yet none the less the native homosexual instinct asserted itself
+a year later. In another case heterosexual suggestions were offered and
+accepted in early life, yet, notwithstanding, the homosexual attraction
+was slowly evolved from within.
+
+I have, therefore, but little to say of the influence of suggestion, which
+was formerly exalted to a position of the first importance in books on
+sexual inversion. This is not because I underestimate the great part
+played by suggestion in many fields of normal and abnormal life. It is
+because I have been able to find but few decided traces of it in sexual
+inversion. In many cases, doubtless, there may be some slight elements of
+suggestion in developing the inversion, though they cannot be traced.[189]
+Their importance seems usually questionable even when they are
+discovered. Take Schrenck-Notzing's case of the little boy whose ears were
+boxed for what his father considered improper curiosity. I find it
+difficult to realize that a mighty suggestion can thereby be generated
+unless a strong emotion exists for it to unite with; in that case the seed
+falls on prepared soil. Is the wide prevalence of normal sexuality due to
+the fact that so many little boys have had their ears boxed for taking
+naughty liberties with women? If so, I am quite prepared to accept
+Schrenck-Notzing's explanation as a complete account of the matter. I know
+of one case, indeed, in which an element of what may fairly be called
+suggestion can be detected. It is that of a physician who had always been
+on very friendly terms with men, but had sexual relations exclusively with
+women, finding fair satisfaction, until the confessions of an inverted
+patient one day came to him as a revelation; thereafter he adopted
+inverted practices and ceased to find any attraction in women. But even in
+this case, as I understand the matter, suggestion merely served to reveal
+his own nature to the man. For a physician to adopt the perverted habits
+which the visit of a chance patient suggests to him can scarcely be a
+phenomenon of pure suggestion. We have no reason to suppose that this
+physician practised every perversion he heard of from patients; he adopted
+that which fitted his own nature.[190] In another case homosexual advances
+were made to a youth and accepted, but he had already been attracted to
+men in childhood. Again, in another case, there were homosexual
+influences in the boyhood of a subject who became bisexual, but as the
+subject's father was of similar bisexual temperament we can attach no
+potency to the mere suggestions. In another case we find homosexual
+influence in childhood, but the child was already delicate, shy, nervous,
+and feminine, clearly possessing a temperament predestined to develop in a
+homosexual direction.
+
+    The irresistible potency of the inner impulse is well illustrated
+    in a case presented by Hirschfeld and Burchard: "My daughter
+    Erna," said the subject's mother, "showed boyish inclinations at
+    the age of 3, and they increased from year to year. She never
+    played with dolls, only with tin soldiers, guns, and castles. She
+    would climb trees and jump ditches; she made friends with the
+    drivers of all the carts that came to our house and they would
+    place her on the horse's back. The annual circus was a joy to her
+    for all the year. Even as a child of 4 she was so fearless on
+    horseback that lookers-on shouted Bravo! and all declared she was
+    a born horsewoman. It was her greatest wish to be a boy. She
+    would wear her elder brother's clothes all day, notwithstanding
+    her grandmother's indignation. Cycling, gymnastics, boating,
+    swimming, were her passion, and she showed skill in them. As she
+    grew older she hated prettily adorned hats and clothes. I had
+    much trouble with her for she would not wear pretty things. The
+    older she grew the more her masculine and decided ways developed.
+    This excited much outcry and offence. People found my daughter
+    unfeminine and disagreeable, but all my trouble and exhortations
+    availed nothing to change her." Now this young woman whom all the
+    influences of a normal feminine environment failed to render
+    feminine was not physiologically a woman at all; the case proved
+    to be the unique instance of an individual possessing all the
+    external characteristics of a woman combined with internal
+    testicular tissue capable of emitting true masculine semen
+    through the feminine urethra. No suggestions of the environment
+    could suffice to overcome this fundamental fact of internal
+    constitution. (Hirschfeld and Burchard, "Spermasekretion aus
+    einer weiblichen Harnröhre," _Deutsche medizinische
+    Wochenschrift_, No. 52, 1911.)
+
+I may here quote three American cases (not previously published), for
+which I am indebted to Prof. G. Frank Lydston, of Chicago. They seem to me
+to illustrate the only kind of suggestions which play much part in the
+evolution of inversion. I give them in Dr. Lydston's words:--
+
+
+    CASE I.--A man, 45 years of age, attracted by the allusion to my
+    essay on "Social Perversion" contained in the English translation
+    of Krafft-Ebing's _Psychopathia Sexualis_, consulted me regarding
+    the possible cure of his condition. This individual was a finely
+    educated, very intelligent man, who was an excellent linguist,
+    had considerable musical ability, and was in the employ of a firm
+    whose business was such as to demand on the part of its employés
+    considerable legal acumen, clerical ability, and knowledge of
+    real-estate transactions. This man stated that at the age of
+    puberty, without any knowledge of perversity of sexual feeling,
+    he was thrown intimately in contact with males of more advanced
+    years, who took various means to excite his sexual passions, the
+    result being that perverted sexual practices were developed,
+    which were continued for a number of years. He thereafter noticed
+    an aversion to women. At the solicitations of his family he
+    finally married, without any very intelligent idea as to what, if
+    anything, might be expected of him in the marital relation.
+    Absolute impotence--indeed, repugnance for association with his
+    wife--was the lamentable sequence. A divorce was in contemplation
+    when, fortunately for all parties concerned, the wife suddenly
+    died. Being a man of more than ordinary intelligence, this
+    individual, prior to seeking my aid, had sought vainly for some
+    remedy for his unfortunate condition. He stated that he believed
+    there was an element of heredity in his case, his father having
+    been a dipsomaniac and one brother having died insane. He
+    nevertheless stated it to be his opinion that, notwithstanding
+    the hereditary taint, he would have been perfectly normal from a
+    sexual standpoint had it not been for acquired impressions at or
+    about the period of puberty. This man presented a typically
+    neurotic type of _physique_, complained of being intensely
+    nervous, was prematurely gray, of only fair stature, and had an
+    uncontrollable nystagmus, which, he said, had existed for some
+    fifteen years. As might be expected, treatment in this case was
+    of no avail. I began the use of hypnotic suggestion at the hands
+    of an expert professional hypnotist. The patient, being called
+    out of the State, finally gave up treatment, and I have no means
+    of knowing what his present condition is.
+
+
+    CASE II.--A lady patient of mine who happened to be an actress,
+    and consequently a woman of the world, brought to me for an
+    opinion some correspondence which had passed between her younger
+    brother and a man living in another State, with whom he was on
+    quite intimate terms. In one of these letters various flying
+    trips to Chicago for the purpose of meeting the lad, who, by the
+    way, was only 17 years of age, were alluded to. It transpired
+    also, as evidenced by the letters, that on several occasions the
+    young lad had been taken on trips in Pullman cars by his friend,
+    who was a prominent railroad official. The character of the
+    correspondence was such as the average healthy man would address
+    to a woman with whom he was enamored. It seemed that the author
+    of the correspondence had applied to his boy affinity the name
+    Cinderella, and the protestations of passionate affection that
+    were made toward Cinderella certainly would have satisfied the
+    most exacting woman. The young lad subsequently made a confession
+    to me, and I put myself in correspondence with his male friend,
+    with the result that he called upon me and I obtained a full
+    history of the case. The method of indulgence in this case was
+    the usual one of oral masturbation, in which the lad was the
+    passive party. I was unable to obtain any definite data regarding
+    the family history of the elder individual in this case, but
+    understand that there was a taint of insanity in his family. He
+    himself was a robust, fine-looking man, above middle age, who was
+    well educated and very intelligent, as he necessarily must have
+    been, because of the prominent position he held with an important
+    railway company. I will state, as a matter of interest, that the
+    lad in this case, who is now 23 years of age, has recently
+    consulted me for _impotentia coëundi_, manifesting a frigidity
+    for women, and, from the young man's statements, I am convinced
+    that he is well on the road to confirmed sexual perversion.
+
+    An interesting point in this connection is that the young man's
+    sister, the actress already alluded to, has recently had an
+    attack of acute mania.
+
+    I have had other unpublished cases that might be of interest, but
+    these two are somewhat classical, and typify to a greater or less
+    degree the majority of other cases. I will, however, mention one
+    other case, occurring in a woman.
+
+
+    CASE III.--A married woman 40 years of age. Has been deserted by
+    her husband because of her perverted sexuality. Neurotic history
+    on both sides of the family, and several cases of insanity on
+    mother's side. In this case affinity for the same sex and
+    perverted desire for the opposite sex existed, a combination by
+    no means infrequent. Hypnotic suggestion tried, but without
+    success. Cause was evidently suggestion and example on the part
+    of another female pervert with whom she associated before her
+    marriage. Marriage was late, at age of 35. In all these cases
+    there was an element of what may be called suggestion, but it was
+    really much more than this; it was probably in each case active
+    seduction by an elder person of a predisposed younger person. It
+    will be observed that in each case there was, at the least, an
+    organic neurotic basis for suggestion and seduction to work on. I
+    cannot regard these cases as entitled to modify our attitude
+    toward suggestion.
+
+
+MASTURBATION.--Moreau believed that masturbation was a cause of sexual
+inversion, and Krafft-Ebing looked upon it as leading to all sorts of
+sexual perversions; the same opinion was currently repeated by many
+writers. It is not now accepted. Moll emphatically rejected the idea that
+masturbation can be the cause of inversion; Näcke repeatedly denies that
+masturbation, any more than seduction, can ever produce true inversion;
+Hirschfeld attaches to it no etiological significance. Many years ago I
+gave special attention to this point and reached a similar conclusion.
+That masturbation, especially at an early age, may sometimes enfeeble the
+sexual activities, and aid the manifestations of inversion, I certainly
+believe. But beyond this there is little in the history of my male cases
+to indicate masturbation as a cause of inversion. It is true that 44 out
+of 51 admit that they have practised masturbation,--at all events,
+occasionally, or at some period in their lives,--and it is possible that
+this proportion is larger than that found among normal people. Even if so,
+however, it is not difficult to account for, bearing in mind the fact that
+the homosexual person has not the same opportunities as has the
+heterosexual person to gratify his instincts, and that masturbation may
+sometimes legitimately appear to him as the lesser of two evils.[191] Not
+only has masturbation been practised at no period in at least 7 of the
+cases (for concerning several I have no information), but in several
+others it was never practised until long after the homosexual instinct had
+appeared, in 1 case not till the age of 40, and then only occasionally. In
+at least 8 it was only practised at puberty; in at least 8, however, it
+began before the age of puberty; at least 9 left off before about the age
+of 20. Unfortunately, as yet, we have little definite evidence as to the
+prevalence and extent of masturbation among normal individuals.
+
+Among the women masturbation is found in at least 5 cases out of 7. In 1
+case there was no masturbation until comparatively late in life, and then
+only at rare intervals and under exceptional circumstances. In another
+case, some years after the homosexual attraction had been experienced, it
+was practised, though not in excess, from the age of puberty for about
+four years, and then abandoned; during these years the physical sexual
+feelings were more imperative than they were afterward felt to be. In 2
+cases masturbation was learned spontaneously soon after puberty, and in 1
+of these practised in excess before the manifestations of inversion became
+definite. In all cases the subjects are emphatic in asserting that this
+practice neither led to, nor was caused by, the homosexual attraction,
+which they regard as a much higher feeling, and it must be added that the
+occasional practice of masturbation is very far from rare among fairly
+normal women.[192]
+
+While this is so, I am certainly inclined to believe that an early and
+excessive indulgence in masturbation, though not an adequate cause, is a
+favoring condition for the development of inversion, and that this is
+especially so in women. The sexual precocity indicated by early and
+excessive masturbation doubtless sometimes reveals an organism already
+predisposed to homosexuality. But, apart from this, when masturbation
+arises spontaneously at an early age on a purely physical basis it seems
+to tend to produce a divorce between the physical and the psychic aspects
+of sexual love. The sexual manifestations are all diverted into this
+physical direction, and the child is ignorant that such phenomena are
+normally allied to love; then, when a more spiritual attraction appears
+with adolescent development, this divorce is perpetuated. Instead of the
+physical and psychic feelings appearing together when the age for sexual
+attraction comes, the physical feelings are prematurely twisted from their
+natural end, and it becomes abnormally easy for a person of the same sex
+to step in and take the place rightfully belonging to a person of the
+opposite sex. This has certainly seemed to me the course of events in some
+cases I have observed.
+
+
+ATTITUDE TOWARD THE OPPOSITE SEX.--In 17 cases (of whom 5 are married and
+others purposing to marry) there is sexual attraction to both sexes, a
+condition formerly called psycho-sexual hermaphroditism, but now more
+usually bisexuality. In such cases, although there is pleasure and
+satisfaction in relationships with both sexes, there is usually a greater
+degree of satisfaction in connection with one sex. Most of the bisexual
+prefer their own sex. It is curiously rare to find a person, whether man
+or woman, who by choice exercises relationships with both sexes and
+prefers the opposite sex. This would seem to indicate that the bisexual
+may really be inverts.
+
+In any case bisexuality merges imperceptibly into simple inversion. In at
+least 16 of 52 cases of simple inversion in men there has been connection
+with women, in some instances only once or twice, in others during several
+years, but it was always with an effort, or from a sense of duty and
+anxiety to be normal; they never experienced any real pleasure in the act,
+or sense of satisfaction after it. Four of these cases are married, but
+martial relationships usually ceased after a few years. At least four
+others were attracted to women when younger, but are not now; another once
+felt sexually attracted to a boyish woman, but never made any attempt to
+obtain any relationships with her; 3 or 4 others, again, have tried to
+have connection with women, but failed. The largest proportion of my cases
+have never had any sexual intimacy with the opposite sex,[193] and some of
+these experience what, in the case of the male invert, is sometimes
+called _horror feminæ_. But, while woman as an object of sexual desire is
+in such cases disgusting to them, and it is usually difficult for a
+genuine invert to have connection with a woman except by setting up images
+of his own sex, for the most part inverts are capable of genuine
+friendships, irrespective of sex.
+
+It is, perhaps, not difficult to account for the horror--much stronger
+than that normally felt toward a person of the same sex--with which the
+invert often regards the sexual organs of persons of the opposite sex. It
+cannot be said that the sexual organs of either sex under the influence of
+sexual excitement are esthetically pleasing; they only become emotionally
+desirable through the parallel excitement of the beholder. When the
+absence of parallel excitement is accompanied in the beholder by the sense
+of unfamiliarity as in childhood, or by a neurotic hypersensitiveness, the
+conditions are present for the production of intense _horror feminæ_ or
+_horror masculis_, as the case may be. It is possible that, as Otto Rank
+argues in his interesting study, "Die Naktheit im Sage und Dichtung," this
+horror of the sexual organs of the opposite sex, to some extent felt even
+by normal people, is embodied in the Melusine type of legend.[194]
+
+
+EROTIC DREAMS.--Our dreams follow, as a general rule, the impulses that
+stir our waking psychic life. The normal man or woman in sexual vigor
+dreams of loving a person of the opposite sex; the inverted man dreams of
+loving a man, the inverted woman of loving a woman.[195] Dreams thus have
+a certain value in diagnosis, more especially since there is less
+unwillingness to confess to a perverted dream than to a perverted action.
+
+Ulrichs first referred to the significance of the dreams of inverts. At a
+later period Moll pointed out that they have some value in diagnosis when
+we are not sure how far the inverted tendency is radical. Then Näcke
+repeatedly emphasized the importance of dreams as constituting, he
+believed, the most delicate test we possess in the diagnosis of
+homosexuality;[196] this was an exaggerated view which failed to take into
+account the various influences which may deflect dreams. Hirschfeld has
+made the most extensive investigation on this point, and found that among
+100 inverts 87 had exclusively homosexual dreams, while most of the rest
+had no dreams at all.[197] Among my cases, only 4 definitely state that
+there are no erotic dreams, while 31 acknowledge that the dreams are
+concerned more or less with persons of the same sex. Of these, at least 16
+assert or imply that their dreams are exclusively of the same sex. Two,
+though apparently inverted congenitally, have had erotic dreams of women,
+in one case more frequently than of men; these two exceptions have no
+apparent explanation. Another appears to have sexual dreams of a nightmare
+character in which women appear. In another case there were always at
+first dreams of women, but this subject had sometimes had connection with
+prostitutes, and is not absolutely indifferent to women, while another,
+whose dreams remain heterosexual, had in early life some attraction to
+girls. In the cases of distinct bisexuality there is no unanimity; 2 dream
+of their own sex, 2 dream of both sexes, 1 usually dreams of the opposite
+sex, and 1 man, while dreaming of both, dislikes those dreams in which
+women figure. In at least 3 cases dreams of a sexual character began at
+the age of 8 or earlier.
+
+    The phenomena presented by erotic dreams, alike in normal and
+    abnormal persons, are somewhat complex, and dreams are by no
+    means a sure guide to the dreamer's real sexual attitude. The
+    fluctuations of dream imagery may be illustrated by the
+    experiences of one of my subjects who thus indirectly summarises
+    his own experiences: "When he was quite a child, he used to be
+    haunted by gross and grotesque dreams of naked adult men, which
+    must have been erotic. At the age of puberty he dreamed in two
+    ways, but always about males. One species of vision was highly
+    idealistic; a radiant and lovely young man's face with floating
+    hair appeared to him on a background of dim shadows. The other
+    was obscene, being generally the sight of a groom's or carter's
+    genitals in a state of violent erection. He never dreamed
+    erotically or sentimentally about women; but when the dream was
+    frightful, the terror-making personage was invariably female. In
+    ordinary dreams, women of his family or acquaintance played a
+    trivial part. At the age of 24, having determined to conquer his
+    homosexual passions, he married, found no difficulty in
+    cohabiting with his wife, and begat several children, although he
+    took but little passionate delight in the sexual act. He still
+    continued to dream exclusively of men, for several years; and the
+    obscene visions became more frequent than the idealistic.
+    Gradually, coarse and uninteresting erotic dreams of women began
+    to haunt his mind in sleep. A curious particular regarding the
+    new type of vision was that he never dreamed of whole females,
+    only of their sexual parts, seen in a blur; and the seminal
+    emissions which attended the mental pictures left a feeling of
+    fatigue and disgust. In course of time, his wife and he agreed to
+    live separately so far as sexual relations are concerned. He then
+    indulged his passion for males, and wholly lost those rudimentary
+    female dreams which had been developed during the period of
+    nuptial cohabitation."
+
+    Not only is it possible for the genuine invert to be trained into
+    heterosexual erotic dreams, but homosexual dreams may
+    occasionally be experienced by persons who are, and always have
+    been, exclusively heterosexual. I could bring forward much
+    evidence on this point. (Cf. "Auto-erotism" in vol. i of these
+    _Studies_.) Both men and women who have always been of pronounced
+    heterosexual tendency, without a trace of inversion, are liable
+    to rare homosexual dreams, not necessarily involving orgasm or
+    even definite sexual excitement, and sometimes accompanied by a
+    feeling of repugnance. As an example I may present a dream (which
+    had no known origin) of an exclusively heterosexual lady aged 42;
+    she dreamed she was in bed with another woman, unknown to her,
+    and lying on her own stomach, while with her right hand stretched
+    out she was feeling the other's sexual parts. She could
+    distinctly perceive the clitoris, vagina, etc.; she felt a sort
+    of disgust with herself for what she was doing, but continued
+    until she awoke; she then found herself lying on her stomach as
+    in the dream and at first thought she must have been touching
+    herself, but realized that this could not have been the case.
+    (Niceforo, who believes that inversion may develop out of
+    masturbation, considers that dreams of masturbation by
+    association of ideas may take on an inverted character [_Le
+    Psicopatie Sessuale_, 1897, pp. 35, 69]; this, however, must be
+    rare, and will not account for most of the dreams in question.)
+
+    Näcke and Colin Scott, some years ago, independently referred to
+    cases in which normal persons were liable to homosexual dreams,
+    and Féré (_Revue de Médecine_, Dec., 1898) referred to a man who
+    had a horror of women, but appeared only to manifest
+    homosexuality in his dreams. Näcke (_Archiv für
+    Kriminal-Anthropologie_, 1907, Heft I, 2) calls dreams which
+    represent a reaction of opposition to the dreamer's ordinary life
+    "contrast dreams." Hirschfeld, who accepts Näcke's "contrast
+    dreams" in relation to homosexuality, considers that they
+    indicate a latent bisexuality. We may admit this is so, in the
+    same sense in which a complementary color image called up by
+    another color indicates the possibility of perceiving that color.
+    In most cases, however, it seems to me that homosexual dreams in
+    normal persons may be simply explained as due to the ordinary
+    confusion and transition of dream imagery. (See Ellis, _The World
+    of Dreams_, especially ch. ii.)
+
+_Methods of Sexual Relationship_.--The exact mode in which an inverted
+instinct finds satisfaction is frequently of importance from the
+medico-legal standpoint;[198] from a psychological standpoint it is of
+minor significance, being chiefly of interest as showing the degree to
+which the individual has departed from the instinctive feelings of his
+normal fellow-beings.
+
+Taking 57 inverted men of whom I have definite knowledge, I find that 12,
+restrained by moral or other considerations, have never had any physical
+relationship with their own sex. In some 22 cases the sexual relationship
+rarely goes beyond close physical contact and fondling, or at most mutual
+masturbation and intercrural intercourse. In 10 or 11 cases _fellatio_
+(oral excitation)--frequently in addition to some form of mutual
+masturbation, and usually, though not always, as the active agency--is the
+form preferred. In 14 cases, actual _pedicatio_[199]--usually active, not
+passive--has been exercised. In these cases, however, _pedicatio_ is by no
+means always the habitual or even the preferred method of gratification.
+It seems to be the preferred method in about 7 cases. Several who have
+never experienced it, including some who have never practised any form of
+physical relationship, state that they feel no objection to _pedicatio_;
+some have this feeling in regard to active, others in regard to passive,
+_pedicatio_. The proportion of inverts who practise or have at some time
+experienced _pedicatio_ thus revealed (nearly 25 per cent.) is large; in
+Germany Hirschfeld finds it to be only 8 per cent., and Merzbach only 6. I
+believe, however, that a wider induction from a larger number of English
+and American cases would yield a proportion much nearer to that found in
+Germany.[200]
+
+
+PSEUDOSEXUAL ATTRACTION.--It is sometimes supposed that in homosexual
+relationships one person is always active, physically and emotionally, the
+other passive. Between men, at all events, this is very frequently not the
+case, and the invert cannot tell if he feels like a man or like a woman.
+Thus, one writes:--
+
+    "In bed with my friend I feel as he feels, and he feels as I
+    feel. The result is masturbation, and nothing more or desire for
+    more on my part. I get it over, too, as soon as possible, in
+    order to come to the best--sleeping arms round each other, or
+    talking so."
+
+It remains true, however, that there may usually be traced what it is
+possible to call pseudosexual attraction, by which I mean a tendency for
+the invert to be attracted toward persons unlike himself, so that in his
+sexual relationships there is a certain semblance of sexual opposition.
+Numa Praetorius considers that in homosexuality the attraction of
+opposites--the attraction for soldiers and other primitive vigorous
+types--plays a greater part than among normal lovers.[201] This
+pseudosexual attraction is, however, as Hirschfeld points out,[202] and as
+we see by the Histories here presented, by no means invariable.
+
+    M.N. writes: "To me it appears that the female element must, of
+    necessity, exist in the body that desires the male, and that
+    nature keeps her law in the spirit, though she breaks it in the
+    form. The rest is all a matter of individual temperament and
+    environment. The female nature of the invert, hampered though it
+    is by its disguise of flesh, is still able to exert an
+    extraordinary influence, and calls insistently upon the male.
+    This influence seems called into action most violently in the
+    presence of males possessed of strong sexual magnetism of their
+    own. Such men are generally more or less conscious of the
+    influence, and the result is either a vague appreciation, which
+    will make the male wonder why he gets on so well with the invert,
+    or else the influence will be realized to be something
+    incongruous and unnatural, and will be resented accordingly.
+    Sometimes, indeed, the reciprocated feeling (circumstance and
+    opportunity permitting) will prove strong enough to induce sexual
+    relations. Reason will then generally overpower instinct, and the
+    feeling, aroused unaware, will probably be changed into
+    repulsion. Further, the influence reacts in the same way on
+    women, who, particularly if they are strongly sexual, experience
+    involuntary sensations of dislike or antagonism on association
+    with inverts. There is, however, one terrible reality for the
+    invert to face, no matter how much he may wish to avoid it and
+    seek to deceive himself. There exists for him an almost absolute
+    lack of any genuine satisfaction either in the way of the
+    affections or desires. His whole life is passed in vainly seeking
+    and desiring the male, the antithesis of his nature, and in
+    consorting with inverts he must perforce be content with the male
+    in form only, the shadow without the substance. Indeed, one
+    invert necessarily regards another as being of the same undesired
+    female sex as himself, and for this reason it will be found that,
+    while friendships between inverts frequently exist (and these are
+    characteristically feminine, unstable, and liable to betrayal),
+    love-attachments are less common, and when they occur must
+    naturally be based upon considerable self-deception. Venal
+    gratifications are always, of course, as possible as they are
+    unsatisfactory, and here perhaps some of the peculiarities of
+    taste accompanying inversion may admit of elucidation. In
+    considering the peculiar predilection shown by inverts for youths
+    of inferior social position, for the wearers of uniforms, and for
+    extreme physical development and virility not necessarily
+    accompanied by intellectuality, regard must be had to the
+    probable conduct of women placed in a position of complete
+    irresponsibility combined with absolute freedom of action and
+    every opportunity for promiscuity. It seems to me that the
+    importance of recognizing the underlying female element in
+    inversion cannot be too strongly insisted upon."
+
+    "The majority" [of inverts], writes "Z," "differ in no detail of
+    their outward appearance, their _physique_, or their dress from
+    normal men. They are athletic, masculine in habit, frank in
+    manner, passing through society year after year without arousing
+    a suspicion of their inner temperament; were it not so, society
+    would long ago have had its eyes opened to the amount of
+    perverted sexuality it harbors." These lines were written, not in
+    opposition to the more subtle distinctions pointed out above, but
+    in refutation of the vulgar error which confuses the typical
+    invert with the painted and petticoated creatures who appear in
+    police-courts from time to time, and whose portraits are
+    presented by Lombroso, Legludic, etc. On another occasion the
+    same writer remarked, while expressing general agreement with the
+    idea of a pseudosexual attraction: "The _liaison_ is by no means
+    always sought and begun by the person who is abnormally
+    constituted. I mean that I can cite cases of decided males who
+    have made up to inverts, and have found their happiness in the
+    reciprocated passion. One pronounced male of this sort, again,
+    once said to me, 'men are so much more affectionate than women.'
+    [Precisely the same words were used by one of my subjects.] Also,
+    the _liaison_ springs up now and then quite accidentally through
+    juxtaposition, when it is difficult to say whether either at the
+    outset had an inverted tendency of any marked quality. In these
+    cases the sexual relation seems to come on as a heightening of
+    comradely affection, and is found to be pleasurable--sometimes, I
+    think, discovered to be safe as well as satisfying. On the other
+    hand, so far as I know, it is extremely rare to observe a
+    permanent _liaison_ between two pronounced inverts."
+
+    The tendency to pseudosexual attraction in the homosexual would
+    thus seem to involve a preference for normal persons. How far
+    this is the case it seems difficult to state positively. Usually,
+    one may say, an invert falls in love (exactly as in the case of a
+    normal person) without any intellectual calculation as to the
+    temperamental ability to return the affection which the object of
+    his love may possess. Naturally, however, there cannot be any
+    adequate return of the affection in the absence of an actual or
+    latent homosexual disposition. On this point an American
+    correspondent (H.C.), with a wide knowledge of inversion in many
+    lands, writes: "One of your correspondents declares that inverts
+    long for sexual relations with normal men rather than with one
+    another. If this be true, I have never once found it exemplified
+    in all my wide experience of inverts; and I have submitted his
+    assertion to more than 50. These have replied invariably that
+    unless a man is himself homosexual, nearly all the pleasure of
+    _fellatio_ is absent. The fact is, the majority of inverts flock
+    together not from exigency, but from choice. The mere sexual act
+    is, if anything, far less the sole object between inverts than it
+    is between normal men and women. Why should the invert sigh for
+    intercourse with normal men, where mutual confidences and
+    sympathies and love would be out of the question? Personally, I
+    decline to commit _fellatio_ with a man who is given to women;
+    the thought of it is repugnant to me. And this is the attitude
+    with every invert I have questioned. The nearest approach to
+    confirmation of your correspondent's theory has been when an
+    extremely feminine invert here and there has admitted the wish
+    that a certain normal man _were_ inverted. Indeed, the
+    temperamental gamut of inversion is itself broad enough to
+    embrace the most widely divergent ideals. As my furthest-reaching
+    demands attain fruition in the gentle and pretty boy, so his own
+    robuster affinity resides in me. If inverts were actually women,
+    then indeed the normal male would be their ideal. But inverts are
+    not women. Inverts are males capable of passionate friendship,
+    and their ideal is the male who will give them passionate
+    friendship in return."
+
+In at least 24, probably many more, of my male cases there is a marked
+contrast, and in a still larger number a less-marked contrast, between the
+subject and the individuals he is attracted to; either he is of somewhat
+feminine and sensitive nature, and admires more simple and virile natures,
+or he is fairly vigorous and admires boys who are often of lower social
+class. Inverted women also are attracted to more clinging feminine
+persons.[203] A sexual attraction for boys is, no doubt, as Moll points
+out, that form of inversion which comes nearest to normal sexuality, for
+the subject of it usually approaches nearer to the average man in physical
+and mental disposition. The reason of this is obvious: boys resemble
+women, and therefore it requires a less profound organic twist to become
+sexually attracted to them. Anyone who has watched private theatricals in
+boys' schools will have observed how easy it is for boys to personate
+women successfully, and it is well known that until the middle of the
+seventeenth century women's parts on the stage were always taken by boys,
+whether or not with injury to their own or other people's morals.[204] It
+is also worthy of note that in Greece, where homosexuality flourished so
+extensively, and apparently with so little accompaniment of neurotic
+degeneration, it was often held that only boys under 18 should be loved;
+so that the love of boys merged into love of women. About 18 of my cases
+are most strongly attracted to youths,--preferably of about the age of 18
+to 20,--and they are, for the most part, among the more normal and healthy
+of the cases. A preference for older men, or else a considerable degree of
+indifference to age alone, is more common, and perhaps indicates a deeper
+degree of perversion.
+
+Putting aside the age of the object desired, it must be said that there is
+a distinctly general, though not universal, tendency for sexual inverts to
+approach the feminine type, either in psychic disposition or physical
+constitution, or both.[205] I cannot say how far this is explained by the
+irritable nervous system and delicate health which are so often associated
+with inversion, though this is certainly an important factor. Although the
+invert himself may stoutly affirm his masculinity, and although this
+femininity may not be very obvious, its wide prevalence may be asserted
+with considerable assurance, and by no means only among the small minority
+of inverts who take an exclusively passive rôle, though in these it is
+usually most marked. In this I am confirmed by Q., who writes: "In all, or
+certainly almost all, the cases of congenital male inverts (excluding
+psycho-sexual hermaphrodites) that I know there has been a remarkable
+sensitiveness and delicacy of sentiment, sympathy, and an intuitive habit
+of mind, such as we generally associate with the feminine sex, even though
+the body might be quite masculine in its form and habit."[206] When,
+however, a distinguished invert said to Moll: "We are all women; that we
+do not deny," he put the matter in too extreme a form. The feminine traits
+of the homosexual are not usually of a conspicuous character. "I believe
+that inverts of plainly feminine nature are rare exceptions," wrote
+Näcke:[207] and that statement may be accepted even by those who emphasize
+the prevalence of feminine traits among inverts.
+
+In inverted women some degree of masculinity or boyishness is equally
+prevalent, and it is not usually found in the women to whom they are
+attracted. Even in inversion the need for a certain sexual opposition--the
+longing for something which the lover himself does not possess--still
+prevails. It expresses itself sometimes in an attraction between persons
+of different race and color. I am told that in American prisons for women
+Lesbian relationships are specially frequent between white and black
+women.[208] A similar affinity is found among the Arabs, says Kocher; and
+if an Arab woman has a Lesbian friend the latter is usually European. In
+Cochin China, too, according to Lorion, while the Chinese are chiefly
+active pederasts, the Annamites are chiefly passive.
+
+It must, however, be remembered that, in normal love, homogamy, the
+attraction of the like, prevails over heterogamy, the attraction of the
+unlike, which is chiefly confined to those features which belong to the
+sphere of the secondary sexual characters;[209] the same appears to be
+true in inversion, and the homosexual are probably, on the whole, more
+attracted by the traits which they seem to themselves to possess than by
+those which are foreign to themselves.[210]
+
+
+PHYSICAL ABNORMALITIES.--The circumstances under which many of my cases
+were investigated often made information under this head difficult to
+obtain, or to verify. In at least 4 cases the penis is very large, while
+in at least 3 it is small and undeveloped, with small and flabby testes.
+It seems probable that variations in these two directions are both common,
+but it is doubtful whether they possess as much significance as the
+tendency to infantilism of the sexual organs in inverted women seems to
+possess. Hirschfeld considers that the genital organs of inverts resemble
+those of normal people. He finds, however, that phimosis is rather
+common.[211]
+
+More significant, perhaps, than specifically genital peculiarities are the
+deviations found in the general conformation of the body.[212] In at
+least 2 cases there are well-developed breasts, in 1 the breasts swelling
+and becoming red.[213] In 1 case there are "menstrual" phenomena, physical
+and psychic, recurring every four weeks. In several cases the hips are
+broad and the arms rounded, while some are skillful in throwing a ball.
+One was born with a double squint. At least 2 were 7 months' children. In
+the previous chapter I have referred to the tendency to hypertrichosis and
+occasionally oligotrichosis among inverted women; among the men it is the
+latter condition which seems more common, and in several cases the bodies
+are hairless, or with but scanty hair. A few are left-handed, though not
+perhaps an abnormal proportion.[214] The sexual characters of the
+handwriting are in some cases clearly inverted, the men writing a feminine
+hand and the women a masculine hand.[215] A high feminine voice is
+sometimes found.[216]
+
+A marked characteristic of many inverts, though one not easy of precise
+definition, is their youthfulness of appearance, and frequently child-like
+faces, equally in both sexes. This has often been remarked,[217] and is
+pronounced among many of my subjects.
+
+The frequent inability of male inverts to whistle was first pointed out by
+Ulrichs, and Hirschfeld has found it in 23 per cent. Many of my cases
+confess to this inability, while some of the women inverts can whistle
+admirably. Although this inability of male inverts is only found among a
+minority, I am quite satisfied that it is well marked among a considerable
+minority. One of my correspondents, M.N., writes to me: "With regard to
+the general inability of inverts to whistle (I am not able to do so
+myself), their fondness for green (my favorite color), their feminine
+caligraphy, skill at female occupations, etc., these all seem to me but
+indications of the one principle. To go still farther and include trivial
+things, few inverts even smoke in the same manner and with the same
+enjoyment as a man; they have seldom the male facility at games, cannot
+throw at a mark with precision, or even spit!"
+
+Nearly all these peculiarities indicate a minor degree of nervous
+disturbance and lead to modification, as my correspondent points out, in a
+feminine direction. It is scarcely necessary to add that they by no means
+necessarily imply inversion. Shelley, for instance, was unable to whistle,
+though he never gave an indication of inversion; but he was a person of
+somewhat abnormal and feminine organization, and he illustrates the
+tendency of these apparently very insignificant functional anomalies to be
+correlated with other and more important psychic anomalies.
+
+The greater part of these various anatomical peculiarities and functional
+anomalies point, more or less clearly, to the prevalence among inverts of
+a tendency to infantilism, combined with feminism in men and masculinism
+in women.[218] This tendency is denied by Hirschfeld, but it is often
+well indicated among the subjects whose histories I have been able to
+present, and is indeed suggested by Hirschfeld's own elaborate results; so
+that it can scarcely be passed over. I regard it as highly significant,
+and it is in harmony with all that we are learning to know regarding the
+important part played by the internal secretions, alike in inversion and
+the general bodily modifications in an infantile, feminine, and masculine
+direction.
+
+If we are justified in believing that there is a tendency for inverted
+persons to be somewhat arrested in development, approaching the child
+type, we may connect this fact with the sexual precocity sometimes marked
+in inverts, for precocity is commonly accompanied by rapid arrest of
+development.
+
+    A correspondent, who is himself inverted, furnishes the following
+    notes of cases he is well acquainted with; I quote them here, as
+    they illustrate the anomalies commonly found:--
+
+    1. A., male, eldest child of typically neurotic family. Three
+    children in all: 2 male and 1 female. The other 2 are somewhat
+    eccentric, unsocial, and sexually frigid, 1 in a marked degree.
+    The curious point about this case is that A., the only one of the
+    family possessed of mental ability and social qualifications,
+    should be inverted. Parents' marriage was very ill-assorted and
+    inharmonious, the father being of great stature and the mother
+    abnormally small and of highly nervous temperament, both of
+    feeble health. Ancestry unfortunate, especially on mother's side.
+
+    2. B., male, invert, younger of 2 sons, no other children, has
+    extremely feminine disposition and appearance, of considerable
+    personal attraction, and has great musical talent. Penis very
+    small and marked breast-development.
+
+    3. C., male, invert, younger of 2 sons, no other children.
+    Interval of six years between first and second son. Parents'
+    marriage one of great affection, but degenerate ancestry on
+    mother's side. Cancer and scrofula in family.
+
+    4. D., male, invert, second child of 6; remainder girls. Of
+    humble social position. Considerable depravity evinced by all the
+    members of this family, with the exception of D., who alone
+    proved steady, honest, and industrious.
+
+    5. E., male, invert, second son of family of 3, the youngest
+    child being a girl, stillborn. Of extreme neurotic temperament
+    fostered by upbringing. Effeminate in build and disposition;
+    musically gifted.
+
+    6. F., male, invert, second child of family of 5. Eldest child a
+    girl, died in youth. After F. a boy G., a girl H., and another
+    girl stillborn. Parents badly matched; mother of considerable
+    mental and physical strength; father last representative of
+    moribund stock, the result of intermarriage. Children all
+    resembling father in appearance and mother in disposition.
+    Drink-tendency in both boys, to which F.'s death at the age of 30
+    was mainly due. G. committed suicide some years later. The girl
+    H. married into a family with worse ancestry than her own. Has
+    two children:--
+
+    7. I. and J., boy and girl, both inverted as far as I am able to
+    judge. The boy was born with some deformity of the feet and
+    ankles; is of effeminate tastes and appearance. Boy resembles
+    mother, and girl, who is of great physical development, resembles
+    father.
+
+    The same correspondent adds:--
+
+    "I have noticed little abnormal with regard to the genital
+    formation of inverts. There are, however, frequent abnormalities
+    of proportion in their figures, the hands and feet being
+    noticeably smaller and more shapely, the waist more marked, the
+    body softer and less muscular. Almost invariably there is either
+    cranial malformation or the head approaches the feminine in type
+    and shape."
+
+
+ARTISTIC AND OTHER APTITUDES.--All avocations are represented among
+inverts. Among the subjects here dealt with are found, at one end of the
+scale, numerous manual workers, and at the other end an equal number,
+sometimes of aristocratic family, who exercise no profession at all. There
+are 12 physicians, 9 men of letters, at least 7 are engaged in commercial
+life, 6 are artists, architects, or composers, 4 are or have been actors.
+These figures cannot give any clue to the relative extent of inversion in
+various occupations, but they indicate that no class of occupation
+furnishes a safeguard against inversion.
+
+There are, however, certain avocations to which inverts seem especially
+called.[219] One of the chief of these is literature. The apparent
+predominance of physicians is easily explicable. The frequency with which
+literature is represented is probably more genuine. Here, indeed, inverts
+seem to find the highest degree of success and reputation. At least half a
+dozen of my subjects are successful men of letters, and I could easily
+add others by going outside the group of Histories included in this study.
+They especially cultivate those regions of _belles-lettres_ which lie on
+the borderland between prose and verse. Though they do not usually attain
+much eminence in poetry, they are often very accomplished writers of
+verse. They may be attracted to history, but rarely attempt tasks of great
+magnitude, involving much patient labor, though to this rule there are
+exceptions. Pure science seems to have relatively little attraction for
+the homosexual.[220]
+
+An examination of my Histories reveals the interesting fact that 45 of the
+subjects, or in the proportion of 56 per cent., possess artistic aptitudes
+of varying degree. Galton found, from the investigation of nearly 1000
+persons, that the average showing artistic tastes in England was only
+about 30 per cent. It must also be said that my figures are probably below
+the truth, as no special point was made of investigating the matter, and
+also that in some cases the artistic ability is of high order.
+
+    It is suggested that Adler's theory of
+    _Minderwertigkeit_--according to which we react strenuously
+    against our congenital organic defects and fortify them into
+    virtues--may be applied to the invert's acquirement of artistic
+    abilities (G. Rosenstein, "Die Theorien der Organminderwertigkeit
+    und die Bisexualität," _Jahrbuch für Psychoanalytische
+    Forschungen_, vol. ii, 1910, p. 398). This theory is in some
+    cases of valuable application, but it seems doubtful to me
+    whether it is very profitable in the present connection. The
+    artistic aptitudes of inverts may better be regarded as part of
+    their organic tendencies than as a reaction against those
+    tendencies. In this connection I may quote the remarks of an
+    American correspondent, himself homosexual: "Regarding the
+    connection between inversion and artistic capacity, so far as I
+    can see, the temperament of every invert seems to strive to find
+    artistic expression--crudely or otherwise. Inverts, as a rule,
+    seek the paths of life that lie in pleasant places; their
+    resistance to opposing obstacles is elastic, their work is never
+    strenuous (if they can help it), and their accomplishments hardly
+    ever of practical use. This is all true of the born artist, as
+    well. Both inverts and artists are inordinately fond of praise;
+    both yearn for a life where admiration is the reward for little
+    energy. In a word, they seem to be 'born tired,' begotten by
+    parents who were tired, too."
+
+    Hirschfeld (_Die Homosexualität_, p. 66) gives a list of pictures
+    and sculptures which specially appeal to the homosexual.
+    Prominent among them are representations of St. Sebastian,
+    Gainsborough's Blue Boy, Vandyck's youthful men, the Hermes of
+    Praxiteles, Michelangelo's Slave, Rodin's and Meunier's
+    working-men types.
+
+    As regards music, my cases reveal the aptitude which has been
+    remarked by others as peculiarly common among inverts. It has
+    been extravagantly said that all musicians are inverts; it is
+    certain that various famous musicians, among the dead and the
+    living, have been homosexual. Ingegnieros speaks of a
+    "genito-musical synæsthesia," analogous to color-hearing, in this
+    connection. Calesia states (_Archivio di Psichiatria_, 1900, p.
+    209) that 60 per cent, inverts are musicians. Hirschfeld (_Die
+    Homosexualität_, p. 500) regards this estimate as excessive, but
+    he himself elsewhere states (p. 175) that 98 per cent, of male
+    inverts are greatly attracted to music, the women being decidedly
+    less attracted. Oppenheim (in a paper summarized in the
+    _Neurologische Centralblatt_ for June 1, 1910, and the _Alienist
+    and Neurologist_ for Nov., 1910) well remarks that the musical
+    disposition is marked by a great emotional instability, and this
+    instability is a disposition to nervousness. It is thus that
+    neurasthenia is so common among musicians. The musician has not
+    been rendered nervous by the music, but he owes his nervousness
+    (as also, it may be added, his disposition to homosexuality) to
+    the same disposition to which he owes his musical aptitude.
+    Moreover, the musician is frequently one-sided in his gifts, and
+    the possession of a single hypertrophied aptitude is itself
+    closely related to the neuropathic and psychopathic diathesis.
+
+The tendency to dramatic aptitude--found among a large proportion of my
+subjects who have never been professional actors--has attracted the
+attention of previous investigators in this field.[221] Thus, Moll refers
+to the frequency of artistic, and especially dramatic, talent among
+inverts, and remarks that the cause is doubtful. After pointing out that
+the lie which they have to be perpetually living renders inverts always
+actors, he goes on to say:--
+
+    Apart from this, it seems to me that the capacity and the
+    inclination to conceive situations and to represent them in a
+    masterly manner corresponds to an abnormal predisposition of the
+    nervous system, just as does sexual inversion; so that both
+    phenomena are due to the same source.
+
+I am in agreement with this statement; the congenitally inverted may, I
+believe, be looked upon as a class of individuals exhibiting nervous
+characters which, to some extent, approximate them to persons of artistic
+genius. The dramatic and artistic aptitudes of inverts are, therefore,
+partly due to the circumstances of the invert's life, which render him
+necessarily an actor,--and in some few cases lead him into a love of
+deception comparable with that of a hysterical woman,--and partly, it is
+probable, to a congenital nervous predisposition allied to the
+predisposition to dramatic aptitude.
+
+    One of my correspondents has long been interested in the
+    frequency of inversion among actors and actresses. He knew an
+    inverted actor who told him he adopted the profession because it
+    would enable him to indulge his proclivity; but, on the whole, he
+    regards this tendency as due to "hitherto unconsidered
+    imaginative flexibilities and curiosities in the individual. The
+    actor, _ex hypothesi_, is one who works himself by sympathy
+    (intellectual and emotional) into states of psychological being
+    that are not his own. He learns to comprehend--nay, to live
+    himself into--relations which were originally alien to his
+    nature. The capacity for doing this--what makes a born
+    actor--implies a faculty for extending his artistically acquired
+    experience into life. In the process of his trade, therefore, he
+    becomes at all points sensitive to human emotions, and, sexuality
+    being the most intellectually undetermined of the appetites after
+    hunger, the actor might discover in himself a sort of sexual
+    indifference, out of which a sexual aberration could easily
+    arise. A man devoid of this imaginative flexibility could not be
+    a successful actor. The man who possesses it would be exposed to
+    divagations of the sexual instinct under esthetical or merely
+    wanton influences. Something of the same kind is applicable to
+    musicians and artists, in whom sexual inversion prevails beyond
+    the average. They are conditioned by their esthetical faculty,
+    and encouraged by the circumstances of their life to feel and
+    express the whole gamut of emotional experience. Thus they get an
+    environment which (unless they are sharply otherwise
+    differentiated) leads easily to experiments in passion. All this
+    joins on to what you call the 'variational diathesis' of men of
+    genius. But I should seek the explanation of the phenomenon less
+    in the original sexual constitution than in the exercise of
+    sympathetic, assimilative emotional qualities, powerfully
+    stimulated and acted on by the conditions of the individual's
+    life. The artist, the singer, the actor, the painter, are more
+    exposed to the influences out of which sexual differentiation in
+    an abnormal direction may arise. Some persons are certainly made
+    abnormal by nature, others, of this sympathetic artistic
+    temperament, may become so through their sympathies plus their
+    conditions of life." It is possible there may be some element of
+    truth in this view, which my correspondent regarded as purely
+    hypothetical.
+
+In this connection I may, perhaps, mention a moral quality which is very
+often associated with dramatic aptitude, and also with minor degrees of
+nervous degeneration, and that is vanity and the love of applause. While
+among a considerable section of inverts it is not more marked than among
+the non-inverted, if not, indeed, less marked, among another section it is
+found in an exaggerated degree. In at least one of my cases vanity and
+delight in admiration, both as regards personal qualities and artistic
+productions, reach an almost morbid extent. And the quotations from
+letters written by various others of my subjects show a curious
+complacency in the description of their personal physical characters,
+markedly absent in other cases. It is suggested by Alexander Schmid, on
+the basis of Adler's views, that this vanity, which sometimes in the
+inverted artist becomes an exalted pride, as of a guardian of sacred
+mysteries, may be regarded as an effort to secure a compensation for the
+consciousness of feminine defect.[222]
+
+    The extreme type of this preoccupation with personal beauty is
+    represented by the history of himself sent by a young Italian of
+    good family to Zola in the hope--itself a sign of vanity--that
+    the distinguished novelist would make it the subject of one of
+    his works. The history is reproduced in the _Archives
+    d'Anthropologie Criminelle_ (1894) and in _L'Homosexualité et les
+    Types Homosexuels_ (1910) by "Dr. Laupts" (G. Saint-Paul). I
+    quote the following passage: "At the age of 18 I was, with few
+    differences, what I am now (at 23). I am rather below the medium
+    height (1.65 metres), well proportioned, slender, but not lean.
+    My torso is superb; a sculptor could find nothing against it, and
+    would not find it very different from that of Antinotis. My back
+    is very arched, perhaps too much so; and my hips are very
+    developed; my pelvis is broad, like a woman's; my knees slightly
+    approximate; my feet are small; my hands superb; the fingers
+    curved back and with glistening nails, rosy and polished, cut
+    squarely like those of ancient statues. My neck is long and
+    round, the nape charmingly adorned with downy hairs. My head is
+    charming, and at 18 was more so. The oval of it is perfect and
+    strikes all by its infantine form. At 23 I am to be taken for 17
+    at most. My complexion is white and rosy, deepening at the
+    faintest emotion. The forehead is not beautiful; it recedes
+    slightly and is hollow at the temples, but, fortunately, it is
+    half-covered by long hair, of a dark blonde, which curls
+    naturally. The head is perfect in form, because of the curly
+    hair, but on examination there is an enormous protuberance at the
+    occiput. My eyes are oval, of a gray blue, with dark chestnut
+    eyelashes and thick, arched eyebrows. My eyes are very liquid,
+    but with dark circles, and bistered; and they are subject to
+    slight temporary inflammation. My mouth is fairly large, with
+    thick red lips, the lower pendent; they tell me I have the
+    Austrian mouth. My teeth are dazzling, though three are decayed
+    and stopped; fortunately, they cannot be seen. My ears are small
+    and with very colored lobes. My chin is very fat, and at 18 it
+    was smooth and velvety as a woman's; at present there is a slight
+    beard, always shaved. Two beauty spots, black and velvety, on my
+    left cheek, contrast with my blue eyes. My nose is thin and
+    straight, with delicate nostrils and a slight, almost insensible
+    curve. My voice is gentle, and people always regret that I have
+    not learned to sing." This description is noteworthy as a
+    detailed portrait of a sexual invert of a certain type; the
+    whole history is interesting and instructive.
+
+Certain peculiarities in taste as regards costume have rightly or wrongly
+been attributed to inverts,--apart from the tendency of a certain group to
+adopt feminine habits,--and may here be mentioned. Tardieu many years ago
+referred to the taste for keeping the neck uncovered. This peculiarity may
+occasionally be observed among inverts, especially the more artistic among
+them. The cause does not appear to be precisely vanity so much as that
+physical consciousness which is so curiously marked in inverts, and
+induces the more feminine among them to cultivate feminine grace of form,
+and the more masculine to emphasize the masculine athletic habit.
+
+It has also been remarked that inverts exhibit a preference for green
+garments. In Rome _cinædi_ were for this reason called _galbanati_.
+Chevalier remarks that some years ago a band of pederasts at Paris wore
+green cravats as a badge. This decided preference for green is well marked
+in several of my cases of both sexes, and in some at least the preference
+certainly arose spontaneously. Green (as Jastrow and others have shown) is
+very rarely the favorite color of adults of the Anglo-Saxon race, though
+some inquirers have found it to be more commonly a preferred color among
+children, especially girls, and it is more often preferred by women than
+by men.[223] The favorite color among normal women, and indeed very often
+among normal men, though here not so often as blue, is red, and it is
+notable that of recent years there has been a fashion for a red tie to be
+adopted by inverts as their badge. This is especially marked among the
+"fairies" (as a _fellator_ is there termed) in New York. "It is red,"
+writes an American correspondent, himself inverted, "that has become
+almost a synonym for sexual inversion, not only in the minds of inverts
+themselves, but in the popular mind. To wear a red necktie on the street
+is to invite remarks from newsboys and others--remarks that have the
+practices of inverts for their theme. A friend told me once that when a
+group of street-boys caught sight of the red necktie he was wearing they
+sucked their fingers in imitation of _fellatio_. Male prostitutes who walk
+the streets of Philadelphia and New York almost invariably wear red
+neckties. It is the badge of all their tribe. The rooms of many of my
+inverted friends have red as the prevailing color in decorations. Among my
+classmates, at the medical school, few ever had the courage to wear a red
+tie; those who did never repeated the experiment."
+
+
+MORAL ATTITUDE OF THE INVERT.--There is some interest in tracing the
+invert's own attitude toward his anomaly, and his estimate of its
+morality. As my cases are not patients seeking to be cured of their
+perversion, this attitude cannot be taken for granted. I have noted the
+moral attitude in 57 cases. In 8 the subjects loathe themselves, and have
+fought in vain against their perversion, which they often regard as a sin.
+Nine or ten are doubtful, and have little to say in justification of their
+condition, which they regard as perhaps morbid, a "moral disease." One,
+while thinking it right to gratify his natural instincts, admits that they
+may be vices. The remainder, a large majority (including all the women)
+are, on the other hand, emphatic in their assertion that their moral
+position is precisely the same as that of the normally constituted
+individual, on the lowest ground a matter of taste, and at least two state
+that a homosexual relationship should be regarded as sacramental, a holy
+matrimony; two or three even regard inverted love as nobler than ordinary
+sexual love; several add the proviso that there should be consent and
+understanding on both sides, and no attempt at seduction. The chief regret
+of 2 or 3 is the double life they are obliged to lead.
+
+When inverts have clearly faced and realized their own nature it is not so
+much, it seems, their conscience that worries them, or even the fear of
+the police, as the attitude of the world. An American correspondent
+writes: "It is the fear of public opinion that hangs above them like the
+sword of Damocles. This fear is the heritage of all of us. It is not the
+fear of conscience and is not engendered by a feeling of wrongdoing.
+Rather, it is a silent submission to prejudices that meet us on every
+side. The true normal attitude of the sexual invert (and I have known
+hundreds) with regard to his particular passion is not essentially
+different from that of the normal man with regard to his."
+
+It is noteworthy that even when the condition is regarded as morbid, and
+even when a life of chastity has, on this account, been deliberately
+chosen, it is very rare to find an invert expressing any wish to change
+his sexual ideals. The male invert cannot find, and has no desire to find,
+any sexual charm in a woman, for he finds all possible charms united in a
+man. And a woman invert writes: "I cannot conceive a sadder fate than to
+be a woman--an average woman reduced to the necessity of loving a man!"
+
+It will be seen that my conclusions under this head are in striking
+contrast to those of Westphal, who believed that every invert regarded
+himself as morbid, and probably show a much higher proportion of
+self-approving inverts than any previous series.[224] This is largely due
+to the fact that the cases were not obtained from the consulting-room, and
+that they represent in some degree the intellectual aristocracy of
+inversion, including individuals who, often not without severe struggles,
+have found consolation in the example of the Greeks, or elsewhere, and
+have succeeded in attaining a _modus vivendi_ with the moral world, as
+they have come to conceive it.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[183] The following analysis is based on somewhat fuller versions of my
+Histories than it was necessary to publish in the preceding chapters, as
+well as on various other Histories which are not here published at all.
+Numerous apparent discrepancies may thus be explained.
+
+[184] This frequency of nervous symptoms is in accordance with the most
+reliable observation everywhere. Thus, Hirschfeld (_Die Homosexualität_,
+p. 177) states that of 500 inverts, 62 per cent. showed nervous symptoms
+of one kind or another: sleeplessness, sleepiness, tremors, stammering,
+etc.
+
+[185] Hirschfeld finds that 54 per cent, of inverts become conscious of
+their anomaly under the age of 14. The anomaly may, however, be present at
+this early age, but not consciously until later. Hence the larger
+percentage recorded above.
+
+[186] In this connection I may quote an observation by Raffalovich: "It is
+natural that the invert should very clearly recall the precocity of his
+inclinations. In the existence of every invert a moment arrives when he
+discovers the enigma of his homosexual tastes. He then classes all his
+recollections, and to justify himself in his own eyes he remembers that he
+has been what he is from his earliest childhood. Homosexuality has colored
+all his young life; he has thought over it, dreamed over it, reflected
+over it--very often in perfect innocence. When he was quite small he
+imagined that he had been carried off by brigands, by savages; at 5 or 6
+he dreamed of the warmth of their chests and of their naked arms. He
+dreamed that he was their slave and he loved his slavery and his masters.
+He has had not the least thought that is crudely sexual, but he has
+discovered his sentimental vocation."
+
+[187] Leppmann mentions a case (certainly extreme and abnormal) of a
+little girl of 8 who spent the night hidden on the roof, merely in order
+to be able to observe in the morning the sexual organs of an adult male
+cousin (_Bulletin de l'Union Internationale de Droit Pénal_, 1896, p.
+118).
+
+[188] I fully admit, as all investigators must, the difficulty of tracing
+the influence of early suggestions, especially in dealing with persons who
+are unaccustomed to self-analysis. Sometimes it happens, especially in
+regard to erotic fetichism, that, while direct questioning fails to reach
+any early formative suggestion, such influence is casually elicited on a
+subsequent occasion.
+
+[189] I may add that I see no fundamental irreconcilability between the
+point of view here adopted and the facts brought forward (and wrongly
+interpreted) by Schrenck-Notzing. In his _Beiträge zur Ætiologie der
+Conträrer Sexualempfindung_ (Vienna, 1895), this writer states: "The
+neuropathic disposition is congenital, as is the tendency to precocious
+appearance of the appetites, the lack of psychic resistance, and the
+tendency to imperative associations; but that heredity can extend to the
+object of the appetite, and influence the contents of these characters, is
+not shown. Psychological experiences are against it, and the possibility,
+which I have shown, of changing these impulses by experiment and so
+removing their danger to the character of the individual." It need not be
+asserted that "heredity extends to the object of the appetite," but simply
+that heredity culminates in an organism which is sexually best satisfied
+by that object. It is also a mistake to suppose that congenital characters
+cannot be, in some cases, largely modified by such patient and laborious
+processes as those carried on by Schrenck-Notzing. In the same pamphlet
+this writer refers to moral insanity and idiocy as supporting his point of
+view. It is curious that both these congenital manifestations had
+independently occurred to me as arguments against his position. The
+experiences of Elmira Reformatory and Bicêtre--not to mention institutions
+of more recent establishment--long since showed that both the morally
+insane and the idiotic can be greatly improved by appropriate treatment.
+Schrenck-Notzing seems to be unduly biased by his interest in hypnotism
+and suggestion.
+
+[190] "If an invert acquires, under the influence of external conditions,"
+Féré wrote with truth (_L'Instinct Sexuel_, p. 238), "it is because he was
+born with an aptitude for such acquisition: an aptitude lacking in those
+who have been subjected to the same conditions without making the same
+acquisitions."
+
+[191] One of my subjects writes: "Inverts are, I think, naturally more
+liable to indulge in self-gratification than normal people, partly because
+of the perpetual suppression and disappointment of their desires, and also
+because of the fact that they actually possess in themselves the desired
+form of the male. This idea is a little difficult of explanation, but you
+can readily imagine to what frenzies of self-abuse a normal man would be
+impelled supposing that he included in his own the form of the female."
+
+[192] I do not here enter upon the consideration of the normal prevalence
+and significance of masturbation and allied phenomena, as I have dealt
+with this subject in the study of "Auto-erotism," in volume i of these
+_Studies_.
+
+[193] Hirschfeld also finds, among German inverts (_Die Homosexualität_,
+ch. iii), that the majority (though a smaller majority than I find in
+England and the United States) have not had intercourse with women; 53 per
+cent., he states, including a few married men, have never even attempted
+coitus, and over 50 per cent, are presumably impotent. The number of
+inverted women who have never had intercourse with men is still larger.
+
+[194] Otto Rank, _Imago_, Heft 3, 1913.
+
+[195] Erotic dreams have been discussed in "Auto-erotism," vol. i of these
+_Studies_, and the wider bearings of the subject in another work, _The
+Study of Dreams_. Many references to the extensive literature will be
+found in both these places.
+
+[196] E.g., _Archiv für Psychiatrie_, 1899; _Archiv für
+Kriminal-Anthropologie_, 1900.
+
+[197] Hirschfeld, _Die Homosexualität_, p. 71 et seq. Hirschfeld considers
+that the dreams of the inverted fall into two groups: one in which the
+dreamer imagines he is embracing a person of the same sex, and another in
+which he imagines that he is himself of the opposite sex. The latter class
+of dreams, constituting a pseudo-heterosexual group, seems to me to be
+rare, and they may, moreover, occur in heterosexual persons.
+
+[198] See Thoinot and Weysse, _Medico-legal Aspects of Moral Offenses_,
+pp. 165, 291, etc.
+
+[199] _Pedicatio_ (or _pædicatio_) is the most generally accepted
+technical term for the sodomitical intromission of the penis into the
+anus. It is usually derived from the Greek _pais_ (boy), but some
+authorities have derived it from _pedex_ or _podex_ (anus). The terms
+"paiderastia" and "pederast" are sometimes used to indicate the same act
+and agent. This use, however, is undesirable. It is best to confine the
+word "paiderastia" to its proper use as the name of the special
+institution of Greek boy love. It may be added that the Greeks themselves
+had many names (as many as 74) for paiderastia. See, on this subject of
+nomenclature, Iwan Bloch, _Der Ursprung der Syphilis_, vol. ii, pp. 527,
+563.
+
+[200] It is the grosser forms of perversion which are first revealed in
+every field. In the first edition of this Study the predominance of
+_pedicatio_ was still greater; it is not practised by any of the subjects
+of the Histories added to the present edition, though several see no
+objection to it.
+
+[201] _Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen_, vol. viii, 1906, p. 712.
+
+[202] Hirschfeld, _Die Homosexualität_, p. 276 et seq.
+
+[203] "Men," remarks Q., "tend to fall in love with boys or youths, boys
+or youths with grown men, feminine natures with virile natures and _vice
+versâ_, and different races with each other."
+
+[204] Stubbes, in his _Anatomy of Abuses_, affirmed that "players and
+play-haunters in their secret conclaves play the Sodomites," and refers to
+some recent examples of men who had been desperately enamoured of
+player-boys thus clad in women's apparel, so far as to solicit them by
+words, by letters, even actually to abuse them. Later on, in 1633, Prynne,
+in his _Histrio-Mastix_ (part 1, p. 208 et seq.), strongly condemned "this
+putting on of woman's array" by actors on the same ground, and adds that
+he has heard credibly reported of a scholar of Balliol College that he was
+violently enamoured of a boy-player. In Japan, again where, as in China,
+woman's parts on the stage are taken by men (not always youths), the
+homosexuality of these players became, during the seventeenth and
+eighteenth centuries, so notorious that they constituted a class requiring
+special regulation as Joro, or prostitutes.
+
+[205] This was remarked by even the earliest modern writers on
+homosexuality, like Hössli. See Hirschfeld, "Vom Wesen der Liebe,"
+_Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen_, vol. viii, 1906, p. 124 et seq.
+
+[206] Similarly Numa Praetorius asserts (_Jahrbuch für sexuelle
+Zwischenstufen_, vol. viii, p. 732) that even the most virile homosexual
+men exhibit feminine traits, and adds that we could scarcely expect it to
+be otherwise when we find how constantly homosexual women show masculine
+traits.
+
+[207] Näcke, "Die Diagnose der Homosexualität," _Neurologisches
+Centralblatt_, April 16, 1908.
+
+[208] So also among American boarding-school girls. Thus Margaret Otis
+(_Journal of Abnormal Psychology_, June, 1913) has described the
+attraction which negro girls exert on white girls at school. The
+correspondence of these lovers, and sometimes their method of sex
+gratification, may occasionally be of an even coarsely passionate nature.
+
+[209] See "Sexual Selection in Man," vol. iv of these _Studies_.
+
+[210] Hirschfeld (_Die Homosexualität_, p. 283) found that 55 per cent. of
+inverts are attracted to qualities unlike their own, and 45 per cent. to
+qualities resembling their own, without regard to whether these qualities
+belonged to the secondary sexual sphere. It may be added that as regards
+the age of the persons they are attracted to, Hirschfeld (p. 281) admits
+two main groups, each including about 45 per cent. of the homosexual;
+_ephebophils_, attracted to youths between 14 and 21, and _androphils_,
+attracted to adults in the prime of life. This division, as may be seen
+from the histories included in the present volume, seems to hold good of
+British and American inverts.
+
+[211] Hirschfeld, _Die Homosexualität_, ch. v.
+
+[212] Krafft-Ebing tells of an inverted physician (a man of masculine
+development and tastes) who had had sexual relations with 600 more or less
+inverted men. He observed no tendency to sexual malformation among them,
+but very frequently an approximation to a feminine form of body, as well
+as insufficient hair, delicate complexion, and high voice. Well-developed
+breasts were not rare, and some 10 per cent, showed a taste for feminine
+occupations.
+
+[213] A similar condition of gynecomasty has been observed in connection
+with inversion by Moll, Laurent, Wey, etc. Olano ("La Secrecion Mamaria en
+los Invertidos Sexuales," _Archivos de Criminologia_, May, 1902, p. 305)
+further observed a certain amount of mammary secretion in an inverted man,
+20 years of age, in Lima.
+
+[214] Hirschfeld finds. 7 per cent, inverts left-handed, and 6 per cent,
+partly so. Fliess attaches special importance to left-handedness in
+inversion, believing that in left-handed men feminine secondary sexual
+characters are marked, and in left-handed women masculine sexual character
+(_Der Ablauf des Lebens_, 1906). I am not prepared to deny this statement,
+but, more evidence is needed.
+
+[215] This point has been discussed by Hirschfeld, _Die Homosexualität_,
+pp. 156-8.
+
+[216] Bloch (_The Sexual Life of Our Time_, p. 500) attaches importance to
+this peculiarity, but it must be remembered that a high-pitched voice
+occurs frequently in undoubtedly heterosexual men in whom it seems often
+associated with high intellectual ability (Havelock Ellis, _A Study of
+British Genius_, p. 200).
+
+[217] See, e.g., Hirschfeld, _Die Homosexualität_, p. 151.
+
+[218] On the general signs of these conditions, see, e.g., H. Meige,
+"L'Infantilisme, Le Féminisme et les Hermaphrodites Antiques,"
+_L'Anthropologie_. 1895; also Hastings Gilford, "Infantilism," _Lancet_,
+February 28 and March 7, 1914.
+
+[219] Merzbach has dealt with the tendency of inverts to adopt special
+professions: "Homosexualität und Beruf," _Jahrbuch für sexuelle
+Zwischenstufen_, vol. iv, 1902.
+
+[220] Moll's experience in Germany also reveals the prevalence of
+inversion among literary men, though, of all occupations, he found the
+highest proportion among actors. Jäger has referred to the frequency of
+homosexuality among barbers. I have been told that among London
+hairdressers homosexuality is so prevalent that there is even a special
+attitude which the client may adopt in the chair to make known that he is
+an invert. Dr. Kiernan informs me that in Chicago, also, inversion is
+specially prevalent among barbers, and he adds that he is acquainted with
+two cases among women-barbers, a relatively large proportion. It is not
+difficult to understand this, bearing in mind the close physical
+association between the barber and his client. "W.G. was a barber's
+assistant," writes one of my subjects, "and I took an immense fancy to him
+at first-sight. He used to lather me, and the touch of his fingers was a
+delight. Later on he shaved me and I always looked forward to going to the
+barber's. If he were not able to attend to me I felt an incredible sinking
+of heart. The whole day seemed dull and useless. I used to make a mark in
+my pocket-diary every time he shaved me."
+
+[221] See, e.g., "Vom Weibmann auf der Bühne," _Jahrbuch für sexuelle
+Zwischenstufen_, vol. iii, 1901, p. 313. It is curious to find a
+medico-legal record of this connection long before inversion was
+recognized. In June, 1833 (see _Annual Register_ under this date), a man
+died who had lived as a kept woman under the name of Eliza Edwards. He was
+very effeminate in appearance, with beautiful hair, in ringlets two feet
+long, and a cracked voice; he played female parts in the theater, "in the
+first line of tragedy," and "appeared as a most lady-like woman." The
+coroner's jury "strongly recommended to the proper authorities that some
+means may be adopted in the disposal of the body which will mark the
+ignominy of the crime."
+
+[222] A. Schmid, "Zur Homosexualität," _Zentralblatt für Psychoanalyse_,
+vol. i, 1913, p. 237.
+
+[223] See for a summary of various statistics in several countries,
+Havelock Ellis, _Man and Woman_, 5th ed., 1914, p. 174; also ib., "The
+Psychology of Red," _Popular Science Monthly_, August and September, 1900.
+
+[224] The proportion is not so large, however, as Hirschfeld (_Die
+Homosexualität_, p. 314) now finds in Germany, where inverts are better
+informed on the subject of this anomaly, for here 95 per cent. regard
+their feelings as natural.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+THE THEORY OF SEXUAL INVERSION.
+
+What is Sexual Inversion?--Causes of Diverging Views--The Theory of
+Suggestion Unworkable--Importance of the Congenital Element in
+Inversion--The Freudian Theory--Embryonic Hermaphroditism as a Key to
+Inversion--Inversion as a Variation or "Sport"--Comparison with
+Color-blindness, Color-hearing, and Similar Abnormalities--What is an
+Abnormality?--Not Necessarily a Disease--Relation of Inversion to
+Degeneration--Exciting Causes of Inversion--Not Operative in the Absence
+of Predisposition.
+
+
+The analysis of these cases leads directly up to a question of the first
+importance: What is sexual inversion? Is it, as many would have us
+believe, an abominably acquired vice, to be stamped out by the prison? or
+is it, as a few assert, a beneficial variety of human emotion which should
+be tolerated or even fostered? Is it a diseased condition which qualifies
+its subject for the lunatic asylum? or is it a natural monstrosity, a
+human "sport," the manifestations of which must be regulated when they
+become antisocial? There is probably an element of truth in more than one
+of these views. Very widely divergent views of sexual inversion are
+largely justified by the position and attitude of the investigator. It is
+natural that the police-official should find that his cases are largely
+mere examples of disgusting vice and crime. It is natural that the asylum
+superintendent should find that we are chiefly dealing with a form of
+insanity. It is equally natural that the sexual invert himself should find
+that he and his inverted friends are not so very unlike ordinary persons.
+We have to recognize the influence of professional and personal bias and
+the influence of environment.
+
+There have been two main streams of tendency in the views regarding sexual
+inversion: one seeking to enlarge the sphere of the acquired (represented
+by Binet,--who, however, recognized predisposition,--Schrenck-Notzing, and
+recently the Freudians), the other seeking to enlarge the sphere of the
+congenital (represented by Krafft-Ebing, Moll, Féré, and today by the
+majority of authorities). There is, as usually happens, truth in both
+these views. But, inasmuch as those who represent the acquired view often
+deny any congenital element, we are called upon to discuss the question.
+The view that sexual inversion is entirely explained by the influence of
+early association, or of "suggestion," is an attractive one and at first
+sight it seems to be supported by what we know of erotic fetichism, by
+which a woman's hair, or foot, or even clothing, becomes the focus of a
+man's sexual aspirations. But it must be remembered that what we see in
+erotic fetichism is merely the exaggeration of a normal impulse; every
+lover is to some extent excited by his mistress's hair, or foot, or
+clothing. Even here, therefore, there is really what may fairly be
+regarded as a congenital element; and, moreover, there is reason to
+believe that the erotic fetichist usually displays the further congenital
+element of hereditary neurosis. Therefore, the analogy with erotic
+fetichism does not bring much help to those who argue that inversion is
+purely acquired. It must also be pointed out that the argument for
+acquired or suggested inversion logically involves the assertion that
+normal sexuality is also acquired or suggested. If a man becomes attracted
+to his own sex simply because the fact or the image of such attraction is
+brought before him, then we are bound to believe that a man becomes
+attracted to the opposite sex only because the fact or the image of such
+attraction is brought before him. Such a theory is unworkable. In nearly
+every country of the world men associate with men, and women with women;
+if association and suggestion were the only influential causes, then
+inversion, instead of being the exception, ought to be the rule throughout
+the human species, if not, indeed, throughout the whole zoölogical series.
+We should, moreover, have to admit that the most fundamental human
+instinct is so constituted as to be equally well adapted for sterility as
+for that propagation of the race which, as a matter of fact, we find
+dominant throughout the whole of life. We must, therefore, put aside
+entirely the notion that the direction of the sexual impulse is merely a
+suggested phenomenon; such a notion is entirely opposed to observation and
+experience, and will with difficulty fit into a rational biological
+scheme.
+
+The Freudians--alike of the orthodox and the heterodox schools--have
+sometimes contributed, unintentionally or not, to revive the now
+antiquated conception of homosexuality as an acquired phenomenon, and that
+by insisting that its mechanism is a purely psychic though unconscious
+process which may be readjusted to the normal order by psychoanalytic
+methods. Freud first put forth a comprehensive statement of his view of
+homosexuality in the original and pregnant little book, _Drei Abhandlungen
+zur Sexualtheorie_ (1905), and has elsewhere frequently touched on the
+subject, as have many other psychoanalysts, including Alfred Adler and
+Stekel, who no longer belong to the orthodox Freudian school. When inverts
+are psycho-analytically studied, Freud believes, it is found that in early
+childhood they go through a phase of intense but brief fixation on a
+woman, usually the mother, or perhaps sister. Then, an internal censure
+inhibiting this incestuous impulse, they overcome it by identifying
+themselves with women and taking refuge in Narcissism, the self becoming
+the sexual object. Finally they look for youthful males resembling
+themselves, whom they love as their mothers loved them. Their pursuit of
+men is thus determined by their flight from women. This view has been set
+forth not only by Freud but by Sadger, Stekel, and many others.[225] Freud
+himself, however, is careful to state that this process only represents
+one type of stunted sexual activity, and that the problem of inversion is
+complex and diversified.
+
+    This view may be said to assume a bisexual constitution as
+    normal, and homosexuality arises by the suppression, owing to
+    some accident, of the heterosexual component, and the path
+    through an autoerotic process of Narcissism to homosexuality. On
+    this general Freudian conception of homosexuality numerous
+    variations have been based, and separate features specially
+    emphasized, by individual psychoanalysts. Thus Sadger considers
+    that, beneath the male individual loved by the invert, a female
+    is concealed, and that this fact may be revealed by
+    psychoanalysis which removes the upper layer of the psychic
+    palimpsest; he believes that this disposition of the invert is
+    favored by a frequent mixture of male and female traits in his
+    near relatives; originally, "it is not man whom the homosexual
+    man loves and desires but man and woman together in one form";
+    the heterosexual element is later suppressed, and then pure
+    inversion is left. Further, developing Freud's view of the
+    importance of anal eroticism (Freud, _Sammlung Kleiner Schriften
+    zur Neurosenlehre_, vol. ii), Sadger thinks that it is even the
+    rule for a passive invert to have experienced anal eroticism in
+    childhood and been frequently subjected to enemas, which have led
+    to the desire for the anal intromission of the penis.
+    (_Medizinische Klinik_, 1909, No. 2.) Jekels pushes this doctrine
+    further and declares that all inverts are really passive; the
+    invert is, in his love, he states, both subject and object; he
+    identifies himself with his mother and sees in the object of his
+    love his own youthful person. And what, Jekels asks, is the aim
+    of this mental arrangement? It can scarcely by other, he replies,
+    than in the part of the mother to stimulate the anal region of
+    the object which has now become himself, and to procure the same
+    pleasure which in childhood he experienced when his mother
+    satisfied his anal eroticism. Jekels regards this view as the
+    continuation and concretization of Freud's interpretation; and
+    the main point in homosexuality, even when apparently passive,
+    becomes the craving for anal-erotic satisfaction (L. Jekels,
+    "Einige Bemerkungen zur Trieblehre," _Internationale Zeitschrift
+    für Aerztliche Psychoanalyse_, Sept., 1913). Most psychoanalysts
+    are cautious in denying a constitutional or congenital basis to
+    inversion, though they leave it in the background. Ferenczi, in
+    an interesting attempt to classify the homosexual
+    (_Internationale Zeitschrift für Aerztliche Psychoanalyse_,
+    March, 1914), remarks: "Psychoanalytic investigation shows that
+    under the name of homosexuality the most various psychic states
+    are thrown together, on the one hand true constitutional
+    anomalies (inversion, or subject homoeroticism), on the other
+    hand psychoneurotic obsessional conditions (object homoeroticism,
+    or obsessional homoeroticism). The individual of the first kind
+    essentially feels himself a woman who wishes to be loved by a
+    man, while the other represents a neurotic flight from women
+    rather than sympathy to men." The constitutional basis is very
+    definitely accepted by Rudolf Ortvay who points out
+    (_Internationale Zeitschrift für Aerztliche Psychoanalyse_, Jan.,
+    1914) that the biological doctrine of recessives and dominants in
+    heredity helps to make clear the emergence or suppression of
+    homosexuality on a bisexual disposition. "Infantile events," he
+    adds, "which, according to Freud, decide the sexual relations of
+    adults, can only exert their operation on the foundation of an
+    organic predisposition, infantile impressions being determined by
+    hereditary predisposition." Isador Coriat, on the other hand,
+    while recognizing two forms of inversion, incomplete and
+    complete, boldly asserts that it is never congenital and never
+    transmitted through heredity; it is always "originated through a
+    definite unconscious mechanism" (Coriat, "Homosexuality," _New
+    York Medical Journal_, March 22, 1913). Adler's view of
+    homosexuality, as of other allied conditions, differs from that
+    of most psychoanalysts by insisting on the presence of an
+    original organic defect which the subject seeks to fortify into a
+    point of strength; he accepts two chief components of inversion:
+    a vagueness as to sexual differences and a process of
+    self-assurance in the form of rebellion and defiance, and even
+    the feminism of the invert may become a method of gaining power
+    (A. Adler, _Ueber den Neurösen Charakter_, 1912, p. 21).
+
+The mechanism of the genesis of homosexuality put forward by Freud need
+not be dismissed offhand. Freud has often manifested the insight of
+genius, and he refrains from molding his conceptions in those inflexible
+shapes which have sometimes been adopted by the more dogmatic
+psychoanalysts who have followed him. Nor need we be unduly shocked by the
+"incestuous" air of the "Oedipus Complex,"[226] as it is commonly called,
+which figures as a component of the process. The word "incest," though it
+has been used by Freud himself, seems scarcely a proper word to apply to
+the vague and elementary feelings of children, especially when those
+feelings scarcely pass beyond a stage of non-localized and therefore
+really presexual feelings (in the ordinary use of the term "sexual") which
+may be regarded as natural and normal. The Freudian conception is
+misrepresented and prejudiced by the statement that it involves
+"incest."[227] When a child loves its mother with an entire love, that
+love necessarily involves the germs which in later life become separated
+and developed into sexual love, but it is inaccurate to term this love of
+the child "incestuous." It is quite easily conceivable that the psychic
+mechanism of the establishment of homosexuality has in some cases
+corresponded to the course described by Freud. It may also be admitted
+that, as psychoanalysts claim, the pronounced _horror feminæ_ occasionally
+found in male inverts may plausibly be regarded as the reversal of an
+early and disappointed feminine attraction. But it is impossible to regard
+this mechanism as invariable or even frequent. It is quite true, and I
+have found ample evidence of the fact, that inverts are often very closely
+attached to their mothers, even to a greater degree, indeed, than is the
+rule among normal children, and often like to be in constant association
+with their mothers. But this attraction is quite misunderstood if it is
+regarded as a peculiarly sexual attraction. Indeed, the whole point of the
+attraction is that the inverted boy vaguely feels his own feminine
+disposition and so shuns the uncongenial amusements and society of his own
+sex for the sympathy and community of tastes which he finds concentrated
+in his mother. So far from such association being evidence of sexual
+attraction it might more reasonably be regarded as evidence of its
+absence; just as the association of boys among themselves, and of girls
+among themselves, even in co-educational schools, is proof of the
+prevalence of heterosexual rather than of homosexual feeling. Confirmation
+of this point of view may be found in the fact--overlooked and sometimes
+even denied by psychoanalysts--that frequently, even in early childhood
+and simultaneously with this community of feeling with his mother, the
+homosexual boy is already experiencing the predominant fascination of the
+male. He feels it long before the age at which Narcissism is apt to occur,
+or at which self-consciousness has become sufficiently developed to allow
+the internal censure on unpermitted emotions to operate, or any flight
+from them to take place. Moreover, while most authorities have rarely been
+able to find any clear evidence of the sexual attraction of male inverts
+in childhood to mother or sister,[228] an attraction of this kind to
+father or brother seems less difficult to find, and if found it is
+incompatible with the typical Freudian process. In my own observation,
+among the Histories here recorded, there are at least two clear examples
+of such an attraction in childhood. It must further be said that any
+theory of the etiology of homosexuality which leaves out of account the
+hereditary factor in inversion cannot be admitted. The evidence for the
+frequency of homosexuality among the near relatives of the inverted is now
+indisputable. I have traced it in a considerable proportion of cases, and
+in many of these the evidence is unquestionable and altogether independent
+of the statement of the subject himself, whose opinion may be held to be
+possibly biased or unreliable.[229] This hereditary factor seems indeed to
+be called for by the Freudian theory itself. On that theory we need to
+know how it is that the subject passes through psychic phases, and reaches
+an emotional disposition, so unlike that of normal persona. The existence
+of a definite hereditary tendency in a homosexual direction removes that
+difficulty. Freud himself recognizes this and clearly asserts congenital
+psycho-sexual constitution, which must involve predisposition. On a
+general survey, therefore, it would appear that, on the psychic side, we
+may accept the reality of unconscious dynamic processes which in
+particular cases may be of the Freudian or similar type. But while the
+study of such mechanisms may illuminate the psychology of homosexuality,
+they leave untouched the fundamental organic factors now accepted by most
+authorities.[230]
+
+The rational way of regarding the normal sexual instinct is as an inborn
+organic impulse, reaching full development about the time of puberty.[231]
+During the period of development suggestion and association may come in to
+play a part in defining the object of the emotion; the soil is now ready,
+but the variety of seeds likely to thrive in it is limited. That there is
+a greater indefiniteness in the aim of the sexual impulse at this period
+we may well believe. This is shown not only by occasional tentative signs
+of sexual emotion directed toward the same sex in childhood, but by the
+frequently ideal and unlocalized character of the normal passion even at
+puberty. But the channel of sexual emotion is not thereby turned into an
+abnormal path. Whenever this happens we are bound to believe--and we have
+many grounds for believing--that we are dealing with an organism which
+from the beginning is abnormal. The same seed of suggestion is sown in
+various soils; in the many it dies out; in the few it flourishes. The
+cause can only be a difference in the soil.
+
+If, then, we must postulate a congenital abnormality in order to account
+satisfactorily for at least a large proportion of sexual inverts, wherein
+does that abnormality consist? Ulrichs explained the matter by saying that
+in sexual inverts a male body coexists with a female soul: _anima
+muliebris in corpore virile inclusa_. Even writers of scientific eminence,
+like Magnan and Gley, have adopted this phrase in a modified form,
+considering that in inversion a female brain is combined with a male body
+or male glands. This is, however, not an explanation. It merely
+crystallizes into an epigram the superficial impression of the
+matter.[232]
+
+We can probably grasp the nature of the abnormality better if we reflect
+on the development of the sexes and on the latent organic bisexuality in
+each sex. At an early stage of development the sexes are
+indistinguishable, and throughout life the traces of this early community
+of sex remain. The hen fowl retains in a rudimentary form the spurs which
+are so large and formidable in her lord, and sometimes she develops a
+capacity to crow, or puts on male plumage. Among mammals the male
+possesses useless nipples, which occasionally even develop into breasts,
+and the female possesses a clitoris, which is merely a rudimentary penis,
+and may also develop. The sexually inverted person does not usually
+possess any gross exaggeration of these signs of community with the
+opposite sex. But, as we have seen, there are a considerable number of
+more subtle approximations to the opposite sex in inverted persons, both
+on the physical and the psychic side. Putting the matter in a purely
+speculative shape, it may be said that at conception the organism is
+provided with about 50 per cent. of male germs and about 50 per cent. of
+female germs, and that, as development proceeds, either the male or the
+female germs assume the upper hand, until in the maturely developed
+individual only a few aborted germs of the opposite sex are left. In the
+homosexual, however, and in the bisexual, we may imagine that the process
+has not proceeded normally, on account of some peculiarity in the number
+or character of either the original male germs or female germs, or both,
+the result being that we have a person who is organically twisted into a
+shape that is more fitted for the exercise of the inverted than of the
+normal sexual impulse, or else equally fitted for both.[233]
+
+    The conception of the latent bisexuality of all males and females
+    cannot fail to be fairly obvious to intelligent observers of the
+    human body. It emerges at an early period in the history of
+    philosophic thought, and from the first was occasionally used for
+    the explanation of homosexuality. Plato's myth in the _Banquet_
+    and the hermaphroditic statues of antiquity show how acute minds,
+    working ahead of science, exercised themselves with these
+    problems. (For a fully illustrated study of the ancient
+    conception of hermaphroditism in sculpture see L.S.A.M. von
+    Römer, "Ueber die Androgynische Idee des Lebens," _Jahrbuch für
+    sexuelle Zwischenstufen_, vol. v, 1903, pp. 711-939.) Parmenides,
+    following Alcmaeon, the philosophic physician who discovered that
+    the brain is the central organ of intellect, remarks Gomperz
+    (_Greek Thinkers_, Eng. tr., vol. i, p. 183), used the idea of
+    variation in the proportion of male and female generative
+    elements to account for idiosyncrasies of sexual character. After
+    an immense interval Hössli, the inverted Swiss man-milliner, in
+    his _Eros_ (1838) put forth the Greek view anew. Schopenhauer,
+    again from the philosophical side, recognized the bisexuality of
+    the human individual (see Juliusburger, _Allgemeine Zeitschrift
+    für Psychiatrie_, 1912, p. 630), and Ulrichs, from 1862 onward,
+    adopted a similar doctrine, on a Platonic basis, to explain the
+    "Uranian" constitution. After this the idea began to be more
+    precisely developed from the scientific side, though not at first
+    with reference to homosexuality, and more especially by the great
+    pioneers of the doctrine of Evolution. Darwin emphasized the
+    significance of the facts on this point, as later Weismann, while
+    Haeckel, who was one of the earliest Darwinians, has in recent
+    years clearly recognized the bearing on the interpretation of
+    homosexuality of the fact that the ancestors of the vertebrates
+    were hermaphrodites, as vertebrates themselves still are in their
+    embryonic disposition (Haeckel, in _Jahrbuch für sexuelle
+    Zwischenstufen_, April, 1913, pp. 262-3, 287). This view had,
+    however, been set forth at an earlier date by individual
+    physicians, notably in America by Kiernan (_American Lancet_,
+    1884, and _Medical Standard_, November and December, 1888), and
+    Lydston (_Philadelphia Medical and Surgical Reporter_, September,
+    1889, and _Addresses and Essays_, 1892).
+
+    In 1893, in his _L'Inversion Sexuelle_, Chevalier, a pupil of
+    Lacassagne--who had already applied the term "hermaphrodisme
+    moral" to this anomaly--explained congenital homosexuality by the
+    idea of latent bisexuality. Dr. G. de Letamendi, Dean of the
+    Faculty of Medicine of Madrid, in a paper read before the
+    International Medical Congress at Rome in 1894, set forth a
+    principle of panhermaphroditism--a hermaphroditic
+    bipolarity--which involved the existence of latent female germs
+    in the male, latent male germs in the female, which latent germs
+    may strive for, and sometimes obtain, the mastery. In February,
+    1896, the first version of the present chapter, setting forth the
+    conception of inversion as a psychic and somatic development on
+    the basis of a latent bisexuality, was published in the
+    _Centralblatt für Nervenheilkunde und Psychiatrie_. Kurella (ib.,
+    May, 1890) adopted a somewhat similar view, even arguing that the
+    invert is a transitional form between the complete man or woman
+    and the hermaphrodite. In Germany a patient of Krafft-Ebing had
+    worked out the same idea, connecting inversion with fetal
+    bisexuality (eighth edition _Psychopathia Sexualis_, p. 227).
+    Krafft-Ebing himself at first simply asserted that, whether
+    congenital or acquired, there must be _Belastung_; inversion is a
+    "degenerate phenomenon," a functional sign of degeneration
+    (Krafft-Ebing, "Zur Erklärung der conträren Sexualempfindung,"
+    _Jahrbuch für Psychiatrie_, 1894). In the later editions of
+    _Psychopathia Sexualis_, however (1896 and onward and notably in
+    _Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen_, vol. iii, 1901), he went
+    farther, adopting the explanation on the lines of original
+    bisexuality (English translation of tenth edition, pp. 336-7). In
+    much the same language as I have used he argued that there has
+    been a struggle in the centers, homosexuality resulting when the
+    center antagonistic to that represented by the sexual gland
+    conquers, and psycho-sexual hermaphroditism resulting when both
+    centers are too weak to obtain victory, in either case such
+    disturbance not being a psychic degeneration or disease, but
+    simply an anomaly comparable to a malformation and quite
+    consonant with psychic health. This is the view now widely
+    accepted by investigators of sexual inversion. (Much material
+    bearing on the history of this conception has been brought
+    together by Hirschfeld, in _Die Homosexualität_, ch. xix, and
+    previously in "Vom Wesen der Liebe," _Jahrbuch für sexuelle
+    Zwischenstufen_, vol. viii, 1906, pp. 111-133.)
+
+    A similar or allied view is now constantly met with in writers of
+    scientific authority who are only incidentally concerned with the
+    study of sexual inversion. Thus Halban ("Die Entstehung des
+    Geschlechtscharaktere," _Archiv für Gynäkologie_, 1903) regards
+    hermaphroditism, which he would extend to the psychic sphere, as
+    a state in which a double sexual impulse determines the course of
+    fetal and later development. Shattock and Seligmann ("True
+    Hermaphroditism in the Domestic Fowl, with Remarks on
+    Allopterotism," _Transactions of Pathological Society of London_,
+    vol. lvii, part i, 1906), pointing out that mere atrophy of the
+    ovary cannot account for the appearance in the hen bird of male
+    characters which are not retrogressive but progressive, argues
+    that such birds are really bisexual or hermaphrodite, either by
+    the single "ovary" being really bisexual, as was the case with a
+    fowl they examined, or that the sexual glands are paired, one
+    being male and the other female, or else that there is misplaced
+    male tissue in a neighboring viscus like the adrenal or kidney,
+    the male elements asserting themselves when the female elements
+    degenerate. "Hermaphroditism," they conclude, "far from being a
+    phenomenon altogether abnormal amongst the higher vertebrates,
+    should be viewed rather as a reversion to the primitive ancestral
+    phase in which bisexualism was the normal disposition.... True
+    hermaphroditism in man being established, the question arises
+    whether lesser grades do not occur.... Remote evidence of
+    bisexuality in the human subject may, perhaps, be afforded by the
+    psychical phenomenon of sexual perversion and inversion."
+    Similarly in a case of unilateral secondary male character in an
+    otherwise female pheasant, C.J. Bond has more recently shown
+    (Section of Zoölogy, Birmingham Meeting of British Medical
+    Association, _British Medical Journal_, Sept. 20, 1913) that an
+    ovi-testis was present, with degenerating ovarian tissue and
+    developing testicular tissue, and such islands of actively
+    growing male tissue can frequently be found, he states, in the
+    degenerating ovaries of female birds which have put forth male
+    plumage. Sir John Bland-Sutton, referring to the fact that the
+    external conformation of the body affords no positive certainty
+    as to the nature of the internal sexual glands, adds (_British
+    Medical Journal_, Oct. 30, 1909): "It is a fair presumption that
+    some examples of sexual frigidity and sex perversion may be
+    explained by the possibility that the individuals concerned may
+    possess sexual glands opposite in character to those indicated by
+    the external configuration of their bodies." Looking at the
+    matter more broadly and fundamentally in its normal aspects,
+    Heape declares (_Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical
+    Society_, vol. xiv, part ii, 1907) that "there is no such thing
+    as a pure male or female animal, but that all contain a dominant
+    and recessive sex, except those hermaphrodites in which both
+    sexes are equally represented.... There seems to me ample
+    evidence for the conclusion that there is no such thing as a pure
+    male or female." F.H.A. Marshall, again, in his standard manual,
+    _The Physiology of Reproduction_ (1910, p. 655 et seq.), is
+    inclined to accept the same view. "If it be true," he remarks,
+    "that all individuals are potentially bisexual and that changed
+    circumstances, leading to a changed metabolism, may, in
+    exceptional circumstances, even in adult life, cause the
+    development of the recessive characters, it would seem extremely
+    probable that the dominance of one set of sexual characters over
+    the other may be determined in some cases at an early stage of
+    development in response to a stimulus which may be either
+    internal or external." So also Berry Hart ("Atypical Male and
+    Female Sex-Ensemble," a paper read before Edinburgh Obstetrical
+    Society, _British Medical Journal_, June 20, 1914, p. 1355)
+    regards the normal male or female as embodying a maximum of the
+    potent organs of his or her own sex with a minimum of non-potent
+    organs of the other sex, with secondary sex traits congruent. Any
+    increase in the minimum gives a diminished maximum and
+    non-congruence of the secondary characters.
+
+We thus see that the ancient medico-philosophic conception of organic
+bisexuality put forth by the Greeks as the key to the explanation of
+sexual inversion, after sinking out of sight for two thousand years, was
+revived early in the nineteenth century by two amateur philosophers who
+were themselves inverted (Hössli, Ulrichs), as well as by a genuine
+philosopher who was not inverted (Schopenhauer). Then the conception of
+latent bisexuality, independently of homosexuality, was developed from the
+purely scientific side (by Darwin and evolutionists generally). In the
+next stage this conception was adopted by the psychiatric and other
+scientific authorities on homosexuality (Krafft-Ebing and the majority of
+other students). Finally, embryologists, physiologists of sex and
+biologists generally, not only accept the conception of bisexuality, but
+admit that it probably helps to account for homosexuality. In this way the
+idea may be said to have passed into current thought. We cannot assert
+that it constitutes an adequate explanation of homosexuality, but it
+enables us in some degree to understand what for many is a mysterious
+riddle, and it furnishes a useful basis for the classification not only
+of homosexuality, but of the other mixed or intermediate sexual anomalies
+in the same group. The chief of these intermediate sexual anomalies are:
+(1) physical hermaphroditism in its various stages; (2) gynandromorphism,
+or eunuchoidism, in which men possess characters resembling those of males
+who have been early castrated and women possess similarly masculine
+characters; (3) sexo-esthetic inversion, or Eonism (Hirschfeld's
+transvestism or cross-dressing), in which, outside the specifically sexual
+emotions, men possess the tastes of women and women those of men.
+
+    Hirschfeld has discussed these intermediate sexual stages in
+    various works, especially in _Geschlechtsübergänge_ (1905), _Die
+    Transvestiten_ (1910), and ch. xi of _Die Homosexualität_.
+    Hermaphroditism (the reality of which has only of late been
+    recognized and is still disputed) and pseudohermaphroditism; in
+    their physical variations are fully dealt with in the great work,
+    richly illustrated, _Hermaphroditismus beim Menschen_, by F.L.
+    von Neugebauer, of Warsaw. Neugebauer published an earlier and
+    briefer study of the subject in the _Jahrbuch für sexuelle
+    Zwischenstufen_ vol. iv, 1902, pp. 1-176, with a bibliography in
+    vol. viii (1906) of the same _Jahrbuch_, pp. 685-700. Hirschfeld
+    emphasizes the fact that neither hermaphroditism nor eunuchoidism
+    is commonly associated with homosexuality, and that a large
+    proportion of the cases of transvestism, as defined by him, are
+    heterosexual. True inversion seems, however, to be not
+    infrequently found among pseudohermaphrodites; Neugebauer records
+    numerous cases; Magnan has published a case in a girl brought up
+    as a youth (_Gazette médical de Paris_, March 31, 1911) and
+    Lapointe a case in a man brought up as a girl (_Revue de
+    psychiatrie_, 1911, p. 219). Such cases may be accounted for by
+    the training and associations involved by the early error in
+    recognition of sex, and perhaps still more by a really organic
+    predisposition to homosexuality, although the sexual psychic
+    characters are not necessarily bound up with the coexistence of
+    corresponding sexual glands. Halban (_Archiv für Gynäkologie_
+    1903) goes so far as to class the homosexual as "real
+    pseudohermaphrodites," exactly comparable to a man with a female
+    breast or a woman with a beard, and proposes to term
+    homosexuality "pseudohermaphroditus masculinus psychicus." This,
+    however, is an unnecessary and scarcely satisfactory confusion.
+
+To place the group of homosexual phenomena among other intermediate groups
+on the organic bisexual basis is a convenient classification. It can
+scarcely be regarded as a complete explanation. It is probable that we may
+ultimately find a more fundamental source of these various phenomena in
+the stimulating and inhibiting play of the internal secretions.[234] Our
+knowledge of the intimate association between the hormones and sexual
+phenomena is already sufficient to make such an explanation intelligible;
+the complex interaction of the glandular internal secretions and their
+liability to varying disturbance in balance may well suffice to account
+for the complexity of the phenomena. It would harmonize with what we know
+of the occasional delayed manifestations of homosexuality, and would not
+clash with their congenital nature, for we know that a disordered state of
+the thymus, for instance, may be hereditary, and it is held that status
+lymphaticus may be either inborn or acquired.[235] Normal sexual
+characters seem to depend largely upon the due co-ordination of the
+internal secretions, and it is reasonable to suppose that sexual
+deviations depend upon their inco-ordination. If a man is a man, and a
+woman a woman, because (in Blair Bell's phrase) of the totality of their
+internal secretions, the intermediate stages between the man and the woman
+must be due to redistribution of those internal secretions.[236]
+
+We know that various internal secretions possess an influential sexual
+effect. Thus the atrophy of the thymus seems to be connected with sexual
+development at puberty; the thyroid reinforces the genital glands; adrenal
+overdevelopment can produce in a female the secondary characteristics of
+the male, as well as cause precocious development of maleness; etc. "An
+alteration in the metabolism," as F.H.A. Marshall suggests, "even in
+comparatively late life, may initiate changes in the direction of the
+opposite sex." Metabolic chemical processes may thus be found to furnish a
+key to complex and subtle sexual variations, alike somatic and psychic,
+although we must still regard such processes as arising on an inborn
+predisposition.
+
+Whatever its ultimate explanation, sexual inversion may thus fairly be
+considered a "sport," or variation, one of those organic aberrations which
+we see throughout living nature, in plants and in animals.
+
+It is not here asserted, as I would carefully point out, that an inverted
+sexual instinct, or organ for such instinct, is developed in early
+embryonic life; such a notion is rightly rejected as absurd. What we may
+reasonably regard as formed at an early stage of development is strictly a
+predisposition; that is to say, such a modification of the organism that
+it becomes more adapted than the normal or average organism to experience
+sexual attraction to the same sex. The sexual invert may thus be roughly
+compared to the congenital idiot, to the instinctive criminal, to the man
+of genius, who are all not strictly concordant with the usual biological
+variation (because this is of a less subtle character), but who become
+somewhat more intelligible to us if we bear in mind their affinity to
+variations. Symonds compared inversion to color-blindness; and such a
+comparison is reasonable. Just as the ordinary color-blind person is
+congenitally insensitive to those red-green rays which are precisely the
+most impressive to the normal eye, and gives an extended value to the
+other colors,--finding that blood is the same color as grass, and a florid
+complexion blue as the sky,--so the invert fails to see emotional values
+patent to normal persons, transferring those values to emotional
+associations which, for the rest of the world, are utterly distinct. Or we
+may compare inversion to such a phenomenon as color-hearing, in which
+there is not so much defect as an abnormality of nervous tracks producing
+new and involuntary combinations. Just as the color-hearer instinctively
+associates colors with sounds, like the young Japanese lady who remarked
+when listening to singing, "That boy's voice is red!" so the invert has
+his sexual sensations brought into relationship with objects that are
+normally without sexual appeal.[237] And inversion, like color-hearing is
+found more commonly in young subjects, tending to become less marked, or
+to die out, after puberty. Color-hearing, while an abnormal phenomenon, it
+must be added, cannot be called a diseased condition, and it is probably
+much less frequently associated with other abnormal or degenerative
+stigmata than is inversion; there is often a congenital element, shown by
+the tendency to hereditary transmission, while the associations are
+developed in very early life, and are too regular to be the simple result
+of suggestion.[238]
+
+All such organic variations are abnormalities. It is important that we
+should have a clear idea as to what an abnormality is. Many people imagine
+that what is abnormal is necessarily diseased. That is not the case,
+unless we give the word disease an inconveniently and illegitimately wide
+extension. It is both inconvenient and inexact to speak of
+color-blindness, criminality, and genius as diseases in the same sense as
+we speak of scarlet fever or tuberculosis or general paralysis as
+diseases. Every congenital abnormality is doubtless due to a peculiarity
+in the sperm or oval elements or in their mingling, or to some disturbance
+in their early development. But the same may doubtless be said of the
+normal dissimilarities between brothers and sisters. It is quite true that
+any of these aberrations may be due to antenatal disease, but to call them
+abnormal does not beg that question. If it is thought that any authority
+is needed to support this view, we can scarcely find a weightier than that
+of Virchow, who repeatedly insisted on the right use of the word
+"anomaly," and who taught that, though an anomaly may constitute a
+predisposition to disease, the study of anomalies--pathology, as he called
+it, teratology as we may perhaps prefer to call it--is not the study of
+disease, which he termed nosology; the study of the abnormal is perfectly
+distinct from the study of the morbid. Virchow considers that the region
+of the abnormal is the region of pathology, and that the study of disease
+must be regarded distinctly as nosology. Whether we adopt this
+terminology, or whether we consider the study of the abnormal as part of
+teratology, is a secondary matter, not affecting the right understanding
+of the term "anomaly" and its due differentiation from the term "disease."
+
+    At the Innsbruck meeting of the German Anthropological Society,
+    in 1894, Virchow thus expressed himself: "In old days an anomaly
+    was called pathos, and in this sense every departure from the
+    norm is for me a pathological event. If we have ascertained such
+    a pathological event, we are further led to investigate what
+    _pathos_ was the special cause of it.... This cause may be, for
+    example, an external force, or a chemical substance, or a
+    physical agent, producing in the normal condition of the body a
+    change, an anomaly pathos. This can become hereditary under some
+    circumstances, and then become the foundation for certain small
+    hereditary characters which are propagated in a family; in
+    themselves they belong to pathology, even although they produce
+    no injury. For I must remark that pathological does not mean
+    harmful; it does not indicate disease; disease in Greek is nosos,
+    and it is nosology that is concerned with disease. The
+    pathological under some circumstances can be advantageous"
+    (_Correspondenz-blatt Deutsch Gesellschaft für Anthropologie_,
+    1894). These remarks are of interest when we are attempting to
+    find the wider bearings of such an anomaly as sexual inversion.
+
+    This same distinction has more recently been emphasized by
+    Professor Aschoff (_Deutsche medizinische Wochenschrift_,
+    February 3, 1910; of. _British Medical Journal_, April 9, 1910,
+    p. 892), as against Ribbert and others who would unduly narrow
+    the conception of pathos. Aschoff points out that, not merely for
+    the sake of precision and uniformity of terminology but of clear
+    thinking, it is desirable that we should retain a distinction in
+    regard to which Galen and the ancient physicians were very
+    definite. They used pathos as the wider term involving affection
+    (_affectio_) in general, not necessarily impairment of vital
+    tissue; when that was involved there was nosos, disease. We have
+    to recognize the distinction even if we reject the terminology.
+
+A word may be said as to the connection between sexual inversion and
+degeneration. In France especially, since the days of Morel, the stigmata
+of degeneration are much spoken of. Sexual inversion is frequently
+regarded as one of them: i.e., as an episodic syndrome of a hereditary
+disease, taking its place beside other psychic stigmata, such as
+kleptomania and pyromania. Krafft-Ebing long so regarded inversion; it is
+the view of Magnan, one of the earliest investigators of
+homosexuality;[239] and it was adopted by Möbius. Strictly speaking, the
+invert is degenerate; he has fallen away from the genus. So is a
+color-blind person. But Morel's conception of degenerescence has
+unfortunately been coarsened and vulgarized.[240] As it now stands, we
+gain little or no information by being told that a person is a
+"degenerate." It is only, as Näcke constantly argued, when we find a
+complexus of well-marked abnormalities that we are fairly justified in
+asserting that we have to deal with a condition of degeneration. Inversion
+is sometimes found in such a condition. I have, indeed, already tried to
+suggest that a condition of diffused minor abnormality may be regarded as
+a basis of congenital inversion. In other words, inversion is bound up
+with a modification of the secondary sexual characters. But these
+anomalies and modifications are not invariable,[241] and are not usually
+of a serious character; inversion is rare in the profoundly degenerate. It
+is undesirable to call these modifications "stigmata of degeneration," a
+term which threatens to disappear from scientific terminology, to become a
+mere term of literary and journalistic abuse. So much may be said
+concerning a conception or a phrase of which far too much has been made in
+popular literature. At the best it remains vague and unfitted for
+scientific use. It is now widely recognized that we gain little by
+describing inversion as a degeneration. Näcke, who attached significance
+to the stigmata of degeneration when numerous, was especially active in
+pointing out that inverts are not degenerate, and frequently returned to
+this point. Löwenfeld, Freud, Hirschfeld, Bloch, Rohleder all reject the
+conception of sexual inversion as a degeneracy.
+
+    Moll is still unable to abandon altogether the position that
+    since inversion involves a disharmony between psychic disposition
+    and physical conformation we must regard it as morbid, but he
+    recognizes (like Krafft-Ebing) that it is properly viewed as
+    being on the level of a deformity, that is, an abnormality,
+    comparable to physical hermaphroditism. (A. Moll, "Sexuelle
+    Zwischenstufen," _Zeitschrift für aerztliche Fortbildung_, No.
+    24, 1904.) Näcke repeatedly emphasized the view that inversion is
+    a congenital non-morbid abnormality; thus in the last year of his
+    life he wrote (_Zeitschrift für die Gesamte Neurologie und
+    Psychiatrie_, vol. xv, Heft 5, 1913): "We must not conceive of
+    homosexuality as a degeneration or a disease, but at most as an
+    abnormality, due to a disturbance of development." Löwenfeld,
+    always a cautious and sagacious clinical observer, agreeing with
+    Näcke and Hirschfeld, regards inversion as certainly an
+    abnormality, but not therefore morbid; it may be associated with
+    disease and degeneration, but is usually simply a variation from
+    the norm, not to be regarded as morbid or degenerate, and not
+    diminishing the value of the individual as a member of society
+    (Löwenfeld, _Ueber die sexuelle Konstitution_, 1911, p. 166; also
+    _Zeitschrift für Sexualwissenschaft_, Feb., 1908, and
+    _Sexual-Probleme_, April, 1908). Aletrino of Amsterdam pushes the
+    view that inversion is a non-morbid abnormality to an undue
+    extreme by asserting that "the uranist is a normal variety of the
+    species _Homo sapiens_" ("Uranisme et Dégénérescence," _Archives
+    d'Anthropologie Criminelle_, Aug.-Sept., 1908); inversion may be
+    regarded as (in the correct sense of the word here adopted) a
+    pathological abnormality, but not as an anthropological human
+    variety comparable to the Negro or the Mongolian man. (For
+    further opinions in favor of inversion as an anomaly, see
+    Hirschfeld, _Die Homosexualität_, p. 388 et seq.)
+
+Sexual inversion, therefore, remains a congenital anomaly, to be classed
+with other congenital abnormalities which have psychic concomitants. At
+the very least such congenital abnormality usually exists as a
+predisposition to inversion. It is probable that many persons go through
+the world with a congenital predisposition to inversion which always
+remains latent and unroused; in others the instinct is so strong that it
+forces its own way in spite of all obstacles; in others, again, the
+predisposition is weaker, and a powerful exciting cause plays the
+predominant part.
+
+We are thus led to the consideration of the causes that excite the latent
+predisposition. A great variety of causes has been held to excite to
+sexual inversion. It is only necessary to mention those which I have found
+influential. The first to come before us is our school-system, with its
+segregation of boys and girls apart from each other during the periods of
+puberty and adolescence. Many inverts have not been to school at all, and
+many who have been pass through school-life without forming any passionate
+or sexual relationship; but there remain a large number who date the
+development of homosexuality from the influences and examples of
+school-life. The impressions received at the time are not less potent
+because they are often purely sentimental and without any obvious sensual
+admixture. Whether they are sufficiently potent to generate permanent
+inversion alone may be doubtful, but, if it is true that in early life the
+sexual instincts are less definitely determined than when adolescence is
+complete, it is conceivable, though unproved, that a very strong
+impression, acting even on a normal organism, may cause arrest of sexual
+development on the psychic side.
+
+Another exciting cause of inversion is seduction. By this I mean the
+initiation of the young boy or girl by some older and more experienced
+person in whom inversion is already developed, and who is seeking the
+gratification of the abnormal instinct. This appears to be a not uncommon
+incident in the early history of sexual inverts. That such
+seduction--sometimes an abrupt and inconsiderate act of mere sexual
+gratification--could by itself produce a taste for homosexuality is highly
+improbable; in individuals not already predisposed it is far more likely
+to produce disgust, as it did in the case of the youthful Rousseau. "He
+only can be seduced," as Moll puts it, "who is capable of being seduced."
+No doubt it frequently happens in these, as so often in more normal
+"seductions," that the victim has offered a voluntary or involuntary
+invitation.
+
+Another exciting cause of inversion, to which little importance is usually
+attached, but which I find to have some weight, is disappointment in
+normal love. It happens that a man in whom the homosexual instinct is yet
+only latent, or at all events held in a state of repression, tries to form
+a relationship with a woman. This relationship may be ardent on one or
+both sides, but--often, doubtless, from the latent homosexuality of the
+lover--it comes to nothing. Such love-disappointments, in a more or less
+acute form, occur at some time or another to nearly everyone. But in these
+persons the disappointment with one woman constitutes motive strong enough
+to disgust the lover with the whole sex and to turn his attention toward
+his own sex. It is evident that the instinct which can thus be turned
+round can scarcely be strong, and it seems probable that in some of these
+cases the episode of normal love simply serves to bring home to the invert
+the fact that he is not made for normal love. In other cases, it
+seems,--especially those that are somewhat feeble-minded and
+unbalanced,--a love-disappointment really does poison the normal instinct,
+and a more or less impotent love for women becomes an equally impotent
+love for men. The prevalence of homosexuality among prostitutes may be, to
+a large extent, explained by a similar and better-founded disgust with
+normal sexuality.[242]
+
+These three influences, therefore,--example at school, seduction,
+disappointment in normal love,--all of them drawing the subject away from
+the opposite sex and concentrating him on his own sex, are exciting causes
+of inversion; but they require a favorable organic predisposition to act
+on, while there are a large number of cases in which no exciting cause at
+all can be found, but in which, from earliest childhood, the subject's
+interest seems to be turned on his own sex, and continues to be so turned
+throughout life.
+
+At this point I conclude the analysis of the psychology of sexual
+inversion as it presents itself to me. I have sought only to bring out the
+more salient points, neglecting minor points, neglecting also those groups
+of inverts who may be regarded as of secondary importance. The average
+invert, moving in ordinary society, is a person of average general health,
+though very frequently with hereditary relationships that are markedly
+neurotic. He is usually the subject of a congenital predisposing
+abnormality, or complexus of minor abnormalities, making it difficult or
+impossible for him to feel sexual attraction to the opposite sex, and easy
+to feel sexual attraction to his own sex. This abnormality either appears
+spontaneously from the first, by development or arrest of development, or
+it is called into activity by some accidental circumstance.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[225] See _passim, Jahrbuch für Psychoanalytische Forschungen,
+Zentralblatt für Psychoanalyse_, and _Internationale Zeitschrift für
+Aerztliche Psychoanalyse_; also Sadger, "Zur Aetiologie der Konträren
+Sexualempfindung," _Medizinische Klinik_, 1909, No. 2.
+
+[226] For an exposition of this by an able English representative of
+Freudian doctrines, see Ernest Jones, "The Oedipus Complex As An
+Explanation of Hamlet's Mystery," _American Journal of Psychology_,
+January, 1910.
+
+[227] The love of relations may be tinctured by all degrees of sexual
+love, some of which are so faint and vague that they cannot be considered
+unnatural or abnormal; it is misleading to term them incestuous. The
+Russian novelist, Artzibascheff, in his _Sanine_ described a brother's
+affection for his sister as thus touched with a perception of her sexual
+charm (I refer to the French translation), and the book has consequently
+been much abused as "incestuous," though the attitude described is very
+pale and conventional compared to the romantic passion sung in Shelley's
+_Laon and Cythna_, or the tragic exaltation of the same passion in Ford's
+great play, "_'Tis Pity She's a Whore_."
+
+[228] Thus Numa Praetorius, a sagacious observer with, a very wide and
+thorough knowledge of homosexuality, finds himself quite unable to accept
+the "Oedipus Complex" explanation of inversion (_Jahrbuch für sexuelle
+Zwischenstufen_, July, 1914, p. 362).
+
+[229] It cannot be maintained that the frequency of inversion among the
+near relatives of inverts is a chance coincidence, for it must be
+remembered that few estimates of the prevalence of inversion yield a
+higher proportion than 3 per cent.
+
+[230] See also a discussion of the Freudian view by Hirschfeld, who
+concludes (_Die Homosexualität_, p. 344) that we can only accept the
+Freudian mechanism as rare, and in all cases subordinate to organic
+predisposition.
+
+[231] It has been denied by some (Meynert, Näcke, etc.) that there is any
+sexual _instinct_ at all. I may as well, therefore, explain in what sense
+I use the word. (See also "Analysis of the Sexual Impulse" in vol. iii of
+these _Studies_.) I mean an inherited aptitude the performance of which
+normally demands for its full satisfaction the presence of a person of the
+opposite sex. It might be asserted that there is no such thing as an
+instinct for food, that it is all imitation, etc. In a sense this is true,
+but the automatic basis remains. A chicken from an incubator needs no hen
+to teach it to eat. It seems to discover eating and drinking, as it were,
+by chance, at first eating awkwardly and eating everything, until it
+learns what will best satisfy its organic mechanism. There is no instinct
+for food, it may be, but there is an instinct which is only satisfied by
+food. It is the same with the "sexual instinct." The tentative and
+omnivorous habits of the newly hatched chicken may be compared to the
+uncertainty of the sexual instinct at puberty, while the sexual pervert is
+like a chicken that should carry on into adult age an appetite for worsted
+and paper. It may be added here that the question of the hereditary nature
+of the sexual instinct has been exhaustively discussed and decisively
+affirmed by Moll in his _Untersuchungen über die Libido Sexualis_, 1898.
+Moll attaches importance to the inheritance of the normal aptitudes for
+sexual reaction in an abnormally weak degree as a factor in the
+development of sexual perversions.
+
+[232] This view was revived in a modified form by Näcke (_Zeitschrift für
+die gesamte Neurologie und Psychiatrie_, vol. xv, Heft 5, 1913), who
+supposed that there may be an anatomical "homosexual center" in the brain;
+i.e., a feminine libido-center in the inverted man, and a masculine
+libido-center in the inverted woman. He expressed a hope that in the
+future the brains of inverted persons would be more carefully
+investigated.
+
+[233] I do not present this view as more than a picture which helps us to
+realize the actual phenomena which we witness in homosexuality, although I
+may add that so able a teratologist as Dr. J.W. Ballantyne considers that
+"it seems a very possible theory."
+
+[234] This explanation of homosexuality has already been tentatively put
+forth. Thus, Iwan Bloch (_Sexual Life of Our Time_, ch. xix, Appendix)
+vaguely suggests a new theory of homosexuality as dependent on chemical
+influences. Hirschfeld also believes (_Die Homosexualität_, ch. xx) that
+the study of the internal secretions is the path to the deepest
+foundations of inversion.
+
+[235] A.E. Garrod, "The Thymus Gland in its Clinical Aspects," _British
+Medical Journal_, Oct. 3, 1914
+
+[236] "The pure female and the pure male are produced by all the internal
+secretions," Blair Bell, "The Internal Secretions," _British Medical
+Journal_, Nov. 15, 1913.
+
+[237] After this chapter was first published (in the _Centralblatt für
+Nervenheilkunde_, February, 1896), Féré also compared congenital inversion
+to color-blindness and similar anomalies (Féré, "La Descendance d'un
+Inverti," _Revue Générale de Clinique et Thérapeutique_, 1896), while
+Ribot referred to the analogy with color-hearing (_Psychology of the
+Emotions_, part ii, ch. vii).
+
+[238] See, e.g., Flournoy, _Des Phenomènes de Synopsie_, Geneva, 1893; and
+for a brief discussion of the general phenomena of synesthesia, E. Parish,
+_Hallucinations and Illusions (Contemporary Science Series_), chapter vii;
+Bleuler, article "Secondary Sensations," in Tuke's _Dictionary of
+Psychological Medicine_; and Havelock Ellis, _Man and Woman_, 5th ed.,
+1915, pp. 181-4.
+
+[239] Magnan has in recent years reaffirmed this view ("Inversion Sexuelle
+et Pathologic Mentale," _Revue de Psychothérapie_, March, 1914): "The
+invert is a diseased person, a degenerate."
+
+[240] It is this fact which has caused the Italians to be shy of using the
+word "degeneration;" thus, Marro, in his great work, _I Caratteri del
+Delinquenti_, made a notable attempt to analyze the phenomena lumped
+together as degenerate into three groups: atypical, atavistic, and morbid.
+
+[241] Hirschfeld and Burchard among 200 inverts found pronounced stigmata
+of degeneration in only 16 per cent. (Hirschfeld, _Die Homosexualität_,
+ch. xx.)
+
+[242] Alcohol has sometimes been considered an important exciting cause of
+homosexuality, and alcoholism is certainly not uncommon in the heredity of
+inverts; according to Hirschfeld (_Die Homosexualität_, p. 386) it is well
+marked in one of the parents in over 21 per cent, of cases. But it
+probably has no more influence as an exciting cause in the individual
+homosexual person than in the individual heterosexual person. From the
+Freudian standpoint, indeed, Abraham believes (_Zeitschrift für
+Sexualwissenschaft_, Heft 8, 1908) that even in normal persons alcohol
+removes the inhibition from a latent homosexuality, and Juliusburger from
+the same standpoint (_Zentralblatt für Psychoanalyse_, Heft 10 and 11,
+1912) thinks that the alcoholic tendency is unconsciously aroused by the
+homosexual impulse in order to reach its own gratification. But we may
+accept Näcke's conclusions (_Allgemeine Zeitschrift für Psychiatrie_, vol.
+lxviii, 1911, p. 852), that (1) alcohol cannot produce homosexuality in
+persons not predisposed, that (2) it may arouse it in those who are
+predisposed, that (3) the action of alcohol is the same on the homosexual
+as the heterosexual, and that (4) alcoholism is not common among inverts.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+CONCLUSIONS.
+
+The Prevention of Homosexuality--The Influence of the
+School--Coeducation--The Treatment of Sexual
+Inversion--Castration--Hypnotism--Associational
+Therapy--Psycho-analysis--Mental and Physical Hygiene--Marriage--The
+Children of Inverts--The Attitude of Society--The Horror Aroused by
+Homosexuality--Justinian--The _Code Napoléon_--The State of the Law in
+Europe Today--Germany--England--What Should be our Attitude toward
+Homosexuality?
+
+
+Having now completed the psychological analysis of the sexual invert, so
+far as I have been able to study him, it only remains to speak briefly of
+the attitude of society and the law. First, however, a few words as to the
+medical and hygienic aspects of inversion. The preliminary question of the
+prevention of homosexuality is in too vague a position at present to be
+profitably discussed. So far as the really congenital invert is concerned,
+prevention can have but small influence; but sound social hygiene should
+render difficult the acquisition of homosexual perversity, or what has
+been termed pseudo-homosexuality. It is the school which is naturally the
+chief theater of immature and temporary homosexual manifestations, partly
+because school life largely coincides with the period during which the
+sexual impulse frequently tends to be undifferentiated, and partly because
+in the traditions of large and old schools an artificial homosexuality is
+often deeply rooted.
+
+    Homosexuality in English schools has already been briefly
+    referred to in chapter iii. As a precise and interesting picture
+    of the phenomena in French schools, I may mention a story by
+    Albert Nortal, _Les Adolescents Passionnés_ (1913), written
+    immediately after the author left college, though not published
+    until more than twenty-five years later, and clearly based on
+    personal observation and experience. As regards German schools,
+    see, e.g., Moll, _Untersuchungen über die Libido Sexualis_, p.
+    449 et seq., and for sexual manifestations in early life
+    generally, the same author's _Sexual Life of the Child_; also
+    Hirschfeld, _Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen_, vol. v,
+    1903, p. 47 et seq., and, for references, Hirschfeld, _Die
+    Homosexualität_, p. 46 et seq.
+
+While much may be done by physical hygiene and other means to prevent the
+extension of homosexuality in schools,[243] it is impossible, and even
+undesirable, to repress absolutely the emotional manifestations of sex in
+either boys or girls who have reached the age of puberty.[244] It must
+always be remembered that profoundly rooted organic impulses cannot be
+effectually combated by direct methods. Writing of a period two centuries
+ago, Casanova, in relating his early life as a seminarist trained to the
+priesthood, describes the precautions taken to prevent the youths entering
+each other's beds, and points out the folly of such precautions.[245] As
+that master of the human heart remarks, such prohibitions intensify the
+very evil they are intended to prevent by invoking in its aid the impulse
+to disobedience natural to every child of Adam and Eve, and the
+observation has often been repeated by teachers since. We probably have to
+recognize that a way to render such manifestations wholesome, as well as
+to prepare for the relationships of later life, is the adoption, so far as
+possible, of the method of coeducation of the sexes,[246]--not, of course,
+necessarily involving identity of education for both sexes,--since a
+certain amount of association between the sexes helps to preserve the
+healthiness of the sexual emotional attitude. Association between the
+sexes will not, of course, prevent the development of congenital
+inversion. In this connection it is pointed out by Bethe that it was
+precisely in Sparta and Lesbos, where homosexuality was most ideally
+cultivated, that the sexes, so far as we know, associated more freely than
+in any other Greek State.[247]
+
+The question of the treatment of homosexuality must be approached with
+discrimination, caution, and skepticism. Nowadays we can have but little
+sympathy with those who, at all costs, are prepared to "cure" the invert.
+There is no sound method of cure in radical cases.
+
+At one time the seemingly very radical method of castration was advocated
+and occasionally carried out, as in a case I have recorded in a previous
+chapter (History XXVI). Like all methods of treatment, it is sometimes
+believed to have been successful by those who carried it out. Usually,
+after a short period, it is found to be unsuccessful, and in some cases
+the condition, especially the mental condition, is rendered worse. It is
+not difficult to understand why this should be. Sexual inversion, is not a
+localized genital condition. It is a diffused condition, and firmly
+imprinted on the whole psychic state. There may be reasons for castration,
+or the slighter operation of vasectomy, but, although sexual tension may
+be thereby diminished, no authority now believes that any such operation
+will affect the actual inversion. Castration of the body in adult age
+cannot be expected to produce castration of the mind. Moll, Féré, Näcke,
+Bloch, Rohleder, Hirschfeld, are all either opposed to castration for
+inversion, or very doubtful as to any beneficial results.
+
+    In a case communicated to me by Dr. Shufeldt, an invert had
+    himself castrated at the age of 26 to diminish sexual desire,
+    make himself more like a woman, and to stop growth of beard. "But
+    the only apparent physical effect," he wrote, "was to increase my
+    weight 10 per cent., and render me a semi-invalid for the rest
+    of my life. After two years my sexuality decreased, but that may
+    have been due to satiety or to advancing years. I was also
+    rendered more easily irritated over trifles and more revengeful.
+    Terrible criminal auto-suggestions came into my head, never
+    experienced before." Féré (_Revue de Chirurgie_, March 10, 1905)
+    published the case of an invert of English origin who had been
+    castrated. The inverted impulse remained unchanged, as well as
+    sexual desire and the aptitude for erection; but neurasthenic
+    symptoms, which had existed before, were aggravated; he felt less
+    capable to resist his impulses, became migratory in his habits of
+    life, and addicted to the use of laudanum. In a case recorded by
+    C.H. Hughes (_Alienist and Neurologist_, Aug., 1914) the results
+    were less unsatisfactory; in this case the dorsal nerve of the
+    penis was first excised, without any result (see also _Alienist
+    and Neurologist_, Feb., 1904, p. 70, as regards worse than
+    useless results of cutting the pudic nerve), and a year or so
+    later the testes were removed and the patient gained tranquillity
+    and satisfaction; his homosexual inclinations appeared to go, and
+    he began to show inclination for asexualized women, being
+    specially anxious to meet with a woman whose ovaries had been
+    removed on account of inversion. (Reference may also be made to
+    Näcke, "Die Ersten Kastrationen aus sozialen Grunden auf
+    europäischen Boden," _Neurologisches Centralblatt_, 1909, No. 5,
+    and E. Wilhelm in _Juristisch-psychiatrische Grenzfragen_, vol.
+    viii, Heft 6 and 7, 1911.)
+
+More trust has usually been placed in the psychotherapeutical than the
+surgical treatment of homosexuality. At one time hypnotic suggestion was
+carried out very energetically on homosexual subjects. Krafft-Ebing seems
+to have been the first distinguished advocate of hypnotism for application
+to the homosexual. Dr. von Schrenck-Notzing displayed special zeal and
+persistency in this treatment. He undertook to treat even the most
+pronounced cases of inversion by courses lasting more than a year, and
+involving, in at least one case, nearly one hundred and fifty hypnotic
+sittings; he prescribed frequent visits to the brothel, previous to which
+the patient took large doses of alcohol; by prolonged manipulations a
+prostitute endeavored to excite erection, a process attended with varying
+results. It appears that in some cases this course of treatment was
+attended by a certain sort of success, to which an unlimited good will on
+the part of the patient, it is needless to say, largely contributed. The
+treatment was, however, usually interrupted by continual backsliding to
+homosexual practices, and sometimes, naturally, the cure involved a
+venereal disorder. The patient was enabled to marry and to beget
+children.[248] It is a method of treatment which seems to have found few
+imitators. This we need not regret. The histories I have recorded in
+previous chapters show that it is not uncommon for even a pronounced
+invert to be able sometimes to effect coitus. It often becomes easy if at
+the time he fixes his thoughts on images connected with his own sex. But
+the perversion remains unaffected; the subject is merely (as one of Moll's
+inverts expressed it) practising masturbation _per vaginam_. Such
+treatment is a training in vice, and, as Raffalovich points out, the
+invert is simply perverted and brought down to the vicious level which
+necessarily accompanies perversity.[249]
+
+There can be no doubt that in slight and superficial cases of
+homosexuality, suggestion may really exert an influence. We can scarcely
+expect it to exert such influence when the homosexual tendency is deeply
+rooted in an organic inborn temperament. In such cases indeed the subject
+may resist suggestion even when in the hypnotic state. This is pointed out
+by Moll, a great authority on hypnotism, and with much experience of its
+application to homosexuality, but never inclined to encourage an
+exaggerated notion of its efficacy in this field. Forel, who was also an
+authority on hypnotism, was equally doubtful as to its value in relation
+to inversion, especially in clearly inborn cases. Krafft-Ebing at the end
+said little about it, and Näcke (who was himself without faith in this
+method of treating inversion) stated that he had been informed by the
+last homosexual case treated by Krafft-Ebing by hypnotism that, in spite
+of all good-will on the patient's side, the treatment had been quite
+useless. Féré, also, had no belief in the efficacy of suggestive
+treatment, nor has Merzbach, nor Rohleder. Numa Praetorius states that the
+homosexual subjects he is acquainted with, who had been so treated, were
+not cured, and Hirschfeld remarks that the inverts "cured" by hypnotism
+were either not cured or not inverted.[250]
+
+Moll has shown his doubt as to the wide applicability of suggestive
+therapeutics in homosexuality by developing in recent years what he terms
+association-therapy. In nearly all perverse individuals, he points out,
+there is a bridge,--more or less weak, no doubt,--which leads to the
+normal sexual life. By developing such links of association with
+normality, Moll believes, it may be possible to exert a healing influence
+on the homosexual. Thus a man who is attracted to boys may be brought to
+love a boyish woman.[251] Indications of this kind have long been observed
+and utilized, though not developed into a systematic method of treatment.
+In the case of bisexual individuals, or of youthful subjects whose
+homosexuality is not fully developed, it is probable that this method is
+beneficial. It is difficult to believe, however, that it possesses any
+marked influence on pronounced and developed cases of inversion.[252]
+
+Somewhat the same aim as Moll's association-therapy, though on the basis
+of a more elaborate theory, is sought by Freud's psychoanalytic method of
+treating homosexuality. For the psychoanalytic theory (to which reference
+was made in the previous chapter) the congenital element of inversion is a
+rare and usually unimportant factor; the chief part is played by perverse
+psychic mechanisms. It is the business of psychoanalysis to straighten
+these out, and from the bisexual constitution, which is regarded as common
+to every one, to bring into the foreground the heterosexual elements, and
+so to reconstruct a normal personality, developing new sexual ideals from
+the patient's own latent and subconscious nature. Sadger has especially
+occupied himself with the psychoanalytic treatment of homosexuality and
+claims many successes.[253] Sadger admits that there are many limits to
+the success of this treatment, and that it cannot affect the inborn
+factors of homosexuality when present. Other psychoanalysts are less
+sanguine as to the cure of inversion. Stekel appears to have stated that
+he has never seen a complete cure by psychoanalysis, and Ferenezi is not
+able to give a good account of the results; especially as regards what he
+terms obsessional homosexuality, he states that he has never succeeded in
+effecting a complete cure, although obsessions in general are especially
+amenable to psychoanalysis.[254]
+
+I have met with at least two homosexual persons who had undergone
+psychoanalytic treatment and found it beneficial. One, however, was
+bisexual, so that the difficulties in the way of the success--granting it
+to be real--were not serious. In the other case, the inversion persisted
+after treatment, exactly the same as before. The benefit he received was
+due to the fact that he was enabled to understand himself better and to
+overcome some of his mental difficulties. The treatment, therefore, in his
+case, was not a method of cure, but of psychic hygiene, of what Hirschfeld
+would call "adaptation-therapy." There can be no doubt that--even if we
+put aside all effort at cure and regard an invert's condition as inborn
+and permanent--a large and important field of treatment here still
+remains.
+
+As we have seen in the two previous chapters, sexual inversion cannot be
+regarded as essentially an insane or psychopathic state.[255] But it is
+frequently associated with nervous conditions which may be greatly
+benefited by hygiene and treatment, without any attempt at all to overcome
+a homosexual attitude which may be too deeply rooted to be changed. The
+invert is specially liable to suffer from a high degree of neurasthenia,
+often involving much nervous weakness and irritability, loss of
+self-control, and genital hyperesthesia.[256] Hirschfeld finds that over
+67 per cent. inverts suffer from nervous troubles, and among the cases
+dealt with in the present _Study_ (as shown in chapter v) slight nervous
+functional disturbances are very common. These are conditions which may be
+ameliorated, and they may be treated in much the same way as if no
+inversion existed, by physical and mental tonics; or, if necessary,
+sedatives; by regulated gymnastics and out-of-door exercises; and by
+occupations which employ, without overexerting, the mind. Very great and
+permanent benefit may be obtained by a prolonged course of such mental and
+physical hygiene; the associated neurasthenic conditions may be largely
+removed, with the morbid fears, suspicions, and irritabilities that are
+usually part of neurasthenia, and the invert may be brought into a fairly
+wholesome and tonic condition of self-control.
+
+The inversion is not thus removed. But if the patient is still young, and
+if the perversion does not appear to be deeply rooted in the organism, it
+is probable that--provided his own good-will is aiding--general hygienic
+measures, together with removal to a favorable environment, may gradually
+lead to the development of the normal sexual impulse. If it fails to do
+so, it becomes necessary to exercise great caution in recommending
+stronger methods. Purely "Platonic association with the other sex," Moll
+points out, "leads to better results than any prescribed attempt at
+coitus." For even when such attempt is successful, it is not usually
+possible to regard the results with much satisfaction. Not only is the
+acquisition of the normal instinct by an invert very much on a level with
+the acquisition of a vice, but probably it seldom succeeds in eradicating
+the original inverted instinct.[257] What usually happens is that the
+person becomes capable of experiencing both impulses,--not a specially
+satisfactory state of things. It may be disastrous, especially if it leads
+to marriage, as it may do in an inverted man or still more easily in an
+inverted woman. The apparent change does not turn out to be deep, and the
+invert's position is more unfortunate than his original position, both for
+himself and for his wife.[258]
+
+It may be observed in the Histories brought forward in chapter iii that
+the position of married inverts (we must, of course, put aside the
+bisexual) is usually more distressing than that of the unmarried. Among my
+cases 14 per cent. are married. Hirschfeld finds that 16 per cent. of
+inverts are married and 50 per cent. are impotent; he is unable to find a
+single cure of homosexuality, and seldom any improvement, due to marriage;
+nearly always the impulse remains unaffected. The invert's happiness is,
+however, often affected for the worse, and not least by the feeling that
+he is depriving his wife of happiness. An invert, who had left his country
+through fear of arrest and married a rich woman who was in love with him,
+said to Hirschfeld: "Five years' imprisonment would not have been worse
+than one year of marriage."[259] In a marriage of this kind the homosexual
+partner and the normal partner--however ignorant of sexual matters--are
+both conscious, often with equal pain, that, even in the presence of
+affection and esteem and the best will in the world, there is something
+lacking. The instinctive and emotional element, which is the essence of
+sexual love and springs from the central core of organic personality,
+cannot voluntarily be created or even assumed.[260]
+
+For the sake of the possible offspring, also, marriage is to be avoided.
+It is sometimes entirely for the sake of children that the invert desires
+to marry. But it must be pointed out that homosexuality is undoubtedly in
+many cases inherited. Often, it is true, the children turn out fairly
+well, but, in many cases, they bear witness that they belong to a neurotic
+and failing stock;[261] Hirschfeld goes so far as to say that it is always
+so, and concludes that from the eugenic standpoint the marriage of a
+homosexual person is always very risky. In a large number of cases such
+marriages prove sterile. The tendency to sexual inversion in eccentric and
+neurotic families seems merely to be nature's merciful method of winding
+up a concern which, from her point of view, has ceased to be profitable.
+
+    As a rule, inverts have no desire to be different from what they
+    are, and, if they have any desire for marriage, it is usually
+    only momentary. Very pathetic appeals for help are, however,
+    sometimes made. I may quote from a letter addressed to me by a
+    gentleman who desired advice on this matter: "In part, I write to
+    you as a moralist and, in part, as to a physician. Dr. Q. has
+    published a book in which, without discussion, hypnotic treatment
+    of such cases was reported as successful. I am eager to know if
+    your opinion remains what it was. This new assurance comes from a
+    man whose moral firmness and delicacy are unquestionable, but you
+    will easily imagine how one might shrink from the implantation of
+    new impulses in the unconscious self, since newly created
+    inclinations might disturb the conditions of life. At any rate,
+    in my ignorance of hypnotism I fear that the effort to give the
+    normal instinct might lead to marriage without the assurance that
+    the normal instinct would be stable. I write, therefore, to
+    explain my present condition and crave your counsel. It is with
+    the greatest reluctance that I reveal the closely guarded secret
+    of my life. I have no other abnormality, and have not hitherto
+    betrayed my abnormal instinct. I have never made any person the
+    victim of passion: moral and religious feelings were too
+    powerful. I have found my reverence for other souls a perfect
+    safeguard against any approach to impurity. I have never had
+    sexual interest in women. Once I had a great friendship with a
+    beautiful and noble woman, without any mixture of sexual feeling
+    on my part. I was ignorant of my condition, and I have the bitter
+    regret of having caused in her a hopeless love--proudly and
+    tragically concealed to her death. My friendships with men,
+    younger men, have been colored by passion, against which I have
+    fought continually. The shame of this has made life a hell, and
+    the horror of this abnormality, since I came to know it as such,
+    has been an enemy to my religious faith. Here there could be no
+    case of a divinely given instinct which I was to learn to use in
+    a rational and chaste fashion, under the control of spiritual
+    loyalty. The power which gave me life seemed to insist on my
+    doing that for which the same power would sting me with remorse.
+    If there is no remedy I must either cry out against the injustice
+    of this life of torment between nature and conscience, or submit
+    to the blind trust of baffled ignorance. If there is a remedy
+    life will not seem to be such an intolerable ordeal. I am not
+    pleading that I must succumb to impulse. I do not doubt that a
+    pure celibate life is possible so far as action is concerned. But
+    I cannot discover that friendship with younger men can go on
+    uncolored by a sensuous admixture which fills me with shame and
+    loathing. The gratification of passion--normal or abnormal--is
+    repulsive to esthetic feeling. I am nearly 42 and I have always
+    diverted myself from personal interests that threatened to become
+    dangerous to me. More than a year ago, however, a new fate seemed
+    to open to my unhappy and lonely life. I became intimate with a
+    young man of 20, of the rarest beauty of form and character. I am
+    confident that he is and always has been pure. He lives an
+    exalted moral and religious life dominated by the idea that he
+    and all men are partners of the divine nature, and able in the
+    strength of that nature to be free from evil. I believe him to be
+    normal. He shows pleasure in the society of attractive young
+    women and in an innocent, light-hearted way refers to the time
+    when he may be able to marry. He is a general favorite, but
+    turned to me as to a friend and teacher. He is poor, and it was
+    possible for me to guarantee him a good education. I began to
+    help him from the longings of a lonely life. I wanted a son and
+    a friend in my inward desolation. I craved the companionship of
+    this pure and happy nature. I felt such a reverence for him that
+    I hoped to find the sensuous element in me purged away by his
+    purity. I am, indeed, utterly incapable of doing him harm; I am
+    not morally weak; nevertheless the sensuous element is there, and
+    it poisons my happiness. He is ardently affectionate and
+    demonstrative. He spends the summers with me in Europe, and the
+    tenderness he feels for me has prompted him at times to embrace
+    and kiss me as he always has done to his father. Of late I have
+    begun to fear that without will or desire I may injure the
+    springs of feeling in him, especially if it is true that the
+    homosexual tendency is latent in most men. The love he shows me
+    is my joy, but a poisoned joy. It is the bread and wine of life
+    to me; but I dare not think what his ardent affection might ripen
+    into. I can go on fighting the battle of good and evil in my
+    attachment to him, but I cannot define my duty to him. To shun
+    him would be cruelty and would belie his trust in human fidelity.
+    Without my friendship he will not take my money--the condition of
+    a large career. I might, indeed, explain to him what I explain to
+    you, but the ordeal and shame are too great, and I cannot see
+    what good it would do. If he has the capacity of homosexual
+    feeling he might be violently stimulated; if he is incapable of
+    it, he would feel repulsion.
+
+    "Suppose, then, that I should seek hypnotic treatment, I still do
+    not know what tricks an abnormal nature might play me when
+    diverted by suggestion. I might lose the joy of this friendship
+    without any compensation. I am afraid; I am afraid! Might I not
+    be influenced to shun the only persons who inspire unselfish
+    feeling?
+
+    "Bear with this account of my story. Many virtues are easy for
+    me, and my life is spent in pursuits of culture. Alas, that all
+    the culture with which I am credited, all the prayers and
+    aspirations, all the strong will and heroic resolves have not rid
+    my nature of this evil bent! What I long for is the right to
+    love, not for the mere physical gratification, for the right to
+    take another into the arms of my heart and profess all the
+    tenderness I feel, to find my joy in planning his career with
+    him, as one who is rightfully and naturally entitled to do so. I
+    crave this since I cannot have a son. I leave the matter here.
+
+    "When I read what I have written I see how pointless it is. It is
+    possible, indeed, that brooding over my personal calamity
+    magnifies in my mind the sense of danger to this friend through
+    me, and that I only need to find the right relation of
+    friendliness coupled with aloofness which will secure him against
+    any too ardent attachment. Certainly I have no fear that I shall
+    forget myself. Yet two things array themselves on the other
+    side: I rebel inwardly against the necessity of isolating myself
+    as if I were a pestilence, and I rebel against the taint of
+    sensuous feeling. The normal man can feel that his instinct is no
+    shame when the spirit is in control. I know that to the
+    consciousness of others my instinct itself would be a shame and a
+    baseness, and I have no tendency to construct a moral system for
+    myself. I have, to be sure, moments when I declare to myself that
+    I will have my sensuous gratification as well as other men, but,
+    the moment I think of the wickedness of it, the rebellion is soon
+    over. The disesteem of self, the sense of taint, the necessity of
+    withdrawing from happiness lest I communicate my taint, that is a
+    spiritual malady which makes the ground-tone of my existence one
+    of pain and melancholy. Should you have only some moral
+    consolation without the promise of medical assistance I should
+    feel grateful."
+
+    In such a case as this, one can do little more than advise the
+    sufferer that, however painful his lot may be, it is not without
+    its consolations, and that he would be best advised to pursue, as
+    cheerfully as may be, the path that he has already long since
+    marked out for himself. The invert sometimes fails to realize
+    that for no man with high moral ideals, however normal he may be,
+    is the conduct of life easy, and that if the invert has to be
+    satisfied with affection without passion, and to live a life of
+    chastity, he is doing no more than thousands of normal men have
+    done, voluntarily and contentedly. As to hypnotism in such a case
+    as this, it is altogether unreasonable to expect that suggestion
+    will supplant the deeply rooted organic impulses that have grown
+    up during a lifetime.
+
+We may thus conclude that in the treatment of inversion the most
+satisfactory result is usually obtained when it is possible by direct and
+indirect methods to reduce the sexual hyperesthesia which frequently
+exists, and by psychic methods to refine and spiritualize the inverted
+impulse, so that the invert's natural perversion may not become a cause of
+acquired perversity in others. The invert is not only the victim of his
+own abnormal obsession, he is the victim of social hostility. We must seek
+to distinguish the part in his sufferings due to these two causes. When I
+review the cases I have brought forward and the mental history of inverts
+I have known, I am inclined to say that if we can enable an invert to be
+healthy, selfrestrained and selfrespecting, we have often done better than
+to convert him into the mere feeble simulacrum of a normal man. An appeal
+to the _paiderastia_ of the best Greek days, and the dignity, temperance,
+even chastity, which it involved, will sometimes find a ready response in
+the emotional, enthusiastic nature of the congenital invert. Plato's
+Dialogues have frequently been found a source of great help and
+consolation by inverts. The "manly love" celebrated by Walt Whitman in
+_Leaves of Grass_, although it may be of more doubtful value for general
+use, furnishes a wholesome and robust ideal to the invert who is
+insensitive to normal ideals.[262]
+
+    Among recent books, _Ioläus: An Anthology of Friendship_, edited
+    by Edward Carpenter, may be recommended. A similar book in
+    German, of a more extended character, is _Lieblingminne und
+    Freudesliebe in der Weltliteratur_, edited by Elisár von Kupffer.
+    Mention may also be made of the _Freundschaft_ (1912) of Baron
+    von Gleichen-Russwurm, a sort of literary history of friendship,
+    without specific reference to homosexuality, although many
+    writers of inverted tendency are introduced. Platen's
+    _Tagebücher_ are notable as the diary of an invert of high
+    character and ideals. The volumes of the _Jahrbuch für sexuelle
+    Zwischenstufen_ contain many studies bearing on the ideal and
+    esthetic aspects of homosexuality.
+
+    Various modern poets of high ability have given expression to
+    emotions of exalted or passionate friendship toward individuals
+    of the same sex, whether or not such friendship can properly be
+    termed homosexual. It is scarcely necessary to refer to _In
+    Memoriam_, in which Tennyson enshrined his affection for his
+    early friend, Arthur Hallam, and developed a picture of the
+    universe on the basis of that affection. The poems of Edward
+    Cracroft Lefroy are notable, and Mr. John Gambril Nicholson has
+    privately issued several volumes of verse (_A Chaplet of
+    Southernwood, A Garland of Ladslove_, etc.) showing delicate
+    charm combined with high technical skill. Some books mainly or
+    entirely written in prose may fairly be included in the same
+    group. Such are _In the Key of Blue_, by John Addington Symonds,
+    and the _Memoirs of Arthur Hamilton_ (published anonymously by a
+    well-known author, A.C. Benson), in which on somewhat Platonic
+    lines the idea is worked out that the individual sufferer must
+    pass "from the love of one fair form to the love of abstract
+    beauty" and "from the contemplation of his own suffering to the
+    consideration of the root of all human suffering."
+
+    As regards the modern poetic literature of feminine homosexuality
+    there is probably nothing to put beside the various
+    volumes--pathetic in their brave simplicity and sincerity--of
+    "Renée Vivien" (see _ante_, p. 200). Most other feminine singers
+    of homosexuality have cautiously thrown a veil of heterosexuality
+    over their songs.
+
+    Novels of a more or less definitely homosexual tone are now very
+    numerous in English, French, German, and other languages. In
+    English the homosexuality is for the most part veiled and the
+    narrative deals largely with school-life and boys in order that
+    the emotional and romantic character of the relations described
+    may appear more natural. Thus _Tim_, an anonymously published
+    book by H.O. Sturgis (1891), described the devotion of a boy to
+    an older boy at Eton and his death at an early age. _Jaspar
+    Tristram_, by A.W. Clarke (1899), again, is a well-written story
+    of a schoolboy friendship of homosexual tone; a boy is
+    represented as feeling attraction to boys who are like girls, and
+    a girl became attractive to the hero because she is like a boy
+    and recalls her brother whom he had formerly loved. _The Garden
+    God: A Tale of Two Boys_, by Forrest Reid (1905), is another
+    rather similar book, in its way a charming and delicately written
+    idyll. _Imre: A Memorandum_, (1906), by "Xavier Mayne" (the
+    pseudonym of an American author, who has also written _The
+    Intersexes_), privately issued at Naples, is a book of a
+    different class; representing the frankly homosexual passion of
+    two mutually attracted men, an Englishman who is supposed to
+    write the story and a Hungarian officer; it embodies a notable
+    narrative of homosexual development which is probably more or
+    less real.
+
+    In French there are a number of novels dealing with
+    homosexuality, sometimes sympathetically, sometimes with artistic
+    indifference, sometimes satirically. André Gide (in
+    _L'Immoraliste_ and other books), Rachilde (Madame Vallette),
+    Willy (in the well-known _Claudine_ series) may be mentioned,
+    among other writers of more or less distinction, who have once or
+    oftener dealt with homosexuality. Special reference should be
+    made to the Belgian author George Eekhoud, whose _Escal-Vigor_
+    (prosecuted at Bruges on its publication) is a book of special
+    power. The homosexual stories of Essebac, of which _L'Elu_
+    (1902) is considered the best, are of a romantic and sentimental
+    character. _Lucien_ (1910), by Binet-Valmer, is a penetrating and
+    scarcely sympathetic study of inversion. Nortal's _Les
+    Adolescents Passionnés_ (already mentioned, p. 325) is a notably
+    intimate and precise study of homosexuality in French schools. It
+    would be easy to mention many others.
+
+    In Germany during recent years many novels of homosexual
+    character have been published. They are not usually, it would
+    seem, of high literary character, but are sometimes notable as
+    being more or less disguised narratives of real fact. Body's _Aus
+    Eines Mannes Mädchenjahren_ is said to be a faithful
+    autobiography. _Der Neue Werther: eine Hellenische
+    Passions-geschichte_ by Narkissos (1902) is also said to be
+    authentic. Another book that may be mentioned is Konradin's _Ein
+    Junger Platos: Aus dem Leben eines Entgbeistes_ (1914). The
+    German belletristic literature of homosexuality, as well as that
+    of other countries, will be found adequately summarized and
+    criticised by Numa Praetorius in the volumes of the _Jahrbuch für
+    sexuelle Zwischenstufen_. See also Hirschfeld's _Die
+    Homosexualität_, pp. 47 and 1018 et seq.
+
+It is by some such method of self-treatment as this that most of the more
+highly intelligent men and women whose histories I have already briefly
+recorded have at last slowly and instinctively reached a condition of
+relative health and peace, both physical and moral. The method of
+self-restraint and self-culture, without self-repression, seems to be the
+most rational method of dealing with sexual inversion when that condition
+is really organic and deeply rooted. It is better that a man should be
+enabled to make the best of his own strong natural instincts, with all
+their disadvantages, than that he should be unsexed and perverted, crushed
+into a position which he has no natural aptitude to occupy. As both
+Raffalovich and Féré have insisted, it is the ideal of chastity, rather
+than of normal sexuality, which the congenital invert should hold before
+his eyes. He may not have in him the making of _l'homme moyen sensuel_; he
+may have in him the making of a saint.[263] What good work in the world
+the inverted may do is shown by the historical examples of distinguished
+inverts; and, while it is certainly true that these considerations apply
+chiefly to the finer-grained natures, the histories I have brought
+together suffice to show that such natures constitute a considerable
+proportion of inverts. The helplessly gross sexual appetite cannot thus be
+influenced; but that remains true whether the appetite is homosexual or
+heterosexual, and nothing is gained by enabling it to feed on women as
+well as on men.
+
+A strictly ascetic life, it needs scarcely be said, is with difficulty
+possible for all persons, either homosexual or heterosexual. It is,
+however, outside the province of the physician to recommend his inverted
+patients to live according to their homosexual impulses, even when those
+impulses seem to be natural to the person displaying them. The most that
+the physician is entitled to do, it seems to me, is to present the
+situation clearly, and leave to the patient a decision for which he must
+himself accept the responsibility. Forel goes so far as to say that he
+sees no reason why inverts should not build cities of their own and marry
+each other if they so please, since they can do no harm to normal adults,
+while children can be protected from them.[264] Such notions are, however,
+too far removed from our existing social conventions to be worth serious
+consideration.
+
+    The standpoint here taken up, it may be remarked, by no means
+    denies to the invert a right to the fulfillment of his impulses.
+    Numa Praetorius remarks, it would seem justly, that while the
+    invert must properly be warned against unnatural sexual license,
+    and while those who are capable of continence do well to preserve
+    it, to deny all right to sexual activity to the invert merely
+    causes those inverts who are incapable of self-control to throw
+    recklessly aside all restraints (_Zeitschrift für sexuelle
+    Zwischenstufen_, vol. viii, 1906, p. 726). The invert has the
+    right to sexual indulgence, it may be, but he has also the duty
+    to accept the full responsibility for his own actions, and the
+    necessity to recognize the present attitude of the society he
+    lives in. He cannot be advised to set himself in violent
+    opposition to that society.
+
+    The world will not be a tolerable place for pronounced inverts
+    until they are better understood, and that will involve a radical
+    change in general and even medical opinion. An inverted
+    physician, of high character and successful in his profession,
+    writes to me on this point: "The first, and easiest, thing to do,
+    it seems to me, is to convince the medical profession that we
+    unfortunate people are not only as sane, but as moral, as our
+    normal brothers; and that we are even more alive to the supreme
+    necessity of self-control (necessary from every point of view)
+    than they. It is not license we want, but justice; it is the
+    cruelty and prejudice of convention which we wish to abolish--not
+    the proper and just indignation of society with crimes against
+    the social order. We want to make it possible for us to satisfy
+    our inborn instincts (which are not concerned essentially with
+    sexual acts, so called, alone) without thereby becoming
+    criminals. One of us who would, under any circumstances, seduce a
+    person of his own sex of immature age, and particularly one whose
+    sexual complexion was unknown, deserves the severe punishment
+    which would be meted out to a normal person who did the same to a
+    young girl--_but no more_; while, so long as no public offense is
+    given, there should be _no penalty or obloquy whatever_ attached
+    to sexual acts committed with full consent between mature
+    persons. These acts may or may not be wrong and immoral, just as
+    sexual acts between mature persons of different sexes may or may
+    not be wrong or immoral. But in neither case has the law any
+    concern; and public opinion should make no distinction between
+    the two. It is in the highest degree important that it should be
+    clearly understood that we want no relaxation of moral
+    obligations. At present we suffer an inconceivably cruel wrong."
+
+We have always to remember, and there is, indeed, no possibility of
+forgetting, that the question of homosexuality is a social question.
+Within certain limits, the gratification of the normal sexual impulse,
+even outside marriage, arouses no general or profound indignation; and is
+regarded as a private matter; rightly or wrongly, the gratification of the
+homosexual impulse is regarded as a public matter. This attitude is more
+or less exactly reflected in the law. Thus it happens that whenever a man
+is openly detected in a homosexual act, however exemplary his life may
+previously have been, however admirable it may still be in all other
+relations, every ordinary normal citizen, however licentious and
+pleasure-loving his own life may be, feels it a moral duty to regard the
+offender as hopelessly damned and to help in hounding him out of society.
+At very brief intervals cases occur, and without reaching the newspapers
+are more or less widely known, in which distinguished men in various
+fields, not seldom clergymen, suddenly disappear from the country or
+commit suicide in consequence of some such exposure or the threat of it.
+It is probable that many obscure tragedies could find their explanation in
+a homosexual cause.
+
+    Some of the various tragic ways in which homosexual passions are
+    revealed to society may be illustrated by the following
+    communication from a correspondent, not himself inverted, who
+    here narrates cases that came under his observation in various
+    parts of the United States. The cases referred to will be known
+    to many, but I have disguised the names of persons and places:--
+
+    "At the age of 14 I was a chorister at ---- church, whose
+    choirmaster, an Englishman named M.W.M., was an accomplished man,
+    seemingly a perfect gentleman, and a devout churchman. He never
+    seemed to care for the society of ladies, never mingled much with
+    the men, but sought companionship with the choristers of my age.
+    He frequently visited at the homes of his favorites, to tea, and
+    when he asked the parents' consent for George's or Frank's
+    company on an excursion or to the theater, and then to spend the
+    night with him, such request was invariably granted. I shall ever
+    remember my first night with him; he began by fondling and
+    caressing me, quieting my alarm by assurances of not hurting me,
+    and after invoking me to secrecy and with promises of many future
+    pleasures, I consented to his desire or passion, which he seemed
+    to satisfy by an attempt at _fellatio_. Was this depravity? I
+    would say 'No!' after reading his subsequent confession, found in
+    his room after his death by suicide. This was brought about by
+    his too intimate relations with the rector's son who contracted
+    St. Vitus's dance and in the delirium of a fever that followed
+    from nervous exhaustion told of him and his doings. A thorough
+    investigation took place and M. fled, a broken-hearted and
+    disgraced man, who, as the result of remorse, relentless
+    persecution, and exposure through several years, ended his life
+    by drowning himself. In his confession he spoke of having been
+    raised under a very strong moral restraint and having lived an
+    exemplary life, with the exception of this strange desire that
+    his will-power could not control.
+
+    "The next case is that of C.H. He came of an old family of brainy
+    men who have, and do yet, occupy prominent places in the pulpit
+    and the bar, and was himself a gifted young attorney. I knew him
+    intimately, as for six years he was a close neighbor and we were
+    associated in lodge-work. He was an effeminate little fellow:
+    height, 5 feet 2 inches; weight, 105 pounds; very near-sighted;
+    and he had a light voice, not a treble or falsetto, but still a
+    voice that detracted materially from the beautiful rhetoric that
+    flowed from his lips. He had served his country as its
+    representative in the Legislature and had received the nomination
+    for senator, over a hard-fought political battle. The last
+    canvass and speeches were made at a town which was, in
+    consequence, crowded. That night H. had to occupy a room with a
+    stranger, named E., a travelling salesman. There were two beds in
+    this room. Mr. E., on the following day told several people that
+    during the night he was awakened by H., who had come over to his
+    bed and had his mouth on his 'person,' and that he had threatened
+    to kick him out of the room, but that H. pleaded with him and
+    fell on his knees and swore that he had been overcome by a
+    passion that he had heretofore controlled, and begged of him not
+    to expose him. These facts coming to the notice of his opponents,
+    within twenty-four hours, they hastened to take advantage of it
+    by placarding H. as a second Oscar Wilde, and stating the facts
+    as far as decency and the law allowed. H.'s friends came to him
+    and gave him one of two alternatives: if guilty, either to kill
+    himself or leave that section forever; if not guilty, to slay his
+    traducer, E.H. affirmed his innocence, and in company with two
+    friends, C. and J., took the train for ----. Learning there that
+    E. was at a town twelve miles east, they hired a fast livery and
+    drove overland. They found E. at the station, awaiting the
+    arrival of a train. H., with a pistol, strode forward and in his
+    excitement said: 'You exposed me, did you?' Being near-sighted,
+    his aim proved wide of the mark. E. sprang forward and grappled
+    with H. for possession of the pistol, and was fired upon by C.
+    and J., who shot him in the back. He expired in a few minutes,
+    his last statement being to the effect that H. was guilty as
+    accused. H., C., and J. were sentenced to the penitentiary for
+    life. During my six years' acquaintance with H. I knew of nothing
+    derogatory to his character, nor has anyone ever come forward to
+    say that on any other occasion he ever displayed this weakness. I
+    know his early life had a pure atmosphere, as he was an only
+    child and the idol of both his parents, who builded high their
+    hopes of his future success, and who survive this disgrace, but
+    are broken-hearted.
+
+    "The next case is that of the Rev. T.W., professor at the
+    University of ----. Mr. W. is a scholarly gentleman, affable in
+    his address, eloquent in his oratory, and a fine classical
+    scholar. He was exposed by some of his students, who, to use a
+    slang phrase, accused him of being a 'head-worker.' At his
+    examination by the faculty he confessed his weakness, and said
+    he could not control his unholy passion. His resignation was
+    accepted both by the church and the college, and he left.
+
+    "I know of a few other cases that have their peculiar traits, and
+    am confident that these persons did not become possessed of this
+    habit through the so-called 'indiscretions of youth,' as in every
+    case their early life was freer from contamination than that of
+    90 per cent. of the boys who, on reaching man's estate, have,
+    like myself, no desire to deviate from the old-fashioned way
+    formulated by our ancient sire, Adam."
+
+It can scarcely be said that the consciousness of this attitude of society
+is favorable to the invert's attainment of a fairly sane and well-balanced
+state of mind. This is, indeed, one of the great difficulties in his way,
+and often causes him to waver between extremes of melancholia and
+egotistic exaltation. We regard all homosexuality with absolute and
+unmitigated disgust. We have been taught to venerate Alexander the Great,
+Epaminondas, Socrates, and other antique heroes; but they are safely
+buried in the remote past, and do not affect our scorn of homosexuality in
+the present.
+
+It was in the fourth century, at Rome, that the strong modern opposition
+to homosexuality was first clearly formulated in law.[265] The Roman race
+had long been decaying; sexual perversions of all kinds flourished; the
+population was dwindling. At the same time, Christianity, with its
+Judaic-Pauline antagonism to homosexuality, was rapidly spreading. The
+statesmen of the day, anxious to quicken the failing pulses of national
+life, utilized this powerful Christian feeling. Constantine, Theodosius,
+and Valentinian all passed laws against homosexuality, the last, at all
+events, ordaining as penalty the _vindices flammæ_; but their enactments
+do not seem to have been strictly carried out. In the year 538, Justinian,
+professing terror of certain famines, earthquakes, and pestilences in
+which he saw the mysterious "recompense which was meet" prophesied by St.
+Paul,[266] issued his edict condemning unnatural offenders to the sword,
+"lest as the result of these impious acts" (as the preamble to his Novella
+77 has it) "whole cities should perish, together with their inhabitants;
+for we are taught by Holy Scripture that through these acts cities have
+perished with the men in them."[267] This edict (which Justinian followed
+up by a fresh ordinance to the same effect) constituted the foundation of
+legal enactment and social opinion concerning the matter in Europe for
+thirteen hundred years.[268] In France the _vindices flammæ_ survived to
+the last; St. Louis had handed over these sacrilegious offenders to the
+Church to be burned; in 1750 two pederasts were burned in the Place de
+Grève, and only a few years before the Revolution a Capuchin monk named
+Pascal was also burned.
+
+After the Revolution, however, began a new movement, which has continued
+slowly and steadily ever since, though it still divides European nations
+into two groups. Justinian, Charlemagne, and St. Louis had insisted on the
+sin and sacrilege of sodomy as the ground for its punishment.[269] It was
+doubtless largely as a religious offense that the _Code Napoléon_ omitted
+to punish it. The French law makes a clear and logical distinction between
+crime on the one hand, vice and irreligion on the other, only concerning
+itself with the former. Homosexual practices in private, between two
+consenting adult parties, whether men or women, are absolutely unpunished
+by the _Code Napoléon_ and by French law of today. Only under three
+conditions does the homosexual act come under the cognizance of the law
+as a crime: (1) when there is _outrage public à la pudeur_,--i.e., when
+the act is performed in public or with a possibility of witnesses; (2)
+when there is violence or absence of consent, in whatever degree the act
+may have been consummated; (3) when one of the parties is under age, or
+unable to give valid consent; in some cases it appears possible to apply
+Article 334 of the penal code, directed against habitual excitation to
+debauch of young persons of either sex under the age of 21.
+
+This method of dealing with unnatural offenses has spread widely, at first
+because of the political influence of France, and more recently because
+such an attitude has commended itself on its merits. In Belgium the law is
+similar to that of the _Code Napoléon_, as it is also in Italy, Spain,
+Portugal, Roumania, Japan, and numerous South American lands. In
+Switzerland the law is a little vague and varies slightly in the different
+cantons, but it is not severe; in Geneva and some other cantons there is
+no penalty; the general tendency is to inflict brief imprisonment when
+serious complaints have been lodged, and cases can sometimes be settled
+privately by the magistrate.
+
+The only large European countries in which homosexuality _per se_ remains
+a penal offense appear to be Germany, Austria, Russia, and England. In
+several of the German States, such as Bavaria and Hanover, simple
+homosexuality formerly went unpunished, but when the laws of Prussia were
+in 1871 applied to the new German Empire this ceased to be the case, and
+unnatural carnality between males became an offense against the law. This
+article of the German Code (Section 175) has caused great discussion and
+much practical difficulty, because, although the terms of the law make it
+necessary to understand by _widernatürliche Unzucht_ other practices
+besides _pædicatio_, not every homosexual practice is included; it must be
+some practice resembling normal coitus. There is a widespread opinion that
+this article of the code should be abolished; it appears that at one time
+an authoritative committee pronounced in favor of this step, and their
+proposition came near adoption. The Austrian law is somewhat similar to
+the German, but it applies to women as well as to men; this is logical,
+for there is no reason why homosexuality should be punished in men and
+left unpunished in women. In Russia the law against homosexual practices
+appears to be very severe, involving, in some cases, banishment to Siberia
+and deprivation of civil rights; but it can scarcely be rigorously
+executed.
+
+The existing law in England is severe, but simple. Carnal knowledge _per
+anum_ of either a man or a woman or an animal is punishable by a sentence
+of penal servitude with not less than three years, or of imprisonment with
+not more than two years. Even "gross indecency" between males, however
+privately committed, has been since 1885 a penal offense.[270] The clause
+is open to criticism. With the omission of the words "or private," it
+would be sound and in harmony with the most enlightened European
+legislation; but it must be pointed out that an act only becomes indecent
+when those who perform it or witness it regard it as indecent. The act
+which brought each of us into the world is not indecent; it would become
+so if carried on in public. If two male persons, who have reached years of
+discretion, consent together to perform some act of sexual intimacy in
+private, no indecency has been committed. If one of the consenting parties
+subsequently proclaims the act, indecency may doubtless be created, as may
+happen also in the case of normal sexual intercourse, but it seems
+contrary to good policy that such proclamation should convert the act
+itself into a penal offense. Moreover, "gross indecency" between males
+usually means some form of mutual masturbation; no penal code regards
+masturbation as an offense, and there seems to be no sufficient reason why
+mutual masturbation should be so regarded.[271] The main point to be
+insured is that no boy or girl who has not reached years of discretion
+should be seduced or abused by an older person, and this point is equally
+well guaranteed on the basis introduced by the _Code Napoléon_. However
+shameful, disgusting, personally immoral, and indirectly antisocial it may
+be for two adult persons of the same sex, men or women, to consent
+together to perform an act of sexual intimacy in private, there is no
+sound or adequate ground for constituting such act a penal offense by law.
+
+One of the most serious objections to the legal recognition of private
+"gross indecency" is the obvious fact that only in the rarest cases can
+such indecency become known to the police, and we thus perpetrate what is
+very much like a legal farce. "The breaking of few laws," as Moll truly
+observes, regarding the German law, "so often goes unpunished as of this."
+It is the same in England, as is amply evidenced by the fact that, of the
+English sexual inverts, whose histories I have obtained, not one, so far
+as I am aware, has ever appeared in a police-court on this charge.
+
+It may further be pointed out that legislation against homosexuality has
+no clear effect either in diminishing or increasing its prevalence. This
+must necessarily be so as regards the kernel of the homosexual group, if
+we are to regard a considerable proportion of cases as congenital. In
+France homosexuality _per se_ has been untouched by the law for a century;
+yet it abounds, chiefly, it seems, among the lowest in the community;
+although the law is silent, social feeling is strong, and when--as has
+been the case in one instance--a man of undoubted genius has his name
+associated with this perversion it becomes difficult or impossible for the
+admirers of his work to associate with him personally; very few cases of
+homosexuality have been recorded in France among the more intelligent
+classes; the literature of homosexuality is there little more than the
+literature of male prostitution, as described by police-officials, and as
+carried on largely for the benefit of foreigners. In Germany and Austria,
+where the law against homosexuality is severe, it abounds also, perhaps
+to a much greater extent than in France;[272] it certainly asserts itself
+more vigorously; a far greater number of cases have been recorded than in
+any other country, and the German literature of homosexuality is very
+extensive, often issued in popular form, and sometimes enthusiastically
+eulogistic. In England the law is exceptionally severe; yet, according to
+the evidence of those who have an international acquaintance with these
+matters, homosexuality is fully as prevalent as on the Continent; some
+would say that it is more so. Much the same is true of the United States,
+though there is less to be seen on the surface. It cannot, therefore, be
+said that legislative enactments have very much influence on the
+prevalence of homosexuality. The chief effect seems to be that the attempt
+at suppression arouses the finer minds among sexual inverts to undertake
+the enthusiastic defense of homosexuality, while coarser minds are
+stimulated to cynical bravado.[273]
+
+    As regards the prevalence of homosexuality in the United States,
+    I may quote from a well-informed American correspondent:--
+
+    "The great prevalence of sexual inversion in American cities is
+    shown by the wide knowledge of its existence. Ninety-nine normal
+    men out of a hundred have been accosted on the streets by
+    inverts, or have among their acquaintances men whom they know to
+    be sexually inverted. Everyone has seen inverts and knows what
+    they are. The public attitude toward them is generally a negative
+    one--indifference, amusement, contempt.
+
+    "The world of sexual inverts is, indeed, a large one in any
+    American city, and it is a community distinctly organized--words,
+    customs, traditions of its own; and every city has its numerous
+    meeting-places: certain churches where inverts congregate;
+    certain cafés well known for the inverted character of their
+    patrons; certain streets where, at night, every fifth man is an
+    invert. The inverts have their own 'clubs,' with nightly
+    meetings. These 'clubs' are, really, dance-halls, attached to
+    _saloons_, and presided over by the proprietor of the saloon,
+    himself almost invariably an invert, as are all the waiters and
+    musicians. The frequenters of these places are male sexual
+    inverts (usually ranging from 17 to 30 years of age); sightseers
+    find no difficulty in gaining entrance; truly, they are welcomed
+    for the drinks they buy for the company--and other reasons.
+    Singing and dancing turns by certain favorite performers are the
+    features of these gatherings, with much gossip and drinking at
+    the small tables ranged along the four walls of the room. The
+    habitués of these places are, generally, inverts of the most
+    pronounced type, i.e., the completely feminine in voice and
+    manners, with the characteristic hip motion in their walk; though
+    I have never seen any approach to feminine dress there, doubtless
+    the desire for it is not wanting and only police regulations
+    relegate it to other occasions and places. You will rightly infer
+    that the police know of these places and endure their existence
+    for a consideration; it is not unusual for the inquiring stranger
+    to be directed there by a policeman."
+
+    The Oscar Wilde trial (see _ante_, p. 48), with its wide
+    publicity, and the fundamental nature of the questions it
+    suggested, appears to have generally contributed to give
+    definiteness and self-consciousness to the manifestations of
+    homosexuality, and to have aroused inverts to take up a definite
+    attitude. I have been assured in several quarters that this is so
+    and that since that case the manifestations of homosexuality have
+    become more pronounced. One correspondent writes:--
+
+    "Up to the time of the Oscar Wilde trial I had not known what the
+    condition of the law was. The moral question in itself--its
+    relation to my own life and that of my friends--I reckoned I had
+    solved; but I now had to ask myself how far I was justified in
+    not only breaking the law, but in being the cause of a like
+    breach in others, and others younger than myself. I have never
+    allowed the _dictum_ of the law to interfere with what I deemed
+    to be a moral development in any youth for whom I am responsible.
+    I cannot say that the trial made me alter my course of life, of
+    the rightness of which I was too convincingly persuaded, but it
+    made me much more careful, and it probably sharpened my sense of
+    responsibility for the young. Reviewing the results of the trial
+    as a whole, it doubtless did incalculable harm, and it
+    intensified our national vice of hypocrisy. But I think it also
+    may have done some good in that it made those who, like myself,
+    have thought and experienced deeply in the matter--and these must
+    be no small few--ready to strike a blow, when the time comes,
+    for what we deem to be right, honorable, and clean."
+
+    From America a lady writes with reference to the moral position
+    of inverts, though without allusion to the Wilde trial:--
+
+    "Inverts should have the courage and independence to be
+    themselves, and to demand an investigation. If one strives to
+    live honorably, and considers the greatest good to the greatest
+    number, it is not a crime nor a disgrace to be an invert. I do
+    not need the law to defend me, neither do I desire to have any
+    concessions made for me, nor do I ask my friends to sacrifice
+    their ideals for me. I too have ideals which I shall always hold.
+    All that I desire--and I claim it as my right--is the freedom to
+    exercise this divine gift of loving, which is not a menace to
+    society nor a disgrace to me. Let it once be understood that the
+    average invert is not a moral degenerate nor a mental degenerate,
+    but simply a man or a woman who is less highly specialized, less
+    completely differentiated, than other men and women, and I
+    believe the prejudice against them will disappear, and if they
+    live uprightly they will surely win the esteem and consideration
+    of all thoughtful people. I know what it means to an invert--who
+    feels himself set apart from the rest of mankind--to find one
+    human heart who trusts him and understands him, and I know how
+    almost impossible this is, and will be, until the world is made
+    aware of these facts."
+
+But, while the law has had no more influence in repressing abnormal
+sexuality than, wherever it has tried to do so, it has had in repressing
+the normal sexual instinct, it has served to foster another offense. What
+is called blackmailing in England, _chantage_ in France, and _Erpressung_
+in Germany--in other words, the extortion of money by threats of exposing
+some real or fictitious offense--finds its chief field of activity in
+connection with homosexuality.[274] No doubt the removal of the penalty
+against simple homosexuality does not abolish blackmailing, as the
+existence of this kind of _chantage_ in France shows, but it renders its
+success less probable.
+
+On all these grounds, and taking into consideration the fact that the
+tendency of modern legislation generally, and the consensus of
+authoritative opinion in all countries, are in this direction, it seems
+reasonable to conclude that neither "sodomy" (i.e., _immissio membri in
+anum hominis vel mulieris_) nor "gross indecency" ought to be penal
+offenses, except under certain special circumstances. That is to say, that
+if two persons of either or both sexes, having reached years of
+discretion,[275] privately consent to practise some perverted mode of
+sexual relationship, the law cannot be called upon to interfere. It should
+be the function of the law in this matter to prevent violence, to protect
+the young, and to preserve public order and decency. Whatever laws are
+laid down beyond this must be left to the individuals themselves, to the
+moralists, and to social opinion.
+
+At the same time, and while such a modification in the law seems to be
+reasonable, the change effected would be less considerable than may appear
+at first sight. In a very large proportion, indeed, of cases boys are
+involved. It is instructive to observe that in Legludic's 246 cases
+(including victims and aggressors together) in France, 127, or more than
+half, were between the ages of 10 and 20, and 82, or exactly one-third,
+were between the ages of 10 and 14. A very considerable field of operation
+is thus still left for the law, whatever proportion of cases may meet with
+no other penalty than social opinion.
+
+That, however, social opinion--law or no law--will speak with no uncertain
+voice is very evident. Once homosexuality was primarily a question of
+population or of religion. Now we hear little either of its economic
+aspects or of its sacrilegiousness; it is for us primarily a disgusting
+abomination, i.e., a matter of taste, of esthetics; and, while unspeakably
+ugly to the majority, it is proclaimed as beautiful by a small minority. I
+do not know that we need find fault with this esthetic method of judging
+homosexuality. But it scarcely lends itself to legal purposes. To indulge
+in violent denunciation of the disgusting nature of homosexuality, and to
+measure the sentence by the disgust aroused, or to regret, as one English
+judge is reported to have regretted when giving sentence, that "gross
+indecency" is not punishable by death, is to import utterly foreign
+considerations into the matter. The judges who yield to this temptation
+would certainly never allow themselves to be consciously influenced on the
+bench by their political opinions. Yet esthetic opinions are quite as
+foreign to law as political opinions. An act does not become criminal
+because it is disgusting. To eat excrement, as Moll remarks, is extremely
+disgusting, but it is not criminal. The confusion which thus exists, even
+in the legal mind, between the disgusting and the criminal is additional
+evidence of the undesirability of the legal penalty for simple
+homosexuality. At the same time it shows that social opinion is amply
+adequate to deal with the manifestations of inverted sexuality. So much
+for the legal aspects of sexual inversion.
+
+But while there can be no doubt about the amply adequate character of the
+existing social reaction to all manifestations of perverted sexuality, the
+question still remains how far not merely the law, but also the state of
+public opinion, should be modified in the light of such a psychological
+study as we have here undertaken. It is clear that this public opinion,
+molded chiefly or entirely with reference to gross vice, tends to be
+unduly violent in its reaction. What, then, is the reasonable attitude of
+society toward the congenital sexual invert? It seems to lie in the
+avoidance of two extremes. On the one hand, it cannot be expected to
+tolerate the invert who flouts his perversion in its face, and assumes
+that, because he would rather take his pleasure with a soldier or a
+policeman than with their sisters, he is of finer clay than the vulgar
+herd. On the other, it might well refrain from crushing with undiscerning
+ignorance beneath a burden of shame the subject of an abnormality which,
+as we have seen, has not been found incapable of fine uses. Inversion is
+an aberration from the usual course of nature. But the clash of contending
+elements which must often mark the history of such a deviation results now
+and again--by no means infrequently--in nobler activities than those
+yielded by the vast majority who are born to consume the fruits of the
+earth. It bears, for the most part, its penalty in the structure of its
+own organism. We are bound to protect the helpless members of society
+against the invert. If we go farther, and seek to destroy the invert
+himself before he has sinned against society, we exceed the warrant of
+reason, and in so doing we may, perhaps, destroy also those children of
+the spirit which possess sometimes a greater worth than the children of
+the flesh.
+
+Here we may leave this question of sexual inversion. In dealing with it I
+have sought to avoid that attitude of moral superiority which is so common
+in the literature of this subject, and have refrained from pointing out
+how loathsome this phenomenon is, or how hideous that. Such an attitude is
+as much out of place in scientific investigation as it is in judicial
+investigation, and may well be left to the amateur. The physician who
+feels nothing but disgust at the sight of disease is unlikely to bring
+either succor to his patients or instruction to his pupils.
+
+That the investigation we have here pursued is not only profitable to us
+in succoring the social organism and its members, but also in bringing
+light into the region of sexual psychology, is now, I hope, clear to every
+reader who has followed me to this point. There are a multitude of social
+questions which we cannot face squarely and honestly unless we possess
+such precise knowledge as has been here brought together concerning the
+part played by the homosexual tendency in human life. Moreover, the study
+of this perverted tendency stretches beyond itself;
+
+                            "O'er that art
+    Which you say adds to Nature, is an art
+    That Nature makes."
+
+Pathology is but physiology working under new conditions. The stream of
+nature still flows into the bent channel of sexual inversion, and still
+runs according to law. We have not wasted our time in this toilsome
+excursion. With the knowledge here gained we are the better equipped to
+enter upon the study of the wider questions of sex.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[243] In this connection I may refer to Moll's _Sexual Life of the Child_,
+to the writings of Dr. Clement Dukes, physician to Rugby School, who fully
+recognizes the risks of school-life, and to the discussion on sexual vice
+in schools, started by an address by the Rev. J.M. Wilson, head-master of
+Clifton College, in the English _Journal of Education_, 1881-82.
+
+[244] With regard to the importance of the sexual emotions generally and
+their training, see the well-known book by Edward Carpenter, _Love's
+Coming of Age_; Professor Gurlitt ("Knabenfreundschaften,"
+_Sexual-Probleme_, Oct., 1909) also upholds the intimate friendships of
+youth, which in his own experience have not had even a suspicion of
+homosexuality.
+
+[245] Casanova, _Mémoires_, vol. i (edition Garnier), p. 160. See also
+remarks by an experienced master in one of the largest English public
+schools, which I have brought forward in vol. i of these _Studies_,
+"Auto-erotism," 3d ed., 1910.
+
+[246] See, e.g., Professor J.R. Angell, "Some Reflections upon the
+Reaction from Coeducation," _Popular Science Monthly_, Nov., 1902; also
+Moll's _Sexual Life of the Child_, ch. ix, and for a general discussion of
+coeducation, S. Poirson, _La Coéducation_, 1911.
+
+[247] Bethe, "Die Dorische Knabenliebe," _Rheinisches Museum für
+Philologie_; vol. lxii, Heft 3, p. 440; cf. Edward Carpenter,
+_Intermediate Types among Primitive Folk_, ch. vi.
+
+[248] Schrenck-Notzing, _Die Suggestionstherapie bei krankhaften
+Erscheinungen des Geschlechtsinnes_, 1892. (Eng. trans. _Therapeutic
+Suggestion_, 1895.)
+
+[249] Raffalovich, _Uranisme et Unisexualité_, 1896, p. 16. He remarks
+that the congenital invert who has never had relations with women, and
+whose abnormality, to use Krafft-Ebing's distinction, is a perversion and
+not a perversity, is much less dangerous and apt to seduce others than the
+more versatile and corrupt person who has known all methods of
+gratification.
+
+[250] See, e.g., Moll, _Die Konträre Sexualempfindung_, ch. xi; Forel,
+_Die Sexuelle Frage_, ch. xiv; Näcke, "Die Behandlung der Homosexualität,"
+_Sexual-Probleme_, Aug., 1910; Hirschfeld, _Die Homosexualität_, ch. xxii.
+
+[251] Moll, _Zeitschrift für Psychotherapie_, 1911, Heft 1; id., _Handbuch
+der Sexualwissenschaften_, 1912, p. 662 et seq.
+
+[252] This is also the opinion of Numa Praetorius, _Jahrbuch für sexuelle
+Zwischenstufen_, Jan., 1913, p. 222.
+
+[253] See, especially, Sadger, _Zeitschrift für Sexualwissenschaft_, Heft
+12, 1908; also _Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen_, vol. ix, 1908;
+Sadger's methods are criticised by Hirschfeld, _Die Homosexualität_, ch.
+xxii, and defended by Sadger, _Internationale Zeitschrift für Aerztliche
+Psychoanalyse_, July, 1914, p. 392. For a discussion of the psychoanalytic
+treatment of homosexuality by a leading American Freudian, see Brill,
+_Journal American Medical Association_, Aug. 2, 1913.
+
+[254] _Internationale Zeitschrift für Aerztliche Psychoanalyse_, March,
+1914.
+
+[255] This is now generally recognized. See, e.g., Roubinovitch and Borel,
+"Un Cas d'Uranisme," _L'Encéphale_, Aug., 1913. These authors conclude
+that it is today impossible to look upon inversion as the equivalent or
+the symptom of a psychopathic state, though we have to recognize that it
+frequently coexists with morbid emotional states. Näcke, also, in his
+extensive experience, found that homosexuality is rare in asylums and
+slight in character; he dealt with this question on various occasions;
+see, e.g., _Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen_, vol. viii, 1906.
+
+[256] Krafft-Ebing considered that the temporary or lasting association of
+homosexuality with neurasthenia having its root in congenital conditions
+is "almost invariable," and some authorities (like Meynert) have regarded
+inversion as an accidental growth on the foundation of neurasthenia.
+
+[257] Féré expressed himself concerning the general treatment of
+homosexuality in the same sense, and even more emphatically (Féré,
+_L'Instinct Sexuel_, 1899, pp. 272, 286). He considers that all forms of
+congenital inversion resist treatment, and that, since a change in the
+invert's instincts must be regarded rather as a perversion of the invert
+than a cure of the inversion, one may be permitted to doubt not only the
+utility of the treatment, but even the legitimacy of attempting it. The
+treatment of sexual inversion, he declared, is as much outside the
+province of medicine as the restoration of color-vision in the
+color-blind. The ideal which the physician and the teacher must place
+before the invert is that of chastity; he must seek to harness his wagon
+to a star.
+
+[258] I have been told by a distinguished physician, who was consulted in
+the case, of a congenital invert highly placed in the English government
+service, who married in the hope of escaping his perversion, and was not
+even able to consummate the marriage. It is needless to insist on the
+misery which is created in such cases. It is not, of course, denied that
+such marriages may not sometimes become eventually happy. Thus Kiernan
+("Psychical Treatment of Congenital Sexual Inversion," _Review of Insanity
+and Nervous Diseases_, June, 1894) reports the case of a thoroughly
+inverted girl who married the brother of the friend to whom she was
+previously attached merely in order to secure his sister's companionship.
+She was able to endure and even enjoy intercourse by imagining that her
+husband, who resembled his sister, was another sister. Liking and esteem
+for the husband gradually increased and after the sister died a child was
+born who much resembled her; "the wife's esteem passed through love of the
+sister to intense natural love of the daughter, as resembling the sister;
+through this to normal love of the husband as the father and brother." The
+final result may have been satisfactory, but this train of circumstances
+could not have been calculated beforehand. Moll is also opposed, on the
+whole (e.g., _Deutsche medicinische Presse_, No. 6, 1902), to marriage and
+procreation by inverts.
+
+[259] Hirschfeld, _Die Homosexualität_, ch. xxi. It might seem on
+theoretical grounds that the marriage of a homosexual man with a
+homosexual woman might turn out well. Hirschfeld, however, states that he
+knows of 14 such marriages, and the theoretical expectation has not been
+justified; 3 of the cases speedily terminated in divorce, 4 of the couples
+lived separately, and all but 2 of the remaining couples regretted the
+step they had taken. I may add that in such a case even the expectation of
+happiness scarcely seems reasonable, since neither of the parties can feel
+a true mating impulse toward the other.
+
+[260] Hirschfeld also notes (_Die Homosexualität_, p. 95) that women often
+instinctively feel that there is something wrong in the love of their
+inverted husbands who may perhaps succeed in copulating, but betray their
+deepest feelings by a repugnance to touch the sexual parts with the hand.
+The homosexual woman, also, as Hirschfeld elsewhere points out with cases
+in illustration (p. 84), may suffer seriously through being subjected to
+normal sexual relationships.
+
+[261] Féré reports the case of an invert of great intellectual ability who
+had never had any sexual relationships, and was not averse from a chaste
+life; he was urged by his doctor to acquire the power of normal
+intercourse and to marry, on the ground that his perversion was merely a
+perversion of the imagination. He did so, and, though he married a
+perfectly strong and healthy woman, and was himself healthy, except in so
+far as his perversion was concerned, the offspring turned out
+disastrously. The eldest child was an epileptic, almost an imbecile, and
+with strongly marked homosexual impulses; the second and third children
+were absolute idiots; the youngest died of convulsions in infancy (Féré,
+_L'Instinct Sexuel_, p. 269 et seq.) No doubt this is not an average case,
+but the numerous examples of the offspring of similar marriages brought
+forward by Hirschfeld (op. cit., p. 391) scarcely present a much better
+result.
+
+[262] It is scarcely necessary to add that the same principle is adaptable
+to the case of homosexual women. "In all such cases," writes an American
+woman physician, "I would recommend that the moral sense be trained and
+fostered, and the persons allowed to keep their individuality, being
+taught to remember always that they are different from others, rather
+sacrificing their own feelings or happiness when necessary. It is good
+discipline for them, and will serve in the long run to bring them more
+favor and affection than any other course. This quality or idiosyncrasy is
+not essentially evil, but, if rightly used, may prove a blessing to others
+and a power for good in the life of the individual; nor does it reflect
+any discredit upon its possessor."
+
+[263] The existence of an affinity between homosexuality and the religious
+temperament has been referred to in ch. i as recognized in many parts of
+the world. See, for a more extended discussion, Horneffer, _Der Priester_,
+and Bloch, _Die Prostitution_, vol. i, pp. 101-110. The psychoanalysts
+have also touched on this point; thus Pfister, _Die Frommingkeit des
+Grafen von Zinzendorf_ (1910), argues that the founder of the pietistic
+sect of the Herrenhuter was of sublimated homosexual (or bisexual)
+temperament.
+
+[264] Forel, _Die Sexuelle Frage_, p. 528. Such ideas are, of course,
+often put forward by inverts themselves.
+
+[265] Roman law previously seems to have been confined in this matter to
+the protection of boys. The Scantinian and other Roman laws against
+paiderasty seem to have been usually a dead letter. See, for various notes
+and references, W.G. Holmes, _The Age of Justinian and Theodora_, vol. i,
+p. 121.
+
+[266] Epistle to the Romans, chapter i, verses 26-7.
+
+[267] In practice this penalty of death appears to have been sometimes
+commuted to ablation of the sexual organs.
+
+[268] For a full sketch of the legal enactments against homosexual
+intercourse in ancient and modern times, see Numa Praetorius, "Die
+straflichen Bestimmungen gegen den gleichgeschlechtlichen Verkehr,"
+_Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen_, vol. i, pp. 97-158. This writer
+points out that Justinian, and still more clearly, Pius V, in the
+sixteenth century, distinguished between occasional homosexuality and
+deep-rooted inversion, habitual offenders alone, not those who had only
+been guilty once or twice, being punished.
+
+[269] The influence of the supposed connection of sodomy with unbelief,
+idolatry, and heresy in arousing the horror of it among earlier religions
+has been emphasized by Westermarck, _The Origin and Development of the
+Moral Ideas_, vol. i, p. 486 et seq.
+
+[270] "Any male person who in public or private commits, or is a party to
+the commission of, or procures or attempts to procure the commission by
+any male person of, any act of gross indecency with another male person,
+shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and, being convicted thereof, shall be
+liable at the discretion of the court to be imprisoned for any term not
+exceeding two years, with or without hard labor."
+
+[271] This point is brought forward by Dr. Léon de Rode in his report on
+"L'Inversion Génitale et la Législation," prepared for the Third
+(Brussels) Congress of Criminal Anthropology in 1892. The same point is
+insisted on by some of my correspondents.
+
+[272] It is a remarkable and perhaps significant fact that, while
+homosexuality is today in absolute disrepute in France, it was not so
+under the less tolerant law of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.
+The Duc de Gesvres, as described by Besenval (_Mémoires_, i, p. 178), was
+a well-marked invert of feminine type, impotent, and publicly affecting
+all the manners of women; yet he was treated with consideration. In 1687
+Madame, the mother of the Regent, writes implying that "all the young men
+and many of the old" practised pederasty: _il n'y a que les gens du commun
+qui aiment les femmes_. The marked tendency to inversion in the French
+royal family at this time is well known.
+
+[273] A man with homosexual habits, I have been told, declared he would be
+sorry to see the English law changed, as then he would find no pleasure in
+his practices.
+
+[274] Blackmailing appears to be the most serious risk which the invert
+runs. Hirschfeld states in an interesting study of blackmailing (_Jahrbuch
+für sexuelle Zwischenstufen_, April, 1913) that his experience shows that
+among 10,000 homosexual persons hardly one falls a victim to the law, but
+over 3000 are victimized by blackmailers.
+
+[275] Krafft-Ebing would place this age not under 16, the age at which in
+England girls may legally consent to normal sexual intercourse
+(_Psychopathia Sexualis_, 1893, p. 419). It certainly should not be lower.
+
+
+
+
+APPENDICES.
+
+
+APPENDIX A.
+
+HOMOSEXUALITY AMONG TRAMPS.
+
+BY "JOSIAH FLYNT."
+
+
+I have made a rather minute study of the tramp class in the United States,
+England, and Germany, but I know it best in the States. I have lived with
+the tramps there for eight consecutive months, besides passing numerous
+shorter periods in their company, and my acquaintance with them is nearly
+of ten years' standing. My purpose in going among them has been to learn
+about their life in particular and outcast life in general. This can only
+be done by becoming part and parcel of its manifestations.
+
+There are two kinds of tramps in the United States: out-of-works and
+"hoboes." The out-of-works are not genuine vagabonds; they really want
+work and have no sympathy with the hoboes. The latter are the real tramps.
+They make a business of begging--a very good business too--and keep at it,
+as a rule, to the end of their days. Whisky and _Wanderlust_, or the love
+of wandering, are probably the main causes of their existence; but many of
+them are discouraged criminals, men who have tried their hand at crime and
+find that they lack criminal wit. They become tramps because they find
+that life "on the road" comes the nearest to the life they hoped to lead.
+They have enough talent to do very well as beggars, better, generally
+speaking, then the men who have reached the road simply as drunkards; they
+know more about the tricks of the trade and are cleverer in thinking out
+schemes and stories. All genuine tramps in America are, however, pretty
+much the same, as far as manners and philosophy are concerned, and all are
+equally welcome at the "hang-out."[276] The class of society from which
+they are drawn is generally the very lowest of all, but there are some
+hoboes who have come from the very highest, and these latter are
+frequently as vicious and depraved as their less well-born brethren.
+
+Concerning sexual inversion among tramps, there is a great deal to be
+said, and I cannot attempt to tell all I have heard about it, but merely
+to give a general account of the matter. Every hobo in the United States
+knows what "unnatural intercourse" means, talking about it freely, and,
+according to my finding, every tenth man practises it, and defends his
+conduct. Boys are the victims of this passion. The tramps gain possession
+of these boys in various ways. A common method is to stop for awhile in
+some town, and gain acquaintance with the slum children. They tell these
+children all sorts of stories about life "on the road," how they can ride
+on the railways for nothing, shoot Indians, and be "perfeshunnels"
+(professionals), and they choose some boy who specially pleases them. By
+smiles and flattering caresses they let him know that the stories are
+meant for him alone, and before long, if the boy is a suitable subject, he
+smiles back just as slyly. In time he learns to think that he is the
+favorite of the tramp, who will take him on his travels, and he begins to
+plan secret meetings with the man. The tramp, of course, continues to
+excite his imagination with stories and caresses, and some fine night
+there is one boy less in the town. On the road the lad is called a
+"prushun," and his protector a "jocker." The majority of prushuns are
+between 10 and 15 years of age, but I have known some under 10 and a few
+over 15. Each is compelled by hobo law to let his jocker do with him as he
+will, and many, I fear, learn to enjoy his treatment of them. They are
+also expected to beg in every town they come to, any laziness on their
+part receiving very severe punishment.
+
+How the act of unnatural intercourse takes place is not entirely clear;
+the hoboes are not agreed. From what I have personally observed I should
+say that it is usually what they call "leg-work" (intercrural), but
+sometimes _immissio penis in anum_, the boy, in either case, lying on his
+stomach. I have heard terrible stories of the physical results to the boy
+of anal intercourse.
+
+One evening, near Cumberland, Pennsylvania, I was an unwilling witness of
+one of the worst scenes that can be imagined. In company with eight
+hoboes, I was in a freight-car attached to a slowly moving train. A
+colored boy succeeded in scrambling into the car, and when the train was
+well under way again he was tripped up and "seduced" (to use the hobo
+euphemism) by each of the tramps. He made almost no resistance, and joked
+and laughed about the business as if he had expected it. This, indeed, I
+find to be the general feeling among the boys when they have been
+thoroughly initiated. At first they do not submit, and are inclined to run
+away or fight, but the men fondle and pet them, and after awhile they do
+not seem to care. Some of them have told me that they get as much pleasure
+out of the affair as the jocker does. Even little fellows under 10 have
+told me this, and I have known them to willfully tempt their jockers to
+intercourse. What the pleasure consists in I cannot say. The youngsters
+themselves describe it as a delightful tickling sensation in the parts
+involved, and this is possibly all that it amounts to among the smallest
+lads. Those who have passed the age of puberty seem to be satisfied in
+pretty much the same way that the men are. Among the men the practice is
+decidedly one of passion. The majority of them prefer a prushun to a
+woman, and nothing is more severely judged than rape. One often reads in
+the newspapers that a woman has been assaulted by a tramp, but the
+perverted tramp is never the guilty party.
+
+I believe, however, that there are a few hoboes who have taken to boys
+because women are so scarce "on the road." For every woman in hoboland
+there are a hundred men. That this disproportion has something to do with
+the popularity of boys is made clear by the following case: In a gaol,
+where I was confined for a month during my life in vagabondage, I got
+acquainted with a tramp who had the reputation of being a "sod"
+(sodomist). One day a woman came to the gaol to see her husband, who was
+awaiting trial. One of the prisoners said he had known her before she was
+married and had lived with her. The tramp was soon to be discharged, and
+he inquired where the woman lived. On learning that she was still
+approachable, he looked her up immediately after his release, and
+succeeded in staying with her for nearly a month. He told me later that he
+enjoyed his life with her much more than his intercourse with boys. I
+asked him why he went with boys at all, and he replied: "'Cause there
+ain't women enough. If I can't get them I've got to have the other."
+
+It is in gaols that one sees the worst side of this perversion. In the
+daytime the prisoners are let out into a long hall, and can do much as
+they please; at night they are shut up, two and even four in a cell. If
+there are any boys in the crowd, they are made use of by all who care to
+have them. If they refuse to submit, they are gagged and held down. The
+sheriff seldom knows what goes on, and for the boys to say anything to him
+would be suicidal. There is a criminal ignorance all over the States
+concerning the life of these gaols, and things go on that would be
+impossible in any well-regulated prison. In one of these places I once
+witnessed the fiercest fight I have ever seen among hoboes; a boy was the
+cause of it. Two men said they loved him, and he seemed to return the
+affection of both with equal desire. A fight with razors was suggested to
+settle who should have him.[277] The men prepared for action, while the
+crowd gathered round to watch. They slashed away for over half an hour,
+cutting each other terribly, and then their backers stopped them for fear
+of fatal results. The boy was given to the one who was hurt the least.
+
+Jealousy is one of the first things one notices in connection with this
+passion. I have known them to withdraw entirely from the "hang-out" life
+simply to be sure that their prushuns were not touched by other tramps.
+Such attachments frequently last for years, and some boys remain with
+their first jockers until they are "emancipated."
+
+Emancipation means freedom to "snare" some other boy, and make him submit
+as the other had been obliged to submit when younger. As a rule, the
+prushun is freed when he is able to protect himself. If he can defend his
+"honor" from all who come, he is accepted into the class of "old stagers,"
+and may do as he likes. This is the one reward held out to prushuns during
+their apprenticeship. They are told that some day they can have a boy and
+use him as they have been used. Thus hoboland is always sure of recruits.
+
+It is difficult to say how many tramps are sexually inverted. It is not
+even certainly known how many vagabonds there are in the country. I have
+stated in one of my papers on tramps that, counting the boys, there are
+between fifty and sixty thousand genuine hoboes in the United States. A
+vagabond in Texas who saw this statement wrote me that he considered my
+estimate too low. The newspapers have criticised it as too high, but they
+are unable to judge. If my figures are, as I believe, at least
+approximately correct, the sexually perverted tramps may be estimated at
+between five and six thousand; this includes men and boys.
+
+I have been told lately by tramps that the boys are less numerous than
+they were a few years ago. They say that it is now a risky business to be
+seen with a boy, and that it is more profitable, as far as begging is
+concerned, to go without them. Whether this means that the passion is less
+fierce than it used to be, or that the men find sexual satisfaction among
+themselves, I cannot say definitely. But from what I know of their
+disinclination to adopt the latter alternative, I am inclined to think
+that the passion may be dying out somewhat. I am sure that women are not
+more numerous "on the road" than formerly, and that the change, if real,
+has not been caused by them. So much for my finding in the United States.
+
+In England, where I have also lived with tramps for some time, I have
+found very little contrary sexual feeling. In Germany, also, excepting in
+prisons and work-houses, it seems very little known among vagabonds. There
+are a few Jewish wanderers (sometimes peddlers) who are said to have boys
+in their company, and I am told that they use them as the hoboes in the
+United States use their boys, but I cannot prove this from personal
+observation. In England I have met a number of male tramps who had no
+hesitation in declaring their preference for their own sex, and
+particularly for boys, but I am bound to say that I have seldom seen them
+with boys; as a rule, they were quite alone, and they seem to live chiefly
+by themselves.
+
+It is a noteworthy fact that both in England and Germany there are a great
+many women "on the road," or, at all events, so near it that intercourse
+with them is easy and cheap. In Germany almost every town has its quarter
+of "Stadt-Schieze"[278]: women who sell their bodies for a very small sum.
+They seldom ask over thirty or forty pfennigs for a night, which is
+usually spent in the open air. In England it is practically the same
+thing. In all the large cities there are women who are glad to do business
+for three or four pence, and those "on the road" for even less.
+
+The general impression made on me by the sexually perverted men I have met
+in vagabondage is that they are abnormally masculine. In their intercourse
+with boys they always take the active part. The boys have, in some cases,
+seemed to me uncommonly feminine, but not as a rule. In the main, they are
+very much like other lads, and I am unable to say whether their liking for
+the inverted relationship is inborn or acquired. That it is, however, a
+genuine liking, in altogether too many instances, I do not, in the least,
+doubt. As such, and all the more because it is such, it deserves to be
+more thoroughly investigated and more reasonably treated.
+
+"Josiah Flynt" who wrote the foregoing account of tramp-life for the
+second edition of this volume, was well known as author, sociologist, and
+tramp. He was especially, and it would seem by innate temperament, the
+tramp, which part he looked to perfection (he himself referred to his
+"weasoned face and diminutive form") and felt completely at home in. He
+was thus able to throw much light on the psychology of the tramp, and his
+books (such as _Tramping with Tramps_) are valuable from this point of
+view. His real name was F. Willard and he was a nephew of Miss Frances
+Willard. He died in Chicago, in 1907, at the age of 38, shortly after
+writing a frank and remarkable _Autobiography_. I am able to supplement
+his observations on tramps, so far as England is concerned, by the
+following passages from a detailed record sent to me by an English
+correspondent:--
+
+"I am a male invert with complete feminine, sexual inclinations. Different
+meetings with 'tramps' led me to seek intimacy with them and for about
+twenty years I have gone on the 'tramp' myself so that I might come in the
+closest contact with them, in England, Scotland, and Wales.
+
+"As in the United States, there are two classes of tramps those who would
+work, such as harvesters, road-makers, etc., and those who will not work,
+but make tramping a profession. Among both these classes my experience is
+that 90 per cent, or I even would be bold enough to say 100 per cent,
+indulge in homosexuality when the opportunity occurs, and I do not make
+any distinction between the two classes.
+
+"There are numerous reasons for this and I will state a few. A certain
+number may prefer normal connection with a female, but except for those
+who tramp in vans and a limited number who have 'donnas' with them, women
+are not available, as prostitutes very seldom allow intimacy for 'love'
+except when drunk. Tramps are also afraid of any venereal disease as it
+means the misery of the Lock Hospital. Most of them are sociable and
+prefer to tramp with a 'make.' With this mate, with whom he sleeps and
+rests and 'boozes' when they are in funds, sexual intimacy naturally takes
+place, as my experience has been that one of the two is male and the
+other female in their sexual desires, but I have known instances where
+they have acted both roles. Then male prostitution is to be had for
+nothing, and even occasionally when a tramp meets a 'toff' it is a means
+of earning money, either fairly or otherwise. I have never known a male
+tramp to refuse satisfaction if I offered a drink or two, or a small sum
+of money. One told me that he envied 'no lords or toffs' as long as he got
+plenty of 'booze and buggery.'
+
+"Another one, who told me that he had been twenty-five years on the road,
+said that he could not endure to sleep alone. (He was a pedlar, openly of
+cheap religious books and secretly of the vilest pamphlets and
+photographs). He had 'done time' and he said the greatest punishment to
+him was not being able to have a 'make' who would submit to penetration,
+though he was not particular what form the sexual act took. Another fine
+young man, whom I chanced to meet the very day he had been released from a
+long sentence in prison for burglary and with whom I passed a night of
+incessant and almost brutal intimacy, said his punishment was seeing men
+always about him and being unable to have connection with them. Another
+and very powerful influence in 'tramps' toward homosexuality is that, in
+the low lodging houses they are obliged to frequent, a single bed is
+perhaps double to one with a bedmate whom perhaps he has never seen
+before, and especially in hot weather, when the rule is nakedness.
+
+"My sexual desires being for the male invert I have come most in contact
+with them and have found that they form much the larger class. Among
+harvesters and seafaring tramps it is seldom you find a 'dandy' such as I
+was considered, and as such I was eagerly courted, and any suggestion of
+intimacy on my part quickly responded to. As regards the use of young boys
+for homosexual indulgence, it is not common as it is too dangerous, though
+I have known boys, especially those belonging to vans or gypsies, to
+prostitute themselves, always for money.
+
+"On one occasion I saw a boy who created quite an outburst of lust of
+homosexual nature. The incident took place in a small seafaring town in
+Scotland one evening before a Fair was to be held. It occurred in a low
+public house where a number of very rough and mostly drunken men were
+assembled. A blind man came in led by an extremely pretty but
+effeminate-looking youth of about 17, wearing a ragged kilt and with bare
+legs and feet. He had long, curling, fair hair which reached to his
+shoulders and on it an old bonnet was perched. He also wore an old
+velveteen shooting jacket. All eyes were turned on the pair and they were
+quickly offered drinks. A remark was made by one man that he believed the
+youth was a lassie. The boy said, 'I will show you I am a laddie,' and
+pulled up his kilt, exposing his genitals and then his posterior.
+Boisterous laughter greeted this indecent exposure and suggestion, and
+more drinks were provided. The blind man then played his fiddle and the
+boy danced with frequent recurrences of the same indecencies. He was
+seized, kissed, and caressed by quite a number of men, some of whom
+endeavored to masturbate him, which he resisted, but performed it for
+them. After the closing time came, I and about ten or twelve men all
+occupied the same room; the old man continued to play, and the youth,
+stark naked, continued to dance and suggested we others should do so, and
+an erotic scene took place which was only closed to view by the 'boss' who
+was present putting out the lamp.
+
+"Two classes of tramps I have met openly declare their preference for
+homosexuality. They are men who have been in the army and sailors and
+seafaring men in general. It is said that 'Jack has a wife in every port,'
+but I believe from my experience that the wife in many cases is of the
+male sex, and this among those of all nationalities, as is the case with
+soldiers. Among these also jealousy is more common than amongst ordinary
+tramps, and if you are 'dandy' to a soldier, if you make advances or
+receive them from a senior, trouble is likely to occur between them.
+
+"I could give many instances of my own personal experiences to show that
+'tramps' are looked upon by men in the country districts as legitimate,
+complacent, and purchaseable objects for homosexual lust."
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[276] This is the home of the fraternity. Practically it is any corner
+where they can lay their heads; but, as a rule, it is either a
+lodging-house, a freight-car, or a nest in the grass near the railway
+watering-tank.
+
+[277] All hoboes carry razors, both for shaving and for defense. Strange
+to say, they succeed in smuggling them into gaols, as they are never
+searched thoroughly.
+
+[278] This word is of Hebrew origin, and means girl (_Mädchen_).
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX B.
+
+THE SCHOOL-FRIENDSHIPS OF GIRLS.
+
+I.
+
+
+A school-friendship is termed by Italian girls a "flame" (_flamma_). This
+term, as explained by Obici and Marchesini, indicates, in school-slang,
+both the beloved person and the friendship in the abstract; but it is a
+friendship which has the note of passion as felt and understood in this
+environment. In every college the "flame" is regarded as a necessary
+institution. The relationship is usually of a markedly Platonic character,
+and generally exists between a boarder on one side and a day-pupil on the
+other. Notwithstanding, however, its apparently non-sexual nature, all the
+sexual manifestations of college youth circle around it, and in its
+varying aspects of differing intensity all the gradations of sexual
+sentiment may be expressed.
+
+Obici and Marchesini carried on their investigation chiefly among the
+pupils of Normal schools, the age of the girls being between 12 and 19 or
+20. There are both boarders and day-pupils at these colleges; the boarders
+are most inflammable, but it is the day-pupils who furnish the sparks.
+
+Obici and Marchesini received much assistance in their studies from former
+pupils who are now themselves teachers. One of these, a day-pupil who had
+never herself been either the object or the agent in one of these
+passions, but had had ample opportunity of making personal observations,
+writes as follows: "The 'flame' proceeds exactly like a love-relationship;
+it often happens that one of the girls shows man-like characteristics,
+either in physical type or in energy and decision of character; the other
+lets herself be loved, acting with all the obstinacy--and one might almost
+say the shyness--of a girl with her lover. The beginning of these
+relationships is quite different from the usual beginnings of friendship.
+It is not by being always together, talking and studying together, that
+two become 'flames'; no, generally they do not even know each other; one
+sees the other on the stairs, in the garden, in the corridors, and the
+emotion that arises is nearly always called forth by beauty and physical
+grace. Then the one who is first struck begins a regular courtship:
+frequent walks in the garden when the other is likely to be at the window
+of her class-room, pauses on the stairs to see her pass; in short, a mute
+adoration made up of glances and sighs. Later come presents of beautiful
+flowers, and little messages conveyed by complacent companions. Finally,
+if the 'flame' shows signs of appreciating all these proofs of affection,
+comes the letter of declaration. Letters of declaration are long and
+ardent, to such a degree that they equal or surpass real
+love-declarations. The courted one nearly always accepts, sometimes with
+enthusiasm, oftenest with many objections and doubts as to the affection
+declared. It is only after many entreaties that she yields and the
+relationship begins."
+
+Another collaborator who has herself always aroused very numerous "flames"
+gives a very similar description, together with other particulars. Thus
+she states: "It may be said that 60 per cent. of the girls in a college
+have 'flame' relationships, and that of the remaining 40 only half refuse
+from deliberate repulsion to such affections; the other 20 are excluded
+either because they are not sufficiently pleasing in appearance or because
+their characters do not inspire sympathy." And, regarding the method of
+beginning the relationship, she writes: "Sometimes 'flames' arise before
+the two future friends have even seen each other, merely because one of
+them is considered as beautiful, sympathetic, nice, or elegant. Elegance
+exerts an immense fascination, especially on the boarders, who are bound
+down by monotonous and simple habits. As soon as a boarder hears of a
+day-pupil that she is charming and elegant she begins to feel a lively
+sympathy toward her, rapidly reaching anxiety to see her. The longed-for
+morning at length arrives. The beloved, unconscious of the tumult of
+passions she has aroused, goes into school, not knowing that her walk, her
+movements, her garments are being observed from stairs or dormitory
+corridor.... For the boarders these events constitute an important part of
+college-life, and often assume, for some, the aspect of a tragedy, which,
+fortunately, may be gradually resolved into a comedy or a farce."
+
+Many letters are written in the course of these relationships; Obici and
+Marchesini have been able to read over 300 such letters which had been
+carefully preserved by the receivers and which, indeed, formed the chief
+material for their study. These letters clearly show that the "flame" most
+usually arises from a physical sympathy, an admiration of beauty and
+elegance. The letters written in this "flame" relationship are full of
+passion; they appear to be often written during periods of physical
+excitement and psychic erethism, and may be considered, Obici and
+Marchesini remark, a form of intellectual onanism, of which the writers
+afterward feel remorse and shame as of a physically dishonorable act. In
+reference to the underlying connection of these feelings with the sexual
+impulse, one of the lady collaborators writes: "I can say that a girl who
+is in love with a man never experiences 'flame' emotions for a companion."
+
+Obici and Marchesini thus summarize the differential character of "flames"
+as distinguished from ordinary friendships: "(1) the extraordinary
+frequency with which, even by means of subterfuges, the lovers exchange
+letters; (2) the anxiety to see and talk to each other, to press each
+other's hands, to embrace and kiss; (3) the long conversations and the
+very long reveries; (4) persistent jealousy, with its manifold arts and
+usual results; (5) exaltation of the beloved's qualities; (6) the habit of
+writing the beloved's name everywhere; (7) absence of envy for the loved
+one's qualities; (8) the lover's abnegation in conquering all obstacles to
+the manifestations of her love; (9) the vanity with which some respond to
+'flame' declarations; (10) the consciousness of doing a prohibited thing;
+(11) the pleasure of conquest, of which the trophies (letters, etc.) are
+preserved."
+
+The difference between a "flame" and a friendship is very well marked in
+the absolute exclusiveness of the former, whence arises the possibility
+of jealousy. At the same time friendship and love are here woven together.
+The letters are chaste (a few exceptions among so many letters not
+affecting this general rule), and the purity of the flame relationship is
+also shown by the fact that it is usually between boarders and day-pupils,
+girls in different classes and different rooms, and seldom between those
+who are living in close proximity to each other. "Certainly," writes one
+of the lady collaborators, "the first sensual manifestations develop in
+girls with physical excitement pure and simple, but (at all events, I
+would wish to believe it) the majority of college-girls find sufficient
+satisfaction in being as near as possible to the beloved person (of
+whichever sex), in mutual admiration and in kissing, or, very frequently,
+in conversation that is by no means moral, though usually very
+metaphorical. The object of such conversation is to discover the most
+important mysteries of human nature, the why and the wherefore; it deals
+with natural necessities, which the girl feels and has an intuition of,
+but as yet knows nothing definite about. Such conversations are the order
+of the day in schools and in colleges and specially revolve around
+procreation, the most difficult mystery of all. They are a heap of
+stupidities." This lady had only known of one definitely homosexual
+relationship during the whole of her college-life; the couple in question
+were little liked and had no other "flames." The chief general sexual
+manifestations, this lady concludes, which she had noted among her
+companions was a constant preoccupation with sexual mysteries and the
+necessity of talking about them perpetually.
+
+Another lady collaborator who had lived in a Normal school had had
+somewhat wider experiences. She entered at the age of 14 and experienced
+the usual loneliness and unhappiness of a new pupil. One day as she was
+standing pensive and alone in a corner of the room, a companion--one who
+on her arrival had been charged to show her over the college--ran up to
+her, "embracing me, closing by mouth with a kiss, and softly caressing my
+hair. I gazed at her in astonishment, but experienced a delicious
+sensation of supreme comfort. Here began the idyll! I was subjected to a
+furious tempest of kisses and caresses which quite stunned me and made me
+ask myself the reason of such a new and unforeseen affection. I
+ingenuously inquired the reason, and the reply was: 'I love you; you
+struck me immediately I saw you, because you are so beautiful and so
+white, and because it makes me happy and _soothes_ me when I can pass my
+hands through your hair and kiss your plump, white face. I need a soul and
+a body.' This seemed to me the language of a superior person, for I could
+not grasp all its importance. As on the occasion when she first embraced
+me, I looked at her in astonishment and could not for the moment respond
+to a new fury of caresses and kisses. I felt that they were not like the
+kisses of my mamma, my papa, my brother, and other companions; they gave
+me unknown sensations; the contact of those moist and fleshy lips
+disturbed me. Then came the exchange of letters and the usual rights and
+duties of 'flames.' When we met in the presence of others we were only to
+greet each other simply, for 'flames' were strictly prohibited. I obeyed
+because I liked her, but also because I was afraid of her Othello-like
+jealousy. She would suffocate me, even bite me, when I played, joyously
+and thoughtlessly, with others, and woe to me if I failed to call her when
+I was combing my hair. She liked to see me with my hair down and would
+rest her head on my shoulder, especially if I were partially undressed. I
+let her do as she liked, and she would scold me severely because I was
+never first in longing for her, running to meet her, and kissing her. But
+at the same time the thought of losing her, the thought that perhaps one
+day she would shower her caresses on others, secretly wounded my heart.
+But I never told her this! One day, however, when with the head-mistress
+gazing at a beautiful landscape, I was suddenly overwhelmed with sadness
+and burst out crying. The head-mistress inquired what was the matter, and
+throwing myself in her arms I sobbed: 'I love her, and I shall die if she
+leaves off loving me!' She smiled, and the smile went through my heart. I
+saw at once how silly I was, and what a wrong road my companion was on.
+From that day I could no longer endure my 'flame.' The separation was
+absolute; I courageously bore bites and insults, even scratches on my
+face, followed by long complaints and complete prostration. I thought it
+would be mean to accuse her, but I invented a pretext for having the
+number of my bed changed. This was because she would dress quietly and
+come to pass hours by my bed, resting her head on the pillow. She said she
+wished to smell the perfume of my health and freshness. This continual
+turbulent desire had now nauseated me, and I wished to avoid it
+altogether. Later I heard that she had formed a relationship which was not
+blessed by any sacred rite."
+
+Notwithstanding the Platonic character of the correspondences, Obici and
+Marchesini remark, there is really a substratum of emotional sexuality
+beneath it, and it is this which finds its expression in the indecorous
+conversations already referred to. The "flame" is a _love-fiction, a play
+of sexual love_. This characteristic comes out in the frequently romantic
+names, of men and women, invented to sign the letters.
+
+Even in the letters themselves, however, the element of sexual
+impressionability may be traced. "On Friday we went to a service at San
+B.," writes one who was in an institution directed by nuns, "but
+unfortunately I saw M.L. at a window when I thought she was at A. and I
+was in a nervous state the whole time. Imagine that that dear woman was at
+the window with bare arms, and, as it seemed to me, in her chemise." No
+doubt a similar impression might have been made on a girl living in her
+own family. But it is certain that the imaginative coloring tends to be
+more lively in those living in colleges and shut off from that varied and
+innocent observation which renders those outside colleges freer and more
+unprejudiced. On a boy who is free to see as many women as he chooses a
+woman's face cannot make such an impression as on a boy who lives in a
+college and who is liable to be, as it were, electrified if he sees any
+object belonging to a woman, especially if he sees it by stealth or during
+a mood of erotism. Such an object calls out a whole series of wanton
+imaginations, which it could not do in one who, by his environment, was
+already armed against any tendencies to erotic fetichism. The attraction
+exerted by that which we see but seldom, and around which fancy
+assiduously plays, the attraction of forbidden fruit, produces tendencies
+and habits which could scarcely develop in freedom. Curiosity is acute,
+and is augmented by the obstacles which stand in the way of its
+satisfaction. "Flame" attraction is the beginning of such a morbid
+fetichism. A sentiment which under other conditions would never have gone
+beyond ordinary friendship may thus become a "flame," and even a "flame"
+of markedly sexual character. Under these influences boys and girls feel
+the purest and simplest sentiments in a hyperesthetic manner. The girls
+here studied have lost an exact conception of the simple manifestations of
+friendship, and think they are giving evidence of exquisite sensibility
+and true friendship by loving a companion to madness; friendship in them
+has become a passion. That this intense desire to love a companion
+passionately is the result of the college environments may be seen by the
+following extract from a letter: "You know, dear, much better than I do
+how acutely girls living away from their own homes, and far from all those
+who are dearest to them on earth, feel the need of loving and being loved.
+You can understand how hard it is to be obliged to live without anyone to
+surround you with affection;" and the writer goes on to say how all her
+love turns to her correspondent.
+
+While there is an unquestionable sexual element in the "flame"
+relationship, this cannot be regarded as an absolute expression of real
+congenital perversion of the sex-instinct. The frequency of the phenomena,
+as well as the fact that, on leaving college to enter social life, the
+girl usually ceases to feel these emotions, are sufficient to show the
+absence of congenital abnormality. The estimate of the frequency of
+"flames" in Normal schools, given to Obici and Marchesini by several lady
+collaborators, was about 60 per cent., but there is no reason to suppose
+that women teachers furnish a larger contingent of perverted individuals
+than other women. The root is organic, but the manifestations are ideal
+and Platonic, in contrast with some other manifestations found in
+college-life. No inquiry was made as to the details of solitary sexual
+manifestations in the colleges, the fact that they exist to more or less
+extent being sufficiently recognized. The conversations already referred
+to are a measure of the excitations of sexuality existing in these college
+inmates and multiplied in energy by communication. Such discourse was,
+wrote one collaborator, the order of the day, and it took place chiefly at
+the time when letter-writing also was easiest. It may well be that sensual
+excitations, transformed into ethereal sentiments, serve to increase the
+intensity of the "flames."
+
+Taken altogether, Obici and Marchesini conclude, the flame may be regarded
+as a _provisional synthesis_. We find here, in solution together, the
+physiological element of incipient sexuality, the psychical element of the
+tenderness natural to this age and sex, the element of occasion offered by
+the environment, and the social element with its nascent altruism.
+
+
+II.
+
+That the phenomena described in minute detail by Obici and Marchesini
+closely resemble the phenomena as they exist in English girls' schools is
+indicated by the following communication, for which I am indebted to a
+lady who is familiar with an English girls' college of very modern type:--
+
+"From inquiries made in various quarters and through personal observation
+and experience I have come to the conclusion that the romantic and
+emotional attachments formed by girls for their female friends and
+companions, attachments which take a great hold of their minds for the
+time being, are far commoner than is generally supposed among English
+girls, more especially at school or college, or wherever a number of girls
+or young women live together in one institution, and are much secluded.
+
+"As far as I have been able to find out, these attachments--which have
+their own local names, e.g., 'raves,' 'spoons,' etc.--are comparatively
+rare in the smaller private schools, and totally absent among girls of the
+poorer class attending Board and National schools, perhaps because they
+mix more freely with the opposite sex.
+
+"I can say from personal experience that in one of the largest and best
+English colleges, where I spent some years, 'raving' is especially common
+in spite of arrangements which one would have thought would have abolished
+most unhealthy feelings. The arrangements there are very similar to a
+large boys' college. There are numerous boarding-houses, which have, on an
+average, forty to fifty students. Each house is under the management of a
+well-educated house-mistress assisted by house-governesses (quite separate
+from college-teachers). Each house has a large garden with tennis-courts,
+etc.; and cricket, hockey, and other games are carried on to a large
+extent, games being not only much encouraged, but much enjoyed. Each girl
+has a separate cubicle, or bedroom, and no junior (under 17 years of age)
+is allowed to enter the cubicle, or bedroom, of another without asking
+permission, or to go to the bedrooms during the day. In fact, everything
+is done to discourage any morbid feelings. But all the same, as far as my
+experience goes, the friendships there seem more violent and more
+emotional than in most places, and sex subjects form one of the chief
+topics of conversation.
+
+"In such large schools and colleges these 'raves' are not only numerous,
+but seem to be perennial among the girls of all ages, from 13 years
+upward. Girls under that age may be fond of some other student or teacher,
+but in quite a different way. These 'raves' are not mere friendships in
+the ordinary sense of the word, nor are they incompatible with ordinary
+friendships. A girl with a 'rave' often has several intimate friends for
+whom affection is felt without the emotional feelings and pleasurable
+excitement which characterize a 'rave.'
+
+"From what I have been told by those who have experienced these 'raves'
+and have since been in love with men, the emotions called forth in both
+cases were similar, although in the case of the 'rave' this fact was not
+recognized at the time. This appears to point to a sexual basis, but, on
+the other hand, there are many cases where the feeling seems to be more
+spiritual, a sort of uplifting of the whole soul with an intense desire to
+lead a very good life--the feeling being one of reverence more than
+anything else for the loved one, with no desire to become too intimate and
+no desire for physical contact.
+
+"'Raves,' as a rule, begin quite suddenly. They may be mutual or all on
+one side. In the case of school-girls the mutual 'rave' is generally found
+between two companions, or the girls may have a 'rave' for one of their
+teachers or some grown-up acquaintance, who does not necessarily enter
+into the school-life. In this case there may or may not be a feeling of
+affection for the girl by her 'rave,' though minus all the emotional
+feelings.
+
+"Occasionally a senior student will have a 'rave' on a little girl, but
+these cases are rare and not very active in their symptoms, girls over 18
+having fewer 'raves' and generally condemning them.
+
+"In the large school already referred to, of which I have personal
+knowledge, 'raving' was very general, hardly anyone being free from it.
+Any fresh student would soon fall a victim to the fashion, which rather
+points to the fact that it is infectious. Sometimes there might be a lull
+in the general raving, only to reappear after an interval in more or less
+of an epidemic form. Sometimes nearly all the 'raves' were felt by
+students for their teachers; at other times it was more apparent between
+the girls themselves.
+
+"Sometimes one teacher was raved on by several girls. In many cases, the
+girls raving on a teacher would have a very great friendship with one of
+their companions--talking with each other constantly of their respective
+'raves,' describing their feelings and generally letting off steam to one
+another, indulging sometimes in the active demonstrations of affection
+which they were debarred from showing the teacher herself, and in some
+cases having no desire to do so even if they could.
+
+"As far as I have been able to judge, there is not necessarily any
+attraction for physical characteristics, as beauty, elegance, etc.; the
+two participants are probably both of strong character or a weak character
+raves on a stronger, but rarely _vice versâ_.
+
+"I have often noticed that the same person may be raved on at different
+times by several people of different characters and of all ages: say, up
+to 30 years of age. It is hard to say why some persons more than others
+should inspire this feeling. Often they are reserved, without any
+particular physical attraction, and often despising raving and emotional
+friendships, and give no encouragement to them. That the majority of
+'raves' have a sexual basis may be true, but I am sure that in the
+majority of cases where young girls are concerned this is not in the least
+recognized, and no impurity is indulged in or wished for. The majority of
+the girls are entirely ignorant of all sexual matters, and understand
+nothing whatever about them. But they do wonder about them and talk about
+them constantly, more especially when they have a 'rave,' which seems to
+point to some subtle connection between the two. That this ignorance
+exists is largely to be deplored. The subject, if once thought of, is
+always thought of and talked of, and information is at length generally
+gained in a regrettable manner. From personal experience I know the evil
+results that this ignorance and constant endeavoring to find out
+everything has on the mind and bodies of school-girls. If children had the
+natural and simple laws of creation carefully explained to them by their
+parents, much harm would be prevented, and the conversation would not
+always turn on sexual matters. The Bible is often consulted for the
+discovery of hidden mysteries.
+
+"'Raves' on teachers are far commoner than between two girls. In this case
+the girl makes no secret of her attachment, constantly talking of it and
+describing her feelings to any who care to listen and writing long letters
+to her friends about the same. In the case of two girls there is more
+likely to be a sexual element, great pleasure being taken in close contact
+with one another and frequent kissing and hugging. When parted, long
+letters are written, often daily; they are full of affectionate
+expressions of love, etc., but there is also a frequent reference to the
+happiness and desire to do well that their love has inspired them with,
+while often very deeply religious feelings appear to be generated and many
+good resolutions are made. Their various emotional feelings are described
+in every minute detail to each other.
+
+"The duration of 'raves' varies. I have known them to last three or four
+years, more often only a few months. Occasionally what began as a 'rave'
+will turn, into a sensible firm friendship. I imagine that there is seldom
+any actual inversion, and on growing up the 'raves' generally cease. That
+the 'ravers' feel and act like a pair of lovers there is no doubt, and the
+majority put down these romantic friendships for their own sex as due, in
+a great extent, in the case of girls at schools, to being without the
+society of the opposite sex. This may be true in some cases, but
+personally I think the question open to discussion. These friendships are
+often found among girls who have left school and have every liberty, even
+among girls who have had numerous flirtations with the opposite sex, who
+cannot be accused of inversion, and who have all the feminine and domestic
+characteristics.
+
+"In illustration of these points I may bring forward the following case:
+A. and B. were two girls at the same college. They belonged to different
+cliques, or sets; occupied different bedrooms; never met in their
+school-work, and were practically only known to one another by name. One
+day they chanced to sit next to one another at some meal. They both
+already had 'raves,' A. on an actor she had lately seen, B. on a married
+woman at her home. The conversation happened to turn on 'raves,' and
+mutual attraction was _suddenly_ felt. From that moment a new interest
+came into their lives. They lived for one another. At the time A. was 14,
+B. a year older. Both were somewhat precocious for their age, were
+practical, with plenty of common sense, very keen on games, interested in
+their lessons, and very independent, but at the same time with marked
+feminine characteristics and popular with the opposite sex. After the
+first feeling of interest there was a subtle excitement and desire to
+meet again. All their thoughts were occupied with the subject. Each day
+they managed as many private meetings as possible. They met in the
+passages in order to say good-night with many embraces. As far as possible
+they hid their feelings from the rest of their world. They became
+inseparable, and a very lasting and real, but somewhat emotional,
+affection, in which the sexual element was certainly marked, sprang up
+between them. Although at the time they were both quite ignorant of sexual
+matters, yet they indulged their sexual instincts to some extent. They
+felt surcharged with hitherto unexperienced feelings and emotions,
+instinct urged them to let these have play, but instinctively they also
+had a feeling that to do so would be wrong. This feeling they endeavored
+to argue out and find reasons for. When parted for any length of time they
+felt very miserable and wrote pages to one another every day, pouring
+forth in writing their feelings for one another. In this time of active
+attraction they both became deeply religious for a time. The active part
+of the affection continued for three or four years, and now, after an
+interval of ten years, they are both exceedingly fond of one another,
+although their paths in life are divided and each has since experienced
+love for a man. Both look back upon the sexual element in their friendship
+with some interest. It may be remarked in passing that A. and B. are both
+attractive girls to men and women, and B. especially appears always to
+have roused 'rave' feelings in her own sex, without the slightest
+encouragement on her part. The duration of this 'rave' was exceptionally
+long, the majority only lasting a few months, while some girls have one
+'rave' after another or two or three together.
+
+"I may mention one other case, where I believe that if it a sexual basis
+this was not recognized by the parties concerned or their friends. Two
+girls, over 20 years of age, passed in a corridor. A few words were
+exchanged: the beginning of a very warm and fast friendship. They said it
+was _not_ a 'rave.' They were absolutely devoted to one another, but from
+what I know of them and what they have since told me, their feelings were
+quite free from any sexual desires, though their love for one another was
+great. When parted they exchanged letters daily, but were always
+endeavoring to urge one another on in all the virtues, and as far as I can
+gather they never gave way to any feeling they thought was not for the
+good of their souls.
+
+"Letters and presents are exchanged, vows of eternal love are made,
+quarrels are engaged in for the mere pleasure of reconciliation, and
+jealousy is easily manifested. Although 'raves' are chiefly found among
+school-girls, they are by no means confined to them, but are common among
+any community of women of any age, say, under 30, and are not unknown
+among married women when there is no inversion. In these oases there is
+usually, of course, no ignorance of sexual matters.
+
+"Whether there is any direct harm in these friendships I have not been
+able to make up my mind. In the case of school-girls, if there is not too
+much emotion generated and if the sexual feelings are not indulged in, I
+think they may do more good than harm. Later on in life, when all one's
+desires and feelings are at their strongest, it is more doubtful."
+
+
+III.
+
+That the phenomena as found in the girls' colleges of America are exactly
+similar to those in Italy and England is shown, among other evidence, by
+some communications sent to Mr. E.G. Lancaster, of Clark University,
+Worcester, Mass., a few years ago.
+
+Mr. E.G. Lancaster sent out a _questionnaire_ to over 800 teachers and
+older pupils dealing with various points connected with adolescence, and
+received answers from 91 persons containing information which bore on the
+present question.[279] Of this number, 28 male and 41 female had been in
+love before the age of 25, while 11 of each sex had had no love
+experiences, this indicating, since the women were in a majority, that the
+absence of love experience is more common in men than in women. These
+answers were from young people between 16 and 25 years of age. Two males
+and 7 females have loved imaginary characters, while 3 males and not less
+than 46 females speak of passionate love for the same sex. Love of the
+same sex, Lancaster remarks, though not generally known, is very common;
+it is not mere friendship; the love is strong, real, and passionate. It
+may be remarked that these 49 cases were reported without solicitation,
+since there was no reference to homosexual love in the _questionnaire_.
+Many of the answers to the syllabus are so beautiful, Lancaster observes,
+that if they could be printed in full no comment would be necessary. He
+quotes a few of the answers. Thus a woman of 33 writes: "At 14 I had my
+first case of love, but it was with a girl. It was insane, intense love,
+but had the same quality and sensations as my first love with a man at 18.
+In neither case was the object idealized. I was perfectly aware of their
+faults; nevertheless my whole being was lost, immersed in their existence.
+The first lasted two years, the second seven years. No love has since been
+so intense, but now these persons, though living, are no more to me than
+the veriest stranger." Another woman of 35 writes: "Girls between the ages
+of 14 and 18 at college or girls' schools often fall in love with the same
+sex. This is not friendship. The loved one is older, more advanced, more
+charming or beautiful. When I was a freshman in college I knew at least
+thirty girls who were in love with a senior. Some sought her because it
+was the fashion, but I knew that my own homage and that of many others was
+sincere and passionate. I loved her because she was brilliant and utterly
+indifferent to the love shown her. She was not pretty, though at the time
+we thought her beautiful. One of her adorers, on being slighted, was ill
+for two weeks. On her return she was speaking to me when the object of our
+admiration came into the room. The shock was too great and she fainted.
+When I reached the senior year I was the recipient of languishing glances,
+original verses, roses, and passionate letters written at midnight and
+three in the morning." No similar confessions are recorded from men.
+
+
+IV.
+
+In South America corresponding phenomena have been found in schools and
+colleges of the same class. There they have been especially studied by
+Mercante in the convent High Schools of Buenos Aires where the students
+are girls between the ages of 10 and 22.[280] Mercante found that
+homosexuality here is not clearly defined or explicit and usually it is
+combined with a predisposition to romanticism and mysticism. It is usually
+of a passive kind, but in this form so widespread as to constitute a kind
+of epidemic. It was most manifest in institutions where the greatest
+stress was placed on religious instruction.
+
+The recreations of the school in question were quiet and enervating;
+active or boisterous sports were prohibited to the end that good manners
+might be cultivated. In the play-rooms, the girls observed the strictest
+etiquette, and discipline was maintained independent of oversight by
+teachers. Mercante could hardly believe, however, that the decorum was
+more than external.
+
+Later, when the girls broke up, they were found in pairs or small groups,
+in corners, on benches, beside the pillars, arm in arm or holding hands.
+What they were speaking of could be surmised. "Their conversation and
+confidences came to me indirectly. They were sweethearts talking about
+their affairs. In spite of the spiritual and feminine character of these
+unions, one element was active, the other passive, thus confirming the
+authorities on this matter, Gamier, Régis, Lombroso, Bonfigli."
+
+Mercante found the points of view of the two members of each pair to be
+quite different in moral aspect. "One takes the initiative, she commands,
+she cares for, she offers, she gives, she makes decisions, she considers
+the present, she imagines the future, she smoothes over difficulties,
+gives encouragement and initiative, she commands, she cares for, she
+offers, she gives, she docile, gives way in matters of dispute, and
+expresses her affection with sweet words and promises of love and
+submission. The atmosphere, silent and quiet, was, however, charged with
+jealousy, squabble, desires, illusions, dreams, and lamentations."
+
+Mercante's informant assured him that practically every girl had her
+affinity, and that there were at least twenty well-defined love affairs.
+The active party starts the conquest by making eyes, next she becomes more
+intimate, and finally proposes. Women being highly adaptable, the
+neophyte, unless she is rebellious, gets into the spirit of it all. If she
+is not complaisant, she must prepare for conflict, because the prey
+becomes more desirable the more the resistance encountered.
+
+Opportunity was offered to Mercante to observe some of the correspondence
+between the girls. Though of indifferent training and ability in other
+respects, the girls speak and write regarding their affairs with most
+admirable diction and style. No data are given regarding the actual
+intimate relations between the girls.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[279] E.G. Lancaster, "The Psychology and Pedagogy of Adolescence,"
+_Pedagogical Seminary_, July, 1897, p. 88.
+
+[280] Victor Mercante, "Fetiquismo y Uranismo feminino en los internados
+educativos," _Archivos de Psiquiatria y Criminologia_, 1905, pp. 22-30;
+abstracted by D.C. McMurtrie, _Urologic Review_, August, 1914.
+
+
+
+
+INDEX OF AUTHORS.
+
+Abraham
+Adler, A.
+Adler Bey
+Alain de Lille
+Aletrino
+Ammon
+Angell, J.R.
+Anselm
+Arber
+Ariosto
+Aristophanes
+Aristotle
+Aschoff
+Aubrey
+
+Bacchaumont
+Bailly-Maitre
+Ballantyne
+Balzac
+Bartels, Max
+Bascoul
+Baumann
+Bazalgette
+Beardmore
+Bell, Clark
+Bell, Blair
+Benkert
+Benson, A. C
+Berkman
+Berrichon
+Bertz
+Besenval
+Bethe
+Biervliet
+Binet
+Binet-Valmer
+Birnbaum
+Bleuler
+Bloch, Iwan
+Blyth, J.
+Body
+Bombarda
+Bond, C.J.
+Borel
+Bouchard
+Brandt, P.
+Brehm
+Brill
+Brown, H.
+Brouardel
+Brun, C.
+Buchanan
+Bucke
+Buffon
+Burchard
+Burckhardt
+Burton, Sir R.
+
+Calesia
+Campanella
+Carlier
+Carpenter, Edward
+Carretto
+Casanova
+Casper
+Castle
+Cazanova
+Charcot
+Chevalier
+Claiborne
+Clarke, A.W.
+Clayton
+Coelius Aurelianus
+Coleridge
+Coriat
+Corre
+Croiset, A.
+Crusius
+Cust, R.H.H.
+
+Dante
+Darwin
+Daville
+Davitt, M.
+Davray
+Dejob
+Descaves
+Dessoir
+D'Ewes
+Diaz, B.
+Diderot
+Dostoieffsky
+Dubois
+Duflos
+Dukes, O.
+Dupré
+Duviquet
+
+Edmonds, J.M.
+Eekhoud
+Ellis, Havelock
+Engelmann
+Escoube
+Essebac
+Eulenburg
+Ewart, C.T.
+
+Féré
+Ferenczi
+Fernan
+Ferrero
+Flatau
+Fliess
+Flournoy
+Flynt, Josiah
+Foley
+Forel
+Frazer, Sir J.G.
+Freimark
+Freud
+Frey, L.
+Fuchs, A.
+
+Galton
+Gandavo
+Garrod, A.B.
+Gasparini
+Gaudenzi
+Gautier, A.
+Gautier, T.
+Gide
+Gilford, H.
+Gillen
+Gleichen-Russwurm
+Gley
+Godard
+Goldschwend
+Gomperz
+Gurlitt
+
+Haddon, A.C.
+Haeckel
+Hahn
+Halban
+Hammer
+Hamon
+Hardman
+Harris-Liston
+Hart, Berry
+Heape
+Hegar
+Heim
+Herman
+Herondas
+Hirschfeld
+Hoche
+Hochstetter, S.
+Holder
+Holmberg
+Holmes, W.G.
+Homer
+Home, H.
+Horneffer
+Hössli
+Hughes, C.H.
+
+Ingegnieros
+
+Jacobs
+James, W.
+Jastrow
+Jekels
+John of Salisbury
+Johnston, J.
+Jones, Ernest
+Jones, W.
+Juliusburger
+Justi
+
+Karsch
+Kiefer
+Kiernan
+Klaatsch
+Knapp
+Kocher
+Konradin
+Krafft-Ebing
+Krauss, F.S.
+Kupffer, E. von
+Kurella
+
+Laborde
+Lacassagne
+Lancaster, E.G.
+Langsdorff
+Lapointe
+Lasnet
+Laupts, _see_ Saint-Paul, G.
+Laurent
+Laycock
+Lefroy, E.C.
+Legludic
+Lepelletier
+Leppmann
+L'Estoile, P. de
+Letamendi
+Levetzow
+Lévi
+Libert
+Licht
+Lisiansky
+Lombroso
+Lorion
+Löwenfeld
+Lowie
+Lydston
+
+Macdonald, A.
+Magnan
+Maitland
+Mantegazza
+Marchesini
+Marie de France
+Marro
+Marshall, F.H.R.
+Martineau
+Martius
+Mason
+Matignon
+Mayne, Xavier
+McMurtrie
+Meige
+Meissner, B.
+Mercante
+Merzbach
+Meynert
+Middleton
+Möbius
+Moerenhout
+Moffat, D.
+Moll
+Monk of Evesham
+Montaigne
+Morache
+Moreau
+Morel
+Moskowski
+Moyer
+Muccioli
+Müller, F.C.
+Mure, W.
+
+Näcke
+Neugebauer
+Niceforo
+Nicholson, J.G.
+Nicklin
+Norman, Conolly
+Nortal
+
+Obici
+Oefele
+Olano
+Oppenheim
+Ordericus Vitalis
+Ortvay
+Otis, M.
+
+Parent-Duchâtelet
+Parish
+Parlagreco
+Pavia
+Petronius
+Pfister
+Plant
+Platen
+Plato
+Platt, J.A.
+Ploss
+Plutarch
+Pocock, R.
+Poisson
+Pollock
+Praetorius, Numa
+Preuss, J.
+Prynne
+
+Queringhi
+
+Rachilde
+Raffalovich
+Rank, O.
+Ransome
+Reclus, Elie
+Reid, Forrest
+Ribot
+Ritti
+Rivers, W.C.
+Rode, Léon de
+Rohleder
+Römer
+Rosenstein, G.
+Roth
+Roubinovitch
+Roux
+Rowley
+Rüling, A.
+Rutherford
+
+Sadger
+Saint-Paul, G.
+Sainte-Claire, Deville
+Salillas
+Savage, Sir G.
+Scheffler
+Schmid, A.
+Schopenhauer
+Schouten
+Schrenck-Notzing
+Schultz
+Schur
+Scott, Colin
+Seitz
+Seligmann
+Selous, E.
+Sérieux
+Shattock
+Shufeldt
+Smith, Theodate
+Smollett
+Spranger
+Steinach
+Stekel
+Stephanus
+Strauch
+Stubbes
+Sturgis, H.O.
+Sutton, Sir J. Bland
+Symonds, J.A.
+
+Talbot
+Tamassia
+Tarde
+Tardieu
+Tarnowsky
+Tennyson
+Thoinot
+Tilly
+Traubel
+Turnbull
+
+Ulrichs
+
+Vanbrugh
+Virchow
+Vivien, Renée
+
+Weeks
+Weigand
+Weismann
+Weissenberg
+Westermarck
+Wey, H.D.
+Weysse
+Wheeler
+Whitman, Walt.
+Wilamowitz-Moellendorff
+Wilhelm, E.
+Willy
+Wilson, J.M.
+Wise
+Witry
+Wright, T.
+
+Zola
+Zuccarelli
+
+
+
+
+INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
+
+Abnormalities,
+  physical
+Abnormality and disease,
+  difference between
+Acquired inversion
+Actors and homosexuality
+Actresses,
+  homosexuality among
+Adaptation therapy
+Advertisements,
+  homosexual
+Africa,
+  homosexuality in
+Albanians,
+  homosexuality among
+Aleuts,
+  homosexuality among
+Ambisexuality
+Anal eroticism
+Anglo-Saxons
+Animals,
+  homosexuality in
+Arabs,
+  homosexuality among
+Artistic aptitudes of inverts
+Association therapy
+Australia
+Austrian law
+Autobiographies,
+  homosexual
+Auto-erotism
+
+Bacon, Lord
+Bali,
+  homosexuality among women in
+Barnfield
+Bastille,
+  inverts in the
+Bazzi
+Bearded women
+Berlin
+Birds,
+  homosexuality among
+Bisexual, the term
+Bisexuality
+Blackmailing
+Blavatsky, Madame
+Bonheur, Rosa
+_Boté_
+Brazil,
+  homosexuality in
+Buggery,
+  the term
+_Burdash_
+Byron
+
+Castration
+Cellini
+Charke, Charlotte
+Chastity,
+  the ideal of
+Christina of Sweden
+Classification of the homosexual
+Clitoris in inverted women
+Clothes,
+  inverted women in men's
+_Code Napoléon_
+Coeducation
+Color-blindness compared to inversion
+Congenital inversion
+Contrary sexual feeling, the term
+Convents,
+  homosexuality in
+Costume
+Creoles,
+  homosexuality among
+Criminals,
+  homosexuality among
+Cross-dressing
+_Cudinas_
+_Cunnilinctus_
+
+Dadon
+Degeneration and inversion
+Disease and abnormality, difference between
+Dolben
+Dorians
+Dramatic aptitude and inversion
+Dreams,
+  erotic
+Duquesnoy
+
+Egypt,
+  homosexuality in ancient
+  modern
+England,
+  homosexuality in
+English law and homosexuality
+Eonism
+Erasmus
+Erotic dreams
+Eskimo
+Eunuchoidism
+
+Factories,
+  homosexuality among women in
+_Fellatio_
+Feminine characteristics of inverts
+Fetichism,
+  erotic
+Fitzgerald, Edward
+France,
+  homosexuality in
+Freudianism
+Friendship
+Frith, Mary
+
+Genital organs and inversion
+Genius,
+  homosexuality among men of
+Germany,
+  homosexuality in
+  law in relation to homosexuality in
+Gleim
+Goethe
+Greece,
+  homosexuality in ancient
+Green,
+  inverts, preference for
+Gynandromorphism
+Gynecomasty
+
+Hair on body
+Hall, Murray
+Handwriting
+Harems,
+  homosexuality in
+Hatschepsu, Queen
+Health of inverts, general
+Heliogabalus
+Heredity in inversion
+Heresy and homosexuality
+Hermaphroditism
+Hobart, Miss
+Homogenic,
+  the term
+Homosexuality,
+  the term
+Hormones
+_Horror feminæ_
+Hössli
+Humboldt, A. and W., von
+Hygiene of homosexuality
+Hyperesthesia of inverts, sexual
+Hypertrichosis
+Hypnotism in treatment of homosexuality
+
+India,
+  homosexuality in
+Indians,
+  homosexuality among American
+Infantilism in inverts
+Insanity and inversion
+Insects,
+  homosexuality among
+Internal secretions
+Inversion,
+  the term
+Italy,
+  homosexuality in
+  law in
+
+James I
+Julius Cæsar
+Justinian's enactments
+
+Kleist
+Krupp, F.A.
+
+Larynx in inverted women
+Law in relation to homosexuality
+Lefthandedness
+Lesbianism
+Lincken, Catharina
+London,
+  homosexuality in
+
+Madagascar,
+  homosexuality in
+_Mahoos_
+Marlowe
+Marriage of inverts
+Masculine protest
+Masochism in inverted women
+Masturbation
+Maupin, Madame
+Medico-legal aspects of homosexuality
+Michel, Louise
+Michelangelo
+Mihiri
+_Mika_ operation
+Mitchell, Alice
+Molly houses
+Monkeys,
+  homosexuality among
+Moral attitude of inverts
+Moral leaders,
+  inversion in
+_Mujerados_
+Muret
+Musculature
+Music
+
+Narcissism
+Neurasthenia and inversion
+New Caledonia,
+  homosexuality in
+New Guinea,
+  homosexuality in
+New Zealand,
+  homosexuality among women in
+Normans
+Nosology and pathology
+Novels,
+  homosexual
+
+Oedipus complex
+Oligotrichosis
+Ovaries
+
+_Paiderastia_
+Partridges,
+  homosexuality in
+Pathology and nosology
+_Pedicatio_
+Persia
+Phallus,
+  use of artificial
+Physical abnormalities
+Pigeons,
+  inversion in
+Platen
+Precocity of inverts
+Prevalence of homosexuality
+Prevention of homosexuality
+Priests and inversion
+Prisons,
+  homosexuality in
+Prostitutes,
+  homosexuality among
+Prostitution,
+  male
+Pseudo-homosexuality
+Pseudo-sexual attraction
+Psycho-analysis
+Psycho-sexual hermaphroditism
+  _and see_ Bisexuality.
+Psycho-therapeutics
+
+Race and inversion
+Rats,
+  homosexuality among
+Raylan, N. de
+Red,
+  invert's preference for
+Renaissance and inversion, the
+Retarded inversion
+Rome,
+  homosexuality in ancient
+Russian law
+
+Sadism in inverted women
+Sakaltaves,
+  homosexuality among
+Sappho
+Sapphism
+Savages,
+  homosexuality among
+Schools and homosexuality
+_Schopans_
+_Seoatra_
+Secondary sexual-characters and inversion
+Seduction and inversion
+Senile homosexuality
+Sex,
+  the theory of
+Sexo-esthetic inversion
+Sexual organs
+Sexual precocity of inverts
+Shakespeare
+Society and inversion
+Sodoma
+Sodomy,
+  the term
+Soldiers,
+  homosexuality among
+Sotadic zone,
+  Burton's
+Spain,
+  homosexuality among women in
+Spurious homosexuality
+Suicide and inversion
+Suggestion as an exciting cause of inversion
+Switzerland,
+  law in
+
+Tahiti
+Tarn, Pauline
+Tasso
+Templars
+Theaters and homosexuality
+Tramps,
+  homosexuality among
+Transvestism
+Treatment of inversion
+Tribadism
+Turkey,
+  homosexuality in
+
+Udall
+Ulrichs
+Undifferentiated sex stage in youth
+United States,
+  homosexuality in
+Uranism,
+  the term
+Urning,
+  the term
+
+Vanity of inverts
+Vasectomy
+Vay, Sarolta
+Verlaine
+Vinci, L. da
+Virgil
+Vivien, Renée
+Voice in inversion
+
+War and homosexuality
+Whisky and inversion
+Whitman, Walt
+Wilde, Oscar
+William III
+William Rufus
+Winkelmann
+Women movement and homosexuality
+Working classes,
+  homosexuality in
+
+Zanzibar,
+  homosexuality in
+
+
+
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK STUDIES IN THE PSYCHOLOGY OF SEX, VOLUME 2 (OF 6) ***
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