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diff --git a/13611-h/13611-h.htm b/13611-h/13611-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..bc067d3 --- /dev/null +++ b/13611-h/13611-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,17772 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" +"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> +<head> +<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=UTF-8" /> +<meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> +<title>The Project Gutenberg eBook of Studies in the Psychology of Sex, Volume 2 (of 6), by Havelock Ellis</title> + +<style type="text/css"> + + P { margin-top: .75em; + text-align: justify; + margin-bottom: .75em; + } + p.center {text-align: center; + text-indent: 0em; + margin-top: 1em; + margin-bottom: 1em; } + H1,H2,H3,H4,H5,H6 { + text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ + } + hr {text-align: center; width: 50%;} + html>body hr {margin-right: 25%; margin-left: 25%; width: 50%;} + hr.full {width: 100%;} + html>body hr.full {margin-right: 0%; margin-left: 0%; width: 100%;} + hr.short {text-align: center; width: 20%;} + html>body hr.short {margin-right: 40%; margin-left: 40%; width: 20%;} + + BODY{margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; + } + img {border: none;} + .ctr {text-align: center;} + .linenum {position: absolute; top: auto; left: 4%;} /* poetry number */ + .note {margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 2em; margin-bottom: 1em;} /* footnote */ + .blkquot {margin-left: 4em; margin-right: 4em;} /* block indent */ + .pagenum {position: absolute; left: 92%; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;} /* page numbers */ + .sidenote {width: 20%; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em; padding-left: 1em; font-size: smaller; float: right; clear: right;} + + .poem {margin-left:10%; margin-right:10%; text-align: left;} + .poem br {display: none;} + .poem .stanza {margin: 1em 0em 1em 0em;} + .poem span {display: block; margin: 0; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;} + .poem span.i2 {display: block; margin-left: 2em;} + .poem span.i4 {display: block; margin-left: 4em;} + .poem span.i24 {display: block; margin-left: 24em;} + .poem span.i6 {display: block; margin-left: 6em;} + .poem span.i8 {display: block; margin-left: 8em;} + .poem .caesura {vertical-align: -200%;} + hr.pg { width: 100%; + height: 5px; } + +a:link {color:blue; text-decoration:none} +a:visited {color:blue; text-decoration:none} +a:hover {color:red} + + </style> +</head> +<body> +<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 13611 ***</div> + +<h1><a name='2_Page_i'></a>STUDIES<br /> +<br /> +IN THE<br /> +<br /> +PSYCHOLOGY OF SEX</h1> + +<h2>VOLUME II</h2> + +<h3>SEXUAL INVERSION</h3> + +<h3>BY</h3> + +<h2>HAVELOCK ELLIS</h2> + +<h4>THIRD EDITION, REVISED AND ENLARGED</h4> + +<h5>1927</h5> +<hr class="full" /> + +<h2><a name='2_Page_ii'></a> +<a name='2_PREFACE_TO_THE_THIRD_EDITION'></a><a name='2_Page_iii'></a>PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION.</h2> + +<p>It has been remarked by Professor Wilhelm Ostwald that the problem of +homosexuality is a problem left over to us by the Middle Ages, which for +five hundred years dealt with inverts as it dealt with heretics and +witches. To regard the matter thus is to emphasize its social and +humanitarian interest rather than its biological and psychological +significance. It is no doubt this human interest of the question of +inversion, rather than its scientific importance, great as the latter is, +which is mainly responsible for the remarkable activity with which the +study of homosexuality has been carried on during recent years.</p> + +<p>The result has been that, during the fourteen years that have passed since +the last edition of this <i>Study</i> was issued, so vast an amount of work has +been carried on in this field that the preparation of a new edition of the +book has been a long and serious task. Nearly every page has been +rewritten or enlarged and the Index of Authors consulted has more than +doubled in length. The original portions of the book have been still more +changed; sixteen new Histories have been added, selected from others in my +possession as being varied, typical, and full.</p> + +<p>These extensive additions to the volume have rendered necessary various +omissions. Many of the shorter and less instructive Histories contained in +earlier editions have been omitted, as well as three Appendices which no +longer seem of sufficient interest to retain. In order to avoid undue +increase in the size of this volume, already much larger than in the +previous editions, a new Study of Eonism, or sexo-esthetic inversion, will +be inserted in vol. v, where it will perhaps be at least as much in place +as here.</p> + +<p>HAVELOCK ELLIS.</p> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<h2><a name='2_Page_iv'></a> +<a name='2_PREFACE_TO_FIRST_EDITION'></a><a name='2_Page_v'></a>PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION.</h2> + +<p>It was not my intention to publish a study of an abnormal manifestation of +the sexual instinct before discussing its normal manifestations. It has +happened, however, that this part of my work is ready first, and, since I +thus gain a longer period to develop the central part of my subject, I do +not regret the change of plan.</p> + +<p>I had not at first proposed to devote a whole volume to sexual inversion. +It may even be that I was inclined to slur it over as an unpleasant +subject, and one that it was not wise to enlarge on. But I found in time +that several persons for whom I felt respect and admiration were the +congenital subjects of this abnormality. At the same time I realized that +in England, more than in any other country, the law and public opinion +combine to place a heavy penal burden and a severe social stigma on the +manifestations of an instinct which to those persons who possess it +frequently appears natural and normal. It was clear, therefore, that the +matter was in special need of elucidation and discussion.</p> + +<p>There can be no doubt that a peculiar amount of ignorance exists regarding +the subject of sexual inversion. I know medical men of many years' general +experience who have never, to their knowledge, come across a single case. +We may remember, indeed, that some fifteen years ago the total number of +cases recorded in scientific literature scarcely equaled those of British +race which I have obtained, and that before my first cases were published +not a single British case, unconnected with the asylum or the prison, had +ever been recorded. Probably not a very large number of people are even +aware that the turning in of the sexual instinct toward persons of the +same sex can ever be regarded as inborn, so far as any sexual instinct is +inborn. And very few, indeed, would not be surprised if it were possible +to <a name='2_Page_vi'></a>publish a list of the names of sexually inverted men and women who at +the present time are honorably known in church, state, society, art, or +letters. It could not be positively affirmed of all such persons that they +were born inverted, but in most the inverted tendency seems to be +instinctive, and appears at a somewhat early age. In any case, however, it +must be realized that in this volume we are not dealing with subjects +belonging to the lunatic asylum, or the prison. We are concerned with +individuals who live in freedom, some of them suffering intensely from +their abnormal organization, but otherwise ordinary members of society. In +a few cases we are concerned with individuals whose moral or artistic +ideals have widely influenced their fellows, who know nothing of the +peculiar organization which has largely molded those ideals.</p> + +<p>I am indebted to several friends for notes, observations, and +correspondence on this subject, more especially to one, referred to as +"Z.," and to another as "Q.," who have obtained a considerable number of +reliable histories for me, and have also supplied many valuable notes; to +"Josiah Flynt" (whose articles on tramps in <i>Atlantic Monthly</i> and +<i>Harper's Magazine</i> have attracted wide attention) for an appendix on +homosexuality among tramps; to Drs. Kiernan, Lydston, and Talbot for +assistance at various points noted in the text; and to Dr. K., an American +woman physician, who kindly assisted me in obtaining cases, and has also +supplied an appendix. Other obligations are mentioned in the text.</p> + +<p>All those portions of the book which are of medical or medico-legal +interest, including most of the cases, have appeared during the last three +years in the <i>Alienist and Neurologist</i>, the <i>Journal of Mental Science</i>, +the <i>Centralblatt für Nervenheilkunde</i>, the <i>Medico-legal Journal</i>, and +the <i>Archivo delle Psicopatie Sessuale</i>. The cases, as they appear in the +present volume, have been slightly condensed, but nothing of genuine +psychological interest has been omitted. Owing to some delay in the +publication of the English edition of the work, a German translation by my +friend, Dr. Hans Kurella, editor of the<a name='2_Page_vii'></a> <i>Centralblatt für +Nervenheilkunde</i>, has already appeared (1896) in the <i>Bibliothek für +Sozialwissenschaft</i>. The German edition contains some matter which has +finally been rejected from the English edition as of minor importance; on +the other hand, much has been added to the English edition, and the whole +carefully revised.</p> + +<p>I have only to add that if it may seem that I have unduly ignored the +cases and arguments brought forward by other writers, it is by no means +because I wish to depreciate the valuable work done by my predecessors in +this field. It is solely because I have not desired to popularize the +results previously reached, but simply to bring forward my own results. If +I had not been able to present new facts in what is perhaps a new light, I +should not feel justified in approaching the subject of sexual inversion +at all.</p> + +<p>HAVELOCK ELLIS.</p> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<h2><a name='2_Page_viii'></a> +<a name='2_CONTENTS'></a><a name='2_Page_ix'></a>CONTENTS</h2> +<h4><a href='#2_PREFACE_TO_THE_THIRD_EDITION'>PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION.</a></h4> +<h4><a href='#2_PREFACE_TO_FIRST_EDITION'>PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION.</a></h4> + +<h4><a href='#2_SEXUAL_INVERSION'>SEXUAL INVERSION.</a></h4> +<h5><a href='#2_CHAPTER_I'>CHAPTER I.—INTRODUCTION.</a></h5> +<div class='blkquot'><p>Homosexuality Among Animals—Among the Lower Human Races—The +Albanians—The Greeks—The Eskimos—The Tribes of the Northwest United +States—Homosexuality Among Soldiers in Europe—Indifference Frequently +Manifested by European Lower Classes—Sexual Inversion at +Rome—Homosexuality in Prisons—Among Men of Exceptional Intellect and +Moral Leaders—Muret—Michelangelo—Winkelmann—Homosexuality in English +History—Walt Whitman—Verlaine—Burton's Climatic Theory of +Homosexuality—The Racial Factor—The Prevalence of Homosexuality Today.</p></div> + +<h5><a href='#2_CHAPTER_II'>CHAPTER II.—THE STUDY OF SEXUAL INVERSION.</a></h5> +<div class='blkquot'><p>Westphal—Hössli—Casper—Ulrichs—Krafft-Ebing—Moll—Féré—Kiernan—Lydston—Raffalovich—Edward +Carpenter—Hirschfeld.</p></div> + +<h5><a href='#2_CHAPTER_III'>CHAPTER III.—SEXUAL INVERSION IN MEN.</a></h5> +<div class='blkquot'><p>Relatively Undifferentiated State of the Sexual Impulse in Early Life—The +Freudian View—Homosexuality in Schools—The Question of Acquired +Homosexuality—Latent Inversion—Retarded Inversion—Bisexuality—The +Question of the Invert's Truthfulness—Histories.</p></div> + +<h5><a href='#2_CHAPTER_IV'>CHAPTER IV.—SEXUAL INVERSION IN WOMEN.</a></h5> +<div class='blkquot'><p>Prevalence of Sexual Inversion Among Women—Among Women of Ability—Among +the Lower Races—Temporary Homosexuality <a name='2_Page_x'></a>in Schools, +etc.—Histories—Physical and Psychic Characteristics of Inverted +Women—The Modern Development of Homosexuality Among Women.</p></div> + +<h5><a href='#2_CHAPTER_V'>CHAPTER V.—THE NATURE OF SEXUAL INVERSION.</a></h5> +<div class='blkquot'><p>Analysis of Histories—Race—Heredity—General Health—First Appearance of +Homosexual Impulse—Sexual Precocity and Hyperesthesia—Suggestion and +Other Exciting Causes of Inversion—Masturbation—Attitude Toward +Women—Erotic Dreams—Methods of Sexual Relationship—Pseudo-sexual +Attraction—Physical Sexual Abnormalities—Artistic and Other +Aptitudes—Moral Attitude of the Invert.</p></div> + +<h5><a href='#2_CHAPTER_VI'>CHAPTER VI.—THE THEORY OF SEXUAL INVERSION.</a></h5> +<div class='blkquot'><p>What is Sexual Inversion?—Causes of Diverging Views—The Theory of +Suggestion Unworkable—Importance of the Congenital Element in +Inversion—The Freudian Theory—Embryonic Hermaphroditism as a Key to +Inversion—Inversion as a Variation or "Sport"—Comparison with +Color-blindness, Color-hearing, and Similar Abnormalities—What is an +Abnormality?—Not Necessarily a Disease—Relation of Inversion to +Degeneration—Exciting Causes of Inversion—Not Operative in the Absence +of Predisposition.</p></div> + +<h5><a href='#2_CHAPTER_VII'>CHAPTER VII.—CONCLUSIONS.</a></h5> +<div class='blkquot'><p>The Prevention of Homosexuality—The Influence of the +School—Coeducation—The Treatment of Sexual +Inversion—Castration—Hypnotism—Associational +Therapy—Psycho-analysis—Mental and Physical Hygiene—Marriage—The +Children of Inverts—The Attitude of Society—The Horror Aroused by +Homosexuality—Justinian—The <i>Code Napoléon</i>—The State of the Law in +Europe Today—Germany—England—What Should be our Attitude Toward +Homosexuality?</p></div> + +<h4><a name='2_Page_xi'></a><a href='#2_APPENDIX_A'>APPENDIX_A.</a></h4> + +<p class="center">Homosexuality Among Tramps. +</p> + +<h4><a href='#2_APPENDIX_B'>APPENDIX B.</a></h4> + +<p class="center"> +The School-friendships of Girls. +</p> + +<h4><a href='#2_INDEX_OF_AUTHORS'>INDEX OF AUTHORS.</a></h4> +<h4><a href='#2_INDEX_OF_SUBJECTS'>INDEX OF SUBJECTS.</a></h4> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<h2><a name='2_Page_xii'></a> +<a name='2_SEXUAL_INVERSION'></a><a name='2_Page_1'></a>SEXUAL INVERSION.</h2> + +<h3><a name='2_CHAPTER_I'></a>CHAPTER I.—INTRODUCTION.</h3> + +<div class='blkquot'><p>Homosexuality Among Animals—Among the Lower Human Races—The +Albanians—The Greeks—The Eskimos—The Tribes of the Northwest United +States—Homosexuality Among Soldiers in Europe—Indifference Frequently +Manifested by European Lower Classes—Sexual Inversion at +Rome—Homosexuality in Prisons—Among Men of Exceptional Intellect and +Moral Leaders—Muret—Michelangelo—Winkelmann—Homosexuality in English +History—Walt Whitman—Verlaine—Burton's Climatic Theory of +Homosexuality—The Racial Factor—The Prevalence of Homosexuality Today.</p></div> + +<p>Sexual inversion, as here understood, means sexual instinct turned by +inborn constitutional abnormality toward persons of the same sex. It is +thus a narrower term than homosexuality, which includes all sexual +attractions between persons of the same sex, even when seemingly due to +the accidental absence of the natural objects of sexual attraction, a +phenomenon of wide occurrence among all human races and among most of the +higher animals. It is only during recent years that sexual inversion has +been recognized; previously it was not distinguished from homosexuality in +general, and homosexuality was regarded as a national custom, as an +individual vice, or as an unimportant episode in grave forms of +insanity.<a name='2_FNanchor_1'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_1'><sup>[1]</sup></a> We have further to distinguish sexual inversion and all other +forms of homosexuality from another kind of inversion which usually +remains, so far as the <a name='2_Page_2'></a>sexual impulse itself is concerned, heterosexual, +that is to say, normal. Inversion of this kind leads a person to feel like +a person of the opposite sex, and to adopt, so far as possible, the +tastes, habits, and dress of the opposite sex, while the direction of the +sexual impulse remains normal. This condition I term sexo-esthetic +inversion, or Eonism.</p> + +<div class='blkquot'><p>The nomenclature of the highly important form of sexual + perversion with which we are here concerned is extremely varied, + and most investigators have been much puzzled in coming to a + conclusion as to the best, most exact, and at the same time most + colorless names to apply to it.</p> + +<p> The first in the field in modern times was Ulrichs who, as early + as 1862, used the appellation "Uranian" (Uranier), based on the + well-known myth in Plato's <i>Banquet</i>. Later he Germanized this + term into "Urning" for the male, and "Urningin" for the female, + and referred to the condition itself as "Urningtum." He also + invented a number of other related terms on the same basis; some + of these terms have had a considerable vogue, but they are too + fanciful and high-strung to secure general acceptance. If used in + other languages than German they certainly should not be used in + their Germanized shape, and it is scarcely legitimate to use the + term "Urning" in English. "Uranian" is more correct.</p> + +<p> In Germany the first term accepted by recognized scientific + authorities was "contrary sexual feeling" (Konträre + Sexualempfindung). It was devised by Westphal in 1869, and used + by Krafft-Ebing and Moll. Though thus accepted by the earliest + authorities in this field, and to be regarded as a fairly + harmless and vaguely descriptive term, it is somewhat awkward, + and is now little used in Germany; it was never currently used + outside Germany. It has been largely superseded by the term + "homosexuality." This also was devised (by a little-known + Hungarian doctor, Benkert, who used the pseudonym Kertbeny) in + the same year (1869), but at first attracted no attention. It + has, philologically, the awkward disadvantage of being a bastard + term compounded of Greek and Latin elements, but its + significance—sexual attraction to the same sex—is fairly clear + and definite, while it is free from any question-begging + association of either favorable or unfavorable character. (Edward + Carpenter has proposed to remedy its bastardly linguistic + character by transforming it into "homogenic;" this, however, + might mean not only "toward the same sex," but "of the same + kind," and in German already possesses actually that meaning.) + The term "homosexual" has the further advantage that on account + of its classical origin it is easily translatable into many + languages. It <a name='2_Page_3'></a>is now the most widespread general term for the + phenomena we are dealing with, and it has been used by + Hirschfeld, now the chief authority in this field, as the title + of his encyclopedic work, <i>Die Homosexualität</i>.</p> + +<p> "Sexual Inversion" (in French "inversion sexuelle," and in + Italian "inversione sessuale") is the term which has from the + first been chiefly used in France and Italy, ever since Charcot + and Magnan, in 1882, published their cases of this anomaly in the + <i>Archives de Neurologie</i>. It had already been employed in Italy + by Tamassia in the <i>Revista Sperimentale di Freniatria</i>, in 1878. + I have not discovered when and where the term "sexual inversion" + was first used. Possibly it first appeared in English, for long + before the paper of Charcot and Magnan I have noticed, in an + anonymous review of Westphal's first paper in the <i>Journal of + Mental Science</i> (then edited by Dr. Maudsley) for October, 1871, + that "Conträre Sexualempfindung" is translated as "inverted + sexual proclivity." So far as I am aware, "sexual inversion" was + first used in English, as the best term, by J. A. Symonds in 1883, + in his privately printed essay, <i>A Problem in Greek Ethics</i>. + Later, in 1897, the same term was adopted, I believe for the + first time publicly in English, in the present work.</p> + +<p> It is unnecessary to refer to the numerous other names which have + been proposed. (A discussion of the nomenclature will be found in + the first chapter of Hirschfeld's work, <i>Die Homosexualität</i>, and + of some special terms in an article by Schouten, + <i>Sexual-Probleme</i>, December, 1912.) It may suffice to mention the + ancient theological and legal term "sodomy" (sodomia) because it + is still the most popular term for this perversion, though, it + must be remembered, it has become attached to the physical act of + intercourse <i>per anum</i>, even when carried out heterosexually, and + has little reference to psychic sexual proclivity. This term has + its origin in the story (narrated in Genesis, ch. xix) of Lot's + visitors whom the men of Sodom desired to have intercourse with, + and of the subsequent destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah. This + story furnishes a sufficiently good ground for the use of the + term, though the Jews do not regard sodomy as the sin of Sodom, + but rather inhospitality and hardness of heart to the poor (J. + Preuss, <i>Biblisch-Talmudische Medizin</i>, pp. 579-81), and + Christian theologians also, both Catholic and Protestant (see, + <i>e.g.</i>, <i>Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen</i>, vol. iv, p. 199, + and Hirschfeld, <i>Homosexualität</i>, p. 742), have argued that it + was not homosexuality, but their other offenses, which provoked + the destruction of the Cities of the Plain. In Germany "sodomy" + has long been used to denote bestiality, or sexual intercourse + with animals, but this use of the term is quite unjustified. In + English there is another term, "buggery," identical in meaning + with sodomy, and equally <a name='2_Page_4'></a>familiar. "Bugger" (in French, + <i>bougre</i>) is a corruption of "Bulgar," the ancient Bulgarian + heretics having been popularly supposed to practise this + perversion. The people of every country have always been eager to + associate sexual perversions with some other country than their + own.</p> + +<p> The terms usually adopted in the present volume are "sexual + inversion" and "homosexuality." The first is used more especially + to indicate that the sexual impulse is organically and innately + turned toward individuals of the same sex. The second is used + more comprehensively of the general phenomena of sexual + attraction between persons of the same sex, even if only of a + slight and temporary character. It may be admitted that there is + no precise warrant for any distinction of this kind between the + two terms. The distinction in the phenomena is, however, still + generally recognized; thus Iwan Bloch applies the term + "homosexuality" to the congenital form, and + "pseudo-homosexuality" to its spurious or simulated forms. Those + persons who are attracted to both sexes are now usually termed + "bisexual," a more convenient term than "psycho-sexual + hermaphrodite," which was formerly used. There remains the normal + person, who is "heterosexual." </p></div> + +<p>Before approaching the study of sexual inversion in cases which we may +investigate with some degree of scientific accuracy, there is interest in +glancing briefly at the phenomena as they appear before us, as yet +scarcely or at all differentiated, among animals, among various human +races, and at various periods.</p> + +<p>Among animals in a domesticated or confined state it is easy to find +evidence of homosexual attraction, due merely to the absence of the other +sex.<a name='2_FNanchor_2'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_2'><sup>[2]</sup></a> This was known to the ancients; the Egyptians regarded two male +partridges as the symbol of homosexuality, and Aristotle noted that two +female pigeons would cover each other if no male was at hand. Buffon +observed many examples, especially among birds. He found that, if male or +female birds of various species—such as partridges, fowls, and +doves—were shut up together, they would soon begin to have sexual +relations among themselves, the males sooner and more <a name='2_Page_5'></a>frequently than the +females. More recently Sainte-Claire Deville observed that dogs, rams, and +bulls, when isolated, first became restless and dangerous, and then +acquired a permanent state of sexual excitement, not obeying the laws of +heat, and leading them to attempts to couple together; the presence of the +opposite sex at once restored them to normal conditions.<a name='2_FNanchor_3'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_3'><sup>[3]</sup></a> Bombarda of +Lisbon states that in Portugal it is well known that in every herd of +bulls there is nearly always one bull who is ready to lend himself to the +perverted whims of his companions.<a name='2_FNanchor_4'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_4'><sup>[4]</sup></a> It may easily be observed how a cow +in heat exerts an exciting influence on other cows, impelling them to +attempt to play the bull's part. Lacassagne has also noted among young +fowls and puppies, etc., that, before ever having had relations with the +opposite sex, and while in complete liberty, they make hesitating attempts +at intercourse with their own sex.<a name='2_FNanchor_5'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_5'><sup>[5]</sup></a> This, indeed, together with similar +perversions, may often be observed, especially in puppies, who afterward +become perfectly normal. Among white rats, which are very sexual animals, +Steinach found that, when deprived of females, the males practise +homosexuality, though only with males with whom they have long associated; +the weaker rats play the passive part. But when a female is introduced +they immediately turn to her; although they are occasionally altogether +indifferent to sex, they never actually prefer their own sex.<a name='2_FNanchor_6'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_6'><sup>[6]</sup></a></p> + +<p>With regard to the playing of the female part by the weaker rats it is +interesting to observe that Féré found among insects that the passive part +in homosexual relations is favored by fatigue; among cockchafers it was +the male just separated from <a name='2_Page_6'></a>the female who would take the passive part +(on the rare occasions when homosexual relations occurred) with a fresh +male.<a name='2_FNanchor_7'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_7'><sup>[7]</sup></a></p> + +<p>Homosexuality appears to be specially common among birds. It was among +birds that it attracted the attention of the ancients, and numerous +interesting observations have been made in more recent times. Thus Selous, +a careful bird-watcher, finds that the ruff, the male of the <i>Machetes +pugnax</i>, suffers from sexual repression owing to the coyness of the female +(the reeve), and consequently the males often resort to homosexual +intercourse. It is still more remarkable that the reeves also, even in the +presence of the males, will court each other and have intercourse.<a name='2_FNanchor_8'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_8'><sup>[8]</sup></a> We +may associate this with the high erotic development of birds, the +difficulty with which tumescence seems to occur in them, and their long +courtships.</p> + +<p>Among the higher animals, again, female monkeys, even when grown up (as +Moll was informed), behave in a sexual way to each other, though it is +difficult to say how far this is merely in play. Dr. Seitz, Director of +the Frankfurt Zoölogical Garden, gave Moll a record of his own careful +observations of homosexual phenomena among the males and females of +various animals confined in the Garden (<i>Antelope cervicapra, Bos Indicus, +Capra hircus, Ovis steatopyga</i>).<a name='2_FNanchor_9'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_9'><sup>[9]</sup></a> In all such cases we are not concerned +with sexual inversion, but merely with the accidental turning of the +sexual instinct into an abnormal channel, the instinct being <a name='2_Page_7'></a>called out +by an approximate substitute, or even by diffused emotional excitement, in +the absence of the normal object.</p> + +<p>It is probable, however, that cases of true sexual inversion—in which +gratification is preferably sought in the same sex—may be found among +animals, although observations have rarely been made or recorded. It has +been found by Muccioli, an Italian authority on pigeons, that among +Belgian carrier-pigeons inverted practices may occur, even in the presence +of many of the other sex.<a name='2_FNanchor_10'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_10'><sup>[10]</sup></a> This seems to be true inversion, though we +are not told whether these birds were also attracted toward the opposite +sex. The birds of this family appear to be specially liable to sexual +perversion. Thus M. J. Bailly-Maitre, a breeder of great knowledge and a +keen observer, wrote to Girard that "they are strange creatures in their +manners and customs and are apt to elude the most persistent observer. No +animal is more depraved. Mating between males, and still more frequently +between females, often occurs at an early age: up to the second year. I +have had several pairs of pigeons formed by subjects of the same sex who +for many months behaved as if the mating were natural. In some cases this +had taken place among young birds of the same nest, who acted like real +mates, though both subjects were males. In order to mate them productively +we have had to separate them and shut each of them up for some days with a +female."<a name='2_FNanchor_11'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_11'><sup>[11]</sup></a> In the Berlin Zoölogical Gardens also, it has been noticed +that two birds of the same sex will occasionally become attached to each +other and remain so in spite of repeated advances from individuals of +opposite sex. This occurred, for instance, in the case of two males of the +Egyptian goose who were thus to all appearance paired, and always kept +together, vigorously driving away any female that approached. Similarly a +male Australian sheldrake was paired to a male of another species.<a name='2_FNanchor_12'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_12'><sup>[12]</sup></a></p> + +<p>Among birds generally, inverted sexuality seems to accompany <a name='2_Page_8'></a>the +development of the secondary sexual characters of the opposite sex which +is sometimes found. Thus, a poultry-breeder describes a hen (colored +Dorking) crowing like a cock, only somewhat more harshly, as a cockerel +crows, and with an enormous comb, larger than is ever seen in the male. +This bird used to try to tread her fellow-hens. At the same time she laid +early and regularly, and produced "grand chickens."<a name='2_FNanchor_13'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_13'><sup>[13]</sup></a> Among ducks, also, +it has occasionally been observed that the female assumes at the same time +both male livery and male sexual tendencies. It is probable that such +observations will be multiplied in the future, and that sexual inversion +in the true sense will be found commoner among animals than at present it +appears to be.</p> + +<p>Traces of homosexual practices, sometimes on a large scale, have been +found among all the great divisions of the human race. It would be +possible to collect a considerable body of evidence under this head.<a name='2_FNanchor_14'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_14'><sup>[14]</sup></a> +Unfortunately, however, the travellers and others on whose records we are +dependent have been so shy of touching these subjects, and so ignorant of +the main points for investigation, that it is very difficult to discover +sexual inversion in the proper sense in any lower race. Travellers have +spoken vaguely of crimes against nature without defining the precise +relationship involved nor inquiring how far any congenital impulse could +be distinguished.</p> + +<p>Looking at the phenomena generally, so far as they have been recorded +among various lower races, we seem bound to recognize that there is a +widespread natural instinct impelling men toward homosexual relationships, +and that this has been sometimes, though very exceptionally, seized upon +and developed for advantageous social purposes. On the whole, however, +unnatural intercourse (sodomy) has been regarded as an antisocial offense, +and punishable sometimes by the most serious penalties that could be +invented. This was, for instance, the case in <a name='2_Page_9'></a>ancient Mexico, in Peru, +among the Persians, in China, and among the Hebrews and Mohammedans.</p> + +<p>Even in very early history it is possible to find traces of homosexuality, +with or without an implied disapproval. Its existence in Assyria and +Babylonia is indicated by the Codex Hamurabi and by inscriptions which do +not on the whole refer to it favorably.<a name='2_FNanchor_15'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_15'><sup>[15]</sup></a> As regards Egypt we learn from +a Fayum papyrus, found by Flinders Petrie, translated by Griffiths, and +discussed by Oefele,<a name='2_FNanchor_16'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_16'><sup>[16]</sup></a> that more than four thousand years ago homosexual +practices were so ancient that they were attributed to the gods Horus and +Set. The Egyptians showed great admiration of masculine beauty, and it +would seem that they never regarded homosexuality as punishable or even +reprehensible. It is notable, also, that Egyptian women were sometimes of +very virile type, and Hirschfeld considers that intermediate sexual types +were specially widespread among the Egyptians.<a name='2_FNanchor_17'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_17'><sup>[17]</sup></a></p> + +<p>One might be tempted to expect that homosexual practices would be +encouraged whenever it was necessary to keep down the population. +Aristotle says that it was allowed by law in Crete for this end. And +Professor Haddon tells me that at Torres Straits a native advocated sodomy +on this ground.<a name='2_FNanchor_18'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_18'><sup>[18]</sup></a> There seems, however, on the whole, to be little +evidence pointing to this utilization of the practice. The homosexual +tendency appears to have flourished chiefly among warriors and warlike +peoples. During war and the separation from women that war involves, the +homosexual instinct tends to develop; it flourished, for instance, among +the Carthaginians and among the Normans, as well as among the warlike +Dorians, Scythians, Tartars, and Celts,<a name='2_FNanchor_19'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_19'><sup>[19]</sup></a> and, when there has been an +absence of any strong moral <a name='2_Page_10'></a>feeling against it, the instinct has been +cultivated and, idealized as a military virtue, partly because it +counteracts the longing for the softening feminine influences of the home +and partly because it seems to have an inspiring influence in promoting +heroism and heightening <i>esprit de corps</i>. In the lament of David over +Jonathan we have a picture of intimate friendship—"passing the love of +women"—between comrades in arms among a barbarous, warlike race. There is +nothing to show that such a relationship was sexual, but among warriors in +New Caledonia friendships that were undoubtedly homosexual were recognized +and regulated; the fraternity of arms, according to Foley,<a name='2_FNanchor_20'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_20'><sup>[20]</sup></a> complicated +with pederasty, was more sacred than uterine fraternity. We have, +moreover, a recent example of the same relationships recognized in a +modern European race—the Albanians.</p> + +<div class='blkquot'><p>Hahn, in the course of his <i>Albanische Studien</i> (1854, p. 166), + says that the young men between 16 and 24 lore boys from about 12 + to 17. A Gege marries at the age of 24 or 25, and then he + usually, but not always, gives up boy-love. The following passage + is reported by Hahn as the actual language used to him by an + Albanian Gege: "The lover's feeling for the boy is pure as + sunshine. It places the beloved on the same pedestal as a saint. + It is the highest and most exalted passion of which the human + breast is capable. The sight of a beautiful youth awakens + astonishment in the lover, and opens the door of his heart to the + delight which the contemplation of this loveliness affords. Love + takes possession of him so completely that all his thought and + feeling goes out in it. If he finds himself in the presence of + the beloved, he rests absorbed in gazing on him. Absent, he + thinks of nought but him. If the beloved unexpectedly appears, he + falls into confusion, changes color, turns alternately pale and + red. His heart beats faster and impedes his breathing. He has + ears and eyes only for the beloved. He shuns touching him with + the hand, kisses him only on the forehead, sings his praise in + verse, a woman's never." One of these love-poems of an Albanian + Gege runs as follows: "The sun, when it rises in the morning, is + like you, boy, when you are near me. When your dark eye turns + upon me, it drives my reason from my head."</p> + +<p> It should be added that Prof. Weigand, who knew the Albanians + well, assured Bethe (<i>Rheinisches Museum für Philologie</i>, 1907, + p. 475) that the relations described by Hahn are really sexual, + although tempered <a name='2_Page_11'></a>by idealism. A German scholar who travelled in + Albania some years ago, also, assured Näcke (<i>Jahrbuch für + sexuelle Zwischenstufen</i>, vol. ix, 1908, p. 327) that he could + fully confirm Hahn's statements, and that, though it was + difficult to speak positively, he doubted whether these + relationships were purely ideal. While most prevalent among the + Moslems, they are also found among the Christians, and receive + the blessing of the priest in church. Jealousy is frequently + aroused, the same writer remarks, and even murder may be + committed on account of a boy.</p> + +<p> It may be mentioned here that among the Tschuktsches, + Kamschatdals, and allied peoples (according to a Russian + anthropological journal quoted in <i>Sexual-Probleme</i>, January, + 1913, p. 41) there are homosexual marriages among the men, and + occasionally among the women, ritually consecrated and openly + recognized. </p></div> + +<p>The Albanians, it is possible, belonged to the same stock which produced +the Dorian Greeks, and the most important and the most thoroughly known +case of socially recognized homosexuality is that of Greece during its +period of highest military as well as ethical and intellectual vigor. In +this case, as in those already mentioned, the homosexual tendency was +frequently regarded as having beneficial results, which caused it to be +condoned, if not, indeed, fostered as a virtue. Plutarch repeated the old +Greek statement that the Beotians, the Lacedemonians, and the Cretans were +the most warlike stocks because they were the strongest in love; an army +composed of loving homosexual couples, it was held, would be invincible. +It appears that the Dorians introduced <i>paiderastia</i>, as the Greek form of +homosexuality is termed, into Greece; they were the latest invaders, a +vigorous mountain race from the northwest (the region including what is +now Albania) who spread over the whole land, the islands, and Asia Minor, +becoming the ruling race. Homosexuality was, of course, known before they +came, but they made it honorable. Homer never mentions it, and it was not +known as legitimate to the Æolians or the Ionians. Bethe, who has written +a valuable study of Dorian <i>paiderastia</i>, states that the Dorians admitted +a kind of homosexual marriage, and even had a kind of boy-marriage by +capture, the scattered vestiges of this practice indicating, Bethe +believes, that it was a general custom <a name='2_Page_12'></a>among the Dorians before the +invasion of Greece. Such unions even received a kind of religions +consecration. It was, moreover, shameful for a noble youth in Crete to +have no lover; it spoke ill for his character. By <i>paiderastia</i> a man +propagated his virtues, as it were, in the youth he loved, implanting them +by the act of intercourse.</p> + +<p>In its later Greek phases <i>paiderastia</i> was associated less with war than +with athletics; it was refined and intellectualized by poetry and +philosophy. It cannot be doubted that both Æschylus and Sophocles +cultivated boy-love, while its idealized presentation in the dialogues of +Plato has caused it to be almost identified with his name; thus in the +early <i>Charmides</i> we have an attractive account of the youth who gives his +name to the dialogue and the emotions he excites are described. But even +in the early dialogues Plato only conditionally approved of the sexual +side of <i>paiderastia</i> and he condemned it altogether in the final +<i>Laws</i>.<a name='2_FNanchor_21'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_21'><sup>[21]</sup></a></p> + +<div class='blkquot'><p>The early stages of Greek <i>paiderastia</i> are very interestingly + studied by Bethe, "Die Dorische Knabenliebe," <i>Rheinisches Museum + für Philologie</i>, 1907. J. A. Symonds's essay on the later aspects + of <i>paiderastia</i>, especially as reflected in Greek literature, <i>A + Problem in Greek Ethics</i>, is contained in the early German + edition of the present study, but (though privately printed in + 1883 by the author in an edition of twelve copies and since + pirated in another private edition) it has not yet been published + in English. <i>Paiderastia</i> in Greek poetry has also been studied + by Paul Brandt, <i>Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen</i>, vols. + viii and ix (1906 and 1907), and by Otto Knapp + (<i>Anthropophyteia</i>, vol. iii, pp. 254-260) who seeks to + demonstrate the sensual side of <i>paiderastia</i>. On the other hand, + Licht, working on somewhat the same lines as Bethe (<i>Zeitschrift + für Sexualwissenschaft</i>, August, 1908), deals with the ethical + element in <i>paiderastia</i>, points out its beneficial moral + influence, and argues that it was largely on this ground that it + was counted sacred. Licht has also published a learned study of + <i>paiderastia</i> in Attic comedy (<i>Anthropophyteia</i>, vol. vii, + 1910), and remarks that "without <i>paiderastia</i> Greek comedy is + unthinkable." <i>Paiderastia</i> in the Greek anthology has been fully + explored by P. Stephanus (<i>Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen</i>, + vol. ix, 1908, p. 213). Kiefer, who has studied<a name='2_Page_13'></a> Socrates in + relation to homosexuality (O. Kiefer, "Socrates und die + Homosexualität," <i>Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen</i>, vol. ix, + 1908), concludes that he was bisexual but that his sexual + impulses had been sublimated. It may be added that many results + of recent investigation concerning <i>paiderastia</i> are summarized + by Hirschfeld, <i>Die Homosexualität</i>, pp. 747-788, and by Edward + Carpenter, <i>Intermediate Types Among Primitive Folk</i>, 1914, part + ii; see also Bloch, <i>Die Prostitution</i>, vol. i, p. 232 <i>et seq.</i>, + and <i>Der Ursprung der Syphilis</i>, vol. ii, p. 564. </p></div> + +<p>It would appear that almost the only indications outside Greece of +<i>paiderastic</i> homosexuality showing a high degree of tenderness and +esthetic feeling are to be found in Persian and Arabian literature, after +the time of the Abbasids, although this practice was forbidden by the +Koran.<a name='2_FNanchor_22'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_22'><sup>[22]</sup></a></p> + +<p>In Constantinople, as Näcke was informed by German inverts living in that +city, homosexuality is widespread, most cultivated Turks being capable of +relations with boys as well as with women, though very few are exclusively +homosexual, so that their attitude would seem to be largely due to custom +and tradition. Adult males rarely have homosexual relations together; one +of the couple is usually a boy of 12 to 18 years, and this condition of +things among the refined classes is said to resemble ancient Greek +<i>paiderastia</i>. But ordinary homosexual prostitution is prevalent; it is +especially recognized in the baths which abound in Constantinople and are +often open all night. The attendants at these baths are youths who +scarcely need an invitation to induce them to gratify the client in this +respect, the gratification usually consisting in masturbation, mutual or +one-sided, as desired. The practice, though little spoken of, is carried +on almost openly, and blackmailing is said to be unknown.<a name='2_FNanchor_23'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_23'><sup>[23]</sup></a> In the New +Turkey, however, it is stated by Adler Bey that homosexual prostitution +has almost disappeared.<a name='2_FNanchor_24'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_24'><sup>[24]</sup></a></p> + +<p>There is abundant evidence to show that homosexual practices <a name='2_Page_14'></a>exist and +have long existed in most parts of the world outside Europe, when +subserving no obvious social or moral end. How far they are associated +with congenital inversion is usually very doubtful. In China, for +instance, it seems that there are special houses devoted to male +prostitution, though less numerous than the houses devoted to females, for +homosexuality cannot be considered common in China (its prevalence among +Chinese abroad being due to the absence of women) and it is chiefly found +in the north.<a name='2_FNanchor_25'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_25'><sup>[25]</sup></a> When a rich man gives a feast he sends for women to +cheer the repast by music and song, and for boys to serve at table and to +entertain the guests by their lively conversation. The boys have been +carefully brought up for this occupation, receiving an excellent +education, and their mental qualities are even more highly valued than +their physical attractiveness. The women are less carefully brought up and +less esteemed. After the meal the lads usually return home with a +considerable fee. What further occurs the Chinese say little about. It +seems that real and deep affection is often born of these relations, at +first platonic, but in the end becoming physical, not a matter for great +concern in the eyes of the Chinese. In the Chinese novels, often of a very +literary character, devoted to masculine love, it seems that all the +preliminaries and transports of normal love are to be found, while +physical union may terminate the scene. In China, however, the law may be +brought into action for attempts against nature even with mutual consent; +the penalty is one hundred strokes with the bamboo and a month's +imprisonment; if there is violence, the penalty is decapitation; I am not +able to say how far the law is a dead letter. According to Matignon, so +far as homosexuality exists in China, it is carried <a name='2_Page_15'></a>on with much more +decorum and restraint than it is in Europe, and he thinks it may be put +down to the credit of the Chinese that, unlike Europeans, they never +practice unnatural connection with women. His account of the customs of +the Chinese confirms Morache's earlier account, and he remarks that, +though not much spoken of, homosexuality is not looked down upon. He gives +some interesting details concerning the boy prostitutes. These are sold by +their parents (sometimes stolen from them), about the age of 4, and +educated, while they are also subjected to a special physical training, +which includes massage of the gluteal regions to favor development, +dilatation of the anus, and epilation (which is not, however, practised by +Chinese women). At the same time, they are taught music, singing, drawing, +and the art of poetry. The waiters at the restaurants always know where +these young gentlemen are to be found when they are required to grace a +rich man's feast. They are generally accompanied by a guardian, and +usually nothing very serious takes place, for they know their value, and +money will not always buy their expensive favors. They are very +effeminate, luxuriously dressed and perfumed, and they seldom go on foot. +There are, however, lower orders of such prostitutes.<a name='2_FNanchor_26'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_26'><sup>[26]</sup></a></p> + +<p>Homosexuality is easily traceable in India. Dubois referred to houses +devoted to male prostitution, with men dressed as women, and imitating the +ways of women.<a name='2_FNanchor_27'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_27'><sup>[27]</sup></a> Burton in the "Terminal Essay" to his translation of +the <i>Arabian Nights</i>, states that when in 1845 Sir Charles Napier +conquered and annexed Sind three brothels of eunuchs and boys were found +in the small town of Karachi, and Burton was instructed to visit and +report on them. Hindus, in general, however, it appears, hold +<a name='2_Page_16'></a>homosexuality in abhorrence. In Afghanistan homosexuality is more +generally accepted, and Burton stated that "each caravan is accompanied by +a number of boys and lads almost in woman's attire, with kohled eyes and +rouged cheeks, long tresses and hennaed fingers and toes, riding +luxuriously in camel paniers."</p> + +<p>If we turn to the New World, we find that among the American Indians, from +the Eskimo of Alaska downward to Brazil and still farther south, +homosexual customs have been very frequently observed. Sometimes they are +regarded by the tribe with honor, sometimes with indifference, sometimes +with contempt; but they appear to be always tolerated. Although there are +local differences, these customs, on the whole, seem to have much in +common. The best early description which I have been able to find is by +Langsdorff<a name='2_FNanchor_28'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_28'><sup>[28]</sup></a> and concerns the Aleuts of Oonalashka in Alaska: "Boys, if +they happen to be very handsome," he says, "are often brought up entirely +in the manner of girls, and instructed in the arts women use to please +men; their beards are carefully plucked out as soon as they begin to +appear, and their chins tattooed like those of women; they wear ornaments +of glass beads upon their legs and arms, bind and cut their hair in the +same manner as the women, and supply their place with the men as +concubines. This shocking, unnatural, and immoral practice has obtained +here even from the remotest times; nor have any measures hitherto been +taken to repress and restrain it; such men are known under the name of +<i>schopans</i>."</p> + +<p>Among the Konyagas Langsdorff found the custom much more common than among +the Aleuts; he remarks that, although the mothers brought up some of their +children in this way, they seemed very fond of their offspring. Lisiansky, +at about the same period, tells us that: "Of all the customs of these +islanders, the most disgusting is that of men, called <i>schoopans</i>, living +with men, and supplying the place of women. These are brought up from +their infancy with females, and taught all the feminine arts. They even +assume the manner and dress of the <a name='2_Page_17'></a>women so nearly that a stranger would +naturally take them for what they are not. This odious practice was +formerly so prevalent that the residence of one of these monsters in a +house was considered as fortunate; it is, however, daily losing +ground."<a name='2_FNanchor_29'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_29'><sup>[29]</sup></a> He mentions a case in which a priest had nearly married two +males, when an interpreter chanced to come in and was able to inform him +what he was doing.</p> + +<p>The practice has, however, apparently continued to be fairly common among +the Alaska Eskimos down to recent times. Thus Dr. Engelmann mentioned to +me that he was informed by those who had lived in Alaska, especially near +Point Barrow, that as many as 5 such individuals (regarded by uninstructed +strangers as "hermaphrodites") might be found in a single comparatively +small community. It is stated by Davydoff, as quoted by Holmberg,<a name='2_FNanchor_30'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_30'><sup>[30]</sup></a> that +the boy is selected to be a <i>schopan</i> because he is girl-like. This is a +point of some interest as it indicates that the schopan is not effeminated +solely by suggestion and association, but is probably feminine by inborn +constitution.</p> + +<p>In Louisiana, Florida, Yucatan, etc., somewhat similar customs exist or +have existed. In Brazil men are to be found dressed as women and solely +occupying themselves with feminine occupations; they are not very highly +regarded.<a name='2_FNanchor_31'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_31'><sup>[31]</sup></a> They are called <i>cudinas</i>: <i>i.e.</i>, circumcized. Among the +Pueblo Indians of New Mexico these individuals are called <i>mujerados</i> +(supposed to be a corruption of <i>mujeriego</i>) and are the chief passive +agents in the homosexual ceremonies of these people. They are said to be +intentionally effeminated in early life by much masturbation and by +constant horse-riding.<a name='2_FNanchor_32'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_32'><sup>[32]</sup></a></p> + +<p>Among all the tribes of the northwest United States sexual inverts may be +found. The invert is called a <i>boté</i> ("not man, not woman") by the +Montana, and a <i>burdash</i> ("half-man, half-woman")<a name='2_Page_18'></a> by the Washington +Indians. The <i>boté</i> has been carefully studied by Dr. A. B. Holder.<a name='2_FNanchor_33'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_33'><sup>[33]</sup></a> +Holder finds that the <i>boté</i> wears woman's dress, and that his speech and +manners are feminine. The dress and manners are assumed in childhood, but +no sexual practices take place until puberty. These consist in the +practice of <i>fellatio</i> by the <i>boté</i>, who probably himself experiences the +orgasm at the same time. The <i>boté</i> is not a pederast, although pederasty +occurs among these Indians. Holder examined <i>boté</i> who was splendidly +made, prepossessing, and in perfect health. With much reluctance he agreed +to a careful examination. The sexual organs were quite normal, though +perhaps not quite so large as his <i>physique</i> would suggest, but he had +never had intercourse with a woman. On removing his clothes he pressed his +thighs together, as a timid woman would, so as to conceal completely the +sexual organs; Holder says that the thighs "really, or to my fancy," had +the feminine rotundity. He has heard a <i>boté</i> "<i>beg</i> a male Indian to +submit to his caress," and he tells that "one little fellow, while in the +agency boarding-school, was found frequently surreptitiously wearing +female attire. He was punished, but finally escaped from school and became +a <i>boté</i>, which vocation he has since followed."</p> + +<p>At Tahiti at the beginning of the nineteenth century, Turnbull<a name='2_FNanchor_34'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_34'><sup>[34]</sup></a> found +that "there are a set of men in this country whose open profession is of +such abomination that the laudable delicacy of our language will not admit +it to be mentioned. These are called by the natives <i>Mahoos</i>; they assume +the dress, attitude, and manners of women, and affect all the fantastic +oddities and coquetries of the vainest of females. They mostly associate +with the women, who court their acquaintance. With the manners of the +women they adopt their peculiar employments, making cloth, bonnets, and +mats; and so completely are they unsexed that had they not been pointed +out to me I should not have known them but as women. I add, with some +satisfaction, that <a name='2_Page_19'></a>the encouragement of this abomination is almost solely +confined to the chiefs."</p> + +<p>Among the Sakalaves of Madagascar there are certain boys called <i>sekatra</i>, +as described by Lasnet, who are apparently chosen from childhood on +account of weak or delicate appearance and brought up as girls. They live +like women and have intercourse with men, with or without sodomy, paying +the men who please them.<a name='2_FNanchor_35'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_35'><sup>[35]</sup></a></p> + +<p>Among the negro population of Zanzibar forms of homosexuality which are +believed to be congenital (as well as acquired forms) are said to be +fairly common. Their frequency is thought to be due to Arab influence. The +male congenital inverts show from their earliest years no aptitude for +men's occupations, but are attracted toward female occupations. As they +grow older they wear women's clothes, dress their hair in women's fashion, +and behave altogether like women. They associate only with women and with +male prostitutes, and they obtain sexual satisfaction by passive pederasty +or in ways simulating coitus. In appearance they resemble ordinary male +prostitutes, who are common in Zanzibar, but it is noteworthy that the +natives make a clear distinction between them and men prostitutes. The +latter are looked down on with contempt, while the former, as being what +they are "by the will of God," are tolerated.<a name='2_FNanchor_36'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_36'><sup>[36]</sup></a></p> + +<p>Homosexuality; occurs in various parts of Africa. Cases of <i>effeminatio</i> +and passive sodomy have been reported from Unyamwezi and Uganda. Among the +Bangala of the Upper Congo sodomy between men is very common, especially +when they are away from home, in strange towns, or in fishing camps. If, +however, a man had intercourse with a woman <i>per anum</i> he was at one time +liable to be put to death.<a name='2_FNanchor_37'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_37'><sup>[37]</sup></a> <a name='2_Page_20'></a></p> + +<p>Among the Papuans in some parts of New Guinea, as already mentioned, +homosexuality is said to be well recognized, and is resorted to for +convenience as well, perhaps, as for Malthusian reasons.<a name='2_FNanchor_38'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_38'><sup>[38]</sup></a> But in the +Rigo district of British New Guinea, where habitual sodomy is not +practised, Dr. Seligmann, of the Cambridge Anthropological Expedition to +Torres Straits, made some highly important observations on several men and +women who clearly appeared to be cases of congenital sexual inversion with +some degree of esthetic inversion and even some anatomical +modification.<a name='2_FNanchor_39'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_39'><sup>[39]</sup></a> These people, it may be noted, belong to a primitive +race, uncontaminated by contact with white races, and practically still in +the Stone Age.</p> + +<p>Finally, among another allied primitive people, the Australians, it would +appear that homosexuality has long been well established in tribal +customs. Among the natives of Kimberley, Western Australia (who are by no +means of low type, quick and intelligent, with special aptitudes for +learning languages and music), if a wife is not obtainable for a young man +he is presented with a boy-wife between the ages of 5 and 10 (the age when +a boy receives his masculine initiation). The exact nature of the +relations between the boy-wife and his protector are doubtful; they +certainly have connection, but the natives repudiate with horror and +disgust the idea of sodomy.<a name='2_FNanchor_40'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_40'><sup>[40]</sup></a> <a name='2_Page_21'></a></p> + +<p>Further light is thrown on homosexuality in Australia by the supposition +of Spencer and Gillen that the <i>mika</i> operation (urethral subincision), an +artificial hypospadias, is for the purpose of homosexual intercourse. +Klaatsch has discussed the homosexual origin of the <i>mika</i> operation on +the basis of information he received from missionaries at Niol-Niol, on +the northwest coast. The subincised man acts as a female to the as yet +unoperated boys, who perform coitus in the incised opening. Both informed +Klaatsch in 1906 that at Boulia in Queensland the operated men are said to +"possess a vulva."<a name='2_FNanchor_41'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_41'><sup>[41]</sup></a></p> + +<p>These various accounts are of considerable interest, though for the most +part their precise significance remains doubtful. Some of them, +however,—such as Holder's description of the <i>boté</i>, Baumann's account of +homosexual phenomena in Zanzibar, and especially Seligmann's observations +in British New Guinea,—indicate not only the presence of esthetic +inversion but of true congenital sexual inversion. The extent of the +evidence will doubtless be greatly enlarged as the number of competent +observers increases, and crucial points are no longer so frequently +overlooked.</p> + +<p>On the whole, the evidence shows that among lower races homosexual +practices are regarded with considerable indifference, and the real +invert, if he exists among them, as doubtless he does exist, generally +passes unperceived or joins some sacred caste which sanctifies his +exclusively homosexual inclinations.</p> + +<p>Even in Europe today a considerable lack of repugnance to homosexual +practices may be found among the lower classes. In this matter, as +folklore shows in so many other matters, the uncultured man of +civilization is linked to the savage. In England, I am told, the soldier +often has little or no objection to prostitute himself to the "swell" who +pays him, although for pleasure he prefers to go to women; and Hyde Park +is spoken of as a center of male prostitution.<a name='2_Page_22'></a></p> + +<div class='blkquot'><p>"Among the working masses of England and Scotland," Q. writes, + "'comradeship' is well marked, though not (as in Italy) very + conscious of itself. Friends often kiss each other, though this + habit seems to vary a good deal in different sections and + coteries. Men commonly sleep together, whether comrades or not, + and so easily get familiar. Occasionally, but not so very often, + this relation delays for a time, or even indefinitely, actual + marriage, and in some instances is highly passionate and + romantic. There is a good deal of grossness, no doubt, here and + there in this direction among the masses; but there are no male + prostitutes (that I am aware of) whose regular clients are manual + workers. This kind of prostitution in London is common enough, + but I have only a slight personal knowledge of it. Many youths + are 'kept' handsomely in apartments by wealthy men, and they are, + of course, not always inaccessible to others. Many keep + themselves in lodgings by this means, and others eke out scanty + wages by the same device: just like women, in fact. Choirboys + reinforce the ranks to a considerable extent, and private + soldiers to a large extent. Some of the barracks (notably + Knightsbridge) are great centres. On summer evenings Hyde Park + and the neighborhood of Albert Gate is full of guardsmen and + others plying a lively trade, and with little disguise, in + uniform or out. In these cases it sometimes only amounts to a + chat on a retired seat or a drink at a bar; sometimes recourse is + had to a room in some known lodging-house, or to one or two + hotels which lend themselves to this kind of business. In any + case it means a covetable addition to Tommy Atkins's + pocket-money." And Mr. Raffalovich, speaking of London, remarks: + "The number of soldiers who prostitute themselves is greater than + we are willing to believe. It is no exaggeration to say that in + certain regiments the presumption is in favor of the venality of + the majority of the men." It is worth noting that there is a + perfect understanding in this matter between soldiers and the + police, who may always be relied upon by the former for + assistance and advice. I am indebted to my correspondent "Z" for + the following notes: "Soldiers are no less sought after in France + than in England or in Germany, and special houses exist for + military prostitution both in Paris and the garrison-towns. Many + facts known about the French army go to prove that these habits + have been contracted in Algeria, and have spread to a formidable + extent through whole regiments. The facts related by Ulrichs + about the French foreign legion, on the testimony of a credible + witness who had been a pathic in his regiment, deserve attention + (<i>Ara Spei</i>, p. 20; <i>Memnon</i>, p. 27). This man, who was a German, + told Ulrichs that the Spanish, French, and Italian soldiers were + the lovers, the Swiss and German their beloved (see also General + Brossier's Report, quoted by Burton, <i>Arabian Nights</i>, vol. x, p. + 251). In Lucien Descaves's military novel, <i>Sous Offs</i> (Paris, + Tresse et Stock,<a name='2_Page_23'></a> 1890), some details are given regarding + establishments for male prostitution. See pages 322, 412, and 417 + for description of the drinking-shop called 'Aux Amis de + l'Armée,' where a few maids were kept for show, and also of its + frequenters, including, in particular, the Adjutant Laprévotte. + Ulrichs reports that in the Austrian army lectures on homosexual + vices are regularly given to cadets and conscripts (<i>Memnon</i>, p. + 26). A soldier who had left the army told a friend of mine that + he and many of his comrades had taken to homosexual indulgences + when abroad on foreign service in a lonely station. He kept the + practice up in England 'because the women of his class were so + unattractive.' The captain of an English man-of-war said that he + was always glad to send his men on shore after a long cruise at + sea, never feeling sure how far they might not all go if left + without women for a certain space of time." I may add that A. + Hamon (<i>La France Sociale et Politique</i>, 1891, pp. 653-55; also + in his <i>Psychologie du Militaire Professional</i>, chapter x) gives + details as to the prevalence of homosexuality in the French army, + especially in Algeria; he regards it as extremely common, + although the majority are free. A fragment of a letter by General + Lamoricière (speaking of Marshal Changarnier) is quoted: <i>En + Afrique nous en étions tous, mais lui en est resté ici</i>. </p></div> + +<p>This primitive indifference is doubtless also a factor in the prevalence +of homosexuality among criminals, although, here, it must be remembered, +two other factors (congenital abnormality and the isolation of +imprisonment) have to be considered. In Russia, Tarnowsky observes that +all pederasts are agreed that the common people are tolerably indifferent +to their sexual advances, which they call "gentlemen's games." A +correspondent remarks on "the fact, patent to all observers, that simple +folk not infrequently display no greater disgust for the abnormalities of +sexual appetite than they do for its normal manifestations."<a name='2_FNanchor_42'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_42'><sup>[42]</sup></a> He knows +of many cases in which men of lower class were flattered and pleased by +the attentions of men of higher class, although not themselves inverted. +And from this point of view the following case, which he mentions, is very +instructive:—</p> + +<div class='blkquot'><p>A pervert whom I can trust told me that he had made advances to + upward of one hundred men in the course of the last fourteen + years, and <a name='2_Page_24'></a>that he had only once met with a refusal (in which + case the man later on offered himself spontaneously) and only + once with an attempt to extort money. Permanent relations of + friendship sprang up in most instances. He admitted that he + looked after these persons and helped them with his social + influence and a certain amount of pecuniary support—setting one + up in business, giving another something to marry on, and finding + places for others. </p></div> + +<p>Among the peasantry in Switzerland, I am informed, homosexual +relationships are not uncommon before marriage, and such relationships are +lightly spoken of as "Dummheiten". No doubt, similar traits might be found +in the peasantry of other parts of Europe.</p> + +<p>What may be regarded as true sexual inversion can be traced in Europe from +the beginning of the Christian era (though we can scarcely demonstrate the +congenital element) especially among two classes—men of exceptional +ability and criminals; and also, it may be added, among those neurotic and +degenerate individuals who may be said to lie between these two classes, +and on or over the borders of both. Homosexuality, mingled with various +other sexual abnormalities and excesses, seems to have flourished in Rome +during the empire, and is well exemplified in the persons of many of the +emperors.<a name='2_FNanchor_43'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_43'><sup>[43]</sup></a> Julius Cæsar, Augustus, Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, Nero, +Galba, Titus, Domitian, Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Commodus, and +Heliogabalus—many of them men of great ability and, from a Roman +standpoint, great moral worth—are all charged, on more or less solid +evidence, with homosexual practices. In Julius Cæsar—"the husband of all +women and the wife of all men" as he was satirically termed—excess of +sexual activity seems to have accompanied, as is sometimes seen, an excess +of intellectual activity. He was first accused of homosexual practices +after a long stay in Bithynia with King Nikomedes, and the charge was +<a name='2_Page_25'></a>very often renewed. Cæsar was proud of his physical beauty, and, like +some modern inverts, he was accustomed carefully to shave and epilate his +body to preserve the smoothness of the skin. Hadrian's love for his +beautiful slave Antinoüs is well known; the love seems to have been deep +and mutual, and Antinoüs has become immortalized, partly by the romance of +his obscure death and partly by the new and strangely beautiful type which +he has given to sculpture.<a name='2_FNanchor_44'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_44'><sup>[44]</sup></a> Heliogabalus, "the most homosexual of all +the company," as he has been termed, seems to have been a true sexual +invert, of feminine type; he dressed as a woman and was devoted to the men +he loved.<a name='2_FNanchor_45'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_45'><sup>[45]</sup></a></p> + +<p>Homosexual practices everywhere flourish and abound in prisons. There is +abundant evidence on this point. I will only bring forward the evidence of +Dr. Wey, formerly physician to the Elmira Reformatory, New York. +"Sexuality" (he wrote in a private letter) "is one of the most troublesome +elements with which we have to contend. I have no data as to the number of +prisoners here who are sexually perverse. In my pessimistic moments I +should feel like saying that all were; but probably 80 per cent, would be +a fair estimate." And, referring to the sexual influence which some men +have over others, he remarks that "there are many men with features +suggestive of femininity that attract others to them in a way that reminds +me of a bitch in heat followed by a pack of dogs."<a name='2_FNanchor_46'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_46'><sup>[46]</sup></a> In Sing Sing prison +of<a name='2_Page_26'></a> New York, 20 per cent, of the prisoners are said to be actively +homosexual and a large number of the rest passively homosexual. These +prison relationships are not always of a brutal character, McMurtrie +states, the attraction sometimes being more spiritual than physical.<a name='2_FNanchor_47'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_47'><sup>[47]</sup></a></p> + +<p>Prison life develops and fosters the homosexual tendency of criminals; but +there can be little doubt that that tendency, or else a tendency to sexual +indifference or bisexuality, is a radical character of a very large number +of criminals. We may also find it to a considerable extent among tramps, +an allied class of undoubted degenerates, who, save for brief seasons, are +less familiar with prison life. I am able to bring forward interesting +evidence on this point by an acute observer who lived much among tramps in +various countries, and largely devoted himself to the study of them.<a name='2_FNanchor_48'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_48'><sup>[48]</sup></a></p> + +<p>The fact that homosexuality is especially common among men of exceptional +intellect was long since noted by Dante:—</p> + +<div class='poem'><div class='stanza'> +<span>"In somma sappi, che tutti fur cherci<br /></span> +<span>E litterati grandi, et di gran fama<br /></span> +<span>D'un medismo peccato al mondo lerci."<a name='2_FNanchor_49'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_49'><sup>[49]</sup></a><br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>It has often been noted since and remains a remarkable fact.</p> + +<div class='blkquot'><p>There cannot be the slightest doubt that intellectual and + artistic abilities of the highest order have frequently been + associated with a congenitally inverted sexual temperament. There + has been a tendency among inverts themselves to discover their + own temperament in many distinguished persons on evidence of the + most slender character. But it remains a demonstrable fact that + numerous highly distinguished persons, of the past and the + present, in various countries, have been inverts. I may here + refer to my own observations on this point in the preface. + Mantegazza (<i>Gli Amori degli Uomini</i>) remarks that in his own + restricted circle he is acquainted with "a French publicist, a + German poet, an Italian statesman, and a Spanish jurist, all men + of exquisite taste and highly cultivated mind," who are sexually + inverted. Krafft-Ebing, in <a name='2_Page_27'></a>the preface to his <i>Psychopathia + Sexualis</i>, referring to the "numberless" communications he has + received from these "step-children of nature," remarks that "the + majority of the writers are men of high intellectual and social + position, and often possess very keen emotions." Raffalovich + (<i>Uranisme</i>, p. 197) names among distinguished inverts, Alexander + the Great, Epaminondas, Virgil, the great Condé, Prince Eugène, + etc. (The question of Virgil's inversion is discussed in the + <i>Revista di Filologia</i>, 1890, fas. 7-9, but I have not been able + to see this review.) Moll, in his <i>Berühmte Homosexuelle</i> (1910, + in the series of <i>Grenzfragen des Nerven- und Seelenlebens</i>) + discusses the homosexuality of a number of eminent persons, for + the most part with his usual caution and sagacity; speaking of + the alleged homosexuality of Wagner he remarks, with entire + truth, that "the method of arguing the existence of homosexuality + from the presence of feminine traits must be decisively + rejected." Hirschfeld has more recently included in his great + work <i>Die Homosexualität</i> (1913, pp. 650-674) two lists, ancient + and modern, of alleged inverts among the distinguished persons of + history, briefly stating the nature of the evidence in each case. + They amount to nearly 300. Not all of them, however, can be + properly described as distinguished. Thus we end in the list 43 + English names; of these at least half a dozen were noblemen who + were concerned in homosexual prosecutions, but were of no + intellectual distinction. Others, again, are of undoubted + eminence, but there is no good reason to regard them as + homosexual; this is the case, for instance, as regards Swift, who + may have been mentally abnormal, but appears to have been + heterosexual rather than homosexual; Fletcher, of whom we know + nothing definite in this respect, is also included, as well as + Tennyson, whose youthful sentimental friendship for Arthur Hallam + is exactly comparable to that of Montaigne for Etienne de la + Boëtie, yet Montaigne is not included in the list. It may be + added, however, that while some of the English names in the list + are thus extremely doubtful, it would have been possible to add + some others who were without doubt inverts. </p></div> + +<p>It has not, I think, been noted—largely because the evidence was +insufficiently clear—that among moral leaders, and persons with strong +ethical instincts, there is a tendency toward the more elevated forms of +homosexual feeling. This may be traced, not only in some of the great +moral teachers of old, but also in men and women of our own day. It is +fairly evident why this should be so. Just as the repressed love of a +woman or a man has, in normally constituted persons, frequently furnished +the motive power for an enlarged philanthropic activity, <a name='2_Page_28'></a>so the person +who sees his own sex also bathed in sexual glamour, brings to his work of +human service an ardor wholly unknown to the normally constituted +individual; morality to him has become one with love.<a name='2_FNanchor_50'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_50'><sup>[50]</sup></a> I am not +prepared here to insist on this point, but no one, I think, who studies +sympathetically the histories and experiences of great moral leaders can +fail in many cases to note the presence of this feeling, more or less +finely sublimated from any gross physical manifestation.</p> + +<p>If it is probable that in moral movements persons of homosexual +temperament have sometimes become prominent, it is undoubtedly true, +beyond possibility of doubt, that they have been prominent in religion. +Many years ago (in 1885) the ethnologist, Elie Reclus, in his charming +book, <i>Les Primitifs</i>,<a name='2_FNanchor_51'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_51'><sup>[51]</sup></a> setting forth the phenomena of homosexuality +among the Eskimo Innuit tribe, clearly insisted that from time immemorial +there has been a connection between the invert and the priest, and showed +how well this connection is illustrated by the Eskimo <i>schupans</i>. Much +more recently, in his elaborate study of the priest, Horneffer discusses +the feminine traits of priests and shows that, among the most various +peoples, persons of sexually abnormal and especially homosexual +temperament have assumed the functions of priesthood. To the popular eye +the unnatural is the supernatural, and the abnormal has appeared to be +specially close to the secret Power of the World. Abnormal <a name='2_Page_29'></a>persons are +themselves of the same opinion and regard themselves as divine. As +Horneffer points out, they often really possess special aptitude.<a name='2_FNanchor_52'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_52'><sup>[52]</sup></a> +Karsch in his <i>Gleichgeschlechtliche Leben der Naturvölker</i> (1911) has +brought out the high religious as well as social significance of castes of +cross-dressed and often homosexual persons among primitive peoples. At the +same time Edward Carpenter in his remarkable book, <i>Intermediate Types +among Primitive Folk</i> (1914), has shown with much insight how it comes +about that there is an organic connection between the homosexual +temperament and unusual psychic or divinatory powers. Homosexual men were +non-warlike and homosexual women non-domestic, so that their energies +sought different outlets from those of ordinary men and women; they became +the initiators of new activities. Thus it is that from among them would in +some degree issue not only inventors and craftsmen and teachers, but +sorcerers and diviners, medicine-men and wizards, prophets and priests. +Such persons would be especially impelled to thought, because they would +realize that they were different from other people; treated with reverence +by some and with contempt by others, they would be compelled to face the +problems of their own nature and, indirectly, the problems of the world +generally. Moreover, Carpenter points out, persons in whom the masculine +and feminine temperaments were combined would in many cases be persons of +intuition and complex mind beyond their fellows, and so able to exercise +divination and prophecy in a very real and natural sense.<a name='2_FNanchor_53'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_53'><sup>[53]</sup></a></p> + +<p>This aptitude of the invert for primitive religion, for sorcery and +divination, would have its reaction on popular feeling, more especially +when magic and the primitive forms of religion began to fall into +disrepute. The invert would be regarded as the sorcerer of a false and +evil religion and be submerged in the <a name='2_Page_30'></a>same ignominy. This point has been +emphasized by Westermarck in the instructive chapter on homosexuality in +his great work on Moral Ideas.<a name='2_FNanchor_54'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_54'><sup>[54]</sup></a> He points out the significance of the +fact, at the first glance apparently inexplicable, that homosexuality in +the general opinion of medieval Christianity was constantly associated, +even confounded, with heresy, as we see significantly illustrated by the +fact that in France and England the popular designation for homosexuality +is derived from the Bulgarian heretics. It was, Westermarck believes, +chiefly as a heresy and out of religious zeal that homosexuality was so +violently reprobated and so ferociously punished.</p> + +<p>In modern Europe we find the strongest evidence of the presence of what +may fairly be called true sexual inversion when we investigate the men of +the Renaissance. The intellectual independence of those days and the +influence of antiquity seem to have liberated and fully developed the +impulses of those abnormal individuals who would otherwise have found no +clear expression, and passed unnoticed.<a name='2_FNanchor_55'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_55'><sup>[55]</sup></a></p> + +<p>Muret, the Humanist, may perhaps be regarded as a typical example of the +nature and fate of the superior invert of the Renaissance. Born in 1526 at +Muret (Limousin), of poor but noble family, he was of independent, +somewhat capricious character, unable to endure professors, and +consequently he was mainly his own teacher, though he often sought advice +from Jules-César Scaliger. Muret was universally admired in his day for +his learning and his eloquence, and is still regarded not only as a great +Latinist and a fine writer, but as a notable man, of high intelligence, +and remarkable, moreover, for courtesy in polemics in an age when that +quality was not too common. His portrait shows a somewhat coarse and +rustic but intelligent face. He conquered honor and respect before he died +in 1585, at the age of 59. In early life Muret wrote wanton erotic poems +to women <a name='2_Page_31'></a>which seem based on personal experience. But in 1553 we find him +imprisoned in the Châtelet for sodomy and in danger of his life, so that +he thought of starving himself to death. Friends, however, obtained his +release and he settled in Toulouse. But the very next year he was burnt in +effigy in Toulouse, as a Huguenot and sodomist, this being the result of a +judicial sentence which had caused him to flee from the city and from +France. Four years later he had to flee from Padua owing to a similar +accusation. He had many friends but none of them protested against the +charge, though they aided him to escape from the penalty. It is very +doubtful whether he was a Huguenot, and whenever in his works he refers to +pederasty it is with strong disapproval. But his writings reveal +passionate friendship for men, and he seems to have expended little energy +in combating a charge which, if false, was a shameful injustice to him. It +was after fleeing into Italy and falling ill of a fever from fatigue and +exposure that Muret is said to have made the famous retort (to the +physician by his bedside who had said: "Faciamus experimentum in anima +vili"): "Vilem animam appellas pro qua Christus non dedignatus est +mori."<a name='2_FNanchor_56'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_56'><sup>[56]</sup></a></p> + +<p>A greater Humanist than Muret, Erasmus himself, seems as a young man, when +in the Augustinian monastery of Stein, to have had a homosexual attraction +to another Brother (afterward Prior) to whom he addressed many +passionately affectionate letters; his affection seems, however, to have +been unrequited.<a name='2_FNanchor_57'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_57'><sup>[57]</sup></a></p> + +<p>As the Renaissance developed, homosexuality seems to become more prominent +among distinguished persons. Poliziano was accused of pederasty. Aretino +was a pederast, as Pope Julius II seems also to have been. Ariosto wrote +in his satires, no doubt too extremely:—</p> + +<div class='poem'><div class='stanza'> +<span>"Senza quel vizio son pochi umanisti."<a name='2_FNanchor_58'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_58'><sup>[58]</sup></a><br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>Tasso had a homosexual strain in his nature, but he was of <a name='2_Page_32'></a>weak and +feminine constitution, sensitively emotional and physically frail.<a name='2_FNanchor_59'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_59'><sup>[59]</sup></a></p> + +<p>It is, however, among artists, at that time and later, that homosexuality +may most notably be traced. Leonardo da Vinci, whose ideals as revealed in +his work are so strangely bisexual, lay under homosexual suspicion in his +youth. In 1476, when he was 24 years of age, charges were made against him +before the Florentine officials for the control of public morality, and +were repeated, though they do not appear to have been substantiated. There +is, however, some ground for supposing that Leonardo was imprisoned in his +youth.<a name='2_FNanchor_60'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_60'><sup>[60]</sup></a> Throughout life he loved to surround himself with beautiful +youths and his pupils were more remarkable for their attractive appearance +than for their skill; to one at least of them he was strongly attached, +while there is no record of any attachment to a woman. Freud, who has +studied Leonardo with his usual subtlety, considers that his temperament +was marked by "ideal homosexuality."<a name='2_FNanchor_61'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_61'><sup>[61]</sup></a></p> + +<p>Michelangelo, one of the very chief artists of the Renaissance period, we +cannot now doubt, was sexually inverted. The evidence furnished by his own +letters and poems, as well as the researches of numerous recent +workers,—Parlagreco, Scheffler, J. A. Symonds, etc.,—may be said to have +placed this beyond question.<a name='2_FNanchor_62'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_62'><sup>[62]</sup></a> He belonged to a family of 5 brothers, 4 +of whom never married, and so far as is known left no offspring; the fifth +only left 1 male heir. His biographer describes Michelangelo as "a man of +peculiar, not altogether healthy, nervous temperament." He was indifferent +to women; only in one case, indeed, during his long life is there evidence +even of friendship with a woman, while he was very sensitive to the beauty +of men, <a name='2_Page_33'></a>and his friendships were very tender and enthusiastic. At the +same time there is no reason to suppose that he formed any physically +passionate relationships with men, and even his enemies seldom or never +made this accusation against him. We may probably accept the estimate of +his character given by Symonds:—</p> + +<div class='blkquot'><p>Michelangelo Buonarotti was one of those exceptional, but not + uncommon men who are born with sensibilities abnormally deflected + from the ordinary channel. He showed no partiality for women, and + a notable enthusiasm for the beauty of young men.... He was a man + of physically frigid temperament, extremely sensitive to beauty + of the male type, who habitually philosophized his emotions, and + contemplated the living objects of his admiration as amiable, not + only for their personal qualities, but also for their esthetical + attractiveness.<a name='2_FNanchor_63'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_63'><sup>[63]</sup></a> </p></div> + +<p>A temperament of this kind seems to have had no significance for the men +of those days; they were blind to all homosexual emotion which had no +result in sodomy. Plato found such attraction a subject for sentimental +metaphysics, but it was not until nearly our own time that it again became +a subject of interest and study. Yet it undoubtedly had profound influence +on Michelangelo's art, impelling him to find every kind of human beauty in +the male form, and only a grave dignity or tenderness, divorced from every +quality that is sexually desirable, in the female form. This deeply rooted +abnormality is at once the key to the melancholy of Michelangelo and to +the mystery of his art.</p> + +<p>Michelangelo's contemporary, the painter Bazzi (1477-1549), seems also to +have been radically inverted, and to this fact he owed his nickname +Sodoma. As, however, he was married and had children, it may be that he +was, as we should now say, of bisexual temperament. He was a great artist +who has been dealt with unjustly, partly, perhaps, because of the +prejudice of Vasari,—whose admiration for Michelangelo amounted to +worship, but who is contemptuous toward Sodoma and grudging of +praise,—partly because his work is little known out of Italy and <a name='2_Page_34'></a>not +very easy of access there. Reckless, unbalanced, and eccentric in his +life, Sodoma revealed in his painting a peculiar feminine softness and +warmth—which indeed we seem to see also in his portrait of himself at +Monte Oliveto Maggiore—and a very marked and tender feeling for +masculine, but scarcely virile, beauty.<a name='2_FNanchor_64'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_64'><sup>[64]</sup></a></p> + +<p>Cellini was probably homosexual. He was imprisoned on a charge of +unnatural vice and is himself suspiciously silent in his autobiography +concerning this imprisonment.<a name='2_FNanchor_65'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_65'><sup>[65]</sup></a></p> + +<p>In the seventeenth century another notable sculptor who has been termed +the Flemish Cellini, Jérôme Duquesnoy (whose still more distinguished +brother François executed the Manneken Pis in Brussels), was an invert; +having finally been accused of sexual relations with a youth in a chapel +of the Ghent Cathedral, where he was executing a monument for the bishop, +he was strangled and burned, notwithstanding that much influence, +including that of the bishop, was brought to bear in his behalf.<a name='2_FNanchor_66'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_66'><sup>[66]</sup></a></p> + +<p>In more recent times Winkelmann, who was the initiator of a new Greek +Renaissance and of the modern appreciation of ancient art, lies under what +seems to be a well-grounded suspicion of sexual inversion. His letters to +male friends are full of the most passionate expressions of love. His +violent death also appears to have been due to a love-adventure with a +man. The murderer was a cook, a wholly uncultivated man, a criminal who +had already been condemned to death, and shortly before murdering +Winkelmann for the sake of plunder he was found <a name='2_Page_35'></a>to be on very intimate +terms with him.<a name='2_FNanchor_67'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_67'><sup>[67]</sup></a> It is noteworthy that sexual inversion should so often +be found associated with the study of antiquity. It must not, however, be +too hastily concluded that this is due to suggestion and that to abolish +the study of Greek literature and art would be largely to abolish sexual +inversion. What has really occurred in those recent cases that may be +studied, and therefore without doubt in the older cases, is that the +subject of congenital sexual inversion is attracted to the study of Greek +antiquity because he finds there the explanation and the apotheosis of his +own obscure impulses. Undoubtedly that study tends to develop these +impulses.</p> + +<p>While it is peculiarly easy to name men of distinguished ability who, +either certainly or in all probability, have been affected by homosexual +tendencies, they are not isolated manifestations. They spring out of an +element of diffused homosexuality which is at least as marked in +civilization as it is in savagery. It is easy to find illustrations in +every country. Here it may suffice to refer to France, Germany, and +England.</p> + +<p>In France in the thirteenth century the Church was so impressed by the +prevalence of homosexuality that it reasserted the death penalty for +sodomy at the Councils of Paris (1212) and Rouen (1214), while we are told +that even by rejecting a woman's advances (as illustrated in Marie de +France's <i>Lai de<a name='2_Page_36'></a> Lanval</i>) a man fell under suspicion as a sodomist, which +was also held to involve heresy.<a name='2_FNanchor_68'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_68'><sup>[68]</sup></a> At the end of this century (about +1294) Alain de Lille was impelled to write a book, <i>De Planctu Naturæ</i>, in +order to call attention to the prevalence of homosexual feeling; he also +associated the neglect of women with sodomy. "Man is made woman," he +writes; "he blackens the honor of his sex, the craft of magic Venus makes +him of double gender"; nobly beautiful youths have "turned their hammers +of love to the office of anvils," and "many kisses lie untouched on maiden +lips." The result is that "the natural anvils," that is to say the +neglected maidens, "bewail the absence of their hammers and are seen sadly +to demand them." Alain de Lille makes himself the voice of this +demand.<a name='2_FNanchor_69'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_69'><sup>[69]</sup></a></p> + +<p>A few years later, at the beginning of the fourteenth century, sodomy was +still regarded as very prevalent. At that time it was especially +associated with the Templars who, it has been supposed, brought it from +the East. Such a supposition, however, is not required to account for the +existence of homosexuality in France. Nor is it necessary, at a somewhat +later period, to invoke, as is frequently done, the Italian origin of +Catherine de Medici, in order to explain the prevalence of homosexual +practices at her court.</p> + +<p>Notwithstanding its prevalence, sodomy was still severely punished from +time to time. Thus in 1586, Dadon, who had formerly been Rector of the +University of Paris, was hanged and then burned for injuring a child +through sodomy.<a name='2_FNanchor_70'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_70'><sup>[70]</sup></a> In the seventeenth century, homosexuality continued, +however, to flourish, and it is said that nearly all the numerous +omissions made in the published editions of Tallement des Reaux's +<i>Historiettes</i> refer to sodomy.<a name='2_FNanchor_71'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_71'><sup>[71]</sup></a></p> + +<p>How prominent homosexuality was, in the early eighteenth century in +France, we learn from the frequent references to it <a name='2_Page_37'></a>in the letters of +Madame, the mother of the Regent, whose husband was himself effeminate and +probably inverted.<a name='2_FNanchor_72'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_72'><sup>[72]</sup></a> For the later years of the century the evidence +abounds on every hand. At this time the Bastille was performing a useful +function, until recently overlooked by historians, as an <i>asile de sureté</i> +for abnormal persons whom it was considered unsafe to leave at large. +Inverts whose conduct became too offensive to be tolerated were frequently +placed in the Bastille which, indeed "abounded in homosexual subjects," to +a greater extent than any other class of sexual perverts. Some of the +affairs which led to the Bastille have a modern air. One such case on a +large scale occurred in 1702, and reveals an organized system of +homosexual prostitution; one of the persons involved in this affair was a +handsome, well-made youth named Lebel, formerly a lackey, but passing +himself off as a man of quality. Seduced at the age of 10 by a famous +sodomist named Duplessis, he had since been at the disposition of a number +of homosexual persons, including officers, priests, and marquises. Some of +the persons involved in these affairs were burned alive; some cut their +own throats; others again were set at liberty or transferred to the +Bicêtre.<a name='2_FNanchor_73'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_73'><sup>[73]</sup></a> During the latter part of the eighteenth century, also, we +find another modern homosexual practice recognized in France; the +rendezvous or center where homosexual persons could quietly meet each +other.<a name='2_FNanchor_74'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_74'><sup>[74]</sup></a></p> + +<p>Inversion has always been easy to trace in Germany. Ammianus Marcellinus +bears witness to its prevalence among <a name='2_Page_38'></a>some German tribes in later Roman +days.<a name='2_FNanchor_75'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_75'><sup>[75]</sup></a> In mediæval times, as Schultz points out, references to sodomy +in Germany were far from uncommon. Various princes of the German Imperial +house, and of other princely families in the Middle Ages, were noted for +their intimate friendships. At a later date, attention has frequently been +called to the extreme emotional warmth which has often marked German +friendship, even when there has been no suspicion of any true homosexual +relationship.<a name='2_FNanchor_76'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_76'><sup>[76]</sup></a> The eighteenth century, in the full enjoyment of that +abandonment to sentiment initiated by Rousseau, proved peculiarly +favorable to the expansion of the tendency to sentimental friendship. On +this basis a really inverted tendency, when it existed, could easily come +to the surface and find expression. We find this well illustrated in the +poet Heinrich von Kleist who seems to have been of bisexual temperament, +and his feelings for the girl he wished to marry were, indeed, much cooler +than those for his friend. To this friend, Ernst von Pfuël (afterward +Prussian war minister), Kleist wrote in 1805 at the age of 28: "You bring +the days of the Greeks back to me; I could sleep with you, dear youth, my +whole soul so embraces you. When you used to bathe in the Lake of Thun I +would gaze with the real feelings of a girl at your beautiful body. It +would serve an artist to study from." There follows an enthusiastic +account of his friend's beauty and of the Greek "idea of the love of +youths," and Kleist <a name='2_Page_39'></a>concludes: "Go with me to Anspach, and let us enjoy +the sweets of friendship.... I shall never marry; you must be wife and +children to me."<a name='2_FNanchor_77'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_77'><sup>[77]</sup></a></p> + +<p>In all social classes and in all fields of activity, Germany during the +nineteenth century produced a long series of famous or notorious +homosexual persons. At the one end we find people of the highest +intellectual distinction, such as Alexander von Humboldt, whom Näcke, a +cautious investigator, stated that he had good ground for regarding as an +invert.<a name='2_FNanchor_78'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_78'><sup>[78]</sup></a> At the other end we find prosperous commercial and +manufacturing people who leave Germany to find solace in the free and +congenial homosexual atmosphere of Capri; of these F. A. Krupp, the head of +the famous Essen factory, may be regarded as the type.<a name='2_FNanchor_79'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_79'><sup>[79]</sup></a></p> + +<p>In England (and the same is true today of the United States), although +homosexuality has been less openly manifest and less thoroughly explored, +it is doubtful whether it has been less prevalent than in Germany. At an +early period, indeed, the evidence may even seem to show that it was more +prevalent. In the Penitentials of the ninth and tenth centuries "natural +fornication and sodomy" were frequently put together and the same penance +assigned to both; it was recognized that priests and <a name='2_Page_40'></a>bishops, as well as +laymen, might fall into this sin, though to the bishop nearly three times +as much penance was assigned as to the layman. Among the Normans, +everywhere, homosexuality was markedly prevalent; the spread of sodomy in +France about the eleventh century is attributed to the Normans, and their +coming seems to have rendered it at times almost fashionable, at all +events at court. In England William Rufus was undoubtedly inverted, as +later on were Edward II, James I, and, perhaps, though not in so +conspicuous a degree, William III.<a name='2_FNanchor_80'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_80'><sup>[80]</sup></a></p> + +<p>Ordericus Vitalis, who was himself half Norman and half English, says that +the Normans had become very effeminate in his time, and that after the +death of William the Conqueror sodomy was common both in England and +Normandy. Guillaume de Nangis, in his chronicle for about 1120, speaking +of the two sons of Henry and the company of young nobles who went down +with them, in the <i>White Ship</i>, states that nearly all were considered to +be sodomists, and Henry of Huntingdon, in his <i>History</i>, looked upon the +loss of the <i>White Ship</i> as a judgment of heaven upon sodomy. Anselm, in +writing to Archdeacon William to inform him concerning the recent Council +at London (1102), gives advice as to how to deal with people who have +committed the sin of sodomy, and instructs him not to be too harsh with +those who have not realized its gravity, for hitherto "this sin has been +so public that hardly anyone has blushed for it, and many, therefore, have +plunged into it without realizing its gravity."<a name='2_FNanchor_81'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_81'><sup>[81]</sup></a> So temperate a remark +by a man of such unquestionably high character is more significant of the +prevalence of homosexuality than much denunciation.</p> + +<p>In religious circles far from courts and cities, as we might expect, +homosexuality was regarded with great horror, though <a name='2_Page_41'></a>even here we may +discover evidence of its wide prevalence. Thus in the remarkable +<i>Revelation</i> of the Monk of Evesham, written in English in 1196, we find +that in the very worst part of Purgatory are confined an innumerable +company of sodomists (including a wealthy, witty, and learned divine, a +doctor of laws, personally known to the Monk), and whether these people +would ever be delivered from Purgatory was a matter of doubt; of the +salvation of no other sinners does the Monk of Evesham seem so dubious.</p> + +<p>Sodomy had always been an ecclesiastical offense. The Statute of 1533 (25 +Henry VIII, c. 6) made it a felony; and Pollock and Maitland consider that +this "affords an almost sufficient proof that the temporal courts had not +punished it, and that no one had been put to death for it, for a very long +time past."<a name='2_FNanchor_82'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_82'><sup>[82]</sup></a> The temporal law has never, however, proved very +successful in repressing homosexuality. At this period the Renaissance +movement was reaching England, and here as elsewhere it brought with it, +if not an increase, at all events a rehabilitation and often an +idealization of homosexuality.<a name='2_FNanchor_83'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_83'><sup>[83]</sup></a></p> + +<p>An eminent humanist and notable pioneer in dramatic literature, Nicholas +Udall, to whom is attributed <i>Ralph Roister Doister</i>, the first English +comedy, stands out as unquestionably addicted to homosexual tastes, +although he has left no literary evidence of this tendency. He was an +early adherent of the Protestant movement, and when head-master of Eton he +was noted for his love of inflicting corporal punishment on the boys. +Tusser says he once received from Udall 53 stripes for "fault but small or +none at all." Here there was evidently a sexual sadistic impulse, for in +1541 (the year of <i>Ralph Roister Doister</i>)<a name='2_Page_42'></a> Udall was charged with +unnatural crime and confessed his guilt before the Privy Council. He was +dismissed from the head-mastership and imprisoned, but only for a short +time, "and his reputation," his modern biographer states, "was not +permanently injured." He retained the vicarage of Braintree, and was much +favored by Edward VI, who nominated him to a prebend of Windsor. Queen +Mary was also favorable and he became head-master of Westminster +School.<a name='2_FNanchor_84'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_84'><sup>[84]</sup></a></p> + +<p>An Elizabethan lyrical poet of high quality, whose work has had the honor +of being confused with Shakespeare's, Richard Barnfield, appears to have +possessed the temperament, at least, of the invert. His poems to male +friends are of so impassioned a character that they aroused the protests +of a very tolerant age. Very little is known of Barnfield's life. Born in +1574 he published his first poem, <i>The Affectionate Shepherd</i>, at the age +of 20, while still at the University. It was issued anonymously, revealed +much fresh poetic feeling and literary skill, and is addressed to a youth +of whom the poet declares:—</p> + +<div class='poem'><div class='stanza'> +<span>"If it be sin to love a lovely lad,<br /></span> +<span>Oh then sin I."<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>In his subsequent volume, <i>Cynthia</i> (1595), Barnfield disclaims any +intention in the earlier poem beyond that of imitating Virgil's second +eclogue. But the sonnets in this second volume are even more definitely +homosexual than the earlier poem, though he goes on to tell how at last he +found a lass whose beauty surpassed that</p> + +<div class='poem'><div class='stanza'> +<span class='i6'>"of the swain<br /></span> +<span>Whom I never could obtain."<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>After the age of 31 Barnfield wrote no more, but, being in easy +circumstances, retired to his beautiful manor house and country estate in +Shropshire, lived there for twenty years and died leaving a wife and +son.<a name='2_FNanchor_85'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_85'><sup>[85]</sup></a> It seems probable that he was of bisexual temperament, <a name='2_Page_43'></a>and that, +as not infrequently happens in such cases, the homosexual element +developed early under the influence of a classical education and +university associations, while the normal heterosexual element developed +later and, as may happen in bisexual persons, was associated with the more +commonplace and prosaic side of life. Barnfield was only a genuine poet on +the homosexual side of his nature.</p> + +<p>Greater men of that age than Barnfield may be suspected of homosexual +tendencies. Marlowe, whose most powerful drama, <i>Edward II</i>, is devoted to +a picture of the relations between that king and his minions, is himself +suspected of homosexuality. An ignorant informer brought certain charges +of freethought and criminality against him, and further accused him of +asserting that they are fools who love not boys. These charges have +doubtless been colored by the vulgar channel through which they passed, +but it seems absolutely impossible to regard them as the inventions of a +mere gallows-bird such as this informer was.<a name='2_FNanchor_86'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_86'><sup>[86]</sup></a> Moreover, Marlowe's +poetic work, while it shows him by no means insensitive to the beauty of +women, also reveals a special and peculiar sensitiveness to masculine +beauty. Marlowe clearly had a reckless delight in all things unlawful, and +it seems probable that he possessed the bisexual temperament. Shakespeare +has also been discussed from this point of view. All that can be said, +however, is that he addressed a long series of sonnets to a youthful male +friend. These sonnets are written in lover's language of a very tender and +noble order. They do not appear to imply any relationship that the writer +regarded as shameful or that would be so regarded by the world. Moreover, +they seem <a name='2_Page_44'></a>to represent but a single episode in the life of a very +sensitive, many-sided nature.<a name='2_FNanchor_87'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_87'><sup>[87]</sup></a> There is no other evidence in +Shakespeare's work of homosexual instinct such as we may trace throughout +Marlowe's, while there is abundant evidence of a constant preoccupation +with women.</p> + +<p>While Shakespeare thus narrowly escapes inclusion in the list of +distinguished inverts, there is much better ground for the inclusion of +his great contemporary, Francis Bacon. Aubrey in his laboriously compiled +<i>Short Lives</i>, in which he shows a friendly and admiring attitude toward +Bacon, definitely states that he was a pederast. Aubrey was only a careful +gleaner of frequently authentic gossip, but a similar statement is made by +Sir Simonds D'Ewes in his <i>Autobiography</i>. D'Ewes, whose family belonged +to the same part of Suffolk as Bacon's sprang from, was not friendly to +Bacon, but that fact will not suffice to account for his statement. He was +an upright and honorable man of scholarly habits, and, moreover, a trained +lawyer, who had many opportunities of obtaining first-hand information, +for he had lived in the Chancery office from childhood. He is very precise +as to Bacon's homosexual practices with his own servants, both before and +after his fall, and even gives the name of a "very effeminate-faced youth" +who was his "catamite and bedfellow"; he states, further, that there had +been some question of bringing Bacon to trial for sodomy. These +allegations may be supported by a letter of Bacon's own mother (printed in +Spedding's <i>Life of Bacon</i>), reproving him on account of what she had +heard concerning his behavior with the young Welshmen in his service whom +he made his bedfellows. It is notable that Bacon seems to have been +specially attracted to Welshmen (one might even find evidence of this in +the life of the Welshman, Henry VII), <a name='2_Page_45'></a>a people of vivacious temperament +unlike his own; this is illustrated by his long and intimate friendship +with the mercurial Sir Toby Mathew, his "alter ego," a man of dissipated +habits in early life, though we are not told that he was homosexual. Bacon +had many friendships with men, but there is no evidence that he was ever +in love or cherished any affectionate intimacy with a woman. Women play no +part at all in his life. His marriage, which was childless, took place at +the mature age of 46; it was effected in a business-like manner, and +though he always treated his wife with formal consideration it is probable +that he neglected her, and certain that he failed to secure her devotion; +it is clear that toward the end of Bacon's life she formed a relationship +with her gentleman usher, whom subsequently she married. Bacon's writings, +it may be added, equally with his letters, show no evidence of love or +attraction to women; in his <i>Essays</i> he is brief and judicial on the +subject of Marriage, copious and eloquent on the subject of Friendship, +while the essay on Beauty deals exclusively with masculine beauty.</p> + +<p>During the first half of the eighteenth century we have clear evidence +that homosexuality flourished in London with the features which it +presents today in all large cities everywhere. There was a generally known +name, "Mollies," applied to homosexual persons, evidently having reference +to their frequently feminine characteristics; there were houses of private +resort for them ("Molly houses"), there were special public places of +rendezvous whither they went in search of adventure, exactly as there are +today. A walk in Upper Moorfields was especially frequented by the +homosexual about 1725. A detective employed by the police about that date +gave evidence as follows at the Old Bailey; "I takes a turn that way and +leans over the wall. In a little time the prisoner passes by, and looks +hard at me, and at a small distance from me stands up against the wall as +if he was going to make water. Then by degrees he siddles nearer and +nearer to where I stood, till at last he was close to me. 'Tis a very fine +night,' says he. 'Aye,' say I, 'and so it is.' Then he takes me by the +hand, and after squeezing and playing with it a <a name='2_Page_46'></a>little, he conveys it to +his breeches," whereupon the detective seizes the man by his sexual organs +and holds him until the constable comes up and effects an arrest.</p> + +<p>At the same period Margaret Clap, commonly called Mother Clap, kept a +house in Field Lane, Holborn, which was a noted resort of the homosexual. +To Mother Clap's Molly-house 30 or 40 clients would resort every night; on +Sunday there might be as many as 50, for, as in Berlin and other cities +today, that was the great homosexual gala night; there were beds in every +room in this house. We are told that the "men would sit in one another's +laps, kissing in a lewd manner and using their hands indecently. Then they +would get up, dance and make curtsies, and mimic the voices of women, 'Oh, +fie, sir,'—'Pray, sir,'—'Dear sir,'—'Lord, how can you serve me +so?'—'I swear I'll cry out,'—'You're a wicked devil,'—'And you're a +bold face,'—'Eh, ye dear little toad,'—'Come, bus.' They'd hug and play +and toy and go out by couples into another room, on the same floor, to be +'married,' as they called it."</p> + +<p>On the whole one gains the impression that homosexual practices were more +prevalent in London in the eighteenth century, bearing in mind its +population at that time, than they are today.<a name='2_FNanchor_88'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_88'><sup>[88]</sup></a> It must not, however, be +supposed that the law was indulgent and its administration lax. The very +reverse was the case. The punishment for sodomy, when completely effected, +was death, and it was frequently inflicted. Homosexual intercourse, +without evidence of penetration, was regarded as "attempt" and was usually +punished by the pillory and a heavy fine, followed by two years' +imprisonment. Moreover, it would appear that more activity was shown by +the police in prosecution than is nowadays the case; this is, for +instance, suggested by the evidence of the detective already quoted. <a name='2_Page_47'></a></p> + +<p>To keep a homosexual resort was also a severely punishable offense. Mother +Clap was charged at the Old Bailey in 1726 with "keeping a sodomitical +house"; she protested that she could not herself have taken part in these +practices, but that availed her nothing; she could bring forward no +witnesses on her behalf and was condemned to pay a fine, to stand in the +pillory, and to undergo imprisonment for two years. The cases were dealt +with in a matter-of-fact way which seems to bear further witness to the +frequency of the offense, and with no effort to expend any specially +vindictive harshness on this class of offenders. If there was the +slightest doubt as to the facts, even though the balance of evidence was +against the accused, he was usually acquitted, and the man who could bring +witnesses to his general good character might often thereby escape. In +1721 a religious young man, married, was convicted of attempting sodomy +with two young men he slept with; he was fined, placed in the pillory and +imprisoned for two months. Next year a man was acquitted on a similar +charge, and another man, of decent aspect, although the evidence indicated +that he might have been guilty of sodomy, was only convicted of attempt, +and sentenced to fine, pillory, and two years' imprisonment. In 1723, +again, a schoolmaster was acquitted, on account of his good reputation, of +the charge of attempt on a boy of 15, his pupil, though the evidence +seemed decidedly against him. In 1730 a man was sentenced to death for +sodomy effected on his young apprentice; this was a bad case and the +surgeon's evidence indicated laceration of the perineum. Homosexuality of +all kinds flourished, it will be seen, notwithstanding the fearless yet +fair application of a very severe law.<a name='2_FNanchor_89'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_89'><sup>[89]</sup></a></p> + +<p>In more recent times Byron has frequently been referred to as experiencing +homosexual affections, and I have been informed that some of his poems +nominally addressed to women were really inspired by men. It is certain +that he experienced very strong emotions toward his male friends. "My +school-friendships,"<a name='2_Page_48'></a> he wrote, "were with me passions." When he afterward +met one of these friends, Lord Clare, in Italy, he was painfully agitated; +and could never hear the name without a beating of the heart. At the age +of 22 he formed one of his strong attachments for a youth to whom he left +£7000 in his will.<a name='2_FNanchor_90'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_90'><sup>[90]</sup></a> It is probable, however, that here, as well as in +the case of Shakespeare, and in that of Tennyson's love for his youthful +friend, Arthur Hallam, as well as of Montaigne for Etienne de la Boëtie, +although such strong friendships may involve an element of sexual emotion, +we have no true and definite homosexual impulse; homosexuality is merely +simulated by the ardent and hyperesthetic emotions of the poet.<a name='2_FNanchor_91'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_91'><sup>[91]</sup></a> The +same quality of the poet's emotional temperament may doubtless, also, be +invoked in the case of Goethe, who is said to have written elegies which, +on account of their homosexual character, still remain unpublished.</p> + +<p>The most famous homosexual trial of recent times in England was that of +Oscar Wilde, a writer whose literary reputation may be said to be still +growing, not only in England but throughout the world. Wilde was the son +of parents who were both of unusual ability and somewhat eccentric. Both +these tendencies became in him more concentrated. He was born with, as it +were, a congenital antipathy to the commonplace, a natural love of +paradox, and he possessed the skill to embody the characteristic in +finished literary form. At the same time, it must not be forgotten, +beneath this natural attitude of paradox, his essential judgments on life +and literature were usually sound and reasonable. His essay on "The Soul +of Man Under Socialism" witnessed to <a name='2_Page_49'></a>his large and enlightened conception +of life, and his profound admiration for Flaubert to the sanity and +solidity of his literary taste. In early life he revealed no homosexual +tendencies; he married and had children. After he had begun to outgrow his +youthful esthetic extravagances, however, and to acquire success and fame, +he developed what was at first a simply inquisitive interest in inversion. +Such inquisitive interest is sometimes the sign of an emerging homosexual +impulse. It proved to be so in Wilde's case and ultimately he was found to +be cultivating the acquaintance of youths of low class and doubtful +character. Although this development occurred comparatively late in life, +we must hesitate to describe Wilde's homosexuality as acquired. If we +consider his constitution and his history, it is not difficult to suppose +that homosexual germs were present in a latent form from the first, and it +may quite well be that Wilde's inversion was of that kind which is now +described as retarded, though still congenital.</p> + +<p>As is usual in England, no active efforts were made to implicate Wilde in +any criminal charge. It was his own action, as even he himself seems to +have vaguely realized beforehand, which brought the storm about his head. +He was arrested, tried, condemned, and at once there arose a general howl +of execration, joined in even by the judge, whose attitude compared +unfavorably with the more impartial attitude of the eighteenth century +judges in similar cases. Wilde came out of prison ambitious to retrieve +his reputation by the quality of his literary work. But he left Reading +gaol merely to enter a larger and colder prison. He soon realized that his +spirit was broken even more than his health. He drifted at last to Paris, +where he shortly after died, shunned by all but a few of his friends.<a name='2_FNanchor_92'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_92'><sup>[92]</sup></a><a name='2_Page_50'></a></p> + +<p>In a writer of the first order, Edward Fitzgerald, to whom we owe the +immortal and highly individualized version of <i>Omar Khayyam</i>, it is easy +to trace an element of homosexuality, though it appears never to have +reached full and conscious development. Fitzgerald was an eccentric person +who, though rich and on friendly terms with some of the most distinguished +men of his time, was always out of harmony with his environment. He felt +himself called on to marry, very unhappily, a woman whom he had never been +in love with and with whom he had nothing in common. All his affections +were for his male friends. In early life he was devoted to his friend W. K. +Browne, whom he glorified in <i>Euphranor</i>. "To him Browne was at once +Jonathan, Gamaliel, Apollo,—the friend, the master, the God,—there was +scarcely a limit to his devotion and admiration."<a name='2_FNanchor_93'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_93'><sup>[93]</sup></a> On Browne's +premature death Fitzgerald's heart was empty. In 1859 at Lowestoft, +Fitzgerald, as he wrote to Mrs. Browne, "used to wander about the shore at +night longing for some fellow to accost me who might give some promise of +filling up a very vacant place in my heart." It was then that he met +"Posh" (Joseph Fletcher), a fisherman, 6 feet tall, said to be of the best +Suffolk type, both in body and character. Posh reminded Fitzgerald of his +dead friend Browne; he made him captain of his lugger, and was thereafter +devoted to him. Posh was, said Fitzgerald, "a man of the finest Saxon +type, with a complexion <i>vif, mâle et flamboyant</i>, blue eyes, a nose less +than Roman, more than Greek, and strictly auburn hair that any woman might +envy. Further he was a man of simplicity; of soul, justice of thought, +tenderness of nature, a gentleman of Nature's grandest type," in fact the +"greatest man" Fitzgerald had ever met. Posh was not, however, quite so +absolutely perfect as this description suggests, and various +misunderstandings arose in consequence between <a name='2_Page_51'></a>the two friends so unequal +in culture and social traditions. These difficulties are reflected in some +of the yet extant letters from the enormous mass which Fitzgerald +addressed to "my dear Poshy."<a name='2_FNanchor_94'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_94'><sup>[94]</sup></a></p> + +<p>A great personality of recent times, widely regarded with reverence as the +prophet-poet of Democracy<a name='2_FNanchor_95'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_95'><sup>[95]</sup></a>—Walt Whitman—has aroused discussion by his +sympathetic attitude toward passionate friendship, or "manly love" as he +calls it, in <i>Leaves of Grass</i>. In this book—in "Calamus," "Drumtaps," +and elsewhere—Whitman celebrates a friendship in which physical contact +and a kind of silent voluptuous emotion are essential elements. In order +to settle the question as to the precise significance of "Calamus," J. A. +Symonds wrote to Whitman, frankly posing the question. The answer (written +from Camden, N. J., on August 19, 1890) is the only statement of Whitman's +attitude toward homosexuality, and it is therefore desirable that it +should be set on record:—</p> + +<div class='blkquot'><p>"About the questions on 'Calamus,' etc., they quite daze me. + <i>Leaves of Grass</i> is only to be rightly construed by and within + its own atmosphere and essential character—all its pages and + pieces so coming strictly under. That the 'Calamus' part has ever + allowed the possibility of such construction as mentioned is + terrible. I am fain to hope that the pages themselves are not to + be even mentioned for such gratuitous and quite at the time + undreamed and unwished possibility of morbid inferences—which + are disavowed by me and seem damnable." </p></div> + +<p>It would seem from this letter<a name='2_FNanchor_96'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_96'><sup>[96]</sup></a> that Whitman had never <a name='2_Page_52'></a>realized that +there is any relationship whatever between the passionate emotion of +physical contact from man to man, as he had experienced it and sung it, +and the act which with other people he would regard as a crime against +nature. This may be singular, for there are many inverted persons who have +found satisfaction in friendships less physical and passionate than those +described in <i>Leaves of Grass</i>, but Whitman was a man of concrete, +emotional, instinctive temperament, lacking in analytical power, receptive +to all influences, and careless of harmonizing them. He would most +certainly have refused to admit that he was the subject of inverted +sexuality. It remains true, however, that "manly love" occupies in his +work a predominance which it would scarcely hold in the feelings of the +"average man," whom Whitman wishes to honor. A normally constituted +person, having assumed the very frank attitude taken up by Whitman, would +be impelled to devote far more space and far more ardor to the subject of +sexual relationships with women and all that is involved in maternity than +is accorded to them in <i>Leaves of Grass</i>. Some of Whitman's extant letters +to young men, though they do not throw definite light on this question, +are of a very affectionate character,<a name='2_FNanchor_97'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_97'><sup>[97]</sup></a> and, although a man of +remarkable physical vigor, he never felt inclined to marry.<a name='2_FNanchor_98'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_98'><sup>[98]</sup></a> It remains +somewhat <a name='2_Page_53'></a>difficult to classify him from the sexual point of view, but we +can scarcely fail to recognize the presence of a homosexual tendency.</p> + +<div class='blkquot'><p>I should add that some friends and admirers of Whitman are not + prepared to accept the evidence of the letter to Symonds. I am + indebted to "Q." for the following statement of the objections:—</p> + +<p> "I think myself that it is a mistake to give much weight to this + letter—perhaps a mistake to introduce it at all, since if + introduced it will, of course, carry weight. And this for three + or four reasons:—</p> + +<p> "1. That it is difficult to reconcile the letter itself (with its + strong tone of disapprobation) with the general 'atmosphere' of + <i>Leaves of Grass</i>, the tenor of which is to leave everything open + and free.</p> + +<p> "2. That the letter is in hopeless conflict with the 'Calamus' + section of poems. For, whatever moral lines Whitman may have + drawn at the time of writing these poems, it seems to me quite + incredible that the possibility of certain inferences, morbid or + other, was undreamed of.</p> + +<p> "3. That the letter was written only a few months before his last + illness and death, and is the only expression of the kind that he + appears to have given utterance to.</p> + +<p> "4. That Symonds's letter, to which this was a reply, is not + forth coming; and we consequently do not know what rash + expressions it may have contained—leading Whitman (with his + extreme caution) to hedge his name from possible use to justify + dubious practices."</p> + +<p> I may add that I endeavored to obtain Symonds's letter, but he + was unable to produce it, nor has any copy of it been found among + his papers.</p> + +<p> It should be said that Whitman's attitude toward Symonds was + marked by high regard and admiration. "A wonderful man is + Addington Symonds," he remarked shortly before his own death; + "some ways the most indicative and penetrating and significant + man of our time. Symonds is a curious fellow; I love him dearly. + He is of college breed and education, horribly literary and + suspicious, and enjoys things. A great fellow for delving into + persons and into the concrete, and even into the physiological + and the gastric, and wonderfully cute." But on this occasion he + delved in vain.</p><a name='2_Page_54'></a> + +<p> The foregoing remarks (substantially contained in the previous + editions of this book) were based mainly on the information + received from J. A. Symonds's side. But of more recent years + interesting light has been thrown on this remarkable letter from + Walt Whitman's side. The Boswellian patience, enthusiasm, and + skill which Horace Traubel has brought to his full and elaborate + work, now in course of publication, <i>With Walt Whitman in + Camden</i>, clearly reveal, in the course of various conversations, + Whitman's attitude to Symonds's question and the state of mind + which led up to this letter.</p> + +<p> Whitman talked to Traubel much about Symonds from the + twenty-seventh of April, 1888 (very soon after the date when + Traubel's work begins), onward. Symonds had written to him + repeatedly, it seems, concerning the "passional relations of men + with men," as Whitman expressed it. "He is always driving at me + about that: is that what Calamus means?—because of me or in + spite of me, is that what it means? I have said no, but no does + not satisfy him. [There is, however, no record from Symonds's + side of any letter by Whitman to Symonds in this sense up to this + date.] But read this letter—read the whole of it: it is very + shrewd, very cute, in deadliest earnest: it drives me hard, + almost compels me—it is urgent, persistent: he sort of stands in + the road and says 'I won't move till you answer my question.' You + see, this is an old letter—sixteen years old—and he is still + asking the question: he refers to it in one of his latest notes. + He is surely a wonderful man—a rare, cleaned-up man—a + white-souled, heroic character.... You will be writing something + about Calamus some day," said W. [to Traubel], "and this letter, + and what I say, may help to clear your ideas. Calamus needs clear + ideas; it may be easily, innocently distorted from its natural, + its motive, body of doctrine."</p> + +<p> The letter, dated Feb. 7, 1872, of some length, is then + reproduced. It tells how much <i>Leaves of Grass</i>, and especially + the Calamus section, had helped the writer. "What the love of man + for man has been in the past," Symonds wrote, "I think I know. + What it is here now, I know also—alas! What you say it can and + should be I dimly discern in your Poems. But this hardly + satisfies me—so desirous am I of learning what you teach. Some + day, perhaps,—in some form, I know not what, but in your own + chosen form,—you will tell me more about the Love of Friends. + Till then I wait."</p> + +<p> "Said W: 'Well, what do you think of that? Do you think that + could be answered?' 'I don't see why you call that letter driving + you hard. It's quiet enough—it only asks questions, and asks the + questions mildly enough,' 'I suppose you are right—"drive" is + not exactly the word: yet you know how I hate to be catechised. + Symonds is <a name='2_Page_55'></a>right, no doubt, to ask the questions: I am just as + much right if I do not answer them: just as much right if I do + answer them. I often say to myself about Calamus—perhaps it + means more or less than what I thought myself—means different: + perhaps I don't know what it all means—perhaps never did know. + My first instinct about all that Symonds writes is violently + reactionary—is strong and brutal for no, no, no. Then the + thought intervenes that I maybe do not know all my own meanings: + I say to myself: "You, too, go away, come back, study your own + book—as alien or stranger, study your own book, see what it + amounts to." Some time or other I will have to write to him + definitely about Calamus—give him my word for it what I meant or + mean it to mean.'"</p> + +<p> Again, a month later (May 24, 1888), Whitman speaks to Traubel of + a "beautiful letter" from Symonds. "You will see that he harps on + the Calamus poems again. I don't see why it should, but his + recurrence to that subject irritates me a little. I suppose you + might say—why don't you shut him up by answering him? There is + no logical answer to that I suppose: but I may ask in my turn: + 'What right has he to ask questions anyway?'" W. laughed a bit. + "Anyway the question comes back to me almost every time he + writes. He is courteous enough about it—that is the reason I do + not resent him. I suppose the whole thing will end in an answer + some day."</p> + +<p> The letter follows. The chief point in it is that the writer + hopes he has not been importunate in the question he had asked + about Calamus three years before.</p> + +<p> "I [Traubel] said to W.: 'That's a humble letter enough: I don't + see anything in that to get excited about. He doesn't ask you to + answer the old question. In fact he rather apologizes for having + asked it.' W. fired up 'Who is excited? As to that question, he + does ask it again and again: asks it, asks it, asks it.' I + laughed at his vehemence. 'Well, suppose he does? It does not + harm. Besides, you've got nothing to hide. I think your silence + might lead him to suppose there was a nigger in your wood pile.' + 'Oh, nonsense! But for thirty years my enemies and friends have + been asking me questions about the <i>Leaves</i>: I'm tired of not + answering questions.' It was very funny to see his face when he + gave a humorous twist to the fling in his last phrase. Then he + relaxed and added: 'Anyway I love Symonds. Who could fail to love + a man who could write such a letter? I suppose he will yet have + to be answered, damn 'im!'" </p></div> + +<p>It is clear that these conversations considerably diminish the force of +the declaration in Whitman's letter. We see that the letter which, on the +face of it, might have represented the <a name='2_Page_56'></a>swift and indignant reaction of a +man who, suddenly faced by the possibility that his work may be +interpreted in a perverse sense, emphatically repudiates that +interpretation, was really nothing of the kind. Symonds for at least +eighteen years had been gently, considerately, even humbly, yet +persistently, asking the same perfectly legitimate question. If the answer +was really an emphatic no, it would more naturally have been made in 1872 +than 1890. Moreover, in the face of this ever-recurring question, Whitman +constantly speaks to his friends of his great affection for Symonds and +his admiration for his intellectual cuteness, feelings that would both be +singularly out of place if applied to a man who was all the time +suggesting the possibility that his writings contained inferences that +were "terrible," "morbid," and "damnable." Evidently, during all those +years, Whitman could not decide what to reply. On the one hand he was +moved by his horror of being questioned, by his caution, by his natural +aversion to express approval of anything that could be called unnatural or +abnormal. On the other hand, he was moved by the desire to let his work +speak for itself, by his declared determination to leave everything open, +and possibly by a more or less conscious sympathy with the inferences +presented to him. It was not until the last years of his life, when his +sexual life belonged to the past, when weakness was gaining on him, when +he wished to put aside every drain on his energies, that—being +constitutionally incapable of a balanced scientific statement—he chose +the simplest and easiest solution of the difficulty.<a name='2_FNanchor_99'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_99'><sup>[99]</sup></a> <a name='2_Page_57'></a></p> + +<p>Concerning another great modern writer—Paul Verlaine, the first of modern +French poets—it seems possible to speak with less hesitation. A man who +possessed in fullest measure the irresponsible impressionability of +genius, Verlaine—as his work shows and as he himself admitted—all his +life oscillated between normal and homosexual love, at one period +attracted to women, at another to men. He was without doubt, it seems to +me, bisexual. An early connection with another young poet, Arthur Rimbaud, +terminated in a violent quarrel with his friend, and led to Verlaine's +imprisonment at Mons. In after-years he gave expression to the exalted +passion of this relationship—<i>mon grand péché radieux</i>—in <i>Læti et +Errabundi</i>, published in the volume entitled <i>Parallèlement</i>; and in later +poems he has told of less passionate and less sensual relationships which +yet were more than friendship, for instance, in the poem, "<i>Mon ami, ma +plus belle amitié, ma Meilleure</i>" in <i>Bonheur</i>.<a name='2_FNanchor_100'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_100'><sup>[100]</sup></a></p> + +<p>In this brief glance at some of the ethnographical, historical, religious, +and literary aspects of homosexual passion there is one other phenomenon +which may be mentioned. This is the alleged fact that, while the phenomena +exist to some extent everywhere, <a name='2_Page_58'></a>we seem to find a special proclivity to +homosexuality (whether or not involving a greater frequency of congenital +inversion is not usually clear) among certain races and in certain +regions.<a name='2_FNanchor_101'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_101'><sup>[101]</sup></a> In Europe this would be best illustrated by the case of +southern Italy, which in this respect is held to be distinct from northern +Italy, although Italians generally are franker than men of northern race +in admitting their sexual practices.<a name='2_FNanchor_102'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_102'><sup>[102]</sup></a> How far the supposed greater +homosexuality of southern Italy may be due to Greek influence and Greek +blood it is not very easy to say.</p> + +<p>It must be remembered that, in dealing with a northern country like +England, homosexual phenomena do not present themselves in the same way as +they do in southern Italy today, or in ancient Greece. In Greece the +homosexual impulse was recognized and idealized; a man could be an open +homosexual lover, and yet, like Epaminondas, be a great and honored +citizen of his country. There was no reason whatever why a man, who in +mental and physical constitution was perfectly normal, should not adopt a +custom that was regarded as respectable, and sometimes as even specially +honorable. But it is quite otherwise <a name='2_Page_59'></a>today in a country like England or +the United States.<a name='2_FNanchor_103'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_103'><sup>[103]</sup></a> In these countries all our traditions and all our +moral ideals, as well as the law, are energetically opposed to every +manifestation of homosexual passion. It requires a very strong impetus to +go against this compact social force which, on every side, constrains the +individual into the paths of heterosexual love. That impetus, in a +well-bred individual who leads the normal life of his fellow-men and who +feels the ordinary degree of respect for the social feeling surrounding +him, can only be supplied by a fundamental—usually, it is probable, +inborn—perversion of the sexual instinct, rendering the individual +organically abnormal. It is with this fundamental abnormality, usually +called sexual inversion, that we shall here be concerned. There is no +evidence to show that homosexuality in Greece was a congenital perversion, +although it appears that Cœlius Aurelianus affirms that in the +opinion of Parmenides it was hereditary. Aristotle also, in his fragment +on physical love, though treating the whole matter with indulgence, seems +to have distinguished abnormal congenital homosexuality from acquired +homosexual vice. Doubtless in a certain proportion of cases the impulse +was organic, and it may well be that there was an organic and racial +predisposition to homosexuality among the Greeks, or, at all events, the +Dorians. But the state of social feeling, however it originated, induced a +large proportion of the ordinary population to adopt homosexuality as a +fashion, or, it may be said, the environment was peculiarly favorable to +the development of latent homosexual tendencies. So that any given number +of homosexual persons among the Greeks would have presented a far smaller +proportion of constitutionally abnormal individuals than a like number in +England. In a similar manner—though I do not regard the analogy as +complete—infanticide or the exposition of children was practised in some +of the early Greek States by parents who were completely healthy and +normal; in England a married <a name='2_Page_60'></a>woman who destroys her child is in nearly +every case demonstrably diseased or abnormal. For this reason I am unable +to see that homosexuality in ancient Greece—while of great interest as a +social and psychological problem—throws light on sexual inversion as we +know it in England or the United States.</p> + +<p>Concerning the wide prevalence of sexual inversion and of homosexual +phenomena generally, there can be no manner of doubt. This question has +been most fully investigated in Germany. In Berlin, Moll states that he +has himself seen between 600 and 700 homosexual persons and heard of some +250 to 350 others. Hirschfeld states that he has known over 10,000 +homosexual persons.</p> + +<p>There are, I am informed, several large cafés in Berlin which are almost +exclusively patronized by inverts who come here to flirt and make +acquaintances; as these cafés are frequented by male street prostitutes +(Pupenjunge) the invert risks being blackmailed or robbed if he goes home +or to a hotel with a café acquaintance. There are also a considerable +number of homosexual <i>Kneipen</i>, small and unpretentious bar-rooms, which +are really male brothels, the inmates being sexually normal working men +and boys, out of employment or in quest of a few marks as pocket money; +these places are regarded by inverts as very safe, as the proprietors +insist on good order and allow no extortion, while the police, though of +course aware of their existence, never interfere. Homosexual cafés for +women are also found in Berlin.</p> + +<p>There is some reason for believing that homosexuality is especially +prominent in Germany and among Germans. I have elsewhere referred to the +highly emotional and sentimental traits which have frequently marked +German friendships. Germany is the only country in which there is a +definite and well-supported movement for the defense and social +rehabilitation of inverts. The study of sexual inversion began in Germany, +and the scientific and literary publications dealing with homosexuality +issued from the German press probably surpass in quantity and importance +those issued from all other countries put together. The <a name='2_Page_61'></a>homosexual +tendencies of Germans outside Germany have been noted in various +countries. Among my English cases I have found that a strain of German +blood occurs much more frequently than we are entitled to expect; Parisian +prostitutes are said to be aware of the homosexual tastes of Germans; it +is significant that (as a German invert familiar with Turkey informed +Näcke), at Constantinople, the procurers, who naturally supply girls as +well as youths, regard Germans and Austrians as more tending to +homosexuality than the foreigners from any other land. Germans usually +deny, however, that there is any special German proclivity to inversion, +and it would not appear that such statistics as are available (though all +such statistics cannot be regarded as more than approximations) show any +pronounced predominance of inversion among Germans. It is to Hirschfeld +that we owe the chief attempt to gain some notion of the percentage of +homosexual persons among the general population.<a name='2_FNanchor_104'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_104'><sup>[104]</sup></a> It may be said to +vary in different regions and more especially in different occupations, +from 1 to 10 per cent. But the average when the individuals belonging to a +large number of groups are combined is generally found to be rather over 2 +per cent. So that there are about a million and a half inverted persons in +Germany.<a name='2_FNanchor_105'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_105'><sup>[105]</sup></a> This would be a minimum which can scarcely fail to be below +the actual proportion, as no one can be certain that he is acquainted with +the real proclivities of all the persons comprising a larger group of +acquaintances.<a name='2_FNanchor_106'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_106'><sup>[106]</sup></a> It is not found in the estimates which have reached +Hirschfeld that the French groups show a smaller proportion of homosexual +persons than the German groups, and a Japanese group comes out near <a name='2_Page_62'></a>to +the general average for the whole. Various authorities, especially +Germans, believe that homosexuality is just as common in France as in +Germany.<a name='2_FNanchor_107'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_107'><sup>[107]</sup></a> Saint-Paul ("Dr. Laupts"), on the other hand, is unable to +accept this view. As an army surgeon who has long served in Africa he can +(as also Rebierre in his <i>Joyeux et demifous</i>) bear witness to the +frequency of homosexuality among the African battalions of the French +army, especially in the cavalry, less so in the infantry; in the French +army generally he finds it rare, as also in the general population.<a name='2_FNanchor_108'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_108'><sup>[108]</sup></a> +Näcke is also inclined to believe that homosexuality is rarer in Celtic +lands, and in the Latin countries generally, than in Teutonic and Slavonic +lands, and believes that it may be a question of race.<a name='2_FNanchor_109'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_109'><sup>[109]</sup></a> The question +is still undecided. It is possible that the undoubted fact that +homosexuality is less conspicuous in France and the other Latin countries +than in Teutonic lands, may be due not to the occurrence of a smaller +proportion of congenital inverts in the former lands, but mainly to +general difference in temperament and in the social reaction.<a name='2_FNanchor_110'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_110'><sup>[110]</sup></a> The +French idealize and emphasize the place of women to a much greater degree +than the Germans, while at the same time inverts in France have much less +occasion than in Germany to proclaim their legal grievances. Apart from +such considerations as these it seems very doubtful whether inborn +inversion is in any considerable degree rarer in France than in Germany.</p> + +<p>As to the frequency of homosexuality in England<a name='2_FNanchor_111'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_111'><sup>[111]</sup></a> and the<a name='2_Page_63'></a> United +States there is much evidence. In England its manifestations are well +marked for those whose eyes have once been opened. The manifestations are +of the same character as those in Germany, modified by social and national +differences, and especially by the greater reserve, Puritanism, and +prudery of England.<a name='2_FNanchor_112'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_112'><sup>[112]</sup></a> In the United States these same influences exert +a still greater effect in restraining the outward manifestations of +homosexuality. Hirschfeld, though so acute and experienced in the +investigation of homosexuality, states that when visiting Philadelphia and +Boston he could scarcely detect any evidence of homosexuality, though he +was afterward assured by those acquainted with local conditions that its +extension in both cities is "colossal." There have been numerous criminal +cases and scandals in the United States in which homosexuality has come to +the surface, and the very frequently occurring cases of transvestism or +cross-dressing in the States seem to be in a large proportion associated +with homosexuality.</p> + +<p>In the opinion of some, English homosexuality has become much more +conspicuous during recent years, and this is sometimes attributed to the +Oscar Wilde case. No doubt, the celebrity of Oscar Wilde and the universal +publicity given to the facts of the case by the newspapers may have +brought conviction of their perversion to many inverts who were before +only vaguely conscious of their abnormality, and, paradoxical though it +may seem, have imparted greater courage to others; but it can scarcely +have sufficed to increase the number of inverts. Rather, one may say, the +development of urban life renders easier the exhibition and satisfaction +of this as of all other forms of perversion. Regarding the proportion of +inverts among the general population, it is very difficult to speak +positively. The invert himself is a misleading guide because he has formed +round himself a special coterie of homosexual persons, and, moreover, he +is sometimes apt to overestimate the number of inverts through the +misinterpretation <a name='2_Page_64'></a>of small indications that are not always conclusive. +The estimate of the ordinary normal person, feeling the ordinary disgust +toward abnormal phenomena, is also misleading, because his homosexual +acquaintances are careful not to inform him concerning their proclivities. +A writer who has studied the phenomena of homosexuality is apt to be +misguided in the same way as the invert himself, and to overestimate the +prevalence of the perversion. Striving to put aside this source of +fallacy, and only considering those individuals with whom I have been +brought in contact by the ordinary circumstances of life, and with whose +modes of feeling I am acquainted, I am still led to the conclusion that +the proportion is considerable. Among the professional and most cultured +element of the middle class in England, there must be a distinct +percentage of inverts which may sometimes be as much as 5 per cent., +though such estimates must always be hazardous. Among women of the same +class the percentage seems to be at least double, though here the +phenomena are less definite and deep-seated. This seems to be a moderate +estimate for this class, which includes, however, it must be remembered, a +considerable proportion of individuals who are somewhat abnormal in other +respects. As we descend the scale the phenomena are doubtless less common, +though when we reach the working class we come to that comparative +indifference to which allusion has already been made. Taken altogether we +may probably conclude that the proportion of inverts is the same as in +other related and neighboring lands, that is to say, slightly over 2 per +cent. That would give the homosexual population of Great Britain as +somewhere about a million.</p> + +<hr /> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_1'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_1'>[1]</a> Taking all its forms <i>en bloc</i>, as they are known to the +police, homosexuality is seen to possess formidable proportions. Thus in +France, from official papers which passed through M. Carlier's bureau +during ten years (1860-70), he compiled a list of 6342 pederasts who came +within the cognizance of the police; 2049 Parisians, 3709 provincials, and +584 foreigners. Of these, 3432, or more than the half, could not be +convicted of illegal acts.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_2'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_2'>[2]</a> The chief general collection of data (not here drawn upon) +concerning homosexuality among animals is by the zoölogist Prof. Karsch, +"Päderastie und Tribadie bei den Tieren," <i>Jahrbuch für sexuelle +Zwischenstufen</i>, vol. ii. Brehm's <i>Tierleben</i> also contains many examples. +See also a short chapter (ch. xxix) in Hirschfeld's <i>Homosexualität</i>.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_3'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_3'>[3]</a> H. Sainte-Claire Deville, "De l'Internat et son influence sur +l'education de la jeunesse," a paper read to the Académie des Sciences +Morales et Politiques, July 27, 1871, and quoted by Chevalier, +<i>L'Inversion Sexuelle</i>, pp. 204-5.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_4'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_4'>[4]</a> M. Bombarda, <i>Comptes rendus Congrès Internationale de +l'Anthropologie Criminelle</i>, Amsterdam, p. 212.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_5'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_5'>[5]</a> Lacassagne, "De la Criminalité chez les Animaux," <i>Revue +Scientifique</i>, 1882.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_6'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_6'>[6]</a> Steinach, "Utersuchungen zu vergleichende Physiologie," +<i>Archiv für die Gesammte Physiologie</i>, Bd. lvi, 1894, p. 320.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_7'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_7'>[7]</a> Féré, <i>Comptes-rendus Société de Biologie</i>, July 30, 1898. We +may perhaps connect this with an observation of E. Selous (<i>Zoölogist</i>, +May and Sept., 1901) on a bird, the Great Crested Grebe; after pairing, +the male would crouch to the female, who played his part to him; the same +thing is found among pigeons. Selous suggests that this is a relic of +primitive hermaphroditism. But it may be remembered that in the male +generally sexual intercourse tends to be more exhausting than in the +female; this fact would favor a reversion of their respective parts.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_8'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_8'>[8]</a> E. Selous, "Sexual Selection in Birds," <i>Zoölogist</i>, Feb., +1907, p. 65; <i>ib.</i>, May, p. 169. Sexual aberrations generally are not +uncommon among birds; see, <i>e.g.</i>, A. Heim, "Sexuelle Verirrungen bei +Vögeln in den Tropen," <i>Sexual-Probleme</i>, April, 1913.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_9'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_9'>[9]</a> See Moll, <i>Untersuchungen über die Libido Sexualis</i>, 1898, +Bd. i, pp. 369, 374-5. For a summary of facts concerning homosexuality in +animals see F. Karsch, "Päderastie und Tribadie bei den Tieren auf Grund +der Literatur," <i>Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen</i>, Bd. ii, 1899, pp. +126-154</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_10'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_10'>[10]</a> Muccioli, "Degenerazione e Criminalità nei Colombi," +<i>Archivio di Psichiatria</i>, 1893, p. 40.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_11'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_11'>[11]</a> <i>L'Intermédiare des Biologistes</i>, November 20, 1897.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_12'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_12'>[12]</a> R. I. Pocock, <i>Field</i>, 25 Oct., 1913.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_13'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_13'>[13]</a> R. S. Rutherford, "Crowing Hens," <i>Poultry</i>, January 26, +1896.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_14'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_14'>[14]</a> This has now been very thoroughly done by Prof. F. +Karsch-Haack in a large book, <i>Das Gleichgeschlechtliche Leben der +Naturvölker</i>, 1911. An earlier and shorter study by the same author was +published in the <i>Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen</i>, Bd. iii, 1901.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_15'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_15'>[15]</a> See a brief and rather inconclusive treatment of the +question by Bruns Meissner, "Assyriologische Studien," iv, <i>Mitteilungen +der Vorderasiatischen Gesellschaft</i>, 1907.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_16'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_16'>[16]</a> <i>Monatshefte für praktische Dermatologie</i>, Bd. xxix, 1899, +p. 409.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_17'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_17'>[17]</a> Hirschfeld, <i>Die Homosexualität</i>, p. 739.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_18'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_18'>[18]</a> Beardmore also notes that sodomy is "regularly indulged in" +in New Guinea on this account. (<i>Journal of the Anthropological +Institute</i>, May, 1890, p. 464.)</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_19'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_19'>[19]</a> I have been told by medical men in India that it is +specially common among the Sikhs, the finest soldier-race in India.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_20'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_20'>[20]</a> Foley, <i>Bulletin Société d'Anthropologie de Paris</i>, October +9, 1879.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_21'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_21'>[21]</a> See, <i>e.g.</i>, O. Kiefer, "Plato's Stellung zu +Homosexualität," <i>Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen</i>, vol. vii.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_22'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_22'>[22]</a> Bethe, <i>op. cit.</i>, p. 440. In old Japan (before the +revolution of 1868) also, however, according to F. S. Krauss (<i>Das +Geschlechtsleben der Japaner</i>, ch. xiii, 1911), the homosexual relations +between knights and their pages resembled those of ancient Greece.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_23'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_23'>[23]</a> <i>Archiv für Kriminal-Anthropologie</i>, 1906, p. 106.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_24'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_24'>[24]</a> <i>Zeitschrift für Sexualwissenschaft</i>, 1914, Heft 2, p. 73.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_25'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_25'>[25]</a> Among the Sarts of Turkestan a class of well-trained and +educated homosexual prostitutes, resembling those found in China and many +regions of northern Asia, bearing also the same name of <i>batsha</i>, are said +to be especially common because fostered by the scarcity of women through +polygamy and by the women's ignorance and coarseness. The institution of +the <i>batsha</i> is supposed to have come to Turkestan from Persia. (Herman, +"Die Päderastie bei den Sarten," <i>Sexual-Probleme</i>, June, 1911.) This +would seem to suggest that Persia may have been a general center of +diffusions of this kind of refined homosexuality in northern Asia.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_26'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_26'>[26]</a> Morache, art. "Chine," <i>Dictionnaire Encyclopédique des +Sciences Médicales</i>; Matignon, "La Péderastie en Chine," <i>Archives +d'Anthropologie Criminelle</i>, Jan., 1899; Von der Choven, summarized in +<i>Archives de Neurologie</i>, March, 1907; Scié-Ton-Fa, "L'Homosexualité en +Chine," <i>Revue de l'Hypnotisme</i>, April, 1909.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_27'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_27'>[27]</a> <i>Moeurs des Peuples de l'Inde</i>, 1825, vol. i, part ii, ch. +xii. In Lahore and Lucknow, as quoted by Burton, Daville describes "men +dressed as women, with flowing locks under crowns of flowers, imitating +the feminine walk and gestures, voice and fashion of speech, ogling their +admirer with all the coquetry of bayaderes."</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_28'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_28'>[28]</a> <i>Voyages and Travels</i>, 1814, part ii, p. 47.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_29'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_29'>[29]</a> A. Lisiansky, <i>Voyage, etc.</i>, London, 1814, p. 1899.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_30'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_30'>[30]</a> <i>Ethnographische Skizzen</i>, 1855, p. 121.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_31'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_31'>[31]</a> C. F. P. von Martius, <i>Zur Ethnographie Amerika's</i>, Leipzig, +1867, Bd. i, p. 74. In Ancient Mexico Bernal Diaz wrote: <i>Erant quasi +omnes sodomia commaculati, et adolescentes multi, muliebriter vestiti, +ibant publice, cibum quarentes ab isto diabolico et abominabili labore</i>.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_32'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_32'>[32]</a> Hammond, <i>Sexual Impotence</i>, pp. 163-174.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_33'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_33'>[33]</a> <i>New York Medical Journal</i>, Dec. 7, 1889.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_34'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_34'>[34]</a> J. Turnbull, "<i>A Voyage Round the World in the Year 1800</i>," +etc., 1813, p. 382.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_35'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_35'>[35]</a> <i>Annales d'Hygiène et de Médecine Coloniale</i>, 1899, p. 494.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_36'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_36'>[36]</a> Oskar Baumann, "Conträre Sexual-Erscheinungen bei die +Neger-Bevölkerung Zanzibars," <i>Zeitschrift für Ethnologie</i>, 1899, Heft 6, +p. 668.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_37'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_37'>[37]</a> Rev. J. H. Weeks, <i>Journal Anthropological Institute</i>, 1909, +p. 449. I am informed by a medical correspondent in the United States that +inversion is extremely prevalent among American negroes. "I have good +reason to believe," he writes, "that it is far more prevalent among them +than among the white people of any nation. If inversion is to be regarded +as a penalty of 'civilization' this is remarkable. Perhaps, however, the +Negro, <i>relatively to his capacity</i>, is more highly civilized than we are; +at any rate his civilization has been thrust upon him, and not acquired +through the long throes of evolution. Colored inverts desire white men as +a rule, but are not averse to men of their own race. I believe that 10 per +cent, of Negroes in the United States are sexually inverted."</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_38'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_38'>[38]</a> Among the Papuans of German New Guinea, where the women have +great power, marriage is late, and the young men are compelled to live +separated from the women in communal houses. Here, says Moskowski +(<i>Zeitschrift für Ethnologie</i>, 1911, Heft 2, p. 339), homosexual orgies +are openly carried on.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_39'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_39'>[39]</a> C. G. Seligmann, "Sexual Inversion Among Primitive Races," +<i>Alienist and Neurologist</i>, Jan., 1902. In a tale of the Western Solomon +Islands, reported by J. C. Wheeler (<i>Anthropophyteia</i>, vol. ix, p. 376) we +find a story of a man who would be a woman, and married another man and +did woman's work.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_40'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_40'>[40]</a> Hardman, "Habits and Customs of Natives of Kimberley, +Western Australia," <i>Proceedings Royal Irish Academy</i>, 3d series, vol. i, +1889, p. 73.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_41'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_41'>[41]</a> Klaatsch, "Some Notes on Scientific Travel Amongst the Black +Populations of Tropic Australia," Adelaide meeting of <i>Australian +Association for the Advancement of Science</i>, January, 1907, p. 5.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_42'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_42'>[42]</a> In further illustration of this I have been told that among +the common people there is often no feeling against connection with a +woman <i>per anum</i>.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_43'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_43'>[43]</a> Chevalier (<i>L'Inversion Sexuelle</i>, pp. 85-106) brings +forward a considerable amount of evidence regarding homosexuality at Rome +under the emperors. See also Moll, <i>Konträre Sexualempfindung</i>, 1899, pp. +56-66, and Hirschfeld, <i>Homosexualität</i>, 1913, pp. 789-806. On the +literary side, Petronius best reveals the homosexual aspect of Roman life +about the time of Tiberius.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_44'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_44'>[44]</a> J. A. Symonds wrote an interesting essay on this subject; see +also Kiefer, <i>Jahrbuch f. sex. Zwischenstufen</i>, vol. viii, 1906.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_45'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_45'>[45]</a> See L. von Scheffler, "Elagabal," <i>Jahrbuch f. sex. +Zwischenstufen</i>, vol. iii, 1901; also Duviquet, <i>Héliogabale (Mercure de +France</i>).</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_46'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_46'>[46]</a> The following note has been furnished to me: "Balzac, in +<i>Une Dernière Incarnation de Vautrin</i>, describes the morals of the French +<i>bagnes</i>. Dostoieffsky, in <i>Prison-Life in Siberia</i>, touches on the same +subject. See his portrait of Sirotkin, p. 52 <i>et seq.</i>, p. 120 (edition J. +and R. Maxwell, London). We may compare Carlier, <i>Les Deux Prostitutions</i>, +pp. 300-1, for an account of the violence of homosexual passions in French +prisons. The initiated are familiar with the fact in English prisons. +Bouchard, in his <i>Confessions</i>, Paris, Liseux, 1881, describes the convict +station at Marseilles in 1630." Homosexuality among French recidivists at +Saint-Jean-du-Maroni in French Guiana has been described by Dr. Cazanova, +<i>Arch. d'Anth. Crim.</i>, January, 1906, p. 44. See also Davitt's <i>Leaves +from a Prison Diary</i>, and Berkman's <i>Prison Memoirs of an Anarchist</i>; also +Rebierre, <i>Joyeux et Demifous</i>, 1909.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_47'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_47'>[47]</a> D. McMurtrie, <i>Chicago Medical Recorder</i>, January, 1914.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_48'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_48'>[48]</a> See Appendix A: "Homosexuality among Tramps," by "Josiah +Flynt."</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_49'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_49'>[49]</a> <i>Inferno</i>, xv. The place of homosexuality in the <i>Divine +Comedy</i> itself has been briefly studied by Undine Freün von Verschuer, +<i>Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen</i>, Bd. viii, 1906.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_50'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_50'>[50]</a> Hirschfeld and others have pointed out, very truly, that +inverts are less prone than normal persons to regard caste and social +position. This innately democratic attitude renders it easier for them +than for ordinary people to rise to what Cyples has called the "ecstasy of +humanity," the emotional attitude, that is to say, of those rare souls of +whom it may be said, in the same writer's words, that "beggars' rags to +their unhesitating lips grew fit for kissing because humanity had touched +the garb." Edward Carpenter (<i>Intermediate Types among Primitive Folk</i>, p. +83) remarks that great ethical leaders have often exhibited feminine +traits, and adds: "It becomes easy to suppose of those early figures—who +once probably were men—those Apollos, Buddhas, Dionysus, Osiris, and so +forth—to suppose that they too were somewhat bisexual in temperament, and +that it was really largely owing to that fact that they were endowed with +far-reaching powers and became leaders of mankind."</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_51'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_51'>[51]</a> English translation, <i>Primitive Folk</i>, in Contemporary +Science series.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_52'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_52'>[52]</a> R. Horneffer, <i>Der Priester</i>, 2 vols., 1912. J. G. Frazer, in +the volume entitled "Adonis, Attis, Osiris" (pp. 428-435) of the third +edition of his <i>Golden Bough</i>, discusses priests dressed as women, and +finds various reasons for the custom.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_53'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_53'>[53]</a> Edward Carpenter, <i>Intermediate Types among Primitive Folk</i>, +1914.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_54'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_54'>[54]</a> Westermarck, <i>Origin and Development of Moral Ideas</i>, vol. +ii, ch. xliii.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_55'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_55'>[55]</a> "Italian literature," remarks Symonds, "can show the <i>Rime +Burlesche</i>, Becadelli's <i>Hermaphroditus</i>, the <i>Canti Carnascialeschi</i>, the +Macaronic poems of Fidentius, and the remarkably outspoken romance +entitled <i>Alcibiade Fanciullo a Scola</i>."</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_56'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_56'>[56]</a> The life of Muret has been well written by C. Dejob, +<i>Marc-Antoine Muret</i>, 1881.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_57'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_57'>[57]</a> F. M. Nichols, <i>Epistles of Erasmus</i>, vol. i, pp. 44-55.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_58'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_58'>[58]</a> Burckhardt, <i>Die Kultur der Renaissance</i>, vol. ii, +<i>Excursus</i> ci.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_59'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_59'>[59]</a> F. de Gaudenzi in ch. v of his <i>Studio Psico-patologico +sopra T. Tasso</i> (1899) deals fully with the poet's homosexual tendencies.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_60'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_60'>[60]</a> Herbert P. Horne, <i>Leonardo da Vinci</i>, 1903, p. 12.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_61'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_61'>[61]</a> S. Freud, <i>Eine Kindheitserinnerung des Leonardo da Vinci</i>, +1910.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_62'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_62'>[62]</a> See Parlagreco, <i>Michelangelo Buonarotti</i>, Naples, 1888; +Ludwig von Scheffler, <i>Michelangelo: Ein Renaissance Studie</i>, 1892; +<i>Archivo di Psichiatria</i>, vol. xv, fasc. i, ii, p. 129; J. A. Symonds, +<i>Life of Michelangelo</i>, 1893; Dr. Jur. Numa Praetorius, "Michel Angelo's +Urningtum," <i>Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen</i>, vol. ii, 1899, pp, +254-267.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_63'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_63'>[63]</a> J. A. Symonds, <i>Life of Michelangelo</i>, vol. ii, p. 384.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_64'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_64'>[64]</a> Sodoma's life and temperament have been studied and his +pictures copiously reproduced by Elisár von Kupffer, <i>Jahrbuch für +sexuelle Zwischenstufen</i>, Bd. ix, 1908, p. 71 <i>et seq.</i>, and by R. H. +Hobart Cust, <i>Giovanni Antonio Bazzi</i>.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_65'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_65'>[65]</a> Cellini, <i>Life</i>, translated by J. A. Symonds, introduction, +p. xxxv, and p. 448. Queringhi (<i>La Psiche di B. Cellini</i>, 1913) argues +that Cellini was not homosexual.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_66'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_66'>[66]</a> See the interesting account of Duquesnoy by Eekhoud +(<i>Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen</i>, Bd. ii, 1899), an eminent Belgian +novelist who has himself been subjected to prosecution on account of the +pictures of homosexuality in his novels and stories, <i>Escal-Vigor</i> and <i>Le +Cycle Patibulaire</i> (see <i>Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen</i>, Bd. iii, +1901).</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_67'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_67'>[67]</a> See Justi's <i>Life of Winkelmann</i>, and also Moll's <i>Die +Konträre Sexualempfindung</i>, third edition, 1899, pp. 122-126. In this +work, as well as in Raffalovich's <i>Uranisme et Unisexualité</i>, as also in +Moll's <i>Berühmte Homosexuelle</i> (1910) and Hirschfeld's <i>Die +Homosexualität</i>, p. 650 <i>et seq.</i>, there will be found some account of +many eminent men who are, on more or less reliable grounds, suspected of +homosexuality. Other German writers brought forward as inverted are +Platen, K. P. Moritz, and Iffland. Platen was clearly a congenital invert, +who sought, however, the satisfaction of his impulses in Platonic +friendship; his homosexual poems and the recently published unabridged +edition of his diary render him an interesting object of study; see for a +sympathetic account of him, Ludwig Frey, "Aus dem Seelenleben des Grafen +Platen," <i>Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen</i>, vols. i and vi. Various +kings and potentates have been mentioned in this connection, including the +Sultan Baber; Henri III of France; Edward II, William II, James I, and +William III of England, and perhaps Queen Anne and George III, Frederick +the Great and his brother, Heinrich, Popes Paul II, Sixtus IV, and Julius +II, Ludwig II of Bavaria, and others. Kings, indeed, seem peculiarly +inclined to homosexuality.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_68'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_68'>[68]</a> Schultz, <i>Das Höfische Leben</i>, Bd. i, ch. xiii.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_69'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_69'>[69]</a> <i>De Planctu Naturæ</i> has been translated by Douglas Moffat, +<i>Yale Studies in English</i>, No. xxxvi, 1908.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_70'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_70'>[70]</a> P. de l'Estoile, <i>Mémoires-Journaux</i>, vol. ii, p. 326.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_71'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_71'>[71]</a> Laborde, <i>Le Palais Mazarin</i>, p. 128.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_72'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_72'>[72]</a> Thus she writes in 1701 (<i>Correspondence</i>, edited by Brunet, +vol. i, p. 58): "Our heroes take as their models Hercules, Theseus, +Alexander, and Cæsar, who all had their male favorites. Those who give +themselves up to this vice, while believing in Holy Scripture, imagine +that it was only a sin when there were few people in the world, and that +now the earth is populated it may be regarded as a <i>divertissement</i>. Among +the common people, indeed, accusations of this kind are, so far as +possible, avoided; but among persons of quality it is publicly spoken of; +it is considered a fine saying that since Sodom and Gomorrah, the Lord has +punished no one for such offences."</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_73'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_73'>[73]</a> Sérieux and Libert, "La Bastille et ses Prisonniers," +<i>L'Encéphale</i>, September, 1911.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_74'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_74'>[74]</a> Witry, "Notes Historiques sur l'Homosexualité en France," +<i>Revue de l'Hypnotisme</i>, January, 1909.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_75'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_75'>[75]</a> In early Teutonic days there was little or no trace of any +punishment for homosexual practices in Germany. This, according to Hermann +Michaëlis, only appeared after the Church had gained power among the West +Goths; in the Breviarium of Alaric II (506), the sodomist was condemned to +the stake, and later, in the seventh century, by an edict of King +Chindasvinds, to castration. The Frankish capitularies of Charlemange's +time adopted ecclesiastical penances. In the thirteenth and fourteenth +centuries death by fire was ordained, and the punishments enacted by the +German codes tended to become much more ferocious than that edicted by the +Justinian code on which they were modelled.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_76'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_76'>[76]</a> Raffalovich discusses German friendship, <i>Uranisme et +Unisexualité</i>, pp. 157-9. See also Birnbaum, <i>Jahrbuch für sexuelle +Zwischenstufen</i>, Bd. viii, p. 611; he especially illustrates this kind of +friendship by the correspondence of the poets Gleim and Jacobi, who used +to each other the language of lovers, which, indeed, they constantly +called themselves.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_77'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_77'>[77]</a> This letter may be found in Ernst Schur's <i>Heinrich von +Kleist in seinen Briefen</i>, p. 295. Dr. J. Sadger has written a +pathographic and psychological study of Kleist, emphasizing the homosexual +strain, in the <i>Grenzfragen des Nerven- und Seelenlebens</i> series.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_78'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_78'>[78]</a> Alexander's not less distinguished brother, Wilhelm von +Humboldt, though not homosexual, possessed, a woman wrote to him, "the +soul of a woman and the most tender feeling for womanliness I have ever +found in your sex;" he himself admitted the feminine traits in his nature. +Spranger (<i>Wilhelm von Humboldt</i>, p. 288) says of him that "he had that +dual sexuality without which the moral summits of humanity cannot be +reached."</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_79'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_79'>[79]</a> Krupp caused much scandal by his life at Capri, where he was +constantly surrounded by the handsome youths of the place, mandolinists +and street arabs, with whom he was on familiar terms, and on whom he +lavished money. H. D. Davray, a reliable eyewitness, has written "Souvenirs +sur M. Krupp à Capri," <i>L'Européen</i>, 29 November, 1902. It is not, +however, definitely agreed that Krupp was of fully developed homosexual +temperament (see, <i>e.g.</i>, <i>Jahrbuch f. sexuelle Zwischenstufen</i>, Bd. v, p. +1303 <i>et seq.</i>) An account of his life at Capri was published in the +<i>Vorwärts</i>, against which Krupp finally brought a libel action; but he +died immediately afterward, it is widely believed, by his own hand, and +the libel action was withdrawn.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_80'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_80'>[80]</a> Madame, the mother of the Regent, in her letters of 12th +October, 4th November, and 13th December, 1701, repeatedly makes this +assertion, and implies that it was supported by the English who at that +time came over to Paris with the English Ambassador, Lord Portland. The +King was very indifferent to women.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_81'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_81'>[81]</a> Anselm, Epistola lxii, in Migne's <i>Patrologia</i>, vol. clix, +col. 95. John of Salisbury, in his <i>Polycrates</i>, describes the homosexual +and effeminate habits of his time.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_82'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_82'>[82]</a> Pollock and Maitland, <i>History of English Law</i>, vol. ii, p. +556.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_83'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_83'>[83]</a> Coleridge in his <i>Table Talk</i> (14 May, 1833) remarked: "A +man may, under certain states of the moral feeling, entertain something +deserving the name of love towards a male object—an affection beyond +friendship, and wholly aloof from appetite. In Elizabeth's and James's +time it seems to have been almost fashionable to cherish such a feeling. +Certainly the language of the two friends Musidorus and Pyrocles in the +<i>Arcadia</i> is such as we could not use except to women." This passage of +Coleridge's is interesting as an early English recognition by a +distinguished man of genius of what may be termed ideal homosexuality.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_84'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_84'>[84]</a> See account of Udall in the <i>National Dictionary of +Biography</i>.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_85'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_85'>[85]</a> <i>Complete Poems of Richard Barnfield</i>, edited with an +introduction by A. B. Grosart, 1876. The poems of Barnfield were also +edited by Arber, in the English Scholar's Library, 1883. Arber, who always +felt much horror for the abnormal, argues that Barnfield's occupation with +homosexual topics was merely due to a search for novelty, that it was "for +the most part but an amusement and had little serious or personal in it." +Those readers of Barnfield, however, who are acquainted with homosexual +literature will scarcely fail to recognize a personal preoccupation in his +poems. This is also the opinion of Moll in his <i>Berühmte Homosexuelle</i>.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_86'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_86'>[86]</a> See appendix to my edition of Marlowe in the <i>Mermaid +Series</i>, first edition. For a study of Marlowe's "Gaveston," regarded as +"the hermaphrodite in soul," see J. A. Nicklin, <i>Free Review</i>, December, +1895.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_87'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_87'>[87]</a> As Raffalovich acutely points out, the twentieth sonnet, +with its reference to the "one thing to my purpose nothing," is alone +enough to show that Shakespeare was not a genuine invert, as then he would +have found the virility of the loved object beautiful. His sonnets may +fairly be compared to the <i>In Memoriam</i> of Tennyson, whom it is impossible +to describe as inverted, though in his youth he cherished an ardent +friendship for another youth, such as was also felt in youth by +Montaigne.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_88'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_88'>[88]</a> A scene in Vanbrugh's <i>Relapse</i>, and the chapter (ch. li) in +Smollett's <i>Roderick Random</i> describing Lord Strutwell, may also be +mentioned as evidencing familiarity with inversion. "In our country," said +Lord Strutwell to Rawdon, putting forward arguments familiar to modern +champions of homosexuality, "it gains ground apace, and in all probability +will become in a short time a more fashionable vice than simple +fornication."</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_89'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_89'>[89]</a> These observations on eighteenth century homosexuality in +London are chiefly based on the volumes of <i>Select Trials</i> at the Old +Bailey, published in 1734.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_90'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_90'>[90]</a> Numa Praetorius (<i>Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen</i>, Bd. +iv, p. 885), who has studied Byron from this point of view, considers +that, though his biography has not yet been fully written on the sexual +side, he was probably of bisexual temperament; Raffalovich (<i>Uranisme et +Unisexualité</i>, p. 309) is of the same opinion.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_91'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_91'>[91]</a> A youthful attraction of this kind in a poet is well +illustrated by Dolben, who died at the age of nineteen. In addition to a +passion for Greek poetry he cherished a romantic friendship of +extraordinary ardor, revealed in his poems, for a slightly older +schoolfellow, who was never even aware of the idolatry he aroused. +Dolben's life has been written, and his poems edited, by his friend the +eminent poet, Robert Bridges (<i>The Poems of D. M. Dolben</i>, edited with a +Memoir by R. Bridges, 1911).</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_92'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_92'>[92]</a> A well-informed narrative of the Oscar Wilde trial is given +by Raffalovich in his <i>Uranisme et Unisexualité</i>, pp. 241-281; the full +report of the trial has been published by Mason. The best life of Wilde is +probably that of Arthur Ransome. André Gide's little volume of +reminiscences, <i>Oscar Wilde</i> (also translated into English), is well worth +reading. Wilde has been discussed in relation to homosexuality by Numa +Praetorius (<i>Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen</i>, vol. iii, 1901). An +instructive document, an unpublished portion of <i>De Profundis</i>, in which +Wilde sought to lay the blame for his misfortune on a friend,—his +"ancient affection" for whom has, he declares, been turned to "loathing, +bitterness, and contempt,"—was published in the <i>Times</i>, 18th April, +1913; it clearly reveals an element of weakness of character.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_93'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_93'>[93]</a> T. Wright, <i>Life of Edward Fitzgerald</i>, vol. i, p. 158.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_94'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_94'>[94]</a> Most of these were carelessly lost or destroyed by Posh. A +few have been published by James Blyth, <i>Edward Fitzgerald and</i> '<i>Posh</i>,' +1908.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_95'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_95'>[95]</a> It is as such that Whitman should be approached, and I would +desire to protest against the tendency, now marked in many quarters, to +treat him merely as an invert, and to vilify him or glorify him +accordingly. However important inversion may be as a psychological key to +Whitman's personality, it plays but a small part in Whitman's work, and +for many who care for that work a negligible part. (I may be allowed to +refer to my own essay on Whitman, in <i>The New Spirit</i>, written nearly +thirty years ago.)</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_96'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_96'>[96]</a> I may add that Symonds (in his book on Whitman) accepted +this letter as a candid and final statement showing that Whitman was +absolutely hostile to sexual inversion, that he had not even taken its +phenomena into account, and that he had "omitted to perceive that there +are inevitable points of contact between sexual inversion and his doctrine +of friendship." He recalls, however, Whitman's own lines at the end of +"Calamus" in the Camden edition of 1876:— +</p> +<div class='poem'><div class='stanza'> +<span>"Here my last words, and the most baffling,<br /></span> +<span>Here the frailest leaves of me, and yet my strongest-lasting,<br /></span> +<span>Here I shade down and hide my thoughts—I do not expose them,<br /></span> +<span>And yet they expose me more than all my other poems."<br /></span> +</div></div></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_97'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_97'>[97]</a> Whitman's letters to Peter Doyle, an uncultured young +tram-conductor deeply loved by the poet, have been edited by Dr. Bucke, +and published at Boston: <i>Calamus: A Series of Letters</i>, 1897.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_98'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_98'>[98]</a> Whitman acknowledged, however (as in the letter to Symonds +already referred to), that he had had six children; they appear to have +been born in the earlier part of his life when he lived in the South. (See +a chapter on Walt Whitman's children in Edward Carpenter's interesting +book, <i>Days with Walt Whitman</i>, 1906.) Yet his brother George Whitman +said: "I never knew Walt to fall in love with young girls, or even to show +them marked attention." And Doyle, who knew him intimately during ten +years of late life, said: "Women in that sense never came into his head." +The early heterosexual relationship seems to have been an exception in his +life. With regard to the number of children I am informed that, in the +opinion of a lady who knew Whitman in the South, there can be no +reasonable doubt as to the existence of one child, but that when +enumerating six he possibly included grandchildren.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_99'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_99'>[99]</a> While the homosexual strain in Walt Whitman has been more or +less definitely admitted by various writers, the most vigorous attempts to +present the homosexual character of his personality and work are due to +Eduard Bertz in Germany, and to Dr. W. C. Rivers in England. Bertz has +issued three publications on Whitman: see especially his <i>Der +Yankee-Heiland</i>, 1906, and <i>Whitman-Mysterien</i>, 1907. The arguments of +Rivers are concisely stated in a pamphlet entitled <i>Walt Whitman's +Anomaly</i> (London: George Allen, 1913). Both Bertz and Rivers emphasize the +feminine traits in Whitman. An interesting independent picture of Whitman, +at about the date of the letter to Symonds, accompanied by the author's +excellent original photographs, is furnished by Dr. John Johnston, <i>A +Visit to Walt Whitman</i>, 1898. It may be added that, probably, both the +extent and the significance of the feminine traits in Whitman have been +overestimated by some writers. Most artists and men of genius have some +feminine traits; they do not prove the existence of inversion, nor does +their absence disprove it. Dr. Clark Bell writes to me in reference to the +little book by Dr. Rivers: "I knew Walt Whitman personally. To me Mr. +Whitman was one of the most robust and virile of men, extraordinarily so. +He was from my standpoint not feminine at all, but physically masculine +and robust. The difficulty is that a virile and strong man who is poetic +in temperament, ardent and tender, may have phases and moods of passion +and emotion which are apt to be misinterpreted." A somewhat similar view, +in opposition to Bertz and Rivers, has been vigorously set forth by +Bazalgette (who has written a very thorough study of Whitman in French), +especially in the <i>Mercure de France</i> for 1st July, 1st Oct., and 15th +Nov., 1913.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_100'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_100'>[100]</a> Lepelletier, in what may be regarded as the official +biography of Verlaine (<i>Paul Verlaine</i>, 1907) seeks to minimize or explain +away the homosexual aspect of the poet's life. So also Berrichon, +Rimbaud's brother-in-law, <i>Mercure de France</i>, 16 July, 1911 and 1 Feb., +1912. P. Escoube, in a judicious essay (included in <i>Préférences</i>, 1913), +presents a more reasonable view of this aspect of Verlaine's temperament. +Even apart altogether from the evidence as to the poet's tendency to +passionate friendship, there can be no appeal from the poems themselves, +which clearly possess an absolute and unquestionable sincerity.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_101'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_101'>[101]</a> Sir Richard Burton, who helped to popularize this view, +regarded the phenomenon as "geographical and climatic, not racial," and +held that within what he called the Sotadic Zone "the vice is popular and +endemic, held at the worst to be a mere peccadillo, while the races to the +north and south of the limits here defined practice it only sporadically, +amid the opprobrium of their fellows, who, as a rule, are physically +incapable of performing the operation, and look upon it with the liveliest +disgust." He adds: "The only physical cause for the practice which +suggests itself to me, and that must be owned to be purely conjectural, is +that within the Sotadic Zone there is a blending of the masculine and +feminine temperaments, a crasis which elsewhere only occurs sporadically" +(<i>Arabian Nights</i>, 1885, vol. x, pp. 205-254). The theory of the Sotadic +Zone fails to account for the custom among the Normans, Celts, Scythians, +Bulgars, and Tartars, and, moreover, in various of these regions different +views have prevailed at different periods. Burton was wholly unacquainted +with the psychological investigations into sexual inversion which had, +indeed, scarcely begun in his day.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_102'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_102'>[102]</a> Spectator (<i>Anthropophyteia</i>, vol. vii, 1910), referring +especially to the neighborhood of Sorrento, states that the southern +Italians regard passive <i>pedicatio</i> as disgraceful, but attach little or +no shame to active <i>pedicatio</i>. This indifference enables them to exploit +the homosexual foreigners who are specially attracted to southern Italy in +the development of a flourishing homosexual industry.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_103'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_103'>[103]</a> It is true that in the solitude of great modern cities it +is possible for small homosexual coteries to form, in a certain sense, an +environment of their own, favorable to their abnormality; yet this fact +hardly modifies the general statement made in the text.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_104'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_104'>[104]</a> See especially Hirschfeld, <i>Die Homosexualität</i>, chs. xxiv +and xxv.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_105'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_105'>[105]</a> Ulrichs, in his <i>Argonauticus</i>, in 1869, estimated the +number as only 25,000, but admitted that this was probably a decided +underestimate. Bloch (<i>Die Prostitution</i>, Bd. i, p. 792) has found reason +to believe that in Cologne in the fifteenth century the percentage was +nearly as high as Hirschfeld finds it today. A few years earlier Bloch had +believed (<i>Beiträge</i>, part i, p. 215, 1902) that Hirschfeld's estimate of +2 per cent, was "sheer nonsense."</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_106'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_106'>[106]</a> Hirschfeld mentions the case of two men, artists, one of +them married, who were intimate friends for a great many years before each +discovered that the other was an invert.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_107'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_107'>[107]</a> See articles by Numa Praetorius and Fernan, maintaining +that homosexuality is at least as frequent in France (<i>Sexual-Probleme</i>, +March and December, 1909).</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_108'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_108'>[108]</a> Dr. Laupts, <i>L'Homosexualité</i>, 1910, pp. 413, 420.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_109'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_109'>[109]</a> Näcke, <i>Zeitschrift für Sexualwissenschaft</i>, 1908, Heft 6.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_110'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_110'>[110]</a> It is a fact significant of the French attitude toward +homosexuality that the psychologist, Dr. Saint-Paul, when writing a book +on this subject, though in a completely normal and correct manner, thought +it desirable to adopt a pseudonym.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_111'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_111'>[111]</a> A well-informed series of papers dealing with English +homosexuality generally, and especially with London (L. Pavia, "Die +männliche Homosexualität in England," <i>Vierteljahrsberichte des +wissenschaftlich-humanitären Komitees</i>, 1909-1911) will be found +instructive even by those who are familiar with London. And see also +Hirschfeld, <i>Die Homosexualität</i>, ch. xxvi. Much information of historical +nature concerning homosexuality in England will be found in Eugen Dühren +(Iwan Bloch), <i>Das Geschlechtsleben in England</i>.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_112'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_112'>[112]</a> This: is doubtless the reason why so many English inverts +establish themselves outside England. Paris, Florence, Nice, Naples, +Cairo, and other places, are said to swarm with homosexual Englishmen.</p></div> + + + +<hr class="full" /> + +<h3><a name='2_CHAPTER_II'></a><a name='2_Page_65'></a>CHAPTER II.—THE STUDY OF SEXUAL INVERSION.</h3> + +<div class='blkquot'><p>Westphal—Hössli—Casper—Ulrichs—Krafft-Ebing—Moll—Féré—Kiernan—Lydston—Raffalovich—Edward +Carpenter—Hirschfeld.</p></div> + +<p>Westphal, an eminent professor of psychiatry at Berlin, may be said to be +the first to put the study of sexual inversion on an assured scientific +basis. In 1870 he published, in the <i>Archiv für Psychiatrie</i>, of which he +was for many years editor, the detailed history of a young woman who, from +her earliest years, differed from other girls: she liked to dress as a +boy, only cared for boys' games, and as she grew up was sexually attracted +only to women, with whom she formed a series of tender relationships, in +which the friends obtained sexual gratification by mutual caresses; while +she blushed and was shy in the presence of women, more especially the girl +with whom she chanced to be in love, she was always absolutely indifferent +in the presence of men. Westphal—a pupil, it may be noted, of Griesinger, +who had already called attention to the high character sometimes shown by +subjects of this perversion—combined keen scientific insight with a rare +degree of personal sympathy for those who came under his care, and it was +this combination of qualities which enabled him to grasp the true nature +of a case such as this, which by most medical men at that time would have +been hastily dismissed as a vulgar instance of vice or insanity. Westphal +perceived that this abnormality was congenital, not acquired, so that it +could not be termed vice; and, while he insisted on the presence of +neurotic elements, his observations showed the absence of anything that +could legitimately be termed insanity. He gave to this condition the name +of "contrary sexual feeling" (<i>Konträre Sexualempfindung</i>), by which it +was long usually known in Germany. The way was thus made clear for the +rapid progress of our knowledge of this abnormality. New cases were +<a name='2_Page_66'></a>published in quick succession, at first exclusively in Germany, and more +especially in Westphal's <i>Archiv</i>, but soon in other countries also, +chiefly Italy and France.<a name='2_FNanchor_113'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_113'><sup>[113]</sup></a></p> + +<p>While Westphal was the first to place the study of sexual inversion on a +progressive footing, many persons had previously obtained glimpses into +the subject. Thus, in 1791, two cases were published<a name='2_FNanchor_114'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_114'><sup>[114]</sup></a> of men who +showed a typical emotional attraction to their own sex, though it was not +quite clearly made out that the inversion was congenital. In 1836, again, +a Swiss writer, Heinrich Hössli, published a rather diffuse but remarkable +work, entitled <i>Eros</i>, which contained much material of a literary +character bearing on this matter. He seems to have been moved to write +this book by a trial which had excited considerable attention at that +time. A man of good position had suddenly murdered a youth, and was +executed for the crime, which, according to Hössli, was due to homosexual +love and jealousy. Hössli was not a trained scholar; he was in business at +Glarus as a skillful milliner, the most successful in the town. His own +temperament is supposed to have been bisexual. His book was prohibited by +the local authorities and at a later period the entire remaining stock was +destroyed in a fire, so that its circulation was very small. It is now, +however, regarded by some as the first serious attempt to deal with the +problem of homosexuality since Plato's <i>Banquet</i>.<a name='2_FNanchor_115'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_115'><sup>[115]</sup></a></p> + +<p>Some years later, in 1852, Casper, the chief medico-legal authority of his +time in Germany,—for it is in Germany that the foundations of the study +of sexual inversion have been laid,—pointed out in Casper's +<i>Vierteljahrsschrift</i> that pederasty, in a broad sense of the word, was +sometimes a kind of "moral <a name='2_Page_67'></a>hermaphroditism," due to a congenital psychic +condition, and also that it by no means necessarily involved sodomy +(<i>immissio penis in anum</i>). Casper brought forward a considerable amount +of valuable evidence concerning these cardinal points, which he was the +first to note,<a name='2_FNanchor_116'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_116'><sup>[116]</sup></a> but he failed to realize the full significance of his +observations, and they had no immediate influence, though Tardieu, in +1858, admitted a congenital element in some pederasts.</p> + +<p>The man, however, who more than anyone else brought to light the phenomena +of sexual inversion had not been concerned either with the medical or the +criminal aspects of the matter. Karl Heinrich Ulrichs (born in 1825 near +Aurich), who for many years expounded and defended homosexual love, and +whose views are said to have had some influence in drawing Westphal's +attention to the matter, was a Hanoverian legal official (<i>Amtsassessor</i>), +himself sexually inverted. From 1864 onward, at first under the name of +"Numa Numantius" and subsequently under his own name, Ulrichs published, +in various parts of Germany, a long series of works dealing with this +question, and made various attempts to obtain a revision of the legal +position of the sexual invert in Germany.</p> + +<p>Although not a writer whose psychological views can carry much scientific +weight, Ulrichs appears to have been a man of most brilliant ability, and +his knowledge is said to have been of almost universal extent; he was not +only well versed in his own special subjects of jurisprudence and +theology, but in many branches of natural science, as well as in +archeology; he was also regarded by many as the best Latinist of his time. +In 1880 <a name='2_Page_68'></a>he left Germany and settled in Naples, and afterward at Aquila in +the Abruzzi, whence he issued a Latin periodical. He died in 1895.<a name='2_FNanchor_117'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_117'><sup>[117]</sup></a> +John Addington Symonds, who went to Aquila in 1891, wrote: "Ulrichs is +<i>chrysostomos</i> to the last degree, sweet, noble, a true gentleman and man +of genius. He must have been at one time a man of singular personal +distinction, so finely cut are his features, and so grand the lines of his +skull."<a name='2_FNanchor_118'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_118'><sup>[118]</sup></a></p> + +<p>For many years Ulrichs was alone in his efforts to gain scientific +recognition for congenital homosexuality. He devised (with allusion to +Uranos in Plato's <i>Symposium</i>) the word uranian or urning, ever since +frequently used for the homosexual lover, while he called the normal +heterosexual lover a dioning (from Dione). He regarded uranism, or +homosexual love, as a congenital abnormality by which a female soul had +become united with a male body—<i>anima muliebris in corpore virili +inclusa</i>—and his theoretical speculations have formed the starting point +for many similar speculations. His writings are remarkable in various +respects, although, on account of the polemical warmth with which, as one +pleading <i>pro domo</i>, he argued his cause, they had no marked influence on +scientific thought.<a name='2_FNanchor_119'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_119'><sup>[119]</sup></a></p> + +<p>This privilege was reserved for Westphal. After he had shown the way and +thrown open his journal for their publication, new cases appeared in rapid +succession. In Italy, also, Ritti, Tamassia, Lombroso, and others began to +study these phenomena. In 1882 Charcot and Magnan published in the +<i>Archives de Neurologie</i> the first important study which appeared in +France concerning sexual inversion and allied sexual perversions. They +regarded sexual inversion as an episode (<i>syndrome</i>) in a more fundamental +process of hereditary degeneration, and compared it with such morbid +obsessions as dipsomania and <a name='2_Page_69'></a>kleptomania. From a somewhat more +medico-legal standpoint, the study of sexual inversion in France was +furthered by Brouardel, and still more by Lacassagne, whose stimulating +influence at Lyons has produced fruitful results in the work of many +pupils.<a name='2_FNanchor_120'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_120'><sup>[120]</sup></a></p> + +<p>Of much more importance in the history of the theory of sexual inversion +was the work of Richard von Krafft-Ebing (born at Mannheim in 1840 and +died at Graz in 1902), for many years professor of psychiatry at Vienna +University and one of the most distinguished alienists of his time. While +active in all departments of psychiatry and author of a famous textbook, +from 1877 onward he took special interest in the pathology of the sexual +impulse. His <i>Psychopathia Sexualis</i> contained over two hundred histories, +not only of sexual inversion but of all other forms of sexual perversion. +For many years it was the only book on the subject and it long remained +the chief storehouse of facts. It passed through many editions and was +translated into many languages (there are two translations in English), +enjoying an immense and not altogether enviable vogue.</p> + +<p>Krafft-Ebing's methods were open to some objection. His mind was not of a +severely critical order. He poured out the new and ever-enlarged editions +of his book with extraordinary rapidity, sometimes remodelling them. He +introduced new subdivisions from time to time into his classification of +sexual perversions, and, although this rather fine-spun classification has +doubtless contributed to give precision to the subject and to advance its +scientific study, it was at no time generally accepted. Krafft-Ebing's +great service lay in the clinical enthusiasm with which he approached the +study of sexual perversions. With the firm conviction that he was +conquering a great neglected field of morbid psychology which rightly +belongs to the physician, he <a name='2_Page_70'></a>accumulated without any false shame a vast +mass of detailed histories, and his reputation induced sexually abnormal +individuals in all directions to send him their autobiographies, in the +desire to benefit their fellow-sufferers.</p> + +<p>It is as a clinician, rather than as a psychologist, that we must regard +Krafft-Ebing. At the outset he considered inversion to be a functional +sign of degeneration, a partial manifestation of a neuropathic and +psychopathic state which is in most cases hereditary. This perverse +sexuality appears spontaneously with the developing sexual life, without +external causes, as the individual manifestation of an abnormal +modification of the <i>vita sexualis</i>, and must then be regarded as +congenital; or it develops as a result of special injurious influences +working on a sexuality which had at first been normal, and must then be +regarded as acquired. Careful investigation of these so-called acquired +cases, however, Krafft-Ebing in the end finally believed, would indicate +that the predisposition consists in a latent homosexuality, or at least +bisexuality, which requires for its manifestation the operation of +accidental causes. In the last edition of his work Krafft-Ebing was +inclined to regard inversion as being not so much a degeneration as a +variation, a simple anomaly, and acknowledged that his opinion thus +approximated to that which had long been held by inverts themselves.<a name='2_FNanchor_121'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_121'><sup>[121]</sup></a></p> + +<p>At the time of his death, Krafft-Ebing, who had begun by accepting the +view, at that time prevalent among alienists, that homosexuality is a sign +of degeneration, thus fully adopted and set the seal of his authority on +the view, already expressed alike by some scientific investigators as well +as by inverts themselves, that sexual inversion is to be regarded simply +as an anomaly, whatever difference of opinion there might be as to the +value of the anomaly. The way was even opened for such a view as that of +Freud and most of the psychoanalysts today who regard a strain of +homosexuality as normal and almost <a name='2_Page_71'></a>constant, with a profound significance +for the psychonervous life. In 1891 Dr. Albert Moll, of Berlin, published +his work, <i>Die Konträre Sexualempfindung</i>, which subsequently appeared in +much enlarged and revised editions. It speedily superseded all previous +books as a complete statement and judicious discussion of sexual +inversion. Moll was not content merely to present fresh clinical material. +He attacked the problem which had now become of primary importance: the +nature and causes of sexual inversion. He discussed the phenomena as a +psychologist even more than as a physician, bearing in mind the broader +aspects of the problem, keenly critical of accepted opinions, but +judiciously cautious in the statement of conclusions. He cleared away +various ancient prejudices and superstitions which even Krafft-Ebing +sometimes incautiously repeated. He accepted the generally received +doctrine that the sexually inverted usually belong to families in which +various nervous and mental disorders prevail, but he pointed out at the +same time that it is not in all cases possible to prove that we are +concerned with individuals possessing a hereditary neurotic taint. He also +rejected any minute classification of sexual inverts, only recognizing +psycho-sexual hermaphroditism and homosexuality. At the same time he cast +doubt on the existence of acquired homosexuality, in a strict sense, +except in occasional cases, and he pointed out that even when a normal +heterosexual impulse appears at puberty, and a homosexual impulse later, +it may still be the former that was acquired and the latter that was +inborn.</p> + +<p>In America attention had been given to the phenomena at a fairly early +period. Mention may be specially made of J. G. Kiernan and G. Frank +Lydston, both of whom put forward convenient classifications of homosexual +manifestations some thirty years ago.<a name='2_FNanchor_122'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_122'><sup>[122]</sup></a> More recently (1911) an +American writer, under the pseudonym of Xavier Mayne, privately printed an +extensive work entitled <i>The Intersexes: A History of Similisexualism as +<a name='2_Page_72'></a>a Problem in Social Life</i>, popularly written and compiled from many +sources. This book, from a subjective and scarcely scientific standpoint, +claims that homosexual relationships are natural, necessary, and +legitimate.<a name='2_FNanchor_123'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_123'><sup>[123]</sup></a></p> + +<p>In England the first attempts to deal seriously, from the modern point of +view, with the problem of homosexuality came late, and were either +published privately or abroad. In 1883 John Addington Symonds privately +printed his discussion of <i>paiderastia</i> in ancient Greece, under the title +of <i>A Problem in Greek Ethics</i>, and in 1889-1890 he further wrote, and in +1891 privately printed, <i>A Problem of Modern Ethics: Being an Enquiry into +the Phenomena of Sexual Inversion</i>. In 1886 Sir Richard Burton added to +his translation of the <i>Arabian Nights</i> a Terminal Essay on the same +subject. In 1894 Edward Carpenter privately printed in Manchester a +pamphlet entitled <i>Homogenic Love</i>, in which he criticised various +psychiatric views of inversion at that time current, and claimed that the +laws of homosexual love are the same as those of heterosexual love, +urging, however, that the former possesses a special aptitude to be +exalted to a higher and more spiritual level of comradeship, so fulfilling +a beneficent social function. More recently (1907) Edward Carpenter +published a volume of papers on homosexuality and its problems, under the +title of <i>The Intermediate Sex</i>, and later (1914) a more special study of +the invert in early religion and in warfare, <i>Intermediate Types among +Primitive Folk</i>.</p> + +<p>In 1896 the most comprehensive book so far written on the subject in +England was published in French by Mr. André Raffalovich (in Lacassagne's +<i>Bibliothèque de Criminologie</i>), <i>Uranisme et Unisexualité</i>. This book +dealt chiefly with congenital inversion, publishing no new cases, but +revealing a wide knowledge of the matter. Raffalovich put forward many +just and sagacious reflections on the nature and treatment of inversion, +<a name='2_Page_73'></a>and the attitude of society toward perverted sexuality. The historical +portions of the book, which are of special interest, deal largely with the +remarkable prevalence of inversion in England, neglected by previous +investigators. Raffalovich, whose attitude is, on the whole, philosophical +rather than scientific, regards congenital inversion as a large and +inevitable factor in human life, but, taking the Catholic standpoint, he +condemns all sexuality, either heterosexual or homosexual, and urges the +invert to restrain the physical manifestations of his instinct and to aim +at an ideal of chastity. On the whole, it may be said that the book is the +work of a thinker who has reached his own results in his own way, and +those results bear an imprint of originality and freedom from tradition.</p> + +<p>In recent years no one has so largely contributed to place our knowledge +of sexual inversion on a broad and accurate basis as Dr. Magnus Hirschfeld +of Berlin, who possesses an unequalled acquaintance with the phenomena of +homosexuality in all their aspects. He has studied the matter exhaustively +in Germany and to some extent in other countries also; he has received the +histories of a thousand inverts; he is said to have met over ten thousand +homosexual persons. As editor of the <i>Jahrbuch für sexuelle +Zwischenstufen</i>, which he established in 1899, and author of various +important monographs—more especially on transitional psychic and physical +stages between masculinity and femininity—Hirschfeld had already +contributed greatly to the progress of investigation in this field before +the appearance in 1914 of his great work, <i>Die Homosexualität des Mannes +und des Weibes</i>. This is not only the largest but the most precise, +detailed, and comprehensive—even the most condensed—work which has yet +appeared on the subject. It is, indeed, an encyclopedia of homosexuality. +For such a task Hirschfeld had been prepared by many years of strenuous +activity as a physician, an investigator, a medico-legal expert before the +courts, and his position as president of the <i>Wissenschaftlich-humanitären +Komitee</i> which is concerned with the defense of the interests of the +homosexual in Germany. In Hirschfeld's book the pathological <a name='2_Page_74'></a>conception +of inversion has entirely disappeared; homosexuality is regarded as +primarily a biological phenomenon of universal extension, and secondarily +as a social phenomenon of serious importance. There is no attempt to +invent new theories; the main value of Hirschfeld's work lies, indeed, in +the constant endeavor to keep close to definite facts. It is this quality +which renders the book an indispensable source for all who seek +enlightened and precise information on this question.</p> + +<p>Even the existence of such a treatise as this of Hirschfeld's is enough to +show how rapidly the study of this subject has grown. A few years ago—for +instance, when Dr. Paul Moreau wrote his <i>Aberrations du Sens +Génésique</i>—sexual inversion was scarcely even a name. It was a loathsome +and nameless vice, only to be touched with a pair of tongs, rapidly and +with precautions. As it now presents itself, it is a psychological and +medico-legal problem so full of interest that we need not fear to face it, +and so full of grave social actuality that we are bound to face it.</p> + +<hr /> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_113'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_113'>[113]</a> In England aberration of the sexual instinct, or the +tendency of men to feminine occupations and of women to masculine +occupations, had been referred to in the <i>Medical Times and Gazette</i>, +February 9, 1867; Sir G. Savage first described a case of "Sexual +Perversion" in the <i>Journal of Mental Science</i>, vol. xxx, October, 1884.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_114'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_114'>[114]</a> Moritz, <i>Magazin für Erfahrungsseelenkunde</i>, Berlin, Bd. +viii.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_115'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_115'>[115]</a> A full and interesting account of Hössli and his book is +given by Karsch in the <i>Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen</i>, Bd. v, +1903, pp. 449-556.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_116'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_116'>[116]</a> "Eugen Dühren" (Iwan Bloch) remarks, however (<i>Neue +Forschungen über den Marquis de Sade und seine Zeit</i>, p. 436), that de +Sade in his <i>Aline et Valcour</i> seems to recognize that inversion is +sometimes inborn, or at least natural, and apt to develop at a very early +age, in spite of all provocations to the normal attitude. "And if this +inclination were not natural," he makes Sarmiento say, "would the +impression of it be received in childhood?... Let us study better this +indulgent Nature before daring to fix her limits." Still earlier, in 1676 +(as Schouten has pointed out, <i>Sexual-Probleme</i>, January, 1910, p. 66), an +Italian priest called Carretto recognized that homosexual tendencies are +innate.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_117'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_117'>[117]</a> For some account of Ulrichs see <i>Jahrbuch für sexuelle +Zwischenstufen</i>, Bd. i, 1899, p. 36.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_118'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_118'>[118]</a> Horatio Brown, <i>John Addington Symonds, a Biography</i>, vol. +ii, p. 344.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_119'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_119'>[119]</a> Ulrichs scarcely went so far as to assert that both +homosexual and heterosexual love are equally normal and healthy; this has, +however, been argued more recently.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_120'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_120'>[120]</a> Special mention may be made of <i>L'Inversion Sexuelle</i>, a +copious and comprehensive, though sometimes uncritical book by Dr. J. +Chevalier, published in 1893, and the <i>Perversion et Perversité Sexuelles</i> +of Dr. Saint-Paul, writing under the pseudonym of "Dr. Laupts," published +in 1896 and republished in an enlarged form, under the title of +<i>L'Homosexualité et les Types Homosexuels</i>, in 1910.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_121'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_121'>[121]</a> Krafft-Ebing set forth his latest views in a paper read +before the International Medical Congress, at Paris, in 1900 +(<i>Comptes-rendus</i>, "Section de Psychiatrie," pp. 421, 462; also in +contributions to the <i>Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen</i>, Bd. iii, +1901).</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_122'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_122'>[122]</a> Kiernan, <i>Detroit Lancet</i>, 1884, <i>Alienist and +Neurologist</i>, April, 1891; Lydston, <i>Philadelphia Medical and Surgical +Reporter</i>, September 7, 1889, and <i>Addresses and Essays</i>, 1892.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_123'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_123'>[123]</a> A summary of the conclusion of this book, of which but few +copies were printed, will be found in Hirschfeld's <i>Vierteljahrsberichte</i>, +October, 1911, pp. 78-91.</p></div> + + + +<hr class="full" /> +<h3><a name='2_CHAPTER_III'></a><a name='2_Page_75'></a>CHAPTER III.—SEXUAL INVERSION IN MEN.</h3> + +<div class='blkquot'><p>Relatively Undifferentiated State of the Sexual Impulse in Early Life—The +Freudian View—Homosexuality in Schools—The Question of Acquired +Homosexuality—Latent Inversion—Retarded Inversion—Bisexuality—The +Question of the Invert's Truthfulness—Histories.</p></div> + +<p>When the sexual instinct first appears in early youth, it is much less +specialized than normally it becomes later. Not only is it, at the outset, +less definitely directed to a specific sexual end, but even the sex of its +object is sometimes uncertain.<a name='2_FNanchor_124'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_124'><sup>[124]</sup></a> This has always been so well +recognized that those in authority over young men have sometimes forced +women upon them to avoid the risk of possible unnatural offenses.<a name='2_FNanchor_125'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_125'><sup>[125]</sup></a></p> + +<p>The institution which presents these phenomena to us in the most marked +and the most important manner is, naturally, the school, in England +especially the Public School. In France, where the same phenomena are +noted, Tarde called attention to these relationships, "most usually +Platonic in the primitive meaning of the word, which indicate a simple +indecision of frontier between friendship and love, still undifferentiated +in the dawn of the awakening heart," and he regretted that no one had +studied them. In England we are very familiar with <a name='2_Page_76'></a>vague allusions to the +vices of public schools. From time to time we read letters in the +newspapers denouncing public schools as "hot-beds of vice" and one +anonymous writer remarks that "some of our public schools almost provoke +the punishment of the cities of the Plain."<a name='2_FNanchor_126'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_126'><sup>[126]</sup></a> But these allegations are +rarely or never submitted to accurate investigation. The physicians and +masters of public schools who are in a position to study the matter +usually possess no psychological training, and appear to view +homosexuality with too much disgust to care to pay any careful attention +to it. What knowledge they possess they keep to themselves, for it is +considered to be in the interests of public schools that these things +should be hushed up. When anything very scandalous occurs one or two lads +are expelled, to their own grave and, perhaps, lifelong injury, and +without benefit to those who remain, whose awakening sexual life rarely +receives intelligent sympathy.</p> + +<div class='blkquot'><p>In several of the Histories which follow in this chapter, as well + as in Histories contained in other volumes of these <i>Studies</i>, + details will be found concerning homosexuality as it occurs in + English schools, public or private. (See also the study + "Auto-erotism" in vol. i.) The prevalence of homosexual and + erotic phenomena in schools varies greatly at different schools + and at different times in the same school, while in small private + schools such phenomena may be entirely unknown. As an English + schoolboy I never myself saw or heard anything of such practices, + and in Germany, Professor Gurlitt (<i>Die Neue Generation</i>, + January, 1909), among others, testifies to similar absence of + experience during his whole school life, although there was much + talk and joking among the boys over sexual things. I have added + some observations by a correspondent whose experiences of English + public school life are still recent:—</p> + +<p> "In the years I was a member of a public school, I saw and heard + a good deal of homosexuality, though till my last two years I did + not understand its meaning. As a prefect, I discussed with other + prefects the methods of checking it, and of punishing it when + detected. My own observations, supported by those of others, led + me to think that the fault of the usual method of dealing with + homosexuality in schools is that it regards all school + homosexualists as being in one class together, <a name='2_Page_77'></a>and has only one + way of dealing with them—the birch for a first offense, + expulsion for a second. Now, I think we may distinguish <i>three</i> + classes of school homosexualists:—</p> + +<p> "(a) A very small number who are probably radically inverted, and + who do not scruple to sacrifice young and innocent boys to their + passions. These, and these only, are a real moral danger to + others, and I believe them to be rare.</p> + +<p> "(b) Boys of various ages who, having been initiated into the + passive part in their young days, continue practices of an active + or passive kind; but only with boys already known to be + homosexualists; they draw the line at corrupting fresh victims. + This class realize more or less what they are about, but cannot + be called a danger to the morals of pure boys.</p> + +<p> "(c) Young boys who, whether in the development of their own + physical nature, or by the instruction of older boys of the class + (a), find out the pleasures of masturbation or intercrural + connection. (I never heard of a case of <i>pedicatio</i> at my school, + and only once of <i>fellatio</i>, which was attempted on a quite young + boy, who complained to his house master, and the offender was + expelled). Boys in this class have probably little or no idea of + what sexual morality means, and can hardly be accused of a + <i>moral</i> offense at all.</p> + +<p> "I submit that these three classes should receive quite different + treatment. Expulsion may occasionally be necessary for class (a), + but the few who belong to this class are usually too cunning to + get caught. It used to be notorious at school that it was almost + always the wrong people who got dropped on. I do not think a boy + in the other two classes should ever be expelled, and even when + expulsion is unavoidable, it should, if possible, be deferred + till the end of the term, so as to make it indistinguishable from + an ordinary departure. After all, there is no reason to ruin a + boy's prospects because he is a little beast at sixteen; there + are very few hopeless incorrigibles at that age.</p> + +<p> "As regards the other two classes, I should begin by giving boys + very much fuller enlightenment on sexual subjects than is usually + done, before they go to a public school at all. Either a boy is + pitchforked into the place in utter innocence and ignorance, and + yields to temptations to do things which he vaguely, if at all, + realizes are wrong, and that only because a puzzling sort of + instinct tells him so; or else he is given just enough + information to whet his curiosity, usually in the shape of + warnings against certain apparently harmless bodily acts, which + he not unnaturally tries out of curiosity, and finds them very + pleasant. It may be undesirable that a boy should have full + knowledge, at the time he goes to school, but it is more + undesirable that he should go with a burning curiosity, or a + total ignorance on the subject. I am <a name='2_Page_78'></a>convinced that much might + be done in the way of prevention if boys were told more, and + allowed to be <i>open</i>. Much of the pleasure of sexual talk among + boys I believe to be due to the spurious interest aroused by the + fact that it is forbidden fruit, and involves risk if caught. It + seems to me that frankness is far more moral than suggestion. I + would not 'expurgate' school editions of great authors; the frank + obscenity of parts of Shakespeare is far less immoral than the + prurient prudishness which declines to print it, but numbers the + lines in such a way that the boy can go home and look up the + omitted passage in a complete edition, with a distinct sense of + guilt, which is where the harm comes in."</p> + +<p> It is probable that only a small proportion of homosexual boys in + schools can properly be described as "vicious." A. Hoche, + describing homosexuality in German schools ("Zür Frage der + forensischen Beurteilung sexuellen Vergehen," <i>Neurologisches + Centralblatt</i>, 1896, No. 2), and putting together communications + received from various medical men regarding their own youthful + experiences at school, finds relationships of the kind very + common, usually between boys of different ages and + school-classes. According to one observer, the feminine, or + passive, part was always played by a boy of girlish form and + complexion, and the relationships were somewhat like those of + normal lovers, with kissing, poems, love-letters, scenes of + jealousy, sometimes visits to each other in bed, but without + masturbation, pederasty, or other grossly physical + manifestations. From his own youthful experience Hoche records + precisely similar observations, and remarks that the lovers were + by no means recruited from the vicious elements in the school. + (The elder scholars, of 21 or 22 years of age, formed regular + sexual relationships with the servant-girls in the house.) It is + probable that the homosexual relationships in English schools + are, as a rule, not more vicious than those described by Hoche, + but that the concealment in which they are wrapped leads to + exaggeration. In the course of a discussion on this matter over + thirty years ago, "Olim Etoniensis" wrote (<i>Journal of + Education</i>, 1882, p. 85) that, on making a list of the vicious + boys he had known at Eton, he found that "these very boys had + become cabinet ministers, statesmen, officers, clergymen, + country-gentlemen, etc., and that they are nearly all of them + fathers of thriving families, respected and prosperous." But, as + Marro has remarked, the question is not thus settled. Public + distinction by no means necessarily implies any fine degree of + private morality.</p> + +<p> Sometimes the manifestations thus appearing in schools or + wherever youths are congregated together are not truly + homosexual, but exhibit a more or less brutal or even sadistic + perversion of the immature sexual instinct. This may be + illustrated by the following narrative concerning <a name='2_Page_79'></a>a large London + city warehouse: "A youth left my class at the age of 16½," writes + a correspondent, "to take up an apprenticeship in a large + wholesale firm in G—— Street. Fortunately he went on probation + of three weeks before articling. He came to me at the end of the + first week asking me to intercede with his mother (he had no + father) not to let him return. He told me that almost nightly, + and especially when new fellows came, the youths in his dormitory + (eleven in number) would waylay him, hold him down, and rub his + parts to the tune of some comic song or dance-music. The boy who + could choose the fastest time had the privilege of performing the + operation, and most had to be the victim in turn unless new boys + entered, when they would sometimes be subjected to this for a + week. This boy, having been brought up strictly, was shocked, + dazed, and alarmed; but they stopped him from calling out, and he + dared not report it. Most boys entered direct on their + apprenticeship without probation, and had no chance to get out. I + procured the boy's release from the place and gave the manager to + understand what went on." In such a case as this it has usually + happened that a strong boy of brutal and perverse instincts and + some force of character initiates proceedings which the others + either fall into with complacency or are too weak to resist. </p></div> + +<p>Max Dessoir<a name='2_FNanchor_127'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_127'><sup>[127]</sup></a> came to the conclusion that "an undifferentiated sexual +feeling is normal, on the average, during the first years of +puberty,—<i>i.e.</i>, from 13 to 15 in boys and from 12 to 14 in girls,—while +in later years it must be regarded as pathological." He added very truly +that in this early period the sexual emotion has not become centered in +the sexual organs. This latter fact is certainly far too often forgotten +by grown-up persons who suspect the idealized passion of boys and girls of +a physical side which children have often no suspicion of, and would view +with repulsion and horror. How far the sexual instinct may be said to be +undifferentiated in early puberty as regards sex is a little doubtful. It +is comparatively undifferentiated, but except in rare cases it is not +absolutely undifferentiated.</p> + +<p>We have to admit, however, that, in the opinion of the latest +physiologists of sex, such as Castle, Heape, and Marshall, each sex +contains the latent characters of the other or recessive sex. Each sex is +latent in the other, and each, as it contains the <a name='2_Page_80'></a>characters of both +sexes (and can transmit those of the recessive sex) is latently +hermaphrodite. A homosexual tendency may thus be regarded as simply the +psychical manifestation of special characters of the recessive sex, +susceptible of being evolved under changed circumstances, such as may +occur near puberty, and associated with changed metabolism.<a name='2_FNanchor_128'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_128'><sup>[128]</sup></a></p> + +<div class='blkquot'><p>William James (<i>Principles of Psychology</i>, vol. ii, p. 439) + considered inversion "a kind of sexual appetite of which very + likely most men possess the germinal possibility." Conolly Norman + (Article "Sexual Perversion," Tuke's <i>Dictionary of Psychological + Medicine</i>) also stated that "the sexual passion, at its first + appearance, is always indefinite, and is very easily turned in a + wrong direction," and he apparently accounted for inversion by + this fact, and by the precocity of neurotics. Obici and + Marchesini (<i>Le 'Amicizie' di collegio</i>, p. 126) refer to the + indeterminate character of the sexual feelings when they first + begin to develop. A correspondent believes that sexual feelings + are undifferentiated in the early years about puberty, but at the + same time considers that school life is to some extent + responsible; "the holidays," he adds, "are sufficiently long to + counteract it, however, provided the boy has sisters and they + have friends; the change from school fare and work to home + naturally results in a greater surplus of nerve-force, and I + think most boys 'fool about' with servants or their sisters' + friends." Moll (<i>Konträre Sexualempfindung</i>, 1889, pp. 6 and 356) + does not think it proved that a stage of undifferentiated sexual + feeling always occurs, although we have to recognize that it is + of frequent occurrence. In his later work (1909, <i>Das Sexualleben + des Kindes</i>, English translation, <i>The Sexual Life of the Child</i>, + ch. iv), Moll remains of the same opinion that a homosexual + tendency is very frequent in normal children, whose later + development is quite normal; it begins between the ages of 7 and + 10 (or even at 5) and may last to 20.</p> + +<p> In recent years Freud has accepted and developed the conception + of the homosexual strain; as normal in early life. Thus, in 1905, + in his "Bruchstück einer Hysterie-Analyse" (reprinted in the + second series of <i>Sammlung Kleiner Schriften zur Neurosenlehre</i>, + 1909), Freud regards it as a well-known fact that boys and girls + at puberty normally show plain signs of the existence of a + homosexual tendency. Under favorable circumstances this tendency + is overcome, but when a happy heterosexual love is not + established it remains liable to reappear under the influence of + an appropriate stimulus. In the neurotic these homosexual <a name='2_Page_81'></a>germs + are more highly developed. "I have never carried through any + psychoanalysis of a man or a woman," Freud states, "without + discovering a very significant homosexual tendency." Ferenczi, + again (<i>Jahrbuch für Psychoanalytische Forschungen</i>, Bd. iii, + 1911, p. 119), without reference to any physical basis of the + impulse, accepts "the psychic capacity of the child to direct his + originally objectless eroticism to one or both sexes," and terms + this disposition <i>ambisexuality</i>. The normality of a homosexual + element in early life may be said to be accepted by most + psychoanalysts, even of the schools that are separated from + Freud. Stekel would go farther, and regards various psychic + sexual anomalies as signs of a concealed bisexual tendency; + psychic impotence, the admiration of men for masculine women and + of women for feminine men, various forms of fetichism,—they are + all masks of homosexuality (Stekel, <i>Zentralblatt für + Psychoanalyse</i>, vol. ii, April, 1912). </p></div> + +<p>These schoolboy affections and passions arise, to a large extent, +spontaneously, with the evolution of the sexual emotions, though the +method of manifestation may be a matter of example or suggestion. As the +sexual emotions become stronger, and as the lad leaves school or college +to mix with men and women in the world, the instinct usually turns into +the normal channel, in which channel the instincts of the majority of boys +have been directed from the earliest appearance of puberty, if not +earlier. But a certain proportion remain insensitive to the influence of +women, and these may be regarded as true sexual inverts. Some of them are +probably individuals of somewhat undeveloped sexual instincts. The members +of this group are of some interest psychologically, although from the +comparative quiescence of their sexual emotions they have received little +attention. The following communication which I have received from a +well-accredited source is noteworthy from this point of view:—</p> + +<div class='blkquot'><p>"The following facts may possibly be of interest to you, though + my statement of them is necessarily general and vague. I happen + to know intimately three cases of men whose affections have + chiefly been directed exclusively to persons of their own sex. + The first, having practised masturbation as a boy, and then for + some ten years ceased to practise it (to such an extent that he + even inhibited his erotic dreams), has since recurred to it + deliberately (at about fortnightly intervals) as a substitute for + copulation, for which he has never felt the least desire. But + <a name='2_Page_82'></a>occasionally, when sleeping with a male friend, he has emissions + in the act of embracing. The second is constantly and to an + abnormal extent (I should say) troubled with erotic dreams and + emissions, and takes drugs, by doctor's advice, to reduce this + activity. He has recently developed a sexual interest in women, + but for ethical and other reasons does not copulate with them. Of + the third I can say little, as he has not talked to me on the + subject; but I know that he has never had intercourse with women, + and has always had a natural and instinctive repulsion to the + idea. In all these, I imagine, the physical impulse of sex is + less imperative than in the average man. The emotional impulse, + on the other hand, is very strong. It has given birth to + friendships of which I find no adequate description anywhere but + in the dialogues of Plato; and, beyond a certain feeling of + strangeness at the gradual discovery of a temperament apparently + different to that of most men, it has provoked no kind of + self-reproach or shame. On the contrary, the feeling has been + rather one of elation in the consciousness of a capacity of + affection which appears to be finer and more spiritual than that + which commonly subsists between persons of different sexes. These + men are all of intellectual capacity above the average; and one + is actively engaged in the world, where he is both respected for + his capacity and admired for his character. I mention this + particularly, because it appears to be the habit, in books upon + this subject, to regard the relation in question as pathological, + and to select cases where those who are concerned in it are + tormented with shame and remorse. In the cases to which I am + referring nothing of the kind subsists.</p> + +<p> "In all these cases a physical sexual attraction is recognized as + the basis of the relation, but as a matter of feeling, and partly + also of theory, the ascetic ideal is adopted.</p> + +<p> "These are the only cases with which I am personally and + intimately acquainted. But no one can have passed through a + public-school and college life without constantly observing + indications of the phenomenon in question. It is clear to me that + in a large number of instances there is no fixed line between + what is called distinctively 'friendship' and love; and it is + probably the influence of custom and public opinion that in most + cases finally specializes the physical passion in the direction + of the opposite sex." </p></div> + +<p>The classification of the varieties of homosexuality is a matter of +difficulty, and no classification is very fundamental. The early attempts +of Krafft-Ebing and others at elaborate classification are no longer +acceptable. Even the most elementary groupings become doubtful when we +have definitely to fit our cases into them. The old distinction between +congenital and acquired <a name='2_Page_83'></a>homosexuality has ceased to possess significance. +When we have recognized that there is a tendency for homosexuality to +arise in persons of usually normal tendency who are placed under +conditions (as on board ship or in prison) where the exercise of normal +sexuality is impossible, there is little further classification to be +achieved along this line.<a name='2_FNanchor_129'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_129'><sup>[129]</sup></a> We have gone as far as is necessary by +admitting a general undefined homosexuality,—a relationship of +unspecified nature to persons of the same sex,—in addition to the more +specific sexual inversion.<a name='2_FNanchor_130'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_130'><sup>[130]</sup></a></p> + +<p>It may now be said to be recognized by all authorities, even by Freud who +emphasizes a special psychological mechanism by which homosexuality may +become established, that a congenital predisposition as well as an +acquired tendency is necessary to constitute true inversion, apparent +exceptions being too few to carry much weight. Krafft-Ebing, Näcke, Iwan +Bloch, who at one time believed in the possibility of acquired inversion, +all finally abandoned that view, and even Schrenck-Notzing, a vigorous +champion of the doctrine of acquired inversion twenty years ago, admits +the necessity of a favoring predisposition, an admission which renders the +distinction between innate and acquired an unimportant, if not a merely +verbal, distinction.<a name='2_FNanchor_131'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_131'><sup>[131]</sup></a> Supposing, indeed, that we are prepared to admit +that true inversion may be purely acquired the decision in any particular +case must be extremely difficult, and I have found very few cases which, +even with imperfect knowledge, could fairly so be termed. <a name='2_Page_84'></a></p> + +<p>Even the cases (to which Schopenhauer long since referred) in which +inversion is only established late in life, are no longer regarded as +constituting a difficulty in accepting the doctrine of the congenital +nature of inversion; in such cases the inversion is merely retarded. The +conception of retarded inversion,—that is to say a latent congenital +inversion becoming manifest at a late period in life,—was first brought +forward by Thoinot in 1898 in his <i>Attentats aux Mœurs</i>, in order +to supersede the unsatisfactory conception, as he considered it to be, of +acquired inversion. Thoinot regarded retarded inversion as relatively rare +and of no great importance but more accessible to therapeutic measures. +Three years later, Krafft-Ebing, toward the close of his life, adopted the +same conception; the cases to which he applied it were all, he considered, +of bisexual disposition and usually, also, marked by sexual hyperesthesia. +This way of looking at the matter was speedily championed by Näcke and may +now be said to be widely accepted.<a name='2_FNanchor_132'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_132'><sup>[132]</sup></a></p> + +<p>Moll, earlier than Thoinot, had pointed out that it is difficult to +believe that homosexuality in late life can ever be produced without at +least some inborn weakness of the heterosexual impulse, and that we must +not deny the possibility of heredity even when homosexuality appears at +the age of 50 or 60.<a name='2_FNanchor_133'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_133'><sup>[133]</sup></a></p> + +<div class='blkquot'><p>Moll believes it is very doubtful whether heterosexual satiety + alone can ever suffice to produce homosexuality. Näcke was + careful to set aside the cases, to which much significance was + once attached, in which old men with failing sexual powers, or + younger men exhausted by heterosexual debauchery, are attracted + to boys. In such cases, which include the majority of those + appearing late, Näcke regarded the inversion <a name='2_Page_85'></a>as merely spurious, + the <i>faute de mieux</i> of persons no longer apt for normal sexual + activity.</p> + +<p> Such cases no doubt need more careful psychological study than + they usually receive. Féré once investigated a case of this kind + in which a healthy young man (though with slightly neurotic + heredity on one side) practised sexual intercourse excessively + between the ages of 20 and 23—often impelled more by <i>amour + propre</i> (or what Adler would term the "masculine protest" of the + organically inferior) than sexual desire—and then suddenly + became impotent, at the same time losing all desire, but without + any other loss of health. Six months later potency slowly + returned, though never to the same extent, and he married. At the + age of 35 symptoms of locomotor ataxia began to appear, and some + years later he again became impotent, but without losing sexual + desire. Suddenly one day, on sitting in close contact with a + young man at a <i>table d'hôte</i>, he experienced a violent erection; + he afterward found that the same thing occurred with other young + men, and, though he had no psychic desire for men, he was + constrained to seek such contact, and a repugnance for women and + their sexuality arose. Five months later a complete paraplegic + impotence set in; and then both the homosexual tendency and the + aversion to women disappeared. (Féré, <i>L'Instinct Sexuel</i>, p. + 184.) In such a case, under the influence of disease, excessive + stimulation seems to result in more or less complete sexual + anesthesia, just as temporarily we may be more or less blinded by + excess of light; and functional power reasserts itself under the + influence of a different and normally much weaker stimulus.</p> + +<p> Leppmann, who has studied the homosexual manifestations of + previously normal old men toward boys ("Greisenalter und + Kriminalität," <i>Zeitschrift für Psychotherapie</i>, Bd. i, Heft 4, + 1909), considers the chief factor to be a flaring up of the + sexual impulse in a perverted direction in an early stage of + morbid cerebral disturbance, not amounting to insanity and not + involving complete irresponsibility. In such cases, Leppmann + believes, the subject may, through his lack of power, be brought + back to the beginning of his sexual life and to the perhaps + unconsciously homosexual attractions of that age. </p></div> + +<p>With the recognition that homosexuality in youth may be due to an as yet +undifferentiated sexual impulse, homosexuality in mature age to a retarded +development on a congenital basis, and homosexuality in sold age to a +return to the attitude of youth, the area of spurious or "pseudo" +homosexuality seems to me to be very much restricted. Most, perhaps all, +authorities still accept the reality of this spurious homosexuality <a name='2_Page_86'></a>in +heterosexual persons. But they enter into no details concerning it, and +they bring forward no minutely observed cases in which it occurred. +Hirschfeld, in discussing the diagnosis of homosexuality and seeking to +distinguish genuine from spurious inverts,<a name='2_FNanchor_134'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_134'><sup>[134]</sup></a> enumerates three classes +of the latter: (1) those who practise homosexuality for purposes of gain, +more especially male prostitutes and blackmailers; (2) persons who, from +motives of pity, good nature, friendship, etc., allow themselves to be the +objects of homosexual desire; (3) normal persons who, when excluded from +the society of the opposite sex, as in schools, barracks, on board ship, +or in prison, have sexual relations with persons of their own sex. Now +Hirschfeld clearly realizes that the mere sexual act is no proof of the +direction of the sexual impulse; it may be rendered possible by mechanical +irritation (as by the stimulation of a full bladder) and in women without +any stimulation at all; such cases can have little psychological +significance. Moreover, he seems to admit that some subdivisions of his +first class are true inverts. He further mentions that some 75 per cent. +of the individuals included in these classes are between 15 and 25 years +of age, that is to say, that they have scarcely emerged from the period +when we have reason to believe that, in a large number of individuals at +all events, the sexual impulse is not yet definitely differentiated; so +that neither its homosexual nor its heterosexual tendencies can properly +be regarded as spurious.</p> + +<p>If, indeed, we really accept the very reasonable view, that the basis of +the sexual life is bisexual, although its direction may be definitely +fixed in a heterosexual or homosexual direction at a very early period in +life, it becomes difficult to see how we can any longer speak with +certainty of a definitely spurious class of homosexual persons. Everyone +of Hirschfeld's three classes may well contain a majority of genuinely +homosexual or bisexual persons. The prostitutes and even the blackmailers +are certainly genuine inverts in very many cases. Those persons, again, +who allow themselves to be the recipients of homosexual attentions <a name='2_Page_87'></a>may +well possess traces of homosexual feeling, and are undoubtedly in very +many cases lacking in vigorous heterosexual impulse. Finally, the persons +who turn to their own sex when forcibly excluded from the society of the +opposite sex, can by no means be assumed, without question, to be normal +heterosexual persons. It is only a small proportion of heterosexual +persons who experience these impulses under such conditions. There are +always others who under the same conditions remain emotionally attracted +to the opposite sex and sexually indifferent to their own sex. There is +evidently a difference, and that difference may most reasonably be +supposed to be in the existence of a trace of homosexual feeling which is +called into activity under the abnormal conditions, and subsides when the +stronger heterosexual impulse can again be gratified.</p> + +<p>The real distinction would seem, therefore, to be between a homosexual +impulse so strong that it subsists even in the presence of the +heterosexual object, and a homosexual impulse so weak that it is eclipsed +by the presence of the heterosexual object. We could not, however, +properly speak of the latter as any more "spurious" or "pseudo" than the +former. A heterosexual person who experiences a homosexual impulse in the +absence of any homosexual disposition is not today easy to accept. We can +certainly accept the possibility of a mechanical or other non-sexual +stimulus leading to a sexual act contrary to the individual's disposition. +But usually it is somewhat difficult to prove, and when proved it has +little psychological significance or importance. We may expect, therefore, +to find "pseudo-homosexuality," or spurious homosexuality, playing a +dwindling part in classification.</p> + +<p>The simplest of all possible classifications, and that which I adopted in +the earlier editions of the present <i>Study</i>, merely seeks to distinguish +between those who, not being exclusively attracted to the opposite sex, +are exclusively attracted to the same sex, and those who are attracted to +both sexes. The first are the homosexual, whether or not the attraction +springs from genuine inversion. The second are the bisexual, or, as they +were <a name='2_Page_88'></a>formerly more often termed, following Krafft-Ebing, psycho-sexual +hermaphrodites.<a name='2_FNanchor_135'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_135'><sup>[135]</sup></a> There would thus seem to be a broad and simple +grouping of all sexually functioning persons into three comprehensive +divisions: the heterosexual, the bisexual, and the homosexual.</p> + +<p>Even this elementary classification seems however of no great practical +use. The bisexual group is found to introduce uncertainty and doubt. Not +only a large proportion of persons who may fairly be considered normally +heterosexual have at some time in their lives experienced a feeling which +may be termed sexual toward individuals of their own sex, but a very large +proportion of persons who are definitely and markedly homosexual are found +to have experienced sexual attraction toward, and have had relationships +with, persons of the opposite sex. The social pressure, urging all persons +into the normal sexual channel, suffices to develop such slight germs of +heterosexuality as homosexual persons may possess, and so to render them +bisexual. In the majority of adult bisexual persons it would seem that the +homosexual tendency is stronger and more organic than the heterosexual +tendency. Bisexuality would thus in a large number of cases be comparable +to ambidexterity, which Biervliet has found to occur most usually in +people who are organically left-handed.<a name='2_FNanchor_136'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_136'><sup>[136]</sup></a> While therefore the division +into heterosexual, bisexual, and homosexual is a useful superficial +division, it is scarcely a scientific classification.</p> + +<p>In the face of these various considerations, and in view of the fact that, +while I feel justified in regarding the histories of my cases as reliable +so far as they go, I have not been always <a name='2_Page_89'></a>able to explore them +extensively, it has seemed best to me to attempt no classification at all.</p> + +<p>The order in which the following histories appear is not, therefore, to be +regarded as possessing any significance.</p> + +<div class='blkquot'><p>It may be proper, at this point, to say a few words as to the + reliability of the statements furnished by homosexual persons. + This has sometimes been called in question. Many years ago we + used to be told that inverts are such lying and deceitful + degenerates that it was impossible to place reliance on anything + they said. It was also usual to say that when they wrote + autobiographical accounts of themselves they merely sought to + mold them in the fashion of those published by Krafft-Ebing. More + recently the psychoanalysts have made a more radical attack on + all histories not obtained by their own methods as being quite + unreliable, even when put forth in good faith, in part because + the subject withholds much that he either regards as too trivial + or too unpleasant to bring forward, and in part because he cannot + draw on that unconscious field within himself wherein, it is + held, the most significant facts in his own sexual history are + concealed. Thus Sadger ("Ueber den Wert der Autobiographien + Sexuell Perverser," <i>Fortschritte der Medizin</i>, nos. 26-28, 1913) + vigorously puts forward this view and asserts that the + autobiographies of inverts are worthless, although his assertions + are somewhat discounted by the fact that they accompany an + autobiography, written in the usual manner, to which he + attributes much value.</p> + +<p> The objection to homosexual autobiographic statements dates from + a period when the homosexual were very little known, and it was + supposed that their moral character generally was fairly + represented by a small section among them which attracted more + attention than the rest by reason of discreditable conduct. But, + in reality, as we now know, there are all sorts of people, with + all varieties of moral character, to be found among inverts, just + as among normal people. Sadger (<i>Archiv für + Kriminal-Anthropologie</i>, 1913, p. 199) complains of the "great + insincerity of inverts in not acknowledging their inversion;" + but, as Sadger himself admits, we cannot be surprised at this so + long as inversion is counted a crime. The most normal persons, + under similar conditions, would be similarly insincere. If the + homosexual differ in any respect, under this aspect, from the + heterosexual, it is by exhibiting a more frequent tendency to be + slightly neuropathic, nervously sensitive, and femininely + emotional. These tendencies, while on the one hand they are + liable to induce a very easily detectable vanity, may also lead + to an unusual self-subordination to veracity. On the whole, it + may be said, in my own experience, that the best <a name='2_Page_90'></a>histories + written by the homosexual compare favorably for frankness, + intelligence, and power of self-analysis with those written by + the heterosexual.</p> + +<p> The ancient allegation that inverts have written their own + histories on the model, or under the suggestion, of those + published in Krafft-Ebing's <i>Psychopathia Sexualis</i> can scarcely + have much force now that the published histories are so extremely + varied and numerous that they cannot possibly produce any uniform + impression on the most sensitively receptive mind. As a matter of + fact, there is no doubt that inverts have frequently been + stimulated to set down the narrative of their own experiences + through reading those written by others. But the stimulation has, + as often as not, lain in the fact that their own experiences have + seemed different, not that they have seemed identical. The + histories that they read only serve as models in the sense that + they indicate the points on which information is desired. I have + often been able to verify this influence, which would in any case + seem to be fairly obvious.</p> + +<p> Psycho-analysis is, in theory, an ideal method of exploring many + psychic conditions, such as hysteria and obsessions, which are + obscure and largely concealed beneath the psychic surface. In + most homosexual cases the main facts are, with the patient's + good-will and the investigator's tact, not difficult to + ascertain. Any difficulties which psychoanalysis may help to + elucidate mainly concern the early history of the case in + childhood, and, regarding these, psychoanalysis may sometimes + raise questions which it cannot definitely settle. + Psycho-analysis reveals an immense mass of small details, any of + which may or may not possess significance, and in determining + which are significant the individuality of the psychoanalyst + cannot fail to come into play. He will necessarily tend to + arrange them according to a system. If, for instance, he regards + infantile incestuous emotions or early Narcissism as an essential + feature of the mechanism of homosexuality, a conscientious + investigator will not rest until he has discovered traces of + them, as he very probably will. (See, <i>e.g.</i>, Sadger, "Fragment + der Psychoanalyse eines Homosexuellen," <i>Jahrbuch für sexuelle + Zwischenstufen</i>, Bd. ix, 1908; and <i>cf.</i> Hirschfeld, <i>Die + Homosexualität</i>, p. 164). But the exact weight and significance + of these traces may still be doubtful, and, even if considerable + in one case, may be inconsiderable in another. Freud, who sets + forth one type of homosexual mechanism, admits that there may be + others. Moreover, it must be added that the psychoanalytic method + by no means excludes unconscious deception by the subject, as + Freud found, and so was compelled to admit the patient's tendency + to "fantasy," as Adler has to "fictions," as a fundamental + psychic tendency of the "unconscious."</p><a name='2_Page_91'></a> + +<p> The force of these considerations is now beginning to be + generally recognized. Thus Moll (art. "Homosexualität," in 4th + ed. of Eulenburg's <i>Realencyclopädie der gesamten Heilkunde</i>, + 1909, p. 611) rightly says that while the invert may occasionally + embroider his story, "the expert can usually distinguish between + the truth and the poetry, though it is unnecessary to add that + complete confidence on the patient's part is necessary," Näcke, + again (<i>Sexual-Probleme</i>, September, 1911, p. 619), after quoting + with approval the remark of one of the chief German authorities, + Dr. Numa Praetorius, that "a great number of inverts' histories + are at the least as trustworthy as the attempts of + psychoanalysts, especially when they come from persons skillful + in self-analysis," adds that "even Freudian analysis gives no + absolute guarantee for truth. A healthy skepticism is + justifiable—but not an unhealthy skepticism!" Hirschfeld, also + (<i>Die Homosexualität</i>, p. 164), whose knowledge of such histories + is unrivalled, remarks that while we may now and then meet with a + case of <i>pseudo-logia fantastica</i> in connection with psychic + debility on the basis of a psychopathic constitution, "taken all + in all any generalized assertion of the falsehood of inverts is + an empty fiction, and is merely a sign that the physicians who + make it have not been able to win the trust of the men and women + who consult them." My own experience has fully convinced me of + the truth of this, statement. I am assured that many of the + inverts I have met not only possess a rare power of intellectual + self-analysis (stimulated by the constant and inevitable contrast + between their own feelings and those of the world around them), + but an unsparing sincerity in that self-analysis not so very + often attained by normal people.</p> + +<p> The histories which follow have been obtained in various ways, + and are of varying degrees of value. Some are of persons whom I + have known very well for very long periods, and concerning whom I + can speak very positively. A few are from complete strangers + whose good faith, however, I judge from internal evidence that I + am able to accept. Two or three were written by persons + who—though educated, in one case a journalist—had never heard + of inversion, and imagined that their own homosexual feelings + were absolutely unique in the world. A fair number were written + by persons whom I do not myself know, but who are well known to + others in whose judgment I feel confidence. Perhaps the largest + number are concerned with individuals who wrote to me + spontaneously in the first place, and whom I have at intervals + seen or heard from since, in some cases during a very long + period, so that I have slowly been able to fill in their + histories, although the narratives, as finally completed, may + have the air of being written down at a single sitting. I have + not admitted any <a name='2_Page_92'></a>narrative which I do not feel that I am + entitled to regard as a substantially accurate statement of the + facts, although allowance must occasionally be made for the + emotional coloring of these facts, the invert sometimes + cherishing too high an opinion, and sometimes too low an opinion, + of his own personality.</p> + +<p> <b>HISTORY I.—</b>Both parents healthy; father of unusually fine + <i>physique</i>. He is himself a manual worker and also of + exceptionally fine <i>physique</i>. He is, however, of nervous + temperament. He is mentally bright, though not highly educated, a + keen sportsman, and in general a good example of an all-around + healthy Englishman.</p> + +<p> While very affectionate, his sexual desires are not strongly + developed on the physical side, and seem never to have been so. + He sometimes masturbated about the age of puberty, but never + afterward. He does not appear to have well-marked erotic dreams. + There used to be some attraction toward women, though it was + never strong. At the age of 26 he was seduced by a woman and had + connection with her once. Afterward he had reason to think she + had played him false in various ways. This induced the strongest + antipathy, not only to this woman, but to all marriageable women. + A year after this episode homosexual feeling first became clear + and defined. He is now 33, and feels the same antipathy to women; + he hates even to speak of marriage.</p> + +<p> There has only been one really strong attraction, toward a man of + about the same age, but of different social class, and somewhat a + contrast to him, both physically and mentally. So far as the + physical act is concerned this relationship is not definitely + sexual, but it is of the most intimate possible kind, and the + absence of the physical act is probably largely due to + circumstances. At the same time there is no conscious desire for + the act for its own sake, and the existing harmony and + satisfaction are described as very complete. There is no + repulsion to the physical side, and he regards the whole + relationship as quite natural.</p> + +<p> <b>HISTORY II.—</b>B. O., English, aged 35, missionary abroad. A brother + is more definitely inverted. B. O. has never had any definitely + homosexual relationships, although he has always been devoted to + boys; nor has he had any relationships with women. "As regards + women," he says, "I feel I have not the patience to try and + understand them; they are petulant and changeable," etc. He + objects to being called "abnormal," and thinks that people like + himself are "<i>extremely</i> common."</p> + +<p> "I have never wanted to kiss boys," he writes, "nor to handle + them in any way except to put my arm around them at their studies + and at other similar times. Of course, with really little boys, + it is different, but boys and girls under 14 seem to me much + alike, and I can love either equally well. As to any sort of + sexual connection between <a name='2_Page_93'></a>myself and one of my own sex, I cannot + think of it otherwise than with disgust. I can imagine great + pleasure in having connection with a woman, but their natures do + not attract me. Indeed, my liking for my own sex seems to consist + almost entirely in a preference for the masculine character, and + the feeling that as an object to <i>look at</i> the male body is + really more beautiful than the female. When any strong + temptations to sexual passion come over me in my waking moments, + it is of women I think. On the other hand, I have to confess that + after being with some lad I love for an hour or two, I have + sometimes felt my sexual organs roused. But only once in my life + have I experienced a strong desire to sleep in the same bed with + a particular lad, and even then no idea of doing anything entered + my mind. Needless to say, I did not sleep with him.</p> + +<p> "I never feel tempted by any girls here, although I see so many + with their bodies freely exposed, and plenty of them have really + pretty faces. Neither do I feel tempted to do anything improper + with any of the boys, although I frequently sit talking with one + who has very little on. But I find the constant sight of + well-shaped bare limbs has a curious effect on the mind and comes + before one's imagination as a picture at unlooked-for times. But + the most curious thing of all is this: There are several lads + here of whom I am very fond. Now when they are near me I think of + them with only the purest and most tender feelings, but sometimes + at night when I am half asleep, or when I am taking my midday + siesta, my imagination pictures one of these lads approaching a + girl, or actually lying with her, and the strange thing is that I + do not feel any desire myself to approach the girl, but I feel I + wish I were in <i>her</i> place and the lad was coming to <i>me</i>. In my + calm, waking moments it disgusts and rather horrifies me to find + myself apparently so unsexed—yet such is the fact, and the + experience, with only slight changes, repeats itself over and + over again. It is not that I, as a man, wish even in imagination + to act improperly with a boy, but I feel I would like to be in + the girl's place, and the strange thing is that in all these + dreams and imaginings I can always apparently enter into the + feelings of the woman better than into those of the man. + Sometimes I fancy for a moment that perhaps reincarnation is true + and I was a woman in my last life. Sometimes I fancy that when I + was in the womb I was formed as a girl and the sexual organs + changed just at the last moment. It is a curious problem. Don't + think I worry about it. Only at long intervals do I think of + it.... The thing has its bright side. Boys and men seem to have + tender feelings toward me, such as one expects them to have for + members of the opposite sex, and I get into all the closer + contact with them in consequence."</p><a name='2_Page_94'></a> + +<p> <b>HISTORY III.—</b>F. R., English, aged 50, Belongs on both sides to + healthy, normal families, of more than average ability. Father + was 35 at birth, and mother 27. He is the second of four + children. There was a considerable interval between the births of + the children, which were spread over twenty-one years. All are + normal, except F. R., two of them married and with families.</p> + +<p> Owing to the difference of age between the children, F. R. (who + was three years younger than his elder brother, and more than + four years older than his sister, the third child) had no male + companionship and was constantly alone with his mother. "Being + naturally imitative," he remarks, "I think I acquired her tastes + and interests and habits of thought. However that may be, I feel + sure that my interests and amusements were more girlish than + boyish. By way of illustration, I may mention that I have often + been told by a friend of my mother's that, on one occasion, I was + wanting a new hat, and none being found of a size to fit me, I + congratulated myself that I should therefore be obliged to have a + <i>bonnet!</i> As regards my feminine tastes and instincts, I have + always been conscious of taking interest in questions of family + relationships, etiquette, dress (women's as much as, or more + than, men's) and other things of that kind, which, as a rule, + were treated with indifference or contempt. In the house I take + more notice than my sister does of the servants' deficiencies and + neglects, and am much more orderly in my arrangements than she + is."</p> + +<p> There is nothing markedly feminine in the general appearance. + Pubertal development took place at an early age, long before + fourteen, with nocturnal emissions, but without erotic dreams. + The testicles are well developed, the penis perhaps rather below + the average in size, and the prepuce long and narrow. Erection + occurs with much facility, especially at night. When young he + knew nothing of masturbation, but he began the habit about ten + years ago, and has practised it occasionally ever since.</p> + +<p> Although he likes the society of women to a certain extent, he + soon grows tired of it, and has never had any desire to marry. + His sexual dreams never have any relation to women. "I am + generally doing or saying something," he remarks, "to some man + whom I know when awake, something which I admit I might wish to + do or say if it were not quite out of the question on grounds of + propriety and self-respect."</p> + +<p> He has, however, never had any intimate relationships with men, + and much that he has heard of such relationships fills him with + horror.</p> + +<p> "What I feel about myself is," he writes, "that I have to a + certain extent, or in some respects, a feminine mind in a male + body; or, I might put it that I am a combination of an immoral + (in tendency, rather <a name='2_Page_95'></a>than in act) woman and a religious man. + From time to time I have felt strong affection for young men, but + I cannot flatter myself that my affection has been reciprocated. + At the present time there is a young fellow (23 years old) who + acts as my clerk and sits in my room. He is extremely + good-looking, and of a type which is generally considered + 'aristocratic,' but so far as I (or he) know, he is quite of the + lower middle class. He has little to recommend him but a fine + face and figure, and there is nothing approaching to mental or + social equality between us. But I constantly feel the strongest + desire to treat him as a man might a young girl he warmly loved. + Various obvious considerations keep me from more than + quasi-paternal caresses, and I feel sure he would resent very + strongly anything more. This constant repression is trying beyond + measure to the nerves, and I often feel quite ill from that + cause. Having had no experiences of my own, I am always anxious + to learn anything I can of the sexual relations of other men, and + their organs, but I have no curiosity whatever concerning the + other sex. My chief pleasure and source of gratification is found + in the opportunities afforded by Turkish and other baths; + wherever, in fact, there is the nude male to be found. But I + seldom find in these places anyone who seems to have the same + tendency as myself, and certainly I have not met with more than + two cases among the attendants, who responded to my hinted desire + to see everything. Under a shampooer, particularly an unfamiliar + one, I occasionally experience an orgasm, but less often now than + when I was younger."</p> + +<p> F. R. is very short-sighted. His favorite color is blue. He is + able to whistle. His tastes are chiefly of a literary character, + and he has never had any liking for sports. "I have been + generally considered ineffective in the use of my hands," he + writes, "and I am certainly not skillful. All I have ever been + able to do in that way is to net and do the simpler forms of + needlework; but it seems more natural to me to do, or try to do, + everything of that sort, and to play on the piano, rather than to + shoot or play games. I may add that I am fonder of babies than + many women, and am generally considered to be surprisingly + capable of holding them! Certainly I enjoy doing so. As a youth, + I used to act in charades; but I was too shy to do so unless I + was dressed as a woman and veiled; and when I took a woman's part + I <i>felt</i> less like <i>acting</i> than I have done in <i>propria + persona</i>. A remark made by an uncle once rather annoyed me: that + it seemed more like nature than art. But he was quite right."</p> + +<p> <b>HISTORY IV.—</b>Of Lowland Scotch parentage. Both sides of house + healthy and without cerebral or nervous disease. Homosexual + desires began at puberty. He practised onanism to a limited + extent at school and up to the age of about 22. His erotic dreams + are exclusively about <a name='2_Page_96'></a>males. While very friendly and intimate + with women of all ages, he is instantly repelled by any display + of sexual affection on their side. This has happened in varying + degree in three or four cases. With regard to marriage, he + remarks: "As there seems no immediate danger of the race dying + out, I leave marriage to those who like it." His male ideal has + varied to some extent. It has for some years tended toward a + healthy, well-developed, athletic or out-of-door working type, + intelligent and sympathetic, but not specially intellectual.</p> + +<p> At school his sexual relations were of the simplest type. Since + then there have been none. "This," he says, "is not due either to + absence of desire or presence of 'morals.' To put it shortly, + 'there were never the time and the place and the loved one + together.' In another view, physical desire and the general + affection have not always coexisted toward the same person; and + the former without the latter is comparatively transient; while + the latter stops the gratification of the former, if it is felt + that that gratification could in any way make the object of + affection unhappy, mentally or emotionally."</p> + +<p> He is healthy and fairly well developed; of sensitive, emotional + nature, but self-controlled; mentally he is receptive and + aggressive by turns, sometimes uncritical, sometimes analytical. + His temper is equable, and he is strongly affectionate. Very fond + of music and other arts, but not highly imaginative.</p> + +<p> Of sexual inversion in the abstract he says he has no views, but + he thus sums up his moral attitude: "I presume that, if it is + there, it is there for use or abuse, as men please. I condemn + gratification of bodily desire at the expense of others, in + whatever form it may take. I condemn it no more in its inverted + form than in the ordinary. I believe that affection between + persons of the same sex, even when it includes the sexual passion + and its indulgences, may lead to results as splendid as human + nature can ever attain to. In short, I place it on an absolute + equality with love as ordinarily understood."</p> + + +<p> <b>HISTORY V.—</b>S. W., aged 64, English, musical journalist. The + communication which follows (somewhat abbreviated) was written + before S. W. had heard or read anything about sexual inversion, + and when he still believed that his own case was absolutely + unique.</p> + +<p> "I am the son of a clergyman, and lived for the first thirteen + years of my life in the country town where I was born. Then my + father became the vicar of a country village, where I lived until + I went out into the world at the age of 18. As during the whole + of this time my father had a few pupils, I was educated with + them, and never went to school. I was born, I fancy, with sexual + passions about as strong as can well be imagined, and at the same + time was very precocious in my entry into the stage of puberty. + Semen began to form <a name='2_Page_97'></a>a little before my twelfth birthday; hair + soon followed, and in a year I was in that respect the equal of + an average boy of 15 or 16. I conversed freely with my companions + on the relations of the sexes, but, unlike them, had no personal + feeling toward girls. In time I became conscious that I was + different, as I then believed, and believe now, from all other + men. My sexual organs were quite perfect. But in the frame of a + man I had the sexual mind of a female. I distinctly disclaim the + faintest inclination to perform unnatural acts; the idea of + committing sodomy would be <i>most disgusting</i>.</p> + +<p> "To come to my actual condition of mind: While totally + indifferent to the person of woman (I always enjoyed their + friendship and companionship, and many of my best friends have + been ladies), I had a burning desire to have carnal intercourse + with a male, and had the capacity for falling in love, as it is + called, to the utmost extent. In imagination, I possessed the + female organ, and felt toward man exactly as an amorous female + would. At the time when I became fully conscious of my condition, + I attached little importance to it; I had not a notion of its + terrible import, nor of the future misery it would entail. All + that I had to learn by bitter experience.</p> + +<p> "I did once think of forcing myself to have connection with a + prostitute in order to see whether the actual sensual enjoyment + might bring a change, and so have the power to marry. But when it + came to thinking over ways and means, my repugnance to the act + became so strong that it was quite out of the question. In the + case of any male to whom I became attached, I wanted to feel + ourselves together, skin to skin, and to be privileged to take + such liberties as an amorous female would take if that were all + permitted. I sought no purely sensual gratification of any kind; + my love was far too genuine for that.</p> + +<p> "During the rather more than half a century which has elapsed + since my twelfth birthday, I have been genuinely in love about + thirteen times. I despair attempting to give an idea of the depth + and reality of my feelings. I have alluded to my precocity. I was + in love when 12 years old, the object being a man of 24, a + well-known analytical chemist. He came to my father's house very + frequently; and my heart beat almost at the mention of his name.</p> + +<p> "The next serious time I was about 15. It was a farmer's son, + about two years older. I don't think that I was ever alone with + him, and really only knew him as a member of his family, yet for + a time he was my chief interest in life.</p> + +<p> "When 21 I had a 'chum,' a youth of 17, who entertained for me, + at any rate, a brotherly affection. We were under the same roof, + and early one summer morning he got out of bed and came direct to + my room to talk about some matter or other. In order to talk more + comfortably <a name='2_Page_98'></a>he got into bed with me and we lay there just as two + school-girls might have done. This proximity was more than I + could stand, and my heart began to beat so that it was impossible + that he should not notice it. As, of course, he could not have + the slightest notion of the reason, he said in all innocence, + 'Why, how your heart beats. I can hear it quite plainly.'</p> + +<p> "So far my details are purely innocent. Up to 18, familiarities + passed at intervals between me and the son of the village doctor, + a youth about two years older than myself, and precociously + immoral. I did not really care for him much, but he was my chief + companion. Then I became a school-assistant, and for about six + years managed to control myself, only, alas, to fall again. + Another resolution I kept for eight years, one long fight with my + nature. Again I sinned in three instances, extending over three + or four years. I now come to a very painful and eventful episode + in my unhappy life which I would gladly pass over were it + possible. It was a case, in middle life, of sin, discovery, and + great folly in addition.</p> + +<p> "Before going into details, so far as may be necessary, I cannot + help asking you to consider calmly and dispassionately my exact + condition compared with that of my fellow-creatures as a whole. + In my struggles to resist in the past, I have at times felt as if + wrestling in the folds of a python. I again sinned, then, with a + youth and his friend. Oddly enough, discovery followed through a + man who was actuated by a feeling of revenge for a strictly right + act on my part. The lads refused to state more than the truth, + and this did not satisfy the man, and a <i>third</i> lad was + introduced, who was prepared to say anything. This was not all; + some twelve or fifteen more boys made similar accusations! The + general belief, in consequence, was that I had committed + 'nameless' crimes in all directions, <i>ad lib</i>. If you were to ask + me for an explanation of the action of all these boys beyond the + <i>third</i>, who, of course, had some special inducements, I can + offer none. They may have thought that the original trio were + regarded rather in the light of <i>heroes</i>; why should <i>they</i> not + be heroes, too?</p> + +<p> "I might well feel crushed under such a load of accusations, but + that does not excuse the incredible folly of my conduct. I denied + alike the modicum of truth and the mass of lying, and went off to + America. However, as time passed on and my mind got into a proper + state, I felt that the truth must be told some time or other. I + accordingly wrote from America to the proper quarter a full + confession of my sin with regard to the two youths who had told + merely the truth, at the same time pointing out the falsehood of + all the rest of the accusations.</p> + +<p> "I remained in America six years, and actually made money, so + that I could return to England with a small capital. I was also + under a <a name='2_Page_99'></a>promise to my three sisters (all older than myself) that + I would return in their lifetime. My programme was to purchase a + small, light business in London, and quietly earn my living; at + the same time making my presence known to no one. I <i>did</i> buy + such a business, got swindled in the most clever way, and lost + every farthing I possessed in the world! I had to make my plight + known to old friends who all either gave or lent me money. Still + my position was a very precarious one. I tried an insurance + agency, one of the last resources of the educated destitute, but + soon found out that I was unfitted for work in which <i>impudence</i> + is a prime factor. Then an extraordinary stroke of good fortune + took place; almost simultaneously I began to get a few music + pupils, and literary work in connection with a good musical + journal.</p> + +<p> "Making my presence known to old friends involved the same + information to those who were <i>not</i> friends. My identity as a + journalist became known, and as time passed by it seemed to me as + if half the world had heard of my alleged iniquities. People who + have never set eyes on me seem to regard me in the light of a + monster of iniquity who ought not to be suffered to exist. All + these outsiders believe that I have committed 'nameless' offenses + times innumerable and lift up their hands in speechless horror at + the audacity of a man who, so situated, dares to appear openly in + public, under his own name, and look people in the face. They + have not even the brains to see that this very fearlessness + proves the fictitious character of their beliefs. Next, they + believe that if only they could get my dismissal from my + journalistic post I should be brought to starvation point. This + up to a year ago was true. Then an old relative died and left me + some property which I sold to invest in an annuity, and thus have + just enough to live on quietly, apart from what I may earn. Under + such strange conditions it might be asked whether life was not + unendurable. Frankly speaking, I cannot say that I find it so. I + have in London a few bachelor friends who go with me to theaters, + etc. In the suburbs I have about half a dozen family friends. + Here I meet with pleasant society and a hearty welcome. I am + passionately fond of music, have an excellent piano, and can hear + the best concerts in Europe. I go to all good plays. I am a good + chess player. Lastly, I am an omnivorous reader. You will allow + that my resources for passing the time are not limited.</p> + +<p> "Of course, I am sorry that I sinned, and wish that I had not + done so. But I disclaim any feeling of shame."</p> + +<p> S. W. was the youngest of four children and the only boy. His + father was 40 at his birth, his mother 33. The father was an + intellectual man of weak character, the mother a woman of violent + and eccentric temper, with, he believes, strong sexual passions. + S. W. knows of nothing in the family to account for his own + abnormal condition.</p><a name='2_Page_100'></a> + +<p> He is short (five feet five inches), but well built, with strong + chest and a powerful voice. His arms are weak and flabby + (feminine, he thinks), but the legs muscular. As a boy of 14 he + could walk forty miles with ease, and he played football till + near the age of 45. He is considered manly in character and + tastes, but is easily moved to tears under strong excitement. + There is no information as to the type of man to whom he is + attracted. I may observe, however, that the analytical chemist + who first evoked S. W.'s admiration was well known to me some + thirty years later, as he was my own teacher in chemistry. At + that time he was an elderly man of attractive appearance and + character, sympathetic and winning in manner to an almost + feminine extent.</p> + +<p> S. W. has never felt the slightest sexual attraction toward the + opposite sex. The first indications of inverted feeling were at + the age of 6 or 7. Watching his father's pupils, boys of 13 or + 14, from the windows, he speculated on what their organs of + generation were like. "In connection with a girl," he writes, "I + should no more have thought of such a thing than in the case of a + block of marble." About this time, indeed, he at times slept with + a sister of 10, who induced him to go through the form of sexual + connection, saying that it felt "so funny;" but he merely did + this to please her, and without the slightest interest or feeling + on his own part. This attitude became more marked with increased + knowledge, until he fell ardently in love at the age of 12. + Throughout life he has practised masturbation to a certain + extent, and is prepared to defend the practice in his own case. + His erotic dreams have been of only the vaguest and most shadowy + character. He is able to whistle. He takes a warm interest in + politics and in philanthropic work. But his chief love is for + music and he has published many musical compositions. On the + whole, and notwithstanding the persecution he has endured, he + does not regard his life as unhappy. At the same time he is + keenly conscious of the atmosphere of "Pariahdom" which surrounds + inverts, and in his own case this has never been alleviated by + any sense of companionship in misery. The facility with which + some inverts are said to recognize others of their own kind is + quite incomprehensible to him; he has never to his knowledge met + one.</p> + + +<p> <b>HISTORY VI.—</b>E. S., physician, aged 50.</p> + +<p> "I have some reason," he writes, "for believing that some of my + relatives (on the paternal side) were not normal in their sexual + life. But I am sure that no such suspicion was entertained by + their friends or associates; they were very reticent people. A + great proportion of my near relatives have remained unmarried or + deferred marriage until late in life. None of them have been good + business men; all seem to have been more deeply concerned in + other things than in making—or in keeping—money. They have + mostly taken little or no share in public <a name='2_Page_101'></a>life, and not cared + much for society. Yet they have been folk of more than average + ability, with intellectual and æsthetic interests. We are prone + to enthusiasms, but lack perseverance. We are discursive and + superficial, perhaps, but none would call us stupid. We are + perhaps abnormally self-centered and self-conscious—never cruel + or vicious. Our powers of self-control are considerable; we are + conventional people only because we are lazy and intensely + dislike any open self-assertion. Yet we are nervous rather than + phlegmatic. All that is on the father's side. My maternal + ancestors have been concerned with farming and the sea and have + also had a similar lack of business capacity, but with less + mental adaptiveness and alertness, with more steadiness of + purpose, however, always doers rather than dreamers. Among them I + remember one cousin who was probably abnormal, although he died + when I was too young to notice much. Again, they were all rather + reserved people, but more genial with strangers, more socially + inclined, and with less self-control.</p> + +<p> "I was an only child and a spoilt one. I was always quick at + school, fond of learning, and finding my lessons no trouble. + Serious study I disliked. But for school purposes I did not find + it necessary, and had no difficulty in carrying all before me. I + was never fond of games, although very fond of being out of doors + and of walking. Few of my relatives have been at all keen on + sport. I made no close friendships at school and was never very + popular with my schoolfellows, who, however, tolerated my odd + ways better than might have been expected. I was easily brought + to appreciate good literature, but I never had much power of + expression or of strenuous thought. I was extremely susceptible + and impressible, moved by beauty of any kind, but never at all + ambitious or in any way creative. I was easily stimulated to + work, and then loved to work; but, unless the stimulus were + maintained the natural indolence of my disposition asserted + itself, and I wasted my powers in dreams and trifles. My memory + was very quick and retentive, in the main, but curiously + capricious. I always lacked initiative and decision. At college + my successes were continued. I gained medals and prizes, passed + my examinations easily, and graduated 'with first-class honors.' + In my professional lifework I have been successful rather beyond + the average. I love it with all my heart.</p> + +<p> "I cannot speak with any confidence about the first stirrings of + my sexual instincts, but I think I can assert that they have at + no time led me to any desire for the opposite sex. It is true + that my earliest recollection of the kind is concerned with + intimacies with a girl play-fellow, but as we had at the time + reached only the mature age of 7 (at the most) I fancy that our + mutual exhibitions—for there was nothing more—simply satisfied + our natural curiosity. Certainly these <a name='2_Page_102'></a>memories are, in my mind, + in no way set apart from the recollections of other kinds of + play. Next to that I remember the usual schoolboy talk about + things hidden and forbidden, but up till I was 12 or so this was + simply dirty talk, concerned more with renal and intestinal + functions than with any sexual feelings or understanding. One boy + was known to us all (and of my not inconsiderable circle of early + friends, all grew up to be normal people, who married and had + children in due course) for the unusual size of his parts and for + the freedom with which he invited and satisfied the curiosity of + his friends. He must have been precocious, for he could not have + been more than 12, and I remember to have heard that he had a + thick growth of pubic hair. Even then, although I know that my + curiosity—to put it at that only—was active, I never allowed + myself to have any dealings with him; and I think I should have + discouraged them had they been suggested to me. That is the odd + thing about my life: the things I longed intensely to do I would + not let myself do, not from any religious or moral scruple, but + from some inexplicable fastidiousness or scrupulosity which is + yet as active as ever, although I am sure that it would not be + able to hold its own could these favorable conditions be + repeated, but would be overcome by the imperious and fully grown + desires which, by long repression, or by unsatisfactory + diversion, have grown to be so strong. Indeed, given the + opportunity, and the assurance that no first seduction or + corruption of anyone was in question, they would prove quite + irrepressible.</p> + +<p> "Certainly, long before puberty—which was early with me—I + remember being greatly attracted to certain boys, and wishing to + have an opportunity of sleeping with them. Had I been able to do + so, I am sure I should have been impelled to get into as close + contact with their naked body as possible, and I do not think I + should then have craved for anything more. I knew some + boys—perhaps a little older—who even then had relations, which + were certainly not innocent, with a girl who was a year or two + older than any of us. She once kissed me, to my intense shame. + But I felt that these relations would have been unspeakably + disgusting and I took no particular interest in hearing about + them. I remember being fondled and caressed by a very + good-looking boy of 16 when I was three or four years younger and + had sustained some hurt at play; and I am still able to recall + the thrill of delight that I experienced at his touch. Nothing + took place that all the world might not have seen, but I remember + being taken between his knees as he sat, and his arms being put + around my neck, and the warm, soft pressure of his thighs had an + unspeakable effect on me.</p> + +<p> "About this time, too, an older boy, perhaps about 18, used to + get hold of smaller boys when on country walks, to throw them + down <a name='2_Page_103'></a>and then look at and toy with their genitals. He was + himself a handsome boy, and I was greatly excited when told about + this by boys who had experienced it, and wished greatly to have + it done to me. It never was; and if it had been attempted I know + I should have resisted with all my strength, although my desires + would have set me aflame. This boy died before he was 20, with a + psoas abscess, and I remember crying myself to sleep the night I + learned of his death. Another boy, about three years older than + myself, who had very silky hair, I used to be attracted by and I + was always trying to stroke his hair, but he always objected.</p> + +<p> "I must have been about 12 when I first was taught to masturbate + by a cousin who was slightly older. At first I thought it silly, + but I used to watch him at it, and practised it myself from time + to time until I became old enough to experience the proper + sensation. Then I have reason to think I gave myself up to it + rather freely, but it was generally done in solitude, although it + was long before I realized that there was anything wrong about it + or that it might prove hurtful. Looking back now, I feel + perfectly certain that my instincts were wholly homosexual from + the very first. This cousin, who possessed notable intellectual + and artistic gifts, married, but I feel sure his liking for his + own sex was not normal.</p> + +<p> "With another cousin, almost years my junior, I was always on + terms of the most affectionate intimacy. My holidays at his + parents' house were my greatest delight. We were always together + by night or day; we slept in the same bed, literally in each + other's arms. To me it afforded the keenest sexual pleasure to + press close to his naked body. We used mutually to handle and + caress our parts, but without any attempt at mutual masturbation, + although at that period I regularly practised it on myself. I + asked him once about it, but he had not been taught it by others; + and to my great pride and satisfaction I can say that I never + either did it to him or asked him to do it to me. This I mention + as an instance of my restraint in act, although my thoughts and + desires knew no such curb. I remember also an elder brother of + his, perhaps three or four years my senior, once showing me (then + about 12, I suppose) his semierect penis. He would not allow me + to touch it, but showed me how to draw back the foreskin so as to + uncover the glans. His penis was large, and the incident was not + forgotten. We had no other relation and I know that both he and + my own friend grew up to be quite normal men.</p> + +<p> "I think I must have been about 17 when I got frightened about + the occurrence of nocturnal emissions, which I believed were the + evil result of masturbation, and for two or three years I + continued in considerable mental distress until, when in my + second or third year at <a name='2_Page_104'></a>college, I summoned up courage enough to + consult our good old family doctor, who reassured me, but made, I + now think, too light of my confidences, so that I relapsed the + more readily, although much later on, into old habits.</p> + +<p> "From our windows at home we looked over a bit of common or down + to the beach, and I used to keep watch on warm summer afternoons; + over boys who might be bathing, to observe them through our + telescope. All this I kept strictly secret and I was never + surprised. I might just as well, and without arousing the + slightest suspicion of my motive, have walked down to the beach + and seen them and chatted with them; but this I could not have + brought myself to do. It gave me considerable sexual satisfaction + when I was able to see them bathing without pants. I also used to + watch them at play on the common, and felt rewarded when I saw, + as I not infrequently did, sexual familiarities taking place. + These violently excited me and sometimes brought on orgasm, + always erection with pleasure. Indeed, it was an experience of + this kind that made me return to masturbation after I had given + it up for a while. I remember one day seeing two lads of about 16 + lying on the grass in the sunshine; all at once the bigger lad + put out his hand and tried to open his companion's trousers. He + resisted with all his might, and a long struggle ensued, ending + in the smaller lad having his penis exposed and manipulated by + the other. Even at this day the recollection of this excites me. + Both lads grew up to be normal men.</p> + +<p> "Twice only have I been approached by grown-up people. When I was + about 13 I used to meet often, when going to school by train, an + old gentleman who courted me, as it were, used often to talk to + me and asked me to come to see his well-known scientific + collections, but I always had a vague distrust of him and never + went. One day in the summer during a spare hour I met him in an + empty room in the museum, where there were usually very few + visitors at that time of day, and where large show-cases gave + concealment. He came up to me and told me he had been away in the + country, and that, when making his way home through hedges and + thorny bushes, some of the thorns got stuck amongst his clothes + and were still giving him uneasiness. 'I would be very grateful,' + he said, 'if you would put your hand down and try if you can feel + any thorns sticking in my underflannels and pull them out.' He + then unbuttoned his braces on one side, undid his trousers and + made me thrust my hand over his groin and lower abdomen. I + avoided touching his genitals, but he pushed my hand down in that + direction until, burning with shame, I made my escape and ran + off, not stopping until I was safe in school. I scarcely + understood it, but never spoke of it, and avoided him ever + <a name='2_Page_105'></a>afterward. I learned later on that he was a well-off bachelor + who took a great interest in working lads and young men and did + much to help them on in life and keep them, so it was said, from + falling into bad company. He died at a great age and left most of + his fortune to an institution for lads, as well as large legacies + to youths in whom he had been interested.</p> + +<p> "The other time was on top of a tramcar when a grown-up man who + was near pressed as close to me as he could, began to talk, + praised my dark eyes, then put his hand on my thigh under my + loose cloak and felt up toward my parts. At the same time he took + hold of my hand, caressed it and put it over his parts (it was in + the dusk). This excited me and, if we had not been at our + destination, I think I would gladly have permitted further + familiarities. He tried to ask me where I lived, but there was no + time to answer, and the female relative who was with me (on + another seat) would no doubt have prevented this from having any + further sequel.</p> + +<p> "On more than one occasion I have experienced the sexual orgasm + as the result of mental anxiety. The first time this occurred was + when I was hurrying to avoid being late for school. Another time + was when I was about 24, and was extremely anxious to fill an + appointment for which I was late. So copious was the emission + that I had to go home and change.</p> + +<p> "As a medical student, the first reference bearing definitely on + the subject of sexual inversion was made in the class of Medical + Jurisprudence, where certain sexual crimes were alluded to—very + summarily and inadequately—but nothing was said of the existence + of sexual inversion as the 'normal' condition of certain unhappy + people, nor was any distinction drawn between the various + non-normal acts, which were all classed together as + manifestations of the criminal depravity of ordinary or insane + people. To a student beginning to be acutely conscious that his + sexual nature differed profoundly from that of his fellows, + nothing could be more perplexing and disturbing, and it shut me + up more completely in my reserve than ever. I felt that this + teaching must be based on some radical error or prejudice or + misapprehension, for I knew from my own very clear remembrance of + my own development that my peculiarity was not acquired, but + inborn; my great misfortune undoubtedly, but not my fault.</p> + +<p> "It was still more unfortunate that in the course of the lectures + on Clinical Medicine there was not the slightest allusion to the + subject. All sorts of rare diseases—some of which I have not yet + met with in the course of twenty-one years of a busy + practice—were fully discussed, but we were left entirely + ignorant of a subject so vitally important to me personally, and, + as it seems to me, to the profession to which<a name='2_Page_106'></a> I aspired. There + might have been an incidental reference to masturbation—although + I do not remember it—but its real significance received no + attention; and what we students knew of it was the result of our + reading or of our personal experiences.</p> + +<p> "In the class of Mental Disease there was, naturally, more + detailed and systematic reference to facts in the sexual life and + to sexual inversion as a rare pathological condition. But still + there was not a comforting word to reassure me, growing ever more + hopelessly ashamed of what it seemed was a criminal or a gravely + morbid nature.</p> + +<p> "Among all my fellow-students I knew of no one constituted like + myself; but my natural reserve—increased, of course, by my + consciousness of what I saw would be thought to be a criminal + tendency—did not urge me to exchange of confidences or to the + formation of; close friendships.</p> + +<p> "After graduation I became a resident medical officer in the + hospital and private assistant to one of the professors—a + physician and teacher of worldwide reputation. With him I + associated on the most cordial and affectionate terms; and often + in the course of conversation I tried to bring him to discuss the + subject, but without success. It was obviously unpleasant and + uninteresting to him. Enough was said, however, to enable me to + realize that he held the current ideas on the subject; and I + would not for worlds have allowed him, to guess that I myself + came under the despised and tainted category.</p> + +<p> "I have seldom heard sexual inversion discussed among my + professional friends. They speak of it with disgust or amusement. + I have never met a professional man who would consider it + dispassionately and scientifically. For them it was a subject + entirely belonging to psychological medicine.</p> + +<p> "I have had no admitted case of it among my patients; but I have + often instinctively felt that some who consulted me about other + matters would have taken me into their confidence about that, but + for their fear of being cruelly misunderstood.</p> + +<p> "As to my moral attitude I fear to speak. Grossness disgusts me; + but I am not sure that I should be able to resist temptation + placed in my way. But I am absolutely sure that I should never, + under any circumstances, tempt others to any disgraceful act. If + I ever committed any sexual act with one of my own sex whom I + loved, I could not look at it or approach it in any other than a + sacramental way. This sounds blasphemous and shocking, but I + cannot otherwise express my meaning.</p> + +<p> "As regards the marriage of inverts, my own feeling is that for a + congenital invert—no matter how fully the situation be explained + beforehand—it is a step fraught with too great possibilities of + tragedy and of the deepest unhappiness, to be advised at all. My + <a name='2_Page_107'></a>view is that for the invert, far more than for the ordinary + person, there is no escape from the supreme necessity of + self-control in any relationship he may form. If that be attained + then the ideal is a relationship with another man of similar + temperament—not a platonic one, necessarily—by means of which + the highest happiness of both may be reached. But this can occur + <i>very</i> seldom.</p> + +<p> "To poetry and the fine arts I am very susceptible, and I have + given a great deal of time to this study. I am devoted heart and + soul to music, which is more and more to me every year I live. + Trivial or light music I cannot endure, but of Beethoven, Bach, + Händel, Schumann, Schubert, Brahms, Tschaikowsky, and Wagner I + should never hear enough. Here, too, my sympathies, are very + catholic, and I delight in McDowell, Debussy, Richard Strauss, + and Hugo Wolf."</p> + + +<p> <b>HISTORY VII.—</b>"My parentage is very sound and healthy. Both my + parents (who belong to the professional middle class) have good + general health; nor can I trace any marked abnormal or diseased + tendency, of mind or body, in any records of the family.</p> + +<p> "Though of a strongly nervous temperament myself, and sensitive, + my health is good. I am not aware of any tendency to physical + disease. In early manhood, however, owing, I believe, to the + great emotional tension under which I lived, my nervous system + was a good deal shattered and exhausted. Mentally and morally my + nature is pretty well balanced, and I have never had any serious + perturbations in these departments.</p> + +<p> "At the age of 8 or 9, and long before distinct sexual feelings + declared themselves, I felt a friendly attraction toward my own + sex, and this developed after the age of puberty into a + passionate sense of love, which, however, never found any + expression for itself till I was fully 20 years of age. I was a + day-boarder at school and heard little of school-talk on sex + subjects, was very reserved and modest besides; no elder person + or parent ever spoke to me on such matters; and the passion for + my own sex developed gradually, utterly uninfluenced from the + outside. I never even, during all this period, and till a good + deal later, learned the practice of masturbation. My own sexual + nature was a mystery to me. I found myself cut off from the + understanding of others, felt myself an outcast, and, with a + highly loving and clinging temperament, was intensely miserable. + I thought about my male friends—sometimes boys of my own age, + sometimes elder boys, and once even a master—during the day and + dreamed about them at night, but was too convinced that I was a + hopeless monstrosity ever to make any effectual advances. Later + on it was much the same, but gradually, though slowly, I came to + find that there were others like myself. I made a few special + friends, and at last it came to me occasionally to sleep with + them and to satisfy my imperious need by mutual embraces and + emissions. Before this happened, <a name='2_Page_108'></a>however, I was once or twice on + the brink of despair and madness with repressed passion and + torment.</p> + +<p> "Meanwhile, from the first, my feeling, physically, toward the + female sex was one of indifference, and later on, with the more + special development of sex desires, one of positive repulsion. + Though having several female friends, whose society I like and to + whom I am sincerely attached, the thought of marriage or + cohabitation with any such has always been odious to me.</p> + +<p> "As a boy I was attracted in general by boys rather older than + myself; after leaving school I still fell in love, in a romantic + vein, with comrades of my own standing. Now,—at the age of + 37,—my ideal of love is a powerful, strongly built man, of my + own age or rather younger—preferably of the working class. + Though having solid sense and character, he need not be specially + intellectual. If endowed in the latter way, he must not be too + glib or refined. Anything effeminate in a man, or anything of the + cheap intellectual style, repels me very decisively.</p> + +<p> "I have never had to do with actual pederasty, so called. My + chief desire in love is bodily nearness or contact, as to sleep + naked with a naked friend; the specially sexual, though urgent + enough, seems a secondary matter. Pederasty, either active or + passive, might seem in place to me with one I loved very + devotedly and who also loved me to that degree; but I think not + otherwise. I am an artist by temperament and choice, fond of all + beautiful things, especially the male human form; of active, + slight, muscular build; and sympathetic, but somewhat indecisive + character, though possessing self-control.</p> + +<p> "I cannot regard my sexual feelings as unnatural or abnormal, + since they have disclosed themselves so perfectly naturally and + spontaneously within me. All that I have read in books or heard + spoken about the ordinary sexual love, its intensity and passion, + lifelong devotion, love at first sight, etc., seems to me to be + easily matched by my own experiences in the homosexual form; and, + with regard to the morality of this complex subject, my feeling + is that it is the same as should prevail in love between man and + woman, namely: that no bodily satisfaction should be sought at + the cost of another person's distress or degradation. I am sure + that this kind of love is, notwithstanding the physical + difficulties that attend it, as deeply stirring and ennobling as + the other kind, if not more so; and I think that for a perfect + relationship the actual sex gratifications (whatever they may be) + probably hold a less important place in this love than in the + other."</p> + + +<p> <b>HISTORY VIII.—</b>M. N., aged 30. "My grandfather might be said to be + of abnormal temperament, for, though of very humble origin, he + organized and carried out an extremely arduous mission work and + became an accomplished linguist, translating the Bible into an + Eastern <a name='2_Page_109'></a>tongue and compiling the first dictionary of that + language. He died, practically of overwork, at the age of 45. He + was twice married, my father being his third son by the second + wife. I believe that two, if not more, of the family (numbering + seven in all) were inverted, and the only one of them to marry + was my father. My grandmother was the last representative of an + old and very 'wild' Irish family. She died at an advanced age, of + paralysis. My father was 36 and my mother 21 at the time of their + marriage. I was born three years after and was their only child. + The marriage proved a most unhappy one, they being utterly + unsuited to each other in every way.</p> + +<p> "My father's health during the first years of his marriage was + very delicate, and I have reason to believe that it had been + undermined in certain ways by his life abroad. I understand I was + born with slight gonorrheal affection, and as a child my health + was very indifferent. This latter may have been brought about by + the peculiarly unhappy and unnatural life I led. I had no + companions of my own age, and did not even attend any school + until after my mother's death. My father superintended my + education up to that time, and I had free access to a large and + very varied library, and a great deal of solitary leisure to + enjoy it in. There were a number of medical and scientific books + in it, which were my principal favorites, and I remember deciding + at a very early age to be a doctor. When about 5 years old I + recollect having a sexual dream connected with a railway porter. + It afforded me great pleasure to recall this dream, and about + that time I discovered a method of self-gratification (there is + not much 'teaching' required in these matters!).</p> + +<p> "I cannot say that the dream I have mentioned constituted + absolutely the first intimation of inverted feeling, but rather + that it crystallized vague ideas which I might have already had + on the subject. I can recollect that when about between 3 and 4 + years of age a young fellow of about 20 came to our house several + times as a visitor. He was fond of children, I suppose, and I + generally sat on his knee and was kissed by him. This was a + source of great pleasure to me, but I cannot remember if it was + accompanied by erection. I can only recall that his attention and + caresses made a greater impression upon me than those of women. + When about that age too I was often aroused when sleeping with my + mother, and told not to lie on my face. I remember that erection + was always present on these occasions. The dream was the first of + many of its kind, and in my case they have never been accompanied + by emission. They have always been of an 'inverted' character, + though I have occasionally had dreams about women. These latter, + however, have usually partaken somewhat of the nature of a + nightmare!</p> + +<p> "Up to the age of 14 I felt much perplexed and depressed by my + views on sexual desire, and was convinced that they were peculiar + to <a name='2_Page_110'></a>myself. This, combined with the solitary condition of my + life, and about four years' continued ill-treatment prior to my + mother's death (she had given way to drink for that period), had + a very injurious effect on my health, mental and bodily. Looking + back from my present point of view, I can understand and forgive + many things which appeared monstrous and unjust to me as a child. + My mother's life must have been a very unhappy one, and she was + bitterly disappointed in many ways, very likely in me as well. My + unfortunate, misunderstood temperament led me to be shy and + secretive, and I was often ailing, and my training was not + calculated to improve matters. At last, however, change and + freedom came, and I was sent to a boarding-school. Here, of + course, I soon met with attachments and gratifications with other + boys. I arrived at puberty, and my health improved under happier + surroundings. I was not long in discovering that my companions + viewed the pleasures that meant so much to me from an entirely + different standpoint. Their gratifications were usually + accompanied by conversation about, and a general direction of + thought toward, females. When I had turned 15, owing to monetary + difficulties I was obliged to leave school, and was soon not only + thrown on my own resources, but accountable to no one but myself + for my conduct. Of course, my next discovery was that my case, so + far from being peculiar, was a most common one, and I was quickly + initiated into all the mysteries of inversion, with its + freemasonry and 'argot.' Altogether my experience of inverts has + been a pretty wide and varied one, and I have always endeavored + to classify and compare cases which have come under my notice + with a view to arriving at some sort of conclusion or + explanation.</p> + +<p> "I suppose it is due to female versatility or impressibility that + it is possible for me to experience mentally the emotions + attributable to either sex, according to the age and temperament + of my companion; for instance, with one older than myself, + possessing well-marked male characteristics, I am able to feel + all that surrender and dependence which is so essentially + feminine. On the other hand, if with a youth of feminine type and + behavior I can realize, with an equal amount of pleasure, the + tender, yet dominant, attitude of the male.</p> + +<p> "I experience no particular 'horror' of women sexually. I should + imagine that my feeling toward them resembles very much what + normal people feel with regard to others of their own sex." M. N. + remarks that he cannot whistle, and that his favorite color is + green. </p></div> + +<p>In this case the subject easily found a moral <i>modus vivendi</i> with his +inverted instinct, and he takes its gratification for granted. In the +following case, which, I believe, is typical of a large group, the subject +has never yielded to his inverted impulses, <a name='2_Page_111'></a>and, except so far as +masturbation is concerned, has preserved strict chastity.</p> + + +<div class='blkquot'><p><b>HISTORY IX.—</b>R. S., aged 31, American of French descent. "Upon the + question of heredity I may say that I belong to a reasonably + healthy, prolific, and long-lived family. On my father's side, + however, there is a tendency toward pulmonary troubles. He + himself died of pneumonia, and two of his brothers and a nephew + of consumption. Neither of my parents were morbid or eccentric. + Excepting for a certain shyness with strangers, my father was a + very masculine man. My mother is somewhat nervous, but is not + imaginative, nor at all demonstrative in her affections. I think + that my own imaginative and artistic temperament must come from + my father's side. Perhaps my French ancestry has something to do + with it. With the exception of my maternal grandfather, all my + progenitors have been of French descent. My mother's father was + English.</p> + +<p> "I possess a mercurial temperament and a strong sense of the + ludicrous. Though my <i>physique</i> is slight, my health has always + been excellent. Of late years especially I have been greatly + given to introspection and self-scrutiny, but have never had any + hallucinations, mental delusions, nor hysterics, and am not at + all superstitious. Spiritualistic manifestations, hypnotic + dabblings, and the other psychical fads of the day have little or + no attraction for me. In fact, I have always been skeptical of + them, and they rather bore me.</p> + +<p> "At school I was an indolent, dreamy boy, shirking study, but + otherwise fairly docile to my teachers. From earliest childhood I + have indulged in omnivorous taste for reading, my particular + likings being for travels, esthetics, metaphysical and + theological subjects, and more recently for poetry and certain + forms of mysticism. I never cared much for history or for + scientific subjects. From the beginning, too, I showed a strong + artistic bent, and possessed an overpowering love for all things + beautiful. As a child I was passionately fond of flowers, loved + to be in the woods and alone, and wanted to become an artist. My + parents opposed the latter wish and I gave way before their + opposition.</p> + +<p> "In me the homosexual nature is singularly complete, and is + undoubtedly congenital. The most intense delight of my childhood + (even when a tiny boy in a nurse's charge) was to watch acrobats + and riders at the circus. This was not so much for the skillful + feats as on account of the beauty of their persons. Even then I + cared chiefly for the more lithe and graceful fellows. People + told me that circus actors were wicked, and would steal little + boys, and so I came to look upon my favorites as half-devil and + half-angel. When I was older and could go about alone, I would + often hang around the tents of travelling shows in hope of + catching <a name='2_Page_112'></a>a glimpse of the actors. I longed to see them naked, + without their tights, and used to lie awake at night thinking of + them and longing to be loved and embraced by them. A certain + bareback rider, a sort of jockey, used especially to please me on + account of his handsome legs, which were clothed in fleshlings up + to his waist, leaving his beautiful loins uncovered by a + breech-clout. There was nothing consciously sensual about these + reveries, because at the time I had no sensual feelings or + knowledge. Curiously enough, the women-actors repelled me then + (as they do to this day) quite as strongly as I was attracted by + the men.</p> + +<p> "I used, also, to take great pleasure in watching men and boys in + swimming, but my opportunities for seeing them thus were + extremely rare. I never dared let my comrades know how I felt + about these matters, but the sight of a well-formed, naked youth + or man would fill me (and does now) with mingled feelings of + bashfulness, anguish, and delight. I used to tell myself endless + stories of a visionary castle inhabited by beautiful boys, one of + whom was especially my dear chum.</p> + +<p> "It was always the <i>prince</i>, in fairy tales, who held my interest + or affection. I was constantly falling in love with handsome boys + whom I never knew; nor did I ever try to mix in their company, + for I was abashed before them, and had no liking nor aptitude for + boyish games. Sometimes I played with girls because they were + more quiet and gentler, but I cared for them little or not at + all.</p> + +<p> "As is usually the case, my parents neglected to impart to me any + sexual knowledge, and such as I possessed was gathered furtively + from tainted sources, bad boys' talk at school and elsewhere. My + elders let me know, in a vague way, that talk of the kind was + wicked, and natural timidity and a wish to be 'good' kept me from + learning much about sexual matters. As I never went to + boarding-school, I was spared, perhaps, many of the degrading + initiations administered by knowing boys at such institutions.</p> + +<p> "In spite of what has been said above, I do not believe that I + was sexually very precocious, and even now I feel that more + pleasure would ensue from merely contemplating than from personal + contact with the object of my amorous attentions.</p> + +<p> "As I grew older there came, of course, an undefined physical + longing, but it was the <i>beauty</i> of those I admired which mainly + appealed to me. At the time of puberty I spontaneously acquired + the habit of masturbation. Once while bathing I found that a + pleasant feeling came with touching the sexual organs. It was not + long before I was confirmed in the habit. At first I practised it + but seldom, but afterward much more frequently (say, once a + week), though at times months have elapsed without any + indulgences on my part. I have only had erotic dreams three or + four times in my life. The masturbation habit I <a name='2_Page_113'></a>regard as + morally reprehensible and have made many resolutions to break it, + but without avail. It affords me only the most momentary + satisfaction, and is always followed by remorseful scruples.</p> + +<p> "I have never in my life had any sexual feeling for a woman, nor + any sexual connection with any woman whatsoever. The very thought + of such a thing is excessively repugnant and disgusting to me. + This is true, apart from any moral considerations, and I do not + think I could bring myself to it. I am not attracted by young + women in any way. Even their physical beauty has little or no + charm for me, and I often wonder how men can be so affected by + it. On the other hand, I am not a woman-hater, and have several + strong friends of the opposite sex. They are, however, women + older than myself, and our friendship is based solely on certain + intellectual or esthetic tastes we have in common.</p> + +<p> "I have had practically no physical relations with men; at any + rate, none specifically sexual. Once, when about 19 or 21, I + started to embrace a beautifully formed youth with whom I was + sleeping, but timidity and scruples got the better of my + feelings, and, as my bedfellow was not amorously inclined toward + me, nothing came of it. A few years after this I became strongly + attached to a friend whom I had already known for several years. + Circumstances threw us very much together during one summer. It + was now that I felt for the first time the full shock of love. He + returned my affection, but both of us were shy of showing our + feelings or speaking of them. Often when walking together after + night-fall we would put our arms about each other. Sometimes, + too, when sleeping together we would lie in close contact, and my + friend once suggested that I put my legs against his. He + frequently begged me to spend the night with him; but I began to + fear my feelings, and slept with him but seldom. We neither of us + had any definite ideas about homosexual relations, and, apart + from what I have related above, we had no further contact with + each other. A few months after our amorous feelings had developed + my friend died. His death caused me great distress, and my + naturally religious temperament began to manifest itself quite + strongly. At this time, too, I first read some writings of Mr. + Addington Symonds, and certain allusions in his work, coupled + with my recent experience, soon stirred me to a full + consciousness of my inverted nature.</p> + +<p> "About eight months after my friend's death I happened to meet in + a strange town a youth of about my own age who exerted upon me a + strong and instant attraction. He possessed a refined, handsome + face, was gracefully built, and, though he was rather + undemonstrative, we soon became fast friends.</p> + +<p> "We were together only for a few days, when I was obliged to + leave for my home, and the parting caused me great unhappiness + and depression.<a name='2_Page_114'></a> A few months after we spent a vacation together. + One day during our trip we went swimming, and undressed in the + same bathhouse. When I saw my friend naked for the first time he + seemed to me so beautiful that I longed to throw my arms about + him and cover him with kisses. I kept my feelings hidden, + however, hardly daring to look at him for fear of being unable to + restrain my desires. Several times afterward, in his room, I saw + him stripped, with the same effect upon my emotions. Until I had + seen him naked my feelings for him were not of a physical + character, but afterward I longed for actual contact, but only by + embraces and kisses. Though he was fond of me, he had absolutely + no amorous longings for me, and being a simple, pure-minded + fellow, would have loathed me for mine and my inverted nature. I + was careful never to let him discover it, and I was made very + unhappy when he confided that he was in love with a young girl + whom he wished to marry. This episode took place several years + ago, and though we are still friends my emotional feelings for + him have cooled considerably.</p> + +<p> "I have always been very shy of showing any affectionate + tendencies. Most of my acquaintances (and close friends even) + think me curiously cold, and often wonder why I have never fallen + in love or married. For obvious reasons I have never been able to + tell them.</p> + +<p> "Three or four years ago a little book by Coventry Patmore fell + into my hands, and from its perusal resulted a strange blending + of my religious and erotic notions. The desire to love and be + loved is hard to drown, and, when I realized that homosexually it + was neither lawful nor possible for me to love in this world, I + began to project my longings into the next. By birth I am a Roman + Catholic, and in spite of a somewhat skeptical temper, manage to + remain one by conviction.</p> + +<p> "From the doctrines of the Trinity, Incarnation, and Eucharist, I + have drawn conclusions which would fill the minds of the average + pietist with holy horror; nevertheless I believe that (granting + the premises) these conclusions are both logically and + theologically defensible. The Divinity of my fancied paradise + resembles in no way the vapid conceptions of Fra Angelico, or the + Quartier St. Sulpice. His physical aspect, at least, would be + better represented by some Praxitilean demigod or Flandrin's + naked, brooding boy.</p> + +<p> "While these imaginings have caused me considerable moral + disquietude, they do not seem wholly reprehensible, because I + feel that the chief happiness I would derive by their realization + would be mainly from the contemplation of the loved one, rather + than from closer joys.</p> + +<p> "I possess only a slight knowledge of the history and particulars + of erotic mysticism, but it is likely that my notions are neither + new nor peculiar, and many utterances of the few mystical writers + with whose works I am acquainted seem substantially in accord + with my own longings <a name='2_Page_115'></a>and conclusions. In endeavoring to find for + them some sanction of valid authority, I have always sought + corroboration from members of my own sex; hence am less likely to + have fashioned my views after those of hypersensitive or + hysterical women.</p> + +<p> "You will rightly infer that it is difficult for me to say + exactly how I regard (morally) the homosexual tendency. Of this + much, however, I am certain, that, even, if it were possible, I + would not exchange my inverted nature for a normal one. I suspect + that the sexual emotions and even inverted ones have a more + subtle significance than is generally attributed to them; but + modern moralists either fight shy of transcendental + interpretations or see none, and I am ignorant and unable to + solve the mystery these feelings seem to imply.</p> + +<p> "Patmore speaks boldly enough, in his way, and Lacordaire has + hinted at things, but in a very guarded manner. I have neither + the ability nor opportunity to study what the mystics of the + Middle Ages have to say along these lines, and, besides, the + medieval way of looking at things is not congenial to me. The + chief characteristic of my tendency is an overpowering admiration + for male beauty, and in this I am more akin to the Greeks.</p> + +<p> "I have absolutely no words to tell you how powerfully such + beauty affects me. Moral and intellectual worth is, I know, of + greater value, but physical beauty I <i>see</i> more clearly, and it + appears to me the most <i>vivid</i> (if not the most perfect) + manifestation of the divine. A little incident may, perhaps, + reveal to you my feelings more completely. Not long ago I + happened to see an unusually well-formed young fellow enter a + house of assignation with a common woman of the streets. The + sight filled me with the keenest anguish, and the thought that + his beauty would soon be at the disposal of a prostitute made me + feel as if I were a powerless and unhappy witness to a sacrilege. + It may be that my rage for male loveliness is only another + outbreaking of the old Platonic mania, for as time goes on I find + that I long less for the actual youth before me, and more and + more for some ideal, perfect being whose bodily splendor and + loving heart are the realities whose reflections only we see in + this cave of shadows. Since the birth and development within me + of what, for lack of a better name, I term my homosexualized + Patmorean ideal, life has become, in the main, a weary business. + I am not despondent, however, because many things still hold for + me a certain interest. When that interest dies down, as it is + wont from time to time, I endeavor to be patient. God grant that, + after the end <i>here</i>, I may be drawn from the shadow, and + seemingly vain imaginings into the possession of their + never-ending reality <i>hereafter</i>."</p> + + +<p> <b>HISTORY X.—</b>A. H., aged 62. Belongs to a family which cannot be + regarded as healthy, but there is no insanity among near + relations.<a name='2_Page_116'></a> Father a very virile man of high character and good + intelligence, but not sound physical health. Mother was + high-strung and nervous, but possessed of indomitable courage and + very affectionate; she lived very happily with her husband. She + became a chronic invalid and died of consumption. A. H. was a + seven months' child, the third in the family, who were born very + rapidly, so that there is only three years difference in the ages + of the first and third children. A. H. believes that one of his + brothers, who has never married and prefers men to women, is also + inverted, though not to the same degree as himself, and he also + suspects that a relation of his mother's may have been an invert. + Sister, who resembles the father in character, is married, but is + spoken of as a woman's woman rather than a man's woman. The + family generally are considered proud and reserved, but of + superior mental endowment.</p> + +<p> In early life A. H. was delicate and his studies were often + interrupted by illness. Though living under happy conditions he + was shy and nervous, often depressed. In later life his health + has been up to the average, and he has usually been able to + conceal his mental doubts and diffidence.</p> + +<p> As a child he played with dolls and made girls his companions + until an age when he grew conscious that his conduct was unusual + and became ashamed, while his father seemed troubled about him. + He regards himself as having been a very childish child.</p> + +<p> His conscious sexual life began between the ages of 8 and 10. He + was playing in the garden when he saw a manservant who had long + been with the family, standing at the door of a shed with his + penis exposed and erect. The boy had never seen anything of the + kind before, but felt great delight in the exhibition and moved + shyly toward the man, who retreated into the shed. The boy + followed and was allowed to caress and play with the penis until + ejaculation took place, the man replying, in reply to the child's + innocent inquiries, that it "felt good." This experience was + frequently repeated with the same man, and the boy confided in a + boy friend, with whom he tried to ascertain by personal + experience what the "good feeling" was like, but they were too + young to derive any pleasure from the attempt beyond the joy of + what was instinctively felt to be "eating forbidden fruit."</p> + +<p> From this period his sexual tendencies began to become fixed and + self-conscious. He has never at any period of life had a moment's + conscious sexual attraction toward a person of the opposite sex. + His warmest friendships have, indeed, been with women and much, + perhaps most, of the happiness he has enjoyed has been furnished + by those friendships. But passion has only been aroused by + persons of his own sex, generally by men much younger than + himself. He feels shy and <a name='2_Page_117'></a>uncomfortable in the presence of men + of his own age. But even at his present age, a touch of a man or + boy may cause the liveliest gratification.</p> + +<p> Shortly after the incident in boyhood, already narrated, A. H. + induced a little boy companion to go to a quiet spot, where, at + A. H.'s suggestion, each placed the other's penis in his mouth by + turns. A. H. had never heard of such a proceeding. It was a + natural instinct. He began to masturbate at an early age. But he + soon found a companion to share his passion. An older man, + especially, married and with a family, became his accomplice on + every possible opportunity, and they would manipulate each other. + At the age of 21, <i>fellatio</i> began to be practised with this man. + It became a lifelong practice, and the preferred method of sexual + gratification. He likes best to have it performed on himself, but + he has never asked anyone to do for him what he would not himself + do for the other if desired. There has never been <i>pedicatio</i>. + The penis, it may be added, is of good size, and the testicles + rather large.</p> + +<p> No one has ever suspected A. H.'s sexual perversion, not even his + physician, with whom he has long had a close friendship, until at + a time of great mental distress A. H. voluntarily revealed his + state. He is accustomed to refined society, has always read much, + abhorred athletic pursuits, and loved poetry, children, and + flowers. His love of nature amounts, indeed, to a passion. + Wherever he has been he has made friends among the best people. + He confesses to occasional periods of addiction to intoxicants, + induced by sociable companionship, and only controlled by force + of will.</p> + +<p> For business he has not the slightest aptitude, and cannot look + after his own affairs. He is always dreading poverty and + destitution. He believes, however, that he passes among his + friends as fairly capable.</p> + +<p> He considers that inversion is natural in his case and that he + has a perfect right to gratify his own natural instincts, though + he also admits they may be vices. He has never sought to + influence an innocent person toward his own tendencies.</p> + + +<p> <b>HISTORY XI.—</b>T. D., knows of nothing abnormal in his ancestry. His + brother has homosexual tendencies, but is also attracted to + women. A sister, who is very religious, states that she has + little or no sexual inclinations. They were all of a dreamy + disposition when young, to the disgust of their teachers. He sent + the following account of himself from the University at the age + of 20:—</p> + +<p> "When I was a child (before I went to school at 9)," he writes, + "I was already of an affectionate disposition, an affection + turned readily to either sex. No boy was the cause of my + inclinations, which were quite spontaneous. (No doubt, part of + the cause may be found in our social system, by which ladies are + rather drawing-room creatures to be treated <a name='2_Page_118'></a>with distant + respect.) When I was 10, at a preparatory school, I first began + to form attachments with other boys of my own age, in which I + always had regard to physical beauty. It is this stage, in which + the sexual element is latent, that Shelley speaks of as preceding + love in ardent natures.</p> + +<p> "At 12 I learned masturbation, apparently by instinct, and, I + regret to say, practised it to excess for the next seven years, + always secretly and with shame, and often with the accompaniment + of prurient imaginings which did not prevent my relations with + those I loved being of a very spiritual nature. Masturbation was + often practised daily, with bursts of repentance and abstinence, + latterly more rarely. But until I was 15 I really knew nothing of + sexual matters, and it was not till I was at least 17 that I was + conscious of sexual desire, which I repressed with shame.</p> + +<p> "Owing to excessive self-abuse, I am unable to emit except + manually, but desire is strong. I think naked contact would + suffice, and in any case intercrural connection. <i>Pedicatio</i> and + <i>fellatio</i> I abhor. I love boys between the ages of 12 and 15; + they must be of my own class, refined, and lovable. I only desire + the active masculine part. I now regard my inclinations as + natural and normal to me. The difficulty is that of leading the + other party to regard it as such, besides the young age required + and clandestine nature of proceedings necessary. The moral + difficulties of circumstances are so strong that I have little + hope of ever gratifying my passion fully. I have found myself + deceived in the character of the boy twice. The last friendship + lasted three years, during which time I only saw him naked two or + three times (this caused erection), never touched him pruriently, + and only kissed him once.</p> + +<p> "I have never found a satisfactory object of my affections, and + my happiness, perhaps my health, have been seriously injured. At + my public school a master helped me to a truer understanding of + these things. The merely animal sodomy which exists in many + public schools was unknown. What I learned of sex I learned for + myself. I am recommended to turn my aspirations to the abstract + universal maid; but so far at least I cannot do it.</p> + +<p> "Male Greek statuary and the <i>Phœdrus</i> of Plato have had + a great, though only confirmatory, influence on my feelings. My + ideal is that of Theocritus XIII, wherein Hercules was bringing + Hylas to the perfect measure of a man. My first thought is the + good of my friend, but, except for the good subjective influence + of passion, I have failed utterly.</p> + +<p> "I am very tall, dark, rather strong, fond of games, though I do + not excel, owing to short sight. I am English, though I have + French blood, which may account for an unreservedly passionate + disposition. Though unlike other people, I am not in the least + feminine, nor has anyone thought so to my knowledge. I can + whistle easily and well. I am so <a name='2_Page_119'></a>masculine that I cannot even + conceive of passive sexual pleasure in women, much less in men. + (That is one of the difficulties in boy-love.) My affections are + inextricably bound up in the ideals of protection of one weaker + than myself. In the earlier days, when sexuality was less + conscious, this was a great source of romantic feeling, the + glamour of which is rather departing. I cannot understand love of + adult males, much less if they are of lower class, and the idea + of prostitution is nauseous to me.</p> + +<p> "I think I may say that I have the esthetic and moral sense very + strongly ingrained. Indeed, they are largely synonymous with me. + I have no dramatic aptitude, and, though I flatter myself that my + taste is good in music, I have no knowledge of music. If I have a + favorite color, it is a dark crimson or blue, of the nature of + old stained glass. I derive great pleasure from all literary and + pictorial art and architecture; indeed, art of all kinds. I have + facility in writing personal lyrical verse; it affords me relief.</p> + +<p> "I think my inversion must be congenital, as the desire of + contact with those boys I loved began before masturbation and has + lasted through private and public resorts and into university + life. The other sex does not attract me, but I am very fond of + children, girls as well as boys. (If there is sexuality in this, + which I trust there is not, it is latent)."</p> + +<p> This statement is of interest because it may well lead us to + suppose that the writer, who is of balanced mind and sound + judgment, possesses a confirmed homosexual outlook on life. + While, however, it is the rule for the permanent direction of the + sexual impulse to be decided by the age of 20, that age is too + early to permit us to speak positively, especially in a youth + whose adolescent undifferentiated or homosexual impulses are + fostered by university life. This proved to be! the case with + T. D., who, though doubtless possessing a psychically anomalous + strain, is yet predominantly masculine. On leaving the university + his heterosexuality asserted itself normally. About six years + after the earlier statement, he wrote that he had fallen in love. + "I am on the eve of marrying a girl of nearly my own age. She has + sympathy as well as knowledge in my fields of study; it was thus + easier for me to explain my past, and I found that she could not + understand the moral objections to homosexual practices. My own + opinion always was that the moral objections were very + considerable, but might in some cases be overcome. In any case I + have entirely lost my sexual attraction toward boys; though I am + glad to say that the appreciation of their charm and grace + remains. My instincts, therefore, have undergone a considerable + change, but the change is not entirely in the direction of + normality. The instinct for sodomy in the proper sense of the + word used to be unintelligible to me; since the object of + attraction has become a woman this instinct is mixed with the + normal in my desire.<a name='2_Page_120'></a> Further, an element which much troubled me, + as being most foreign to my ideal feelings, has not quite left + me—the indecent and often scatologic curiosity about immature + girls. I can only hope that the realization of the normal in + marriage may finally kill these painful aberrations. I should add + that the practice of masturbation has been abandoned."</p> + + +<p> <b>HISTORY XII.—</b>Aged 24. Father and mother both living; the latter + is of a better social standing than the father. He is much + attached to his mother, and she gives him some sympathy. He has a + brother who is normally attracted to women. He himself has never + been attracted to women, and takes no interest in them nor in + their society.</p> + +<p> At the age of 4 he first became conscious of an attraction for + older males. From the ages of 11 and 19, at a large + grammar-school, he had relationships with about one hundred boys. + Needless to add, he considers homosexuality extremely common in + schools. It was, however, the Oscar Wilde case which first opened + his eyes to the wide prevalence of homosexuality, and he + considers that the publicity of that case has done much, if not + to increase homosexuality, at all events to make it more + conspicuous and outspoken.</p> + +<p> He is now attracted to youths about 5 or 6 years younger than + himself; they must be good-looking. He has never perverted a boy + not already inclined to homosexuality. In his relationship he + does not feel exclusively like a male or a female: sometimes one, + sometimes the other. He is often liked, he says, because of his + masculine character.</p> + +<p> He is fully developed and healthy, well over middle height, + inclined to be plump, with full face and small moustache. He + smokes many cigarettes and cannot get on without them. Though his + manners are very slightly if at all feminine, he acknowledges + many feminine ways. He is fond of jewelry, until lately always + wore a bangle, and likes women's rings; he is very particular + about fine ties, and uses very delicate women's handkerchiefs. He + has always had a taste for music, and sings. He has a special + predilection for green; it is the predominant color in the + decoration of his room, and everything green appeals to him. He + finds that the love of green (and also of violet and purple) is + very widespread among his inverted friends.</p> + + +<p> <b>HISTORY XIII.—</b>Artist, aged 34. "The earliest sex impression that + I am conscious of," he writes, "is at the age of 9 or 10 falling + in love with a handsome boy who must have been about two years my + senior. I do not recollect ever having spoken to him, but my + desire, so far as I can recall, was that he should seize hold of + and handle me. I have a distinct impression yet of how + pleasurable even physical pain or cruelty would have been at his + hands. (I have noticed that in young children <a name='2_Page_121'></a>it is often + difficult to differentiate the sexual emotions from what in the + grown up would be definite cruelty.)</p> + +<p> "It must have been at about this time that I discovered—entirely + by myself—the act of masturbation. The process grew up quite + naturally, though I cannot but think that the cooped-up life in a + London street and a London school, with want of physical + exercise, as well as want of landscape, color, and beautiful + form, had much to do with it. The tone of the school I was at was + singularly clean, but I question whether the vaunted cleanliness + of tone of day-schools can compensate for the open life and large + discipline of an English public school.</p> + +<p> "How far the rather frequent masturbation between the ages of 10 + and 13 may have had to do with weakly health I do not know, but + when I was 12 I was taken by my mother to a famous doctor. He + made no inquiries of a sexual nature, but he advised that I + should be sent away from London. He had a sentimental horror of + violent games, etc., for boys, and put aside various suggested + public schools. Finally I was sent to a private school at the + seaside.</p> + +<p> "The private school was clean and wholesome. The plunge into the + sexual cocytus of the great public school that followed was + effectually sudden. In my day —— was a perfect stew of + uncleanness. There was plenty of incontinence, not much cruelty, + no end of dirty conversation, and a great deal of genuine + affection, even to heroism, shown among the boys in their + relations to one another. All these things were treated by + masters and boys alike as more or less unholy, with the result + that they were either sought after or flung aside, according to + the sexual or emotional instinct of each. No attempt was made at + discrimination. A kiss was as unclean as the act of <i>fellatio</i>, + and no one had any gauge or principle whatever on which to guide + the cravings of boyhood.</p> + +<p> "My first initiation into the mysteries of sex was at the hands + of the dormitory servant, who showed me his penis when he woke me + in the mornings, and masturbated me when he gave me my hot bath + on a Saturday night. This old reprobate of 45 committed the act + of <i>fellatio</i> with most of the boys in turn as he went the + dormitory rounds. For the older lads I cannot speak, but over us + younger ones of 14 and 15 he exercised a sort of unholy terror + and fascination. He was very popular; we came to him like doves + to a snake. When I revisited my old school many years later he + was occupying a very responsible position in the college chapel, + and I noticed that he wore that expression of sly reverence which + I think I can now instantly detect when I see it in a man.</p> + +<p> "For the rest the dormitory was boisterous and lewd, and there + was a good deal of bullying, which probably did little harm. My + principal recollection now is of the filthy mystery of foul talk, + that I neither cared for nor understood. What I really needed, + like all the other boys, was a <a name='2_Page_122'></a>little timely help over the + sexual problems, but this we none of us got, and each had to work + out his own principle of conduct for himself. It was a long, + difficult, and wasteful process, and I cannot but believe that + many of us failed in the endeavor. We had come unprepared with + any advice. The principle upon which we were apparently trained + was the repression of every instinct. My mother was ignorant from + innocence, my father from indifference, and so between them I was + sent out helpless. A mother incurs great responsibility in + sending her child away unprepared. A parent should not seek to + shift his responsibility upon the schoolmaster. Love alone should + be the fount from which revelations should flow; the master, from + the very nature of his position, cannot reveal.</p> + +<p> "An imminent breakdown in health—due, it would now appear, to + quite obvious causes—relieved me from the purgatory of the + college dormitory, and I was removed to one of the private + houses. These establishments were considered more select and less + 'rough.' The social atmosphere was, however, perhaps more + unwholesome, because more effeminate, and was full of noble young + sucklings. The nominal head of the house under normal conditions + might have been a real leader; as it was, the real head of the + house was a gilded young pariah, fairly low down in the school + and full of hypocrisy and unnatural lusts. The boy who occupied + the cubicle next to mine was also a bad case of sexual + misdirection, though he had not the social distinction to make + him quite so refined a terror. I had every opportunity of + watching him until, two years later, he was fortunately asked to + leave. He talked bawd from morning till night, got drunk on one + or two occasions, masturbated constantly without concealment, had + several of the younger boys <i>inter femora</i>, though without + evincing any care or affection for them, and gave one the + impression of having been born for a brothel. His one redeeming + quality was an element of good nature: a characteristic one often + finds among such as are selfish and irresponsible. I have since + been told that he has gone completely to the dogs. Whether this + young cub's sexual instincts could have been turned or guided I + do not know; but in a rougher and simpler life than that of a + public school, in a more open and less hypocritical atmosphere, + he might, perhaps, have been licked into better shape. Hypocrisy + is a vice, however, that schoolboys themselves are fortunately + free from. It comes later. The tone among the boys was frankly + and violently unclean, though unclean not from instinct, but from + want of direction and from repression.</p> + +<p> "I have not a single happy recollection of this period of my + school life. Yet out of this morass of misbegotten virtues I + plucked my first blossom of genuine affection. I call it a + blossom because it never ripened even to flower. I had been given + the extreme of filth to feed upon at <a name='2_Page_123'></a>the outset, and now I found + for myself the extreme of chastity. It will be a matter of + lifelong regret to me that the love which was the lodestar of my + school years was never fulfilled or set upon a sound basis of + comradeship.</p> + +<p> "When I was about 16½ years old there came into the house a boy + about two years younger than myself, and who became the absorbing + thought of my school days. I do not remember a moment, from the + time I first saw him to the time I left school, that I was not in + love with him, and the affection was reciprocated, if somewhat + reservedly. He was always a little ahead of me in books and + scholarship, but as our affection ripened we spent most of our + spare time together, and he received my advances much as a girl + who is being wooed, a little mockingly, perhaps, but with real + pleasure. He allowed me to fondle and caress him, but our + intimacy never went further than a kiss, and about that even was + the slur of shame; there was always a barrier between us, and we + never so much as whispered to one another concerning those things + of which all the school obscenely talked. Any connection between + our own emotions and the sexual morals of the school never + occurred to us. In fact, we lived a dream-life of chastity that + could not relate itself to any human conditions. This was + suddenly broken in upon. My friend was very beautiful and an + object of attraction to others. That some of the elder boys had + made offers of sexual intercourse to him I knew, but to him, as + to me, that was unspeakable wickedness. One day I heard that four + or five of these suitors of his had mishandled him; they had, I + believe, taken off his trousers and attempted to masturbate him. + The offense was probably horse play of an animal nature; to me it + seemed an unpardonable offense. The matter had been reported to + the master by a servant, but confirmatory evidence was needed + before punishment could follow. I was torn asunder by passions I + could not then analyze and in the end committed the greatest of + schoolboy crimes,—I sneaked. The action under the circumstances + was courageous, but I was indifferent so long as the boy I loved + judged me rightly. The result was that at the close of the term + four or five of the senior boys were 'asked to leave.' The + remaining brief period of my school life, which had previously + been a living hell, became really happy. That this should have + been brought about to the harm of four or five boys whose sin, + after all, was but a misdirected impulse for which the system was + responsible, seems to me now all very wrong. Of the boys sent + away, however, certainly three have made honorable careers. For + my friend and I, we became more afraid of each other than before; + as our affections increased, so our fear of them increased also. + The friendship was too ethereal to live; but even yet we still + have a deep respect for one another.</p><a name='2_Page_124'></a> + +<p> "When at the age of 19 I left school I was allowed to knock about + for a year before entering college. During this time I picked up + a sexual experience that may or may not have been a valuable one, + I certainly look back upon it now, with regret, if not with + horror. My father had discovered, some months before this date, + that I was in the habit of masturbating, and he gave me what he + conceived to be the right counsel under the circumstances: 'If + you do this,' he said, 'you will never be able to use your penis + with a woman. Therefore your best plan will be to go with a + prostitute. Should you do this, however, you will probably pick + up a beastly disease. Therefore the safest way would be to do it + abroad if you get the chance, for there the houses are licensed.' + Having delivered himself of this advice he troubled himself no + further in the matter, but left me to work out my own destiny. + The great physician, to whom I was taken about this time, also + gave me his advice on this point. 'Masturbation,' he said, 'is + death. A number of young men come to me with the same story. I + tell them they are killing themselves, and you will kill + yourself, too.' The doctor's hope was apparently to frighten his + young patients into what he conceived to be natural conditions of + life, and one went away from him with the impression that every + sexual manifestation in one's self was a physical infirmity, due + to one's own moral weakness. It took me some time before I could + make up my mind to follow my father's advice, but after a period + of real moral agony I deliberately and entirely in cold blood + acted upon it. I sought out a scarlet woman in the streets of + —— and went home with her. From something she said to me I know + that I gave her pleasure, and she asked me to come to her again. + This I did twice, but without any real pleasure. The whole thing + was too sordid and soulless, and the man who decides to take an + evil medicine regularly has first to make up his mind that he + really needs it.</p> + +<p> "At about the same time I chanced to be, for a few months, in a + German university town, and I determined, as I had the + opportunity, to carry the parental advice to the logical + conclusion. I tried a licensed house. The place was clean and + decent, and the conditions, I take it, such as one would normally + find in any properly regulated continental city; but to me the + whole thing appeared unspeakably horrible. It was a purely + commercial transaction, and it had not even the redeeming element + of risk to one's self, or of offense against a social or + disciplinary code. I came away feeling that I had touched bottom + in my sexual experiences, and I understood what it was that Faust + saw when the red mouse sprang from the mouth of the witch in the + Walpurgis dance.</p> + +<p> "These were the only occasions upon which I have had sexual + intercourse with women. Looking back to them now, they appear to + me to have been almost inevitable; but if I had my life over + again I would <a name='2_Page_125'></a>shun them as I would a lethal draught. I believe I + came out of the fire unscathed; probably, indeed, it did me good, + in the sense that it made it possible for me to look deeper into + life; though to what extent seeing the torments of the damned + makes us do this, perhaps only a Dante could tell. To gain + knowledge at the expense of the shame and misery of others I hold + to be fundamentally wrong and immoral. What is to me, however, + the chief and bitterest thought is that I flung away the first + spring of manhood where I got no love in return. His virginity + is, or should be, as glorious and sacred a possession to a youth + as to a maiden; to be guarded jealously; to be given only at the + call of love, to one who loves him—be it comrade, mistress, or + wife—and whom he can love in return.</p> + +<p> "The full university life into which I now entered at the age of + 20 brought with it a flood of new ideas, feelings and sensations. + The friendships I made there will always remain the central ones + in my life. Up to my last term at college at the age of 24 I + still wore my chain-mail of artificial chastity; but then a + change gradually set in, and I began to understand the + relationship of the physical phenomena of sex to its intellectual + and imaginative manifestations. (I was not destined to fully + realize this for some years and then exclusively through and out + of my own personal experience.) It was the study of Walt + Whitman's <i>Leaves of Grass</i> that first brought me light upon this + question. Hitherto I had kept the two things locked up, as it + were, in two separate air-tight compartments,—my friendships in + one, my sex instincts in another,—to be kept under and repressed + by the public-school code as I conceived it.</p> + +<p> "It is needless to say that I was continually troubled by the + customary sex phenomena: erotic dreams, loss of semen, + troublesome erections at night, etc. These I repressed as best I + could, by habitual masturbation and by the regular diet and + exercise which academic life made possible. At one time, for the + period of a year I should say, I tried to overcome the desire for + masturbation by gradual stages, on the principle of the + drunkard's cure by which he took every day less tipple by the + insertion of one pebble more in his bottle. I marked on my + calendar the erotic dreams and the nights on which I masturbated, + and sought gradually to extend the intervening periods. Six + weeks, however, was the longest time for which I was able to + abstain."</p> + +<p> A few years later the writer of this communication formed an + intimate relationship (in which he did not make the first + advances) with a youth, some years younger than himself and of + lower social class, whose development he was able to assist. "But + for my part," he remarks, "I owe him as much as I gave him, for + his love lighted up the gold of affection that was in me and + consumed the dross. It was from him that I first learned that + there was no such thing as a hard-and-fast line between <a name='2_Page_126'></a>the + physical and the spiritual in friendship." This relationship + lasted for some years, when the young man married; its effects + are described as very beneficial to both parties; all the sexual + troubles vanished, together with the desire to masturbate. + "Everything in life began to sing with joy, and what little of + real creative work I may have done I attribute largely to the + power of work that was born in me during those years."</p> + + +<p> <b>HISTORY XIV.—</b>Scotchman, aged 38. His paternal ancestors were + normal, so far as he knows. His mother belonged to a very + eccentric old Celtic family. Soon after 5 he became so enamored + of a young shepherd that the boy had to be sent away. He + practised masturbation many years before the age of puberty, and + attaches importance to this as a factor in the evolution of his + homosexual life.</p> + +<p> He has had erotic dreams rarely about men, about women more + frequently. While indifferent to women, he has no repulsion + toward them. He has had connection with women two or three times, + but without experiencing the same passionate emotions as with + men.</p> + +<p> He would like a son, but he has never been able to get up the + necessary amount of passion to lead to marriage.</p> + +<p> He has always had a sentimental and Platonic affection for men. + Of late years he has formed two friendships with adults of an + affectionate and also erotic character. He cares little for + anything beyond mutual masturbation and kissing; what he desires + is the love of the male.</p> + +<p> In appearance there is nothing abnormal about him except an air + of youth. He is vigorous both in body and mind, and has enormous + power of resisting fatigue. He is an excellent man of business. + Is a patient student. He sees no harm in his homosexual passions. + He is averse to promiscuity. His ideal is a permanent union which + includes sexual relations.</p> + + +<p> <b>HISTORY XV.—</b>T. S., artist, aged 32. "I was born in England. My + father was a Jew, the first to marry out of his family and to + marry a Christian. My great-grandparents were cousins; he was a + German and she was a Dane. My grandparents were also cousins; he + was a Swede and she was a Dane.</p> + +<p> "My maternal grandfather was an English Protestant, and my + maternal grandmother was Irish, fanatically Roman Catholic, and a + very eccentric woman.</p> + +<p> "In my father's family there have been many members of note. In + my mother's family there were many renowned lawyers.</p> + +<p> "My father had an elder brother who was homosexual. He was + already, at 31 years of age, a prominent author, when he died of + consumption. I have also a second cousin on my father's side who + is a <a name='2_Page_127'></a>very good tenor; he is also homosexual. In my mother's + family I know of nothing abnormal.</p> + +<p> "In neither family is there or has there been any insanity, but + rather an overwealth of brain.</p> + +<p> "My parents were an ideally happy couple. They were engaged after + knowing each other six days, and after being separated three + months they married. They were married thirty-five years without + a quarrel. I have a brother three years older, born a year after + their marriage, and a sister seven years younger.</p> + +<p> "My brother takes after his father in appearance. He is a great + lover of women and much spoiled by them. He is quite normal and + abstemious.</p> + +<p> "My sister is a very womanly woman. As a girl she disapproved + very much of girl friendships and always confided in her mother. + At 13 years of age she met the man she is now married to. They + waited ten years before marrying and are now an ideally happy + couple. My sister is perfectly normal and very abstemious.</p> + +<p> "I lived my first ten years in England, eighteen years in Sweden, + two years in Denmark, two years in Bavaria, Austria, and Italy, + and am now living in Berlin. I consider myself English. I am + mentally a man, but all my physical feelings and desires are + those of a woman.</p> + +<p> "I am middle height and very slight. Weigh 106 English pounds, + without clothes. My hands and feet are small and well-shaped. + Head of normal size. Features small. Eyes green. Have worn + glasses since I was 7 years old. Complexion fair. Appearance not + Jewish. The skin of my body is very white, without blemish. Very + little hair on my face. Hair on head and abdomen luxuriant. No + hair whatever on stomach and chest. Color of hair auburn + everywhere except below navel, that black. (My father's, + mother's, and brother's hair was brown. My sister has auburn + hair, and so had the aforementioned uncle.) My breasts are + slightly round; my hips are normal. I do not gesticulate much. + From my material self it would be difficult to draw the + conclusion that I was homosexual. My sexual organs are normal.</p> + +<p> "My disposition is apparently bright, but in reality melancholy. + Have very little love for human nature, but have a partiality for + the British and Jewish races. Hate business, politics, sports, + and society. Love music, art, literature, and nature. Deep + interest in mysticism. Am clairvoyant. Have been used many times + as a medium. Lead two separate lives, an outer and inner psychic + life. Am a fatalist and a theosophist. Profound belief in + reincarnation, always have had, because when I was a little child + I could 'remember' so much. Have an excellent memory, dating back + to my third year. Have always been too self-analytical. Have from + my earliest childhood felt myself <a name='2_Page_128'></a>an alien. Am very sensitive, + physically and psychically. Have no wish to wear woman's clothing + or do woman's work. As to clothes for myself, I prefer black and + not much jewelry.</p> + +<p> "I could only love a perfectly manly man from 21 to 40 years of + age. He must be physically beautiful and well made. Size of + sexual organs plays no part. The muscles must be developed and + the hands must be especially well shaped. Hands are my fetish. (I + could never love anyone with ugly hands.) He must have no odor + issuing from his body (though I do not dislike faint perfume when + clothed), and, above all, never have a bad breath. He must be + intelligent, love music, art, literature, and nature. He must be + refined and cultured and have been about the world. He must have + simplicity in behavior, dress, and manner, and, above all, be + clean-bodied as clean-minded. Cynicism I cannot stand. (Here I + may state I once owned a St. Bernard dog which reminded me much + of my ideal. He was always sedate, always loving, and faithful; + generally quiet. He only got excited when out in the elements.) I + have not been able to get on with people who have no sense of + humor. From my birth I was physically weak. First I suffered from + eczema. Being born with a double squint, I was operated on at 2½ + and again at 3½ years of age, with excellent result. From 4 to 12 + years of age I had convulsions (often), and all the illnesses of + childhood. At the age of 12½ years I took scarlet fever, followed + by a weak heart, which grew stronger after a year, and Bright's + disease, which lasted fifteen years with hardly a break. This + illness had its wonted effect of producing melancholia and + upsetting the whole nervous system. Bright's disease stopped + suddenly but was followed by a succession of illnesses. Then I + had neuritis very badly. I then removed to Bavaria, and to regain + nervous strength I was treated by Freud's psychoanalytical + method, with great success. I had a very bad relapse, as my + brother, who had just heard I was homosexual, came to visit me + and threatened to have me put under guardians, if my father + should die. It took me weeks to recover from the shock. We broke + off all intercourse and though my brother has been several times + in the same town where I have been, we remain strangers. At this + time my father died suddenly. Last spring four suicides of + friends in so many weeks had a very bad effect on my nerves. I am + now in Berlin in better spirits, but the cramp continues badly at + times.</p> + +<p> "To this I must add that since my fourteenth year, independent of + any illness, I have suffered mentally and physically from + menstrual pains recurring every twenty-eight days and lasting + from six to eight days. That these were the equivalent pains to a + woman's menstruation periods I could get no doctor to admit till + I was treated for a length of time by a German nerve specialist.</p><a name='2_Page_129'></a> + +<p> "The physical pains begin abruptly. Sudden congestions of blood + in the brain and in the abdomen. Sudden perspirations, heat and + cold. Great nervous pains in the small of the back, also in the + nerve-centers of abdomen and stomach. Sharp, shooting pains in + the breasts and especially the nipples. Sudden toothache which + stops as suddenly. The skin becomes darker, sometimes mottled. I + have the whole time a taste of blood in my mouth and often + everything I eat tastes of blood. I have great difficulty at that + time in eating meat. Physical longings for erotic adventure, + counterbalanced by mental nausea at the bare idea.</p> + +<p> "The mental symptoms are: sudden feeling of deep depression, + suicidal tendencies, alternating with sudden inexplicable + lightheartedness. Capriciousness and great dissatisfaction with + myself and life generally. Horror at my own incompleteness of sex + and sudden fits of hatred toward women and a great longing to be + loved by men. This condition changes slowly back to the normal + one. It takes several days for me to lose my physical weakness + owing to it.</p> + +<p> "Physically I was developed at 16 years of age. Mentally I was + developed at a very early age, but I kept my inner life quite + dark, always playing the innocent. Nobody at home believed me to + know anything about life. They were at times very surprised when + I fell out of the rôle I had planned for myself. Up till I was 17 + years of age nothing to do with other people's morals was ever + discussed before me. I looked so pure, and do now, that people + are always careful in front of me. My father never discussed such + things with me. From my earliest childhood I loved men dearly, + though I was always at daggers drawn with my father and brother. + I worshipped my mother then, as I do now. My sister and I did not + at all get on as children, though we are the best of friends now. + She and her husband as well as my mother have been kindness + itself ever since they knew of my condition. Not till I was over + 30 years did I meet a man I loved as well as my mother, and he is + heterosexual. I must have loved my father and brother at first, + but continual conflicts, incompatible temperaments and mutual + misunderstandings and want of sympathy made life at home + horrible. I must admit from my earliest childhood I had a certain + contempt for my father and brother because I found them so + materialistic. I had all my childhood rows with my brother. My + father took his part, my mother mine. After I had recovered from + my father's sudden death (my first words were after reading the + letter: 'Thank God it isn't mother!') I felt a great relief, but + it took a long time for me to grasp that I was really free.</p> + +<p> "I have always liked women's society and, as a youth, I was very + fond of gossip, which I by no means am now. I have many women + friends, more than men friends. These women friends are all + heterosexual <a name='2_Page_130'></a>except one. I very often like elderly women; I + suppose I see mother in such women. A woman never could make me + blush, but a man I admired could easily.</p> + +<p> "I was 23 years of age when a married woman of good family asked + me to come and spend the night with her. I went, and though she + was beautifully built, cleanly, and though her garments and + apartments were of the utmost good taste, I did not have any + erection. On the other hand, I felt myself to be most unclean and + bathed three times each of the following three days. Since then I + have never tried to have sexual intercourse with women.</p> + +<p> "In Copenhagen I tried to excite my feelings with every class of + woman, in vain. I suppose it is that my nature is so like woman's + that there can be no reaction. With men I am often very shy and + nervous, tongue-tied, and my hands perspire. Never so with women.</p> + +<p> "As a child I loved men and used to fall desperately in love with + some who came to the house. I would, when no one was there, kiss + their hats, or gloves, or even their sticks.</p> + +<p> "I can remember, when I was about 6 years, how I fell in love + with a very good-looking 26-year-old German. He had very curly + hair and his hands were very beautiful. He was very fond of me + and I used to call him 'my Boy.' When visiting us he often used + to 'tuck me in' after the nurse had gone down. He always had + sweets or something for me. I can remember how I used to fling my + arms round his neck and cover his face with kisses. I would then + draw his head down on my pillow and he would tell me fairy-tales + and I would go off to sleep quite happy.</p> + +<p> "At 7 years of age, while staying in the country, a very + good-looking groom, about 25 years of age, misbehaved himself + with me. I often used to visit him in the stables, as this man + had a strange attraction for me. One day he tickled me. While + doing so he produced my penis and also his own, which was in full + erection. He tried in every way to excite my feelings, in vain. + For him the occasion terminated in an ejaculation. He forbade me + to tell anyone, and I did not do so, but tried to find out all I + could on the subject, with little or no result. From that day I + hated the groom and I felt a sort of guilt, as if I had 'lost + something.' Not till I was 12 years did I understand.</p> + +<p> "From my earliest childhood I had one ideal of a man. From that + ideal I have never swerved. At the age of 30 I found a friend + who, though quite heterosexual, has, without giving me any sexual + intercourse, given me the love I have always needed. He has been + for the last couple of years a second mother, father, sister, + brother, and lover. Through him I have regained my health, my + love of nature, and he has helped to deaden my hatred toward + human nature and my bitterness.<a name='2_Page_131'></a> A better friend I never wish to + find. It has made up for all the years of mental and physical + suffering. One strange thing is that the feeling is mutual. He + has had a tragic life, for his wife, whom he loved beyond + everything, died under very sad circumstances. He says I am the + best male friend he has ever had. While with him, much of the + lower nature in me was stamped out. I shall always look upon him + as the turning point in my life. I think he wrought some of his + finest influence through his music. He played Beethoven and + Wagner for me for a couple of hours every day for months, and + thus opened up a new world to me.... He is six years older than I + am.</p> + +<p> "At 10 years of age we moved to Sweden, a country I hated from + first to last. About this time I began to notice that there was + something strange about myself. I felt myself an alien, and have + done so ever since. An event of importance in my life was, I feel + sure, when my father's sister tried to take away my mother's + character. It was done in jealousy and spite, and my aunt had to + beg my parents' pardon. Outwardly the affair was patched up; but + I feel sure my father never really forgave his sister. Jews never + forgive.</p> + +<p> "This event awoke in me a great hatred toward women, and it was + many years before I could at all control it.</p> + +<p> "At the age of 14 I was much with a good-looking, musical + American, a year older than myself. One day, while romping, very + much the same thing occurred as with the groom. I still had no + sexual feelings. We remained good friends. I often wished to kiss + him. After the first time he would not allow it. He was very much + liked among the officers and so-called high society men, and had + always much money. About ten years later I heard he used to + accept money after intimate intercourse with those society men.</p> + +<p> "During my fifteenth year I had great longing for sexual + intercourse with men. At this time the first signs of hair were + to be seen on my abdomen.</p> + +<p> "At the age of 16 a gardener, a married man with family, + initiated me into mutual self-abuse. He lived in the back house + of the apartment house we then inhabited. He was about 40 years + of age, an ugly but muscularly developed man. These practices + took place in the cellar, to which there were three entrances. I + never allowed him to kiss me and the sight of his children always + awoke in me a great feeling of nausea. That was the natural + reaction of a bad conscience. For the man himself I had the + utmost contempt. This man told me of several parks and <i>pissoirs</i> + where men met, and I went to these places now and again for + erotic adventure.</p> + +<p> "I must here relate that at the age of 16 my mother warned me + against self-abuse. It had the opposite effect, made me curious, + so I <a name='2_Page_132'></a>began at once. I have continued ever since, at least once a + day. (I have never had an involuntary emission in my whole life.) + Between 17 and 22 it became necessary for me to do so several + times a day. Working at art, painting, and above all music and + beauty have a strong influence over me and set my erotic longings + in violent motion. I have never found this do me any harm. + Abstinence, on the other hand, has a very harmful effect on me, + upsetting the whole nervous and physical system. I often find + that there is a something very much wanting in self-abuse: the + commingling of two human bodies who are <i>mentally</i> as well as + physically in sympathy gives an electrical satisfaction which + quiets the whole nervous system. That at least has been my + experience.</p> + +<p> "The gardener left and moved to the country. I then sometimes + visited <i>pissoirs</i> or, as they are often called, 'panoramas' + (because they are round and one sees much there). What I saw in + the parks during the long summer nights was quite a revelation. + During the summer, when the husbands had sent their families in + the country, many of them led a very indiscreet life. What I saw + the first summer killed all the respect I had for elderly people. + I had always connected marriage and gray hairs with virtue and + morals; then I learnt otherwise. I must say I became about this + time a <i>sensual pig</i>. I knew how dangerous these places were on + account of the police and blackmailers, but that gave the hunt a + double zest. At this time I led a double life and was always + watching and analyzing myself. I had to do with heaps of men of + all classes. I was often offered money, but that I would on no + condition accept. To pay or to be paid kills every sort of erotic + feeling in me and always has done so. I once wished to experiment + with myself. I was offered a small sum of money by a former + schoolmaster. I accepted this just to see how it would affect me. + The next moment I threw the money as far away as possible. Then I + saw I had none of the prostitute nature in me. I was simply + overwhelmed with sensuality. I considered I was a criminal and + wished to see in how many ways my nature had the criminal + instinct. I wanted to see if I could become a thief. I stole a + silver button in a shop where antiquities were sold, but I went + to the shop the same day again and returned the button, without + the people knowing. I found I could not become a thief. Then the + question came. Why had I felt a criminal since my seventh year? + Was it my fault? If not, whose fault was it? Not till I studied + Freud's psychoanalytical system did I get a clear insight into my + own character.</p> + +<p> "When I was 20 years of age I met a gentleman one night in a + heavy snow-storm. We walked and talked and understood each other. + He belonged to one of Sweden's first aristocratic families. He + was extremely refined. He asked me to his rooms. We undressed and + lay down. He had a very beautiful head and a still more beautiful + body.<a name='2_Page_133'></a> I think that all my erotic feelings were numbed by looking + at his beautiful body. To me anything sensual would have been + sacrilege, I thought, and I can remember the feeling of awe which + came over me. He was them 20 years of age, but his hair was quite + white. First he did not understand, and then he was very gentle + to me. I kept perfectly chaste for three whole months after the + sight of his body. We saw each other often. Eight years later we + met for the last time. He suffered much from melancholia. At that + time I prevented him from committing suicide. This winter, + however, he shot himself.</p> + +<p> "At the age of 22 my sister introduced me to a charming, + intelligent and refined, half-English, half-Swedish painter. We + 'recognized' each other at once, though we had never seen each + other before, and even knew each other's characters to the + smallest traits. My parents liked him better than any friend I + had ever had. My sister and he were from the first like sister + and brother. The first evening in my home he and I kissed each + other. The women were mad about him. Later I found many men were + too. I was three weeks his senior. He had his own rooms. I have + never felt any such wonderful harmony as when our naked bodies + mingled. It was like floating in ether. With him it was the only + time I had been active in <i>fellatio</i>. We were much together, + though not much physically, for he had many love affairs with + women. What I loved was the way he would cut off all advances of + men, I was his 'little brother' and so he calls me to this day. + He is now married in America, and the father of a pretty little + daughter. We are the best of friends to this day.</p> + +<p> "The two years in Copenhagen were some of the happiest I have + spent, though nearly the whole time I was in physical pain. In + Austria I found, among the Tyrolese peasants, that the + Englishmen, who come there in winter for sports and in the summer + for mountain climbing, have demoralized the young male peasants + with money. Homosexual intercourse is easy to get if you are + willing to pay the price,—larger in season, less out of season.</p> + +<p> "In Italy it is merely a question of money or passion, but + everything in love there is quite transient.</p> + +<p> "In Bavaria I found the love and peace 'which passeth all + understanding.' This love and friendship without anything of a + physically intimate nature brought me back from the 'deep black + gulf' to which I was swiftly floating. When I met my friend I was + nearly at the end of my tether. What his love and friendship has + done for me, together with Freud's psychoanalytical system, + nobody will ever know.</p> + +<p> "Since being in Berlin, a town I like very much, a new life has + opened for me, a life where one lives as one likes if one does + not have to do with young boys. Here are homosexual baths, + pensions, restaurants, <a name='2_Page_134'></a>and hotels, where you can go with one of + your own sex at a certain fee per hour. Berlin is a revelation. + But since being here I find the physical erotic side of my nature + is little excited. I suppose it is the old story of 'forbidden + fruit.'</p> + +<p> "My parents kept a very hospitable home. The last two years in + Sweden I was never at home. I hated society and knew much too + much about the private histories of those who came to my home. + They all belonged to the highest society. The highest society and + the lowest are very much alike. Of course my parents knew nothing + about these people. When I told my mother a great deal of private + history of people who came to our house, she was thunderstruck + and could at last understand my contempt for so-called good + society. I have visited in later years only in artistic and + theatrical circles; I consider that class of people more natural + than the other class and much more kind-hearted.</p> + +<p> "My life has quite another side, the mystic side. But that would + be a much longer story than this. Suffice it to say, I am of a + highly sensitive nature, gifted with second sight." [A detailed + record of the subject's visions, premonitions of death of + acquaintances, etc., has been furnished by him.]</p> + +<p> "I tried on four occasions to commit suicide, but I now see there + is nothing to be gained by doing so.</p> + +<p> "Two years ago I told my parents about my sexual condition. It + was a frightful blow to them. My father had the circumstances + explained to him; he never understood the matter and never + discussed it with me. Had I told him earlier I feel quite certain + that, with his despotic nature, he would have put me in a + madhouse. My mother and sister have treated me very kindly + always. My brother has disowned me."</p> + + +<p> <b>HISTORY XVI.—</b>Irish, aged 36; knows of nothing unusual in his + ancestry. His tastes are masculine in every respect. He is + strong, healthy, and fond of exercises and sports. The sexual + instincts are abnormally developed; he confesses to an, enormous + appetite for almost everything,—food, drink, smoking, and all + the good things of life.</p> + +<p> At about the age of 14 he practised masturbation with other boys + of the same age, and also had much pleasure in being in bed with + an uncle with whom the same thing was practised. Later on he + practised masturbation with every boy or man with whom he was on + terms of intimacy; to have been in bed with anyone without + anything of the sort taking place would have made sleep + impossible, and rendered him utterly wretched. His erotic dreams + at first were concerned with women, but more recently they are + usually of young men, and very rarely of women. He is mostly + indifferent to women, as also they have always been to him. + Although good-looking, strong, and masculine, he has never <a name='2_Page_135'></a>known + a woman to be in love with him. When about the age of 18 he + imagined he was in love with a girl; and he had often, between + the ages of 20 to 30, cohabited with prostitutes. He remembers on + one occasion, many years ago, having connection with a woman + seven or eight times in one night, and then having to masturbate + at noon the next day. He is unmarried, and thinks it is unlikely + that he ever will marry, but he adds that if a healthy, handsome, + and intelligent woman fell in love with him he might change his + mind, as it would be lonely to be old and alone, and he would + like to have children.</p> + +<p> He is never attracted to men older than himself, and prefers + youths between the ages of 18 and 25. They may be of any class, + but he does not like common people, and is not attached to + uniforms or liveries. The requisite attractions are an + intelligent eye, a voluptuous mouth, and "intelligent teeth." "If + Alcibiades himself tried to woo me," he says, "and had bad teeth, + his labor would be in vain." He has sometimes been the active + participant in <i>pedicatio</i>, and has tried the passive rôle out of + curiosity, but prefers <i>fellatio</i>.</p> + +<p> He does not consider that he is doing anything wrong, and regards + his acts as quite natural. His only regret is the absorbing + nature of his passions, which obtrude themselves in season and + out of season, seldom or never leaving him quiet, and sometimes + making his life a hell. Yet he doubts whether he would change + himself, even if he had the power.</p> + + +<p> <b>HISTORY XVII.—</b>Age 25; is employed in an ordinary workshop, and + lives in the back alley of a large town in which he was born and + bred. Fair, slight, and refined in appearance. The sexual organs + are normal and well developed, and the sexual passions strong. + His mother is a big masculine woman, and he is much attached to + her. Father is slight and weakly. He has seven brothers and one + sister. Homosexual desires began at an early age, though he does + not seem to have come under any perverse influences. He is not + inclined to masturbation. Erotic dreams are always of males. He + declares he never cared for any woman except his mother, and that + he could not endure to sleep with a woman.</p> + +<p> He says he generally falls in love with a man at first sight—as + a rule, some one older than himself and of higher class—and + longs to sleep and be with him. In one case he fell in love with + a man twice his own age, and would not rest until he had won his + affection. He does not much care what form the sexual relation + takes. He is sensitive and feminine by nature, gentle, and + affectionate. He is neat and orderly in his habits, and fond of + housework; helps his mother in washing, etc. He appears to think + that male attachments are perfectly natural.</p> + + +<p> <b>HISTORY XVIII.—</b>Englishman, born in Paris; aged 26; an actor. He + belongs to an old English family; his father, so far as he is + aware, had no homosexual inclinations, nor had any of his + ancestors on the <a name='2_Page_136'></a>paternal side; but he believes that his + mother's family, and especially a maternal uncle who had a strong + feeling for beauty of form, were more akin to him in this + respect.</p> + +<p> His earliest recollections show an attraction for males. At + children's parties he incurred his father's anger by kissing + other small boys, and his feelings grew in intensity with years. + He has never practised self-abuse, and seldom had erotic dreams; + when they do occur they are about males.</p> + +<p> His physical feeling for women is one of absolute indifference. + He admires beautiful women in the same way as one admires + beautiful scenery. At the same time he likes to talk with clever + women, and has formed many friendships with frank, pure, and + cultivated English girls, for whom he has the utmost admiration + and respect. Marriage is impossible, because physical pleasure + with women is impossible; he has tried, but cannot obtain, the + slightest sexual feeling or excitement.</p> + +<p> He especially admires youths (though they must not be immature) + from 16 or 17 to about 25. The type which physically appeals to + him most, and to which he appeals, is fair, smooth-skinned, + gentle, rather girlish and effeminate, with the effeminacy of the + <i>ingénue</i>, not the <i>cocotte</i>. His favorite to attract him must be + submissive and womanly; he likes to be the man and the master. On + this point he adds: "The great passion of my life is an + exception, and stands on an utterly different level. It realizes + an ideal of marriage in which neither is master, but both share a + joint empire, and in which tyranny would be equally painful to + both. But this friendship and love is for an equal, a year + younger than myself, and does not preclude other and less + creditable <i>liaisons, physical</i> constancy being impossible to men + of our caliber."</p> + +<p> <i>Pedicatio</i> is the satisfaction he prefers, provided he takes the + active, never the passive, rôle. He is handsome, with broad + shoulders, good figure, and somewhat classic type of face, with + fine blue eyes. He likes boating and skating, though not cricket + or football, and is usually ready for fun, but has, at the same + time, a taste for reading.</p> + +<p> He has no moral feelings on these matters; he regards them as + outside ethics, mere matters of temperament and social feeling. + If England were underpopulated he thinks he might possibly feel + some slight pangs of remorse; but, as things are, he feels that + in prostituting males rather than females he is doing a + meritorious action.</p> + + +<p> <b>HISTORY XIX.—</b>T. N. His history is given in his own words.</p> + +<p> "From the time of my earliest imaginings I have always been + attached by strength in men and often thought about being carried + off by big warriors and living with them in caves and elsewhere. + When about 7 a young man used to show me his penis and handle + mine occasionally. At private boarding school masturbation was + fairly frequent <a name='2_Page_137'></a>and I suppose I was initiated about 12 or 13. + After leaving I occasionally indulged, but nothing happened until + I was about 20, except that I was often attracted by strong, + well-built young men of good character; a man who was not honest + and good-hearted had no attraction. At 20 I was much attached to + a young man of my own age. He was engaged. This did not prevent + him on one occasion endeavoring playfully and with his brother to + obtain access to my person. I successfully resisted, although if + <i>he</i> only had been present I should not have done so, but + welcomed the attempt, and I have often regretted I did not let + him know this. But I had a dim idea that my penis was somewhat + undeveloped and this made me shy. Circumstances separated us. + About two years later I was crossing the Channel when I engaged + in conversation with a man about eight years older, who was one + of our travelling party. I think the attraction was a case of + love at sight, certainly on my side. A few nights later he had so + arranged that we shared a bedroom, and he very soon came over to + me and tenderly handled my person. I reciprocated and I look back + all these years to that night with pleasure and no feeling of + shame. On one occasion, about this time, I happened to be + sleeping with another young fellow (an office mate) on a holiday, + when I awoke and found him handling my penis caressingly. I + gently removed his hand and turned over. I thought none the less + of him, but my body seemed to belong only to myself and the + friend I loved. He was not an urning, I am sure, but we Were + often together and I much entered into his interests and felt + infinite satisfaction with life, made good progress and many + friends. Our physical intimacy was repeated, he taking the active + part in intercrural contact. Then he married very happily. Our + friendship remains, but circumstances prevent our often meeting, + and there is no longer desire on either part.</p> + +<p> "For some years I was rather lonely in spite of friends. I was + somewhat attracted to another man, but his superior social + position was a defect to me. Then when about 28 I came in contact + with a young man of 24, of the artisan class, but superior in + ideals and intelligence to most men. I loved him at first glance + and to this day. At first it was just friendship, but soon his + form, voice, and thoughts entered into my very soul by day and + night. I longed always to be near him, to see him progress and + help him if I could. I would joyfully have given up home, + friends, and income, and followed him to the end of the world, + preferably an island where we two might at least be the only + white men. He seemed to embody all I longed for in the way of + knowledge of nature, of strength, of practical ability, and the + desire to imitate him in these things widened and strengthened my + character. The first time I slept with him I could only summon + courage to put my arm over his chest, <a name='2_Page_138'></a>but I could not sleep for + unsatisfied desire, and the unrelieved erection caused a dull + pain on the morrow. I had always disliked conversation that might + be regarded as bordering on the obscene, and consequently was + very ignorant on most matters; it pained me even to hear him + laugh at such remarks. I think if he had been intimate with me I + should have not conversed much on such topics, but now I felt + pleasure in such things with him as they expressed intimacy. I + dreamed about him and was never really happy in his absence; the + greatest joy would have been to have slept in his arms; the + hairiness of his legs and arms were also most fascinating. + Perhaps a year later, we were again at night together, and this + time I by degrees felt his private organs, but he was cold and I + felt a little unsatisfied. I wanted to be hugged. This happened + once more, and then on a later occasion,—not that it afforded me + much gratification, but because I wanted to stimulate him to + ardor,—I attempted masturbation. This aroused his disgust and I + was consequently dismayed. He told me I ought to marry and, + although I knew his love was all I wanted, I did not feel but + what I could make a woman happy. The constant unrelieved + erections which took place when I saw my friend adopt a graceful + attitude caused pain at the bottom of my back, and I consulted + two specialists, who also advised marriage. I did not tell them I + was an 'invert,' for I hardly knew it was a recognized thing, but + I did tell them something of what had taken place, and they made + next to no comment, but implied it was frequent. My friend now + felt repulsion toward me, but did not express himself, and as + other circumstances then caused a barrier between us to a certain + extent, I did not realize the true reason of his coldness. But I + felt utterly miserable. When I met a noble woman whom I had long + known I asked her to be my wife and she consented. Although I + told her very soon, and long before our marriage, of my + limitations as a husband and of my continued longing for my + friend, I feel now I did a great wrong, and I cannot understand + why I was not more conscious of this at the time; that I was to a + certain extent deceiving her relations was inevitable. I had + expected to devote my life in making her happy, but I soon found + that the true reason of my friend's apparent unfaithfulness was + my own action, combined with a feeling on his part that it was as + well that our affection should cease even at the cost of + misunderstanding. Since then, three years ago, I have not had a + happy day or night, and am therefore quite unable to promote + happiness in others. Without my friend, I can find no + satisfaction with wife, child, or home. Life has become almost + unbearable. Often I have seriously thought of committing suicide, + only to postpone it to a time which would be less cruelly + inopportune to others. I see my friend (now married) almost + daily, and suffer tortures at seeing others nearer to him than + myself. No <a name='2_Page_139'></a>explanation seems possible, as the whole idea of + inversion is so repugnant to him, and being an honorable man he + would feel marital ties preclude <i>any</i> warmth of affection. But + all the longing of my life seems to be culminating in a driving + force which will carry me to the male prostitute or to death. I + can concentrate my mind on nothing else, and consequently have + become inefficient in work and have no heart for play. I know if + my longings could be occasionally satisfied I should immediately + recover, but my fear is that if I killed myself those who knew me + in happier days would only be confirmed in the impression of my + degeneracy and would feel my instincts had caused it, whereas it + is the denial and starvation of them which would have brought + about the result. I know now by experience of self and others + that my disposition is congenital and that I have been rendered + unhappy myself and a cause of unhappiness to others by the too + late knowledge of myself. The example of my former friend who + married misled me to think I too <i>could</i> marry and make a happy + home; so that when the man I loved advised me I resolved to do + so, as I would have done almost anything else <i>he</i> suggested. If + I could have withdrawn from the engagement without embarrassment + to the devoted woman who became my wife I would have done so, if + she gave me the opportunity. Nothing in my married state has + brought me pleasure and I often wish my wife would cease to love + me so that we might separate. But she would be heart-broken at + the suggestion and I feel driven to attempt to relieve my + feelings even in a way that has previously seemed repulsive to + me,—I mean by use of money.</p> + +<p> "About my feelings toward my child there is not much to say, as + they are not very strong. I believe I carry him and help bathe + and attend to him as much as most fathers, and when he is a few + years older I hope I may find him very companionable. But he has + brought me no real joy, though I see other men look at him almost + with affection. But he has brought added happiness to his + mother." </p></div> + +<p>The next case is interesting as showing the mental and emotional +development in a very radical case of sexual inversion.</p> + + +<div class='blkquot'><p><b>HISTORY XX.—</b>Englishman, of independent means, aged 49. His + father and his father's family were robust, healthy, and + prolific. On his mother's side, phthisis, insanity, and + eccentricity are traceable. He belongs to a large family, some of + whom died in early childhood and at birth, while others are + normal. He himself was a weakly and highly nervous child, subject + to night-terrors and somnambulism, excessive shyness and + religious disquietude.</p> + +<p> Sexual consciousness awoke before the age of 8, when his + attention was directed to his own penis. His nurse, while out + walking with him <a name='2_Page_140'></a>one day, told him that when little boys grow' + up their penes fall off. The nursery-maid sniggered, and he felt + that there must be something peculiar about the penis. He + suffered from; irritability of the prepuce, and the nurse + powdered it before he went to sleep. There was no transition from + this to self-abuse.</p> + +<p> About the same time he became subject to curious half-waking + dreams. In these he imagined himself the servant of several adult + naked sailors; he crouched between their thighs and called + himself their dirty pig, and by their orders he performed + services for their genitals and buttocks, which he contemplated + and handled with relish. At about the same period, when these + visions began to come to him, he casually heard that a man used + to come and expose his person before the window of a room where + the maids sat; this troubled him vaguely. Between the age of 8 + and 11 he twice took the penis of a cousin into his mouth, after + they had slept together; the feeling of the penis pleased him. + When sleeping with another cousin, they used to lie with hands + outstretched to cover each other's penis or nates. He preferred + the nates, but his cousin the penis. Neither of these cousins was + homosexual, and there was no attempt at mutual masturbation. He + was in the habit of playing with five male cousins. One of these + boys was unpopular with the others, and they invented a method of + punishing him for supposed offenses. They sat around the room on + chairs, each with his penis exposed, and the boy to be punished + went around the room on his knees and took each penis into his + mouth in turn. This was supposed to humiliate him. It did not + lead to masturbation. On one occasion the child accidentally + observed a boy who sat next to him in school playing with his + penis and caressing it. This gave him a powerful, uneasy + sensation. With regard to all these points the subject observes + that none of the boys with whom he was connected at this period, + and who were exposed to precisely the same influences, became + homosexual.</p> + +<p> He was himself, from the first, indifferent to the opposite sex. + In early childhood, and up to the age of 13, he had frequent + opportunities of closely inspecting the sexual organs of girls, + his playfellows. These roused no sexual excitement. On the + contrary, the smell of the female parts affected him + disagreeably. When he once saw a schoolfellow copulating with a + little girl, it gave him a sense of mystical horror. Nor did the + sight of the male organs arouse any particular sensations. He is, + however, of opinion that, living with his sisters in childhood, + he felt more curious about his own sex as being more remote from + him. He showed no effeminacy in his preferences for games or + work.</p> + +<p> He went to a public school. Here he was provoked by boy friends + to masturbate, but, though he often saw the act in process, it + only inspired him with a sense of indecency. In his fifteenth + year puberty commenced <a name='2_Page_141'></a>with nocturnal emissions, and, at the + same time, he began to masturbate, and continued to do so about + once a week, or once a fortnight, during a period of eight + months; always with a feeling that that was a poor satisfaction + and repulsive. His thoughts were not directed either to males or + females while masturbating. He spoke to his father about these + signs of puberty, and by his father's advice he entirely + abandoned onanism; he only resumed the practice, to some extent, + after the age of 30, when he was without male comradeship.</p> + +<p> The nocturnal emissions, after he had abandoned self-abuse, + became very frequent and exhausting. They were medically treated + by tonics such as quinine and strychnine. He thinks this + treatment exaggerated his neurosis.</p> + +<p> All this time, no kind of sexual feeling for girls made itself + felt. He could not understand what his schoolfellows found in + women, or the stories they told about wantonness and delight of + coitus.</p> + +<p> His old dreams about the sailors had disappeared. But now he + enjoyed visions of beautiful young men and exquisite statues; he + often shed tears when he thought of them. These dreams persisted + for years. But another kind gradually usurped their place to some + extent. These second visions took the form of the large, erect + organs of naked young grooms or peasants. These gross visions + offended his taste and hurt him, though, at the same time, they + evoked a strong, active desire for possession; he took a strange, + poetic pleasure in the ideal form. But the seminal losses which + accompanied both kinds of dreams were a perpetual source of + misery to him.</p> + +<p> There is no doubt that at this time—that is, between the + fifteenth and seventeenth years—a homosexual diathesis had + become established. He never frequented loose women, though he + sometimes thought that would be the best way of combating his + growing inclination for males. And he thinks that he might have + brought himself to indulge freely in purely sexual pleasure with + women if he made their first acquaintance in a male costume, as + <i>débardeuses, Cherubino</i>, court-pages, young halberdiers, as it + is only when so clothed that women on the stage or in the + ball-room have excited him.</p> + +<p> His ideal of morality and fear of venereal infection, more than + physical incapacity, kept him what is called chaste. He never + dreamed of women, never sought their society, never felt the + slightest sexual excitement in their presence, never idealized + them. Esthetically, he thought them far less beautiful than men. + Statues and pictures of naked women had no attraction for him, + while all objects of art which represented handsome males deeply + stirred him.</p> + +<p> It was in his eighteenth year that an event occurred which he + regards as decisive in his development. He read Plato. A new + world <a name='2_Page_142'></a>opened, and he felt that his own nature had been revealed. + Next year he formed a passionate, but pure, friendship with a boy + of 15. Personal contact with the boy caused erection, extreme + agitation, and aching pleasure, but not ejaculation. Through four + years he never saw the boy naked or touched him pruriently. Only + twice he kissed him. He says that these two kisses were the most + perfect joys he ever felt.</p> + +<p> His father now became seriously anxious both about his health and + his reputation. He warned him of the social and legal dangers + attending his temperament. But he did not encourage him to try + coitus with women. He himself thinks that his own sense of danger + might have made this method successful, or that, at all events, + the habit of intercourse with women might have lessened neurosis + and diverted his mind to some extent from homosexual thoughts.</p> + +<p> A period of great pain and anxiety now opened for him. But his + neurasthenia increased; he suffered from insomnia, obscure + cerebral discomfort, stammering, chronic conjunctivitis, + inability to concentrate his attention, and dejection. Meanwhile + his homosexual emotions strengthened, and assumed a more sensual + character. He abstained from indulging them, as also from + onanism, but he was often forced, with shame and reluctance, to + frequent places—baths, urinaries, and so forth—where there were + opportunities of seeing naked men.</p> + +<p> Having no passion for women, it was easy to avoid them. Yet they + inspired him with no exact horror. He used to dream of finding an + exit from his painful situation by cohabitation with some coarse, + boyish girl of the people; but his dread of syphilis stood in the + way. He felt, however, that he must conquer himself by efforts of + will, and by a persistent direction of his thoughts to + heterosexual images. He sought the society of distinguished + women. Once he coaxed up a romantic affection for a young girl of + 15, which came to nothing, probably because the girl felt the + want of absolute passion in his wooing. She excited his + imagination, and he really loved her; but she did not, even in + the closest contact, stimulate his sexual appetite. Once, when he + kissed her just after she had risen from bed in the morning, a + curious physical repugnance came over him, attended with a sad + feeling of disappointment.</p> + +<p> He was strongly advised to marry by physicians. At last he did + so. He found that he was potent, and begot several children, but + he also found, to his disappointment, that the tyranny of the + male genital organs on his fancy increased. Owing to this cause + his physical, mental, and moral discomfort became acute. His + health gave way.</p> + +<p> At about the age of 30, unable to endure his position any longer, + he at last yielded to his sexual inclinations. As he began to do + this, he also began to regain calm and comparative health. He + formed a close <a name='2_Page_143'></a>alliance with a youth of 19. This <i>liaison</i> was + largely sentimental, and marked by a kind of etherealized + sensuality. It involved no sexual acts beyond kissing, naked + contact, and rare involuntary emissions. About the age of 36 he + began freely to follow homosexual inclinations. After this he + rapidly recovered his health. The neurotic disturbances subsided.</p> + +<p> He has always loved men younger than himself. At about the age of + 27 he had begun to admire young soldiers. Since he yielded freely + to his inclinations the men he has sought are invariably persons + of a lower social rank than his own. He carried on one <i>liaison</i> + continuously for twelve years; it began without passion on the + friend's side, but gradually grew to nearly equal strength on + both sides. He is not attracted by uniforms, but seeks some + uncontaminated child of nature.</p> + +<p> The methods of satisfaction have varied with the phases of his + passion. At first they were romantic and Platonic, when a + hand-touch, a rare kiss, or mere presence sufficed. In the second + period sleeping side by side, inspection of the naked body of the + loved man, embracements, and occasional emissions after prolonged + contact. In the third period the gratification became more + frankly sensual. It took every shape: mutual masturbation, + intercrural coitus, <i>fellatio, irrumatio</i>, and occasionally + active <i>pedicatio</i>; always according to the inclination or + concession of the beloved male.</p> + +<p> He himself always plays the active, masculine part. He never + yields himself to the other, and he asserts that he never has the + joy of finding himself desired with ardor equal to his own. He + does not shrink from passive <i>pedicatio</i>; but it is never + demanded of him. Coitus with males, as above described, always + seems to him healthy and natural; it leaves a deep sense of + well-being, and has cemented durable friendships. He has always + sought to form permanent ties with the men whom he has adored so + excessively.</p> + +<p> He is of medium height, not robust, but with great nervous + energy, with strong power of will and self-control, able to + resist fatigue and changes of external circumstances.</p> + +<p> In boyhood he had no liking for female occupations, or for the + society of girls, preferring study and solitude. He avoided games + and the noisy occupations of boys, but was only non-masculine in + his indifference to sport, was never feminine in dress or habit. + He never succeeded in his attempts to whistle. He is a great + smoker, and has at times drunk much. He likes riding, skating, + and climbing, but is a poor horseman, and is clumsy with his + hands. He has no capacity for the fine arts and music, though + much interested in them, and is a prolific author.</p> + +<p> He has suffered extremely throughout life, owing to his sense of + the difference between himself and normal human beings. No + pleasure he has <a name='2_Page_144'></a>enjoyed, he declares, can equal a thousandth + part of the pain caused by the internal consciousness of + pariahdom. The utmost he can plead in his own defense, he admits, + is irresponsibility, for he acknowledges that his impulse may be + morbid. But he feels absolutely certain that in early life his + health was ruined and his moral repose destroyed owing to the + perpetual conflict with his own inborn nature, and that relief + and strength came with indulgence. Although he always has before + him the terror of discovery, he is convinced that his sexual + dealings with men have been thoroughly wholesome to himself, + largely increasing his physical, moral, and intellectual energy, + and not injurious to others. He has no sense whatever of moral + wrong in his actions, and he regards the attitude of society + toward those in his position as utterly unjust and founded on + false principles. </p></div> + +<p>The next case is, like the foregoing, that of a successful man of letters +who also passed through a long period of mental conflict before he became +reconciled to his homosexual instincts. He belongs to a family who are all +healthy and have shown marked ability in different intellectual +departments. He feels certain that one of his brothers is as absolute an +invert as himself and that another is attracted to both sexes. I am +indebted to him for the following detailed narrative, describing his +emotions and experiences in childhood, which I regard as of very great +interest, not only as a contribution to the psychology of inversion, but +to the embryology of the sexual emotions generally. We here see described, +in an unduly precocious and hyperesthetic form, ideas and feelings which, +in a slighter and more fragmentary shape, may be paralleled in the early +experiences of many normal men and women. But it must be rare to find so +many points in sexual psychology so definitely illustrated in a single +child. It may be added that the narrative is also not without interest as +a study in the evolution of a man of letters; a child whose imagination +was thus early exercised and developed was predestined for a literary +career.</p> + + +<div class='blkquot'><p><b>HISTORY XXI.—</b>"Almost the earliest recollection I have is of a + dream, which, from my vivid recollection of its details, must + have repeated itself, I think, more than once, unless my waking + thoughts unconsciously added definition. From this dream dated my + consciousness of the attraction to me of my own sex, which has + ever since dominated <a name='2_Page_145'></a>my life. The dream, suggested in part, I + think, by a picture in an illustrated newspaper of a mob + murdering a church dignitary, took this form: I dreamed that I + saw my own father murdered by a gang of ruffians, but I do not + remember that I felt any grief, though I was actually an + exceedingly affectionate child. The body was then stripped of its + clothing and eviscerated. I had at the time no notion of + anatomical details; but the particulars remain distinct to my + mind's eye, of entrails uniformly brown, the color of dung, and + there was no accompaniment of blood. When the abdomen had been + emptied, the incident in which I became an active participant + occurred. I was seized (and the fact that I was overpowered + contributed to the agony of delight it afforded me) and was laid + between the thighs of my murdered parent; and from there I had + presently crawled my way into the evacuated, abdomen. The act, so + far as I can decide of a dream at an age when emission was out of + the question, caused in me extreme organic excitement. At all + events, I used afterward definitely to recur to it in the waking + moments before sleep for the purpose of gaining a state of + erection. The dream had no outcome; it seemed to reach its goal + in the excitement it caused. I was at that time between 3 and 4 + years old. (I have been told that erections occurred when I was + only 2 years old. It was between 3 and 4 that I used to induce, + at all events, the <i>sensation</i> of an erection. But I was nearer 5 + when, sitting on my bed and waiting to be dressed, I got an + involuntary erection and called my nurse's attention to it, + asking what it meant. The <i>appearance</i> must, therefore, have been + usual to me at that date, but certainly the sensation was not.)</p> + +<p> "At that time I was totally ignorant of the conditions, of + puberty, which afterward, when I discovered them, so powerfully + affected me. I could not even visualize the private organs of a + man; I made no deductions from myself. The only naked bodies I + had seen then—I judge from circumstances, not from any actual + memory of the facts—were those of my own sisters. In the waking + dreams which I began to construct, though I recurred often to the + one already narrated, the goal of my desire was generally to + nestle between the thighs or to have my face pressed against the + hinder parts of the object of my worship. But for a time my first + dream so engrossed me that I did not indulge in any promiscuity. + Gradually, however, my horizon enlarged, and took in, besides the + first mentioned, three others: a cousin very much my elder, an + uncle, and the curate of the parish.</p> + +<p> "At this stage I began to invent circumstances for the indulgence + of my passion. One of the earliest was to imagine myself in a + tank with my three lovers floating in the water above me. From + this position I visited their limbs in turn; the attraction + rested in the thighs and buttocks <a name='2_Page_146'></a>only. I fancy this limitation + of the charm to the lower parts only lasted until actual + experience of a more complete embrace made me as much a lover of + the arms and breast; indeed, later I became more emotionally + enamored of these parts than of all the rest. At the beginning of + things I simply loved best what my mind could first get hold of.</p> + +<p> "Quite early in my experience, when I was not more than 5, I + awoke earlier than usual, and saw my nurse standing in complete + nudity, commencing her toilet. She seemed to me a gross, coarse, + and meaningless object; the hair under her armpits displeased me, + and still more that on the lower part of her body. In the case of + men, directly I came to have cognizance of the same thing on + their bodies, the effect was exactly the opposite. It so happened + that about this time the gardener had received some injury to his + leg, and in showing the bruise to another exhibited before my + eyes a skin completely shagged over with dark hair. Though the + sight of the bruise repulsed me, my pleasure was intense, and the + vision of the gardener's legs was in my bed every night for a + week afterward. My point is that the sight of my nurse was liable + to rouse interest just as much as the far more prosaic display of + the gardener's wounded leg, but my nature made it impossible.</p> + +<p> "It was about this time, if not before, that an enormous sense of + shyness with regard to all my private duties began to afflict me. + So great was it that I could endure from no hand except my + mother's or my nurse's the necessary assistance in the buttoning + and unbuttoning of my garments, always excepting those who were + about my own age, toward whom I felt no privacy whatever.</p> + +<p> "When I was a little more than 5 I formed a friendship with a + young clerk, a youth of about 15, though he seemed to me a + grown-up person. One day, as he sat at his desk writing, I sat + down and began playing with his feet, investigating the height to + which his socks went under his trousers; in this way I obtained + six inches of bare leg. Conscious of my courage I fell to kissing + it. My friend laughed, but left me to my devotions in peace. This + was the first time in which a feeling of romance mixed itself in + my dreams; the physical excitement was less, but the pleasure was + greater. I cannot understand why I never repeated the experience. + He remained to me an object of very special and tender + consideration.</p> + +<p> "In the next episode I have to relate the ideal was totally + absent, and the part I played was passive rather than active. I + was put to sleep with a boy considerably my senior. His + initiation led to a physical familiarity between us which was not + warm or kind, and I was allowed no scope for my own instinctive + desires for a warmer kind of contact; if I sought it under cover + of my companion's slumbers I found myself <a name='2_Page_147'></a>kicked away. Only on + one occasion did I find a few moments of supreme charm, while his + sleep remained sound, by discovering in the recesses of the sheet + an exposed surface of flesh against which I pressed my face in an + abandonment of joy. For the rest I was a passive participant, his + pleasure seeming to end in the mere handling of the fleshy + portions of my body. For this purpose I usually lay face downward + across his knees. So far as I can remember, this intimacy led to + a decrease in my pursuit of imaginative pleasures; for about a + year no further development took place.</p> + +<p> "At about this date I was circumcised on account of the prepuce + being too long.</p> + +<p> "Between the 6th and 7th years a change of environment brought me + into contact with a new set of faces. I had then a bed to myself, + and once more my imagination awoke to life. It was at this time + that I found myself constructing from men's faces suppositions as + to the rest of their bodies: a brown face led me to suppose a + uniformly brown body, a pale face a pale body. This idea of + variety began to charm me. I now made definite choice in my + reveries whether I would go to sleep between white thighs, or red + thighs, or brown thighs. Going to sleep definitely describes the + goal of the method to which I had addicted myself. As soon as I + entered my bed I abandoned myself to the construction of an amour + and retained it as long as I had consciousness. I may say that I + was not conscious of any emissions under these circumstances + (until some years later, when I brought it about by my own act), + but the pleasure was fairly acute.</p> + +<p> "All this time there were secret meetings, with my bedfellow of + the year before. But they now took place by day, in various + hiding-places, with little unclothing or exposure, and my + companion was cold and fastidious and repelled any warmth on my + part; it became to me a dry sort of ritual. I had an idea at that + time that the whole thing was so much an original invention of + his and mine that there was no likelihood of it being practised + by anyone else in the world. But this consideration did not + restrain me in constructing love scenes with all those whose + appearance attracted me. At this period nearly every man with + whom I came in contact won at least my transient desire; only the + quite old and deformed lay outside the scope of my wishes. Many + of my amours developed in church; the men who sat near me were + the objects of my attention, and the clergyman, whose sermon I + did not listen to, supplied me with an occasion for reverie on + the charms his person would have for me under other + circumstances. It must have been at this time that I began to + elaborate ideas of a serried rank of congregated thighs across + which I lay and was dragged. I would arrange them in definite + order and then imagine myself drawn across from one <a name='2_Page_148'></a>to the other + somewhat forcibly. Admiration of strength was beginning at this + time to have a definite part in my conceptions, but anything of + the nature of cruelty had not then appealed to me. (I except the + original dream of my childhood, which seems to me still to stand + fantastically apart.) In the inventions to which I now gave + myself the sense of being passed across limbs of different + texture and color was subtle and pleasurable. I think the note of + constructive cruelty which now followed arose from an imagined + rivalry among my lovers for possession of me; the idea that I was + desired made me soon take a delight in imagining myself torn and + snatched about by the contending parties. Presently out of this I + began constructing definite scenes of violence. I was able in + imagination to lie in the thick and stress of conglomerated + deliciousness of thighs struggling to hold me; I was able to + imagine at least six bodies encircling me with passionate + contact. At the same time I had an ingrained feeling of my own + physical smallness in relation to the limbs whose contact threw + me into such paroxysms of delight. A new and sufficiently + ludicrous invention took possession of me; I imagined myself + strapped to the thigh (always, I think, the right one) of the man + on whom I chose, for the time, to concentrate my desires, and so + to be worn by him during his day's work, hidden beneath his + garments. I was not conscious of any difficulty due to my size. + The charm of bondage and compulsion was here, again, in the + ascendant. I fancy that it was in this connection that I first + anticipated whipping as the delightful climax to my emotions, + administered when my possessor, at the end of his day's work, + unclothed himself for rest.</p> + +<p> "Up to this stage my attraction to the male organ of generation + had been slight and vague. Two things now contributed to bring + thought of it into prominence. On two or three occasions when I + accompanied farm laborers to their occupations I saw them pause + by the way to relieve nature. My extreme shyness as regards such + matters in my own person made this performance in my presence + like an outrage on my modesty; it had about it the suggestion of + an indecent solicitation to one whose inclination was to headlong + and delirious surrender. I stood rooted and flushing with + downcast eyes till the act was over and was conscious for a + considerable time of stammering speech and bewildered faculties. + When I afterward reviewed the circumstances they had the same + attraction for me that amorous cruelty was just then beginning to + exercise on my imagination. My mind secretly embraced the fearful + sweetness of the newly discovered sensation, surrounding the + performance of the function with all sorts of atrocious and + bizarre inventions. For a time my intellect hung back from + accepting this as the central and most fiery secret of the male + attraction; but shortly afterward, when out walking with my + father, I saw him perform the same <a name='2_Page_149'></a>act; I was overwhelmed with + emotion and could barely drag my feet from the spot or my eyes + from the damp herbage where he had deposited the waters of + secrecy. Even today, when my mind has been long accustomed to the + knowledge of generative facts, I cannot dissociate myself from + the shuddering charm that moment had for me. The attraction my + father's person had always had for me was now increased tenfold + by the performance I had witnessed (though I had not seen the + penis in any of these cases).</p> + +<p> "For a considerable time only those lovers were dominant in my + imagination whom I had witnessed in the act that had so + poignantly affected me. My delight now took the form of imagining + myself strapped to the thighs of the person while this function + was in progress.</p> + +<p> "By this time I must have been 8 years old. The cold and secret + relationship of which I have given an account had continued + without instructing me in any of the ardent possibilities it + might have suggested; no force or cruelty was used upon me, no + warmth was lavished. It made little difference that my companion + had now discovered the act of masturbation; it had no meaning to + me, since it led to no warmth of embrace. His method was to avert + himself from me; I had to fawn upon him from the rear and also to + invent indecent stories to stimulate his imagination. I felt + myself a despised instrument, the mere spectator of an act which, + if directed toward me with any warmth, would have aroused the + liveliest appetite. At this time, as I have since seen, my + companion was gaining knowledge from the ancient classics. For a + time some charm was imparted by his instructing me to adopt a + superincumbent face-to-face embrace. The beginning of his puberty + was enormously attractive to me; had he been less cold-blooded I + could have responded passionately to his endearments; but he + always insisted on rigorous passivity on my part, and he + explained nothing. One day, by a small gratuity, he induced me to + offer him my mouth, though I still had no comprehension of the + result I was helping to attain. Once the orgasm occurred, and the + effect was extremely nauseous; after that he was more careful. My + companion was approaching manhood, and his demands became more + frequent, his exactions more humiliating.</p> + +<p> "At the same time my passion for male love was growing stronger. + I was able to construct from the unsatisfactory bondage in which + I was held images of bodily embrace which I had not before had + sufficient sense of human contact to form, though I seldom + imagined any of the acts that in actual experience repulsed me. + One day, however, I shirked a particularly repulsive humiliation + which my companion had forced upon me. He discovered the + deception, rose from the prone position in which he lay, and + throwing me across his knees thrashed me violently. I submitted + without a struggle, experiencing a curious sensation of <a name='2_Page_150'></a>pleasure + in the midst of my pain. When he repeated his order I found its + accomplishment no longer repulsive. One of the few pleasurable + memories this intimacy, extending over years, has left for me is + that moment of abject abasement to one who, with no warmth of + feeling, had yet once had sufficient energy to be brutal to me.</p> + +<p> "It must have been from this incident that the calculated effect + of flagellation began to have weight with me when I indulged my + imagination. A wish to be repulsed, trampled, violated by the + object of my passion took hold of my instincts. Even then—and, + indeed, up to my 13th year—I had no idea of normal sexual + connection. I knew vaguely that children were born from women's + bodies; I did not know—and when told I did not believe—the true + facts of the marital relationship. All that I had + experienced—both in fact and imagination—was to me so highly + individual that I had no notion anything kindred to it could + exist outside of my own experience. I had no notion of sex as the + basis of life. Even when I came gradually to realize that men and + women were formed in a way that argued connection with each + other, I still believed it to be a dissolute sort of conduct, not + to be indulged in by those who had claims to respectability.</p> + +<p> "I had, however, by this time arrived at a strong attraction + toward the organs of generation and all aspects of puberty, and + my imagination spent Itself in a fantastic worship of every sign + of masculinity. My enjoyment now was to imagine myself forced to + undergo physical humiliation and submission to the caprice of my + male captors, and the central fact became the discharge of urine + from my lover over my body and limbs, or, if I were very fond of + him, I let it be in my face. This was followed usually by a + half-caressing castigation, in which the hand only was + instrumental.</p> + +<p> "The period of which I am now writing was that of my entry into + school life. My imaginary lovers immediately became numerous; all + the masters and all the boys above a certain age attracted me; + for two I had in addition a feeling of romantic as well as + physical attachment. Indeed, from this time onward I was never + without some heroes toward whom I indulged a perfectly separate + and tenderly ideal passion. The announcement that one was about + to leave surprised me into a passionate fit of weeping; yet my + reserve was so great and my sense of isolation so crushing that I + made no effort at intimacy, and to one for whom I felt + inexhaustible devotion I barely spoke for the first three years, + though meeting him daily. At this time the subjects of my + contemplation had distinctly individualized methods of approach. + Thus in one case I imagined we stood face to face in our + night-gear; suddenly mine was stripped from me; I was seized and + forcibly thrust under his and made to hang with my feet off the + ground by my full weight on the erect <a name='2_Page_151'></a>organ which inserted + itself between my thighs; so suspended—my body enveloped in the + folds of his linen and my face pressed upon his heart—I + underwent a castigation which continued until I was thrown down + to receive a discharge of urine over my prostrate body. Such + images seemed to come independently of my will.</p> + +<p> "It was at this time that I found a large pleasure in imagining + contact with people whom I disliked; the prevailing note of these + intimacies was always cruelty, to which I submitted with acute + relish. I discovered, however, from the ordinary school + experiences of corporal punishment, that it had no charm to me + when administered for school offenses, even from the hands under + which at other times I imagined myself as delighting to receive + pain. The necessary link was lacking; had I perceived on the part + of my judge any liking for the operation, there would probably + have been a response on my side. On one occasion I was flogged + unjustly; conscious as I was of its cruel instead of judiciary + character, this was the only castigation I received which had in + it an element of gratification for my instincts. At the same time + I never forgave the hand that administered it; it is the only + instance I remember in myself of a grudge nourished for years.</p> + +<p> "Meanwhile, amid this chaos of confused love and hatred, of + relish for cruelty and loathing for injustice, my first + thoroughly romantic and ideal attachment was developing itself. I + may say, of those to whom romance as well as physical attachment + bound me, that they have remained unchangeable parts of my + nature. Today, as it was twenty years ago, when I think of them + the blood gushes to my brain, my hands tingle and moisten with an + emotion I cannot subdue: I am at their feet worshipping them. Of + them my dreams were entirely tender; the idea of cruelty never + touched the conception I had of them. But I return to that one + who was the chief influence of my youth: older than myself by + only three years, he was of fine build and athletic, with + adolescence showing in his face; my tremulous beginnings of + worship were confirmed by a word of encouragement thrown to me + one day as I went to receive my first flogging; no doubt my + small, scared face excited his kind pity. I made it my concern + afterward to let him know that I had not cried under the ordeal, + and I believe he passed the word around that I had taken my + punishment pluckily. So little contact had I with him that beyond + constant worship on my part I remember nothing till, about three + years later, I received from him a kind, half-joking + solicitation, spoken in clean and simple language. So terrific + was my shyness and secrecy that I had even then no idea that + familiarity of the sort was common enough in schools. I was + absolutely unable to connect my own sensations with those of the + world at large or to believe that others felt as I did. On this + occasion I simply felt that some shrewd thrust had <a name='2_Page_152'></a>been made at + me for the detection of my secret. He had drawn me upon his knee; + I sat there silent, flushing and dumbfounded. He made no attempt + to press me; he had, as he thought, said enough if I chose to be + reciprocal; beyond that he would not tempt me. A few years ago I + heard of him married and prosperous.</p> + +<p> "In following up my emotions in this direction I have far + outstripped the period up to which I have given a complete + exposition of my development. I must have been more than 12 years + old before school life persuaded me to face (as taught by + sniggering novices) the actual facts of sexual intercourse. At + the same time I learned that I had means of extracting enjoyment + from my own body in a definite direction which I had not till + then suspected. A growing resistance on my part to his cold + desires had led to a break with my former intimate; to the last + he had taught me nothing, except distaste for himself. I now + found ready teachers right and left of me. One of my + schoolfellows invited me to watch; him in the process of + masturbation; the spectacle left me quite unmoved; the result + appeared to me far less exciting than the discharge of urine + which, until then, I had associated with male virility. I was so + accustomed to my own lone amorous broodings that the effort and + action required for this process, when I attempted to imitate it, + disconcerted my thoughts and interfered with concentration on my + own inventions. I had never experienced the pleasure accompanying + the spasm of emission, and there seemed to be nothing worth + trying for along that road. I desisted and returned to my + reveries. I was now in a perfect maze of promiscuity; there must + have been at least fifty people who attracted me at that time. I + developed a liking for imagining myself between two lovers, + generally men who were physical contrasts. It was my habit to + analyze as minutely as possible those who attracted me. To gain + intimacy with what was below the surface I studied with attention + their hands, the wrists where they disappeared (showing the hair + of the forearm), and the neck; I estimated the comparative size + of the generative organs, the formation of the thighs and + buttocks, and thus constructed a presentment of the whole man. + The more vividly I could do this, the keener was the pleasure I + was able to obtain from their contemplated embraces.</p> + +<p> "Till now I had been absolutely untouched by any moral scruples. + I had the usual acquiescence in the religious beliefs in which I + had been trained; it did not enter my head that there was any + divine law, one way or the other, concerning the allurements of + the imagination. From my thirteenth year slight hints of + uneasiness began to creep into my conscience. I began perhaps to + understand that the formulas of religion, to which I had listened + all my life with as little attention as possible, had some + meaning which now and then touched the circumstances of <a name='2_Page_153'></a>my own + life. I had not yet realized that my past foretold my future, and + that women would be to me a repulsion instead of an attraction + where things sexual were concerned. I had the full conviction + that one day I should be married; I had also some fear that as I + grew to manhood I might succumb to the temptations of loose + women. I had an incipient revulsion from such a fate, and this + seemed to me to indicate that moral stirrings were at work within + me. One night I was amorously attacked in my bedroom by two of + the domestics. I experienced an acute horror which I hid under + laughter; my resistance was so desperate that I escaped with a + tickling. I had been accustomed to sit on the servants' knees, a + habit I had innocently retained from childhood; I can now recall + in detail the approaches these women had been used to make me. At + the time I was utterly oblivious that anything was intended.</p> + +<p> "I was equally oblivious to things that had a nearer relation to + my own feelings. In passing along a side-street one night I was + overtaken by a man who began conversation on the weather. He + asked me if I were not cold, began passing his hand up and down + my back; then came a question about caning at school, whether + certain parts of me were not sore, leading to an investigating + touch. I put his hand aside shyly, but did not resent the action. + Presently he was for exploring my trousers pockets and I began to + think him a pickpocket; repulsed in that direction, he returned, + to rubbing my back. The sensation was pleasant. I now took him + for a pimp who wished to take me to a prostitute, and as at that + time I had begun to realize that such pleasures were not to my + taste I was glad to find myself at my destination, and said + good-bye sharply, leaving him standing full of astonishment at + his failure with one who had taken his advances so pleasantly. I + could not bring myself to believe that others had the same + feelings as myself. Later I realized my escape, not without a + certain amount of regret, and constructed for my own pleasure a + different termination to the incident.</p> + +<p> "I was now so possessed by masculine attraction that I became a + lover of all the heroes I read of in books. Some became as vivid + to me as those with whom I was living in daily contact. For a + time I became an ardent lover of Napoléon (the incident of his + anticipation of the nuptials with his second wife attracting me + by its impetuous brutality), of Edward I, and of Julius Cæsar. + Charles II I remember by a caressing cruelty with which my + imagination gifted him. Jugurtha was a great acquisition. + Bothwell, Judge Jefferies, and many villains of history and + fiction appealed to me by their cruelty.</p> + +<p> "I had become an adept in the mental construction necessary for + the satisfaction of my desires. And yet up to that date I had + never seen the nude body of a full-grown adult. I had no + knowledge of the extent to which hair in certain instances + develops on the torso; indeed, <a name='2_Page_154'></a>my efforts at characterization + centered, for the most part, around the thighs and generative + organs. At this time one of my schoolfellows saw a common + workman, known to me by name, bathing in a stream with some + companions; all his body was, my informant told me, covered with + hair from throat to belly. In face the man was coarse and + repulsive, but I now began to regard him as a lovely monstrosity, + and for many nights embraced the vision of him passionately, with + face buried in the jungle growth of hair that covered his chest. + I was, for the first time, conscious of deliberately (and + successfully) willing not to see his face, which was distasteful + to me. At the same time another schoolfellow told me, concerning + a master who bathed with the boys, that hair showed above his + bathing-drawers as high as the navel. I now began definitely to + construct bodies in detail; the suggestion of extensive hairiness + maddened me with delight, but remained in my mind strongly + associated with cruelty; my hairy lovers never behaved to me with + tenderness; everything at this period, I think, tended to draw me + toward force and violence as an expression of amativeness. A + schoolfellow, a few years my senior, of a cruel, bullying + disposition, took a particular delight in inflicting pain on me: + he had particularly pointed shoes, and it was his custom to make + me stand with my back to him while he addressed me in petting and + caressing tones; just when his words were at their kindliest he + would inflict a sharp stroke with the toe of his boot so as to + reach the most tender part of my fundament; the pain was + exquisite; I was conscious that he experienced sexual pleasure (I + had seen definite signs of it beneath his clothing), and, though + loathing him, I would, after I had suffered from his kicks, throw + myself into his imaginary embraces and indulge in a perfect rage + of abject submission. Yet all the time I would gladly have killed + him.</p> + +<p> "At the age of 14 I went, for a time, to a farm-house, where I + was allowed to mingle familiarly with the farm-laborers, a fine + set of muscular young men. I became a great favorite, and, having + childish, caressing manners a good deal behind my real age, I was + allowed to take many liberties with them. They all lived under + the farmer's roof in the old-fashioned way, and in the evening I + used to sit on their knees and caress and hug them to my heart's + content. They took it phlegmatically; it apparently gave them no + surprise. One of the men used to return my squeezes and caresses + and once allowed me to put my hand under his shirt, but there + were no further liberties.</p> + +<p> "It was not until I was nearly 15 that the event happened which + made me, for the first time, restless in my enforced solitude. I + was verging on puberty, and perhaps in the hope that I should + find my own development met by a corresponding warmth I again + came into intimate relations with the companion whose frigid + performances had caused me <a name='2_Page_155'></a>weariness and disgust. He was now a + man, having reached majority. He put me into his bed while he + undressed himself and came toward me in perfect nudity. In a + moment we were in each other's arms and the deliciousness of that + moment intoxicated me. Suddenly, lying on the bed, I felt + attacked, as I thought, by an imperative need to make water. I + leaped up with a hurried excuse, but already the paroxysm had + subsided. No discharge came to my relief, yet the need seemed to + have passed. I returned to my companion, but the glamour of the + meeting was already over. My companion evidently found more + pleasure in my person than when I was a mere child; I felt moved + and flattered by the pleasure he took in pressing his face + against certain parts of my body. On a second occasion, one day, + I seemed involuntarily about to transgress decency, but again, as + before, separated myself, and remained ignorant of what it was on + which I had verged in my excitement. At another meeting, however, + I had been allowed to prolong my embrace and to act, indeed, upon + my full instincts. Once more I felt suddenly the coming of + something acutely impending; I took my courage in my hands and + went boldly forward. In another moment I had hold of the + mysterious secret of masculine energy, to which all my years of + dilirious imaginings had been but as a waiting at the threshold, + the knocking on a closed door.</p> + +<p> "It was inevitable that from that day our intimacy should dwindle + into dissolution (though other causes anticipated this natural + decay), but I no longer found masturbation a dry and wearisome + formula. In my novitiate I was disheartened to find how long it + took me to dissociate myself from the contemplative and attach + myself to the active form of self-gratification. But I presently + found myself committed to the repetition of the act three times a + day. On almost the last occasion I met my intimate he showed an + exceptional ardor. At that meeting he proposed to attempt an act + I had not previously considered possible, far less had I heard + that it was considered the worst criminal connection that could + take place. I had a slight fear of pain, but was willing to + gratify him, and for the first time found in my submission a + union of the two amative instincts which had before disputed sway + in me: the instinct for tenderness and the instinct for cruelty. + <i>Pedicatio</i> failed to take place, but I received an embrace which + for the first time gave me full satisfaction. My delight was + enormous; I was filled with emotions. I have no words to describe + the extraordinary charm of the warm, smooth flesh upon mine, and + the rougher contact of the hairy parts. Yet I was conscious, even + at the time, that this was but the physical side of pleasure, and + that he was not and never could be one whom I might truly be said + to love.</p> + +<p> "I was now in my sixteenth year, and under the influence of these + and many other emotions then, for the first time, beginning to + seize <a name='2_Page_156'></a>me, a sense of literary power and a desire to express + myself through imaginative channels began to take hold of me. I + feared that my indulgence was having an enfeebling power on my + faculties (I had begun to experience physical languor and + depression), and certain religious scruples, the result of my + early training, took hold of me. For the first time I became + conscious that the ardors I felt toward my own sex were a + diversion of the sex-instinct itself, and to my astonishment and + consternation I found by chance the practices I had already + indulged in definitely denounced in the Bible as an abomination. + From that moment began a struggle which lasted for years. I made + a final breach with my former intimate, and thereupon a long + dispute took place between the conflicting influences that strove + for possession of my body. For a time I broke off the habit of + masturbation, but I could not so easily rid myself of the mental + indulgence, which was now almost an essential sedative for + inducing sleep. At this time a visit to the seaside, where, for + the first time, I was able to see men bathing in complete nudity, + frankly, in the full light of day, plunged me again for a time + headforemost into imaginative amours, and my scruples and + resolutions were flung to the winds. But, on the whole, I had now + entered a stage which, for want of a better term, I must describe + as the emotionally moral. To whatever depth of indulgence I + descended I carried a sense of obliquity with me; I believed that + I was a rebel from a law, natural and divine, of which yet no + instinct had been implanted in me. I still held unquestioned the + truth of the religion I had been brought up in, and my whole + life, every thought of my brain, every impulse of my body, were + in direct antagonism to the will of God. At times physical desire + broke down these barriers, but I practised considerable restraint + physically, though not mentally, and made great efforts to + conquer my aversion from women and extreme devotion for men, + without the slightest success. I was 30, however, before I found + a companion to love me in the way my nature required. I am quite + a healthy person, and capable of working at very high pressure. + Under sexual freedom I have become stronger."</p> + + +<p> <b>HISTORY XXII.—</b>T. J., aged 50; man of letters. Height 5 feet 7 + inches; weight 10 stone, but formerly much less. Belongs to an + entirely normal family, all married and with children.</p> + +<p> "Owing to the fact that my mother suffered from some malady the + whole period of gestation prior to my birth, I came into the + world so puny a child, so ill-nourished, that for some time the + doctors despaired of my life. Till the age of puberty, though + never ill, I suffered greatly from delicate health. I was + abnormally sensitive and all my affections and passions + extraordinarily developed. Owing to my brothers being much older + than myself I was thrown into the society <a name='2_Page_157'></a>of my sister. Till 8 + years old she was my chief playmate. With her I played with dolls + and abandoned myself wholly to the delights of an imaginary land + which was much more real to me than the world around me. I never + remember learning to read, but at 5 the <i>Arabian Nights</i> and + Kingsley's <i>Hereward the Wake</i> were my favorite books. Living in + the country the society of other children was difficult to + obtain. My whole affections centered in my father, my mother + having died when I was a child. This affection for my father was + rather a morbid passion which absorbed my life. I dared not leave + his side for fear of a final separation from him. I would wake + him when asleep to see if he still lived. To this day, though he + died twenty-six years ago, his memory haunts me.</p> + +<p> "My first abnormal desires were connected with him. I had seen + him occasionally micturating in the garden alleys or out in the + country. These occasions excited me terribly, and I would, if + possible, wait till he had gone, and touch the humid leaves, + drawing a terrible pleasure from the contact. Afterward, though + he never suspected it, desire for him became a consuming passion, + and I remember on one occasion, when on a holiday, I occupied the + same bed with him, the excitement of his propinquity brought on + such a formidable attack of heart palpitation that my father + called in the family physician on our return home. Needless to + say my heart was found quite sound. The desire still remains + after all these years, and nothing excites me more even now than + the memory of my father in his morning bath.</p> + +<p> "The whole world for me in my early childhood was peopled with + imaginary beings. While still a young child I would invent + stories and relate them to any listener I could find, one such + story lasting three years. I was an omnivorous reader, but my + favorite reading was poetry. At 7 I could repeat the greater part + of Longfellow's poems; Scott followed; then Milton captivated me + when I was 14; then came Tennyson, Arnold, Swinburne, and Morris. + Later came the Greek and Latin poets. From 7 years on I wrote + verses to my father. Till 8 years I was excessively timid of the + dark and, indeed, of all loneliness. This passed, however, and + developed into an extreme sensitiveness of seeing or meeting + people. Even on a country road I would walk miles out of my way + to avoid meeting the ordinary yokel. At this period my day-dreams + were my favorite occupation. Even to the present day my visions + take up the greater part of my life. Though timid I was not + wanting in courage. At an early age I would fight boys even older + than myself. Later I have risked my life many times in various + parts of Europe. As regards sports, I can do a little of + everything: swimming, riding, fencing, shooting,—a little of + each. Cricket and football I also played passably, but sports + never interested me much.<a name='2_Page_158'></a> Literature became and is the passion + of my life and for some years has remained my sole occupation.</p> + +<p> "At 8 years the sexual inversion began to manifest itself, though + till I had attained 10 years of age I was practically quite + innocent. At 8 years of age, my family removed to another country + and I made the acquaintance of a little boy who attracted me + sexually. We masturbated in company, without any reason except + the pleasure of seeing each other exposed. Then I had connection + with him <i>in anum</i>. This really at that time was an exception to + my ordinary tastes which speedily developed into an intense + desire of <i>fellatio</i> and later on of intercrural pleasures. This + latter perhaps may be accounted for by the visit to our house of + a small boy with whom I slept for about a year. Every night + during this period, I had intercrural connection with him twice + and sometimes three times. Then came a consuming passion for all + young boys and very old men. Boys after 14 or 15 ceased to + attract me, more particularly when the hair of the pubes began to + develop. From 8 to 14, when first I had sexual emissions, I + masturbated at every opportunity. From 14 to 27, always once a + day, generally twice and sometimes three times a day. At 27 I + took rooms and formed acquaintance with the family occupying the + house. The boys, one by one, were allowed to sleep with me and I + conceived an extraordinary passion for one of them, an attachment + which lasted till I finally left England. The attachment was much + more that of a man for his wife and had nothing degrading in it. + I was wretched when away from him, and as he was very attached to + sport of all kinds I suffered 'divers kinds of death' each time + that I imagined his life to be endangered. I can honestly say + that in each of my attachments, and I have had many, the + prevailing sentiment was the delight of protecting a weaker being + than myself. Each person whom I have loved has been perfectly + normal and all are now fathers of families. Each still regards me + with affection and respect in spite of what has passed between + us. All my life I have been possessed with the passion for + paternity, I could almost say maternity. Willingly would I have + suffered the pains of hell could I have borne a son to the person + I loved. That I can honestly say has been the dominant instinct + of my life. In my passion I have never been brutal, nor save + under the influence of wine have I had connection with men over + the age of puberty. In Southern Europe my experiences have been + the same, a predominant passion for a boy exhibiting itself in + every species of protecting care, and though terminating so far + as sexual passion was concerned when the boy reached 15 or 16 + years, yet still lasting and enduring in an honest and unselfish + affection. At the age of 51, I still masturbate once or twice a + week, though I long for some person whom I love to share the + pleasure <a name='2_Page_159'></a>with me. I tried vainly at the age of 27 to bring + myself into line with others. Prostitutes caused me horror, + whether male or female. I attempted the act of coitus four or + five times, twice with women of loose lives and at other times + with married women. Save in one case the attempts were either + abortive or caused me extreme disgust.</p> + +<p> "Practically from the time of puberty I have attracted sexually + not only women but men. Women, oddly enough, though I care + nothing for them sexually, either hate me or adore me, and I have + had five offers of marriage. At the same time up till five years + ago, I was pursued by men and have had the oddest experiences + both in England and abroad. In the early period of this history I + suffered tremendously from the feeling that I was isolated and + unique in the world. I strove against the habit of masturbation + and my perverted tastes with all my might. Scourges, vigils, + burnings, all were of no avail. Deeper reading in the Classics + showed me how common was the taste of sex for the same sex. At 27 + I began to have a settled philosophy. Then as now, I made endless + resolutions to avoid masturbation, though I can see nothing wrong + in the mutual act of two persons drawn together by love. I am and + always have been an extremely religious man, and if I am not + altogether an orthodox Catholic, do my duties and have a high + sense of the supernatural. I suffered much from melancholy from + my earliest years. At 18, though nothing definitely was wrong, a + vague but profound <i>malaise</i> induced me to open the veins of my + arm. I fainted, however, and was promptly succored. At the age of + 35, after a return from abroad, I took an enormous dose of + poison. This time again a singular coincidence saved me, and I + once more came back to life. After this I purposely went abroad + to obtain death and sought it in every possible way. Quite in + vain, as you see. One thing I have never had a fear of, but have + always longed for—Death. I am sure that if we only knew what + joys lay on the other side of death, the whole world would rush + madly to suicide. I have, apart from any perversion of taste, an + honest and genuine passion for children and animals, and I am + never happier than when in their society. Both adore me.</p> + +<p> "My life has not dimmed nor deadened my faculties, for I am + occupied at the present time with very important work and I write + steadily. But my real life is passed in my visions, which take me + into another world quite as real as this sensuous one, and where + I always retreat on all occasions possible. And yet, a strange + paradox—I am a convinced Stoic and almost confine my reading to + Epictetus, Marcus Aurelius, and the 'Imitation.' I am extremely + emotional, fond of the society of women, though I loathe the + sexual side of them, and when I love, though passion is certainly + inextricably mixed, the prevailing <a name='2_Page_160'></a>sentiment is spiritual. I + shall probably end by being a Carthusian or a fakir."</p> + + +<p> <b>HISTORY XXIII.—</b>Englishman, aged 70, of German descent on + father's side. Was first child of his mother, who was 36 at his + birth; a younger brother normal; has no other relatives.</p> + +<p> He was brought up in England, and went to school at the age of + 13. At a very early age, between 6 and 8, was deeply impressed by + the handsome face of a young man, a royal trumpeter on horseback, + seen in a procession. This, and the sight of the naked body of + young men in a rowing-match on the river, caused great commotion, + but not of a definitely sexual character. This was increased by + the sight of a beautiful male model of a young Turk smoking, with + his dress open in front, showing much of the breast and below the + waist. He became familiar with pictures, admired the male figures + of Italian martyrs, and the full, rich forms of the Antinous, and + he read with avidity the <i>Arabian Nights</i> and other Oriental + tales, translations from the classics, Suetonius, Petronius, etc. + He drew naked models in life schools, and delighted in male + ballet-dancers. As a child, he used to perform in private + theatricals; he excelled in female parts, and sang the songs of + Madame Vestris, encouraged in this by his father.</p> + +<p> The sexual organs have never been fully developed, and the + testicles, though large, are of a flabby consistence. He cannot + whistle. He thinks he ought to have been a woman.</p> + +<p> At school he was shy and reserved, and had no particular intimacy + with anyone, although he once desired it. He learned self-abuse + from his younger brother, who had learned it from an older boy. + He has never had erotic dreams. He never touched anyone but his + brother until later when travelling in Italy, and then only his + fellow-traveller. When travelling in Asia Minor he had many + opportunities, but always put them aside from fear, afterward + regretting his fearfulness. He yearned for intimacy with + particular friends, but never dared to express it. He went much + to theaters, and what he saw there incited him to masturbation. + When he was about 30 years of age his reserve, and his fear of + treachery and extortion, were at last overcome by an incident + which occurred late at night at the Royal Exchange, and again in + a dark recess in the gallery of the Olympic Theater when Gustavus + Brooke was performing. From that time the Adelphi Theater, the + Italian Opera, and the open parks at night became his fields of + adventure. He remarks that among people crowding to witness a + fire he found many opportunities. His especial intimates were a + railway clerk and an Italian model. In more recent years he has + chiefly found gratification among footmen and policemen.</p> + +<p> He is exclusively passive; also likes mutual <i>fellatio</i>. He used + <a name='2_Page_161'></a>greatly to admire finely developed forms (conscious of his own + shortcomings), shapely limbs, and delicate brown hair, and always + admired strength and manly vigor. He never took any interest in + boys, and has always been indifferent to women.</p> + + +<p> <b>HISTORY XXIV.—</b>A medical man, English, aged 30. He believes that + his father, who was a magistrate, was very sympathetic toward + men; on several occasions he has sat with him on the bench when + cases of indecent assault were brought up; he discharged three + cases, although there could be little doubt as to their guilt, + and was very lenient to the others.</p> + +<p> From the age of 9 he loved to sleep with his brother, ten years + older, who was in the navy; they slept in different beds, and the + child went to bed early, but he always kept awake to see his + brother undress, as he adored his naked body; and would then get + into his bed. He learned the habit of masturbation from his + brother at the age of 9; at that time there was no sexual orgasm, + but watching it in his brother was a perpetual source of wonder + and pleasure. During his brother's absence at sea the boy longed + for his return and would practice self-abuse with the thought of + his brother's naked body before him. This brother's death was a + source of great grief. At the age of 12 he went to + boarding-school and was constantly falling in love with + good-looking boys. He was always taken into one of the bigger + boys' beds. At this age he was thoroughly able to enjoy the + sexual orgasm with boys. His erotic dreams have always been of + men and especially of boys; he has never dreamed sexually of + women. From the age of 9 to the age of 21, when he left school, + he never gave women a thought sexually, though he always liked + their society. For two years after leaving school he had + connection with women, not because he thought there was sin in + loving his own sex, but because he regarded it as a thing that no + one did after leaving school. During these two years he still + really preferred men and used to admire the figures of soldiers + and sailors. He then paid a visit to London, which may be + described in his own words: "I went to see an old schoolfellow + who was living there. In his room was a young fellow, fair, + extremely good looking, with a good figure and charming manners. + From that moment all my past recollections came back. I could not + get him out of my mind; in fact, I was in love with him. I + pictured him naked before me as a lovely statue; my dreams were + frequent at night, always of him. For a fortnight afterward I + practised masturbation with the picture of his lovely face and + form always before me. We became fast friends, and from that day + women have never entered my thoughts."</p> + +<p> Although up to the present he has no wish or intention to marry, + he believes that he will eventually do so, because it is thought + desirable <a name='2_Page_162'></a>in his profession; but he is quite sure that his love + and affection for men and boys will never lessen.</p> + +<p> In earlier life he preferred men from 20 to 35; now he likes boys + from 16 upward; grooms, for instance, who must be good looking, + well developed, cleanly, and of a lovable, unchanging nature; but + he would prefer gentlemen. He does not care for mere mutual + embracing and reciprocal masturbation; when he really loves a man + he desires <i>pedicatio</i> in which he is himself the passive + subject.</p> + +<p> He has curly hair and moustache, and well-developed sexual + organs. His habits are masculine; he has always enjoyed field + sports, and can swim, ride, drive, and skate. At the same time, + he is devoted to music, can draw and paint, and is an ardent + admirer of male statuary. While fond of practical occupations of + every sort, he dislikes anything that is theoretical.</p> + +<p> He adds: "As a medical man, I fail to see morally any + unhealthiness, or anything that nature should be ashamed of, in + connection with, and sympathy for, men."</p> + + +<p> <b>HISTORY XXV.—</b>A. S. Schoolmaster, aged 46.</p> + +<p> "My father was, I should say, below the average in capacity for + friendship. He liked young girls, and was never interested in + boys. He was a man of strongly Puritanical morality, capable of + condemning with gloomy bitterness. He was also a man capable of + great sacrifice for principle, and mentally very well endowed. My + mother was a clever, practical woman, with wide sympathies. She + was capable of warm friendship, especially toward those younger + than herself. Her father (whom I never saw) was a teacher. He was + devoted to his wife, but also delighted in the company of young + men. He had always some young man on his arm, my mother would + tell me. My mother's family is of Welsh descent. I learned to + read at 5, and I can scarcely have been more than 6 when I used + to read again and again David's lament for Absalom. Even now I + can dimly recall the siren charm for me of that melancholy + refrain, 'O my son Absalom.... O Absalom, my son, my son!' Of + late, when I have thought of the amount of devotion I have shown + to lads, and the amount I have sometimes suffered for them, I + have felt as if there were something almost weirdly prophetic in + that early incident.</p> + +<p> "I was always an impressionable creature. My mother was very + musical, and her singing 'got hold' of me wonderfully. The + dramatic and the poetic always strongly appealed to me.</p> + +<p> "I felt I should like to act; but I never dared. In the same way + I felt that one day I should like to be a schoolmaster, but I + dared not say so. A shy, retiring creature was obviously unfitted + for such occupations. Well, the teaching came about, and the + strange part <a name='2_Page_163'></a>was that the boys were somehow or other attracted + by me, and the 'worst' customers were attracted most. And there + came a chance of acting too. Owing to some difficulties about the + cast in a play at school, I took a part. After that I <i>knew</i> that + (within a certain range) I could act. I spent two holidays with a + dramatic company. I should undoubtedly have remained on the + stage, but for one thing. I don't wish to be sanctimonious, but + dirty and ugly jokes are odious to me. It was this sort of thing + that drove me away. I threw myself into the school work instead.</p> + +<p> "It was partly the dramatic interest, partly a quite genuine + interest in human nature, that led me to do some preaching too. + When I had been badly hurt by one or two youngsters whom I loved, + I thought of going in for pastoral work, but this too was given + up—and very wisely. I should never be able to work comfortably + with any organization. For one thing I have a way of taking on + new ideas, and organizations do not like that. For another, all + social functions are anathema to me.</p> + +<p> "Interest in 'art' as usually understood began to be marked only + after I was 30. It started with architecture and passed on to + painting and sculpture. The tendency to do rather a variety (too + great a variety) of things characterizes many uranians. We are + rather like the labile chemical compounds: our molecules readily + rearrange themselves.</p> + +<p> "As a boy of 10 I had the ordinary sweethearting with a girl of + the same age. The incident is worth perhaps a little further + comment for the following reason: When I was 16 years old the + girl lived with us for a year. She was a nice, pleasant, bright + girl, and she thought a great deal of me. I was strongly + attracted by her. I remember especially one little incident. I + had been showing her how to do some algebra and she was kneeling + at the table by the side of my chair. Her hair was flowing over + her shoulders and she looked rather charming. She expressed warm + admiration of the way I had worked the problem out. I remember + that I deliberately squashed out the feeling of attraction that + came over me. I scarcely know why I did this; but I fancy there + was a vague sense that I did not want my work disturbed. There + was no sexual attraction or, at least, none that was manifest. + The girl, there is no doubt, grew to love me. I am sorry to say + that in two other cases, later, women loved me, and have both + permanently remained unmarried on my account. I sometimes feel + that in a wisely free society I should be able to give both of + these women children. That I believe I could do, and I think it + would be an immense satisfaction to them. A permanent union with + a woman would, however, be impossible to me. A permanent union + with a man would, I believe, be possible. At least I know that + attractions which <a name='2_Page_164'></a>have been at all homosexual in character have + in my case been very lasting.</p> + +<p> "I was strongly attracted when not more than 13 to a lad slightly + older. It was a love story, there is no doubt, but I do not + recollect any outer sexual signs. There were other passing cases, + but in no case was there any warm response till I was 15. I then + made friends with a lad of entirely different type from myself. I + was a reader. I liked long walks and fresh air, but I was too shy + to go in for sports. Indeed I was frightfully shy. He was a great + sportsman and always at home in society. But he asked me to help + him with some work, and we took to working together. I grew + passionately fond of him. His caresses always caused some + erection. Personally, I believe it would have been wiser to have + obtained complete sexual expression. The absence of knowledge led + to two distinctly undesirable results. The first was marked + congestion and pain at times; the second was a tendency to a sort + of modified masochism. There is always, I suppose, some erotic + attraction about the buttocks, and of course also, to boys, they + afford an irresistibly attractive mark for a good smack. I found + that when this lad spanked me it produced some amount of sexual + excitement, and the desire for this form of stimulus grew upon + me. The result, in my case, was bad. It was sensualism, not love. + I can say this with confidence, because in a much later case of + deeply passionate love, I shrank from any such method, but the + mutual, naked embrace I found was for me an absolutely natural + and <i>pure</i> expression of love. I never felt any touch of + grossness in it, and it destroyed the earlier and (for me at + least) less wholesome desire.</p> + +<p> "The school friendship disappeared with the marriage of my + friend. I was furiously jealous, and the young man's mother was + opposed to me, but I still think of that early friendship with + tenderness. I know that my boy friend was the first who made me + capable of self-expression, the first who taught me how to make + friends at all. And if he still cared for me, I know that his + love would be dear to me still.</p> + +<p> "My chief regret, as I look back, is that I did not know about + these things early. I cannot but think that all youngsters should + be spoken to about the love of comrades and encouraged to seek + help in any sort of trouble that this may bring. We homogenic + folk may be but a small percentage of mankind, but our numbers + are still great, and surely the making or marring of our lives + should count for something. At college I fell violently in love + with a friend with whom I did work in science. He loved me too, + though not with such heat. He also was largely uranian, but this + I only realized a year or two back. He remains unmarried, and is + still my friend. We did some research <a name='2_Page_165'></a>work together which is + pretty well known. I am quite sure that the love we had for each + other gave tremendous zest to our work and greatly increased our + powers.</p> + +<p> "While I was working at college I was interested in a lad who was + working as errand boy for a city firm. I helped him to get better + training, and spent money on him. My father was making me some + allowance at the time and demurred. I said I would in future + support myself, and in this way came to take up schoolmastering. + I at once became quite absorbed in my work with the boys. Of + course I loved them. And here I feel I must touch upon what seems + to me a characteristic of most of us uranians. Our genital organs + are with us ordinarily and usually organs of <i>expression</i>. The + clean-minded heterogenic man is apt to look upon such a view of + the genital organs as monstrous; we, on the other hand, are + compelled (at least for ourselves) to regard it as the natural + and pure one. For my own part I had many Puritan + prejudices—prejudices that I retained for many a long and weary + day—but my affection for those of my own sex so often expressed + itself by some sexual stirring, and more or less erection, that I + was <i>obliged</i> to look upon this as inevitable, and in general I + paid no attention to it whatever. It was the older boys' who + sometimes attracted me strongly. My love for them was I know a + genuinely spiritual thing, though inevitably having some physical + expression. I was capable of great devotion to them and sacrifice + for them, and I would certainly rather have died than have + injured them. The boys got on well with me. I was never weak with + them, and I was able to allow all kinds of familiarities without + any loss of respect. The older boys usually, out of class, called + me by my Christian name, and I remember one writing to ask me + whether he might do so, as it made him feel 'nearer' to me. A few + of the lads I of course loved with special devotion. They kissed + me and loved to have me embrace them. One of these was, I now + know, pure uranian, and there was in his case certainly some + sexual response, but though I often slept with him, when he was a + lad of 17 and 18, there was never any idea in our minds of any + sexual act. We are still warm friends, and always kiss when we + meet. Looking back upon those days, I feel that I was a little + inclined to pass on from one love to another, but each was a + genuine devotion, and involved real hard work on the lad's + behalf. And I know that where the lad stuck to me into manhood a + real tenderness and love remain still.</p> + +<p> "While teaching I made the acquaintance of a non-conformist + minister, who, though happily married, had certainly some + homogenic tendencies. He was most devoted to boys and helped me + with regard to some difficult cases. It was the difficult cases + that always attracted <a name='2_Page_166'></a>me. I had to punish these lads and my + friend recommended spanking with the hand on the bare buttocks. I + mention that I adopted this method, because it might have been + thought specially dangerous to me. It certainly never produced in + me the remotest suggestion of any sexual act, though it did + sometimes produce a slight amount of sexual excitement. I + disregarded this, or put it out of my mind, as I found the method + most efficacious. It was capable of great variation of intensity, + and the boys were always ready to joke about it. I never came + across a case where any sexual excitement was produced by it. The + boys whom I had to be most 'down' on almost always, however, grew + fonder of me. There may be a slight and normal masochistic + tendency in most boys, and <i>perhaps</i> the erogenic character of + the buttocks has something to do with the development of + affection. If so, I am inclined to regard it as normal and useful + rather than otherwise, for in my experience no undesirable result + was ever produced. But then, of course, there was no playing with + the business; that might, I am sure, in some cases be decidedly + injurious.</p> + +<p> "One experience of my schoolmastering days is, I think, important + in its bearing upon general sexual psychology. I always noticed + that during the term I was specially free from 'wet dreams.' What + is noteworthy is this: During term there was never anything more + than a very partial sexual expression of any feeling of mine, + such expression indeed as was wholly inevitable. There was + therefore no actual loss of semen, and it seems clear that the + 'wet dreams' were not due to mere physical pressure. The psychic + satisfaction of love in this case made the complete physical + expression less urgent. But it was a love of a distinctly tender + kind that was needed to keep the physical from obtruding. Of that + further experience has made me sure. I am, moreover, now + convinced that a <i>mutual</i> uranian love will reach its best + results, both spiritual and physical, where there is complete + sexual expression.</p> + +<p> "Of the character of the sexual dreams I have had, there is not + much to be said. During the period of masochistic tendency, they + were masochistic in character; otherwise they have been dreams + simply of the naked embrace. Usually there has been a + considerable element of ideal love in the dream. I have not more + than three times at most dreamed of intercourse with one of the + opposite sex. There was only in one case anything that I could + call actual emotion in such a dream. The other dreams have often + (not always) been dreams of real yearning, and not at all what I + should call merely sensual.</p> + +<p> "In the course of time I wanted more freedom to do things in my + own way than could be obtained in a public school. I started a + school of my own. The work was for a good many years very happy.<a name='2_Page_167'></a> + I loved the boys, and they loved me. I was active, ardent, and + they made a chum of me. But people got into the way of sending me + awkward customers. I poured out my love on these, I used myself + up for them. Unfortunately (though I was never 'orthodox') my + Puritanical morality was still strong within me, my views of + human psychology were too limited, and I imposed them on the + boys. Some were very devoted; but, as years went by and the + proportion of <i>mauvais sujets</i> increased, there tended to be a + split in the small camp and one or two boys whom I loved deceived + me terribly. To a man of my temperament this was heart-rending + and from then the work was doomed. Troubles at school went along + with troubles at home, and these things contributed to center my + affection upon a lad who was with me, and who had given me much + trouble. For some reason or other I went on believing that he + would get right. Deceit was his great difficulty. He was + certainly partly homosexual himself. Looking back I can see that + with a wider and more charitable knowledge I could have dealt + more wisely and helpfully with certain homosexual episodes of + his. I am convinced now that mere sweeping condemnation of the + physical is not the wholesome way of help. However, to cut the + story short, all seemed at last to go well, and the lad was + growing into a young man. Our love deepened, and we always slept + together, but quite ascetically. Later, when quite in his young + manhood he had left school, there was, unfortunately, + misunderstandings with his parents, who forbad him to sleep with + me. What followed is of some importance. Up till then, though + certainly his affection seemed ardent, I had observed no sexual + signs on his part. I had been quite frank with him as to mine. He + was then 19, and I thought old enough to have things explained to + him. Sleeping with him I had found peaceful and helpful, and more + than once he told me that it greatly helped him. But <i>after we + were forbidden to sleep together</i>, I found the passion in me more + difficult to control, and it suddenly leaped out in him. We were + still, however, rather ascetic, though we used to kiss each + other, and we used to embrace naked. This produced emission not + infrequently with me, but only once with him, though always + powerful erection. I would not allow any friction. Perhaps this + was a mistake. A more complete expression might have helped him.</p> + +<p> "All my life I had been hungry for a complete response, and at + one time the lad thought he could give it. He was then nearing + 20. 'I have never been so happy in my life,' he said. It was a + blow to me when I found he had mistaken his own feelings, but I + was quite ready to accept what love he could give. I also never + dreamed of any sort of insistence on sexual expression. With such + love as he could give I was quite ready to make myself content. + 'The true measure of love,' wrote a <a name='2_Page_168'></a>uranian schoolmaster to me + once, 'is self-sacrifice'; not 'What will you give?' but 'What + will you give up?' Not 'What will you do for him?' but 'What will + you forego for his sake?' I quote this gladly, for the + conventional English moralists regard an invert as a kind of + deformed beast. I can only say that I tried to realize the ideal + which these words express. No 'moralist' would have helped me one + whit. The parents, also, separated us. They have done much harm + by their mistake. How difficult it is for parents to allow + freedom to their children! Their ideal is successful constraint, + not free self-discovery. But in spite of them, and in spite of + the separation, I know that my friend and I have helped each + other.</p> + +<p> "There is one fear parents have which I believe is unwarranted. + As far as I have seen, I do not conclude that the early + expression of homosexual love prevents heterosexual love from + developing later. Where this love is a part of the individual's + inborn nature, it will show itself. I do, however, believe that a + noble homogenic love in early life will sometimes help a lad to + avoid a low standard of heterogenic attachment. The Greeks did + well, at their best time, in cultivating and ennobling the + homogenic love. Amongst us, as can be understood by all who know + the working of society taboos, it is the baser forms that are + unhindered, the noblest forms that are debased.</p> + +<p> "We urnings are, I think, dependent upon individual love. Many of + us, I know, need to work for an individual to do our best. Is + this the outcome of the woman in the uranian temperament? And the + tragedy of our fate is that we whose souls vibrate only to the + touch of the hand of Eros are faced with the fiercest taboo of + all that can give our lives meaning. The other taboos have been + given up one by one. Will not this, the last of the taboos, soon + vanish? I have known lives darkened by it, weakened by it, + crushed out by it. How long are the western moralists to maim and + brand and persecute where they do not understand?" </p></div> + +<p>The next case belongs to a totally different class from all the preceding +histories. These—all British or American—were obtained privately; they +are not the inmates of prisons or of asylums, and in most cases they have +never consulted a physician concerning their abnormal instincts. They pass +through life as ordinary, sometimes as honored, members of society. The +following case, which happens to be that of an American, is acquainted +with both the prison and the lunatic asylum. There are several points of +interest in his history, and he illustrates the <a name='2_Page_169'></a>way in which sexual +inversion can become a matter of medico-legal importance. I think, +however, that I am justified in believing that the proportion of sexually +inverted persons who reach the police-court or the lunatic asylum is not +much larger in proportion to the number of sexually inverted persons among +us than it is among my cases. For the documents on which I have founded +the history of Guy Olmstead I am indebted to the kindness of Dr. Talbot, +of Chicago, well known from his studies of abnormalities of the jaws and +face, so often associated with nervous and mental abnormality. He knew the +man who addressed to him the letters from which I here quote:—</p> + + +<div class='blkquot'><p><b>HISTORY XXVI.—</b>On the twenty-eighth of March, 1894, at noon, in + the open street in Chicago, Guy T. Olmstead fired a revolver at a + letter-carrier named William L. Clifford. He came up from behind, + and deliberately fired four shots, the first entering Clifford's + loins, the other three penetrating the back of his head, so that + the man fell and was supposed to be fatally wounded. Olmstead + made little attempt to escape, as a crowd rushed up with the + usual cry of "Lynch him!" but waved his revolver, exclaiming: + "I'll never be taken alive!" and when a police-officer disarmed + him: "Don't take my gun; let me finish what I have to do." This + was evidently an allusion, as will be seen later on, to an + intention to destroy himself. He eagerly entered the prison-van, + however, to escape the threatening mob.</p> + +<p> Olmstead, who was 30 years of age, was born near Danville, Ill., + in which city he lived for many years. Both parents were born in + Illinois. His father, some twenty years ago, shot and nearly + killed a wealthy coal operator, induced to commit the crime, it + is said, by a secret organization of a hundred prominent citizens + to whom the victim had made himself obnoxious by bringing suits + against them for trivial causes. The victim became insane, but + the criminal was never punished, and died a few years later at + the age of 44. This man had another son who was considered + peculiar.</p> + +<p> Guy Olmstead began to show signs of sexual perversity at the age + of 12. He was seduced (we are led to believe) by a man who + occupied the same bedroom. Olmstead's early history is not clear + from the data to hand. It appears that he began his career as a + schoolteacher in Connecticut, and that he there married the + daughter of a prosperous farmer; but shortly after he "fell in + love" with her male cousin, whom he describes as a very handsome + young man. This led to a separation from his wife, and he went + West.</p><a name='2_Page_170'></a> + +<p> He was never considered perfectly sane, and from October, 1886, + to May, 1889 he was in the Kankakee Insane Asylum. His illness + was reported as of three years' duration, and caused by general + ill-health; heredity doubtful, habits good, occupation that of a + schoolteacher. His condition was diagnosed as paranoia. On + admission he was irritable, alternately excited and depressed. He + returned home in good condition.</p> + +<p> At this period, and again when examined later, Olmstead's + physical condition is described as, on the whole, normal and + fairly good. Height, 5 feet 8 inches; weight, 159 pounds. Special + senses normal; genitals abnormally small, with rudimentary penis. + His head is asymmetrical, and is full at the occiput, slightly + sunken at the bregma, and the forehead is low. His cephalic index + is 78. The hair is sandy, and normal in amount over head, face, + and body. His eyes are gray, small, and deeply set; the zygomæ + are normal. The nose is large and very thin. There is arrested + development of upper jaw. The ears are excessively developed and + malformed. The face is very much lined, the nasolabial fissure is + deeply cut, and there are well-marked horizontal wrinkles on the + forehead, so that he looks at least ten years older than his + actual age. The upper jaw is of partial V-shape, the lower well + developed. The teeth and their tubercles and the alveolar process + are normal. The breasts are full. The body is generally well + developed; the hands and feet are large.</p> + +<p> Olmstead's history is defective for some years after he left + Kankakee. In October, 1892, we hear of him as a letter-carrier in + Chicago. During the following summer he developed a passion for + William Clifford, a fellow letter-carrier about his own age, also + previously a schoolteacher, and regarded as one of the most + reliable and efficient men in the service. For a time Clifford + seems to have shared this passion, or to have submitted to it, + but he quickly ended the relationship and urged his friend to + undergo medical treatment, offering to pay the expenses himself. + Olmstead continued to write letters of the most passionate + description to Clifford, and followed him about constantly until + the latter's life was made miserable. In December, 1893, Clifford + placed the letters in the postmaster's hands, and Olmstead was + requested to resign at once. Olmstead complained to the Civil + Service Commission at Washington that he had been dismissed + without cause, and also applied for reinstatement, but without + success.</p> + +<p> In the meanwhile, apparently on the advice of friends, he went + into hospital, and in the middle of February, 1894, his testicles + were removed. No report from the hospital is to hand. The effect + of removing the testicles was far from beneficial, and he began + to suffer from hysterical melancholia. A little later he went + into hospital again.<a name='2_Page_171'></a> On March 19th he wrote to Dr. Talbot from + the Mercy Hospital, Chicago: "I returned to Chicago last + Wednesday night, but felt so miserable I concluded to enter a + hospital again, and so came to Mercy, which is very good as + hospitals go. But I might as well go to Hades as far as any hope + of my getting well is concerned. I am utterly incorrigible, + utterly incurable, and utterly impossible. At home I thought for + a time that I was cured, but I was mistaken, and after seeing + Clifford last Thursday I have grown worse than ever so far as my + passion for him is concerned. Heaven, only knows how hard I have + tried to make a decent creature out of myself, but my vileness is + uncontrollable, and I might as well give up and die. I wonder if + the doctors knew that after emasculation it was possible for a + man to have erections, commit masturbation, and have the same + passion as before. I am ashamed of myself; I hate myself; but I + can't help it. I have friends among nice people, play the piano, + love music, books, and everything that is beautiful and + elevating; yet they can't elevate me, because this load of inborn + vileness drags me down and prevents my perfect enjoyment of + anything. Doctors are the only ones who understand and know my + helplessness before this monster. I think and work till my brain + whirls, and I can scarce refrain from crying out my troubles." + This letter was written a few days before the crime was + committed.</p> + +<p> When conveyed to the police station Olmstead completely broke + down and wept bitterly, crying: "Oh! Will, Will, come to me! Why + don't you kill me and let me go to him!" (At this time he + supposed he had killed Clifford.) A letter was found on him, as + follows: "Mercy, March 27th. To Him Who Cares to Read: Fearing + that my motives in killing Clifford and myself may be + misunderstood, I write this to explain the cause of this homicide + and suicide. Last summer Clifford and I began a friendship which + developed into love." He then recited the details of the + friendship, and continued: "After playing a Liszt rhapsody for + Clifford over and over, he said that when our time to die came he + hoped we would die together, listening to such glorious music as + that. Our time has now come to die, but death will not be + accompanied by music. Clifford's love has, alas! turned to deadly + hatred. For some reason Clifford suddenly ended our relations and + friendship." In his cell he behaved in a wildly excited manner, + and made several attempts at suicide; so that he had to be + closely watched. A few weeks later he wrote to Dr. Talbot: "Cook + County Gaol, April 23. I feel as though I had neglected you in + not writing you in all this time, though you may not care to hear + from me, as I have never done anything but trespass on your + kindness. But please do me the justice of thinking that I never + expected all this trouble, as<a name='2_Page_172'></a> I thought Will and I would be in + our graves and at peace long before this. But my plans failed + miserably. Poor Will was not dead, and I was grabbed before I + could shoot myself. I think Will really shot himself, and I feel + certain others will think so, too, when the whole story comes out + in court. I can't understand the surprise and indignation my act + seemed to engender, as it was perfectly right and natural that + Will and I should die together, and nobody else's business. Do + you know I believe that poor boy will yet kill himself, for last + November when I in my grief and anger told his relations about + our marriage he was so frightened, hurt, and angry that he wanted + us both; to kill ourselves. I acquiesced gladly in this proposal + to commit suicide, but he backed out in a day or two. I am glad + now that Will is alive, and am glad that I am alive, even with + the prospect of years of imprisonment before me, but which I will + cheerfully endure for his sake. And yet for the last ten months + his influence has so completely controlled me, both body and + soul, that if I have done right he should have the credit for my + good deeds, and if I have done wrong he should be blamed for the + mischief, as I have not been myself at all, but a part of him, + and happy to merge my individuality into his."</p> + +<p> Olmstead was tried privately in July. No new points were brought + out. He was sentenced to the Criminal Insane Asylum. Shortly + afterward, while still in the prison at Chicago, he wrote to Dr. + Talbot: "As you have been interested in my case from a scientific + point of view, there is a little something more I might tell you + about myself, but which I have withheld, because I was ashamed to + admit certain facts and features of my deplorable weakness. Among + the few sexual perverts I have known I have noticed that all are + in the habit of often closing the mouth with the lower lip + protruding beyond the upper. [Usually due to arrested development + of upper jaw.] I noticed the peculiarity in Mr. Clifford before + we became intimate, and I have often caught myself at the trick. + Before that operation my testicles would swell and become sore + and hurt me, and have seemed to do so since, just as a man will + sometimes complain that his amputated leg hurts him. Then, too, + my breasts would swell, and about the nipples would become hard + and sore and red. Since the operation there has never been a day + that I have been free from sharp, shooting pains down the abdomen + to the scrotum, being worse at the base of the penis. Now that my + fate is decided, I will say that really my passion for Mr. + Clifford is on the wane, but I don't know whether the improvement + is permanent or not. I have absolutely no passion for other men, + and have begun to hope now that I can yet outlive my desire for + Clifford, or at least control it. I have not yet told of this + improvement in my condition, because I wished people to still + think I was insane, so that<a name='2_Page_173'></a> I would be sure to escape being sent + to the penitentiary. I know I was insane at the time I tried to + kill both Clifford and myself, and feel that I don't deserve such + a dreadful punishment as being sent to a State prison. However, I + think it was that operation and my subsequent illness that caused + my insanity rather than passion for Clifford. I should very much + like to know if you really consider sexual perversion an + insanity."</p> + +<p> When discharged from the Criminal Insane Asylum, Olmstead + returned to Chicago and demanded his testicles from the City + Postmaster, whom he accused of being in a systematized conspiracy + against him. He asserted that the postmaster was one of the chief + agents in a plot against him, dating from before the castration. + He was then sent to the Cook Insane Hospital. It seems probable + that a condition of paranoia is now firmly established. </p></div> + +<p>The following cases are all bisexual, attraction being felt toward both +sexes, usually in predominant degree toward the male:—</p> + +<div class='blkquot'><p><b>HISTORY XXVII.—</b>H. C., American, aged 28, of independent means, + unmarried, the elder of two children. His history may best be + given in his own words:—</p> + +<p> "I am on both sides distantly of English ancestry, the first + colonists of my name having come to New England in 1630. Both my + mother's and my father's families have been prolific in soldiers + and statesmen; my mother's contributed one president to the + United States. So far as I am aware, none of my antecedents have + betrayed mental vagaries, except a maternal uncle, who, from + overstudy, became for a year insane.</p> + +<p> "I am a graduate of two universities with degrees in arts and + medicine. After a year as physician in a hospital, I relinquished + medicine altogether, to follow literature, a predilection since + early boyhood.</p> + +<p> "I awoke to sexual feeling at the age of 7, when, at a small + private school, glimpsing bare thighs above the stockings of girl + schoolmates, I dimly exulted. This fetishism, as it grew more + definite, centered at last upon the thighs and then the whole + person of one girl in particular. My first sexually tinged dream + was of her—that while she stood near I impinged my penis upon a + red-hot anvil and then, in beatific self-immolation, exhibited + the charred stump to her wondering, round eyes. This love, + however, abated at the coming of a new girl to the school, who, + not more beautiful, but more buxom, made stronger appeal to my + nascent sexuality. One afternoon, in the loft of her <a name='2_Page_174'></a>father's + stable, she induced me to disrobe, herself setting the example. + The erection our mutual handlings produced on me was without + conscious impulse; I felt only a childish curiosity on beholding + our genital difference. But the episode started extravagant + whimsies, one of which persistently obsessed me: with these + obviously compensatory differences, why might not the girl and I + effect some sort of copulation? This fantasy, drawn exclusively + from that unique experience, charmed with its grotesqueness only, + for at that time my sense of sex was but inchoate and my + knowledge of it was nothing. The bizarre conceit, submitted to + the equally ignorant girl and approved, was borne to the paternal + hay-loft and there, with much bungling, brought to surprising and + pleasurable consummation.</p> + +<p> "In the four ensuing years I repeated the act not seldom with + this girl and with others.</p> + +<p> "When I was 11 my sister and I were taken by our parents to + Europe, where we remained six years, attending school each winter + in a different city and, during the summer, travelling in various + countries.</p> + +<p> "Abroad my lust was glutted to the full: the amenable + girl-playmate was ubiquitous, whom I plied with ardor at Swiss + hotels, German watering-places, French pensions,—where not? + Toward puberty I first repaired at times to prostitutes.</p> + +<p> "Masturbation, excepting a few experiments, I never resorted to. + Few of my schoolmates avowedly practised it.</p> + +<p> "Of homosexuality my sole hearing was through the classics, + where, with no long pondering, I opined it merely our modern + comradery, poetically aggrandized, masquerading in antique + habiliments and phraseology. It never came home to me; it attuned + to no tone in the scale of my sympathies; I possessed no + touchstone for transmitting the recitals of those ambiguous + amours into fiery messages. The relation to my own sex was, + intellectually, an occasional friendship devoid of strong + affection; physically, a mild antagonism, the naked body of a man + was slightly repellant. Statues of women evoked both carnal and + esthetic response; of men, no emotions whatever, save a deepening + of that native antipathy. Similarly in paintings, in literature, + the drama, the men served but as foils for the delicious maidens, + who visited my aërial seraglios and lapped me in roseate + dreamings.</p> + +<p> "In my eighteenth year we returned to America, where I entered + the university.</p> + +<p> "The course of my love of women was now a little erratic; normal + connection began to lose fascination. As long ago I had + formulated untutored the <i>rationale</i> of coitus, so now + imagination, groping in the dark, conceived a fresh fillip for + the appetite—<i>cunnilinctus</i>. But this, <a name='2_Page_175'></a>though for a while quite + adequate, soon ceased to gratify. At this juncture, Christmas of + my first college year, I was appointed editor of a small + magazine, an early stricture of whose new conduct was paucity of + love stories. Such improvident neglect was in keeping with my + altering view of women, a view accorded to me by self-dissipation + of the glamour through which they had been wont to appear. I had + wandered somehow behind the scenes, and beheld, no footlights of + sex intervening, the once so radiant fairies resolved into a + raddled humanity, as likable as ever, but desirable no longer.</p> + +<p> "Soon after this the Oscar Wilde case was bruiting about. The + newspaper accounts of it, while illuminating, flashed upon me no + light of self-revelation; they only amended some idle conjectures + as to certain mystic vices I had heard whispered of. Here and + there a newspaper allusion still too recondite was painstakingly + clarified by an effeminate fellow-student, who, I fancy now, + would have shown no reluctance had I begged him to adduce + practical illustration. I purchased, too, photographs of Oscar + Wilde, scrutinizing them under the unctuous auspices of this same + emasculate and blandiloquent mentor. If my interest in Oscar + Wilde arose from any other emotion than the rather morbid + curiosity then almost universal, I was not conscious of it.</p> + +<p> "Erotic dreams, precluded hitherto by coition, came now to beset + me. The persons of these dreams were (and still are) invariably + women, with this one remembered exception: I dreamed that Oscar + Wilde, one of my photographs of him incarnate, approached me with + a buffoon languishment and perpetrated <i>fellatio</i>, an act + verbally expounded shortly before by my oracle. For a month or + more, recalling this dream disgusted me.</p> + +<p> "The few subsequent endeavors, tentative and half-hearted, to + repristinate my venery were foredoomed, partly because I had + feared they were, to failure: erection was incomplete, + ejaculation without pleasure.</p> + +<p> "There seemed a fallacy in this behavior. Why coitus without + sensual desire for it? No sense of duty impelled me, nor dread of + sexual aberration. The explanation is this: attraction to females + was not expunged, simply sublimed; my imagination, no longer + importing women from observation, created its own delectable + sirens, grown exacting and transcendental, petitioned reality in + vain. Substance had receded for good now, and soon even these + tormenting shadows of it became ever dimmer and dimmer, until + they too at length faded into nothingness.</p> + +<p> "The antipodes of the sexual sphere turned more and more toward + the light of my tolerance. Inversion, till now stained with a + slight repugnance, became esthetically colorless at last, and + then <a name='2_Page_176'></a>delicately retinted, at first solely with pity for its + victims, but finally, the color deepening, with half-conscious + inclination to attach it to myself as a remote contingency. This + revolution, however, was not without external impetus. The + prejudiced tone of a book I was reading, Krafft-Ebing's + <i>Psychopathia Sexualis</i>, by prompting resentment, led me on to + sympathy. My championing, purely abstract though it was to begin + with, none the less involved my looking at things with eyes + hypothetically inverted,—an orientation for the sake of + argument. After a while, insensibly and at no one moment, + hypothesis merged into reality: I myself was inverted. That + occasional and fictitious inversion had never, I believe, + superposed this true inversion; rather a true inversion, those + many years dormant, had simply responded finally to a stimulus + strong and prolonged enough, as a man awakens when he is loudly + called.</p> + +<p> "In presenting myself thus sexually transformed, I do not aver + having had at the outset any definitive inclination. The instinct + so freshly evolved remained for a while obscure. Its primary + expression was a feebly sensuous interest in the physical + character of boys—in their feminine resemblances especially. To + this interest I opposed no discountenance; for wantonness with + women under many and diverse conditions having long ago medicined + my sexual conscience to lethargy, no access of reasons came to me + now for its refreshment. On the other hand, intellectual delight + in the promises of the new world, as well as sensuality, conduced + to its deliberate exploration. Still, for a year, the yearning + settled with true lust upon no object more concrete than youths + whose only habitation was my fancy.</p> + +<p> "A young surgeon, having read my copy of <i>Psychopathia Sexualis</i>, + fell one evening to discussing inverts with such relish that I + inquired ingenuously if he himself was one. He colored, whether + confirmatively or otherwise I could not guess, in spite of his + vehement no. Presently he very subtly recanted his denial. But to + his counter-question I maintained my own no, lest he propose some + sexual act, a point the esthetics of my developing inversion + would not yet concede, the boys of my imagination being still + predominant.</p> + +<p> "One evening, soon after this, he convoyed me to several of the + café's where inverts are accustomed to foregather. These trysting + places were much alike: a long hall, with sparse orchestra at one + end, marble-topped tables lining the walls, leaving the floor + free for dancing. Round the tables sat boys and youths, Adonises + both by art and nature, ready for a drink or a chat with the + chance Samaritan, and shyly importunate for the pleasures for + which, upstairs, were small rooms to let. One of the boys, + supported by the orchestra, sang the 'Jewel Song' out of + '<i>Faust</i>.' His voice had the limpid, treble purity <a name='2_Page_177'></a>of a + clarinet, and his face the beauty of an angel. The song + concluded, we invited him to our table, where he sat sipping neat + brandy, as he mockingly encountered my book-begotten queries. The + boy-prostitutes gracing these halls, he apprised us, bore + fanciful names, some of well-known actresses, others of heroes in + fiction, his own being Dorian Gray. Rivals, he complained, had + assumed the same appellation, but he was the original Dorian; the + others were jealous impostors. His curly hair was golden; his + cheeks were pink; his lips, coral red, parted incessantly to + reveal the glistening pearliness of his teeth. Yet, though + deeming him the beautifulest youth in the world, I experienced no + sexual interest either in him or in the other boys, who indeed + were all beautiful—beauty was their chief asset. Dorian, + further, dilated on the splendor of his female attire, satin + corsets, low-cut evening gowns, etc., donned on gala nights to + display his gleaming shoulders and dimpled, plump, white arms. + Thus arrayed, he bantered, he would bewitch even me, now so + impassive, until I should throw myself, in tears of happiness, + into his loving embrace.</p> + +<p> "My first venture upon <i>fellatio</i> was a month later, with the + young surgeon. I confessed the whim to try it, and he acceded. + Though this nauseous and fatiguing act, very imperfectly + performed, was prompted mostly by curiosity, there arose soon a + passional hankering for repetition. In short, appetence for + <i>fellatio</i> grew slowly from the night of that mawkish fiasco and + waxed eventually into a sovereign want.</p> + +<p> "Perhaps miscarriage of that initiatory experiment was due to + precipitance, incubation of my perverse instinct being not yet + complete. A hiatus of a month now supervened, in which, while + further <i>fellatio</i> was not attempted, my mind came always nearer + to a reconcilement with the grossness of the act, and began to + discover for its creatures some correlation in pretty boys beheld + in the flesh. One evening, in Broadway, I conceived suddenly a + full-fledged desire for a youth issuing from an hotel as I + passed. Our glances met and dwelled together. At a shop-window he + first accosted me. He was an invert. With him, in his room at the + hotel whence I had seen him emerge, I passed an apocalyptic + night. Thereafter commerce with boys only in the spirit ceased to + be an end; the images were carnalized, stepped from their + framework into the streets. That boy, that god out of the + machine, I see him clearly: his brown, curling hair; his eyes + blue as the sea; his chest both arched and so plump, his rounded + arms, his taper waist, the graceful swell of his hips and full, + snowy thighs; I recall as of yesterday the dimples in his knees, + the slenderness of his ankles, the softness of his little feet, + with insteps pink like the inside of a shell. How I gloated over + his ample roundness, his rich undulations!</p><a name='2_Page_178'></a> + +<p> "In the last eight years I have performed <i>fellatio</i> (never + <i>pedicatio</i>) with more than three hundred men and boys. My + preference is for boys between 15 and 20, refined, pretty, + girlish, and themselves homosexual.</p> + +<p> "Personally, barring this love for males, I am in all ways + masculine, given to outdoor sports, and to smoking and drinking + moderately. In appearance I am but a boy of 18. My face and + figure are generally considered beautiful: I am clean-shaved, + with black, curling hair, red cheeks and brown eyes; features + delicate and regular; body, of medium height, everywhere + practically hairless. By years of training I have attained alike + great strength and classic proportions, the muscular contours + smoothly rounded with adipose tissue. My hands and feet are + small. My penis, though perfectly shaped, is rather + enormous—erect, ten and a half inches in length, seven and a + quarter inches in circumference.</p> + +<p> "Some abetment of my apostasy from orthodox methods was, no + doubt, this hypertrophy of the penis, which already in my + twentieth year had acquired its present redundance, rendering + coitus impracticable with most women I essayed and painful where + insertion was effected. Since falling heir to inversion, a unique + recurrence of normal desire, six years ago, persuaded me to + attempt coitus with eleven or twelve prostitutes, and, strangely + enough, with much of the old-time salacity and full erection, + but, as it chanced, always with too great disparity of parts for + success."</p> + +<p> A certain preciosity in the manner of this communication may be + put down partly to the nature of the literary avocations with + which the writer is by preference occupied, and partly, no doubt + more fundamentally, to the special character of his predominantly + esthetic temperament and attraction to the exotic. An attraction + for exotic experiences will not, however, suffice to account for + the rather late development of homosexual tendencies, a late + development which may be held to place this case in the retarded + group of inverts. H. C. has himself pointed out to me that his + aversion to women, beginning to appear in the eighteenth year, + was already well pronounced before he had ever heard definitely + of specific homosexual acts, and fully a year before he + experienced the slightest sexual interest in men or boys. + Moreover, while it is true that the actual tendency to homosexual + attraction only appeared after he had read Krafft-Ebing and come + in contact with inverts, such influences would not suffice to + change the sexual nature of a normally constituted man.</p> + +<p> It may be added that H. C. is not attracted to normal males. As + regards his moral attitude he remarks: "I have no scruples in the + indulgence of my passion. I perceive the moral objections + advanced, <a name='2_Page_179'></a>but how speculative they are, and constructive; while, + immediately, inversion is the source of so much good." He looks + upon the whole sexual question as largely a matter of taste. </p></div> + +<p>I regard the foregoing case as of considerable interest. It presents what +is commonly supposed to be a very common type of inversion, Oscar Wilde +being the supreme exemplar, in which a heterosexual person apparently +becomes homosexual by the exercise of intellectual curiosity and esthetic +interest. In reality the type is far from common; indeed, an intellectual +curiosity and an esthetic interest, strong enough even apparently to +direct the sexual impulse in any new channel, are themselves far from +common. Moreover, a critical reading of this history suggests that the +apparent control over the sexual impulse by reason is merely a superficial +phenomenon. Here, as ever, reason is but a tool in the hands of the +passions. The apparent causes are really the results; we are witnessing +the gradual emergence of a retarded homosexual impulse.</p> + + +<div class='blkquot'><p><b>HISTORY XXVIII.—</b>English, aged 40, surgeon. Sexual experiences + began early, about the age of 10, when a companion induced him to + play at intercourse with their sisters. He experienced no + pleasure. A little later a servant-girl began to treat him + affectionately and at last called him into her bedroom when she + was partially undressed, fondled and kissed his member, and + taught him to masturbate her. On subsequent occasions she + attempted a simulation of intercourse, which gave her + satisfaction, but failed to induce emission in him. On returning + to school mutual masturbation was practised with schoolfellows, + and the first emission took place at the age of 14.</p> + +<p> On leaving school he became a slave to the charms of women, and + had frequent coitus about the age of 17, but he preferred + masturbating girls and especially in persuading girls of good + position, to whom the experience was entirely novel, to allow him + to take liberties with them. At 25 he became engaged, and mutual + masturbation was practised to excess during the engagement; after + marriage connection generally took place twice every twenty-four + hours until pregnancy.</p> + +<p> "At this time," he writes, "I stayed at the house of an old + school-fellow, due of my lovers of old days. There were so many + guests that I shared my friend's bedroom. The sight of his body + gave rise to lustful feelings, and when the light was out I stole + across to his bed. He made no objection, and we passed the night + in mutual masturbation.<a name='2_Page_180'></a> We passed the next fortnight together, + and I never took the same pleasure in coitus with my wife, though + I did my duty. She died five years later, and I devoted myself + heart and soul to my friend until his death by accident last + year. Since then I have lost all interest in life."</p> + +<p> I am indebted for this case to a well-known English alienist, who + remarks that the patient is fairly healthy to look at, but with + neurasthenia and tendency to melancholia, and neurotic + temperament. The body is masculine and pubic hair abundant. One + testicle shows wasting.</p> + + +<p> <b>HISTORIES XXIX AND XXX.—</b>I give the following narrative in the + words of an intimate friend of one of the cases in question: "My + attention was first drawn to the study of inversion—though I + then regarded all forms of it as depraving and abominable—at a + public school, where in our dormitory a boy of 15 initiated his + select friends into the secrets of mutual masturbation, which he + had learned from his brother, a midshipman. I gave no heed to + this at the time, though I remembered it in after-years when + immersed in Plato, Lucretius, and the Epicurean writers. But my + attention was riveted to it at the age of 20, when I spent a + holiday with A., a companion with whom I was, and still am, on + terms of great friendship. We enjoyed many things in common, + studied together and discussed most unconventional matters, but + not this. Previously we had always occupied separate sleeping + apartments; on this occasion we were abroad in a country place, + and were compelled to put up with what we could get. We not only + had to share a room, but a bed. I was not surprised at his + throwing his arm over me, as I knew he was extraordinarily + attached to me, and I had always felt a brute for not returning + his affection so warmly. But I was surprised when later I awoke + to find him occupied in <i>fellatio</i> and endeavoring to obtain my + response. Had it been anyone else I should have resented strongly + such a liberty, and our acquaintance would have ended, but I + cared for him too well, though never very demonstrative. This + episode led to discussion of the topic. He told me that his + sexual strength was great, that he had tested it in many ways, + and that it was essential to his well-being that he should have + satisfaction in some way. He loathed prostitution and considered + it degrading; he felt physically attracted to some women and + intellectually to others, but the two elements were never + combined, and though he had been intimate with a few he felt that + it was not right to them, as he could not marry them because he + held too high an ideal of marriage. He had always felt attracted + to his own sex, and had kept up a Platonic friendship with a + college chum, X (to whom I knew he was passionately attached), + for some years. Both considered it perfectly moral, and both, + felt better for it. Both abhor <i>pedicatio</i>. X., however, <a name='2_Page_181'></a>would + never discuss the subject, and seemed half-ashamed of it. A., on + the other hand, though showing a great self-respect in all things + else, feels no shame, though he says he would never discuss it + except with close friends or if asked for private advice.</p> + +<p> "A. is the elder child of a military officer. His parents were 21 + and 19, respectively, at the time of his birth. Both parents are + healthy, and the two children (both boys) have good + constitutions, though the elder has the better. He is of medium + height and slender limbs, proud carriage, handsome and + intellectual face (classic Greek type), excellent complexion, + charming manners, and good temper. The penis is large, the + foreskin very short. He is fond of philosophy, natural science, + history, and literature. He is reflective and patient rather than + smart, but strong-willed and very active when roused, never + resting till he has accomplished what he wants, even if this + takes years. He sings excellently, and is fond of cycling, + boating, swimming, and mountain-climbing. He enjoys excellent + health, and has never had a day's illness since he was 12 years + of age. He says the only time he cannot sleep has been when in + bed with some one who could not or would not satisfy him. He + requires satisfaction at least once a week, twice or thrice in + the hot season. He never smokes, nor drinks beer or spirits. He + is still single, but believes that marriage would meet all his + needs.</p> + +<p> "X. is also an oldest child, of young and healthy parents + (between 21 and 24 at his birth) of different class; father a + builder. He is of pleasing, but not handsome, appearance; very + sensitive, very neat, and methodical in all things; not very + strong-willed, and very reserved to women. He is of very studious + disposition, especially fond of philosophy, politics, and natural + science; a good musician. Takes moderate exercise, but rather + easily fatigued. Is generally healthy, but not overstrong. He is + a vegetarian, and was brought up as a free-thinker. Until two + years ago he was never attracted toward a girl; indeed, he + disliked girls; but he is now engaged. For about eighteen months, + he has relinquished homosexuality, but has suffered from dreams, + bad digestion, and peevishness since. He thinks the only remedy + is marriage, which he is pushing on. He regards homosexuality as + quite natural and normal, though his desires are not strong, and + once a fortnight has always satisfied him. He was led to the + practice by the reasoning of A., and because he felt a certain + vague need, and this comforted him. He thinks it a matter of + temperament and not to be discussed, except by scientists. He + says he could never perform it except with his dearest friend, + whose request he could not resist. He has a long foreskin, flesh + like a woman's, and is well proportioned.</p> + +<p> "Both men are ardent for social reform, the one actively, the + other passively engaged in it. Both also regard the law as to + homosexuality <a name='2_Page_182'></a>as absurd and demoralizing. They also think that + the law prohibiting polygamy is largely the cause of + prostitution, as many women are prevented from living honest + lives and being cared for by someone, and many men could marry + one woman for physical satisfaction and another for intellectual.</p> + +<p> "They were devoted to each other when I first knew them; they are + still friends, but separated by distance. Both are exceedingly + honorable, and the latter is truthful to a fault."</p> + +<p> According to later information X. had married and his homosexual + tendencies were almost completely in abeyance, partly, perhaps, + owing to the fact that he now lives quietly in the country. A. + has surprised his friends by his ardent attachment to a lady of + about his own age to whom he has become engaged. He declares that + he loves this woman better than any man, but nevertheless he + still feels strong passion for his men friends. It is evident + that the homosexual tendency in A. is distinctly more pronounced + than in his friend X. As is found more often in bisexual than in + homosexual persons, he is of predominantly masculine type, + possesses great vitality, and desires to exert all his faculties. + He has a sound nervous system and is very free from all + "nervousness." He has written a scientific treatise and can study + undisturbed amid violent noises. His voice is manly (in singing + deep base). He can whistle. He is not vain, though well formed, + and his hands are delicate. His favorite color is green. The + demonstrative warmth of his affection for his friends is the + chief feminine trait noted in him. He rarely dreams and has never + had an erotic dream; this he explains by saying (earlier than + Freud) that all dreams not caused by physical conditions are + wish-dreams, and as he always satisfies his sexual needs at once, + with a friend or by masturbation, his sexual needs have no + opportunity of affecting his subconscious life. </p></div> + +<p>There may be some doubt as to the classification of the two foregoing +cases: they are not personally known to me. The following case, with which +I have been acquainted for many years, I regard as clearly a genuine +example of bisexuality:—</p> + + +<div class='blkquot'><p><b>HISTORY XXXI.—</b>Englishman, independent means, aged 52, married. + His ancestry is of a complicated character. Some of his mother's + forefathers in the last and earlier centuries are supposed to + have been inverted. He remembers liking the caresses of his + father's footmen when he was quite a little boy. He dreams + indifferently about men and women, and has strong sexual feeling + for women. Can copulate, but does not insist on this act; there + is a tendency to refined, voluptuous <a name='2_Page_183'></a>pleasure. He has been + married for many years, and there are several children by the + marriage.</p> + +<p> He is not particular about the class or age of the men he loves. + He feels with regard to older men as a women does, and likes to + be caressed by them. He is immensely vain of his physical beauty; + he shuns <i>pedicatio</i> and does not much care for the sexual act, + but likes long hours of voluptuous communion during which his + lover admires him. He feels the beauty of boyhood. At the same + time he is much attracted by young girls.</p> + +<p> He is decidedly feminine in his dress, manner of walking, love of + scents, ornaments, and fine things. His body is excessively + smooth and white, the hips and buttocks rounded. Genital organs + normal. His temperament is feminine, especially in vanity, + irritability, and petty preoccupations. He is much preoccupied + with his personal appearance and fond of admiration; on one + occasion he was photographed naked as Bacchus. He is physically + and morally courageous. He has a genius for poetry and + speculation, with a tendency to mysticism.</p> + +<p> He feels the discord between his love for men and society, also + between it and his love for his wife. He regards it as, in part, + at least, hereditary and inborn in him.</p> + + +<p> <b>HISTORY XXXII.—</b>C. R., physician; age 38. Nationality, Irish, with + a Portuguese strain. "My mother came of an old Quaker family. I + was quite unaware of sexual differences until I was about 14, as + I was carefully kept separate from my sisters and, although from + time to time strange longings which I did not understand + possessed me, I was a virgin in thought and deed until that + period of life.</p> + +<p> "When I was 14 a cousin some years older than myself came to stay + with us and shared my bed. To my surprise he took hold of my + penis and rubbed it for a time, when a most pleasant feeling + seized me and increased until a discharge came out of my organ; + he then asked me to do the same to him. We frequently repeated + the process during the following month; I was quite unaware of + any harm resulting.</p> + +<p> "The same year I went to school, but none of my schoolmates for + some time even suggested such actions until a friend staying with + us for the holidays one day in the bathroom repeated the process + and pressed his penis between my thighs, when a similar discharge + took place. I shortly found out that several of my school friends + and male cousins had the same desires, and an elder brother of my + first introducer into sexuality repeatedly spent the night with + me, when we would amuse ourselves in a similar way.</p> + +<p> "A little later, my mother being away from home, I shared my + father's bed and he took my penis in his hand and pulled my + foreskin back. I in return took hold of his and found that he had + an erection.<a name='2_Page_184'></a> I proceeded to rub him when he stopped me and told + me that I should not do so, that when I was a little older I + should love a woman to do it and that if I did not rub myself and + allow other boys to do so, I would enjoy myself much more. I am + quite certain that my father was inverted, as he frequently, if + sleeping with me, used to press my naked body against his and he + always had a strong erection. On one occasion he rubbed me until + I had a discharge and then, turning over on his back, made me + take his penis in my hand and rub him for a few minutes. I used + to jest frequently with my father, as from my seventeenth year my + penis was larger than his. I will return to my father a little + later. When I was 17 a college friend shared my bed, and when + undressing he said that he envied me my penis being so much + larger than his; after getting into bed, he asked me to turn on + my side and I found that he was attempting <i>pedicatio</i>. I was + astonished at his doing so when he informed me that next to a + woman this process gave most pleasure. However, nothing resulted + and this is the only experience of <i>pedicatio</i> that I have ever + had.</p> + +<p> "When I was 18 one evening a college chum introduced me to a + woman and she was the first I ever had connection with. We went + behind some rocks and she took hold of my penis and pressed it + into her body, lying against me.</p> + +<p> "My father evidently suspected me when I came home, and a few + days afterward told me that it was very dangerous to have + anything to do with women, that I should wait until I was older, + that when a boy became a man he ought to have a woman + occasionally, and that if I ever had a nasty disease I should + promptly tell him so that I could be properly cured.</p> + +<p> "At college I found several chums who were fond of sharing my bed + and indulging in mutual masturbation, pressing our bodies + together face to face until there was mutual discharge, but never + again anyone who tried anal connection.</p> + +<p> "A short time afterward I was in Brussels and I paid my first + visit to a brothel, a place close to the Cathedral. I picked a + girl of about 18 from eight naked beauties paraded for my choice. + She was avaricious and demanded 10 francs, I had paid 20 for my + room and had only 2 left. I wanted her to play with me, but she + only seized the penis and pulled me to her with such vigorous + action that I discharged very rapidly. I was so disgusted with + the result that I masturbated when I returned to my boarding + house.</p> + +<p> "A year later I paid Portugal a visit and my friends there + frequently brought me to brothels and also introduced me to + ladies of easy virtue. I had connection with them; the Portuguese + prostitutes never suggested anything unnatural and in no instance + did a male approach me for sexual purposes.</p><a name='2_Page_185'></a> + +<p> "When I became a medical student, I used to visit a Turkish bath + frequently; on one occasion I playfully slapped a friend on the + buttocks, when my father, who was present, told me not to do so + as it was not proper conduct in public, that if I liked to do so + to him or one or two others it was no harm in private. Until I + was 21, in the bath my father always covered his penis from my + view, but after I attained my majority he always exposed himself + and repeatedly showed me pictures of naked women; he also taught + me the use of the condom.</p> + +<p> "In my twenty-fourth year, a tall, handsome man who used to + frequent the baths one day sat down beside me and playfully + knocked my toes with his; he then pressed his naked thigh against + mine and a little later in the cooling room slipped his hand + under my sheet and grasped my penis; he then asked me to meet him + a few days later in the baths, saying I would be pleased with + what he would do.</p> + +<p> "I kept the appointment and he took me into the hottest room, + where we lay on the floor; in a few minutes he turned on his side + and threw one of his legs across me; I got frightened and jumped + up; he had a powerful erection, but I refused to lie down again, + although he pulled his foreskin back to excite my desires; I was + afraid of being surprised by another bather. Twice on future + occasions I met this man and he made advances. I believe that I + would have yielded then if we had met at a private house.</p> + +<p> "Shortly afterward I met an elderly gentleman at the baths who + also made advances to me, but from fear I resisted him. I also + disliked him as he had a foul breath and bad teeth; besides I was + now able to go to the Continent and enjoy female charms to my + heart's desire.</p> + +<p> "After qualification I joined the army in South Africa and to my + astonishment found many of my comrades fond of male society; one + officer who had been wounded shared my bedroom at a military + hospital and when undressing frequently admired my penis; we used + to play with each other until we had powerful erections, but we + never masturbated or tried any unnatural vice.</p> + +<p> "I used to have connection with women as frequently as I could, + and I frequently visited the Turkish baths and found that several + clients were abnormal, including one of the masseurs; the latter + enjoyed playing with my penis, kissing and tickling me.</p> + +<p> "I married at 28. My married life has been normal and my wife and + I are still in love with one another; we have had several + children.</p> + +<p> "My last sexual experiences have been in Australia; once in + Sydney at the baths a fellow-bather playfully began tickling me, + when I had an erection; he grasped my penis, I jumped up, and he + asked me <a name='2_Page_186'></a>to do anything that I liked with him. I refused. Once + on board a coasting steamer a fellow-passenger used to expose + himself, posing as a statue; we became very familiar and he + wanted me to spend a night with him. I also refused his offers.</p> + +<p> "I am very healthy and strong, fond of riding, fishing, and + shooting. I lead a very active life. I am neither musician nor + artist, but fond of hearing music and I admire works of art.</p> + +<p> "In person I am 6 feet high, inclined to fat; my body is very + strong; my penis is six inches long in repose and eight in + erection; I can without fatigue discharge twice in the night and + have connection at least twice a week. My scrotum is tense and + both testicles large. I am rather slow at discharging. I have + never had any desire to have connection with any other woman + since marriage, but several times I have met men who attracted + me. I have a friend (another doctor) who is very familiar with me + and if we spend a night together we will play with each other. I + have a great desire for him to circumcize me. We have never + indulged in anything beyond feeling or pressing our bodies + together like schoolboys.</p> + +<p> "My favorite color is green.</p> + +<p> "My erotic dreams, when I have any, are of my wife or of a male + lover.</p> + +<p> "Sexual inversion is more widespread than is popularly supposed + and I have never had any twinge of conscience after any of my + affairs. I regard the homosexual instinct as quite natural, and, + except in regard to my wife, it is stronger in my case than the + heterosexual instinct. I have never initiated a youth into the + sexual life or had any desire to seduce a girl. Boys under 17, or + persons of lower social class, have no attraction for me."</p> + + +<p> <b>HISTORY XXXIII.—</b>M. O., 30 years of age, born in the United + States, of English father and of mother whose father was + Scotch,—the rest of his ancestry being English of long standing + in America, with a very little admixture of Dutch blood. He is 5 + feet 8 inches in height, and has brown hair and eyes. No + hereditary troubles so far as known. In childhood, for some time + "threatened with chorea." Is subject to tonsillitis and a + stubborn though not severe form of indigestion, induced by + sedentary habits. He is of quick, nervous temperament. Has an + aversion from most outdoor sports, but a great esthetic + attraction to nature. Highly educated.</p> + +<p> As far back as he can remember, he lived in a house from which + his parents removed when he was 4 years old. Before this removal, + he remembers two distinctly sexual experiences. A cousin five + years older was in the bathroom, seated, and M. O. was feeling his + sexual organs; his mother called him out. On another occasion he + was in <a name='2_Page_187'></a>a wagonhouse with a girl of his own age. They were lying + on a carriage-seat attempting intercourse. The girl's older + sister came in and found them. She said: "I am going to tell + mamma; you know she said for you not to do that any more." With + each of these clear memories comes the strong impression that it + was but one among many. Five years ago M. O. met a man of his own + age who had lived in that neighborhood at the same time. + Comparing notes, they found that nearly all the small children in + it had been given to such practices. The neighborhood was a + thoroughly "respectable" middle-class one.</p> + +<p> From it, M. O. removed to another of just about the same + character, and lived there until he was 11 years old. Of this + period his memories are very fresh and abundant. With a single + exception, all the children between 5 and 14 years of age appear + to have indulged freely in promiscuous sexual play. In little + companies of from four to twelve they went where trees or long + grass hid them from observation, and exhibited their persons to + one another; sometimes, also, they handled one another, but not + in the way of masturbation. Of this last, M. O. was wholly + ignorant. Sometimes when but two or three were together, + intercourse was attempted. In M. O.'s case there was eager sexual + curiosity, and a more or less keen desire, but actual contact + brought no great satisfaction. On two or three occasions girls + practised <i>fellatio</i>, and he then reciprocated with + <i>cunnilinctus</i>, but without pleasure. In all these plays he is + sure that girls took the initiative as often as boys did.</p> + +<p> During all this period, M. O. had now one girl sweetheart and now + another. This was conventional among the children, and was + fostered by the banter of older persons. M. O.'s sexual curiosity + was certainly greater in regard to the opposite sex. At this + time, however, his homosexual interests appeared. With a boy two + or more years older he frequently went to some hiding-place where + they looked at each other's organs and handled them. He and + another boy were once in an abandoned garden, and they took off + all their clothes, the better to examine each other. The other + boy then offered to kiss M. O.'s fundament, and did so. It caused + a surprisingly keen and distinctly sexual sensation, the first + sexual shock that he can remember experiencing. He refused to + reciprocate, however, when asked.</p> + +<p> Toward the end of this period there was a new and increasing + development of another sort, not recognized then as at all sexual + in character. He began to feel toward certain boys in a way very + different and much keener than he had done thus far toward girls, + although at the time he made no comparisons. For instance there + was a boy whom he considered very pretty. They visited each other + often and <a name='2_Page_188'></a>spent long times playing together. In school they + looked and looked at each other until delicious, uncontrollable + giggling spells came on. Sexual matters were never discussed or + thought of. These experiences were, in their way, very + sentimental and ideal. M. O. is sure that with himself the main + consideration was always the other boy's beauty. He began to + recall with great fondness a certain much older and very handsome + youth who had lived near him in the first neighborhood, and had + at the time shown him, various little friendly attentions. He + seldom saw him now, and hardly sought to do so, yet was immensely + pleased by a casual word or look from him in the schoolyard, and + much interested when other people spoke of him.</p> + +<p> A cousin about two years younger than M. O. often visited him and + slept with him. They were very fond of each other, and handled + each other's organs.</p> + +<p> When M. O. was about 11 years of age the family removed to a + distant neighborhood, where there were almost no children of his + own age, and where any association with those in the one just + left was practically impossible. From this time until the changes + of puberty were well under way his sexual life contrasted + strongly, in its solitude, with the former promiscuity. He + remembers liking to wrestle with two or three schoolboys and to + get their heads between his legs. He thinks they were not aware + of his sexual impulses. He flirted, consciously flirted, with + certain school-girls, but never even suggested anything sexual to + them. He read a few family medical books.</p> + +<p> One day, lying on an old uneven couch, innocently enough at + first, he induced a new and delicious sensation, altogether + different from any he had ever dreamed of—something far beyond + the satisfaction of mere curiosity. He repeated the thing and + before long produced emissions. Masturbation soon followed. + Certain days he would perform the act two or three times, but + again he would avoid it for days. He began at once to fight the + tendency, and felt very guilty and very ashamed for indulging it. + He prayed for help and at times wept over his failures to break + the habit so quickly formed. For a certain period, after two or + three years, he seemed to have succeeded, but he observed that he + had intense erotic dreams with copious emissions regularly every + eight days. Just then certain newspaper advertisements fell under + his eye, and these persuaded him that he had produced in himself + a diseased condition. He never resorted to the remedies + advertised, but he was discouraged in his efforts to overcome the + bad habit; and since the evil effects appeared to consist only in + the seminal losses, he concluded that he might as well have the + greater enjoyment of masturbation.</p> + +<p> For a short time, he remembers that he had an intense but + <a name='2_Page_189'></a>revolting interest in the sexual organs of animals, especially + horses. The males were much more interesting.</p> + +<p> Gradually he began to develop, entirely from within, the ideal of + a male comrade,—a beautiful, emotional boy between whom and + himself there might exist a powerful romantic passion. He lay for + hours dreaming of this, and inventing thrilling situations. + Suddenly, at church, he became acquainted with the very youth, + Edmund, who seemed to satisfy all his longings. M. O. was then 16½ + and Edmund 15. A real wooing ensued, Edmund finally yielding to + the physical appeals of M. O. after several fits of misgiving. The + yielding was in the end complete, however. The two spent night + after night together, enjoying intercrural intercourse and + sometimes mutual masturbation. Their parents may have been + slightly uneasy at times, but the connection continued + uninterruptedly for a year and a half or more. In the meantime + M. O. occasionally had relations with other boys, but never + wavered in his real preference for Edmund. For girls he had no + sexual desire whatever, though he was much associated with them.</p> + +<p> Then M. O. and Edmund went to college at different places, but + they met in vacations and wrote frequent and ardent love-letters. + Both had genuine attacks of love-sickness and of jealousy. As + M. O. looks back on this first love passion he can by no means + regret it. It doubtless had great formative influence.</p> + +<p> After the first year at college, Edmund transferred to another + school farther away from M. O. and the opportunities for meeting + became rarer, but their affection was maintained and the + intercourse resumed whenever it was possible. Gradually, however, + Edmund became interested in women and finally married. M. O. also + formed relations repeatedly with college friends and occasionally + with others.</p> + +<p> On the whole M. O. preferred boys a year or two younger than + himself, but as he grew older the age difference increased. At 30 + he regarded himself as virtually "engaged" to a youth of 17, one + unusually mature, however, and much larger than himself.</p> + +<p> M. O. is always unhappy unless his affections have fairly free + course. Life has been very disappointing to him in other + respects. His greatest joys have come to him in this way. If he + is able to consummate his present plan of union with the youth + just referred to, he will feel that his life has been crowned by + what is for him the best possible end; otherwise, he declares, he + would not care to live at all.</p> + +<p> He admires male beauty passionately. Feminine beauty he perceives + objectively, as he would any design of flowing curves and + delicate coloring, but it has no sexual charm for him whatever. + Women have put themselves in his way repeatedly, but he finds + himself more <a name='2_Page_190'></a>and more irritated by their specifically feminine + foibles. With men generally he is much more patient and + sympathetic.</p> + +<p> The first literature that appealed to him was Plato's dialogues, + first read at 20 years of age. Until then he had not known but + what he stood alone in his peculiarity. He read what he could of + classic literature. He enjoys Pater, appreciating his attitude + toward his own sex. Four or five years, later he came across + Raffalovich's book, and ever since has felt a real debt of + gratitude to its author.</p> + +<p> M. O. has no wish to injure society at large. As an individual he + holds that he has the same right to be himself that anyone else + has. He thinks that while boys of from 13 to 15 might possibly be + rendered inverts, those who reach 16 without it cannot be bent + that way. They may be devoted to an invert enough in other ways + to yield him what he wishes sexually, but they will remain + essentially normal themselves. His observations are based on + about 30 homosexual relationships that have lasted various + lengths of time.</p> + +<p> M. O. feels strongly the poetic and elevated character of his + principal homosexual relationships, but he shrinks from appearing + too sentimental.</p> + +<p> With regard to the traces of feminism in inverts he writes:—</p> + +<p> "Up to the age of 11 I associated much with a cousin five years + older (the one referred to above) and took great delight in a + game we often played, in which I was a girl,—a never-ending + romance, a non-sexual love story.</p> + +<p> "Somewhat later and until puberty, I took great delight in + acting, but generally took female roles, wearing skirts, shawls, + beads, wigs, head-dresses. When I was about 13 my family began to + make fun of me for it. I played secretly for a while, and then + the desire for it left, never to return.</p> + +<p> "There still lingers, however, a minor interest, which began + before puberty, in valentines. My feeling for them is much like + my feeling for flowers.</p> + +<p> "Before I reached puberty I was sometimes called a 'sissy' by my + father. Such taunts humiliated me more than anything else has + ever done. After puberty my father no longer applied the term, + and gradually other persons ceased to tease me that way. The + sting of it lasted, though, and led me more than once to ask + intimate friends, both men and women, if they considered me at + all feminine. Every one of them has been very emphatically of the + opinion that my rational life is distinctively masculine, being + logical, impartial, skeptical. One or two have suggested that I + have a finer discrimination than most men, and that I take care + of my rooms somewhat as a woman might, though this does not + extend to the style of decorations. One man said that I <a name='2_Page_191'></a>lacked + sympathy with certain 'grosser manifestations of masculine + character, such as smoking.' Some women think me unusually + observing of women's dress. My own is by no means effeminate. In + a muscular way I have average strength, but am supple far beyond + what is usual. If trained for it early, I believe I would have + made a good contortionist.</p> + +<p> "I have never had the least inclination to use tobacco, generally + take neither tea nor coffee, and seldom any liquor, never malt + liquors. The dessert is always the best part of the meal. These + tastes I attribute largely to my sedentary life. When out camping + I observed a marked change in the direction of heartier food and + mild stimulants.</p> + +<p> "My physical courage has never been put to the test, but I + observe that others appear to count on it. I am very aggressive + in matters of religious, political, social opinion. In moral + courage I am either reckless or courageous, I do not know which.</p> + +<p> "I am, perhaps, a better whistler than most men.</p> + +<p> "When I was quite little my grandmother taught me to do certain + kinds of fancy-work, and I continued to do a little from time to + time until I was 24. Then I became irritated over a piece that + troubled me, put it in the fire, and have not wanted to touch any + since. As a pet economy I continue to do nearly all of my own + mending.</p> + +<p> "I have a decided aversion for much jewelry. My estheticism is + very pronounced as compared with most of the men with whom I + associate, although I have never been able to give it much scope. + It makes for cleanliness, order, and general good taste. My dress + is economical and by no means fastidious; yet it seems to be + generally approved. I have been complimented often on my ability + to select appropriate presents, clothing, and to arrange a room."</p> + +<p> M. O. states that he practises the love-bite at times, though very + gently. He often wants to pinch one who interests him sexually.</p> + +<p> He considers very silly the statement somewhere made, that + inverts are always liars. Very few people, he says, are perfectly + honest, and the more dangerous society makes it for a man to be + so, the less likely he is to be. While he himself has been unable + in two or three instances to keep promises made to withhold from + sexual intercourse with certain attractive individuals, he has + never otherwise been guilty of untruth about his homosexual + relations.</p> + +<p> The foregoing narrative was received eight years ago. During this + interval M. O.'s health has very greatly improved. There has been + a marked increase in outdoor activities and interests.</p> + +<p> Two years since M. O. consulted a prominent specialist who + performed <a name='2_Page_192'></a>a thorough psychoanalysis. He informed M. O. that he + was less strongly homosexual than he himself supposed, and + recommended marriage with some young and pretty woman. He + attributed the homosexual bent to M. O.'s having had his "nose + broken" at the age of 6, by the birth of a younger brother, who + from that time on received all the attention and petting. M. O. + had continued up to that age very affectionate toward his mother + and dependent on her. He can remember friends and neighbors + commenting on it. At first M. O. was inclined to reject this + suggestion of the specialist, but on long reflection he inclines + to believe that it was indeed a very important factor, though not + the sole one. From his later observations of children and + comparisons of these with memories of his own childhood, M. O. + says he is sure he was affectionate and demonstrative much beyond + the average. His greatest craving was for affection, and his + greatest grief the fancied belief that no one cared for him. At + 10 or 11 he attempted suicide for this reason.</p> + +<p> Also as a result of the psychoanalysis, but trying to eliminate + the influence of suggestion, he recollects and emphasizes more + the attraction he felt toward girls before the age of 12. Had his + sexual experiences subsequently proved normal, he doubts if those + before 12 could be held to give evidence of homosexuality, but + only of precocious nervous and sexual irritability, greatly + heightened and directed by the secret practices of the children + with whom he associated. He does not see why these experiences + should have given him a homosexual bent any more than a + heterosexual one.</p> + +<p> The psychoanalysis recalled to M. O. that during the period of + early flirtation he had often kissed and embraced various girls, + but likewise he recalled having observed at the same time, with + some surprise, that no definitely sexual desire arose, though the + way was probably open to gratify it. Such interest as did exist + ceased wholly or almost so as the relation with Edmund developed. + There was no aversion from the company of girls and women, + however; the intellectual friendships were mainly with them, + while the emotional ones were with boys.</p> + +<p> Very recently M. O. spent several days with Edmund, who has been + married for several years. With absolutely no sexual interest in + each other, they nevertheless found a great bond of love still + subsisting. Neither regrets anything of the past, but feels that + the final outcome of their earlier relation has been good. + Edmund's beauty is still pronounced, and is remarked by others.</p> + +<p> In spite of his precocious sexuality, M. O. had from the very + first an extreme disgust for obscene stories, and for any + association of sexual things with filthy words and anecdotes. + Owing in part to this <a name='2_Page_193'></a>and in part to his temperamental + skepticism, he disbelieved what associates told him regarding + sexual emissions, only becoming convinced when he actually + experienced them; and the facts of reproduction he denied + indignantly until he read them in a medical work. Until he was + well over 25 the physical aversion from any thought of + reproduction was intense. He knows other, normal, young men who + have felt the same way, but he believes it would be prevented or + overcome by sex-education such as is now being introduced in + American schools.</p> + +<p> Again, as to traces of feminism: Perhaps two years ago, all + impulse to give the love-bite disappeared suddenly. There has + been lately a marked increase of dramatic interest, arising in + perfectly natural ways, and without any of the peculiarities + noted before. The childish pleasure in valentines has all gone; + M. O. believes that <i>circumstances</i> have lately been more + favorable for the development of a more robust estheticism.</p> + +<p> For some years he has heard no definite reproach for feminism, + though some persons tell his friends that he is "very peculiar." + He forms many intimate, enduring, non-sexual friendships with + both men and women, and he doubts if the peculiarity noted by + others is due so much to his homosexuality as it is to his + estheticism, skepticism, and the unconventional opinions which he + expresses quite indiscreetly at times. With the improvement in + general health, has come the changes that would be expected in + food and other matters of daily life.</p> + +<p> Resuming his narrative at the point where the earlier + communication left it, M. O. says that about a year after that + time, the youth of 17 to whom he had considered himself virtually + engaged withdrew from the agreement so far as it bore on his own + future, but not from the sentimental relation as it existed. + Although separated most of the time by distance, the physical + relation was resumed whenever they met. Subsequently, however, + the young man fell in love with a young woman and became engaged + to her. His physical relation with M. O. then ceased, but the + friendship otherwise continues strong.</p> + +<p> Shortly after the first break in this relation, M. O. became, + through the force of quite unusual circumstances, very friendly + and intimate with a young woman of considerable charm. He + confided to her his abnormality, and was not repulsed. To others + their relation probably appeared that of lovers, and a painful + situation was created by the slander of a jealous woman. M. O. + felt that in honor he must propose marriage to her. The young + woman was non-committal, but invited M. O. to spend several months + at her home. Shortly after his arrival a sad occurrence in his + own family compelled him to go away, and they did not meet again + for four years. They corresponded, but less and less often. His + relations with boys continued.</p><a name='2_Page_194'></a> + +<p> Before his final meeting with her he became acquainted with a + woman whom he has since married. The acquaintance began in a + wholly non-sentimental community of interests in certain + practical affairs, and very gradually widened into an + intellectual and sympathetic friendship. M. O. had no secrets from + this woman. After a full and prolonged consideration of all sides + of the matter they married. Since that event he has had no sexual + relations except with his wife. With her they are not passionate, + but they are animated by the strong desire for children. Of the + parental instinct he had become aware several years before this.</p> + +<p> M. O. believes that no moral stigma should be attached to + homosexuality until it can be proved to result from the vicious + life of a free moral agent,—and of this he has no expectation. + He believes that much of its danger and unhappiness would be + prevented by a thorough yet discreet sex-education, such as + should be given to all children, whether normal or abnormal. </p></div> + +<hr /> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_124'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_124'>[124]</a> Thus Godard described the little boys in Cairo as amusing +themselves indifferently either with boys or girls in sexual play. +(<i>Egypte et Palestine</i>, 1867, p. 105.) The same thing may be observed in +England and elsewhere.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_125'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_125'>[125]</a> Thus, of the Duc d'Orleans, in the seventeenth century, as +described in Bouchard's <i>Confessions</i>, one of my correspondents writes: +"This prince was of the same mind as Campanella, who, in the <i>Città del +Sole</i>, laid it down that young men ought to be freely admitted to women +for the avoidance of sexual aberrations. Aretino and Berni enable us to +comprehend the sexual immorality of males congregated together in the +courts of Roman prelates." The homosexuality of youth was also well +recognized among the Romans, but they adopted the contrary course and +provided means to gratify it, as the existence of the <i>concubinus</i>, +referred to by Catullus, clearly shows.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_126'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_126'>[126]</a> "Our Public Schools: their Methods and Morals." <i>New +Review</i>, July, 1893.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_127'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_127'>[127]</a> Max Dessoir, "Zür Psychologie der Vita Sexualis," +<i>Allgemeine Zeitschrift für Psychiatrie</i>, 1894, H. 5.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_128'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_128'>[128]</a> F. H. A. Marshall, <i>The Physiology of Reproduction</i>, 1910, +pp. 650-8.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_129'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_129'>[129]</a> Iwan Bloch, in <i>The Sexual Life of Our Time</i>, makes this +distinction as between "homosexuality" (corresponding to inversion) and +"pseudo-homosexuality." According to the terminology I have accepted, the +term "pseudo-homosexuality" would be unnecessary and incorrect. More +recently (<i>Die Prostitution</i>, Bd. i, 1912, p. 103) Bloch has preferred, in +place of pseudo-homosexuality, the more satisfactory term, "secondary +homosexuality."</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_130'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_130'>[130]</a> See, for instance, Hirschfeld's reasonable discussion of +the matter, <i>Die Homosexualität</i>, ch. xvii.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_131'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_131'>[131]</a> Alfred Fuchs, who edited Krafft-Ebing's <i>Psychopathia +Sexualis</i> after the latter's death, distinguishes between congenital +homosexuality, manifesting itself from the first without external +stimulation, and homosexuality on a basis of inborn disposition needing +special external influences to arouse it (<i>Jahrbuch für sexuelle +Zwischenstufen</i>, Bd. iv, 1902, p. 181).</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_132'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_132'>[132]</a> Krafft-Ebing, "Ueber tardive Homosexualität," <i>Jahrbuch für +sexuelle Zwischenstufen</i>, Bd. iii, 1901, p. 7; Näcke, "Probleme auf den +Gebiete der Homosexualität," <i>Allgemeine Zeitschrift für Psychiatrie</i>, +1902, p. 805; <i>ib.</i>, "Ueber tardive Homosexualität," <i>Sexual-Probleme</i>, +September, 1911. Numa Praetorius (<i>Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen</i>, +January, 1913, p. 228) considers that retarded cases should not be +regarded as bisexual, but as genuine inverts who had acquired a +pseudoheterosexuality which at last falls away; at the most, he believes +such cases merely represent a prolongation of the youthful +undifferentiated period.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_133'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_133'>[133]</a> Moll, <i>Untersuchungen über die Libido Sexualis</i>, 1897, pp, +458-8.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_134'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_134'>[134]</a> Hirschfeld, <i>Die Homosexualität</i>, ch. viii.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_135'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_135'>[135]</a> This was the term used in the earlier editions of the +present <i>Study</i>. I willingly reject it in favor of the simpler and fairly +clear term now more generally employed. It is true that by bisexuality it +is possible to understand not only the double direction of the sexual +instinct, but also the presence of both sexes in the same individual, +which in French is more accurately distinguished as "bisexuation."</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_136'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_136'>[136]</a> J. Van Biervliet, "L'Homme Droit et l'Homme Gauche," <i>Revue +Philosophique</i>, October, 1901. It is here shown that in the constitution +of their nervous system the ambidextrous are demonstrably left-sided +persons; their optic, acoustic, olfactory, and muscular sensitivity is +preponderant on the left side.</p></div> + + + +<hr class="full" /> +<h3><a name='2_CHAPTER_IV'></a><a name='2_Page_195'></a>CHAPTER IV.—SEXUAL INVERSION IN WOMEN.</h3> + +<div class='blkquot'><p>Prevalence of Sexual Inversion Among Women—Among Women of Ability—Among +the Lower Races—Temporary Homosexuality in Schools, +etc.—Histories—Physical and Psychic Characteristics of Inverted +Women—The Modern Development of Homosexuality Among Women.</p></div> + +<p>Homosexuality is not less common in women than in men. In the seriocomic +theory of sex set forth by Aristophanes in Plato's <i>Symposium</i>, males and +females are placed on a footing of complete equality, and, however +fantastic, the theory suffices to indicate that to the Greek mind, so +familiar with homosexuality, its manifestations seemed just as likely to +occur in women as in men. That is undoubtedly the case. Like other +anomalies, indeed, in its more pronounced forms it may be less frequently +met with in women; in its less pronounced forms, almost certainly, it is +more frequently found. A Catholic confessor, a friend tells me, informed +him that for one man who acknowledges homosexual practices there are three +women. For the most part feminine homosexuality runs everywhere a parallel +course to masculine homosexuality and is found under the same conditions. +It is as common in girls as in boys; it has been found, under certain +conditions, to abound among women in colleges and convents and prisons, as +well as under the ordinary conditions of society. Perhaps the earliest +case of homosexuality recorded in detail occurred in a woman,<a name='2_FNanchor_137'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_137'><sup>[137]</sup></a> and it +was with the <a name='2_Page_196'></a>investigation of such a case in a woman that Westphal may be +said to have inaugurated the scientific study of inversion.</p> + +<p>Moreover, inversion is as likely to be accompanied by high intellectual +ability in a woman as in a man. The importance of a clear conception of +inversion is indeed in some respects, under present social conditions, +really even greater in the case of women than of men. For if, as has +sometimes been said of our civilization, "this is a man's world," the +large proportion of able women inverts, whose masculine qualities render +it comparatively easy for them to adopt masculine avocations, becomes a +highly significant fact.<a name='2_FNanchor_138'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_138'><sup>[138]</sup></a></p> + +<p>It has been noted of distinguished women in all ages and in all fields of +activity that they have frequently displayed some masculine traits.<a name='2_FNanchor_139'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_139'><sup>[139]</sup></a> +Even "the first great woman in history," as she has been called by a +historian of Egypt, Queen Hatschepsu, was clearly of markedly virile +temperament, and always had herself represented on her monuments in +masculine costume, and even with a false beard.<a name='2_FNanchor_140'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_140'><sup>[140]</sup></a> Other famous queens +have on more or less satisfactory grounds been suspected of a homosexual +temperament, such as Catherine II of Russia, who appears to have been +bisexual, and Queen Christina of Sweden, whose very marked masculine +traits and high intelligence seem to have been combined with a definitely +homosexual or bisexual temperament.<a name='2_FNanchor_141'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_141'><sup>[141]</sup></a> <a name='2_Page_197'></a></p> + +<p>Great religious and moral leaders, like Madame Blavatsky and Louise +Michel, have been either homosexual or bisexual or, at least, of +pronounced masculine temperament.<a name='2_FNanchor_142'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_142'><sup>[142]</sup></a> Great actresses from the eighteenth +century onward have frequently been more or less correctly identified with +homosexuality, as also many women distinguished in other arts.<a name='2_FNanchor_143'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_143'><sup>[143]</sup></a> Above +all, Sappho, the greatest of women poets, the peer of the greatest poets +of the other sex in the supreme power of uniting art and passion, has left +a name which is permanently associated with homosexuality.</p> + +<div class='blkquot'><p>It can scarcely be said that opinion is unanimous in regard to + Sappho, and the reliable information about her, outside the + evidence of the fragments of her poems which have reached us, is + scanty. Her fame has always been great; in classic times her name + was coupled with Homer's. But even to antiquity she was somewhat + of an enigma, and many legends grew up around her name, such as + the familiar story that she threw herself into the sea for the + love of Phaon. What remains clear is that she was regarded with + great respect and admiration by her contemporaries, that she was + of aristocratic family, that she was probably married and had a + daughter, that at one time she had to take her part in political + exile, and that she addressed her girl friends in precisely + similar terms to those addressed by Alcaeus to youths. We know + that in antiquity feminine homosexuality was regarded as + especially common in Sparta, Lesbos, and Miletus. Horace, who was + able to read Sappho's complete poems, states that the objects of + her love-plaints were the young girls of Lesbos, while Ovid, who + played so considerable a part in weaving fantastic stories round + Sappho's name, never claimed that they had any basis of truth. It + was inevitable that the early Christians should eagerly attack so + ambiguous a figure, and Tatian (<i>Oratio ad Graecos</i>, cap. 52) + reproached the Greeks that they honored statues of the tribade + Sappho, a prostitute who had celebrated her own wantonness and + infatuation. The result is that in modern times there have been + some who placed Sappho's character in a very bad light and others + who have gone to the opposite extreme in an attempt at + "rehabilitation." Thus, W. Mure, in his <i>History of the Language + and Literature of Ancient Greece</i> (1854, vol. iii, pp. 272-326,<a name='2_Page_198'></a> + 496-8), dealing very fully with Sappho, is disposed to accept + many of the worst stories about her, though he has no pronounced + animus, and, as regards female homosexuality, which he considers + to be "far more venial" than male homosexuality, he remarks that + "in modern times it has numbered among its votaries females + distinguished for refinement of manners and elegant + accomplishments." Bascoul, on the other hand, will accept no + statements about Sappho which conflict with modern ideals of + complete respectability, and even seeks to rewrite her most + famous ode in accordance with the colorless literary sense which + he supposes that it originally bore (J. M. F. Bascoul, <i>La Chaste + Sappho et le Mouvement Feministe à Athènes</i>, 1911). + Wilamowitz-Moellendorff (<i>Sappho und Simonides</i>, 1913) also + represents the antiquated view, formerly championed by Welcker, + according to which the attribution of homosexuality is a charge + of "vice," to be repudiated with indignation. Most competent and + reliable authorities today, however, while rejecting the + accretions of legend around Sappho's name and not disputing her + claim to respect, are not disposed to question the personal and + homosexual character of her poems. "All ancient tradition and the + character of her extant fragments," says Prof. J. A. Platt + (<i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>, 11th. ed., art. "Sappho"), "show that + her morality was what has ever since been known as 'Lesbian.'" + What exactly that "Lesbian morality" involved, we cannot indeed + exactly ascertain. "It is altogether idle," as A. Croiset remarks + of Sappho (<i>Histoire de la Littérature Grecque</i>, vol. ii, ch. v), + "to discuss the exact quality of this friendship or this love, or + to seek to determine with precision the frontiers, which language + itself often seems to seek to confuse, of a friendship more or + less esthetic and sensual, of a love more or less Platonic." (See + also J. M. Edmonds, <i>Sappho in the Added Light of the New + Fragments</i>, 1912). Iwan Bloch similarly concludes (<i>Ursprung der + Syphilis</i>, vol. ii, 1911, p. 507) that Sappho probably combined, + as modern investigation shows to be easily possible, lofty ideal + feelings with passionate sensuality, exactly as happens in normal + love. </p></div> + +<p>It must also be said that in literature homosexuality in women has +furnished a much more frequent motive to the artist than homosexuality in +men. Among the Greeks, indeed, homosexuality in women seldom receives +literary consecration, and in the revival of the classical spirit at the +Renaissance it was still chiefly in male adolescents, as we see, for +instance, in Marino's <i>Adone</i>, that the homosexual ideal found expression. +After that date male inversion was for a long period rarely touched in +literature, save briefly and satirically, while inversion in women +<a name='2_Page_199'></a>becomes a subject which might be treated in detail and even with +complacence. Many poets and novelists, especially in France, might be +cited in evidence.</p> + +<div class='blkquot'><p>Ariosto, it has been pointed out, has described the homosexual + attractions of women. Diderot's famous novel, <i>La Religieuse</i>, + which, when first published, was thought to have been actually + written by a nun, deals with the torture to which a nun was put + by the perverse lubricity of her abbess, for whom, it is said, + Diderot found a model in the Abbess of Chelles, a daughter of the + Regent and thus a member of a family which for several + generations showed a marked tendency to inversion. Diderot's + narrative has been described as a faithful description of the + homosexual phenomena liable to occur in convents. Feminine + homosexuality, especially in convents, was often touched on less + seriously in the eighteenth century. Thus we find a homosexual + scene in <i>Les Plaisirs du Cloître</i>, a play written in 1773 (<i>Le + Théâtre d'Amour an XVIIIe Siècle</i>, 1910.) Balzac, who treated so + many psychological aspects of love in a more or less veiled + manner, has touched on this in <i>La Fille aux Yeux d'Or</i>, in a + vague and extravagantly romantic fashion. Gautier made the + adventures of a woman who was predisposed to homosexuality, and + slowly realizes the fact, the central motive of his wonderful + romance, <i>Mademoiselle de Maupin</i> (1835). He approached the + subject purely as an artist and poet, but his handling of it + shows remarkable insight. Gautier based his romance to some + extent on the life of Madame Maupin or, as she preferred to call + herself, Mademoiselle Maupin, who was born in 1673 (her father's + name being d'Aubigny), dressed as a man, and became famous as a + teacher of fencing, afterward as an opera singer. She was + apparently of bisexual temperament, and her devotion to women led + her into various adventures. She ultimately entered a convent, + and died, at the age of 34, with a reputation for sanctity. (E. C. + Clayton, <i>Queens of Song</i>, vol. i, pp, 52-61; F. Karsch, + "Mademoiselle Maupin," <i>Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen</i>, + vol. v, 1903, pp. 694-706.) A still greater writer, Flaubert, in + <i>Salammbô</i> (1862) made his heroine homosexual. Zola has described + sexual inversion in <i>Nona</i> and elsewhere. Some thirty years ago a + popular novelist, A. Belot, published a novel called + <i>Mademoiselle Giraud, ma Femme</i>, which was much read; the + novelist took the attitude of a moralist who is bound to treat + frankly, but with all decorous propriety, a subject of increasing + social gravity. The story is that of a man whose bride will not + allow his approach on account of her own <i>liaison</i> with a female + friend continued after marriage. This book appears to have given + origin to a large number of novels, some of which touched the + question with considerable less affectation of propriety. Among + other novelists <a name='2_Page_200'></a>who have dealt with the matter may be mentioned + Guy de Maupassant (<i>La Femme de Paul</i>), Bourget (<i>Crime + d'Amour</i>), Catulle Mendès (<i>Méphistophéla</i>), and Willy in the + <i>Claudine</i> series.</p> + +<p> Among poets who have used the motive of homosexuality in women + with more or less boldness may be found Lamartine (<i>Regina</i>), + Swinburne (first series of <i>Poems and Ballads</i>), Verlaine + (<i>Parallèlement</i>), and Pierre Louys (<i>Chansons de Bilitis</i>). The + last-named book, a collection of homosexual prose-poems, + attracted considerable attention on publication, as it was an + attempt at mystification, being put forward as a translation of + the poems of a newly discovered Oriental Greek poetess; Bilitis + (more usually Beltis) is the Syrian name for Aphrodite. <i>Les + Chansons de Bilitis</i> are not without charm, but have been + severely dealt with by Wilamowitz-Moellendorff (<i>Sappho und + Simonides</i>, 1913, p. 63 <i>et seq.</i>) as "a travesty of Hellenism," + betraying inadequate knowledge of Greek antiquity.</p> + +<p> More interesting, as the work of a woman who was not only highly + gifted, but herself of homosexual temperament, are the various + volumes of poems published by "Renée Vivien." This lady, whose + real name was Pauline Tarn, was born in 1877; her father was of + Scotch descent, and her mother an American lady from Honolulu. As + a child she was taken to Paris, and was brought up as a French + girl. She travelled much and at one time took a house at + Mitylene, the chief city of ancient Lesbos. She had a love of + solitude, hated publicity, and was devoted to her women friends, + especially to one whose early death about 1900 was the great + sorrow of Pauline Tarn's life. She is described as very + beautiful, very simple and sweet-natured, and highly accomplished + in many directions. She suffered, however, from nervous + overtension and incurable melancholy. Toward the close of her + life she was converted to Catholicism and died in 1909, at the + age of 32. She is buried in the cemetery at Passy. Her best verse + is by some considered among the finest in the French language. + (Charles Brun, "Pauline Tarn," <i>Notes and Queries</i>, 22 Aug., + 1914; the same writer, who knew her well, has also written a + pamphlet, <i>Renée Vivien</i>, Sansot, Paris, 1911.) Her chief volumes + of poems are <i>Etudes et Preludes</i> (1901), <i>Cendres et Poussières</i> + (1902), <i>Evocations</i> (1903). A novel, <i>Une Femme M'Apparut</i> + (1904), is said to be to some extent autobiographical. "Renée + Vivien" also wrote a volume on Sappho with translations, and a + further volume of poems, <i>Les Kitharèdes</i>, suggested by the + fragments which remain of the minor women poets of Greece, + followers of Sappho. </p></div> + +<p>It is, moreover, noteworthy that a remarkably large proportion of the +cases in which homosexuality has led to crimes of violence, or otherwise +come under medico-legal observation, <a name='2_Page_201'></a>has been among women. It is well +know that the part taken by women generally in open criminality, and +especially in crimes of violence, is small as compared with men.<a name='2_FNanchor_144'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_144'><sup>[144]</sup></a> In +the homosexual field, as we might have anticipated, the conditions are to +some extent reversed. Inverted men, in whom a more or less feminine +temperament is so often found, are rarely impelled to acts of aggressive +violence, though they frequently commit suicide. Inverted women, who may +retain their feminine emotionality combined with some degree of infantile +impulsiveness and masculine energy, present a favorable soil for the seeds +of passional crime, under those conditions of jealousy and allied emotions +which must so often enter into the invert's life.</p> + +<div class='blkquot'><p>The first conspicuous example of this tendency in recent times is + the Memphis case (1892) in the United States. (Arthur Macdonald, + "Observation de Sexualité Pathologique Feminine," <i>Archives + d'Anthropologie Criminelle</i>, May, 1895; see also Krafft-Ebing, + <i>Psychopathia Sexualis</i>, Eng. trans, of 10th ed., p. 550.) In + this case a congenital sexual invert, Alice Mitchell, planned a + marriage with Freda Ward, taking a male-name and costume. This + scheme was frustrated by Freda's sister, and Alice Mitchell then + cut Freda's throat. There is no reason to suppose that she was + insane at the time of the murder. She was a typical invert of a + very pronounced kind. Her mother had been insane and had + homicidal impulses. She herself was considered unbalanced, and + was masculine in her habits from her earliest years. Her face was + obviously unsymmetrical and she had an appearance of youthfulness + below her age. She was not vicious, and had little knowledge of + sexual matters, but when she kissed Freda she was ashamed of + being seen, while Freda could see no reason for being ashamed. + She was adjudged insane.</p> + +<p> There have been numerous cases in America more recently. One case + (for some details concerning which I am indebted to Dr. J. G. + Kiernan, of Chicago) is that of the "Tiller Sisters," two + quintroons, who for many years had acted together under that name + in cheap theaters. One, who was an invert, with a horror of men + dating from early girlhood, was sexually attached to the other, + who was without inborn inversion, and was eventually induced by a + man to leave the invert. The latter, overcome by jealousy, broke + into the apartment of the couple and shot the man dead. She was + tried, and sent to prison for <a name='2_Page_202'></a>life. A defense of insanity was + made, but for this there was no evidence. In another case, also + occurring in Chicago (reported in <i>Medicine</i>, June, 1899, and + <i>Alienist and Neurologist</i>, October, 1899), a trained nurse lived + for fourteen years with a young woman who left her on four + different occasions, but was each time induced to return; + finally, however, she left and married, whereupon the nurse shot + the husband, who was not, however, fatally wounded. The culprit + in this case had been twice married, but had not lived with + either of her husbands; it was stated that her mother had died in + an asylum, and that her brother had committed suicide. She was + charged with disorderly conduct, and subjected to a fine.</p> + +<p> In another later case in Chicago a Russian girl of 22, named Anna + Rubinowitch, shot from motives of jealousy another Russian girl + to whom she had been devoted from childhood, and then fatally + shot herself. The relations between the two girls had been very + intimate. "Our love affair is one purely of the soul," Anna + Rubinowitch was accustomed to say; "we love each other on a + higher plane than that of earth." (I am informed that there were + in fact physical relationships; the sexual organs were normal.) + This continued, with great devotion on each side, until Anna's + "sweetheart" began to show herself susceptible to the advances of + a male wooer. This aroused uncontrollable jealousy in Anna, whose + father, it may be noted, had committed suicide by shooting some + years previously.</p> + +<p> Homosexual relationships are also a cause of suicide among women. + Such a case was reported in Massachusetts early in 1901. A girl + of 21 had been tended during a period of nervous prostration, + apparently of hysterical nature, by a friend and neighbor, + fourteen years her senior, married and having children. An + intimate friendship grew up, equally ardent on both sides. The + mother of the younger woman and the husband of the other took + measures to put a stop to the intimacy, and the girl was sent + away to a distant city; stolen interviews, however, still + occurred. Finally, when the obstacles became insurmountable, the + younger woman bought a revolver and deliberately shot herself in + the temple, in presence of her mother, dying immediately. Though + sometimes thought to act rather strangely, she was a great + favorite with all, handsome, very athletic, fond of all outdoor + sports, an energetic religious worker, possessing a fine voice, + and was an active member of many clubs and societies. The older + woman belonged to an aristocratic family and was loved and + respected by all. In another case in New York in 1905 a retired + sailor, "Captain John Weed," who had commanded transatlantic + vessels for many years, was admitted to a Home for old sailors + and shortly after became ill and despondent, and cut his throat. + It was then found that "Captain Weed" was really a woman. I am + <a name='2_Page_203'></a>informed that the old sailor's despondency and suicide were due + to enforced separation from a female companion.</p> + +<p> The infatuation of young girls for actresses and other prominent + women may occasionally lead to suicide. Thus in Philadelphia, a + few years ago, a girl of 19, belonging to a very wealthy family, + beautiful and highly educated, acquired an absorbing infatuation + for Miss Mary Garden, the <i>prima donna</i>, with whom she had no + personal acquaintance. The young girl would kneel in worship + before the singer's portrait, and studied hairdressing and + manicuring in the hope of becoming Miss Garden's maid. When she + realized that her dream was hopeless she shot herself with a + revolver. (Cases more or less resembling those here brought + forward occur from time to time in all parts of the civilized + world. Reports, mostly from current newspapers, of such cases, as + well as of simple transvestism, or Eonism, in both women and men, + will be found in the publications of the Berlin + Wissenschaftlich-humanitären Komitee: the <i>Monatsberichte</i> up to + 1909, then in the <i>Vierteljahrsberichte</i>, and from 1913 onward in + the <i>Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen</i>.) </p></div> + +<p>Yet, until recently, comparatively little has been known of sexual +inversion in women. Even so lately as 1901 (after the publication of the +first edition of the present Study), Krafft-Ebing wrote that scarcely +fifty cases had been recorded. The chief monographs devoted but little +space to women.</p> + +<div class='blkquot'><p>Krafft-Ebing himself, in the earlier editions of <i>Psychopathia + Sexualis</i>, gave little special attention to inversion in women, + although he published a few cases. Moll, however, included a + valuable chapter on the subject in his <i>Konträre + Sexualempfindung</i>, narrating numerous cases, and inversion in + women also received special attention in the present Study. + Hirschfeld, however, in his <i>Homosexualität</i> (1914) is the first + authority who has been able to deal with feminine homosexuality + as completely co-ordinate with masculine homosexuality. The two + manifestations, masculine and feminine, are placed on the same + basis and treated together throughout the work. </p></div> + +<p>It is, no doubt, not difficult to account for this retardation in the +investigation of sexual inversion in women. Notwithstanding the severity +with which homosexuality in women has been visited in a few cases, for the +most part men seem to have been indifferent toward it; when it has been +made a crime or a cause for divorce in men, it has usually been considered +as no <a name='2_Page_204'></a>offense at all in women.<a name='2_FNanchor_145'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_145'><sup>[145]</sup></a> Another reason is that it is less +easy to detect in women; we are accustomed to a much greater familiarity +and intimacy between women than between men, and we are less apt to +suspect the existence of any abnormal passion. And, allied with this +cause, we have also to bear in mind the extreme ignorance and the extreme +reticence of women regarding any abnormal or even normal manifestation of +their sexual life. A woman may feel a high degree of sexual attraction for +another woman without realizing that her affection is sexual, and when she +does realize this, she is nearly always very unwilling to reveal the +nature of her intimate experience, even with the adoption of precautions, +and although the fact may be present to her that, by helping to reveal the +nature of her abnormality, she may be helping to lighten the burden of it +on other women. Among the numerous confessions voluntarily sent to +Krafft-Ebing there is not one by a woman. There is, again, the further +reason that well-marked and fully developed cases of inversion are +probably rarer in women, though a slighter degree may be more common; in +harmony with the greater affectability of the feminine organism to slight +stimuli, and its lesser liability to serious variation.<a name='2_FNanchor_146'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_146'><sup>[146]</sup></a></p> + +<p>The same aberrations that are found among men are, however, everywhere +found among women. Feminine inversion has sometimes been regarded as a +vice of modern refined civilization. Yet it was familiar to the +Anglo-Saxons, and Theodore's Penitential in the seventh century assigned a +penance of three years (considerably less than that assigned to men, or +for bestiality)<a name='2_Page_205'></a> to "a woman fornicating with a woman." Among the women of +savages in all parts of the world homosexuality is found, though it is +less frequently recorded than among men.<a name='2_FNanchor_147'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_147'><sup>[147]</sup></a></p> + +<p>In New Zealand it is stated on the authority of Moerenhout (though I have +not been able to find the reference) that the women practised Lesbianism. +In South America, where inversion is common among men, we find similar +phenomena in women. Among Brazilian tribes Gandavo<a name='2_FNanchor_148'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_148'><sup>[148]</sup></a> wrote:—</p> + +<div class='blkquot'><p>"There are certain women among these Indians who determine to be + chaste and know no man. These leave every womanly occupation and + imitate the men. They wear their hair the same way as the men; + they go to war with them or hunting, bearing their bows; they + continue always in the company of men, and each has a woman who + serves her and with whom she lives." </p></div> + +<p>This has some analogy with the phenomena seen among North American men. +Dr. Holder, who has carefully studied the <i>boté</i>, tells me that he has met +no corresponding phenomena in women.</p> + +<p>There is no doubt, however, that homosexuality among women is well known +to the American Indians in various regions. Thus the Salish Indians of +British Columbia have a myth of an old woman who had intercourse with a +young woman by means of a horn used as a penis.<a name='2_FNanchor_149'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_149'><sup>[149]</sup></a> In the mythology of +the Assiniboine Indians (of Canada and Montana) and the Fox Indians (of +Iowa) there are also legends of feminine homosexuality, supposed to have +been derived from the Algonkin Cree Indians, who were closely connected +with both.<a name='2_FNanchor_150'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_150'><sup>[150]</sup></a> <a name='2_Page_206'></a></p> + +<div class='blkquot'><p>According to the Assiniboine legend, a man's wife fell in love + with his sister and eloped with her, a boneless child being the + result of the union; the husband pursued the couple, and killed + his wife as well as the child; no one cared to avenge her death. + The Fox legend, entitled "Two Maidens who Played the Harlot with + Each Other," runs as follows: "It is said that once on a time + long ago there were two young women who were friends together. It + is told that there were also two youths who tried to woo the two + maidens, but they were not able even so much as to talk with + them. After awhile the youths began to suspect something wrong. + So once during the summer, when the two maidens started away to + peel off bark, the youths followed, staying just far enough + behind to keep them in sight. While the girls were peeling the + bark, the youths kept themselves hidden. After awhile they no + longer heard the sound of the maidens at work. Whereupon they + began to creep up to where they were. When they drew nigh, + behold, the maidens were in the act of taking off their clothes. + The first to disrobe flung herself down on the ground and lay + there. 'Pray, what are these girls going to do?' was the feeling + in the hearts of the youths. And to their amazement the girls + began to lie with each other. Thereupon the youths ran to where + the girls were. She who was lying on top instantly fell over + backward. Her clitoris was standing out and had a queer shape; it + was like a turtle's penis. Thereupon the maidens began to plead + with the youths: 'Oh, don't tell on us!' they said. 'Truly it is + not of our own free desire that we have done this thing We have + done it under the influence of some unknown being.' It is said + that afterward one of the maidens became big with child. In the + course of time, she gave birth, and the child was like a + soft-shell turtle." </p></div> + +<p>In Bali, according to Jacobs (as quoted by Ploss and Bartels), +homosexuality is almost as common among women as among men, though it is +more secretly exercised; the methods of gratification adopted are either +digital or lingual, or else by bringing the parts together (tribadism).</p> + +<p>Baumann, who noted inversion among the male negro population of Zanzibar, +finds that it is also not rare among women. Although Oriental manners +render it impossible for such women to wear men's clothes openly, they do +so in private, and are recognized by other women by their man-like +bearing, as also by the fact that women's garments do not suit them. They +show a preference for masculine occupations, and seek sexual satisfaction +among women who have the same inclinations, or else among <a name='2_Page_207'></a>normal women, +who are won over by presents or other means. In addition to tribadism or +cunnilinctus, they sometimes use an ebony or ivory phallus, with a kind of +glans at one end, or sometimes at both ends; in the latter case it can be +used by two women at once, and sometimes it has a hole bored through it by +which warm water can be injected; it is regarded as an Arab invention, and +is sometimes used by normal women shut up in harems, and practically +deprived of sexual satisfaction.<a name='2_FNanchor_151'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_151'><sup>[151]</sup></a></p> + +<p>Among the Arab women, according to Kocher, homosexual practices are rare, +though very common among Arab men. In Egypt, however, according to Godard, +Kocher, and others, it is almost fashionable, and every woman in the harem +has a "friend." In Turkey homosexuality is sometimes said to be rare among +women. But it would appear to be found in the harems and women's baths of +Turkey, as well as of Islam generally. Brantôme in the sixteenth century +referred to the Lesbianism of Turkish women at the baths, and Leo +Africanus in the same century mentioned the tribadism of Moorish women and +the formal organization of tribadic prostitution in Fez. There was an +Osmanli Sapphic poetess, Mihiri, whose grave is at Amasia, and Vambery and +Achestorides agree as to the prevalence of feminine homosexuality in +Turkey.<a name='2_FNanchor_152'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_152'><sup>[152]</sup></a> Among the negroes and mulattoes of French creole countries, +according to Corre, homosexuality is very common. "I know a lady of great +beauty," he remarks, "a stranger in Guadalupe and the mother of a family, +who is obliged to stay away from the markets and certain shops because of +the excessive admiration of mulatto women and negresses, and the impudent +invitations which they dare to address to her."<a name='2_FNanchor_153'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_153'><sup>[153]</sup></a> He refers to several +cases of more or less violent sexual attempts by women on young colored +girls of 12 or 14, and observes that such attempts by men on children of +their own sex are much rarer.</p> + +<p>In China (according to Matignon) and in Cochin China<a name='2_Page_208'></a> (according to +Lorion) homosexuality does not appear to be common among women. In India, +however, it is probably as prevalent among women as it certainly is among +men.</p> + +<div class='blkquot'><p>In the first edition of this Study I quoted the opinion of Dr. + Buchanan, then Superintendant of the Central Gaol of Bengal at + Bhagalpur, who informed me that he had never come across a case + and that his head-gaoler had never heard of such a thing in + twenty-five years' experience. Another officer in the Indian + Medical Service assures me, however, that there cannot be the + least doubt as to the frequency of homosexuality among women in + India, either inside or outside gaols. I am indebted to him for + the following notes on this point:—</p> + +<p> "That homosexual relationships are common enough among Indian + women is evidenced by the fact that the Hindustani language has + five words to denote the tribade: (1) <i>dúgáná</i>, (2) <i>zanàkhé</i>, + (3) <i>sa'tar</i>, (4) <i>chapathái</i>, and (5) <i>chapatbáz</i>. The <i>modus + operandi</i> is generally what Martial calls <i>geminos committere + cunnos</i>, but sometimes a phallus, called <i>saburah</i>, is employed. + The act itself is called <i>chapat</i> or <i>chapti</i>, and the Hindustani + poets, Nazir, Rangin, Ján S'áheb, treat of Lesbian love very + extensively and sometimes very crudely. Ján S'áheb, a woman poet, + sings to the effect that intercourse with a woman by means of a + phallus is to be preferred to the satisfaction offered by a male + lover. The common euphemism employed when speaking of two + tribades who live together is that they 'live apart.' So much for + the literary evidence as to the prevalence of what, <i>mirable + dictu</i>, Dr. Buchanan's gaoler was ignorant of.</p> + +<p> "Now for facts. In the gaol of R. the superintendent discovered a + number of phalli in the females' inclosure; they were made of + clay and sun-dried and bore marks of use. In the gaol of S. was a + woman who (as is usual with tribades in India) wore male attire, + and was well known for her sexual proclivities. An examination + revealed the following: Face much lined, mammæ of masculine type, + but nipples elongated and readily erectile; gluteal and iliac + regions quite of masculine type, as also the thighs; clitoris, + with enlarged glands, readily erectile; nymphæ thickened and + enlarged; vulvar orifice patent, for she had in early youth been + a prostitute; the voice was almost contralto. Her partner was of + low type, but eminently feminine in configuration and manner. In + this case I heard that 'the man' went to a local ascetic and + begged his intercession with the deity, so that she might + impregnate her partner. ('The Hindoo medical works mention the + possibility of a woman uniting with another woman in sexual + embraces and begetting a boneless fetus.' <i>Short History of Aryan + Medical Science</i>, p. 44.)</p> + +<p> "In the town of D. there 'lived apart' two women, one a Brahmin, + <a name='2_Page_209'></a>the other a grazier; their <i>modus operandi</i> was tribadism, as an + eyewitness informed me. In S. I was called in to treat the widow + of a wealthy Mohammedan; I had occasion to examine the pudenda, + and found what Martineau would have called the indelible stigmata + of early masturbation and later sapphism. She admitted the + impeachment and confessed that she was on the best of terms with + her three remarkably well-formed and good-looking handmaidens. + This lady said that she began masturbation at an early age, 'just + like all other women,' and that sapphism came after the age of + puberty. Another Mohammedan woman whom I knew, and who had a very + large clitoris, told me that she had been initiated into Lesbian + love at 12 by a neighbor and had intermittently practised it ever + since. I might also instance two sisters of the gardener caste, + both widows, who 'lived apart' and indulged in simultaneous + sapphism.</p> + +<p> "That sometimes the actors in tribadism are most vigorous is + shown by the fact that, in the central gaol of ——, swelling of + the vulva was admitted to have been caused by the embraces of two + female convicts. The subordinate who told me this mentioned it + quite incidentally while relating his experiences as hospital + assistant at this gaol. When I questioned him he stated that the + woman, whom he was called to treat, told him that she could never + 'satisfy herself' with men, but only with women. He added that + tribadism was 'quite common in the gaol.'" </p></div> + +<p>The foregoing sketch may serve to show that homosexual practices +certainly, and probably definite sexual inversion, are very widespread +among women in very many and various parts of the world, though it is +likely that, as among men, there are variations—geographical, racial, +national, or social—in the frequency or intensity of its obvious +manifestations. Thus, in the eighteenth century, Casanova remarked that +the women of Provence are specially inclined to Lesbianism.</p> + +<p>In European prisons homosexual practices flourish among the women fully as +much, it may probably be said, as among the men. There is, indeed, some +reason for supposing that these phenomena are here sometimes even more +decisively marked than among men.<a name='2_FNanchor_154'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_154'><sup>[154]</sup></a> This prevalence of homosexuality +among <a name='2_Page_210'></a>women in prison is connected with the close relationship between +feminine criminality and prostitution.</p> + +<p>The frequency of homosexual practices among prostitutes is a fact of some +interest, and calls for special explanation, for, at the first glance, it +seems in opposition to all that we know concerning the exciting causes of +homosexuality. Regarding the fact there can be no question.<a name='2_FNanchor_155'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_155'><sup>[155]</sup></a> It has +been noted by all who are acquainted with the lives of prostitutes, though +opinion may differ as to its frequency. In Berlin, Moll was told in +well-informed quarters, the proportion of prostitutes with Lesbian +tendencies is about 25 per cent. This was almost the proportion at Paris +many years ago, according to Parent-Duchâtelet; today, according to +Chevalier, it is larger; and Bourneville believes that 75 per cent, of the +inmates of the Parisian venereal hospitals have practised homosexuality. +Hammer in Germany has found among 66 prostitutes that 41 were +homosexual.<a name='2_FNanchor_156'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_156'><sup>[156]</sup></a> Hirschfeld thinks that inverted women are specially prone +to become prostitutes.<a name='2_FNanchor_157'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_157'><sup>[157]</sup></a> Eulenburg believes, on the other hand, that +the conditions of their life favor homosexuality among prostitutes; "a +homosexual union seems to them higher, purer, more innocent, and more +ideal."<a name='2_FNanchor_158'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_158'><sup>[158]</sup></a> There is, however, no fundamental contradiction between these +two views; they are probably both right.</p> + +<p>In London, so far as my inquiries extend, homosexuality among prostitutes +is very much less prevalent, and in a well-marked form is confined to a +comparatively small section. I am <a name='2_Page_211'></a>indebted to a friend for the following +note: "From my experience of the Parisian prostitute, I gather that +Lesbianism in Paris is extremely prevalent; indeed, one might almost say +normal. In particular, most of the chahut-dancers of the Moulin-Rouge, +Casino de Paris, and the other public balls are notorious for going in +couples, and, for the most part, they prefer not to be separated, even in +their most professional moments with the other sex. In London the thing +is, naturally, much less obvious, and, I think, much less prevalent; but +it is certainly not infrequent. A certain number of well-known prostitutes +are known for their tendencies in this direction, which do not, however, +interfere in any marked way with the ordinary details of their profession. +I do not personally know of a single prostitute who is exclusively +Lesbian; I have heard vaguely that there are one or two such anomalies. +But I have heard a swell <i>cocotte</i> at the Corinthian announce to the whole +room that she was going home with a girl; and no one doubted the +statement. Her name, indeed, was generally coupled with that of a +fifth-rate actress. Another woman of the same kind has a little clientele +of women who buy her photographs in Burlington Arcade. In the lower ranks +of the profession all this is much less common. One often finds women who +have simply never heard of such a thing; they know of it in regard to men, +but not in regard to women. And they are, for the most part, quite +horrified at the notion, which they consider part and parcel of 'French +beastliness.' Of course, almost every girl has her friend, and, when not +separately occupied, they often sleep together; but, while in separate, +rare cases, this undoubtedly means all that it can mean, for the most +part, so far as one can judge, it means no more than it would mean among +ordinary girls."</p> + +<p>It is evident that there must be some radical causes for the frequency of +homosexuality among prostitutes. One such cause doubtless lies in the +character of the prostitute's relations with men; these relations are of a +professional character, and, as the business element becomes emphasized, +the possibility of sexual satisfaction diminishes; at the best, also; +there lacks the sense <a name='2_Page_212'></a>of social equality, the feeling of possession, and +scope for the exercise of feminine affection and devotion. These the +prostitute must usually be forced to find either in a "bully" or in +another woman.<a name='2_FNanchor_159'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_159'><sup>[159]</sup></a></p> + +<p>Apart from this fact it must be borne in mind that, in a very large number +of cases, prostitutes show in slight or more marked degree many of the +signs of neurotic heredity,<a name='2_FNanchor_160'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_160'><sup>[160]</sup></a> and it would not be surprising if they +present the germs of homosexuality in an unusually high degree. The life +of the prostitute may well develop such latent germs; and so we have an +undue tendency to homosexuality, just as we have it among criminals, and, +to a much less extent, among persons of genius and intellect.</p> + +<p>Homosexuality is specially fostered by those employments which keep women +in constant association, not only by day, but often at night also, without +the company of men. This is, for instance, the case in convents, and +formerly, at all events,—however, it may be today,—homosexuality was +held to be very prevalent in convents. This was especially so in the +eighteenth century when very many young girls, without any religious +vocation, were put into convents.<a name='2_FNanchor_161'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_161'><sup>[161]</sup></a> The same again is today the case +with the female servants in large hotels, among whom homosexual <a name='2_Page_213'></a>practices +nave been found very common.<a name='2_FNanchor_162'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_162'><sup>[162]</sup></a> Laycock, many years ago, noted the +prevalence of manifestations of this kind, which he regarded as +hysterical, among seamstresses, lace-makers, etc., confined for hours in +close contact with one another in heated rooms. The circumstances under +which numbers of young women are employed during the day in large shops +and factories, and sleep in the establishment, two in a room or even two +in a bed, are favorable to the development of homosexual practices.</p> + +<div class='blkquot'><p>In England it is seldom that anyone cares to investigate these + phenomena, though, they certainly exist. They have been more + thoroughly studied elsewhere. Thus, in Rome, Niceforo, who + studied various aspects of the lives of the working classes, + succeeded in obtaining much precise information concerning the + manners and customs of the young girls in dressmaking and + tailoring work-rooms. He remarks that few of those who see the + "virtuous daughters of the people," often not more than 12 years + old, walking along the streets with the dressmaker's box under + their arm, modestly bent head and virginal air, realize the + intense sexual preoccupations often underlying these appearances. + In the work-rooms the conversation perpetually revolves around + sexual subjects in the absence of the mistress or forewoman, and + even in her presence the slang that prevails in the work-rooms + leads to dialogues with a double meaning. A state of sexual + excitement is thus aroused which sometimes relieves itself + mentally by psychic onanism, sometimes by some form of + masturbation; one girl admitted to Niceforo that by allowing her + thoughts to dwell on the subject while at work she sometimes + produced physical sexual excitement as often as four times a day. + (See also vol. i of these <i>Studies</i>, "Auto-erotism.") Sometimes, + however, a vague kind of homosexuality is produced, the girls, + excited by their own thoughts and their conversation, being still + further excited by contact with each other. "In summer, in one + work-room, some of the girls wear no drawers, and they unbutton + their bodices, and work with crossed legs, more or less + uncovered. In this position, the girls draw near and inspect one + another; some boast of their white legs, and, then the petticoats + are raised altogether for more careful comparison. Many enjoy + <a name='2_Page_214'></a>this inspection of nudity, and experience real sexual pleasure. + From midday till 2 P.M., during the hours of greatest heat, when + all are in this condition, and the mistress, in her chemise (and + sometimes, with no shame at the workers' presence, even without + it), falls asleep on the sofa, all the girls, <i>without one + exception</i>, masturbate themselves. The heat seems to sharpen + their desires and morbidly arouse all their senses. The + voluptuous emotions, restrained during the rest of the day, break + out with irresistible force; stimulated by the spectacle of each + other's nakedness, some place their legs together and thus + heighten the spasm by the illusion of contact with a man." In + this way they reach mutual masturbation. "It is noteworthy, + however," Niceforo points out, "that these couples for mutual + masturbation are never Lesbian couples. Tribadism is altogether + absent from the factories and work-rooms." He even believes that + it does not exist among girls of the working class. He further + describes how, in another work-room, during the hot hours of the + day in summer, when no work is done, some of the girls retire + into the fitting-room, and, having fastened their chemises round + their legs and thighs with pins, so as to imitate trousers, play + at being men and pretend to have intercourse with the others. + (Niceforo, <i>Il Gergo</i>, cap. vi, 1897, Turin.) I have reproduced + these details from Niceforo's careful study because, although + they may seem to be trivial at some points, they clearly bring + out the very important distinction between a merely temporary + homosexuality and true inversion. The amusements of these young + girls may not be considered eminently innocent or wholesome, but, + on the other hand, they are not radically morbid or vicious. They + are strictly, and even consciously, <i>play</i>; they are dominated by + the thought that the true sexual ideal is normal relationship + with a man, and they would certainly disappear in the presence of + a man.</p> + +<p> It must be remembered that Niceforo's observations were made + among girls who were mostly young. In the large factories, where + many adult women are employed, the phenomena tend to be rarer, + but of much less trivial and playful character. At Wolverhampton, + some forty years ago, the case was reported of a woman in a + galvanizing "store" who, after dinner, indecently assaulted a + girl who was a new hand. Two young women held the victim down, + and this seems to show that homosexual vice was here common and + recognized. No doubt, this case is exceptional in its brutality. + It throws, however, a significant light on the conditions + prevailing in factories. In Spain, in the large factories where + many adult women are employed, especially in the great tobacco + factory at Seville, Lesbian relationships seem to be not + uncommon. Here the women work in an atmosphere which in summer is + so hot that they throw off the greater part of their clothing, to + such an extent that a bell is rung whenever a visitor is + introduced into a work-room, in order <a name='2_Page_215'></a>to warn the workers. Such + an environment predisposes to the formation of homosexual + relationships. When I was in Spain some years ago an incident + occurred at the Seville Fábrica de Tabacos which attracted much + attention in the newspapers, and, though it was regarded as + unusual, it throws light on the life of the workers. One morning + as the women were entering the work-room and amid the usual scene + of animation changing their Manila shawls for the light costume + worn during work, one drew out a small clasp-knife and, attacking + another, rapidly inflicted six or seven wounds on her face and + neck, threatening to kill anyone who approached. Both these + <i>cigarreras</i> were superior workers, engaged in the most skilled + kind of work, and had been at the factory for many years. In + appearance they were described as presenting a striking contrast: + the aggressor, who was 48 years of age, was of masculine air, + tall and thin, with an expression of firm determination on her + wrinkled face; the victim, on the other hand, whose age was 30, + was plump and good-looking and of pleasing disposition. The + reason at first assigned for the attack on the younger woman was + that her mother had insulted the elder woman's son. It appeared, + however, that a close friendship had existed between the two + women, that latterly the younger woman had formed a friendship + with the forewoman of her work-room, and that the elder woman, + animated by jealousy, then resolved to murder both; this design + was frustrated by the accidental absence of the forewoman that + day. </p></div> + +<p>In theaters the abnormal sexuality stimulated by such association in work +is complicated by the general tendency for homosexuality to be connected +with dramatic aptitude, a point to which I shall have to refer later on. I +am indebted to a friend for the following note: "Passionate friendships +among girls, from the most innocent to the most elaborate excursions in +the direction of Lesbos, are extremely common in theaters, both among +actresses and, even more, among chorus-and ballet-girls. Here the +pell-mell of the dressing-rooms, the wait of perhaps two hours between the +performances, during which all the girls are cooped up, in a state of +inaction and of excitement, in a few crowded dressing-rooms, afford every +opportunity for the growth of this particular kind of sentiment. In most +of the theaters there is a little circle of girls, somewhat avoided by the +others, or themselves careless of further acquaintanceship, who profess +the most unbounded devotion to one another. Most of these <a name='2_Page_216'></a>girls are +equally ready to flirt with the opposite sex, but I know certain ones +among them who will scarcely speak to a man, and who are never seen +without their particular 'pal' or 'chum,' who, if she gets moved to +another theater, will come around and wait for her friend at the +stage-door. But here, again, it is but seldom that the experience is +carried very far. The fact is that the English girl, especially of the +lower and middle classes, whether she has lost her virtue or not, is +extremely fettered by conventional notions. Ignorance and habit are two +restraining influences from the carrying out of this particular kind of +perversion to its logical conclusions. It is, therefore, among the upper +ranks, alike of society and of prostitution, that Lesbianism is most +definitely to be met with, for here we have much greater liberty of +action, and much greater freedom from prejudices."</p> + +<p>With girls, as with boys, it is in the school, at the evolution of +puberty, that homosexuality usually first shows itself. It may originate +in a way mainly peripheral or mainly central. In the first case, two +children, perhaps when close to each other in bed, more or less +unintentionally generate in each other a certain amount of sexual +irritation, which they foster by mutual touching and kissing. This is a +spurious kind of homosexuality, the often precocious play of the normal +instinct. In the girl who is congenitally predisposed to homosexuality it +will continue and develop; in the majority it will be forgotten as quickly +as possible, not without shame, in the presence of the normal object of +sexual love.</p> + +<div class='blkquot'><p>I may quote as fairly typical the following observation supplied + by a lady who cannot be called inverted: "Like so many other + children and girls, I was first taught self-indulgence by a girl + at school, and I passed on my knowledge to one or two others, + with one of whom I remember once, when we were just 16, spending + the night sensually. We were horribly ashamed after, and that was + the only time. When I was only 8 there was a girl of 13 who liked + to play with my body, and taught me to play with hers, though I + rather disliked doing so. We slept together, and this went on at + intervals for six months. These things, for the sake of getting + enjoyment, and not with any passion, are not uncommon with + children, but less common, I think, than people <a name='2_Page_217'></a>sometimes + imagine. I believe I could recall without much difficulty, the + number of times such things happened with me. In the case I + mentioned when I did for one night feel—or try to excite in + myself and my girl-companion of 16—sensual passion, we had as + little children slept together a few times and done these things, + and meeting after an absence, just at that age, recalled our + childish memories, and were carried away by sexual impulse. But I + never felt any peculiar affection or passion for her even at the + time, nor she for me. We only felt that our sensual nature was + strong at the time, and had betrayed us into something we were + ashamed of, and, therefore, we avoided letting ourselves sleep + too close after that day. I think we disliked each other, and + were revolted whenever we thought of that night, feeling that + each had degraded the other and herself." </p></div> + +<p>The cases in which the source is mainly central, rather than peripheral, +nevertheless merge into the foregoing, with no clear line of demarcation. +In such cases a girl forms an ardent attachment for another girl, probably +somewhat older than herself, often a schoolfellow, sometimes her +schoolmistress, upon whom she will lavish an astonishing amount of +affection and devotion. There may or not be any return; usually the return +consists of a gracious acceptance of the affectionate services. The girl +who expends this wealth of devotion is surcharged with emotion, but she is +often unconscious or ignorant of the sexual impulse, and she seeks for no +form of sexual satisfaction. Kissing and the privilege of sleeping with +the friend are, however, sought, and at such times it often happens that +even the comparatively unresponsive friend feels more or less definite +sexual emotion (pudendal turgescence, with secretion of mucus and +involuntary twitching of the neighboring muscles), though little or no +attention may be paid to this phenomenon, and in the common ignorance of +girls concerning sex matters it may not be understood. In some cases there +is an attempt, either instinctive or intentional, to develop the sexual +feeling by close embraces and kissing. This rudimentary kind of homosexual +relationship is, I believe, more common among girls than among boys, and +for this there are several reasons: (1) a boy more often has some +acquaintance with sexual phenomena, and would frequently regard such a +relationship as unmanly; (2) the girl has a stronger need of <a name='2_Page_218'></a>affection +and self-devotion to another person than a boy has; (3) she has not, under +our existing social conditions which compel young women to hold the +opposite sex at arm's length, the same opportunities of finding an outlet +for her sexual emotions; while (4) conventional propriety recognizes a +considerable degree of physical intimacy between girls, thus at once +encouraging and cloaking the manifestations of homosexuality.</p> + +<p>The ardent attachments which girls in schools and colleges form to each +other and to their teachers constitute a subject which is of considerable +psychological interest and of no little practical importance.<a name='2_FNanchor_163'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_163'><sup>[163]</sup></a> These +girlish devotions, on the borderland between friendship and sexual +passion, are found in all countries where girls are segregated for +educational purposes, and their symptoms are, on the whole, singularly +uniform, though they vary in intensity and character to some extent, from +time to time and from place to place, sometimes assuming an epidemic form. +They have been most carefully studied in Italy, where Obici and +Marchesini—an alienist and a psychologist working in conjunction—have +analyzed the phenomena with remarkable insight and delicacy and much +wealth of illustrative material.<a name='2_FNanchor_164'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_164'><sup>[164]</sup></a> But exactly the same phenomena are +everywhere found in English girls' schools, even of the most modern type, +and in some of the large American women's colleges they have sometimes +become so acute as to cause much anxiety.<a name='2_FNanchor_165'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_165'><sup>[165]</sup></a> On the whole, however, it +is probable that such manifestations are regarded more indulgently in +girls' than in boys' schools, and in view of the fact that the +manifestations of affection are normally more pronounced between girls +than between boys, this seems reasonable. The head mistress of an English +training college writes:—<a name='2_Page_219'></a></p> + +<p>"My own assumption on such, matters has been that affection does naturally +belong to the body as well as the mind, and between two women is naturally +and innocently expressed by, caresses. I have never therefore felt that I +ought to warn any girl against the physical element in friendship, as +such. The test I should probably suggest to them would be the same as one +would use for any other relation—was the friendship helping life as a +whole, making them keener, kinder, more industrious, etc., or was it +hindering it?"</p> + +<p>Passionate friendships, of a more or less unconsciously sexual character, +are common even outside and beyond school-life. It frequently happens that +a period during which a young woman falls in love at a distance with some +young man of her acquaintance alternates with periods of intimate +attachment to a friend of her own sex. No congenital inversion is usually +involved. It generally happens, in the end, either that relationship with +a man brings the normal impulse into permanent play, or the steadying of +the emotions in the stress of practical life leads to a knowledge of the +real nature of such feelings and a consequent distaste for them. In some +cases, on the other hand, such relationships, especially when formed after +school-life, are fairly permanent. An energetic emotional woman, not +usually beautiful, will perhaps be devoted to another who may have found +some rather specialized lifework, but who may be very unpractical, and who +has probably a very feeble sexual instinct; she is grateful for her +friends's devotion, but may not actively reciprocate it. The actual +specific sexual phenomena generated in such cases vary very greatly. The +emotion may be latent or unconscious; it may be all on one side; it is +often more or less recognized and shared. Such cases are on the borderland +of true sexual inversion, but they cannot be included within its region. +Sex in these relationships is scarcely the essential and fundamental +element; it is more or less subordinate and parasitic. There is often a +semblance of a sex-relationship from the marked divergence of the friends +in physical and psychic qualities, and the nervous development of one or +both the friends is sometimes slightly <a name='2_Page_220'></a>abnormal. We have to regard such +relationships as hypertrophied friendships, the hypertrophy being due to +unemployed sexual instinct.</p> + +<div class='blkquot'><p>The following narrative is written by a lady who holds a + responsible educational position: "A friend of mine, two or three + years older than myself (I am 31), and living in the same house + with me, has been passing through a very unhappy time. Long + nervous strain connected with this has made her sleep badly, and + apt to wake in terrible depression about 3 o'clock in the + morning. In the early days of our friendship, about eight months + ago, she occasionally at these times took refuge with me. After a + while I insisted on her consulting a doctor, who advised her, + amongst other things, not to sleep alone. Thenceforth for two or + three months I induced her to share my room. After a week or two + she generally shared my bed for a time at the beginning of the + night, as it seemed to help her to sleep.</p> + +<p> "Before this, about the second or third time that she came to me + in the early morning, I had been surprised and a little + frightened to find how pleasant it was to me to have her, and how + reluctant I was that she should go away. When we began regularly + to sleep in the same room, the physical part of our affection + grew rapidly very strong. It is natural for me generally to + caress my friends, but I soon could not be alone in a room with + this one without wanting to have my arms round her. It would have + been intolerable to me to live with her without being able to + touch her. We did not discuss it, but it was evident that the + desire was even stronger in her than in me.</p> + +<p> "For some time it satisfied us fully to be in bed together. One + night, however, when she had had a cruelly trying day and I + wanted to find all ways of comforting her, I bared by breast for + her to lie on. Afterward it was clear that neither of us could be + satisfied without this. She groped for it like a child, and it + excited me much more to feel that than to uncover my breast and + arms altogether at once.</p> + +<p> "Much of this excitement was sexually localized, and I was + haunted in the daytime by images of holding this woman in my + arms. I noticed also that my inclination to caress my other women + friends was not diminished, but increased. All this disturbed me + a good deal. The homosexual practices of which I had read lately + struck me as merely nasty; I could not imagines myself tempted to + them;—at the same time the whole matter was new to me, for I had + never wanted anyone even to share my bed before; I had read that + sex instinct was mysterious and unexpected, and I felt that I did + not know what might come next.</p> + +<p> "I knew only one elder person whom (for wide-mindedness, + gentleness, and saintliness) I could bear to consult; and to this + person, a <a name='2_Page_221'></a>middle-aged man, I wrote for advice. He replied by a + long letter of the most tender warning. I had better not weaken + my influence with my friend, he wrote, by going back suddenly or + without her consent, but I was to be very wary of going further; + there was fire about. I tried to put this into practice by + restraining myself constantly in our intercourse, by refraining + from caressing her, for instance, when I wanted to caress her and + knew that she wanted it. The only result seemed to be that the + desire was more tormenting and constant than ever.</p> + +<p> "If at this point my friend had happened to die or go away, and + the incident had come to an end, I should probably have been left + nervous in these matters for years to come. I should have + faltered in the opinion I had always held, that bodily + expressions of love between women were as innocent as they were + natural; and I might have come nearer than I ever expected to the + doctrine of those convent teachers who forbid their girls to + embrace one another for fear an incalculable instinct should + carry them to the edge of an abyss.</p> + +<p> "As it was, after a while I said a little on the subject to my + friend herself. I had been inclined to think that she might share + my anxiety, but she did not share it at all. She said to me that + she did not like these thoughts, that she cared for me more than + She had ever done for any person except one (now causing most of + her unhappiness), and wanted me in all possible ways, and that it + would make her sad to feel that I was trying not to want her in + one way because I thought it was wrong.</p> + +<p> "On my part, I knew very well how much she did need and want me. + I knew that in relations with others she was spending the + greatest effort in following a course that I urged on her, and + was doing what I thought right in spite of the most painful + pressure on her to do wrong; and that she needed all the support + and comfort I could give her. It seemed to me, after our + conversation, that the right path for me lay not in giving way to + fears and scruples, but in giving my friend straightforwardly all + the love I could and all the kinds of love I could. I decided to + keep my eyes open for danger, but meanwhile to go on.</p> + +<p> "We were living alone together at the time, and thenceforward we + did as we liked doing. As soon as we could, we moved to a bed + where we could sleep together all night. In the day when no one + was there we sat as close together as we wished, which was very + close. We kissed each other as often as we wanted to kiss each + other, which was very many times a day.</p> + +<p> "The results of this, so far as I can see, have been wholly good. + We love each other warmly, but no temptation to nastiness has + ever come, and I cannot see now that it is at all likely to come. + With <a name='2_Page_222'></a>custom, the localized physical excitement has practically + disappeared, and I am no longer obsessed by imagined embraces. + The spiritual side of our affection seems to have grown steadily + stronger and more profitable since the physical side has, been + allowed to take its natural place." </p></div> + +<p>A class in which homosexuality, while fairly distinct, is only slightly +marked, is formed by the women to whom the actively inverted woman is most +attracted. These women differ, in the first place, from the normal, or +average, woman in that they are not repelled or disgusted by lover-like +advances from persons of their own sex. They are not usually attractive to +the average man, though to this rule there are many exceptions. Their +faces may be plain or ill-made, but not seldom they possess good figures: +a point which is apt to carry more weight with the inverted woman than +beauty of face. Their sexual impulses are seldom well marked, but they are +of strongly affectionate nature. On the whole, they are women who are not +very robust and well developed, physically or nervously, and who are not +well adapted for child-bearing, but who still possess many excellent +qualities, and they are always womanly. One may, perhaps, say that they +are the pick of the women whom the average man would pass by. No doubt, +this is often the reason why they are open to homosexual advances, but I +do not think it is the sole reason. So far as they may be said to +constitute a class, they seem to possess a genuine, though not precisely +sexual, preference for women over men, and it is this coldness, rather +than lack of charm, which often renders men rather indifferent to them.</p> + +<p>The actively inverted woman usually differs from the woman of the class +just mentioned in one fairly essential character: a more or less distinct +trace of masculinity. She may not be, and frequently is not, what would be +called a "mannish" woman, for the latter may imitate men on grounds of +taste and habit unconnected with sexual perversion, while in the inverted +woman the masculine traits are part of an organic instinct which she by no +means always wishes to accentuate. The inverted woman's masculine element +may, in the least degree, consist only in the fact that she makes advances +to the woman to whom she is <a name='2_Page_223'></a>attracted and treats all men in a cool, +direct manner, which may not exclude comradeship, but which excludes every +sexual relationship, whether of passion or merely of coquetry. Usually the +inverted woman feels absolute indifference toward men, and not seldom +repulsion. And this feeling, as a rule, is instinctively reciprocated by +men. At the same time bisexual women are at least as common as bisexual +men.</p> + + +<div class='blkquot'><p><b>HISTORY XXXIV.—</b>Miss S., aged 38, living in a city of the United + States, a business woman of fine intelligence, prominent in + professional and literary circles. Her general health is good, + but she belongs to a family in which there is a marked + neuropathic element. She is of rather phlegmatic temperament, + well poised, always perfectly calm and self-possessed, rather + retiring in disposition, with gentle, dignified bearing.</p> + +<p> She says she cannot care for men, but that all her life has been + "glorified and made beautiful by friendship with women," whom she + loves as a man loves women. Her character is, however, well + disciplined, and her friends are not aware of the nature of her + affections. She tries not to give all her love to one person, and + endeavors (as she herself expresses it) to use this "gift of + loving" as a stepping-stone to high mental and spiritual + attainments. She is described by one who has known her for + several years as "having a high nature, and instincts unerringly + toward high things."</p> + + +<p> <b>HISTORY XXXV.—</b>Miss B., artist, of German ancestry on the + paternal side. Among her brothers and sisters, one is of neurotic + temperament and another is inverted. She is herself healthy. She + has no repugnance to men, and would even like to try marriage, if + the union were not permanent, but she has seldom felt any sexual + attraction to a man. In one exceptional instance, early in life, + realizing that she was not adapted for heterosexual + relationships, she broke off the engagement she had formed. Much + later in life, she formed a more permanent relationship with a + man of congenial tastes.</p> + +<p> She is attracted to women of various kinds, though she recognizes + that there are some women to whom only men are attracted. Many + years since she had a friend to whom she was very strongly + attached, but the physical manifestations do not appear to have + become pronounced. After that her thoughts were much occupied by + several women to whom she made advances, which were not + encouraged to pass beyond ordinary friendship. In one case, + however, she formed an intimate relationship with a girl somewhat + younger than herself, and a very feminine personality, who + accepted Miss B.'s ardent love with <a name='2_Page_224'></a>pleasure, but in a passive + manner, and did not consider that the relationship would stand in + the way of her marrying, though she would on no account tell her + husband. The relationship for the first time aroused Miss B.'s + latent sexual emotions. She found sexual satisfaction in kissing + and embracing her friend's body, but there appeared to be no + orgasm. The relationship made a considerable change in her, and + rendered her radiant and happy.</p> + +<p> In her behavior toward men Miss B. reveals no sexual shyness. Men + are not usually attracted to her. There is nothing striking in + her appearance; her person and manners, though careless, are not + conspicuously man-like. She is fond of exercise and smokes a good + deal.</p> + + +<p> <b>HISTORY XXXVI.—</b>Miss H., aged 30. Among her paternal relatives + there is a tendency to eccentricity and to nervous disease. Her + grandfather drank; her father was eccentric and hypochondriacal, + and suffered from obsessions. Her mother and mother's relatives + are entirely healthy, and normal in disposition.</p> + +<p> At the age of 4 she liked to see the nates of a little girl who + lived near. When she was about 6, the nurse-maid, sitting in the + fields, used to play with her own parts, and told her to do + likewise, saying it would make a baby come; she occasionally + touched herself in consequence, but without producing any effect + of any kind. When she was about 8 she used to see various + nurse-maids uncover their children's sexual parts and show them + to each other. She used to think about this when alone, and also + about whipping. She never cared to play with dolls, and in her + games always took the part of a man. Her first rudimentary + sex-feelings appeared at the age of 8 or 9, and were associated + with dreams of whipping and being whipped, which were most vivid + between the ages of 11 and 14, when they died away on the + appearance of affection for girls. She menstruated at 12.</p> + +<p> Her earliest affection, at the age of 13, was for a schoolfellow, + a graceful, coquettish girl with long golden hair and blue eyes. + Her affection displayed itself in performing all sorts of small + services for this girl, in constantly thinking about her, and in + feeling deliciously grateful for the smallest return. At the age + of 14 she had a similar passion for a girl cousin; she used to + look forward with ecstasy to her visits, and especially to the + rare occasions when the cousin slept with her; her excitement was + then so great that she could not sleep, but there was no + conscious sexual excitement. At the age of 15 or 16 she fell in + love with another cousin; her experiences with this girl were + full of delicious sensations; if the cousin only touched her + neck, a thrill went through her body which she now regards as + sexual. Again, at 17, she had an overwhelming, passionate + fascination for a schoolfellow, a pretty, commonplace girl, whom + she idealized and etherealized to an extravagant <a name='2_Page_225'></a>extent. This + passion was so violent that her health was, to some extent, + impaired; but it was purely unselfish, and there was nothing + sexual in it. On leaving school at the age of 19 she met a girl + of about the same age as herself, very womanly, but not much + attracted to men. This girl became very much attached to her, and + sought to gain her love. After some time Miss H. was attracted by + this love, partly from the sense of power it gave her, and an + intimate relation grew up. This relation became vaguely physical, + Miss H. taking the initiative, but her friend desiring such + relations and taking extreme pleasure in them; they used to touch + and kiss each other tenderly (especially on the <i>mons veneris</i>), + with equal ardor. They each experienced a strong pleasurable + feeling in doing this, and sexual erethism, but no orgasm, and it + does not appear that this ever occurred. Their general behavior + to each other was that of lovers, but they endeavored, as far as + possible, to hide this fact from the world. This relation lasted + for several years, and would have continued, had not Miss H.'s + friend, from religious and moral scruples, put an end to the + physical relationship. Miss H. had been very well and happy + during this relationship; the interference with it seems to have + exerted a disturbing influence, and also to have aroused her + sexual desires, though she was still scarcely conscious of their + real nature.</p> + +<p> Soon afterward another girl of exceedingly voluptuous type made + love to Miss H., to which the latter yielded, giving way to her + feelings as well as to her love of domination. She was afterward + ashamed of this episode, though the physical element in it had + remained vague and indefinite. Her remorse was so great that when + her friend, repenting her scruples, implored her to let their + relationship be on the same footing as of old, Miss H., in her + return, resisted every effort to restore the physical relation. + She kept to this resolution for some years, and sought to divert + her thoughts into intellectual channels. When she again formed an + intimate relationship it was with a congenial friend, and lasted + for several years.</p> + +<p> She has never masturbated. Occasionally, but very rarely, she has + had dreams of riding accompanied by pleasurable sexual emotions + (she cannot recall any actual experience to suggest this, though + fond of riding). She has never had any kind of sexual dreams + about a man; of late years she has occasionally had erotic dreams + about women.</p> + +<p> Her feeling toward men is friendly, but she has never had sexual + attraction toward a man. She likes them as good comrades, as men + like each other. She enjoys the society of men on account of + their intellectual attraction. She is herself very active in + social and intellectual work. Her feeling toward marriage has + always been one of repugnance. She can, however, imagine a man + whom she could love or marry.</p><a name='2_Page_226'></a> + +<p> She is attracted to womanly women, sincere, reserved, pure, but + courageous in character. She is not attracted to intellectual + women, but at the same time cannot endure silly women. The + physical qualities that attract her most are not so much beauty + of face as a graceful, but not too slender, body with beautiful + curves. The women she is drawn to are usually somewhat younger + than herself. Women are much attracted to her, and without any + effort on her part. She likes to take the active part and + protecting rôle with them. She is herself energetic in character, + and with a somewhat neurotic temperament.</p> + +<p> She finds sexual satisfaction in tenderly touching, caressing, + and kissing the loved one's body. (There is no <i>cunnilinctus</i>, + which she regards with abhorrence.) She feels more tenderness + than passion. There is a high degree of sexual erethism when + kissing, but orgasm is rare and is produced by lying on the + friend or by the friend lying on her, without any special + contact. She likes being herself kissed, but not so much as + taking the active part.</p> + +<p> She believes that homosexual love is morally right when it is + really part of a person's nature, and provided that the nature of + homosexual love is always made plain to the object of such + affection. She does not approve of it as a mere makeshift, or + expression of sensuality, in normal women. She has sometimes + resisted the sexual expression of her feelings, once for years at + a time, but always in vain. The effect on her of loving women is + distinctly good, she asserts, both spiritually and physically, + while repression leads to morbidity and hysteria. She has + suffered much from neurasthenia at various periods, but under + appropriate treatment it has slowly diminished. The inverted + instinct is too deeply rooted to eradicate, but it is well under + control.</p> + + +<p> <b>HISTORY XXXVII.—</b>Miss M., the daughter of English parents (both + musicians), who were both of what is described as "intense" + temperament, and there is a neurotic element in the family, + though no history of insanity or alcoholism, and she is herself + free from nervous disease. At birth she was very small. In a + portrait taken at the age of 4 the nose, mouth, and ears are + abnormally large, and she wears a little boy's hat. As a child + she did not care for dolls or for pretty clothes, and often + wondered why other children found so much pleasure in them. "As + far back as my memory goes," she writes, "I cannot recall a time + when I was not different from other children. I felt bored when + other little girls came to play with me, though I was never rough + or boisterous in my sports." Sewing was distasteful to her. Still + she cared little more for the pastimes of boys, and found her + favorite amusement in reading, especially adventures and + fairy-tales. She was always quiet, timid, and self-conscious. The + instinct first made its appearance in the latter part of her + eighth or the first part of her ninth year. She <a name='2_Page_227'></a>was strongly + attracted by the face of a teacher who used to appear at a + side-window on the second floor of the school-building and ring a + bell to summon the children to their classes. The teacher's face + seemed very beautiful, but sad, and she thought about her + continually, though not coming in personal contact with, her. A + year later this teacher was married and left the school, and the + impression gradually faded away. "There was no consciousness of + sex at this time," she wrote; "no knowledge of sexual matters or + practices, and the feelings evoked were feelings of pity and + compassion and tenderness for a person who seemed to be very sad + and very much depressed. It is this quality or combination of + qualities which has always made the appeal in my own case. I may + go on for years in comparative peace, when something may happen, + in spite of my busy practical life, to call it all out." The next + feelings were experienced when, she was about 11 years of age. A + young lady came to visit a next-door neighbor, and made so + profound an impression on the child that she was ridiculed by her + playmates for preferring to sit in a dark corner on the + lawn—where she might watch this young lady—rather than to play + games. Being a sensitive child, after this experience she was + careful not to reveal her feelings to anyone. She felt + instinctively that in this she was different from others. Her + sense of beauty developed early, but there was always an + indefinable feeling of melancholy associated with it. The + twilight, a dark night when the stars shone brightly; these had a + very depressing effect upon her, but possessed a strong + attraction nevertheless, and pictures appealed to her. At the age + of 12 she fell in love with a schoolmate, two years older than + herself, who was absorbed in the boys and never suspected this + affection; she wept bitterly because they could not be confirmed + at the same time, but feared to appear undignified and + sentimental by revealing her feelings. The face of this friend + reminded her of one of Dolce's Madonnas which she loved. Later + on, at the age of 16, she loved another friend very dearly and + devoted herself to her care. There was a tinge of masculinity + among the women of this friend's family, but it is not clear if + she can be termed inverted. This was the happiest period of Miss + M.'s life. Upon the death of this friend, who had long been in + ill health, eight years afterward, she resolved never to let her + heart go out to anyone again.</p> + +<p> Specific physical gratification plays no part in these + relationships. The physical sexual feelings began to assert + themselves at puberty, but not in association with her ideal + emotions. "In that connection," she writes, "I would have + considered such things a sacrilege. I fought them and in a + measure successfully. The practice of self-indulgence which might + have become a daily habit was only occasional. Her image evoked + at such times drove away such feelings, for which I felt <a name='2_Page_228'></a>a + repugnance, much preferring the romantic ideal feelings. In this + way, quite unconscious of the fact that I was at all different + from, any other person, I contrived to train myself to suppress + or at least to dominate my physical sensations when they arose. + That is the reason why friendship and love have always seemed + such holy and beautiful things to me. I have never connected the + two sets of feelings. I think I am as strongly sexed as anyone, + but I am able to hold a friend in my arms and experience deep + comfort and peace without having even a hint of physical sexual + feeling. Sexual expression may be quite necessary at certain + times and right under certain conditions, but I am convinced that + free expression of affection along sentimental channels will do + much to minimize the necessity for it along specifically sexual + channels. I have gone three months without the physical outlet. + The only time I was ever on the verge of nervous prostration was + after having suppressed the instinct for ten months. The other + feelings, which I do not consider as sexual feelings at all, so + fill my life in every department—love, literature, poetry, + music, professional and philanthropic activities—that I am able + to let the physical take care of itself. When the physical + sensations come, it is usually when I am not thinking of a loved + one at all. I could dissipate them by raising my thought to that + spiritual friendship. I do not know if this was right and wise. I + know it is what occurred. It seems a good thing to practise some + sort of inhibition of the centers and acquire this kind of + domination. One bad result, however, was that I suffered much at + times from the physical sensations, and felt horribly depressed + and wretched whenever they seemed to get the better of me."</p> + +<p> "I have been able," she writes, "successfully to master the + desire for a more perfect and complete expression of my feelings, + and I have done so without serious detriment to my health." "I + love few people," she writes again, "but in these instances when + I have permitted my heart to go out to a friend I have always + experienced most exalted feelings, and have been made better by + them morally, mentally, and spiritually. Love is with me a + religion."</p> + +<p> With regard to her attitude toward the other sex, she writes: "I + have never felt a dislike for men, but have good comrades among + them. During my childhood I associated with both girls and boys, + enjoying them all, but wondering why the girls cared to flirt + with boys. Later in life I have had other friendships with men, + some of whom cared for me, much to my regret, for, naturally, I + do not care to marry."</p> + +<p> She is a musician, and herself attributes her nature in part to + artistic temperament. She is of good intelligence, and shows + remarkable talent for various branches of physical science. She + is about 5 feet<a name='2_Page_229'></a> 4 inches in height, and her features are rather + large. The pelvic measurements are normal, and the external + sexual organs are fairly normal in most respects, though somewhat + small. At a period ten years subsequent to the date of this + history, further examination, under anesthetics, by a + gynecologist, showed no traces of ovary on one side. The general + conformation of the body is feminine. But with arms, palms up, + extended in front of her with inner sides of hands touching, she + cannot bring the inner sides of forearms together, as nearly + every woman can, showing that the feminine angle of arm is lost.</p> + +<p> She is left-handed and shows a better development throughout on + the left side. She is quiet and dignified, but has many boyish + tricks of manner and speech which seem to be instinctive; she + tries to watch herself continually, however, in order to avoid + them, affecting feminine ways and feminine interests, but always + being conscious of an effort in so doing.</p> + +<p> Miss M. can see nothing wrong in her feelings; and, until, at the + age of 28, she came across the translation of Krafft-Ebing's + book, she had no idea "that feelings like mine were 'under the + ban of society' as he puts it, or were considered unnatural and + depraved." She would like to help to bring light on the subject + and to lift the shadow from other lives. "I emphatically + protest," she says, "against the uselessness and the inhumanity + of attempts to 'cure' inverts. I am quite sure they have perfect + right to live in freedom and happiness as long as they live + unselfish lives. One must bear in mind that it is the soul that + needs to be satisfied, and not merely the senses."</p> + + +<p> <b>HISTORY XXXVIII.—</b>Miss V., aged 35. Throughout early life up to + adult age she was a mystery to herself, and morbidly conscious of + some fundamental difference between herself and other people. + There was no one she could speak to about this peculiarity. In + the effort to conquer it, or to ignore it, she became a hard + student and has attained success in the profession she adopted. A + few years ago she came across a book on sexual inversion which + proved to be a complete revelation to her of her own nature, and, + by showing her that she was not an anomaly to be regarded with + repulsion, brought her comfort and peace. She is willing that her + experiences should be published for the sake of other women who + may be suffering as in the past she has suffered.</p> + +<p> "I am a teacher in a college for women. I am 34 years old and of + medium size. Up to the age of 30 I looked much younger, and since + older, than my age. Until 21 I had a strikingly child-like + appearance. My physique has nothing masculine in it that I am + aware of; but I am conscious that my walk is mannish, and I have + very frequently been told that I do things—such as + sewing,—'just like a man.' My voice is quite low but not coarse. + I dislike household work, but am fond of <a name='2_Page_230'></a>sports, gardening, etc. + When so young that I cannot remember it, I learned to whistle, a + practice at which I am still expert. When a young girl, I learned + to smoke, and should still enjoy it.</p> + +<p> "Several men have been good friends of mine, but very few + suitors. I scarcely ever feel at ease with a man; but women I + understand and can nearly always make my friends.</p> + +<p> "I am of Scotch-Irish descent. My father's family were + respectable, prosperous, religious people; my mother's family + only semi-respectable, hard livers, shrewd, but not intelligent, + industrious and money-getting, but fond of drinking and + carousing. There were many illegitimates among them. Both + grandmothers, though of little education, were unusual women. Of + my four maternal uncles, three drank heavily.</p> + +<p> "When 43, my mother gave birth to me, the youngest of 8 children. + Of those who grew to adult years, 2 seem quite normal sexually; 1 + is exceedingly erratic, entirely unprincipled, has been a thief + and a forger, is a probable bigamist, and has betrayed several + respectable women. Aside from his having inordinate desire, I + know of no sexual abnormality. Another brother, married and a + father, as a boy was much given to infatuations for men. I fancy + this never went beyond infatuation and of late years has not been + noticeable. A third brother, single, though much courted by women + on account of his good looks and personal charm, is wholly + unresponsive, has no gallantry, nor was ever, to my knowledge, a + suitor. He is, however, fond of the society of women, especially + those older than he. He has a somewhat effeminate voice and walk. + Though he has begun of late years to smoke and drink a little, + these habits sit rather oddly upon him. When a child, one of his + favorite make-believe games was to pretend that he was a famous + woman singer. At school he was always found hanging around the + older girls.</p> + +<p> "As a child I loved to stay in the fields, refused to wear a + sunbonnet, used to pretend I was a boy, climbed trees, and played + ball. I liked to play with dolls, but I did not fondle them, or + even make them dresses. When my hair was clipped, I was delighted + and made everyone call me 'John.' I used to like to wear a man's + broad-brimmed hat and make corn-cob pipes. I was very fond of my + father and tried to imitate him as much as possible. Where + animals were concerned, I was entirely fearless.</p> + +<p> "I think I was not a sexually precocious child, though I seem to + have always known in a dim way that there were two sexes. Very + early I had a sense of shame at having my body exposed; I + remember on one occasion I could not be persuaded to undress + before a young girl visitor. At that time I must have been about + 3. When I was 4 a neighbor who had often petted me took me on his + lap and clasped my <a name='2_Page_231'></a>hand around his penis. Though he was + interrupted in a moment, this made a lasting impression on me. I + had no physical sensation nor did I have any conception of the + significance of the act. Yet I had a slight feeling of repulsion, + and I must have dimly felt that it was wrong, for I did not tell + my mother. I was not accustomed to confide in her, for, though + truthful, I was secretive.</p> + +<p> "At the age of 5 I commenced to attend a district school. I + remember that on my first day I was Greatly attracted by a little + girl who wore a bright-red dress.</p> + +<p> "My first definite knowledge of sex came in this way: I was + attending Sabbath school and had become ambitious to read the + Bible through. I had gotten as far as the account of the birth of + Esau and Jacob, which aroused my curiosity. So I asked my mother + the meaning of some word in the passage. She seemed embarrassed + and evaded my question. This attitude stimulated my curiosity + further, and I re-read the chapter until I understood it pretty + well. Later I was further enlightened by girl playmates. I fancy + I enjoyed listening to their talk and repeating what I knew on + account of the mystery and secrecy with which sex subjects are + surrounded rather than any sensual delight.</p> + +<p> "I cannot recall any act of mine growing directly from sexual + feeling until I was 10 years old. Several other little girls and + myself two or three times exposed private parts of our bodies to + each other. In one instance, at least, I was the instigator. This + act gave me some pleasure, though no distinct physical sensation. + One incident I recall that happened when I was about 10. A girl + cousin and myself had been playing 'house' together. I do not + recall what immediately led to it, but we began to address each + other as boys and tried to urinate through long tubes of some + sort. I also recall feeling a vague interest in this process in + animals, and observing them closely in the act.</p> + +<p> "From this time until I was about 14 I grew ruder, more + boisterous and uncontrollable. Prior to this I had been a quite + tractable child. When 12 I became interested in a boy in my grade + at school, and tried to attract him, but failed. Once at a + children's party where we were playing kissing games I tried to + get him to kiss me, but he was unresponsive. I do not recall + bothering myself about him after that. A year later I had a boy + chum about whom my schoolmaster teased me. I thought this + ridiculous. At the age of 13 I menstruated, a fact that caused me + shame and anger. Gradually I grew to feel myself peculiar, why, I + cannot explain. I did not seem to myself to be like other girls + of my acquaintance. I adopted, as a defense, a brusque and + defiant air. I spent a good deal of time playing alone in our + backyard, where I made a pair of stilts, practised rope-walking, + and such things. At school<a name='2_Page_232'></a> I felt I was not liked by the nicer + girls and began to associate with girls whom I now believe were + immoral, but whom I then supposed did nothing worse than talk in + an obscene manner. I copied their conversation and grew more + reckless and uncontrollable. The principal of the high school I + was attending, I learned afterward, said I was the hardest pupil + to control she had ever had. About this time I read a book where + a girl was represented as saying she had a 'boy's soul in a + girl's body.' The applicability of this to myself struck me at + once, and I read the sentence to my mother who disgusted me by + appearing shocked.</p> + +<p> "During this period I began to fall in love,—a practice which + clung to me until I was nearly 30 years old. I recall various + older women with whom I became much enamored, and one man. Of + these there was only one with whom I became acquainted well + enough to show any affection; another was a teacher, and another + was a young married woman at whom I used to gaze ardently during + an entire church service. Toward all my women teachers I had a + somewhat sentimental attitude. They stimulated me, while the men + gave me a wholly impersonal feeling. This abnormal sentimentality + may have been caused, or at least was increased, by the reading + of novels, some of a highly voluptuous nature. I began to read + novels at 7, and from 11 to 14 I absorbed a great many + undesirable ones. This lead to my picturing my future with a + lover, fancying myself in romantic scenes and being caressed and + embraced. I had always supposed I should marry. When about 5 I + decided that when I grew up I would marry a certain young man who + used to come to our house. Several years later he married, to my + real disappointment. I had no affection for him, but merely + thought he would make a desirable husband.</p> + +<p> "During my unhappy adolescence I heard that a former playmate was + going to visit at my home. I began to look forward to the visit + with much eagerness and at her arrival was much excited. I wished + to stay alone with her and to caress her, and when we slept + together I pressed my body against her in a sensual manner, which + act she permitted, but without passion. I was greatly excited and + could scarcely sleep. This was the first time I had acted in such + a way, and after she left I felt shame and dislike for her. At + future meetings there was never the least sensuality; we never + referred to the first visit and are still friends, though not + intimate.</p> + +<p> "A diary which I kept during my fourteenth and fifteenth years is + filled with romantic sentiments and endearing terms applied + successively to three girls of my own age. I had but a speaking + acquaintance with them, but I was strongly infatuated with all. + One boy was also the object of adoration.</p><a name='2_Page_233'></a> + +<p> "During my thirteenth year I became for a time very religious and + devoted to religious exercises. This passed and by my fourteenth + year I had become heretical, but was still keenly sensitive to + religious influences.</p> + +<p> "When barely 16 I slept one night with a woman of low morals. She + acted toward me in a sensual manner and aroused my sexual + feelings. I felt at the time that this was a sin, but I was + carried away by passion. Afterward I hated this woman and + despised myself.</p> + +<p> "I then went away to a co-educational boarding school. Here for + the first time I became happy. A girl of my own age, of fine + character and noticeable refinement, fell in love with me and + caused me to reciprocate. On retrospection I believe this to have + been a genuine and beautiful love on both sides. After a few + months, however, our relation, at my initiative and against my + friend's will, became a physical one. We expressed our affection + by mutual caresses, close embraces and lying on each other's + bodies. I sometimes touched her sexual organs sensually. All this + contact gave me exquisite thrills. After three years we had a + misunderstanding and separated. I was greatly grieved and + troubled for many years, and came to regret greatly the physical + relationship that had existed between us. My friend at length + fell in love and married. I had several other slighter + infatuations for women, was courted by several men to whom I + remained cold and bored except in one instance, where I was + somewhat touched, and finally found a lasting friendship with a + woman who had fallen deeply in love with me in her school days + and had never been able to care for any one else. She is a woman + of considerable literary talent and of good general ability and + high ideals. She is usually much liked by men. Her love for me is + the most real thing in the world for me, and seems the most + permanent. At first my feeling for her was almost purely + physical, although there were no sexual relations. I hated this + feeling and have succeeded in overcoming it pretty largely. At + times after long separations we have embraced with great passion, + at least on my part. This has always had a bad physical effect on + me. At present, however, it very rarely occurs. We both consider + sexual feelings degrading and deleterious to real love. Whether + at any time we have had complete physical satisfaction or + gratification, I hardly know. I have experienced very keen + physical pleasure, mingled with what I took to be great mental + exaltation and quickening of the emotions. This condition was + brought about by close contact with the body of my friend, + usually by lying upon it. But if by 'gratification' it is meant + that desire, having been completely satisfied, ceases + temporarily, I think I have never had that experience. If I did, + it was when I was about 18 when I lived with a girl friend in + intimate relations. Of late years, at any rate, it has never + happened <a name='2_Page_234'></a>to me, and an embrace, however close, always leaves me + with a desire for a closer union, both physical and spiritual. So + a few years since, I came to the conclusion that it was + impossible to obtain physical satisfaction through the woman I + loved. I came to this conclusion because of the bad physical + effects of contact. My sexual organs became highly sensitive and + inflamed and I suffered pain from the inflammation and resulting + leucorrhea. Should I allow myself to indulge in caresses this + condition would return. My friend, fortunately, though very + affectionate and demonstrative toward me, has very little sexual + passion. The idea that our relationship is based upon it is very + repugnant to her. I was at one time, a few years since, much + discouraged and almost hopeless of being able to overcome my + appetite, and I decided that we could not associate unless I + succeeded. At present, with help, I have very largely succeeded + in living with my friend on a basis of normal, though + affectionate and tender, companionship. I have been helped more, + and have learned more, through this companionship, than through + anything else. The keen pleasure that I have felt when in + responsive contact I never experienced in masturbation. So far as + I remember it never took place till I was well along in my 'teens + and was never an habitual practice, except the first summer I was + separated from a school friend whom I loved. Thoughts of her + aroused feelings which I attempted to satisfy in this way, but + the entire sensuality of the act soon led me to refrain and to + see that that was not what I wanted.</p> + +<p> "A peculiar incident that might have some significance occurred + to me about five years ago. I was sitting in a small room where a + seminar was being conducted. The leader of the discussion was a + man about 50, whom I looked up to on account of his attainments + and respected as a man, though I knew him socially very slightly. + I had lost a night's sleep from toothache and was feeling + nervous. I was giving my entire attention to the subject in hand, + when suddenly I felt a very strong physical compulsion toward + that man. I did not know what I was going to do, but I felt on + the point of losing all control of myself. I was afraid to leave, + for fear the slightest movement would throw me into a panic. The + attraction was entirely physical and like nothing I had felt + before. And I had a strange feeling that its cause was in the man + himself; that he was willing it; I was like a spectator. It was + some moments before the assemblage broke up, when my 'possession' + completely disappeared and never recurred.</p> + +<p> "Regarding dreams, I will say that not until the past year or two + have I been conscious of having clear-cut dreams with definite + happenings. They seemed usually to leave only vague impressions, + such as a feeling that I had been riding horseback, or trying to + perform some hard task. Sexual dreams I do not recall having had + for several years, <a name='2_Page_235'></a>except that occasionally I am awakened by a + feeling of uncomfortable sexual desire, which seems usually + caused by a need to urinate. Between the ages of 17 and 22, + approximately, I frequently, perhaps several times a month, would + have vague sexual dreams. These always, I think, occurred when I + happened to be sleeping with someone whom, in my dream, I would + mistake for my intimate friend, and would awaken myself by + embracing my bedfellow with sometimes a slight, sometimes + considerable degree of passion. I have finally arrived at some + understanding of my own temperament, and am no longer miserable + and melancholy. I regret that I am not a man, because I could + then have a home and children."</p> + + +<p> <b>HISTORY XXXIX.—</b>Miss D., actively engaged in the practice of her + profession, aged 40. Heredity good, nervous system sound, general + health on the whole satisfactory. Development feminine but manner + and movements somewhat boyish. Menstruation scanty and painless. + Hips normal, nates small, sexual organs showing some + approximation toward infantile type with large labia minora and + probably small vagina. Tendency to development of hair on body + and especially lower limbs. The narrative is given in her own + words:—</p> + +<p> "Ever since I can remember anything at all I could never think of + myself as a girl and I was in perpetual trouble, with this as the + real reason. When I was 5 or 6 years old I began to say to myself + that, whatever anyone said, if I was not a boy at any rate I was + not a girl. This has been my unchanged conviction all through my + life.</p> + +<p> "When I was little, nothing ever made me doubt it, in spite of + external appearance. I regarded the conformation of my body as a + mysterious accident. I could not see why it should have anything + to do with the matter. The things that really affected the + question were my own likes and dislikes, and the fact that I was + not allowed to follow them. I was to like the things which + belonged to me as a girl,—frocks and toys and games which I did + not like at all. I fancy I was more strongly 'boyish' than the + ordinary little boy. When I could only crawl my absorbing + interest was hammers and carpet-nails. Before I could walk I + begged to be put on horses' backs, so that I seem to have been + born with the love of tools and animals which has never left me.</p> + +<p> "I did not play with dolls, though my little sister did. I was + often reproached for not playing her games. I always chose boys' + toys,—tops and guns and horses; I hated being kept indoors and + was always longing to go out. By the time I was 7 it seemed to me + that everything I liked was called wrong for a girl. I left off + telling my elders what I did like. They confused and wearied me + by their talk of boys and girls. I did not believe them and could + hardly imagine that they believed themselves. By the time I was 8 + or 9 I used to wonder whether <a name='2_Page_236'></a>they were dupes, or liars, or + hypocrites, or all three. I never believed or trusted a grown + person in consequence. I led my younger brothers in everything. I + was not at all a happy little child and often cried and was made + irritable; I was so confused by the talk, about boys and girls. I + was held up as an evil example to other little girls who + virtuously despised me.</p> + +<p> "When I was about 9 years old I went to a day school and began to + have a better time. From 9 to 13 I practically shaped my own + life. I learned very little at school, and openly hated it, but I + read a great deal at home and got plenty of ideas. I lived, + however, mainly out of doors whenever I could get out. I spent + all my pocket money on tools, rabbits, pigeons and many other + animals. I became an ardent pigeon-catcher, not to say thief, + though I did not knowingly steal.</p> + +<p> "My brothers were as devoted to the animals as I was. The men + were supposed to look after them, but we alone did so. We + observed, mated, separated, and bred them with considerable + skill. We had no language to express ourselves, but one of our + own. We were absolutely innocent, and sweetly sympathetic with + every beast. I don't think we ever connected their affairs with + those of human beings, but as I do not remember the time when I + did not know all about the actual facts of sex and reproduction, + I presume I learned it all in that way, and life never had any + surprises for me in that direction. Though I saw many sights that + a child should not have seen, while running about wild, I never + gave them a thought; all animals great and small from rabbits to + men had the same customs, all natural and right. My initiation + here was, in my eyes, as nearly perfect as a child's should be. I + never asked grown people questions. I thought all those in charge + of me coarse and untruthful and I disliked all ugly things and + suggestions.</p> + +<p> "Every half-holiday I went out with the boys from my brothers' + school. They always liked me to play with them, and, though not + pleasant-tongued boys, were always civil and polite to me. I + organized games and fortifications that they would never have + imagined for themselves, led storming parties, and instituted + some rather dangerous games of a fighting kind. I taught my + brothers; to throw stones. Sometimes I led adventures such as + breaking into empty houses. I liked being out after dark.</p> + +<p> "In the winter I made and rigged boats and went sailing them, and + I went rafting and pole-leaping. I became a very good jumper and + climber, could go up a rope, bowl overhand, throw like a boy, and + whistle three different ways. I collected beetles and butterflies + and went shrimping and learned to fish. I had very little money + to spend, but I picked things up and I made all traps, nets, + cages, etc., myself.<a name='2_Page_237'></a> I learned from every working-man, I could + get hold of the use of all ordinary carpenters' tools, and how to + weld hot iron, pave, lay bricks and turf, and so on.</p> + +<p> "When I was about 11 my parents got more mortified at my behavior + and perpetually threatened me with a boarding-school. I was told + for months how it would take the nonsense out of me—'shape me,' + 'turn me into a young lady.' My going was finally announced to me + as a punishment to me for being what I was.</p> + +<p> "Certainly, the horror of going to this school and the cruel and + unsympathetic way that I was sent there gave me a shock that I + never got over. The only thing that reconciled me to going was my + intense indignation with those who sent me. I appealed to be + allowed to learn Latin and boys' subjects, but was laughed at.</p> + +<p> "I was so helpless that I knew I could not run away without being + caught, or I would have run away anywhere from home and school. I + never cried or fretted, but burnt with anger and went like a + trapped rabbit.</p> + +<p> "In no words can I describe the severity of the nervous shock, or + the suffering of my first year at school. The school was noted + for its severity and I heard that at one period the elder girls + ran away so often that they wore a uniform dress. I knew two who + had run away. The teachers in my time were ignorant, + self-indulgent women who cared nothing for the girls or their + education and made much money out of them. There was a suspicious + reformatory atmosphere, and my money was taken from me and my + letters read.</p> + +<p> "I was intensely shy. I hated the other girls. There were no + refinements anywhere; I had no privacy in my room, which was + always overcrowded; we had no hot water, no baths, improper food, + and no education. We were not allowed to wear enough clean linen, + and for five years I never felt clean.</p> + +<p> "I never had one moment to myself, was not allowed to read + anything, had even not enough lesson books, was taught nothing to + speak of except a little inferior music and drawing. I never got + enough exercise, and was always tired and dull, and could not + keep my digestion in order. My pride and self-respect were + degraded in innumerable ways, I suffered agonies of disgust, and + the whole thing was a dreary penal servitude.</p> + +<p> "I did not complain. I made friends with a few of the girls. Some + of the older girls were attracted to me. Some talked of men and + love affairs to me, but I was not greatly interested. No one ever + spoke of any other matters of sex to me or in my hearing, but + most of the girls were shy with me and I with them.</p><a name='2_Page_238'></a> + +<p> "In about two years' time the teachers got to like me and thought + me one of their nicest girls. I certainly influenced them and got + them to allow the girls more privileges.</p> + +<p> "I lay great stress upon the physical privations and disgust that + I felt during these years. The mental starvation was not quite so + great because it was impossible for them to crush my mind as they + did my body. That it all materially aided to arrest the + development of my body I am certain.</p> + +<p> "It is difficult to estimate sexual influences of which as a + child I was practically unaware. I certainly admired the + liveliest and cleverest girls and made friends with them and + disliked the common, lumpy, uneducated type that made two-thirds + of my companions. The lively girls liked me, and I made several + nice friends whom I have kept ever since. One girl of about 15 + took a violent liking for me and figuratively speaking licked the + dust from my shoes. I would never take any notice of her. When I + was nearly 16 one of my teachers began to notice me and be very + kind to me. She was twenty years older than I was. She seemed to + pity my loneliness and took me out for walks and sketching, and + encouraged me to talk and think. It was the first time in my life + that anyone had ever sympathized with me or tried to understand + me and it was a most beautiful thing to me. I felt like an orphan + child who had suddenly acquired a mother, and through her I began + to feel less antagonistic to grown people and to feel the first + respect I had ever felt for what they said. She petted me into a + state of comparative docility and made the other teachers like + and trust me. My love for her was perfectly pure, and I thought + of her's as simply maternal. She never roused the least feeling + in me that I can think of as sexual. I liked her to touch me and + she sometimes held me in her arms or let me sit on her lap. At + bedtime she used to come and say good-night and kiss me upon the + mouth. I think now that what she did was injudicious to a degree, + and I wish I could believe it was as purely unselfish and kind as + it seemed to me then. After I had left school I wrote to her and + visited her during a few years. Once she wrote to me that if I + could give her employment she would come and live with me. Once + when she was ill with neurasthenia her friends asked me to go to + the seaside with her, which I did. Here she behaved in an + extraordinary way, becoming violently jealous over me with + another elderly friend of mine who was there. I could hardly + believe my senses and was so astonished and disgusted that I + never went near her again. She also accused me of not being + 'loyal' to her; to this day I have no idea what she meant. She + then wrote and asked me what was wrong between us, and I replied + that after the words she had had with me my confidence in her was + at an end. It gave me no particular pang as I had by this time + outgrown <a name='2_Page_239'></a>the simple gratitude of my childish days and not + replaced it by any stronger feeling. All my life I have had the + profoundest repugnance to having any 'words' with other women.</p> + +<p> "I was much less interested in sex matters than other children of + my age. I was altogether less precocious, though I knew more, I + imagine, than other girls. Nevertheless, by the time I was 15 + social matters had begun to interest me greatly. It is difficult + to say how this happened, as I was forbidden all books and + newspapers (except in my holidays when I had generally a reading + orgy, though not the books I needed or wanted). I had abundant + opportunities for speculation, but no materials for any + profitable thinking.</p> + +<p> "Dreaming was forced upon me. I dreamed fairy-tales by night and + social dreams by day. In the nightdreams, sometimes in the + day-dreams, I was always the prince or the pirate, rescuing + beauty in distress, or killing the unworthy. I had one dream + which I dreamed over and over again and enjoyed and still + sometimes dream. In this I was always hunting and fighting, often + in the dark; there was usually a woman or a princess, whom I + admired, somewhere in the background, but I have never really + seen her. Sometimes I was a stowaway on board ship or an Indian + hunter or a backwoodsman making a log-cabin for my wife or rather + some companion. My daythoughts were not about the women round + about me, or even about the one who was so kind to me; they were + almost impersonal. I went on, at any rate, from myself to what I + thought the really ideal and built up a very beautiful vision of + solid human friendship in which there was everything that was + strong and wholesome on either side, but very little of sex. To + imagine this in its fullness I had to imagine all social, family, + and educational conditions vastly different from anything I had + come across. From this my thoughts ran largely on social matters. + In whatever direction my thoughts ran I always surveyed them from + the point of view of a boy. I was trying to wait patiently till I + could escape from slavery and starvation, and trying to keep the + open mind I have spoken of, though I never opened a book of + poetry, or a novel, or a history, but I slipped naturally back + into my non-girl's attitude and read it through my own eyes. All + my surface-life was a sham, and only through books, which were + few, did I ever see the world naturally. A consideration of + social matters led me to feel very sorry for women, whom I + regarded as made by a deliberate process of manufacture into the + fools I thought they were, and by the same process that I myself + was being made one. I felt more and more that men were to be + envied and women pitied. I lay stress on this for it started in + me a deliberate interest in women as women. I began to feel + protective and kindly toward women and children and to excuse + women from their responsibility for calamities <a name='2_Page_240'></a>such as my + school-career. I never imagined that men required, or would have + thanked me for, any sort of sympathy. But it came about in these + ways, and without the least help that I can trace, that by the + time I was 19 years of age I was keenly interested in all kinds + of questions: pity for downtrodden women, suffrage questions, + marriage laws, questions of liberty, freedom of thought, care of + the poor, views of Nature and Man and God. All these things + filled my mind to the exclusion of individual men and women. As + soon as I left school I made a headlong plunge into books where + these things were treated; I had the answers to everything to + find after a long period of enforced starvation. I had to work + for my knowledge. No books or ideas came near me but what I went + in search of. Another thing that helped me to take an expansive + view of life at this time was my intense love of Nature. All + birds and animals affected me by their beauty and grace, and I + have always kept a profound sympathy with them as well as some + subtle understanding which enables me to tame them, at times + remarkably. I not only loved all other creatures, but I believed + that men and women were the most beautiful things in the universe + and I would rather look at them (unclothed) than on any other + thing, as my greatest pleasure. I was prepared to like them + because they were beautiful. When the time came for me to leave + school I rather dreaded it, chiefly because I dreaded my life at + home. I had a great longing at this time to run away and try my + fortune anywhere; possibly if I had been stronger I might have + done so. But I was in very poor health through the physical + crushing I had had, and in very poor spirits through this and my + mental repression. I still knew myself a prisoner and I was + bitterly disappointed and ashamed at having no education. I + afterward had myself taught arithmetic and other things.</p> + +<p> "The next period of my life which covered about six years was not + less important to my development, and was a time of extreme + misery to me. It found me, on leaving school, almost a child. + This time between 18 and 24 should, I think, count as my proper + period of puberty, which probably in most children occupies the + end years of their school-life.</p> + +<p> "It was at this time that I began to make a good many friends of + my own and to become aware of psychical and sexual attractions. I + had never come across any theories on the subject, but I decided + that I must belong to a third sex of some kind. I used to wonder + if I was like the neuter bees! I knew physical and psychical sex + feeling and yet I seemed to know it quite otherwise from other + men and women. I asked myself if I could endure living a woman's + life, bearing children and doing my duty by them. I asked myself + what hiatus there could be between my bodily structure and my + feelings, and also what was the <a name='2_Page_241'></a>meaning of the strong physical + feelings which had me in their grip without choice of my own. + [Experience of physical sex sensations first began about 16 in + sleep; masturbation was accidentally discovered at the age of 19, + abandoned at 28, and then at 34 deliberately resumed as a method + of purely physical relief.] These three things simply would not + be reconciled and I said to myself that I must find a way of + living in which there was as little sex of any kind as possible. + There was something that I simply lacked; that I never doubted. + Curiously enough, I thought that the ultimate explanation might + be that there were men's minds in women's bodies, but I was more + concerned in finding a way of life than in asking riddles without + answers.</p> + +<p> "I thought that one day when I had money and opportunity I would + dress in men's clothes and go to another country, in order that I + might be unhampered by sex considerations and conventions. I + determined to live an honorable, upright, but simple life.</p> + +<p> "I had no idea at first that homosexual attractions in women + existed; afterward observations on the lower animals put the idea + into my head. I made no preparation in my mind for any sexual + life, though I thought it would be a dreary business repressing + my body all my days.</p> + +<p> "My relations with other women were entirely pure. My attitude + toward my sexual physical feelings was one of reserve and + repression, and I think the growing conviction of my radical + deficiency somewhere, would have made intimate affection for + anyone, with any demonstration in it, a kind of impropriety for + which I had no taste.</p> + +<p> "However, between 21 and 24 other things happened to me.</p> + +<p> "During these few years I saw plenty of men and plenty of women. + As regards the men I liked them very well, but I never thought + the man would turn up with whom I should care to live. Several + men were very friendly with me and three in particular used to + write me letters and give me much of their confidence. I invited + two of them to visit at my house. All these men talked to me with + freedom and even told me about their sexual ideas and doings. One + asked me to believe that he was leading a good life; the other + two owned that they were not. One discussed the question of + homosexuality with me; he has never married. I liked one of them + a good deal, being attracted by his softness and gentleness and + almost feminine voice. It was hoped that I would take to him and + he very cautiously made love to me. I allowed him to kiss me a + few times and wrote him a few responsive letters, wondering what + I liked in him. Someone then commented on the acquaintance and + said 'marriage,' and I woke up to the fact that I did not really + want him at all. I think he found the friendship too insipid and + was glad to be out of it. All these men were a trifle feminine in + characteristics, and <a name='2_Page_242'></a>two played no games. I thought it odd that + they should all express admiration for the very boyish qualities + in me that other people disliked. A fourth man, something of the + same type, told another friend that he always felt surprised at + how freely he was able to talk to me, but that he never could + feel that I was a woman. Two of these were brilliantly clever + men; two were artists.</p> + +<p> "At the same period, or earlier, I made a number of women + friends, and of course saw more of them. I chose out some and + some chose me; I think I attracted them as much as, or even more + than, they attracted me. I do not quite remember if this was so, + though I can say for certain that it was so at school. There were + three or four bright, clever, young women whom I got to know then + with whom I was great friends. We were interested in books, + social theories, politics, art. Sometimes I visited them or we + went on exploring expeditions to many country places or towns. + They all in the end either had love affairs or married. I know + that in spite of all our free conversations they never talked to + me as they did to each other; we were always a little shy with + each other. But I got very fond of at least four of them. I + admired them and when I was tired and worried I often thought how + easily, if I had been a man, I could have married and settled + down with one or the other. I used to think it would be + delightful to have a woman to work for and take care of. My + attraction to these women was very strong, but I don't think they + knew it. I seldom even kissed them, but I should often have + cheerfully given them a good hugging and kissing if I had thought + it a right or proper thing to do. I never wanted them to kiss me + half so much as I wanted to kiss them. In these years I felt this + with every woman I admired.</p> + +<p> "Occasionally, I experienced slight erections when close to other + women. I am sure that no deliberate thought of mine caused them, + and as I had them at other times too, when I was not expecting + them, I think it may have been accidental. What I felt with my + mind and what I felt with my body always at this time seemed + apart. I cannot accurately describe the interest and attraction + that women then were to me. I only know I never felt anything + like it for men. All my feelings of desire to do kindnesses, to + give presents, to be liked and respected and all such natural + small matters, referred to women, not to men, and at this time, + both openly and to myself, I said unhesitatingly that I liked + women best. It must be remembered that at this time a dislike for + men was being fostered in me by those who wanted me to marry, and + this must have counted for more than I now remember.</p> + +<p> "As regards my physical sexual feelings, which were well + established during these few years, I don't think I often + indulged in any erotic imaginations worth estimating, but so far + as I did at all, I always <a name='2_Page_243'></a>imagined myself as a man loving a + woman. I cannot recall ever imagining the opposite, but I seldom + imagined anything at all, and I suppose ultimate sex sensations + know no sex.</p> + +<p> "But as time went on and my physical and psychical feelings met, + at any rate in my own mind, I became fully aware of the meaning + of love and even, of homosexual possibilities.</p> + +<p> "I should probably have thought more of this side of things + except that during this time I was so worried by the difficulty + of living in my home under the perpetual friction of comparison + with other people. My life was a sham; I was an actor never off + the boards. I had to play at being a something I was not from + morning till night, and I had no cessation of the long fatigue I + had had at school; in addition I had sex to deal with actively + and consciously.</p> + +<p> "Looking back on these twenty-four years of my life I only look + back on a round of misery. The nervous strain was enormous and so + was the moral strain. Instead of a child I felt myself, whenever + I desired to please anyone else, a performing monkey. My + pleasures were stolen or I was snubbed for taking them. I was not + taught and was called a fool. My hand was against everybody's. + How it was that with my high spirits and vivid imagination I did + not grow up a moral imbecile full of perverted instincts I do not + know. I describe myself as a docile child, but I was full of + temptations to be otherwise. There were times when I was silent + before people, but if I had had a knife in my hand I could have + stuck it into them. If it had been desired to make me a + thoroughly perverted being I can imagine no better way than the + attempt to mould me by force into a particular pattern of girl.</p> + +<p> "Looking at my instincts in my first childhood and my mental + confusion over myself, I do not believe the most sympathetic and + scientific treatment would have turned me into an average girl, + but I see no reason why proper physical conditions should not + have induced a better physical development and that in its turn + have led to tastes more approximate to those of the normal woman. + That I do not even now desire to be a normal woman is not to the + point.</p> + +<p> "Instead of any such help, I suffered during the time that should + have been puberty from a profound mental and physical shock which + was extended over several years, and in addition I suffered from + the outrage of every fine and wholesome feeling I had. These + things by checking my physical development gave, I am perfectly + convinced, a traumatic impetus to my general abnormality, and + this was further kept up by demanding of me (at the dawn of my + real sexual activity, and when still practically a child) an + interest in men and marriage which I was no more capable of + feeling than any ordinary boy or girl of 15. If you had taken a + boy of 13 and given him all my conditions, bound him hand <a name='2_Page_244'></a>and + foot, when you became afraid of him petted him into docility, and + then placed him in the world and, while urging normal sexuality + upon him on the one hand, made him disgusted with it on the + other, what would have been the probable result?</p> + +<p> "Looking back, I can only say I think, the results in my own case + were marvellously good, and that I was saved from worse by my own + innocence and by the physical backwardness which nature, probably + in mercy, bestowed upon me.</p> + +<p> "I find it difficult to sum up the way in which I affect other + women and they me. I can only record my conviction that I do + affect a large number, whether abnormally or not I don't know, + but I attract them and it would be easy for some of them to + become very fond of me if I gave them a chance. They are also, I + am certain, more shy with me than they are with other women.</p> + +<p> "I find it difficult also to sum up their effect on me. I only + know that some women attract me and some tempt me physically, and + have done ever since I was about 22 or 23. I know that + psychically I have always been more interested in women than in + men, but have not considered them the best companions or + confidants. I feel protective towards them, never feel jealous of + them, and hate having differences with them. And I feel always + that I am not one of them. If there had been any period in my + life when health, and temptation and money and opportunity had + made homosexual relations easy I cannot say how I should have + resisted. I think that I have never had any such relations simply + because I have in a way been safeguarded from them. For a long + time I thought I must do without all actual sexual relations and + acted up to that. If I had thought any relations right and + possible I think I should have striven for heterosexual + experiences because of the respect that I had cultivated, indeed + I think always had, for the normal and natural. If I had thought + it right to indulge any sort of gratification which was within my + reach I think I might probably have chosen the homosexual as + being perhaps more satisfying and more convenient. I always + wanted love and friendship first; later I should have been glad + of something to satisfy my sex hunger too, but by that time I + could have done without it, or I thought so."</p> + +<p> At a period rather later than that dealt with in this narrative, + the subject of it became strongly attracted to a man who was of + somewhat feminine and abnormal disposition. But on consideration + she decided that it would not be wise to marry him. </p></div> + +<p>The commonest characteristic of the sexually inverted woman is a certain +degree of masculinity or boyishness. As I have already pointed out, +transvestism in either women or men <a name='2_Page_245'></a>by no means necessarily involves +inversion. In the volume of <i>Women Adventurers</i>, edited by Mrs. Norman for +the Adventure Series, there is no trace of inversion; in most of these +cases, indeed, love for a man was precisely the motive for adopting male +garments and manners. Again, Colley Cibber's daughter, Charlotte Charke, a +boyish and vivacious woman, who spent much of her life in men's clothes, +and ultimately wrote a lively volume of memoirs, appears never to have +been attracted to women, though women were often attracted to her, +believing her to be a man; it is, indeed, noteworthy that women seem, with +special frequency, to fall in love with disguised persons of their own +sex.<a name='2_FNanchor_166'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_166'><sup>[166]</sup></a> There is, however, a very pronounced tendency among sexually +inverted women to adopt male attire when practicable. In such cases male +garments are not usually regarded as desirable chiefly on account of +practical convenience, nor even in order to make an impression on other +women, but because the wearer feels more at home in them. Thus, Moll +mentions the case of a young governess of 16 who, while still unconscious +of her sexual perversion, used to find pleasure, when everyone was out of +the house, in putting on the clothes of a youth belonging to the family. <a name='2_Page_246'></a></p> + +<div class='blkquot'><p>Cases have been recorded of inverted women who spent the greater + part of their lives in men's clothing and been generally regarded + as men. I may cite the case of Lucy Ann Slater, <i>alias</i> the Rev. + Joseph Lobdell, recorded by Wise (<i>Alienist and Neurologist</i>, + 1883). She was masculine in character, features, and attire. In + early life she married and had a child, but had no affection for + her husband, who eventually left her. As usual in such cases, her + masculine habits appeared in early childhood. She was expert with + the rifle, lived the life of a trapper and hunter among the + Indians, and was known as the "Female Hunter of Long Eddy." She + published a book regarding those experiences. I have not been + able to see it, but it is said to be quaint and well written. She + regarded herself as practically a man, and became attached to a + young woman of good education, who had also been deserted by her + husband. The affection was strong and emotional, and, of course, + without deception. It was interrupted by her recognition and + imprisonment as a vagabond, but on the petition of her "wife" she + was released. "I may be a woman in one sense," she said, "but I + have peculiar organs which make me more a man than a woman." She + alluded to an enlarged clitoris which she could erect, she said, + as a turtle protrudes its head, but there was no question of its + use in coitus. She was ultimately brought to the asylum with + paroxysmal attacks of exaltation and erotomania (without + self-abuse apparently) and corresponding periods of depression, + and she died with progressive dementia. I may also mention the + case (briefly recorded in the <i>Lancet</i>, February 22, 1884) of a + person called John Coulter, who was employed for twelve years as + a laborer by the Belfast Harbor Commissioners. When death + resulted from injuries caused in falling down stairs, it was + found that this person was a woman. She was fifty years of age, + and had apparently spent the greater part of her life as a man. + When employed in early life as a manservant on a farm, she had + married her mistress's daughter. The pair were married for + twenty-nine years, but during the last six years lived apart, + owing to the "husband's" dissipated habits. No one ever suspected + her sex. She was of masculine appearance and good muscular + development. The "wife" took charge of the body and buried it.</p> + +<p> A more recent case of the same kind is that of "Murray Hall," who + died in New York in 1901. Her real name was Mary Anderson, and + she was born at Govan, in Scotland. Early left an orphan, on the + death of her only brother she put on his clothes and went to + Edinburgh, working as a man. Her secret was discovered during an + illness, and she finally went to America, where she lived as a + man for thirty years, making money, and becoming somewhat + notorious as a Tammany politician, a rather riotous "man about + town." The secret was not discovered till her death, when it was + a complete revelation, even to her adopted daughter.<a name='2_Page_247'></a> She married + twice; the first marriage ended in separation, but the second + marriage seemed to have been happy, for it lasted twenty years, + when the "wife" died. She associated much with pretty girls, and + was very jealous of them. She seems to have been slight and not + very masculine in general build, with a squeaky voice, but her + ways, attitude, and habits were all essentially masculine. She + associated with politicians, drank somewhat to excess, though not + heavily, swore a great deal, smoked and chewed tobacco, sang + ribald songs; could run, dance, and fight like a man, and had + divested herself of every trace of feminine daintiness. She wore + clothes that were always rather too large in order to hide her + form, baggy trousers, and an overcoat even in summer. She is said + to have died of cancer of the breast. (I quote from an account, + which appears to be reliable, contained in the <i>Weekly + Scotsman</i>, February 9, 1901.)</p> + +<p> Another case, described in the London papers, is that of + Catharine Coome, who for forty years successfully personated a + man and adopted masculine habits generally. She married a lady's + maid, with whom she lived for fourteen years. Having latterly + adopted a life of fraud, her case gained publicity as that of the + "man-woman."</p> + +<p> In 1901 the death on board ship was recorded of Miss Caroline + Hall, of Boston, a water-color painter who had long resided in + Milan. Three years previously she discarded female dress and + lived as "husband" to a young Italian lady, also an artist, whom + she had already known for seven years. She called herself "Mr. + Hall" and appeared to be a thoroughly normal young man, able to + shoot with a rifle and fond of manly sports. The officers of the + ship stated that she smoked and drank heartily, joked with the + other male passengers, and was hail-fellow-well-met with + everyone. Death was due to advanced tuberculosis of the lungs, + hastened by excessive drinking and smoking.</p> + +<p> Ellen Glenn, <i>alias</i> Ellis Glenn, a notorious swindler, who came + prominently before the public in Chicago during 1905, was another + "man-woman," of large and masculine type. She preferred to dress + as a man and had many love escapades with women. "She can fiddle + as well as anyone in the State," said a man who knew her, "can + box like a pugilist, and can dance and play cards."</p> + +<p> In Seville, a few years ago, an elderly policeman, who had been + in attendance on successive governors of that city for thirty + years, was badly injured in a street accident. He was taken to + the hospital and the doctor there discovered that the "policeman" + was a woman. She went by the name of Fernando Mackenzie and + during the whole of her long service no suspicion whatever was + aroused as to her sex. She was French by birth, born in Paris in + 1836, but her father was English and her mother Spanish. She + assumed her male disguise when <a name='2_Page_248'></a>she was a girl and served her + time in the French army, then emigrated to Spain, at the age of + 35, and contrived to enter the Madrid police force disguised as a + man. She married there and pretended that her wife's child was + her own son. She removed to Seville, still serving as a + policeman, and was engaged there as cook and orderly at the + governor's palace. She served seven successive governors. In + consequence of the discovery of her sex she has been discharged + from the police without the pension due to her; her wife had died + two years previously, and "Fernando" spent all she possessed on + the woman's funeral. Mackenzie had a soft voice, a refined face + with delicate features, and was neatly dressed in male attire. + When asked how she escaped detection so long, she replied that + she always lived quietly in her own house with her wife and did + her duty by her employers so that no one meddled with her.</p> + +<p> In Chicago in 1906 much attention was attracted to the case of + "Nicholai de Raylan," confidential secretary to the Russian + Consul, who at death (of tuberculosis) at the age of 33 was found + to be a woman. She was born in Russia and was in many respects + very feminine, small and slight in build, but was regarded as a + man, and even as very "manly," by both men and women who knew her + intimately. She was always very neat in dress, fastidious in + regard to shirts and ties, and wore a long-waisted coat to + disguise the lines of her figure. She was married twice in + America, being divorced by the first wife, after a union lasting + ten years, on the ground of cruelty and misconduct with chorus + girls. The second wife, a chorus girl who had been previously + married and had a child, was devoted to her "husband." Both wives + were firmly convinced that their husband was a man and ridiculed + the idea that "he" could be a woman. I am informed that De Raylan + wore a very elaborately constructed artificial penis. In her will + she made careful arrangements to prevent detection of sex after + death, but these were frustrated, as she died in a hospital.</p> + +<p> In St. Louis, in 1909, the case was brought forward of a young + woman of 22, who had posed as a man for nine years. Her masculine + career began at the age of 13 after the Galveston flood which + swept away all her family. She was saved and left Texas dressed + as a boy. She worked in livery stables, in a plough factory, and + as a bill-poster. At one time she was the adopted son of the + family in which she lived and had no difficulty in deceiving her + sisters by adoption as to her sex. On coming to St. Louis in 1902 + she made chairs and baskets at the American Rattan Works, + associating with fellow-workmen on a footing of masculine + equality. One day a workman noticed the extreme smallness and + dexterity of her hands. "Gee, Bill, you should have been a girl." + "How do you know I'm not?" she retorted. In such <a name='2_Page_249'></a>ways her ready + wit and good humor always, disarmed suspicion as to her sex. She + shunned no difficulties in her work or in her sports, we are + told, and never avoided the severest tests. "She drank, she + swore, she courted girls, she worked as hard as her fellows, she + fished and camped; she told stories with the best of them, and + she did not flinch when the talk grew strong. She even chewed + tobacco." Girls began to fall in love with the good-looking boy + at an early period, and she frequently boasted of her feminine + conquests; with one girl who worshipped her there was a question + of marriage. On account of lack of education she was restricted + to manual labor, and she often chose hard work. At one time she + became a boiler-maker's apprentice, wielding a hammer and driving + in hot rivets. Here she was very popular and became local + secretary of the International Brotherhood of Boiler-makers. In + physical development she was now somewhat of an athlete. "She + could outrun any of her friends on a sprint; she could kick + higher, play baseball, and throw the ball overhand like a man, + and she was fond of football. As a wrestler she could throw most + of the club members." The physician who examined her for an + insurance policy remarked: "You are a fine specimen of physical + manhood, young fellow. Take good care of yourself." Finally, in a + moment of weakness, she admitted her sex and returned to the + garments of womanhood.</p> + +<p> In London, in 1912, a servant-girl of 23 was charged in the Acton + Police Court with being "disorderly and masquerading," having + assumed man's clothes and living with another girl, taller and + more handsome than herself, as husband and wife. She had had + slight brain trouble as a child, and was very intelligent, with a + too active brain; in her spare time she had written stories for + magazines. The two girls became attached through doing Christian + social work together in their spare time, and resolved to live as + husband and wife to prevent any young man from coming forward. + The "husband" became a plumber's mate, and displayed some skill + at fisticuffs when at length discovered by the "wife's" brother. + Hence her appearance in the Police Court. Both girls were sent + back to their friends, and situations found for them as + day-servants. But as they remained devoted to each other + arrangements were made for them to live together.</p> + +<p> Another case that may be mentioned is that of Cora Anderson, "the + man-woman of Milwaukee," who posed for thirteen years as a man, + and during that period lived with two women as her wives without + her disguise being penetrated. (Her "Confessions" were published + in the <i>Day Book</i> of Chicago during May, 1914.)</p> + +<p> It would be easy to bring forward other cases. A few instances of + marriage between women will be found in the <i>Alienist and + Neurologist</i>,<a name='2_Page_250'></a> Nov., 1902, p. 497. In all such cases more or less + fraud has been exercised. I know of one case, probably unique, in + which the ceremony was gone through without any deception on any + side: a congenitally inverted Englishwoman of distinguished + intellectual ability, now dead, was attached to the wife of a + clergyman, who, in full cognizance of all the facts of the case, + privately married the two ladies in his own church. </p></div> + +<p>When they still retain female garments, these usually show some traits of +masculine simplicity, and there is nearly always a disdain for the petty +feminine artifices of the toilet. Even when this is not obvious, there are +all sorts of instinctive gestures and habits which may suggest to female +acquaintances the remark that such a person "ought to have been a man." +The brusque, energetic movements, the attitude of the arms, the direct +speech, the inflexions of the voice, the masculine straightforwardness and +sense of honor, and especially the attitude toward men, free from any +suggestion either of shyness or audacity, will often suggest the +underlying psychic abnormality to a keen observer.</p> + +<p>In the habits not only is there frequently a pronounced taste for smoking +cigarettes, often found in quite feminine women, but also a decided taste +and toleration for cigars. There is also a dislike and sometimes +incapacity for needlework and other domestic occupations, while there is +often some capacity for athletics.</p> + +<div class='blkquot'><p>As regards the general bearing of the inverted woman, in its most + marked and undisguised form, I may quote an admirable description + by Prof. Zuccarelli, of Naples, of an unmarried middle-class + woman of 35: "While retaining feminine garments, her bearing is + as nearly as possible a man's. She wears her thin hair thrown + carelessly back <i>alla Umberto</i>, and fastened in a simple knot at + the back of her head. The breasts are little developed, and + compressed beneath a high corset; her gown is narrow without the + expansion demanded by fashion. Her straw hat with broad plaits is + perhaps adorned by a feather, or she wears a small hat like a + boy's. She does not carry an umbrella or sunshade, and walks out + alone, refusing the company of men; or she is accompanied by a + woman, as she prefers, offering her arm and carrying the other + hand at her waist, with the air of a fine gentleman. In a + carriage her bearing is peculiar and unlike that habitual with + women. Seated in the middle of the double <a name='2_Page_251'></a>seat, her knees being + crossed or else the legs well separated, with a virile air and + careless easy movements she turns her head in every direction, + finding an acquaintance here and there with her eye, saluting men + and women with a large gesture of the hand as a business man + would. In conversation her pose is similar; she gesticulates + much, is vivacious in speech, with much power of mimicry, and + while talking she arches the inner angles of her eyebrow, making + vertical wrinkles at the center of her forehead. Her laugh is + open and explosive and uncovers her white rows of teeth. With men + she is on terms of careless equality." ("Inversione congenita + dell'istinto sessuale in una donna," <i>L'Anomalo</i>, February, + 1889.)</p> + +<p> "The inverted woman," Hirschfeld truly remarks (<i>Die + Homosexualität</i>, p. 158), "is more full of life, of enterprise, + of practical energy, more aggressive, more heroic, more apt for + adventure, than either the heterosexual woman or the homosexual + man." Sometimes, he adds, her mannishness may approach reckless + brutality, and her courage becomes rashness. This author + observes, however, in another place (p. 272) that, in addition to + this group of inverted women with masculine traits there is + another group, "not less large," of equally inverted women who + are outwardly as thoroughly feminine as are normal women. This is + not an observation which I am able to confirm. It appears to me + that the great majority of inverted women possess some masculine + or boyish traits, even though only as slight as those which may + occasionally be revealed by normal women. Extreme femininity, in + my observation, is much more likely to be found in bisexual than + in homosexual women, just as extreme masculinity is much more + likely to be found in bisexual than in homosexual men. </p></div> + +<p>While inverted women frequently, though not always, convey an impression +of mannishness or boyishness, there are no invariable anatomical +characteristics associated with this impression. There is, for instance, +no uniform tendency to a masculine distribution of hair. Nor must it be +supposed that the presence of a beard in a woman indicates a homosexual +tendency. "Bearded women," as Hirschfeld remarks, are scarcely ever +inverted, and it would seem that the strongest reversals of secondary +sexual characters less often accompany homosexuality than slighter +modifications of these characters.<a name='2_FNanchor_167'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_167'><sup>[167]</sup></a> A faint moustache and other slight +manifestations of hypertrichosis also <a name='2_Page_252'></a>by no means necessarily indicate +homosexuality. To some extent it is a matter of race; thus in the Pera +district of Constantinople, Weissenberg, among nearly seven hundred women +between about 18 and 50 years of age, noted that 10 per cent, showed hair +on the upper lip; they were most often Armenians, the Greeks coming +next.<a name='2_FNanchor_168'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_168'><sup>[168]</sup></a></p> + +<div class='blkquot'><p>There has been some dispute as to whether, apart from + homosexuality, hypertrichosis in a woman can be regarded as an + indication of a general masculinity. This is denied by Max + Bartels (in his elaborate study, "Ueber abnorme Behaarung beim + Menschen," <i>Zeitschrift für Ethnologie</i>, 1876, p. 127; 1881, p. + 219) and, as regards insanity, by L. Harris-Liston ("Cases of + Bearded Women," <i>British Medical Journal</i>, June 2, 1894). On the + other hand, J. H. Claiborne ("Hypertrichosis in Women," <i>New York + Medical Journal</i>, June 13, 1914) believes that hair on the face + and body in a woman is a sign of masculinity; "women with + hypertrichosis possess masculine traits."</p> + +<p> There seems to be very little doubt that fully developed "bearded + women" are in most, possibly not all, cases decidedly feminine in + all other respects. A typical instance is furnished by Annie + Jones, the "Esau Lady" of Virginia. She belonged to a large and + entirely normal family, but herself possessed a full beard with + thick whiskers and moustache of an entirely masculine type; she + also showed short, dark hair on arms and hands resembling a man. + Apart from this heterogeny, she was entirely normal and feminine. + At the age of 26, when examined in Berlin, the hair of the head + was very long, the expression of the face entirely feminine, the + voice also feminine, the figure elegant, the hands and feet + entirely of feminine type, the external and internal genitalia + altogether feminine. Annie Jones was married. Max Bartels, who + studied Annie Jones and published her portrait (<i>Zeitschrift für + Ethnologie</i>, 1891, Heft 3, p. 243), remarks that in these + respects Annie Jones resembles other "bearded women"; they marry, + have children, and are able to suckle them. A beard in women + seems, as Dupré and Duflos believe (<i>Revue Neurologique</i>, Aug. + 30, 1901), to be more closely correlated with neuropathy than + with masculinity; comparing a thousand sane women with a thousand + insane women in Paris, they found unusual degree of hair or down + on the face in 23 per cent. of the former and 50 per cent. of the + latter; but even the sane bearded women frequently belonged to + neuropathic families.</p> + +<p> A tendency to slight widely diffused hypertrichosis of the body + generally, not localized or highly developed on the face, seems + much <a name='2_Page_253'></a>more likely than a beard to be associated with masculinity, + even when it occurs in little girls. Thus Virchow once presented + to the Berlin Anthropological Society a little girl of 5 of this + type who also possessed a deep and rough voice (<i>Zeitschrift für + Ethnologie</i>, 1891, Heft 4, p. 469). A typical example of slight + hypertrichosis in a woman associated with general masculine + traits is furnished by a description and figure of the body of a + woman of 56 in an anatomical institute, furnished by C. Strauch + (<i>Zeitschrift für Ethnologie</i>, 1901, Heft 6, p. 534). In this + case there was a growth of hair around both nipples and a line of + hair extended from the pubes to the navel; both these two + dispositions of hair are very rare in women. (In Vienna among + nearly 700 women Coe only found a tendency to hair distribution + toward the navel in about 1 per cent.). While the hair in this + subject was otherwise fairly normal, there were many + approximations to the masculine type in other respects: the + muscles were strongly developed, the bones massive, the limbs + long, the joints powerful, the hands and feet large, the thorax + well developed, the lower jaw massive; there was an absence of + feminine curves on the body and the breasts were scarcely + perceptible. At the same time the genital organs were normal and + there had been childbirth. It was further notable that this woman + had committed suicide by self-strangulation, a rare method which + requires great resolution and strength of will, as at any moment + of the process the pressure can be removed. </p></div> + +<p>There seems little doubt that inverted women frequently tend to show minor +anomalies of the piliferous system, and especially slight hypertrichosis +and a masculine distribution of hair. Thus in a very typical case of +inversion in an Italian girl of 19 who dressed as a man and ran away from +home, the down on the arms and legs was marked to an unusual extent, and +there was very abundant hair in the armpits and on the pubes, with a +tendency to the masculine distribution.<a name='2_FNanchor_169'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_169'><sup>[169]</sup></a> Of the three cases described +in this chapter which I am best acquainted with, one possesses an +unusually small amount of hair on the pubes and in the axillæ +(oligotrichosis terminalis), approximating to the infantile type, while +another presents a complex and very rare piliferous heterogeny. There is +marked dark down on the upper <a name='2_Page_254'></a>lip; the pubic hair is thick, and there is +hair on toes and feet and legs to umbilicus; there are also a few hairs +around the nipples. A woman physician in the United States who knows many +female inverts similarly tells me that she has observed the tendency to +growth of hair on the legs. If, as is not improbable, inversion is +associated with some abnormal balance in the internal secretions, it is +not difficult to understand this tendency to piliferous anomalies; and we +know that the thyroid secretion, for instance, and much more the +testicular and ovarian secretions, have a powerful influence on the hair.</p> + +<div class='blkquot'><p>Ballantyne, some years ago, in discussing congenital + hypertrichosis (<i>Manual of Antenatal Pathology</i>, 1902, pp. 321-6) + concluded that the theory of arrested development is best + supported by the facts; persistence of lanugo is such an arrest, + and hypertrichosis may largely be considered a persistence of + lanugo. Such a conclusion is still tenable,—though it encounters + some difficulties and inconsistencies,—and it largely agrees + with what we know of the condition as associated with inversion + in women. But we are now beginning to see that this arrested + development may be definitely associated with anomalies in the + internal secretions, and even with special chemical defects in + these secretions. Virile strength has always been associated with + hair, as the story of Samson bears witness. Ammon found among + Baden conscripts (<i>L'Anthropologie</i>, 1896, p. 285) that when the + men were divided into classes according to the amount of hair on + body, the first class, with least hair, have the smallest + circumference of testicle, the fewest number of men with glans + penis uncovered, the largest number of infantile voices, the + largest proportion of blue eyes and fair hair, the smallest + average height, weight, and chest circumference, while in all + these respects the men with hairy bodies were at the other + extreme. It has been known from antiquity that in men early + castration affects the growth of hair. It is now known that in + women the presence or absence of the ovary and, other glands + affects the hair, as well as sexual development. Thus Hegar + (<i>Beiträge zur Geburtshülfe und Gynäkologie</i>, vol. i, p. 111, + 1898) described a girl with pelvis of infantile type and uterine + malformation who had been unusually hairy on face and body from + infancy, with masculine arrangement of hair on pubes and abdomen; + menstruation was scanty, breasts atrophic; the hair was of lanugo + type; we see here how in women infantile and masculine + characteristics are associated with, and both probably dependent + on, defects in the sexual glands. Plant (<i>Centralblatt für + Gynäkologie</i>, No. 9, 1896) described another girl with very small + ovaries, <a name='2_Page_255'></a>rudimentary uterus, small vagina, and prominent nymphæ, + in whom menstruation was absent, hair on head long and strong, + but hair absent in armpits and scanty on mons veneris. These two + cases seem inconsistent as regards hair, and we should now wish + to know the condition of the other internal glands. The thyroid, + for instance, it is now known, controls the hair, as well as do + the sexual glands; and the thyroid, as Gautier has shown + (Académie de Médecine, July 24, 1900) elaborates arsenic and + iodine, which nourish the skin and hair; he found that the + administration of sodium cacodylate to young women produced + abundant growth of hair on head. Again, the kidneys, and + especially the adrenal glands, influence the hair. It has long + been known that in girls with congenital renal tumors there is an + abnormally early growth of axillary and pubic hair; Goldschwend + (<i>Präger medizinische Wochenschrift</i>, Nos. 37 and 38, 1910) has + described the case of a woman of 39, with small ovaries and + adrenal tumor, in whom hair began to grow on chin and cheeks. + (See also C. T. Ewart, <i>Lancet</i>, May 19, 1915.) Once more, the + glans hypophysis also affects hair growth and it has been found + by Lévi (quoted in <i>Archives d'Anthropologie Criminelle</i>, + August-September, 1912, p. 711) that the administration of + hypophysis extract to an infantile, hairless woman of 27, without + sexual feeling, produced a general tendency to growth of hair. + Such facts not only help to explain the anomalies of hair + development, but also indicate the direction in which we may find + an explanation of the anomalies of the sexual impulse. </p></div> + +<p>Apart from the complicated problem presented by the hair, there are +genuine approximations to the masculine type. The muscles tend to be +everywhere firm, with a comparative absence of soft connective tissue; so +that an inverted woman may give an unfeminine impression to the sense of +touch. A certain tonicity of the muscles has indeed often been observed in +homosexual women. Hirschfeld found that two-thirds of inverted women are +more muscular than normal women, while, on the other hand, he found that +among inverted men the musculature was often weak.</p> + +<p>Not only is the tone of the voice often different, but there is reason to +suppose that this rests on a basis, of anatomical modification. At Moll's +suggestion, Flatau examined the larynx in a large number of inverted +women, and found in several a very decidedly masculine type of larynx, or +an approach to it, especially <a name='2_Page_256'></a>in cases of distinctly congenital origin. +Hirschfeld has confirmed Flatau's observations on this point. It may be +added that inverted women are very often good whistlers; Hirschfeld even +knows two who are public performers in whistling. It is scarcely necessary +to remark that while the old proverb associates whistling in a woman with +crowing in a hen, whistling in a woman is no evidence of any general +physical or psychic inversion.</p> + +<p>As regards the sexual organs it seems possible, so far as my observations +go, to speak more definitely of inverted women than of inverted men. In +all three of the cases concerning whom I have precise information, among +those whose histories are recorded in the present chapter, there is more +or less arrested development and infantilism. In one a somewhat small +vagina and prominent nymphæ, with local sensitiveness, are associated with +oligotrichosis. In another the sexual parts are in some respects rather +small, while there is no trace of ovary on one side. In the third case, +together with hypertrichosis, the nates are small, the nymphæ large, the +clitoris deeply hooded, the hymen thick, and the vagina probably small. +These observations, though few, are significant, and they accord with +those of other observers.<a name='2_FNanchor_170'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_170'><sup>[170]</sup></a> Krafft-Ebing well described a case which I +should be inclined to regard as typical of many: sexual organs feminine in +character, but remaining at the infantile stage of a girl of 10; small +clitoris, prominent cockscomb-like nymphæ, small vagina scarcely +permitting normal intercourse and very sensitive. Hirschfeld agrees in +finding common an approach to the type described by Krafft-Ebing; atrophic +anomalies he regards as more common than hypertrophic, and he refers to +thickness of hymen and a tendency to notably small uterus and ovaries. The +clitoris is more usually small than large; women with a large clitoris (as +Parent-Duchâtelet long since remarked) seem rarely to be of masculine +type. <a name='2_Page_257'></a></p> + +<p>Notwithstanding these tendencies, however, sexual inversion in a woman is, +as a rule, not more obvious than in a man. At the same time, the inverted +woman is not usually attractive to men. She herself generally feels the +greatest indifference to men, and often, cannot understand why a woman +should love a man, though she easily understands why a man should love a +woman. She shows, therefore, nothing of that sexual shyness and engaging +air of weakness and dependence which are an invitation to men. The man who +is passionately attracted to an inverted woman is usually of rather a +feminine type. For instance, in one case present to my mind he was of +somewhat neurotic heredity, of slight physical development, not sexually +attractive to women, and very domesticated in his manner of living; in +short, a man who might easily have been passionately attracted to his own +sex.</p> + +<p>While the inverted woman is cold, or, at most, comradely in her bearing +toward men, she may become shy and confused in the presence of attractive +persons of her own sex, even unable to undress in their presence, and full +of tender ardor for the woman whom she loves.<a name='2_FNanchor_171'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_171'><sup>[171]</sup></a></p> + +<p>Homosexual passion in women finds more or less complete expression in +kissing, sleeping together, and close embraces, as in what is sometimes +called "lying spoons," when one woman lies on her side with her back +turned to her friend and embraces her from behind, fitting her thighs into +the bend of her companion's legs, so that her mons veneris is in dose +contact with the other's buttocks, and slight movement then produces mild +erethism. One may also lie on the other's body, or there may be mutual +masturbation. Mutual contact and friction of the sexual parts seem to be +comparatively rare, but it seems to have been common in antiquity, for we +owe to it the term "tribadism" which is sometimes used as a synonym of +feminine homosexuality, and this method is said to be practised today by +<a name='2_Page_258'></a>the southern Slav women of the Balkans.<a name='2_FNanchor_172'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_172'><sup>[172]</sup></a> The extreme gratification is +<i>cunnilinctus</i>, or oral stimulation of the feminine sexual organs, not +usually mutual, but practised by the more active and masculine partner; +this act is sometimes termed, by no means satisfactorily, "Sapphism," and +"Lesbianism."<a name='2_FNanchor_173'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_173'><sup>[173]</sup></a></p> + +<p>An enlarged clitoris is but rarely found in inversion and plays a very +small part in the gratification of feminine homosexuality. Kiernan refers; +to a case, occurring in America, in which an inverted woman, married and a +mother, possessed a clitoris which measured 2½ inches when erect. Casanova +described an inverted Swiss, woman, otherwise feminine in development, +whose clitoris in excitement was longer than his little finger, and +capable of penetration.<a name='2_FNanchor_174'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_174'><sup>[174]</sup></a> The older literature contains many similar +cases. In most such cases, however, we are probably concerned with some +form of pseudohermaphroditism, and the "clitoris" may more properly be +regarded as a penis; there is thus no inversion involved.<a name='2_FNanchor_175'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_175'><sup>[175]</sup></a></p> + +<p>While the use of the clitoris is rare in homosexuality, the use of an +artificial penis is by no means uncommon and very widespread. In several +of the modern cases in which inverted women have married women (such as +those of Sarolta Vay and De Raylan) the belief of the wife in the +masculinity of the "husband" has been due to an appliance of this kind +used in intercourse. The artificial penis (the olisbos, or baubon) was +well known to the Greeks and is described by Herondas. Its invention was +ascribed by Suidas to the Milesian women, and Miletus, according to +Aristophanes in the <i>Lysistrata</i>, was the <a name='2_Page_259'></a>chief place of its +manufacture.<a name='2_FNanchor_176'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_176'><sup>[176]</sup></a> It was still known in medieval times, and in the twelfth +century Bishop Burchard, of Worms, speaks of its use as a thing "which +some women are accustomed to do." In the early eighteenth century, +Margaretha Lincken, again in Germany, married another woman with the aid +of an artificial male organ.<a name='2_FNanchor_177'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_177'><sup>[177]</sup></a> The artificial penis is also used by +homosexual women in various parts of the world. Thus we find it mentioned +in legends of the North American Indians and it is employed in Zanzibar +and Madagascar.<a name='2_FNanchor_178'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_178'><sup>[178]</sup></a></p> + +<div class='blkquot'><p>The various phenomena of sadism, masochism, and fetichism which + are liable to arise, spontaneously or by suggestion, in the + relationships of normal lovers, as well as of male inverts, may + also arise in the same way among inverted women, though, + probably, not often in a very pronounced form. Moll, however, + narrates a case (<i>Konträre Sexualempfindung</i>, 1899, pp. 565-70) + in which various minor but very definite perversions were + combined with inversion. A young lady of 26, of good heredity, + from the age of 6 had only been attracted to her own sex, and + even in childhood had practised mutual <i>cunnilinctus</i>. She was + extremely intelligent, and of generous and good-natured + disposition, with various masculine tastes, but, on the whole, of + feminine build and with completely feminine larynx. During seven + years she lived exclusively with one woman. She found complete + satisfaction <a name='2_Page_260'></a>in active <i>cunnilinctus</i>. During the course of this + relationship various other methods of excitement and + gratification arose—it seems, for the most part, spontaneously. + She found much pleasure in urolagnic and coprolagnic practices. + In addition to these and similar perversions, the subject liked + being bitten, especially in the lobule of the ear, and she was + highly excited when whipped by her friend, who should, if + possible, be naked at the time; only the nates must be whipped + and only a birch rod be used, or the effect would not be + obtained. These practices would not be possible to her in the + absence of extreme intimacy and mutual understanding, and they + only took place with the one friend. In this case the perverse + phenomena were masochistic rather than sadistic. Many homosexual + women, however, display sadistic tendencies in a more or less + degree. Thus Dr. Kiernan tells me of an American case, with which + he was professionally concerned with Dr. Moyer (see also paper by + Kiernan and Moyer in <i>Alienist and Neurologist</i>, May, 1907), of a + sadistic inverted woman in a small Illinois city, married and + with two young children. She was of undoubted neuropathic stock + and there was a history of pre-marital masturbation and + bestiality with a dog. She was a prominent club woman in her city + and a leader in religious and social matters; as is often the + case with sadists she was pruriently prudish, and there was + strong testimony to her chaste and modest character by clergymen, + club women, and local magnates. The victim of her sadistic + passion was a girl she had adopted from a Home, but whom she half + starved. On this girl she inflicted over three hundred wounds. + Many of these wounds were stabs with forks and scissors which + merely penetrated the skin. This was especially the case with + those inflicted on the breasts, labia, and clitoris. During the + infliction of these she experienced intense excitement, but this + excitement was under control, and when she heard anyone + approaching she instantly desisted. She was found sane and + responsible at the time of these actions, but the jury also found + that she had since become insane and she was sent to an Insane + Hospital, after recovery to serve a sentence of two years in + prison. The alleged insanity, Dr. Kiernan adds, was of the + dubious manic and depressive variety, and perhaps chiefly due to + wounded pride. </p></div> + +<p>The inverted woman is an enthusiastic admirer of feminine beauty, +especially of the statuesque beauty of the body, unlike, in this, the +normal woman, whose sexual emotion is but faintly tinged by esthetic +feeling. In her sexual habits we perhaps less often find the degree of +promiscuity which is not uncommon <a name='2_Page_261'></a>among inverted men, and we may perhaps +agree with Moll that homosexual women are more often apt to love +faithfully and lastingly than homosexual men. Hirschfeld remarks that +inverted women are not usually attracted in girlhood by the autoerotic and +homosexual vices of school-life,<a name='2_FNanchor_179'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_179'><sup>[179]</sup></a> and nearly all the women whose +histories I have recorded in this chapter felt a pronounced repugnance to +such manifestations and cherished lofty ideals of love.</p> + +<p>Inverted women are not rarely married. Moll, from various confidences +which he has received, believes that inverted women have not the same +horror of normal coitus as inverted, men; this is probably due to the fact +that the woman under such circumstances can retain a certain passivity. In +other cases there is some degree of bisexuality, although, as among +inverted men, the homosexual instinct seems usually to give the greater +relief and gratification.</p> + +<p>It has been stated by many observers—in America, in France, in Germany, +and in England—that homosexuality is increasing among women.<a name='2_FNanchor_180'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_180'><sup>[180]</sup></a> There +are many influences in our civilization today which encourage such +manifestations.<a name='2_FNanchor_181'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_181'><sup>[181]</sup></a> The <a name='2_Page_262'></a>modern movement of emancipation—the movement to +obtain the same rights and duties as men, the same freedom and +responsibility, the same education and the same work—must be regarded as, +on the whole, a wholesome and inevitable movement. But it carries with it +certain disadvantages.<a name='2_FNanchor_182'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_182'><sup>[182]</sup></a> Women are, very justly, coming to look upon +knowledge and experience generally as their right as much as their +brothers' right. But when this doctrine is applied to the sexual sphere it +finds certain limitations. Intimacies of any kind between young men and +young women are as much discouraged socially now as ever they were; as +regards higher education, the mere association of the sexes in the +lecture-room or the laboratory or the hospital is discouraged in England +and in America. While men are allowed freedom, the sexual field of women +is becoming restricted to trivial flirtation with the opposite sex, and to +intimacy with their own sex; having been taught independence of men and +disdain for the old theory which placed women in the moated grange of the +home to sigh for a man who never comes, a tendency develops for women to +carry this independence still farther and to find love where they find +work. These unquestionable influences of modern movements cannot directly +cause sexual inversion, but they develop the germs of it, and they +probably cause a spurious imitation. This spurious imitation is due to the +fact that the congenital anomaly occurs with special frequency in women of +high intelligence who, voluntarily or involuntarily, influence others.</p> + +<div class='blkquot'><p>Kurella, Bloch, and others believe that the woman movement has + helped to develop homosexuality (see, <i>e.g.</i>, I. Bloch, <i>Beiträge + zur Ætiologie der Psychopathia Sexualis</i>, 1902, vol. i, p. 248). + Various "feminine Strindbergs of the woman movement," as they + have been termed, displayed marked hostility to men. Anna Rüling + claims that <a name='2_Page_263'></a>many leaders of the movement, from the outset until + today, have been inverted. Hirschfeld, however (<i>Die + Homosexualität</i>, p. 500), after giving special attention to the + matter, concludes that, alike among English suffragettes and in + the German Verein für Frauenstimmrecht, the percentage of inverts + is less than 10 per cent. </p></div> + +<hr /> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_137'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_137'>[137]</a> Catharina Margaretha Lincken, who married another woman, +somewhat after the manner of the Hungarian Countess Sarolta Vay (<i>i.e.</i>, +with the aid of an artificial male organ), was condemned to death for +sodomy, and executed in 1721 at the age of 27 (F. C. Müller, "Ein weiterer +Fall von conträrer Sexualempfindung," <i>Friedrich's Blätter für +Gerichtliche Medizin</i>, Heft 4, 1891). The most fully investigated case of +sexual inversion in a woman in modern times is that of Countess Sarolta +Vay (<i>Friedrich's Blätter</i>, Heft, 1, 1891; also Krafft-Ebing, +<i>Psychopathia Sexualis</i>, Eng. trans. of 10th. ed., 416-427; also +summarized in Appendix E of earlier editions of the present Study). +Sarolta always dressed as a man, and went through a pseudo-marriage with a +girl who was ignorant of the real sex of her "husband." She was acquitted +and allowed to return home and continue dressing as a man.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_138'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_138'>[138]</a> Anna Rüling has some remarks on this point, <i>Jahrbuch für +sexuelle Zwischenstufen</i>, vol. vii, 1905, p. 141 <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_139'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_139'>[139]</a> This, of course, by no means necessarily indicates the +existence of sexual inversion, any more than the presence of feminine +traits in distinguished men. I have elsewhere pointed out (<i>e.g.</i>, <i>Man +and Woman</i>, 5th ed., 1915, p. 488) that genius in either sex frequently +involves the coexistence of masculine, feminine, and infantile traits.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_140'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_140'>[140]</a> Various references to Queen Hatschepsu are given by +Hirschfeld (<i>Die Homosexualität</i>, p. 739). Hirschfeld's not severely +critical list of distinguished homosexual persons includes 18 women. It +would not be difficult to add others.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_141'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_141'>[141]</a> Sophie Hochstetter, in a study of Queen Christina in the +<i>Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen</i> (vol. ix, 1908, p. 168 <i>et seq.</i>), +regards her as bisexual, while H. J. Schouten (<i>Monatsschrift für +Kriminalanthropologie</i>, 1912, Heft 6) concludes that she was homosexual, +and believes that it was Monaldeschi's knowledge on this point which led +her to instigate his murder.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_142'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_142'>[142]</a> <i>Cf.</i> Hans Freimark, <i>Helena Petrovna Blavatsky</i>; Levetzow, +"Louise Michel," <i>Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen</i>, vol. vii, 1905, +p. 307 <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_143'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_143'>[143]</a> Rosa Bonheur, the painter, is a specially conspicuous +example of pronounced masculinity in, a woman of genius. She frequently +dressed as a man, and when dressed as a woman her masculine air +occasionally attracted the attention of the police. See Theodore Stanton's +biography.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_144'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_144'>[144]</a> There is some difference of opinion as to whether there is +less real delinquency among women (see Havelock Ellis, <i>Man and Woman</i>, +6th ed., 1915, p. 469), but we are here concerned with judicial +criminality.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_145'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_145'>[145]</a> This apparently widespread opinion is represented by the +remark of a young man in the eighteenth century (concerning the Lesbian +friend of the woman he wishes to marry), quoted in the Comte de Tilly's +<i>Souvenirs</i>: "I confess that that is a kind of rivalry which causes me no +annoyance; on the contrary it amuses me, and I am immoral enough to laugh +at it." That attitude of the educated and refined was not probably shared +by the populace. Madame de Lamballe, who was guillotined at the +Revolution, was popularly regarded as a tribade, and it was said that on +this account her charming head received the special insults of the mob.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_146'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_146'>[146]</a> Havelock Ellis, <i>Man and Woman</i>, 5th ed., 1915, especially +chapters xiii and xv.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_147'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_147'>[147]</a> Karsch (<i>Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen</i>, vol. iii, +1901, pp. 85-9) brings together some passages concerning homosexuality in +women among various peoples.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_148'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_148'>[148]</a> Gandavo, quoted by Lomaeco, <i>Archivio per l'Antropologia</i>, +1889, fasc. 1.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_149'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_149'>[149]</a> <i>Journal Anthropological Institute</i>, July-Dec., 1904, p. +342.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_150'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_150'>[150]</a> G. H. Lowie, "The Assiniboine," Am. Museum of Nat. Hist., +<i>Anthropological Papers</i>, New York, 1909, vol. xiv, p. 223; W. Jones, "Fox +Texts," <i>Publications of Am. Ethnological Soc.</i>, Leyden, 1907, vol. i, p. +151; quoted by D. C. McMurtrie, "A Legend of Lesbian Love Among the North +American Indians," <i>Urologic Review</i>, April, 1914.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_151'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_151'>[151]</a> <i>Zeitschrift für Ethnologie</i>, Heft 6, 1899, p. 669.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_152'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_152'>[152]</a> I. Bloch, <i>Die Prostitution</i>, vol. i, pp. 180, 181.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_153'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_153'>[153]</a> Corre, <i>Crime en Pays Creoles</i>, 1889.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_154'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_154'>[154]</a> In a Spanish prison, some years ago, when a new governor +endeavored to reform the homosexual manners of the women, the latter made +his post so uncomfortable that he was compelled to resign. Salillas (<i>Vida +Penal en España</i>) asserts that all the evidence shows the extraordinary +expansion of Lesbian love in prisons. The <i>mujeres hombrunas</i> receive +masculine names—Pepe, Chulo, Bernardo, Valiente; new-comers are +surrounded in the court-yard by a crowd of lascivious women, who overwhelm +them with honeyed compliments and gallantries and promises of protection, +the most robust virago having most successes; a single day and night +complete the initiation.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_155'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_155'>[155]</a> Even among Arab prostitutes it is found, according to +Kocher, though among Arab women generally it is rare.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_156'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_156'>[156]</a> <i>Monatsschrift für Harnkrankheiten</i>, Nov., 1905; in his +<i>Tribadie Berlins</i>, he states that among 3000 prostitutes at least ten per +cent. were homosexual. See also Parent-Duchâtelet, <i>De la Prostitution</i>, +3d ed., vol. i, pp. 159, 169; Martineau, <i>Les Déformations vulvaires et +anales</i>; and Iwan Bloch, <i>Beiträge zur Ætiologie der Psychopathia +Sexualis</i>, 1902, vol. i, p. 244.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_157'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_157'>[157]</a> Hirschfeld, <i>Die Homosexualität</i>, p. 330.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_158'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_158'>[158]</a> Eulenburg, <i>Sexuelle Neuropathie</i>, p. 144.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_159'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_159'>[159]</a> See vol. vi of these <i>Studies</i>, "Sex in Relation to +Society," ch. vii.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_160'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_160'>[160]</a> The prostitute has sometimes been regarded as a special +type, analogous to the instinctive criminal. This point of view has been +specially emphasized by Lombroso and Ferrero, <i>La Donna Delinquente</i>. +Apart from this, these authors regard homosexuality among prostitutes as +due to the following causes (p. 410 <i>et seq.</i>): (<i>a</i>) excessive and often +unnatural venery; (<i>b</i>) confinement in a prison, with separation from men; +(<i>c</i>) close association with the same sex, such as is common in brothels; +(<i>d</i>) maturity and old age, inverting the secondary sexual characters and +predisposing to sexual inversion; (<i>e</i>) disgust of men produced by a +prostitute's profession, combined with the longing for love. For cases of +homosexuality in American prostitutes, see D. McMurtrie, <i>Lancet-Clinic</i>, +Nov. 2, 1912.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_161'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_161'>[161]</a> Thus Casanova, who knew several nuns intimately, refers to +homosexuality as a childish sin so common in convents that confessors +imposed no penance for it (<i>Mémoires</i>, ed. Garnier, vol. iv, p. 517). +Homosexuality in convent schools has been studied by Mercante, <i>Archivos +di Psiquiatria</i>, 1905, pp. 22-30.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_162'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_162'>[162]</a> I quote the following from a private letter written in +Switzerland: "An English resident has told me that his wife has lately had +to send away her parlor-maid (a pretty girl) because she was always taking +in strange women to sleep with her. I asked if she had been taken from +hotel service, and found, as I expected, that she had. But neither my +friend nor his wife suspected the real cause of these nocturnal visits."</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_163'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_163'>[163]</a> For a series of cases of affection of girls for girls, in +apparently normal subjects in the United States, see, <i>e.g.</i>, Lancaster, +"The Psychology and Pedagogy of Adolescence," <i>Pedagogical Seminary</i>, +July, 1897, p. 88; also, for school friendships between girls, exactly +resembling those between boys and girls, Theodate L. Smith, "Types of +Adolescent Affection," <i>ib.</i>, June, 1904, pp. 193, 195.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_164'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_164'>[164]</a> Obici and Marchesini, <i>Le "Amicizie" di Collegio</i>, Rome, +1898.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_165'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_165'>[165]</a> See Appendix B, in which I have briefly summarized the +result of the investigation by Obici and Marchesini, and also brought +forward observations concerning English colleges.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_166'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_166'>[166]</a> An interesting ancient example of a woman with an +irresistible impulse to adopt men's clothing and lead a man's life, but +who did not, so far as is known, possess any sexual impulses, is that of +Mary Frith, commonly called Moll Cutpurse, who lived in London at the +beginning of the seventeenth century. <i>The Life and Death of Mrs. Mary +Frith</i> appeared in 1662; Middleton and Rowley also made her the heroine of +their delightful comedy, <i>The Roaring Girl (Mermaid Series, Middleton's +Plays</i>, volume ii), somewhat idealizing her, however. She seems to have +belonged to a neurotic and eccentric stock; "each of the family," her +biographer says, "had his peculiar freak." As a child she only cared for +boys' games, and could never adapt herself to any woman's avocations. "She +had a natural abhorrence to the tending of children." Her disposition was +altogether masculine; "she was not for mincing obscenity, but would talk +freely, whatever came uppermost." She never had any children, and was not +taxed with debauchery: "No man can say or affirm that ever she had a +sweetheart or any such fond thing to dally with her;" a mastiff was the +only living thing she cared for. Her life was not altogether honest, but +not so much from any organic tendency to crime, it seems, as because her +abnormal nature and restlessness made her an outcast. She was too fond of +drink, and is said to have been the first woman who smoked tobacco. +Nothing is said or suggested of any homosexual practices, but we see +clearly here what may be termed the homosexual diathesis.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_167'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_167'>[167]</a> Hirschfeld, <i>Die Homosexualität</i>, p. 137.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_168'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_168'>[168]</a> S. Weissenberg, <i>Zeitschrift für Ethnologie</i>, 1892, Heft 4, +p. 280.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_169'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_169'>[169]</a> This case was described by Gasparini, <i>Archivio di +Psichiatria</i>, 1908, fasc. 1-2.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_170'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_170'>[170]</a> Bringing together ten cases of inverted women from various +sources (including the three original cases mentioned above), in only four +were the sexual organs normal; in the others they were more or less +undeveloped.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_171'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_171'>[171]</a> Homosexual persons generally, male and female, unlike the +heterosexual, are apt to feel more modesty with persons of the same sex +than with those of the opposite sex. See, <i>e.g.</i>, Hirschfeld, <i>Die +Homosexualität</i>, p. 76.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_172'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_172'>[172]</a> Κρυπτάδια, vol. vi, p. 197.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_173'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_173'>[173]</a> The term "cunnilinctus" was suggested to me by the late Dr. +J. Bonus, and I have ever since used it; the Latin authors commonly used +"cunnilingus" for the actor, but had no corresponding term for the action. +Hirschfeld has lately used the term "cunnilinctio" in the same sense, but +such a formation is quite inadmissible. For information on the classic +terms for this perversion, see, <i>e.g.</i>, Iwan Bloch, <i>Ursprung der +Syphilis</i>, vol. ii, p. 612 <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_174'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_174'>[174]</a> Casanova, <i>Mémoires</i>, ed. Gamier, vol. iv, p. 597.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_175'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_175'>[175]</a> Hirschfeld deals in a full and authoritative manner with +the differential diagnosis of inversion and the other groups of +transitional sexuality in <i>Die Homosexualität</i>, ch. ii; also in his fully +illustrated book <i>Geschlechtsübergänge</i>, 1905.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_176'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_176'>[176]</a> Havelock Ellis, "Auto-erotism," in vol. i of these +<i>Studies</i>; Iwan Bloch, <i>Ursprung der Syphilis</i>, vol. ii, p. 589; <i>ib.</i>, +<i>Die Prostitution</i>, vol, i, pp. 385-6; for early references, Crusius, +<i>Untersuchungen zu den Mimiamben der Herondas</i>, pp. 129-30.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_177'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_177'>[177]</a> I have found a notice of a similar case in France, during +the sixteenth century, in Montaigne's <i>Journal du Voyage en Italie en</i> +1850 (written by his secretary); it took place near Vitry le François. +Seven or eight girls belonging to Chaumont, we are told, resolved to dress +and to work as men; one of these came to Vitry to work as a weaver, and +was looked upon as a well-conditioned young man, and liked by everyone. At +Vitry she became betrothed to a woman, but, a quarrel arising, no marriage +took place. Afterward "she fell in love with a woman whom she married, and +with whom she lived for four or five months, to the wife's great +contentment, it is said; but, having been recognized by some one from +Chaumont, and brought to justice, she was condemned to be hanged. She said +she would even prefer this to living again as a girl, and was hanged for +using illicit inventions to supply the defects of her sex" (<i>Journal</i>, ed. +by d'Ancona, 1889, p. 11).</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_178'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_178'>[178]</a> Roux, <i>Bulletin Société d'Anthropologie</i>, 1905, No. 3. Roux +knew a Comarian woman who, at the age of 50, after her husband's death, +became homosexual and made herself an artificial penis which she used with +younger women.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_179'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_179'>[179]</a> Hirschfeld, <i>Die Homosexualität</i>, p. 47.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_180'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_180'>[180]</a> There are few traces of feminine homosexuality in English +social history of the past. In Charles the Second's Court, the <i>Mémoires +de Ghrammont</i> tell us, Miss Hobart was credited with Lesbian tendencies. +"Soon the rumor, true or false, of this singularity spread through the +court. They were gross enough there never to have heard of that refinement +of ancient Greece in the tastes of tenderness, and the idea came into +their heads that the illustrious Hobart, who seemed so affectionate to +pretty women, must be different from what she appeared." This passage is +interesting because it shows us how rare was the exception. A century +later, however, homosexuality among English women seems to have been +regarded by the French as common, and Bacchaumont, on January 1, 1773, +when recording that Mlle. Heinel of the Opera was settling in England, +added: "Her taste for women will there find attractive satisfaction, for +though Paris furnishes many tribades it is said that London is herein +superior."</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_181'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_181'>[181]</a> "I believe," writes a well-informed American correspondent, +"that sexual inversion is increasing among Americans—both men and +women—and the obvious reasons are: first, the growing independence of the +women, their lessening need for marriage; secondly, the nervous strain +that business competition has brought upon the whole nation. In a word, +the rapidly increasing masculinity in women and the unhealthy nervous +systems of the men offer the ideal factors for the production of sexual +inversion in their children."</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_182'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_182'>[182]</a> Homosexual women, like homosexual men, now insert +advertisements in the newspapers, seeking a "friend." Näcke +("Zeitungsannoncen von weiblichen Homosexuellen," <i>Archiv für +Kriminal-Anthropologie</i>, 1902, p. 225) brought together from Munich +newspapers a collection of such advertisements, most of which were fairly +unambiguous: "Actress with modern ideas desires to know rich lady with +similar views, for the sake of friendly relations, etc.;" "Young lady of +19, a pretty blonde, seeks another like herself for walks, theatre, etc.," +and so on.</p></div> + + + +<hr class="full" /> + +<h3><a name='2_CHAPTER_V'></a><a name='2_Page_264'></a>CHAPTER V.—THE NATURE OF SEXUAL INVERSION.</h3> + +<div class='blkquot'><p>Analysis of Histories—Race—Heredity—General Health—First Appearance of +Homosexual Impulse—Sexual Precocity and Hyperesthesia—Suggestion and +Other Exciting Causes of Inversion—Masturbation—Attitude Toward +Women—Erotic Dreams—Methods of Sexual Relationship—Pseudo-sexual +Attraction—Physical Sexual Abnormalities—Artistic and Other +Aptitudes—Moral Attitude of the Invert.</p></div> + +<p>Before stating briefly my own conclusions as to the nature of sexual +inversion, I propose to analyze the facts brought out in the histories +which I have been able to study.<a name='2_FNanchor_183'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_183'><sup>[183]</sup></a></p> + + +<p><b>RACE.—</b>All my cases, 80 in number, are British and American, 20 living in +the United States and the rest being British. Ancestry, from the point of +view of race, was not made a matter of special investigation. It appears, +however, that at least 44 are English or mainly English; at least 10 are +Scotch or of Scotch extraction; 2 are Irish and 4 others largely Irish; 4 +have German fathers or mothers; another is of German descent on both +sides, while 2 others are of remote German extraction; 2 are partly, and 1 +entirely, French; 2 have a Portuguese strain, and at least 2 are more or +less Jewish. Except the apparently frequent presence of the German +element, there is nothing remarkable in this ancestry.</p> + + +<p><b>HEREDITY.—</b>It is always difficult to deal securely with the significance +of heredity, or even to establish a definite basis of facts. I have by no +means escaped this difficulty, for in some cases I have not even had an +opportunity of cross-examining the subjects whose histories I have +obtained. Still, the facts, so far <a name='2_Page_265'></a>as they emerge, have some interest. I +possess some record of heredity in 62 of my cases. Of these, not less than +24, or in the proportion of nearly 39 per cent., assert that they have +reason to believe that other cases of inversion have occurred in their +families, and, while in some it is only a strong suspicion, in others +there is no doubt whatever. In one case there is reason to suspect +inversion on both sides. Usually the inverted relatives have been +brothers, sisters, cousins, or uncles. In one case a bisexual son seems to +have had a bisexual father.</p> + +<div class='blkquot'><p>This hereditary character of inversion (which was denied by + Näcke) is a fact of great significance, and, as it occurs in + cases with which I am well acquainted, I can have no doubt + concerning the existence of the tendency. The influence of + suggestion may often be entirely excluded, especially when the + persons are of different sex. Both Krafft-Ebing and Moll noted a + similar tendency. Von Römer states that in one-third of his cases + there was inversion in other members of the family. Hirschfeld + also found that there is a relatively high proportion of cases of + family inversion. </p></div> + +<p>Twenty-six, so far as can be ascertained, belong to reasonably healthy +families; minute investigation would probably reduce the number of these, +and it is noteworthy that even in some of the healthy families there was +only one child born of the parents' marriage. In 28 cases there is more or +less frequency of morbidity or abnormality—eccentricity, alcoholism, +neurasthenia, insanity, or nervous disease—on one or both sides, in +addition to inversion or apart from it. In some of these cases the +inverted offspring is the outcome of the union, of a very healthy with a +thoroughly morbid stock; in some others there is a minor degree of +abnormality on both sides.</p> + + +<p><b>GENERAL HEALTH.—</b>It is possible to speak with more certainty of the health +of the individual than of that of his family. Of the 80 cases, 53—or +about two-thirds—may be said to enjoy good, and sometimes even very good, +health, though occasionally there is some slight qualification to be made. +In 22 cases the health is delicate, or at best only fair; in these cases +there is sometimes a tendency to consumption, and often marked +neurasthenia and a more or less unbalanced temperament. Four <a name='2_Page_266'></a>cases are +morbid to a considerable degree; the remaining case has had insane +delusions which required treatment in an asylum. A considerable +proportion, included among those as having either good or fair health, may +be described as of extremely nervous temperament, and in most cases they +so describe themselves; a certain proportion of these combine great +physical and, especially, mental energy with this nervousness; all these +are doubtless of neurotic temperament.<a name='2_FNanchor_184'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_184'><sup>[184]</sup></a> Very few can be said to be +conspicuously lacking in energy. On the whole, therefore, a large +proportion of these inverted individuals are passing through life in an +unimpaired state of health, which enables them to do at least their fair +share of work in the world; in a considerable proportion of my cases that +work is of high intellectual value. Only in 5 cases, it will be seen, or +at most 6, can the general health be said to be distinctly bad.</p> + +<p>This result may, perhaps, seem surprising. It must, however, be remembered +that my cases do not, on the whole, represent the class which alone the +physician is usually able to bring forward: <i>i.e.</i>, the sexual inverts who +are suffering from a more or less severe degree of complete nervous +breakdown.</p> + +<div class='blkquot'><p>There is no frequent relationship between homosexuality and + insanity, and such homosexuality as is found in asylums is mostly + of a spurious character. This point was specially emphasized by + Näcke (<i>e.g.</i>, "Homosexualität und Psychose," <i>Zeitschrift für + Psichiatrie</i>, vol. lxviii, No. 3, 1911). He quoted the opinions + of various distinguished alienists as to the rarity with which + they had met genuine inverts, and recorded his own experiences. + He had never met a genuine invert in the asylum throughout his + extensive experience, although he was quite willing to admit that + there may be unrecognized inverts in asylums, and one patient + informed him, after leaving, that he was inverted, and had + attracted the attention of the police both before and afterward, + though nothing happened in the asylum. Among 1500 patients in the + asylum during one year, active <i>pedicatio</i> occurred in about 1 + per cent. of cases, these patients being frequently idiots or + <a name='2_Page_267'></a>imbeciles and at the same time masturbators, solitary or mutual. + Hirschfeld informed Näcke that, among homosexual persons, + hysterical conditions (not usually on hereditary basis) are + fairly common, and neurasthenia of high degree decidedly + frequent, but though stages of depression are common he had never + seen pure melancholia and very seldom mania, but paranoiac + delusional ideas frequently, and he agreed with Bryan of + Broadmoor that religious delusions are not uncommon. General + paralysis occurs, but is comparatively rare, and the same may be + said of dementia præcox. On the whole, although Hirschfeld was + unable to give precise figures, there was no reason whatever to + suppose an abnormal prevalence of insanity. This was Näcke's own + view. It is quite true, Näcke concluded, that homosexual actions + occur in every form of psychosis, especially in congenital and + secondary dements, and at periods of excitement, but we are here + more concerned with "pseudo-homosexuality" than with true + inversion. Hirschfeld finds that 75 per cent. inverts are of + sound heredity; this seems too large a proportion; in any case + allowance must be made for differences in method and minuteness + of investigation. </p></div> + +<p>I am fairly certain that thorough investigation would very considerably +enlarge the proportion of cases with morbid heredity. At the same time +this enlargement would be chiefly obtained by bringing minor abnormalities +to the front, and it would then have to be shown how far the families of +average or normal persons are free from such abnormalities. The question +is sometimes asked: What family is free from neuropathic taint? At present +it is difficult to answer this question precisely. There is good ground to +believe that a fairly large proportion of families are free from such +taint. In any case it seems probable that the families to which the +inverted belong do not usually present such profound signs of nervous +degeneration as we were formerly led to suppose. What we vaguely call +"eccentricity" is common among them; insanity is much rarer.</p> + + +<p><b>FIRST APPEARANCE OF HOMOSEXUAL INSTINCT.—</b>Out of 72 cases, in 8 the +instinct veered round to the same sex in adult age or at all events after +puberty; in 3 of these there had been a love-disappointment with a woman; +no other cause than this can be assigned for the transition; but it is +noteworthy that in at least 2 of these cases the sexual instinct is +undeveloped or <a name='2_Page_268'></a>morbidly weak, while a third individual is of somewhat +weak <i>physique</i>, and another has long been in delicate health. In a +further case, also somewhat morbid, the development was rather more +complicated.</p> + +<p>In 64 cases, or in a proportion of 88 per cent., the abnormal instinct +began in early life, without previous attraction to the opposite sex.<a name='2_FNanchor_185'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_185'><sup>[185]</sup></a> +In 27 of these it dates from about puberty, usually beginning at school. +In 39 cases the tendency began before puberty, between the ages of 5 and +11, usually between 7 and 9, sometimes as early as the subject can +remember. It must not be supposed that, in these numerous cases of the +early appearance of homosexuality, the manifestations were of a +specifically physical character, although erections are noted in a few +cases. For the most part sexual manifestations at this early age, whether +homosexual or heterosexual, are purely psychic.<a name='2_FNanchor_186'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_186'><sup>[186]</sup></a></p> + + +<p><b>SEXUAL PRECOCITY AND HYPERESTHESIA.—</b>It is a fact of considerable interest +and significance that in so large a number of my cases there was distinct +precocity of the sexual emotions, both on the physical and psychic sides. +There can be little doubt that, as many previous observers have found, +inversion tends strongly to be associated with sexual precocity. I think +it may further be said that sexual precocity tends to encourage the +inverted habit where it exists. Why this should be so is obvious, <a name='2_Page_269'></a>if we +believe—as there is some reason for believing—that at an early age the +sexual instinct is comparatively undifferentiated in its manifestations. +The precocious accentuation of the sexual impulse leads to definite +crystallization of the emotions at a premature stage. It must be added +that precocious sexual energy is likely to remain feeble, and that a +feeble sexual energy adapts itself more easily to homosexual +relationships, in which there is no definite act to be accomplished, than +to normal relationships. It is difficult to say how many of my cases +exhibit sexual weakness. In 6 or 7 it is evident, and it may be suspected +in many others, especially in those who are, and often describe themselves +as, "sensitive" or "nervous," as well as in those whose sexual development +was very late. In many cases there is marked hyperesthesia, or irritable +weakness. Hyperesthesia simulates strength, and, while there can be little +doubt that some sexual inverts (and more especially bisexuals) do possess +unusual sexual energy, in others it is but apparent; the frequent +repetition of seminal emissions, for example, may be the result of +weakness as well as of strength. It must be added that this irritability +of the sexual centers is, in a considerable proportion of inverts, +associated with marked emotional tendencies to affection and +self-sacrifice. In the extravagance of his affection and devotion, it has +been frequently observed, the male invert resembles many normal women.</p> + + +<p><b>SUGGESTION AND OTHER EXCITING CAUSES OF INVERSION.—</b>In 18 of my cases it +is possible that some event, or special environment, in early life had +more or less influence in turning the sexual instinct into homosexual +channels, or in calling out a latent inversion. In 3 cases a +disappointment in normal love seems to have produced a profound nervous +and emotional shock, acting, as we seem bound to admit, on a predisposed +organism, and developing a fairly permanent tendency to inversion. In 8 +cases there was seduction by an older person, but in at least 4 or 5 of +these there was already a well-marked predisposition. In at least 8 other +cases, example, usually at school, may probably be regarded as having +exerted some influence. It is noteworthy that <a name='2_Page_270'></a>in very few of my cases can +we trace the influence of any definite "suggestion," as asserted by +Schrenck-Notzing, who believes that, in the causation of sexual inversion +(as undoubtedly in the causation of erotic fetichism), we must give the +first place to "accidental factors of education and external influence." +He records the case of a little boy who innocently gazed in curiosity at +the penis of his father who was urinating, and had his ears boxed, whence +arose a train of thought and feeling which resulted in complete sexual +inversion. In two of the cases I have reported we have parallel incidents, +and here we see clearly that the homosexual tendency already existed. I do +not question the occurrence of such incidents, but I refuse to accept them +as supplying the causation of inversion, and in so doing I am supported by +all the evidence I am able to obtain. I am in agreement with a +correspondent who wrote:—</p> + +<div class='blkquot'><p>"Considering that all boys are exposed to the same order of + suggestions (sight of a man's naked organs, sleeping with a man, + being handled by a man), and that only a few of them become + sexually perverted, I think it reasonable to conclude that those + few were previously constituted to receive the suggestion. In + fact, suggestion seems to play exactly the same part in the + normal and abnormal awakening of sex." </p></div> + +<p>I would go so far as to assert that for normal boys and girls the +developed sexual organs of the adult man or woman—from their size, +hairiness, and the mystery which envelops them—nearly always exert a +certain fascination, whether of attraction or horror.<a name='2_FNanchor_187'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_187'><sup>[187]</sup></a> But this has no +connection with homosexuality, and scarcely with sexuality at all. Thus, +in one case known to me, a boy of 6 or 7 took pleasure in caressing the +organs of another boy, twice his own age, who remained passive and +indifferent; yet this child grew up without ever manifesting any +homosexual instinct. The seed of suggestion can only develop when it falls +on a suitable soil. If it is to act on a fairly normal nature the +perverted suggestion must be very powerful or iterated, and <a name='2_Page_271'></a>even then its +influence will probably only be temporary, disappearing in the presence of +the normal stimulus.<a name='2_FNanchor_188'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_188'><sup>[188]</sup></a></p> + +<p>Not only is "suggestion" unnecessary to develop a sexual impulse already +rooted in the organism, but when exerted in an opposite direction it is +powerless to divert that impulse. We see this illustrated in several of +the cases whose histories I have presented. Thus in one case a boy was +seduced by the housemaid at the age of 14 and even derived pleasure from +the girl, yet none the less the native homosexual instinct asserted itself +a year later. In another case heterosexual suggestions were offered and +accepted in early life, yet, notwithstanding, the homosexual attraction +was slowly evolved from within.</p> + +<p>I have, therefore, but little to say of the influence of suggestion, which +was formerly exalted to a position of the first importance in books on +sexual inversion. This is not because I underestimate the great part +played by suggestion in many fields of normal and abnormal life. It is +because I have been able to find but few decided traces of it in sexual +inversion. In many cases, doubtless, there may be some slight elements of +suggestion in developing the inversion, though they cannot be traced.<a name='2_FNanchor_189'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_189'><sup>[189]</sup></a> +Their importance seems usually questionable even when <a name='2_Page_272'></a>they are +discovered. Take Schrenck-Notzing's case of the little boy whose ears were +boxed for what his father considered improper curiosity. I find it +difficult to realize that a mighty suggestion can thereby be generated +unless a strong emotion exists for it to unite with; in that case the seed +falls on prepared soil. Is the wide prevalence of normal sexuality due to +the fact that so many little boys have had their ears boxed for taking +naughty liberties with women? If so, I am quite prepared to accept +Schrenck-Notzing's explanation as a complete account of the matter. I know +of one case, indeed, in which an element of what may fairly be called +suggestion can be detected. It is that of a physician who had always been +on very friendly terms with men, but had sexual relations exclusively with +women, finding fair satisfaction, until the confessions of an inverted +patient one day came to him as a revelation; thereafter he adopted +inverted practices and ceased to find any attraction in women. But even in +this case, as I understand the matter, suggestion merely served to reveal +his own nature to the man. For a physician to adopt the perverted habits +which the visit of a chance patient suggests to him can scarcely be a +phenomenon of pure suggestion. We have no reason to suppose that this +physician practised every perversion he heard of from patients; he adopted +that which fitted his own nature.<a name='2_FNanchor_190'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_190'><sup>[190]</sup></a> In another case homosexual advances +were made to a youth and accepted, but he had already been attracted to +men in childhood. Again, in another case, there <a name='2_Page_273'></a>were homosexual +influences in the boyhood of a subject who became bisexual, but as the +subject's father was of similar bisexual temperament we can attach no +potency to the mere suggestions. In another case we find homosexual +influence in childhood, but the child was already delicate, shy, nervous, +and feminine, clearly possessing a temperament predestined to develop in a +homosexual direction.</p> + +<div class='blkquot'><p>The irresistible potency of the inner impulse is well illustrated + in a case presented by Hirschfeld and Burchard: "My daughter + Erna," said the subject's mother, "showed boyish inclinations at + the age of 3, and they increased from year to year. She never + played with dolls, only with tin soldiers, guns, and castles. She + would climb trees and jump ditches; she made friends with the + drivers of all the carts that came to our house and they would + place her on the horse's back. The annual circus was a joy to her + for all the year. Even as a child of 4 she was so fearless on + horseback that lookers-on shouted Bravo! and all declared she was + a born horsewoman. It was her greatest wish to be a boy. She + would wear her elder brother's clothes all day, notwithstanding + her grandmother's indignation. Cycling, gymnastics, boating, + swimming, were her passion, and she showed skill in them. As she + grew older she hated prettily adorned hats and clothes. I had + much trouble with her for she would not wear pretty things. The + older she grew the more her masculine and decided ways developed. + This excited much outcry and offence. People found my daughter + unfeminine and disagreeable, but all my trouble and exhortations + availed nothing to change her." Now this young woman whom all the + influences of a normal feminine environment failed to render + feminine was not physiologically a woman at all; the case proved + to be the unique instance of an individual possessing all the + external characteristics of a woman combined with internal + testicular tissue capable of emitting true masculine semen + through the feminine urethra. No suggestions of the environment + could suffice to overcome this fundamental fact of internal + constitution. (Hirschfeld and Burchard, "Spermasekretion aus + einer weiblichen Harnröhre," <i>Deutsche medizinische + Wochenschrift</i>, No. 52, 1911.) </p></div> + +<p>I may here quote three American cases (not previously published), for +which I am indebted to Prof. G. Frank Lydston, of Chicago. They seem to me +to illustrate the only kind of suggestions which play much part in the +evolution of inversion. I give them in Dr. Lydston's words:—<a name='2_Page_274'></a></p> + + +<div class='blkquot'><p><b>CASE I.—</b>A man, 45 years of age, attracted by the allusion to my + essay on "Social Perversion" contained in the English translation + of Krafft-Ebing's <i>Psychopathia Sexualis</i>, consulted me regarding + the possible cure of his condition. This individual was a finely + educated, very intelligent man, who was an excellent linguist, + had considerable musical ability, and was in the employ of a firm + whose business was such as to demand on the part of its employés + considerable legal acumen, clerical ability, and knowledge of + real-estate transactions. This man stated that at the age of + puberty, without any knowledge of perversity of sexual feeling, + he was thrown intimately in contact with males of more advanced + years, who took various means to excite his sexual passions, the + result being that perverted sexual practices were developed, + which were continued for a number of years. He thereafter noticed + an aversion to women. At the solicitations of his family he + finally married, without any very intelligent idea as to what, if + anything, might be expected of him in the marital relation. + Absolute impotence—indeed, repugnance for association with his + wife—was the lamentable sequence. A divorce was in contemplation + when, fortunately for all parties concerned, the wife suddenly + died. Being a man of more than ordinary intelligence, this + individual, prior to seeking my aid, had sought vainly for some + remedy for his unfortunate condition. He stated that he believed + there was an element of heredity in his case, his father having + been a dipsomaniac and one brother having died insane. He + nevertheless stated it to be his opinion that, notwithstanding + the hereditary taint, he would have been perfectly normal from a + sexual standpoint had it not been for acquired impressions at or + about the period of puberty. This man presented a typically + neurotic type of <i>physique</i>, complained of being intensely + nervous, was prematurely gray, of only fair stature, and had an + uncontrollable nystagmus, which, he said, had existed for some + fifteen years. As might be expected, treatment in this case was + of no avail. I began the use of hypnotic suggestion at the hands + of an expert professional hypnotist. The patient, being called + out of the State, finally gave up treatment, and I have no means + of knowing what his present condition is.</p> + + +<p> <b>CASE II.—</b>A lady patient of mine who happened to be an actress, + and consequently a woman of the world, brought to me for an + opinion some correspondence which had passed between her younger + brother and a man living in another State, with whom he was on + quite intimate terms. In one of these letters various flying + trips to Chicago for the purpose of meeting the lad, who, by the + way, was only 17 years of age, were alluded to. It transpired + also, as evidenced by the letters, that on several occasions the + young lad had been taken on trips in Pullman <a name='2_Page_275'></a>cars by his friend, + who was a prominent railroad official. The character of the + correspondence was such as the average healthy man would address + to a woman with whom he was enamored. It seemed that the author + of the correspondence had applied to his boy affinity the name + Cinderella, and the protestations of passionate affection that + were made toward Cinderella certainly would have satisfied the + most exacting woman. The young lad subsequently made a confession + to me, and I put myself in correspondence with his male friend, + with the result that he called upon me and I obtained a full + history of the case. The method of indulgence in this case was + the usual one of oral masturbation, in which the lad was the + passive party. I was unable to obtain any definite data regarding + the family history of the elder individual in this case, but + understand that there was a taint of insanity in his family. He + himself was a robust, fine-looking man, above middle age, who was + well educated and very intelligent, as he necessarily must have + been, because of the prominent position he held with an important + railway company. I will state, as a matter of interest, that the + lad in this case, who is now 23 years of age, has recently + consulted me for <i>impotentia coëundi</i>, manifesting a frigidity + for women, and, from the young man's statements, I am convinced + that he is well on the road to confirmed sexual perversion.</p> + +<p> An interesting point in this connection is that the young man's + sister, the actress already alluded to, has recently had an + attack of acute mania.</p> + +<p> I have had other unpublished cases that might be of interest, but + these two are somewhat classical, and typify to a greater or less + degree the majority of other cases. I will, however, mention one + other case, occurring in a woman.</p> + + +<p> <b>CASE III.—</b>A married woman 40 years of age. Has been deserted by + her husband because of her perverted sexuality. Neurotic history + on both sides of the family, and several cases of insanity on + mother's side. In this case affinity for the same sex and + perverted desire for the opposite sex existed, a combination by + no means infrequent. Hypnotic suggestion tried, but without + success. Cause was evidently suggestion and example on the part + of another female pervert with whom she associated before her + marriage. Marriage was late, at age of 35. In all these cases + there was an element of what may be called suggestion, but it was + really much more than this; it was probably in each case active + seduction by an elder person of a predisposed younger person. It + will be observed that in each case there was, at the least, an + organic neurotic basis for suggestion and seduction to work on. I + cannot regard these cases as entitled to modify our attitude + toward suggestion. <a name='2_Page_276'></a></p></div> + +<p><b>MASTURBATION.—</b>Moreau believed that masturbation was a cause of sexual +inversion, and Krafft-Ebing looked upon it as leading to all sorts of +sexual perversions; the same opinion was currently repeated by many +writers. It is not now accepted. Moll emphatically rejected the idea that +masturbation can be the cause of inversion; Näcke repeatedly denies that +masturbation, any more than seduction, can ever produce true inversion; +Hirschfeld attaches to it no etiological significance. Many years ago I +gave special attention to this point and reached a similar conclusion. +That masturbation, especially at an early age, may sometimes enfeeble the +sexual activities, and aid the manifestations of inversion, I certainly +believe. But beyond this there is little in the history of my male cases +to indicate masturbation as a cause of inversion. It is true that 44 out +of 51 admit that they have practised masturbation,—at all events, +occasionally, or at some period in their lives,—and it is possible that +this proportion is larger than that found among normal people. Even if so, +however, it is not difficult to account for, bearing in mind the fact that +the homosexual person has not the same opportunities as has the +heterosexual person to gratify his instincts, and that masturbation may +sometimes legitimately appear to him as the lesser of two evils.<a name='2_FNanchor_191'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_191'><sup>[191]</sup></a> Not +only has masturbation been practised at no period in at least 7 of the +cases (for concerning several I have no information), but in several +others it was never practised until long after the homosexual instinct had +appeared, in 1 case not till the age of 40, and then only occasionally. In +at least 8 it was only practised at puberty; in at least 8, however, it +began before the age of puberty; at least 9 left off before about the age +of 20. Unfortunately, as yet, we have little definite evidence as to the +prevalence and extent of masturbation among normal individuals. <a name='2_Page_277'></a></p> + +<p>Among the women masturbation is found in at least 5 cases out of 7. In 1 +case there was no masturbation until comparatively late in life, and then +only at rare intervals and under exceptional circumstances. In another +case, some years after the homosexual attraction had been experienced, it +was practised, though not in excess, from the age of puberty for about +four years, and then abandoned; during these years the physical sexual +feelings were more imperative than they were afterward felt to be. In 2 +cases masturbation was learned spontaneously soon after puberty, and in 1 +of these practised in excess before the manifestations of inversion became +definite. In all cases the subjects are emphatic in asserting that this +practice neither led to, nor was caused by, the homosexual attraction, +which they regard as a much higher feeling, and it must be added that the +occasional practice of masturbation is very far from rare among fairly +normal women.<a name='2_FNanchor_192'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_192'><sup>[192]</sup></a></p> + +<p>While this is so, I am certainly inclined to believe that an early and +excessive indulgence in masturbation, though not an adequate cause, is a +favoring condition for the development of inversion, and that this is +especially so in women. The sexual precocity indicated by early and +excessive masturbation doubtless sometimes reveals an organism already +predisposed to homosexuality. But, apart from this, when masturbation +arises spontaneously at an early age on a purely physical basis it seems +to tend to produce a divorce between the physical and the psychic aspects +of sexual love. The sexual manifestations are all diverted into this +physical direction, and the child is ignorant that such phenomena are +normally allied to love; then, when a more spiritual attraction appears +with adolescent development, this divorce is perpetuated. Instead of the +physical and psychic feelings appearing together when the age for sexual +attraction comes, the physical feelings are prematurely twisted from their +natural end, and it becomes abnormally easy <a name='2_Page_278'></a>for a person of the same sex +to step in and take the place rightfully belonging to a person of the +opposite sex. This has certainly seemed to me the course of events in some +cases I have observed.</p> + + +<p><b>ATTITUDE TOWARD THE OPPOSITE SEX.—</b>In 17 cases (of whom 5 are married and +others purposing to marry) there is sexual attraction to both sexes, a +condition formerly called psycho-sexual hermaphroditism, but now more +usually bisexuality. In such cases, although there is pleasure and +satisfaction in relationships with both sexes, there is usually a greater +degree of satisfaction in connection with one sex. Most of the bisexual +prefer their own sex. It is curiously rare to find a person, whether man +or woman, who by choice exercises relationships with both sexes and +prefers the opposite sex. This would seem to indicate that the bisexual +may really be inverts.</p> + +<p>In any case bisexuality merges imperceptibly into simple inversion. In at +least 16 of 52 cases of simple inversion in men there has been connection +with women, in some instances only once or twice, in others during several +years, but it was always with an effort, or from a sense of duty and +anxiety to be normal; they never experienced any real pleasure in the act, +or sense of satisfaction after it. Four of these cases are married, but +martial relationships usually ceased after a few years. At least four +others were attracted to women when younger, but are not now; another once +felt sexually attracted to a boyish woman, but never made any attempt to +obtain any relationships with her; 3 or 4 others, again, have tried to +have connection with women, but failed. The largest proportion of my cases +have never had any sexual intimacy with the opposite sex,<a name='2_FNanchor_193'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_193'><sup>[193]</sup></a> and some of +these experience what, in the case of the male <a name='2_Page_279'></a>invert, is sometimes +called <i>horror feminæ</i>. But, while woman as an object of sexual desire is +in such cases disgusting to them, and it is usually difficult for a +genuine invert to have connection with a woman except by setting up images +of his own sex, for the most part inverts are capable of genuine +friendships, irrespective of sex.</p> + +<p>It is, perhaps, not difficult to account for the horror—much stronger +than that normally felt toward a person of the same sex—with which the +invert often regards the sexual organs of persons of the opposite sex. It +cannot be said that the sexual organs of either sex under the influence of +sexual excitement are esthetically pleasing; they only become emotionally +desirable through the parallel excitement of the beholder. When the +absence of parallel excitement is accompanied in the beholder by the sense +of unfamiliarity as in childhood, or by a neurotic hypersensitiveness, the +conditions are present for the production of intense <i>horror feminæ</i> or +<i>horror masculis</i>, as the case may be. It is possible that, as Otto Rank +argues in his interesting study, "Die Naktheit im Sage und Dichtung," this +horror of the sexual organs of the opposite sex, to some extent felt even +by normal people, is embodied in the Melusine type of legend.<a name='2_FNanchor_194'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_194'><sup>[194]</sup></a></p> + + +<p><b>EROTIC DREAMS.—</b>Our dreams follow, as a general rule, the impulses that +stir our waking psychic life. The normal man or woman in sexual vigor +dreams of loving a person of the opposite sex; the inverted man dreams of +loving a man, the inverted woman of loving a woman.<a name='2_FNanchor_195'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_195'><sup>[195]</sup></a> Dreams thus have +a certain value in diagnosis, more especially since there is less +unwillingness to confess to a perverted dream than to a perverted action.</p> + +<p>Ulrichs first referred to the significance of the dreams of inverts. At a +later period Moll pointed out that they have some value in diagnosis when +we are not sure how far the inverted <a name='2_Page_280'></a>tendency is radical. Then Näcke +repeatedly emphasized the importance of dreams as constituting, he +believed, the most delicate test we possess in the diagnosis of +homosexuality;<a name='2_FNanchor_196'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_196'><sup>[196]</sup></a> this was an exaggerated view which failed to take into +account the various influences which may deflect dreams. Hirschfeld has +made the most extensive investigation on this point, and found that among +100 inverts 87 had exclusively homosexual dreams, while most of the rest +had no dreams at all.<a name='2_FNanchor_197'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_197'><sup>[197]</sup></a> Among my cases, only 4 definitely state that +there are no erotic dreams, while 31 acknowledge that the dreams are +concerned more or less with persons of the same sex. Of these, at least 16 +assert or imply that their dreams are exclusively of the same sex. Two, +though apparently inverted congenitally, have had erotic dreams of women, +in one case more frequently than of men; these two exceptions have no +apparent explanation. Another appears to have sexual dreams of a nightmare +character in which women appear. In another case there were always at +first dreams of women, but this subject had sometimes had connection with +prostitutes, and is not absolutely indifferent to women, while another, +whose dreams remain heterosexual, had in early life some attraction to +girls. In the cases of distinct bisexuality there is no unanimity; 2 dream +of their own sex, 2 dream of both sexes, 1 usually dreams of the opposite +sex, and 1 man, while dreaming of both, dislikes those dreams in which +women figure. In at least 3 cases dreams of a sexual character began at +the age of 8 or earlier.</p> + +<div class='blkquot'><p>The phenomena presented by erotic dreams, alike in normal and + abnormal persons, are somewhat complex, and dreams are by no + means a sure guide to the dreamer's real sexual attitude. The + fluctuations of <a name='2_Page_281'></a>dream imagery may be illustrated by the + experiences of one of my subjects who thus indirectly summarises + his own experiences: "When he was quite a child, he used to be + haunted by gross and grotesque dreams of naked adult men, which + must have been erotic. At the age of puberty he dreamed in two + ways, but always about males. One species of vision was highly + idealistic; a radiant and lovely young man's face with floating + hair appeared to him on a background of dim shadows. The other + was obscene, being generally the sight of a groom's or carter's + genitals in a state of violent erection. He never dreamed + erotically or sentimentally about women; but when the dream was + frightful, the terror-making personage was invariably female. In + ordinary dreams, women of his family or acquaintance played a + trivial part. At the age of 24, having determined to conquer his + homosexual passions, he married, found no difficulty in + cohabiting with his wife, and begat several children, although he + took but little passionate delight in the sexual act. He still + continued to dream exclusively of men, for several years; and the + obscene visions became more frequent than the idealistic. + Gradually, coarse and uninteresting erotic dreams of women began + to haunt his mind in sleep. A curious particular regarding the + new type of vision was that he never dreamed of whole females, + only of their sexual parts, seen in a blur; and the seminal + emissions which attended the mental pictures left a feeling of + fatigue and disgust. In course of time, his wife and he agreed to + live separately so far as sexual relations are concerned. He then + indulged his passion for males, and wholly lost those rudimentary + female dreams which had been developed during the period of + nuptial cohabitation."</p> + +<p> Not only is it possible for the genuine invert to be trained into + heterosexual erotic dreams, but homosexual dreams may + occasionally be experienced by persons who are, and always have + been, exclusively heterosexual. I could bring forward much + evidence on this point. (<i>Cf.</i> "Auto-erotism" in vol. i of these + <i>Studies</i>.) Both men and women who have always been of pronounced + heterosexual tendency, without a trace of inversion, are liable + to rare homosexual dreams, not necessarily involving orgasm or + even definite sexual excitement, and sometimes accompanied by a + feeling of repugnance. As an example I may present a dream (which + had no known origin) of an exclusively heterosexual lady aged 42; + she dreamed she was in bed with another woman, unknown to her, + and lying on her own stomach, while with her right hand stretched + out she was feeling the other's sexual parts. She could + distinctly perceive the clitoris, vagina, etc.; she felt a sort + of disgust with herself for what she was doing, but continued + until she awoke; she then found herself lying on her stomach as + in the dream and at first thought she must have been touching + herself, but realized that this could not have been the <a name='2_Page_282'></a>case. + (Niceforo, who believes that inversion may develop out of + masturbation, considers that dreams of masturbation by + association of ideas may take on an inverted character [<i>Le + Psicopatie Sessuale</i>, 1897, pp. 35, 69]; this, however, must be + rare, and will not account for most of the dreams in question.)</p> + +<p> Näcke and Colin Scott, some years ago, independently referred to + cases in which normal persons were liable to homosexual dreams, + and Féré (<i>Revue de Médecine</i>, Dec., 1898) referred to a man who + had a horror of women, but appeared only to manifest + homosexuality in his dreams. Näcke (<i>Archiv für + Kriminal-Anthropologie</i>, 1907, Heft I, 2) calls dreams which + represent a reaction of opposition to the dreamer's ordinary life + "contrast dreams." Hirschfeld, who accepts Näcke's "contrast + dreams" in relation to homosexuality, considers that they + indicate a latent bisexuality. We may admit this is so, in the + same sense in which a complementary color image called up by + another color indicates the possibility of perceiving that color. + In most cases, however, it seems to me that homosexual dreams in + normal persons may be simply explained as due to the ordinary + confusion and transition of dream imagery. (See Ellis, <i>The World + of Dreams</i>, especially ch. ii.) </p></div> + +<p><i>Methods of Sexual Relationship</i>.—The exact mode in which an inverted +instinct finds satisfaction is frequently of importance from the +medico-legal standpoint;<a name='2_FNanchor_198'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_198'><sup>[198]</sup></a> from a psychological standpoint it is of +minor significance, being chiefly of interest as showing the degree to +which the individual has departed from the instinctive feelings of his +normal fellow-beings.</p> + +<p>Taking 57 inverted men of whom I have definite knowledge, I find that 12, +restrained by moral or other considerations, have never had any physical +relationship with their own sex. In some 22 cases the sexual relationship +rarely goes beyond close physical contact and fondling, or at most mutual +masturbation and intercrural intercourse. In 10 or 11 cases <i>fellatio</i> +(oral excitation)—frequently in addition to some form of mutual +masturbation, and usually, though not always, as the active agency—is the +form preferred. In 14 cases, actual <i>pedicatio</i><a name='2_FNanchor_199'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_199'><sup>[199]</sup></a>—usually <a name='2_Page_283'></a>active, not +passive—has been exercised. In these cases, however, <i>pedicatio</i> is by no +means always the habitual or even the preferred method of gratification. +It seems to be the preferred method in about 7 cases. Several who have +never experienced it, including some who have never practised any form of +physical relationship, state that they feel no objection to <i>pedicatio</i>; +some have this feeling in regard to active, others in regard to passive, +<i>pedicatio</i>. The proportion of inverts who practise or have at some time +experienced <i>pedicatio</i> thus revealed (nearly 25 per cent.) is large; in +Germany Hirschfeld finds it to be only 8 per cent., and Merzbach only 6. I +believe, however, that a wider induction from a larger number of English +and American cases would yield a proportion much nearer to that found in +Germany.<a name='2_FNanchor_200'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_200'><sup>[200]</sup></a></p> + + +<p><b>PSEUDOSEXUAL ATTRACTION.—</b>It is sometimes supposed that in homosexual +relationships one person is always active, physically and emotionally, the +other passive. Between men, at all events, this is very frequently not the +case, and the invert cannot tell if he feels like a man or like a woman. +Thus, one writes:—</p> + +<div class='blkquot'><p>"In bed with my friend I feel as he feels, and he feels as I + feel. The result is masturbation, and nothing more or desire for + more on my part. I get it over, too, as soon as possible, in + order to come to the best—sleeping arms round each other, or + talking so." </p></div> + +<p>It remains true, however, that there may usually be traced what it is +possible to call pseudosexual attraction, by which I mean a tendency for +the invert to be attracted toward persons <a name='2_Page_284'></a>unlike himself, so that in his +sexual relationships there is a certain semblance of sexual opposition. +Numa Praetorius considers that in homosexuality the attraction of +opposites—the attraction for soldiers and other primitive vigorous +types—plays a greater part than among normal lovers.<a name='2_FNanchor_201'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_201'><sup>[201]</sup></a> This +pseudosexual attraction is, however, as Hirschfeld points out,<a name='2_FNanchor_202'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_202'><sup>[202]</sup></a> and as +we see by the Histories here presented, by no means invariable.</p> + +<div class='blkquot'><p>M. N. writes: "To me it appears that the female element must, of + necessity, exist in the body that desires the male, and that + nature keeps her law in the spirit, though she breaks it in the + form. The rest is all a matter of individual temperament and + environment. The female nature of the invert, hampered though it + is by its disguise of flesh, is still able to exert an + extraordinary influence, and calls insistently upon the male. + This influence seems called into action most violently in the + presence of males possessed of strong sexual magnetism of their + own. Such men are generally more or less conscious of the + influence, and the result is either a vague appreciation, which + will make the male wonder why he gets on so well with the invert, + or else the influence will be realized to be something + incongruous and unnatural, and will be resented accordingly. + Sometimes, indeed, the reciprocated feeling (circumstance and + opportunity permitting) will prove strong enough to induce sexual + relations. Reason will then generally overpower instinct, and the + feeling, aroused unaware, will probably be changed into + repulsion. Further, the influence reacts in the same way on + women, who, particularly if they are strongly sexual, experience + involuntary sensations of dislike or antagonism on association + with inverts. There is, however, one terrible reality for the + invert to face, no matter how much he may wish to avoid it and + seek to deceive himself. There exists for him an almost absolute + lack of any genuine satisfaction either in the way of the + affections or desires. His whole life is passed in vainly seeking + and desiring the male, the antithesis of his nature, and in + consorting with inverts he must perforce be content with the male + in form only, the shadow without the substance. Indeed, one + invert necessarily regards another as being of the same undesired + female sex as himself, and for this reason it will be found that, + while friendships between inverts frequently exist (and these are + characteristically feminine, unstable, and liable to betrayal), + love-attachments are less common, and when they occur must + naturally be based upon considerable self-deception. Venal + gratifications are always, of course, as possible as they are + unsatisfactory, and here perhaps some of the <a name='2_Page_285'></a>peculiarities of + taste accompanying inversion may admit of elucidation. In + considering the peculiar predilection shown by inverts for youths + of inferior social position, for the wearers of uniforms, and for + extreme physical development and virility not necessarily + accompanied by intellectuality, regard must be had to the + probable conduct of women placed in a position of complete + irresponsibility combined with absolute freedom of action and + every opportunity for promiscuity. It seems to me that the + importance of recognizing the underlying female element in + inversion cannot be too strongly insisted upon."</p> + +<p> "The majority" [of inverts], writes "Z," "differ in no detail of + their outward appearance, their <i>physique</i>, or their dress from + normal men. They are athletic, masculine in habit, frank in + manner, passing through society year after year without arousing + a suspicion of their inner temperament; were it not so, society + would long ago have had its eyes opened to the amount of + perverted sexuality it harbors." These lines were written, not in + opposition to the more subtle distinctions pointed out above, but + in refutation of the vulgar error which confuses the typical + invert with the painted and petticoated creatures who appear in + police-courts from time to time, and whose portraits are + presented by Lombroso, Legludic, etc. On another occasion the + same writer remarked, while expressing general agreement with the + idea of a pseudosexual attraction: "The <i>liaison</i> is by no means + always sought and begun by the person who is abnormally + constituted. I mean that I can cite cases of decided males who + have made up to inverts, and have found their happiness in the + reciprocated passion. One pronounced male of this sort, again, + once said to me, 'men are so much more affectionate than women.' + [Precisely the same words were used by one of my subjects.] Also, + the <i>liaison</i> springs up now and then quite accidentally through + juxtaposition, when it is difficult to say whether either at the + outset had an inverted tendency of any marked quality. In these + cases the sexual relation seems to come on as a heightening of + comradely affection, and is found to be pleasurable—sometimes, I + think, discovered to be safe as well as satisfying. On the other + hand, so far as I know, it is extremely rare to observe a + permanent <i>liaison</i> between two pronounced inverts."</p> + +<p> The tendency to pseudosexual attraction in the homosexual would + thus seem to involve a preference for normal persons. How far + this is the case it seems difficult to state positively. Usually, + one may say, an invert falls in love (exactly as in the case of a + normal person) without any intellectual calculation as to the + temperamental ability to return the affection which the object of + his love may possess. Naturally, however, there cannot be any + adequate return of the affection in the absence of an actual or + latent homosexual disposition. On this point an American + correspondent (H. C.), with a wide knowledge of inversion in many + <a name='2_Page_286'></a>lands, writes: "One of your correspondents declares that inverts + long for sexual relations with normal men rather than with one + another. If this be true, I have never once found it exemplified + in all my wide experience of inverts; and I have submitted his + assertion to more than 50. These have replied invariably that + unless a man is himself homosexual, nearly all the pleasure of + <i>fellatio</i> is absent. The fact is, the majority of inverts flock + together not from exigency, but from choice. The mere sexual act + is, if anything, far less the sole object between inverts than it + is between normal men and women. Why should the invert sigh for + intercourse with normal men, where mutual confidences and + sympathies and love would be out of the question? Personally, I + decline to commit <i>fellatio</i> with a man who is given to women; + the thought of it is repugnant to me. And this is the attitude + with every invert I have questioned. The nearest approach to + confirmation of your correspondent's theory has been when an + extremely feminine invert here and there has admitted the wish + that a certain normal man <i>were</i> inverted. Indeed, the + temperamental gamut of inversion is itself broad enough to + embrace the most widely divergent ideals. As my furthest-reaching + demands attain fruition in the gentle and pretty boy, so his own + robuster affinity resides in me. If inverts were actually women, + then indeed the normal male would be their ideal. But inverts are + not women. Inverts are males capable of passionate friendship, + and their ideal is the male who will give them passionate + friendship in return." </p></div> + +<p>In at least 24, probably many more, of my male cases there is a marked +contrast, and in a still larger number a less-marked contrast, between the +subject and the individuals he is attracted to; either he is of somewhat +feminine and sensitive nature, and admires more simple and virile natures, +or he is fairly vigorous and admires boys who are often of lower social +class. Inverted women also are attracted to more clinging feminine +persons.<a name='2_FNanchor_203'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_203'><sup>[203]</sup></a> A sexual attraction for boys is, no doubt, as Moll points +out, that form of inversion which comes nearest to normal sexuality, for +the subject of it usually approaches nearer to the average man in physical +and mental disposition. The reason of this is obvious: boys resemble +women, and therefore it requires a less profound organic twist to become +sexually attracted to them. Anyone who has watched private theatricals in +boys'<a name='2_Page_287'></a> schools will have observed how easy it is for boys to personate +women successfully, and it is well known that until the middle of the +seventeenth century women's parts on the stage were always taken by boys, +whether or not with injury to their own or other people's morals.<a name='2_FNanchor_204'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_204'><sup>[204]</sup></a> It +is also worthy of note that in Greece, where homosexuality flourished so +extensively, and apparently with so little accompaniment of neurotic +degeneration, it was often held that only boys under 18 should be loved; +so that the love of boys merged into love of women. About 18 of my cases +are most strongly attracted to youths,—preferably of about the age of 18 +to 20,—and they are, for the most part, among the more normal and healthy +of the cases. A preference for older men, or else a considerable degree of +indifference to age alone, is more common, and perhaps indicates a deeper +degree of perversion.</p> + +<p>Putting aside the age of the object desired, it must be said that there is +a distinctly general, though not universal, tendency for sexual inverts to +approach the feminine type, either in psychic disposition or physical +constitution, or both.<a name='2_FNanchor_205'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_205'><sup>[205]</sup></a> I cannot say how far this is explained by the +irritable nervous system and delicate health which are so often associated +with inversion, though this is certainly an important factor. Although the +invert himself may stoutly affirm his masculinity, and although this +femininity may not be very obvious, its wide prevalence may be <a name='2_Page_288'></a>asserted +with considerable assurance, and by no means only among the small minority +of inverts who take an exclusively passive rôle, though in these it is +usually most marked. In this I am confirmed by Q., who writes: "In all, or +certainly almost all, the cases of congenital male inverts (excluding +psycho-sexual hermaphrodites) that I know there has been a remarkable +sensitiveness and delicacy of sentiment, sympathy, and an intuitive habit +of mind, such as we generally associate with the feminine sex, even though +the body might be quite masculine in its form and habit."<a name='2_FNanchor_206'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_206'><sup>[206]</sup></a> When, +however, a distinguished invert said to Moll: "We are all women; that we +do not deny," he put the matter in too extreme a form. The feminine traits +of the homosexual are not usually of a conspicuous character. "I believe +that inverts of plainly feminine nature are rare exceptions," wrote +Näcke:<a name='2_FNanchor_207'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_207'><sup>[207]</sup></a> and that statement may be accepted even by those who emphasize +the prevalence of feminine traits among inverts.</p> + +<p>In inverted women some degree of masculinity or boyishness is equally +prevalent, and it is not usually found in the women to whom they are +attracted. Even in inversion the need for a certain sexual opposition—the +longing for something which the lover himself does not possess—still +prevails. It expresses itself sometimes in an attraction between persons +of different race and color. I am told that in American prisons for women +Lesbian relationships are specially frequent between white and black +women.<a name='2_FNanchor_208'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_208'><sup>[208]</sup></a> A similar affinity is found among the<a name='2_Page_289'></a> Arabs, says Kocher; and +if an Arab woman has a Lesbian friend the latter is usually European. In +Cochin China, too, according to Lorion, while the Chinese are chiefly +active pederasts, the Annamites are chiefly passive.</p> + +<p>It must, however, be remembered that, in normal love, homogamy, the +attraction of the like, prevails over heterogamy, the attraction of the +unlike, which is chiefly confined to those features which belong to the +sphere of the secondary sexual characters;<a name='2_FNanchor_209'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_209'><sup>[209]</sup></a> the same appears to be +true in inversion, and the homosexual are probably, on the whole, more +attracted by the traits which they seem to themselves to possess than by +those which are foreign to themselves.<a name='2_FNanchor_210'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_210'><sup>[210]</sup></a></p> + + +<p><b>PHYSICAL ABNORMALITIES.—</b>The circumstances under which many of my cases +were investigated often made information under this head difficult to +obtain, or to verify. In at least 4 cases the penis is very large, while +in at least 3 it is small and undeveloped, with small and flabby testes. +It seems probable that variations in these two directions are both common, +but it is doubtful whether they possess as much significance as the +tendency to infantilism of the sexual organs in inverted women seems to +possess. Hirschfeld considers that the genital organs of inverts resemble +those of normal people. He finds, however, that phimosis is rather +common.<a name='2_FNanchor_211'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_211'><sup>[211]</sup></a></p> + +<p>More significant, perhaps, than specifically genital peculiarities are the +deviations found in the general conformation <a name='2_Page_290'></a>of the body.<a name='2_FNanchor_212'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_212'><sup>[212]</sup></a> In at +least 2 cases there are well-developed breasts, in 1 the breasts swelling +and becoming red.<a name='2_FNanchor_213'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_213'><sup>[213]</sup></a> In 1 case there are "menstrual" phenomena, physical +and psychic, recurring every four weeks. In several cases the hips are +broad and the arms rounded, while some are skillful in throwing a ball. +One was born with a double squint. At least 2 were 7 months' children. In +the previous chapter I have referred to the tendency to hypertrichosis and +occasionally oligotrichosis among inverted women; among the men it is the +latter condition which seems more common, and in several cases the bodies +are hairless, or with but scanty hair. A few are left-handed, though not +perhaps an abnormal proportion.<a name='2_FNanchor_214'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_214'><sup>[214]</sup></a> The sexual characters of the +handwriting are in some cases clearly inverted, the men writing a feminine +hand and the women a masculine hand.<a name='2_FNanchor_215'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_215'><sup>[215]</sup></a> A high feminine voice is +sometimes found.<a name='2_FNanchor_216'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_216'><sup>[216]</sup></a></p> + +<p>A marked characteristic of many inverts, though one not easy of precise +definition, is their youthfulness of appearance, and frequently child-like +faces, equally in both sexes. This has <a name='2_Page_291'></a>often been remarked,<a name='2_FNanchor_217'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_217'><sup>[217]</sup></a> and is +pronounced among many of my subjects.</p> + +<p>The frequent inability of male inverts to whistle was first pointed out by +Ulrichs, and Hirschfeld has found it in 23 per cent. Many of my cases +confess to this inability, while some of the women inverts can whistle +admirably. Although this inability of male inverts is only found among a +minority, I am quite satisfied that it is well marked among a considerable +minority. One of my correspondents, M. N., writes to me: "With regard to +the general inability of inverts to whistle (I am not able to do so +myself), their fondness for green (my favorite color), their feminine +caligraphy, skill at female occupations, etc., these all seem to me but +indications of the one principle. To go still farther and include trivial +things, few inverts even smoke in the same manner and with the same +enjoyment as a man; they have seldom the male facility at games, cannot +throw at a mark with precision, or even spit!"</p> + +<p>Nearly all these peculiarities indicate a minor degree of nervous +disturbance and lead to modification, as my correspondent points out, in a +feminine direction. It is scarcely necessary to add that they by no means +necessarily imply inversion. Shelley, for instance, was unable to whistle, +though he never gave an indication of inversion; but he was a person of +somewhat abnormal and feminine organization, and he illustrates the +tendency of these apparently very insignificant functional anomalies to be +correlated with other and more important psychic anomalies.</p> + +<p>The greater part of these various anatomical peculiarities and functional +anomalies point, more or less clearly, to the prevalence among inverts of +a tendency to infantilism, combined with feminism in men and masculinism +in women.<a name='2_FNanchor_218'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_218'><sup>[218]</sup></a> This tendency is <a name='2_Page_292'></a>denied by Hirschfeld, but it is often +well indicated among the subjects whose histories I have been able to +present, and is indeed suggested by Hirschfeld's own elaborate results; so +that it can scarcely be passed over. I regard it as highly significant, +and it is in harmony with all that we are learning to know regarding the +important part played by the internal secretions, alike in inversion and +the general bodily modifications in an infantile, feminine, and masculine +direction.</p> + +<p>If we are justified in believing that there is a tendency for inverted +persons to be somewhat arrested in development, approaching the child +type, we may connect this fact with the sexual precocity sometimes marked +in inverts, for precocity is commonly accompanied by rapid arrest of +development.</p> + +<div class='blkquot'><p>A correspondent, who is himself inverted, furnishes the following + notes of cases he is well acquainted with; I quote them here, as + they illustrate the anomalies commonly found:—</p> + +<p> 1. A., male, eldest child of typically neurotic family. Three + children in all: 2 male and 1 female. The other 2 are somewhat + eccentric, unsocial, and sexually frigid, 1 in a marked degree. + The curious point about this case is that A., the only one of the + family possessed of mental ability and social qualifications, + should be inverted. Parents' marriage was very ill-assorted and + inharmonious, the father being of great stature and the mother + abnormally small and of highly nervous temperament, both of + feeble health. Ancestry unfortunate, especially on mother's side.</p> + +<p> 2. B., male, invert, younger of 2 sons, no other children, has + extremely feminine disposition and appearance, of considerable + personal attraction, and has great musical talent. Penis very + small and marked breast-development.</p> + +<p> 3. C., male, invert, younger of 2 sons, no other children. + Interval of six years between first and second son. Parents' + marriage one of great affection, but degenerate ancestry on + mother's side. Cancer and scrofula in family.</p> + +<p> 4. D., male, invert, second child of 6; remainder girls. Of + humble social position. Considerable depravity evinced by all the + members of this family, with the exception of D., who alone + proved steady, honest, and industrious.</p> + +<p> 5. E., male, invert, second son of family of 3, the youngest + child being a girl, stillborn. Of extreme neurotic temperament + fostered by upbringing. Effeminate in build and disposition; + musically gifted.</p><a name='2_Page_293'></a> + +<p> 6. F., male, invert, second child of family of 5. Eldest child a + girl, died in youth. After F. a boy G., a girl H., and another + girl stillborn. Parents badly matched; mother of considerable + mental and physical strength; father last representative of + moribund stock, the result of intermarriage. Children all + resembling father in appearance and mother in disposition. + Drink-tendency in both boys, to which F.'s death at the age of 30 + was mainly due. G. committed suicide some years later. The girl + H. married into a family with worse ancestry than her own. Has + two children:—</p> + +<p> 7. I. and J., boy and girl, both inverted as far as I am able to + judge. The boy was born with some deformity of the feet and + ankles; is of effeminate tastes and appearance. Boy resembles + mother, and girl, who is of great physical development, resembles + father.</p> + +<p> The same correspondent adds:—</p> + +<p> "I have noticed little abnormal with regard to the genital + formation of inverts. There are, however, frequent abnormalities + of proportion in their figures, the hands and feet being + noticeably smaller and more shapely, the waist more marked, the + body softer and less muscular. Almost invariably there is either + cranial malformation or the head approaches the feminine in type + and shape." </p></div> + +<p><b>ARTISTIC AND OTHER APTITUDES.—</b>All avocations are represented among +inverts. Among the subjects here dealt with are found, at one end of the +scale, numerous manual workers, and at the other end an equal number, +sometimes of aristocratic family, who exercise no profession at all. There +are 12 physicians, 9 men of letters, at least 7 are engaged in commercial +life, 6 are artists, architects, or composers, 4 are or have been actors. +These figures cannot give any clue to the relative extent of inversion in +various occupations, but they indicate that no class of occupation +furnishes a safeguard against inversion.</p> + +<p>There are, however, certain avocations to which inverts seem especially +called.<a name='2_FNanchor_219'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_219'><sup>[219]</sup></a> One of the chief of these is literature. The apparent +predominance of physicians is easily explicable. The frequency with which +literature is represented is probably more genuine. Here, indeed, inverts +seem to find the highest degree of success and reputation. At least half a +dozen of my <a name='2_Page_294'></a>subjects are successful men of letters, and I could easily +add others by going outside the group of Histories included in this study. +They especially cultivate those regions of <i>belles-lettres</i> which lie on +the borderland between prose and verse. Though they do not usually attain +much eminence in poetry, they are often very accomplished writers of +verse. They may be attracted to history, but rarely attempt tasks of great +magnitude, involving much patient labor, though to this rule there are +exceptions. Pure science seems to have relatively little attraction for +the homosexual.<a name='2_FNanchor_220'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_220'><sup>[220]</sup></a></p> + +<p>An examination of my Histories reveals the interesting fact that 45 of the +subjects, or in the proportion of 56 per cent., possess artistic aptitudes +of varying degree. Galton found, from the investigation of nearly 1000 +persons, that the average showing artistic tastes in England was only +about 30 per cent. It must also be said that my figures are probably below +the truth, as no special point was made of investigating the matter, and +also that in some cases the artistic ability is of high order.</p> + +<div class='blkquot'><p>It is suggested that Adler's theory of + <i>Minderwertigkeit</i>—according to which we react strenuously + against our congenital organic defects and fortify them into + virtues—may be applied to the invert's acquirement of artistic + abilities (G. Rosenstein, "Die Theorien der Organminderwertigkeit + und die Bisexualität," <i>Jahrbuch für Psychoanalytische + Forschungen</i>, vol. ii, 1910, p. 398). This theory is in some + cases of valuable <a name='2_Page_295'></a>application, but it seems doubtful to me + whether it is very profitable in the present connection. The + artistic aptitudes of inverts may better be regarded as part of + their organic tendencies than as a reaction against those + tendencies. In this connection I may quote the remarks of an + American correspondent, himself homosexual: "Regarding the + connection between inversion and artistic capacity, so far as I + can see, the temperament of every invert seems to strive to find + artistic expression—crudely or otherwise. Inverts, as a rule, + seek the paths of life that lie in pleasant places; their + resistance to opposing obstacles is elastic, their work is never + strenuous (if they can help it), and their accomplishments hardly + ever of practical use. This is all true of the born artist, as + well. Both inverts and artists are inordinately fond of praise; + both yearn for a life where admiration is the reward for little + energy. In a word, they seem to be 'born tired,' begotten by + parents who were tired, too."</p> + +<p> Hirschfeld (<i>Die Homosexualität</i>, p. 66) gives a list of pictures + and sculptures which specially appeal to the homosexual. + Prominent among them are representations of St. Sebastian, + Gainsborough's Blue Boy, Vandyck's youthful men, the Hermes of + Praxiteles, Michelangelo's Slave, Rodin's and Meunier's + working-men types.</p> + +<p> As regards music, my cases reveal the aptitude which has been + remarked by others as peculiarly common among inverts. It has + been extravagantly said that all musicians are inverts; it is + certain that various famous musicians, among the dead and the + living, have been homosexual. Ingegnieros speaks of a + "genito-musical synæsthesia," analogous to color-hearing, in this + connection. Calesia states (<i>Archivio di Psichiatria</i>, 1900, p. + 209) that 60 per cent, inverts are musicians. Hirschfeld (<i>Die + Homosexualität</i>, p. 500) regards this estimate as excessive, but + he himself elsewhere states (p. 175) that 98 per cent, of male + inverts are greatly attracted to music, the women being decidedly + less attracted. Oppenheim (in a paper summarized in the + <i>Neurologische Centralblatt</i> for June 1, 1910, and the <i>Alienist + and Neurologist</i> for Nov., 1910) well remarks that the musical + disposition is marked by a great emotional instability, and this + instability is a disposition to nervousness. It is thus that + neurasthenia is so common among musicians. The musician has not + been rendered nervous by the music, but he owes his nervousness + (as also, it may be added, his disposition to homosexuality) to + the same disposition to which he owes his musical aptitude. + Moreover, the musician is frequently one-sided in his gifts, and + the possession of a single hypertrophied aptitude is itself + closely related to the neuropathic and psychopathic diathesis. </p></div> + +<p>The tendency to dramatic aptitude—found among a large proportion of my +subjects who have never been professional <a name='2_Page_296'></a>actors—has attracted the +attention of previous investigators in this field.<a name='2_FNanchor_221'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_221'><sup>[221]</sup></a> Thus, Moll refers +to the frequency of artistic, and especially dramatic, talent among +inverts, and remarks that the cause is doubtful. After pointing out that +the lie which they have to be perpetually living renders inverts always +actors, he goes on to say:—</p> + +<div class='blkquot'><p>Apart from this, it seems to me that the capacity and the + inclination to conceive situations and to represent them in a + masterly manner corresponds to an abnormal predisposition of the + nervous system, just as does sexual inversion; so that both + phenomena are due to the same source. </p></div> + +<p>I am in agreement with this statement; the congenitally inverted may, I +believe, be looked upon as a class of individuals exhibiting nervous +characters which, to some extent, approximate them to persons of artistic +genius. The dramatic and artistic aptitudes of inverts are, therefore, +partly due to the circumstances of the invert's life, which render him +necessarily an actor,—and in some few cases lead him into a love of +deception comparable with that of a hysterical woman,—and partly, it is +probable, to a congenital nervous predisposition allied to the +predisposition to dramatic aptitude.</p> + +<div class='blkquot'><p>One of my correspondents has long been interested in the + frequency of inversion among actors and actresses. He knew an + inverted actor who told him he adopted the profession because it + would enable him to indulge his proclivity; but, on the whole, he + regards this tendency as due to "hitherto unconsidered + imaginative flexibilities and curiosities in the individual. The + actor, <i>ex hypothesi</i>, is one who works himself by sympathy + (intellectual and emotional) into states of psychological being + that are not his own. He learns to comprehend—nay, to live + himself <a name='2_Page_297'></a>into—relations which were originally alien to his + nature. The capacity for doing this—what makes a born + actor—implies a faculty for extending his artistically acquired + experience into life. In the process of his trade, therefore, he + becomes at all points sensitive to human emotions, and, sexuality + being the most intellectually undetermined of the appetites after + hunger, the actor might discover in himself a sort of sexual + indifference, out of which a sexual aberration could easily + arise. A man devoid of this imaginative flexibility could not be + a successful actor. The man who possesses it would be exposed to + divagations of the sexual instinct under esthetical or merely + wanton influences. Something of the same kind is applicable to + musicians and artists, in whom sexual inversion prevails beyond + the average. They are conditioned by their esthetical faculty, + and encouraged by the circumstances of their life to feel and + express the whole gamut of emotional experience. Thus they get an + environment which (unless they are sharply otherwise + differentiated) leads easily to experiments in passion. All this + joins on to what you call the 'variational diathesis' of men of + genius. But I should seek the explanation of the phenomenon less + in the original sexual constitution than in the exercise of + sympathetic, assimilative emotional qualities, powerfully + stimulated and acted on by the conditions of the individual's + life. The artist, the singer, the actor, the painter, are more + exposed to the influences out of which sexual differentiation in + an abnormal direction may arise. Some persons are certainly made + abnormal by nature, others, of this sympathetic artistic + temperament, may become so through their sympathies plus their + conditions of life." It is possible there may be some element of + truth in this view, which my correspondent regarded as purely + hypothetical. </p></div> + +<p>In this connection I may, perhaps, mention a moral quality which is very +often associated with dramatic aptitude, and also with minor degrees of +nervous degeneration, and that is vanity and the love of applause. While +among a considerable section of inverts it is not more marked than among +the non-inverted, if not, indeed, less marked, among another section it is +found in an exaggerated degree. In at least one of my cases vanity and +delight in admiration, both as regards personal qualities and artistic +productions, reach an almost morbid extent. And the quotations from +letters written by various others of my subjects show a curious +complacency in the description of their personal physical characters, +markedly absent in other cases. It is suggested by Alexander Schmid, on +the basis of Adler's views, that <a name='2_Page_298'></a>this vanity, which sometimes in the +inverted artist becomes an exalted pride, as of a guardian of sacred +mysteries, may be regarded as an effort to secure a compensation for the +consciousness of feminine defect.<a name='2_FNanchor_222'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_222'><sup>[222]</sup></a></p> + +<div class='blkquot'><p>The extreme type of this preoccupation with personal beauty is + represented by the history of himself sent by a young Italian of + good family to Zola in the hope—itself a sign of vanity—that + the distinguished novelist would make it the subject of one of + his works. The history is reproduced in the <i>Archives + d'Anthropologie Criminelle</i> (1894) and in <i>L'Homosexualité et les + Types Homosexuels</i> (1910) by "Dr. Laupts" (G. Saint-Paul). I + quote the following passage: "At the age of 18 I was, with few + differences, what I am now (at 23). I am rather below the medium + height (1.65 metres), well proportioned, slender, but not lean. + My torso is superb; a sculptor could find nothing against it, and + would not find it very different from that of Antinotis. My back + is very arched, perhaps too much so; and my hips are very + developed; my pelvis is broad, like a woman's; my knees slightly + approximate; my feet are small; my hands superb; the fingers + curved back and with glistening nails, rosy and polished, cut + squarely like those of ancient statues. My neck is long and + round, the nape charmingly adorned with downy hairs. My head is + charming, and at 18 was more so. The oval of it is perfect and + strikes all by its infantine form. At 23 I am to be taken for 17 + at most. My complexion is white and rosy, deepening at the + faintest emotion. The forehead is not beautiful; it recedes + slightly and is hollow at the temples, but, fortunately, it is + half-covered by long hair, of a dark blonde, which curls + naturally. The head is perfect in form, because of the curly + hair, but on examination there is an enormous protuberance at the + occiput. My eyes are oval, of a gray blue, with dark chestnut + eyelashes and thick, arched eyebrows. My eyes are very liquid, + but with dark circles, and bistered; and they are subject to + slight temporary inflammation. My mouth is fairly large, with + thick red lips, the lower pendent; they tell me I have the + Austrian mouth. My teeth are dazzling, though three are decayed + and stopped; fortunately, they cannot be seen. My ears are small + and with very colored lobes. My chin is very fat, and at 18 it + was smooth and velvety as a woman's; at present there is a slight + beard, always shaved. Two beauty spots, black and velvety, on my + left cheek, contrast with my blue eyes. My nose is thin and + straight, with delicate nostrils and a slight, almost insensible + curve. My voice is gentle, and people always regret that I have + not learned to sing." This description is noteworthy as a + detailed portrait <a name='2_Page_299'></a>of a sexual invert of a certain type; the + whole history is interesting and instructive. </p></div> + +<p>Certain peculiarities in taste as regards costume have rightly or wrongly +been attributed to inverts,—apart from the tendency of a certain group to +adopt feminine habits,—and may here be mentioned. Tardieu many years ago +referred to the taste for keeping the neck uncovered. This peculiarity may +occasionally be observed among inverts, especially the more artistic among +them. The cause does not appear to be precisely vanity so much as that +physical consciousness which is so curiously marked in inverts, and +induces the more feminine among them to cultivate feminine grace of form, +and the more masculine to emphasize the masculine athletic habit.</p> + +<p>It has also been remarked that inverts exhibit a preference for green +garments. In Rome <i>cinædi</i> were for this reason called <i>galbanati</i>. +Chevalier remarks that some years ago a band of pederasts at Paris wore +green cravats as a badge. This decided preference for green is well marked +in several of my cases of both sexes, and in some at least the preference +certainly arose spontaneously. Green (as Jastrow and others have shown) is +very rarely the favorite color of adults of the Anglo-Saxon race, though +some inquirers have found it to be more commonly a preferred color among +children, especially girls, and it is more often preferred by women than +by men.<a name='2_FNanchor_223'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_223'><sup>[223]</sup></a> The favorite color among normal women, and indeed very often +among normal men, though here not so often as blue, is red, and it is +notable that of recent years there has been a fashion for a red tie to be +adopted by inverts as their badge. This is especially marked among the +"fairies" (as a <i>fellator</i> is there termed) in New York. "It is red," +writes an American correspondent, himself inverted, "that has become +almost a synonym for sexual inversion, not only in the minds of inverts +themselves, but in the popular mind. To <a name='2_Page_300'></a>wear a red necktie on the street +is to invite remarks from newsboys and others—remarks that have the +practices of inverts for their theme. A friend told me once that when a +group of street-boys caught sight of the red necktie he was wearing they +sucked their fingers in imitation of <i>fellatio</i>. Male prostitutes who walk +the streets of Philadelphia and New York almost invariably wear red +neckties. It is the badge of all their tribe. The rooms of many of my +inverted friends have red as the prevailing color in decorations. Among my +classmates, at the medical school, few ever had the courage to wear a red +tie; those who did never repeated the experiment."</p> + + +<p><b>MORAL ATTITUDE OF THE INVERT.—</b>There is some interest in tracing the +invert's own attitude toward his anomaly, and his estimate of its +morality. As my cases are not patients seeking to be cured of their +perversion, this attitude cannot be taken for granted. I have noted the +moral attitude in 57 cases. In 8 the subjects loathe themselves, and have +fought in vain against their perversion, which they often regard as a sin. +Nine or ten are doubtful, and have little to say in justification of their +condition, which they regard as perhaps morbid, a "moral disease." One, +while thinking it right to gratify his natural instincts, admits that they +may be vices. The remainder, a large majority (including all the women) +are, on the other hand, emphatic in their assertion that their moral +position is precisely the same as that of the normally constituted +individual, on the lowest ground a matter of taste, and at least two state +that a homosexual relationship should be regarded as sacramental, a holy +matrimony; two or three even regard inverted love as nobler than ordinary +sexual love; several add the proviso that there should be consent and +understanding on both sides, and no attempt at seduction. The chief regret +of 2 or 3 is the double life they are obliged to lead.</p> + +<p>When inverts have clearly faced and realized their own nature it is not so +much, it seems, their conscience that worries them, or even the fear of +the police, as the attitude of the world. An American correspondent +writes: "It is the fear of public <a name='2_Page_301'></a>opinion that hangs above them like the +sword of Damocles. This fear is the heritage of all of us. It is not the +fear of conscience and is not engendered by a feeling of wrongdoing. +Rather, it is a silent submission to prejudices that meet us on every +side. The true normal attitude of the sexual invert (and I have known +hundreds) with regard to his particular passion is not essentially +different from that of the normal man with regard to his."</p> + +<p>It is noteworthy that even when the condition is regarded as morbid, and +even when a life of chastity has, on this account, been deliberately +chosen, it is very rare to find an invert expressing any wish to change +his sexual ideals. The male invert cannot find, and has no desire to find, +any sexual charm in a woman, for he finds all possible charms united in a +man. And a woman invert writes: "I cannot conceive a sadder fate than to +be a woman—an average woman reduced to the necessity of loving a man!"</p> + +<p>It will be seen that my conclusions under this head are in striking +contrast to those of Westphal, who believed that every invert regarded +himself as morbid, and probably show a much higher proportion of +self-approving inverts than any previous series.<a name='2_FNanchor_224'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_224'><sup>[224]</sup></a> This is largely due +to the fact that the cases were not obtained from the consulting-room, and +that they represent in some degree the intellectual aristocracy of +inversion, including individuals who, often not without severe struggles, +have found consolation in the example of the Greeks, or elsewhere, and +have succeeded in attaining a <i>modus vivendi</i> with the moral world, as +they have come to conceive it.</p> + +<hr /> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_183'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_183'>[183]</a> The following analysis is based on somewhat fuller versions +of my Histories than it was necessary to publish in the preceding +chapters, as well as on various other Histories which are not here +published at all. Numerous apparent discrepancies may thus be explained.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_184'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_184'>[184]</a> This frequency of nervous symptoms is in accordance with +the most reliable observation everywhere. Thus, Hirschfeld (<i>Die +Homosexualität</i>, p. 177) states that of 500 inverts, 62 per cent. showed +nervous symptoms of one kind or another: sleeplessness, sleepiness, +tremors, stammering, etc.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_185'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_185'>[185]</a> Hirschfeld finds that 54 per cent, of inverts become +conscious of their anomaly under the age of 14. The anomaly may, however, +be present at this early age, but not consciously until later. Hence the +larger percentage recorded above.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_186'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_186'>[186]</a> In this connection I may quote an observation by +Raffalovich: "It is natural that the invert should very clearly recall the +precocity of his inclinations. In the existence of every invert a moment +arrives when he discovers the enigma of his homosexual tastes. He then +classes all his recollections, and to justify himself in his own eyes he +remembers that he has been what he is from his earliest childhood. +Homosexuality has colored all his young life; he has thought over it, +dreamed over it, reflected over it—very often in perfect innocence. When +he was quite small he imagined that he had been carried off by brigands, +by savages; at 5 or 6 he dreamed of the warmth of their chests and of +their naked arms. He dreamed that he was their slave and he loved his +slavery and his masters. He has had not the least thought that is crudely +sexual, but he has discovered his sentimental vocation."</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_187'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_187'>[187]</a> Leppmann mentions a case (certainly extreme and abnormal) +of a little girl of 8 who spent the night hidden on the roof, merely in +order to be able to observe in the morning the sexual organs of an adult +male cousin (<i>Bulletin de l'Union Internationale de Droit Pénal</i>, 1896, p. +118).</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_188'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_188'>[188]</a> I fully admit, as all investigators must, the difficulty of +tracing the influence of early suggestions, especially in dealing with +persons who are unaccustomed to self-analysis. Sometimes it happens, +especially in regard to erotic fetichism, that, while direct questioning +fails to reach any early formative suggestion, such influence is casually +elicited on a subsequent occasion.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_189'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_189'>[189]</a> I may add that I see no fundamental irreconcilability +between the point of view here adopted and the facts brought forward (and +wrongly interpreted) by Schrenck-Notzing. In his <i>Beiträge zur Ætiologie +der Conträrer Sexualempfindung</i> (Vienna, 1895), this writer states: "The +neuropathic disposition is congenital, as is the tendency to precocious +appearance of the appetites, the lack of psychic resistance, and the +tendency to imperative associations; but that heredity can extend to the +object of the appetite, and influence the contents of these characters, is +not shown. Psychological experiences are against it, and the possibility, +which I have shown, of changing these impulses by experiment and so +removing their danger to the character of the individual." It need not be +asserted that "heredity extends to the object of the appetite," but simply +that heredity culminates in an organism which is sexually best satisfied +by that object. It is also a mistake to suppose that congenital characters +cannot be, in some cases, largely modified by such patient and laborious +processes as those carried on by Schrenck-Notzing. In the same pamphlet +this writer refers to moral insanity and idiocy as supporting his point of +view. It is curious that both these congenital manifestations had +independently occurred to me as arguments against his position. The +experiences of Elmira Reformatory and Bicêtre—not to mention institutions +of more recent establishment—long since showed that both the morally +insane and the idiotic can be greatly improved by appropriate treatment. +Schrenck-Notzing seems to be unduly biased by his interest in hypnotism +and suggestion.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_190'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_190'>[190]</a> "If an invert acquires, under the influence of external +conditions," Féré wrote with truth (<i>L'Instinct Sexuel</i>, p. 238), "it is +because he was born with an aptitude for such acquisition: an aptitude +lacking in those who have been subjected to the same conditions without +making the same acquisitions."</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_191'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_191'>[191]</a> One of my subjects writes: "Inverts are, I think, naturally +more liable to indulge in self-gratification than normal people, partly +because of the perpetual suppression and disappointment of their desires, +and also because of the fact that they actually possess in themselves the +desired form of the male. This idea is a little difficult of explanation, +but you can readily imagine to what frenzies of self-abuse a normal man +would be impelled supposing that he included in his own the form of the +female."</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_192'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_192'>[192]</a> I do not here enter upon the consideration of the normal +prevalence and significance of masturbation and allied phenomena, as I +have dealt with this subject in the study of "Auto-erotism," in volume i +of these <i>Studies</i>.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_193'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_193'>[193]</a> Hirschfeld also finds, among German inverts (<i>Die +Homosexualität</i>, ch. iii), that the majority (though a smaller majority +than I find in England and the United States) have not had intercourse +with women; 53 per cent., he states, including a few married men, have +never even attempted coitus, and over 50 per cent, are presumably +impotent. The number of inverted women who have never had intercourse with +men is still larger.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_194'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_194'>[194]</a> Otto Rank, <i>Imago</i>, Heft 3, 1913.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_195'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_195'>[195]</a> Erotic dreams have been discussed in "Auto-erotism," vol. i +of these <i>Studies</i>, and the wider bearings of the subject in another work, +<i>The Study of Dreams</i>. Many references to the extensive literature will be +found in both these places.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_196'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_196'>[196]</a> <i>E.g.</i>, <i>Archiv für Psychiatrie</i>, 1899; <i>Archiv für +Kriminal-Anthropologie</i>, 1900.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_197'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_197'>[197]</a> Hirschfeld, <i>Die Homosexualität</i>, p. 71 <i>et seq.</i> +Hirschfeld considers that the dreams of the inverted fall into two groups: +one in which the dreamer imagines he is embracing a person of the same +sex, and another in which he imagines that he is himself of the opposite +sex. The latter class of dreams, constituting a pseudo-heterosexual group, +seems to me to be rare, and they may, moreover, occur in heterosexual +persons.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_198'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_198'>[198]</a> See Thoinot and Weysse, <i>Medico-legal Aspects of Moral +Offenses</i>, pp. 165, 291, etc.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_199'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_199'>[199]</a> <i>Pedicatio</i> (or <i>pædicatio</i>) is the most generally accepted +technical term for the sodomitical intromission of the penis into the +anus. It is usually derived from the Greek <i>pais</i> (boy), but some +authorities have derived it from <i>pedex</i> or <i>podex</i> (anus). The terms +"paiderastia" and "pederast" are sometimes used to indicate the same act +and agent. This use, however, is undesirable. It is best to confine the +word "paiderastia" to its proper use as the name of the special +institution of Greek boy love. It may be added that the Greeks themselves +had many names (as many as 74) for paiderastia. See, on this subject of +nomenclature, Iwan Bloch, <i>Der Ursprung der Syphilis</i>, vol. ii, pp. 527, +563.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_200'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_200'>[200]</a> It is the grosser forms of perversion which are first +revealed in every field. In the first edition of this Study the +predominance of <i>pedicatio</i> was still greater; it is not practised by any +of the subjects of the Histories added to the present edition, though +several see no objection to it.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_201'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_201'>[201]</a> <i>Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen</i>, vol. viii, 1906, p. +712.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_202'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_202'>[202]</a> Hirschfeld, <i>Die Homosexualität</i>, p. 276 <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_203'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_203'>[203]</a> "Men," remarks Q., "tend to fall in love with boys or +youths, boys or youths with grown men, feminine natures with virile +natures and <i>vice versâ</i>, and different races with each other."</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_204'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_204'>[204]</a> Stubbes, in his <i>Anatomy of Abuses</i>, affirmed that "players +and play-haunters in their secret conclaves play the Sodomites," and +refers to some recent examples of men who had been desperately enamoured +of player-boys thus clad in women's apparel, so far as to solicit them by +words, by letters, even actually to abuse them. Later on, in 1633, Prynne, +in his <i>Histrio-Mastix</i> (part 1, p. 208 <i>et seq.</i>), strongly condemned +"this putting on of woman's array" by actors on the same ground, and adds +that he has heard credibly reported of a scholar of Balliol College that +he was violently enamoured of a boy-player. In Japan, again where, as in +China, woman's parts on the stage are taken by men (not always youths), +the homosexuality of these players became, during the seventeenth and +eighteenth centuries, so notorious that they constituted a class requiring +special regulation as Joro, or prostitutes.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_205'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_205'>[205]</a> This was remarked by even the earliest modern writers on +homosexuality, like Hössli. See Hirschfeld, "Vom Wesen der Liebe," +<i>Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen</i>, vol. viii, 1906, p. 124 <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_206'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_206'>[206]</a> Similarly Numa Praetorius asserts (<i>Jahrbuch für sexuelle +Zwischenstufen</i>, vol. viii, p. 732) that even the most virile homosexual +men exhibit feminine traits, and adds that we could scarcely expect it to +be otherwise when we find how constantly homosexual women show masculine +traits.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_207'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_207'>[207]</a> Näcke, "Die Diagnose der Homosexualität," <i>Neurologisches +Centralblatt</i>, April 16, 1908.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_208'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_208'>[208]</a> So also among American boarding-school girls. Thus Margaret +Otis (<i>Journal of Abnormal Psychology</i>, June, 1913) has described the +attraction which negro girls exert on white girls at school. The +correspondence of these lovers, and sometimes their method of sex +gratification, may occasionally be of an even coarsely passionate nature.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_209'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_209'>[209]</a> See "Sexual Selection in Man," vol. iv of these <i>Studies</i>.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_210'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_210'>[210]</a> Hirschfeld (<i>Die Homosexualität</i>, p. 283) found that 55 per +cent. of inverts are attracted to qualities unlike their own, and 45 per +cent. to qualities resembling their own, without regard to whether these +qualities belonged to the secondary sexual sphere. It may be added that as +regards the age of the persons they are attracted to, Hirschfeld (p. 281) +admits two main groups, each including about 45 per cent. of the +homosexual; <i>ephebophils</i>, attracted to youths between 14 and 21, and +<i>androphils</i>, attracted to adults in the prime of life. This division, as +may be seen from the histories included in the present volume, seems to +hold good of British and American inverts.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_211'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_211'>[211]</a> Hirschfeld, <i>Die Homosexualität</i>, ch. v.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_212'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_212'>[212]</a> Krafft-Ebing tells of an inverted physician (a man of +masculine development and tastes) who had had sexual relations with 600 +more or less inverted men. He observed no tendency to sexual malformation +among them, but very frequently an approximation to a feminine form of +body, as well as insufficient hair, delicate complexion, and high voice. +Well-developed breasts were not rare, and some 10 per cent, showed a taste +for feminine occupations.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_213'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_213'>[213]</a> A similar condition of gynecomasty has been observed in +connection with inversion by Moll, Laurent, Wey, etc. Olano ("La Secrecion +Mamaria en los Invertidos Sexuales," <i>Archivos de Criminologia</i>, May, +1902, p. 305) further observed a certain amount of mammary secretion in an +inverted man, 20 years of age, in Lima.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_214'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_214'>[214]</a> Hirschfeld finds. 7 per cent, inverts left-handed, and 6 +per cent, partly so. Fliess attaches special importance to left-handedness +in inversion, believing that in left-handed men feminine secondary sexual +characters are marked, and in left-handed women masculine sexual character +(<i>Der Ablauf des Lebens</i>, 1906). I am not prepared to deny this statement, +but, more evidence is needed.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_215'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_215'>[215]</a> This point has been discussed by Hirschfeld, <i>Die +Homosexualität</i>, pp. 156-8.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_216'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_216'>[216]</a> Bloch (<i>The Sexual Life of Our Time</i>, p. 500) attaches +importance to this peculiarity, but it must be remembered that a +high-pitched voice occurs frequently in undoubtedly heterosexual men in +whom it seems often associated with high intellectual ability (Havelock +Ellis, <i>A Study of British Genius</i>, p. 200).</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_217'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_217'>[217]</a> See, <i>e.g.</i>, Hirschfeld, <i>Die Homosexualität</i>, p. 151.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_218'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_218'>[218]</a> On the general signs of these conditions, see, <i>e.g.</i>, H. +Meige, "L'Infantilisme, Le Féminisme et les Hermaphrodites Antiques," +<i>L'Anthropologie</i>. 1895; also Hastings Gilford, "Infantilism," <i>Lancet</i>, +February 28 and March 7, 1914.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_219'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_219'>[219]</a> Merzbach has dealt with the tendency of inverts to adopt +special professions: "Homosexualität und Beruf," <i>Jahrbuch für sexuelle +Zwischenstufen</i>, vol. iv, 1902.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_220'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_220'>[220]</a> Moll's experience in Germany also reveals the prevalence of +inversion among literary men, though, of all occupations, he found the +highest proportion among actors. Jäger has referred to the frequency of +homosexuality among barbers. I have been told that among London +hairdressers homosexuality is so prevalent that there is even a special +attitude which the client may adopt in the chair to make known that he is +an invert. Dr. Kiernan informs me that in Chicago, also, inversion is +specially prevalent among barbers, and he adds that he is acquainted with +two cases among women-barbers, a relatively large proportion. It is not +difficult to understand this, bearing in mind the close physical +association between the barber and his client. "W. G. was a barber's +assistant," writes one of my subjects, "and I took an immense fancy to him +at first-sight. He used to lather me, and the touch of his fingers was a +delight. Later on he shaved me and I always looked forward to going to the +barber's. If he were not able to attend to me I felt an incredible sinking +of heart. The whole day seemed dull and useless. I used to make a mark in +my pocket-diary every time he shaved me."</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_221'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_221'>[221]</a> See, <i>e.g.</i>, "Vom Weibmann auf der Bühne," <i>Jahrbuch für +sexuelle Zwischenstufen</i>, vol. iii, 1901, p. 313. It is curious to find a +medico-legal record of this connection long before inversion was +recognized. In June, 1833 (see <i>Annual Register</i> under this date), a man +died who had lived as a kept woman under the name of Eliza Edwards. He was +very effeminate in appearance, with beautiful hair, in ringlets two feet +long, and a cracked voice; he played female parts in the theater, "in the +first line of tragedy," and "appeared as a most lady-like woman." The +coroner's jury "strongly recommended to the proper authorities that some +means may be adopted in the disposal of the body which will mark the +ignominy of the crime."</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_222'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_222'>[222]</a> A. Schmid, "Zur Homosexualität," <i>Zentralblatt für +Psychoanalyse</i>, vol. i, 1913, p. 237.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_223'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_223'>[223]</a> See for a summary of various statistics in several +countries, Havelock Ellis, <i>Man and Woman</i>, 5th ed., 1914, p. 174; also +<i>ib.</i>, "The Psychology of Red," <i>Popular Science Monthly</i>, August and +September, 1900.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_224'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_224'>[224]</a> The proportion is not so large, however, as Hirschfeld +(<i>Die Homosexualität</i>, p. 314) now finds in Germany, where inverts are +better informed on the subject of this anomaly, for here 95 per cent. +regard their feelings as natural.</p></div> + + + +<hr class="full" /> + +<h3><a name='2_CHAPTER_VI'></a><a name='2_Page_302'></a>CHAPTER VI.—THE THEORY OF SEXUAL INVERSION.</h3> + +<div class='blkquot'><p>What is Sexual Inversion?—Causes of Diverging Views—The Theory of +Suggestion Unworkable—Importance of the Congenital Element in +Inversion—The Freudian Theory—Embryonic Hermaphroditism as a Key to +Inversion—Inversion as a Variation or "Sport"—Comparison with +Color-blindness, Color-hearing, and Similar Abnormalities—What is an +Abnormality?—Not Necessarily a Disease—Relation of Inversion to +Degeneration—Exciting Causes of Inversion—Not Operative in the Absence +of Predisposition.</p></div> + +<p>The analysis of these cases leads directly up to a question of the first +importance: What is sexual inversion? Is it, as many would have us +believe, an abominably acquired vice, to be stamped out by the prison? or +is it, as a few assert, a beneficial variety of human emotion which should +be tolerated or even fostered? Is it a diseased condition which qualifies +its subject for the lunatic asylum? or is it a natural monstrosity, a +human "sport," the manifestations of which must be regulated when they +become antisocial? There is probably an element of truth in more than one +of these views. Very widely divergent views of sexual inversion are +largely justified by the position and attitude of the investigator. It is +natural that the police-official should find that his cases are largely +mere examples of disgusting vice and crime. It is natural that the asylum +superintendent should find that we are chiefly dealing with a form of +insanity. It is equally natural that the sexual invert himself should find +that he and his inverted friends are not so very unlike ordinary persons. +We have to recognize the influence of professional and personal bias and +the influence of environment.</p> + +<p>There have been two main streams of tendency in the views regarding sexual +inversion: one seeking to enlarge the sphere of the acquired (represented +by Binet,—who, however, recognized predisposition,—Schrenck-Notzing, and +recently the<a name='2_Page_303'></a> Freudians), the other seeking to enlarge the sphere of the +congenital (represented by Krafft-Ebing, Moll, Féré, and today by the +majority of authorities). There is, as usually happens, truth in both +these views. But, inasmuch as those who represent the acquired view often +deny any congenital element, we are called upon to discuss the question. +The view that sexual inversion is entirely explained by the influence of +early association, or of "suggestion," is an attractive one and at first +sight it seems to be supported by what we know of erotic fetichism, by +which a woman's hair, or foot, or even clothing, becomes the focus of a +man's sexual aspirations. But it must be remembered that what we see in +erotic fetichism is merely the exaggeration of a normal impulse; every +lover is to some extent excited by his mistress's hair, or foot, or +clothing. Even here, therefore, there is really what may fairly be +regarded as a congenital element; and, moreover, there is reason to +believe that the erotic fetichist usually displays the further congenital +element of hereditary neurosis. Therefore, the analogy with erotic +fetichism does not bring much help to those who argue that inversion is +purely acquired. It must also be pointed out that the argument for +acquired or suggested inversion logically involves the assertion that +normal sexuality is also acquired or suggested. If a man becomes attracted +to his own sex simply because the fact or the image of such attraction is +brought before him, then we are bound to believe that a man becomes +attracted to the opposite sex only because the fact or the image of such +attraction is brought before him. Such a theory is unworkable. In nearly +every country of the world men associate with men, and women with women; +if association and suggestion were the only influential causes, then +inversion, instead of being the exception, ought to be the rule throughout +the human species, if not, indeed, throughout the whole zoölogical series. +We should, moreover, have to admit that the most fundamental human +instinct is so constituted as to be equally well adapted for sterility as +for that propagation of the race which, as a matter of fact, we find +dominant throughout the whole of life. We must, therefore, put aside +entirely the notion <a name='2_Page_304'></a>that the direction of the sexual impulse is merely a +suggested phenomenon; such a notion is entirely opposed to observation and +experience, and will with difficulty fit into a rational biological +scheme.</p> + +<p>The Freudians—alike of the orthodox and the heterodox schools—have +sometimes contributed, unintentionally or not, to revive the now +antiquated conception of homosexuality as an acquired phenomenon, and that +by insisting that its mechanism is a purely psychic though unconscious +process which may be readjusted to the normal order by psychoanalytic +methods. Freud first put forth a comprehensive statement of his view of +homosexuality in the original and pregnant little book, <i>Drei Abhandlungen +zur Sexualtheorie</i> (1905), and has elsewhere frequently touched on the +subject, as have many other psychoanalysts, including Alfred Adler and +Stekel, who no longer belong to the orthodox Freudian school. When inverts +are psycho-analytically studied, Freud believes, it is found that in early +childhood they go through a phase of intense but brief fixation on a +woman, usually the mother, or perhaps sister. Then, an internal censure +inhibiting this incestuous impulse, they overcome it by identifying +themselves with women and taking refuge in Narcissism, the self becoming +the sexual object. Finally they look for youthful males resembling +themselves, whom they love as their mothers loved them. Their pursuit of +men is thus determined by their flight from women. This view has been set +forth not only by Freud but by Sadger, Stekel, and many others.<a name='2_FNanchor_225'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_225'><sup>[225]</sup></a> Freud +himself, however, is careful to state that this process only represents +one type of stunted sexual activity, and that the problem of inversion is +complex and diversified.</p> + +<div class='blkquot'><p>This view may be said to assume a bisexual constitution as + normal, and homosexuality arises by the suppression, owing to + some accident, of the heterosexual component, and the path + through an autoerotic process of Narcissism to homosexuality. On + this general Freudian conception <a name='2_Page_305'></a>of homosexuality numerous + variations have been based, and separate features specially + emphasized, by individual psychoanalysts. Thus Sadger considers + that, beneath the male individual loved by the invert, a female + is concealed, and that this fact may be revealed by + psychoanalysis which removes the upper layer of the psychic + palimpsest; he believes that this disposition of the invert is + favored by a frequent mixture of male and female traits in his + near relatives; originally, "it is not man whom the homosexual + man loves and desires but man and woman together in one form"; + the heterosexual element is later suppressed, and then pure + inversion is left. Further, developing Freud's view of the + importance of anal eroticism (Freud, <i>Sammlung Kleiner Schriften + zur Neurosenlehre</i>, vol. ii), Sadger thinks that it is even the + rule for a passive invert to have experienced anal eroticism in + childhood and been frequently subjected to enemas, which have led + to the desire for the anal intromission of the penis. + (<i>Medizinische Klinik</i>, 1909, No. 2.) Jekels pushes this doctrine + further and declares that all inverts are really passive; the + invert is, in his love, he states, both subject and object; he + identifies himself with his mother and sees in the object of his + love his own youthful person. And what, Jekels asks, is the aim + of this mental arrangement? It can scarcely by other, he replies, + than in the part of the mother to stimulate the anal region of + the object which has now become himself, and to procure the same + pleasure which in childhood he experienced when his mother + satisfied his anal eroticism. Jekels regards this view as the + continuation and concretization of Freud's interpretation; and + the main point in homosexuality, even when apparently passive, + becomes the craving for anal-erotic satisfaction (L. Jekels, + "Einige Bemerkungen zur Trieblehre," <i>Internationale Zeitschrift + für Aerztliche Psychoanalyse</i>, Sept., 1913). Most psychoanalysts + are cautious in denying a constitutional or congenital basis to + inversion, though they leave it in the background. Ferenczi, in + an interesting attempt to classify the homosexual + (<i>Internationale Zeitschrift für Aerztliche Psychoanalyse</i>, + March, 1914), remarks: "Psychoanalytic investigation shows that + under the name of homosexuality the most various psychic states + are thrown together, on the one hand true constitutional + anomalies (inversion, or subject homoeroticism), on the other + hand psychoneurotic obsessional conditions (object homoeroticism, + or obsessional homoeroticism). The individual of the first kind + essentially feels himself a woman who wishes to be loved by a + man, while the other represents a neurotic flight from women + rather than sympathy to men." The constitutional basis is very + definitely accepted by Rudolf Ortvay who points out + (<i>Internationale Zeitschrift für Aerztliche Psychoanalyse</i>, Jan., + 1914) that the biological doctrine of recessives and dominants in + heredity helps to make clear the emergence or suppression of + <a name='2_Page_306'></a>homosexuality on a bisexual disposition. "Infantile events," he + adds, "which, according to Freud, decide the sexual relations of + adults, can only exert their operation on the foundation of an + organic predisposition, infantile impressions being determined by + hereditary predisposition." Isador Coriat, on the other hand, + while recognizing two forms of inversion, incomplete and + complete, boldly asserts that it is never congenital and never + transmitted through heredity; it is always "originated through a + definite unconscious mechanism" (Coriat, "Homosexuality," <i>New + York Medical Journal</i>, March 22, 1913). Adler's view of + homosexuality, as of other allied conditions, differs from that + of most psychoanalysts by insisting on the presence of an + original organic defect which the subject seeks to fortify into a + point of strength; he accepts two chief components of inversion: + a vagueness as to sexual differences and a process of + self-assurance in the form of rebellion and defiance, and even + the feminism of the invert may become a method of gaining power + (A. Adler, <i>Ueber den Neurösen Charakter</i>, 1912, p. 21). </p></div> + +<p>The mechanism of the genesis of homosexuality put forward by Freud need +not be dismissed offhand. Freud has often manifested the insight of +genius, and he refrains from molding his conceptions in those inflexible +shapes which have sometimes been adopted by the more dogmatic +psychoanalysts who have followed him. Nor need we be unduly shocked by the +"incestuous" air of the "Œdipus Complex,"<a name='2_FNanchor_226'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_226'><sup>[226]</sup></a> as it is commonly +called, which figures as a component of the process. The word "incest," +though it has been used by Freud himself, seems scarcely a proper word to +apply to the vague and elementary feelings of children, especially when +those feelings scarcely pass beyond a stage of non-localized and therefore +really presexual feelings (in the ordinary use of the term "sexual") which +may be regarded as natural and normal. The Freudian conception is +misrepresented and prejudiced by the statement that it involves +"incest."<a name='2_FNanchor_227'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_227'><sup>[227]</sup></a><a name='2_Page_307'></a> When a child loves its mother with an entire love, that +love necessarily involves the germs which in later life become separated +and developed into sexual love, but it is inaccurate to term this love of +the child "incestuous." It is quite easily conceivable that the psychic +mechanism of the establishment of homosexuality has in some cases +corresponded to the course described by Freud. It may also be admitted +that, as psychoanalysts claim, the pronounced <i>horror feminæ</i> occasionally +found in male inverts may plausibly be regarded as the reversal of an +early and disappointed feminine attraction. But it is impossible to regard +this mechanism as invariable or even frequent. It is quite true, and I +have found ample evidence of the fact, that inverts are often very closely +attached to their mothers, even to a greater degree, indeed, than is the +rule among normal children, and often like to be in constant association +with their mothers. But this attraction is quite misunderstood if it is +regarded as a peculiarly sexual attraction. Indeed, the whole point of the +attraction is that the inverted boy vaguely feels his own feminine +disposition and so shuns the uncongenial amusements and society of his own +sex for the sympathy and community of tastes which he finds concentrated +in his mother. So far from such association being evidence of sexual +attraction it might more reasonably be regarded as evidence of its +absence; just as the association of boys among themselves, and of girls +among themselves, even in co-educational schools, is proof of the +prevalence of heterosexual rather than of homosexual feeling. Confirmation +of this point of view may be found in the fact—overlooked and sometimes +even denied by psychoanalysts—that frequently, even in early childhood +and simultaneously with this community of feeling with his mother, the +homosexual boy is already experiencing the predominant fascination of the +male. He feels it long before the age at which Narcissism is apt to occur, +<a name='2_Page_308'></a>or at which self-consciousness has become sufficiently developed to allow +the internal censure on unpermitted emotions to operate, or any flight +from them to take place. Moreover, while most authorities have rarely been +able to find any clear evidence of the sexual attraction of male inverts +in childhood to mother or sister,<a name='2_FNanchor_228'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_228'><sup>[228]</sup></a> an attraction of this kind to +father or brother seems less difficult to find, and if found it is +incompatible with the typical Freudian process. In my own observation, +among the Histories here recorded, there are at least two clear examples +of such an attraction in childhood. It must further be said that any +theory of the etiology of homosexuality which leaves out of account the +hereditary factor in inversion cannot be admitted. The evidence for the +frequency of homosexuality among the near relatives of the inverted is now +indisputable. I have traced it in a considerable proportion of cases, and +in many of these the evidence is unquestionable and altogether independent +of the statement of the subject himself, whose opinion may be held to be +possibly biased or unreliable.<a name='2_FNanchor_229'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_229'><sup>[229]</sup></a> This hereditary factor seems indeed to +be called for by the Freudian theory itself. On that theory we need to +know how it is that the subject passes through psychic phases, and reaches +an emotional disposition, so unlike that of normal persona. The existence +of a definite hereditary tendency in a homosexual direction removes that +difficulty. Freud himself recognizes this and clearly asserts congenital +psycho-sexual constitution, which must involve predisposition. On a +general survey, therefore, it would appear that, on the psychic side, we +may accept the reality of unconscious dynamic processes which in +particular cases may be of the Freudian or similar type. But while the +study of such mechanisms may illuminate the psychology of homosexuality, +<a name='2_Page_309'></a>they leave untouched the fundamental organic factors now accepted by most +authorities.<a name='2_FNanchor_230'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_230'><sup>[230]</sup></a></p> + +<p>The rational way of regarding the normal sexual instinct is as an inborn +organic impulse, reaching full development about the time of puberty.<a name='2_FNanchor_231'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_231'><sup>[231]</sup></a> +During the period of development suggestion and association may come in to +play a part in defining the object of the emotion; the soil is now ready, +but the variety of seeds likely to thrive in it is limited. That there is +a greater indefiniteness in the aim of the sexual impulse at this period +we may well believe. This is shown not only by occasional tentative signs +of sexual emotion directed toward the same sex in childhood, but by the +frequently ideal and unlocalized character of the normal passion even at +puberty. But the channel of sexual emotion is not thereby turned into an +abnormal path. Whenever this happens we are bound to believe—and we have +many grounds for believing—that we are dealing with an organism which +from the beginning is abnormal. The same seed of suggestion is sown in +various soils; in the many it dies <a name='2_Page_310'></a>out; in the few it flourishes. The +cause can only be a difference in the soil.</p> + +<p>If, then, we must postulate a congenital abnormality in order to account +satisfactorily for at least a large proportion of sexual inverts, wherein +does that abnormality consist? Ulrichs explained the matter by saying that +in sexual inverts a male body coexists with a female soul: <i>anima +muliebris in corpore virile inclusa</i>. Even writers of scientific eminence, +like Magnan and Gley, have adopted this phrase in a modified form, +considering that in inversion a female brain is combined with a male body +or male glands. This is, however, not an explanation. It merely +crystallizes into an epigram the superficial impression of the +matter.<a name='2_FNanchor_232'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_232'><sup>[232]</sup></a></p> + +<p>We can probably grasp the nature of the abnormality better if we reflect +on the development of the sexes and on the latent organic bisexuality in +each sex. At an early stage of development the sexes are +indistinguishable, and throughout life the traces of this early community +of sex remain. The hen fowl retains in a rudimentary form the spurs which +are so large and formidable in her lord, and sometimes she develops a +capacity to crow, or puts on male plumage. Among mammals the male +possesses useless nipples, which occasionally even develop into breasts, +and the female possesses a clitoris, which is merely a rudimentary penis, +and may also develop. The sexually inverted person does not usually +possess any gross exaggeration of these signs of community with the +opposite sex. But, as we have seen, there are a considerable number of +more subtle approximations to the opposite sex in inverted persons, both +on the physical and the psychic side. Putting the matter in a purely +speculative shape, it may be said that at conception the organism is +provided with about 50 per cent. of male germs and about 50 per <a name='2_Page_311'></a>cent. of +female germs, and that, as development proceeds, either the male or the +female germs assume the upper hand, until in the maturely developed +individual only a few aborted germs of the opposite sex are left. In the +homosexual, however, and in the bisexual, we may imagine that the process +has not proceeded normally, on account of some peculiarity in the number +or character of either the original male germs or female germs, or both, +the result being that we have a person who is organically twisted into a +shape that is more fitted for the exercise of the inverted than of the +normal sexual impulse, or else equally fitted for both.<a name='2_FNanchor_233'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_233'><sup>[233]</sup></a></p> + +<div class='blkquot'><p>The conception of the latent bisexuality of all males and females + cannot fail to be fairly obvious to intelligent observers of the + human body. It emerges at an early period in the history of + philosophic thought, and from the first was occasionally used for + the explanation of homosexuality. Plato's myth in the <i>Banquet</i> + and the hermaphroditic statues of antiquity show how acute minds, + working ahead of science, exercised themselves with these + problems. (For a fully illustrated study of the ancient + conception of hermaphroditism in sculpture see L. S. A. M. von + Römer, "Ueber die Androgynische Idee des Lebens," <i>Jahrbuch für + sexuelle Zwischenstufen</i>, vol. v, 1903, pp. 711-939.) Parmenides, + following Alcmaeon, the philosophic physician who discovered that + the brain is the central organ of intellect, remarks Gomperz + (<i>Greek Thinkers</i>, Eng. tr., vol. i, p. 183), used the idea of + variation in the proportion of male and female generative + elements to account for idiosyncrasies of sexual character. After + an immense interval Hössli, the inverted Swiss man-milliner, in + his <i>Eros</i> (1838) put forth the Greek view anew. Schopenhauer, + again from the philosophical side, recognized the bisexuality of + the human individual (see Juliusburger, <i>Allgemeine Zeitschrift + für Psychiatrie</i>, 1912, p. 630), and Ulrichs, from 1862 onward, + adopted a similar doctrine, on a Platonic basis, to explain the + "Uranian" constitution. After this the idea began to be more + precisely developed from the scientific side, though not at first + with reference to homosexuality, and more especially by the great + pioneers of the doctrine of Evolution. Darwin emphasized the + significance of the facts on this point, as later Weismann, while + Haeckel, who was one of the earliest Darwinians, has in recent + years clearly recognized the bearing on the interpretation <a name='2_Page_312'></a>of + homosexuality of the fact that the ancestors of the vertebrates + were hermaphrodites, as vertebrates themselves still are in their + embryonic disposition (Haeckel, in <i>Jahrbuch für sexuelle + Zwischenstufen</i>, April, 1913, pp. 262-3, 287). This view had, + however, been set forth at an earlier date by individual + physicians, notably in America by Kiernan (<i>American Lancet</i>, + 1884, and <i>Medical Standard</i>, November and December, 1888), and + Lydston (<i>Philadelphia Medical and Surgical Reporter</i>, September, + 1889, and <i>Addresses and Essays</i>, 1892).</p> + +<p> In 1893, in his <i>L'Inversion Sexuelle</i>, Chevalier, a pupil of + Lacassagne—who had already applied the term "hermaphrodisme + moral" to this anomaly—explained congenital homosexuality by the + idea of latent bisexuality. Dr. G. de Letamendi, Dean of the + Faculty of Medicine of Madrid, in a paper read before the + International Medical Congress at Rome in 1894, set forth a + principle of panhermaphroditism—a hermaphroditic + bipolarity—which involved the existence of latent female germs + in the male, latent male germs in the female, which latent germs + may strive for, and sometimes obtain, the mastery. In February, + 1896, the first version of the present chapter, setting forth the + conception of inversion as a psychic and somatic development on + the basis of a latent bisexuality, was published in the + <i>Centralblatt für Nervenheilkunde und Psychiatrie</i>. Kurella + (<i>ib.</i>, May, 1890) adopted a somewhat similar view, even arguing + that the invert is a transitional form between the complete man + or woman and the hermaphrodite. In Germany a patient of + Krafft-Ebing had worked out the same idea, connecting inversion + with fetal bisexuality (eighth edition <i>Psychopathia Sexualis</i>, + p. 227). Krafft-Ebing himself at first simply asserted that, + whether congenital or acquired, there must be <i>Belastung</i>; + inversion is a "degenerate phenomenon," a functional sign of + degeneration (Krafft-Ebing, "Zur Erklärung der conträren + Sexualempfindung," <i>Jahrbuch für Psychiatrie</i>, 1894). In the + later editions of <i>Psychopathia Sexualis</i>, however (1896 and + onward and notably in <i>Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen</i>, + vol. iii, 1901), he went farther, adopting the explanation on the + lines of original bisexuality (English translation of tenth + edition, pp. 336-7). In much the same language as I have used he + argued that there has been a struggle in the centers, + homosexuality resulting when the center antagonistic to that + represented by the sexual gland conquers, and psycho-sexual + hermaphroditism resulting when both centers are too weak to + obtain victory, in either case such disturbance not being a + psychic degeneration or disease, but simply an anomaly comparable + to a malformation and quite consonant with psychic health. This + is the view now widely accepted by investigators of sexual + inversion. (Much material bearing on the history of this + conception has been brought together by Hirschfeld, in <i>Die + Homosexualität</i>, ch. xix, and previously in "Vom<a name='2_Page_313'></a> Wesen der + Liebe," <i>Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen</i>, vol. viii, 1906, + pp. 111-133.)</p> + +<p> A similar or allied view is now constantly met with in writers of + scientific authority who are only incidentally concerned with the + study of sexual inversion. Thus Halban ("Die Entstehung des + Geschlechtscharaktere," <i>Archiv für Gynäkologie</i>, 1903) regards + hermaphroditism, which he would extend to the psychic sphere, as + a state in which a double sexual impulse determines the course of + fetal and later development. Shattock and Seligmann ("True + Hermaphroditism in the Domestic Fowl, with Remarks on + Allopterotism," <i>Transactions of Pathological Society of London</i>, + vol. lvii, part i, 1906), pointing out that mere atrophy of the + ovary cannot account for the appearance in the hen bird of male + characters which are not retrogressive but progressive, argues + that such birds are really bisexual or hermaphrodite, either by + the single "ovary" being really bisexual, as was the case with a + fowl they examined, or that the sexual glands are paired, one + being male and the other female, or else that there is misplaced + male tissue in a neighboring viscus like the adrenal or kidney, + the male elements asserting themselves when the female elements + degenerate. "Hermaphroditism," they conclude, "far from being a + phenomenon altogether abnormal amongst the higher vertebrates, + should be viewed rather as a reversion to the primitive ancestral + phase in which bisexualism was the normal disposition.... True + hermaphroditism in man being established, the question arises + whether lesser grades do not occur.... Remote evidence of + bisexuality in the human subject may, perhaps, be afforded by the + psychical phenomenon of sexual perversion and inversion." + Similarly in a case of unilateral secondary male character in an + otherwise female pheasant, C. J. Bond has more recently shown + (Section of Zoölogy, Birmingham Meeting of British Medical + Association, <i>British Medical Journal</i>, Sept. 20, 1913) that an + ovi-testis was present, with degenerating ovarian tissue and + developing testicular tissue, and such islands of actively + growing male tissue can frequently be found, he states, in the + degenerating ovaries of female birds which have put forth male + plumage. Sir John Bland-Sutton, referring to the fact that the + external conformation of the body affords no positive certainty + as to the nature of the internal sexual glands, adds (<i>British + Medical Journal</i>, Oct. 30, 1909): "It is a fair presumption that + some examples of sexual frigidity and sex perversion may be + explained by the possibility that the individuals concerned may + possess sexual glands opposite in character to those indicated by + the external configuration of their bodies." Looking at the + matter more broadly and fundamentally in its normal aspects, + Heape declares (<i>Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical + Society</i>, vol. xiv, part ii, 1907) that "there is no such thing + as a pure male or female <a name='2_Page_314'></a>animal, but that all contain a dominant + and recessive sex, except those hermaphrodites in which both + sexes are equally represented.... There seems to me ample + evidence for the conclusion that there is no such thing as a pure + male or female." F. H. A. Marshall, again, in his standard manual, + <i>The Physiology of Reproduction</i> (1910, p. 655 <i>et seq.</i>), is + inclined to accept the same view. "If it be true," he remarks, + "that all individuals are potentially bisexual and that changed + circumstances, leading to a changed metabolism, may, in + exceptional circumstances, even in adult life, cause the + development of the recessive characters, it would seem extremely + probable that the dominance of one set of sexual characters over + the other may be determined in some cases at an early stage of + development in response to a stimulus which may be either + internal or external." So also Berry Hart ("Atypical Male and + Female Sex-Ensemble," a paper read before Edinburgh Obstetrical + Society, <i>British Medical Journal</i>, June 20, 1914, p. 1355) + regards the normal male or female as embodying a maximum of the + potent organs of his or her own sex with a minimum of non-potent + organs of the other sex, with secondary sex traits congruent. Any + increase in the minimum gives a diminished maximum and + non-congruence of the secondary characters. </p></div> + +<p>We thus see that the ancient medico-philosophic conception of organic +bisexuality put forth by the Greeks as the key to the explanation of +sexual inversion, after sinking out of sight for two thousand years, was +revived early in the nineteenth century by two amateur philosophers who +were themselves inverted (Hössli, Ulrichs), as well as by a genuine +philosopher who was not inverted (Schopenhauer). Then the conception of +latent bisexuality, independently of homosexuality, was developed from the +purely scientific side (by Darwin and evolutionists generally). In the +next stage this conception was adopted by the psychiatric and other +scientific authorities on homosexuality (Krafft-Ebing and the majority of +other students). Finally, embryologists, physiologists of sex and +biologists generally, not only accept the conception of bisexuality, but +admit that it probably helps to account for homosexuality. In this way the +idea may be said to have passed into current thought. We cannot assert +that it constitutes an adequate explanation of homosexuality, but it +enables us in some degree to understand what for many is a mysterious +riddle, and it furnishes <a name='2_Page_315'></a>a useful basis for the classification not only +of homosexuality, but of the other mixed or intermediate sexual anomalies +in the same group. The chief of these intermediate sexual anomalies are: +(1) physical hermaphroditism in its various stages; (2) gynandromorphism, +or eunuchoidism, in which men possess characters resembling those of males +who have been early castrated and women possess similarly masculine +characters; (3) sexo-esthetic inversion, or Eonism (Hirschfeld's +transvestism or cross-dressing), in which, outside the specifically sexual +emotions, men possess the tastes of women and women those of men.</p> + +<div class='blkquot'><p>Hirschfeld has discussed these intermediate sexual stages in + various works, especially in <i>Geschlechtsübergänge</i> (1905), <i>Die + Transvestiten</i> (1910), and ch. xi of <i>Die Homosexualität</i>. + Hermaphroditism (the reality of which has only of late been + recognized and is still disputed) and pseudohermaphroditism; in + their physical variations are fully dealt with in the great work, + richly illustrated, <i>Hermaphroditismus beim Menschen</i>, by F. L. + von Neugebauer, of Warsaw. Neugebauer published an earlier and + briefer study of the subject in the <i>Jahrbuch für sexuelle + Zwischenstufen</i> vol. iv, 1902, pp. 1-176, with a bibliography in + vol. viii (1906) of the same <i>Jahrbuch</i>, pp. 685-700. Hirschfeld + emphasizes the fact that neither hermaphroditism nor eunuchoidism + is commonly associated with homosexuality, and that a large + proportion of the cases of transvestism, as defined by him, are + heterosexual. True inversion seems, however, to be not + infrequently found among pseudohermaphrodites; Neugebauer records + numerous cases; Magnan has published a case in a girl brought up + as a youth (<i>Gazette médical de Paris</i>, March 31, 1911) and + Lapointe a case in a man brought up as a girl (<i>Revue de + psychiatrie</i>, 1911, p. 219). Such cases may be accounted for by + the training and associations involved by the early error in + recognition of sex, and perhaps still more by a really organic + predisposition to homosexuality, although the sexual psychic + characters are not necessarily bound up with the coexistence of + corresponding sexual glands. Halban (<i>Archiv für Gynäkologie</i> + 1903) goes so far as to class the homosexual as "real + pseudohermaphrodites," exactly comparable to a man with a female + breast or a woman with a beard, and proposes to term + homosexuality "pseudohermaphroditus masculinus psychicus." This, + however, is an unnecessary and scarcely satisfactory confusion. </p></div> + +<p>To place the group of homosexual phenomena among other intermediate groups +on the organic bisexual basis is a convenient <a name='2_Page_316'></a>classification. It can +scarcely be regarded as a complete explanation. It is probable that we may +ultimately find a more fundamental source of these various phenomena in +the stimulating and inhibiting play of the internal secretions.<a name='2_FNanchor_234'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_234'><sup>[234]</sup></a> Our +knowledge of the intimate association between the hormones and sexual +phenomena is already sufficient to make such an explanation intelligible; +the complex interaction of the glandular internal secretions and their +liability to varying disturbance in balance may well suffice to account +for the complexity of the phenomena. It would harmonize with what we know +of the occasional delayed manifestations of homosexuality, and would not +clash with their congenital nature, for we know that a disordered state of +the thymus, for instance, may be hereditary, and it is held that status +lymphaticus may be either inborn or acquired.<a name='2_FNanchor_235'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_235'><sup>[235]</sup></a> Normal sexual +characters seem to depend largely upon the due co-ordination of the +internal secretions, and it is reasonable to suppose that sexual +deviations depend upon their inco-ordination. If a man is a man, and a +woman a woman, because (in Blair Bell's phrase) of the totality of their +internal secretions, the intermediate stages between the man and the woman +must be due to redistribution of those internal secretions.<a name='2_FNanchor_236'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_236'><sup>[236]</sup></a></p> + +<p>We know that various internal secretions possess an influential sexual +effect. Thus the atrophy of the thymus seems to be connected with sexual +development at puberty; the thyroid reinforces the genital glands; adrenal +overdevelopment can produce in a female the secondary characteristics of +the male, as well as cause precocious development of maleness; etc. "An +<a name='2_Page_317'></a>alteration in the metabolism," as F. H. A. Marshall suggests, "even in +comparatively late life, may initiate changes in the direction of the +opposite sex." Metabolic chemical processes may thus be found to furnish a +key to complex and subtle sexual variations, alike somatic and psychic, +although we must still regard such processes as arising on an inborn +predisposition.</p> + +<p>Whatever its ultimate explanation, sexual inversion may thus fairly be +considered a "sport," or variation, one of those organic aberrations which +we see throughout living nature, in plants and in animals.</p> + +<p>It is not here asserted, as I would carefully point out, that an inverted +sexual instinct, or organ for such instinct, is developed in early +embryonic life; such a notion is rightly rejected as absurd. What we may +reasonably regard as formed at an early stage of development is strictly a +predisposition; that is to say, such a modification of the organism that +it becomes more adapted than the normal or average organism to experience +sexual attraction to the same sex. The sexual invert may thus be roughly +compared to the congenital idiot, to the instinctive criminal, to the man +of genius, who are all not strictly concordant with the usual biological +variation (because this is of a less subtle character), but who become +somewhat more intelligible to us if we bear in mind their affinity to +variations. Symonds compared inversion to color-blindness; and such a +comparison is reasonable. Just as the ordinary color-blind person is +congenitally insensitive to those red-green rays which are precisely the +most impressive to the normal eye, and gives an extended value to the +other colors,—finding that blood is the same color as grass, and a florid +complexion blue as the sky,—so the invert fails to see emotional values +patent to normal persons, transferring those values to emotional +associations which, for the rest of the world, are utterly distinct. Or we +may compare inversion to such a phenomenon as color-hearing, in which +there is not so much defect as an abnormality of nervous tracks producing +new and involuntary combinations. Just as the color-hearer instinctively +associates colors with sounds, like the young<a name='2_Page_318'></a> Japanese lady who remarked +when listening to singing, "That boy's voice is red!" so the invert has +his sexual sensations brought into relationship with objects that are +normally without sexual appeal.<a name='2_FNanchor_237'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_237'><sup>[237]</sup></a> And inversion, like color-hearing is +found more commonly in young subjects, tending to become less marked, or +to die out, after puberty. Color-hearing, while an abnormal phenomenon, it +must be added, cannot be called a diseased condition, and it is probably +much less frequently associated with other abnormal or degenerative +stigmata than is inversion; there is often a congenital element, shown by +the tendency to hereditary transmission, while the associations are +developed in very early life, and are too regular to be the simple result +of suggestion.<a name='2_FNanchor_238'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_238'><sup>[238]</sup></a></p> + +<p>All such organic variations are abnormalities. It is important that we +should have a clear idea as to what an abnormality is. Many people imagine +that what is abnormal is necessarily diseased. That is not the case, +unless we give the word disease an inconveniently and illegitimately wide +extension. It is both inconvenient and inexact to speak of +color-blindness, criminality, and genius as diseases in the same sense as +we speak of scarlet fever or tuberculosis or general paralysis as +diseases. Every congenital abnormality is doubtless due to a peculiarity +in the sperm or oval elements or in their mingling, or to some disturbance +in their early development. But the same may doubtless be said of the +normal dissimilarities between brothers and sisters. It is quite true that +any of these aberrations may be due to antenatal disease, but to call them +<a name='2_Page_319'></a>abnormal does not beg that question. If it is thought that any authority +is needed to support this view, we can scarcely find a weightier than that +of Virchow, who repeatedly insisted on the right use of the word +"anomaly," and who taught that, though an anomaly may constitute a +predisposition to disease, the study of anomalies—pathology, as he called +it, teratology as we may perhaps prefer to call it—is not the study of +disease, which he termed nosology; the study of the abnormal is perfectly +distinct from the study of the morbid. Virchow considers that the region +of the abnormal is the region of pathology, and that the study of disease +must be regarded distinctly as nosology. Whether we adopt this +terminology, or whether we consider the study of the abnormal as part of +teratology, is a secondary matter, not affecting the right understanding +of the term "anomaly" and its due differentiation from the term "disease."</p> + +<div class='blkquot'><p>At the Innsbruck meeting of the German Anthropological Society, + in 1894, Virchow thus expressed himself: "In old days an anomaly + was called πάθος, and in this sense every departure + from the norm is for me a pathological event. If we have + ascertained such a pathological event, we are further led to + investigate what <i>pathos</i> was the special cause of it.... This + cause may be, for example, an external force, or a chemical + substance, or a physical agent, producing in the normal condition + of the body a change, an anomaly (πάθος). This can become + hereditary under some circumstances, and then become the + foundation for certain small hereditary characters which are + propagated in a family; in themselves they belong to pathology, + even although they produce no injury. For I must remark that + pathological does not mean harmful; it does not indicate disease; + disease in Greek is νὁσος, and it is nosology that is + concerned with disease. The pathological under some circumstances + can be advantageous" (<i>Correspondenz-blatt Deutsch Gesellschaft + für Anthropologie</i>, 1894). These remarks are of interest when we + are attempting to find the wider bearings of such an anomaly as + sexual inversion.</p> + +<p> This same distinction has more recently been emphasized by + Professor Aschoff (<i>Deutsche medizinische Wochenschrift</i>, + February 3, 1910; of. <i>British Medical Journal</i>, April 9, 1910, + p. 892), as against Ribbert and others who would unduly narrow + the conception of πάθος. Aschoff points out that, not + merely for the sake of precision and uniformity of terminology + but of clear thinking, it is desirable that we should retain a + distinction in regard to which Galen and the ancient <a name='2_Page_320'></a>physicians + were very definite. They used πάθος as the wider term + involving affection (<i>affectio</i>) in general, not necessarily + impairment of vital tissue; when that was involved there was + νὁσος, disease. We have to recognize the distinction + even if we reject the terminology. </p></div> + +<p>A word may be said as to the connection between sexual inversion and +degeneration. In France especially, since the days of Morel, the stigmata +of degeneration are much spoken of. Sexual inversion is frequently +regarded as one of them: <i>i.e.</i>, as an episodic syndrome of a hereditary +disease, taking its place beside other psychic stigmata, such as +kleptomania and pyromania. Krafft-Ebing long so regarded inversion; it is +the view of Magnan, one of the earliest investigators of +homosexuality;<a name='2_FNanchor_239'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_239'><sup>[239]</sup></a> and it was adopted by Möbius. Strictly speaking, the +invert is degenerate; he has fallen away from the genus. So is a +color-blind person. But Morel's conception of degenerescence has +unfortunately been coarsened and vulgarized.<a name='2_FNanchor_240'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_240'><sup>[240]</sup></a> As it now stands, we +gain little or no information by being told that a person is a +"degenerate." It is only, as Näcke constantly argued, when we find a +complexus of well-marked abnormalities that we are fairly justified in +asserting that we have to deal with a condition of degeneration. Inversion +is sometimes found in such a condition. I have, indeed, already tried to +suggest that a condition of diffused minor abnormality may be regarded as +a basis of congenital inversion. In other words, inversion is bound up +with a modification of the secondary sexual characters. But these +anomalies and modifications are not invariable,<a name='2_FNanchor_241'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_241'><sup>[241]</sup></a> and are not usually +of a serious character; inversion is rare in the profoundly degenerate. It +is undesirable to call these modifications<a name='2_Page_321'></a> "stigmata of degeneration," a +term which threatens to disappear from scientific terminology, to become a +mere term of literary and journalistic abuse. So much may be said +concerning a conception or a phrase of which far too much has been made in +popular literature. At the best it remains vague and unfitted for +scientific use. It is now widely recognized that we gain little by +describing inversion as a degeneration. Näcke, who attached significance +to the stigmata of degeneration when numerous, was especially active in +pointing out that inverts are not degenerate, and frequently returned to +this point. Löwenfeld, Freud, Hirschfeld, Bloch, Rohleder all reject the +conception of sexual inversion as a degeneracy.</p> + +<div class='blkquot'><p>Moll is still unable to abandon altogether the position that + since inversion involves a disharmony between psychic disposition + and physical conformation we must regard it as morbid, but he + recognizes (like Krafft-Ebing) that it is properly viewed as + being on the level of a deformity, that is, an abnormality, + comparable to physical hermaphroditism. (A. Moll, "Sexuelle + Zwischenstufen," <i>Zeitschrift für aerztliche Fortbildung</i>, No. + 24, 1904.) Näcke repeatedly emphasized the view that inversion is + a congenital non-morbid abnormality; thus in the last year of his + life he wrote (<i>Zeitschrift für die Gesamte Neurologie und + Psychiatrie</i>, vol. xv, Heft 5, 1913): "We must not conceive of + homosexuality as a degeneration or a disease, but at most as an + abnormality, due to a disturbance of development." Löwenfeld, + always a cautious and sagacious clinical observer, agreeing with + Näcke and Hirschfeld, regards inversion as certainly an + abnormality, but not therefore morbid; it may be associated with + disease and degeneration, but is usually simply a variation from + the norm, not to be regarded as morbid or degenerate, and not + diminishing the value of the individual as a member of society + (Löwenfeld, <i>Ueber die sexuelle Konstitution</i>, 1911, p. 166; also + <i>Zeitschrift für Sexualwissenschaft</i>, Feb., 1908, and + <i>Sexual-Probleme</i>, April, 1908). Aletrino of Amsterdam pushes the + view that inversion is a non-morbid abnormality to an undue + extreme by asserting that "the uranist is a normal variety of the + species <i>Homo sapiens</i>" ("Uranisme et Dégénérescence," <i>Archives + d'Anthropologie Criminelle</i>, Aug.-Sept., 1908); inversion may be + regarded as (in the correct sense of the word here adopted) a + pathological abnormality, but not as an anthropological human + variety comparable to the Negro or the Mongolian man. (For + further opinions in favor of inversion as an anomaly, see + Hirschfeld, <i>Die Homosexualität</i>, p. 388 <i>et seq.</i>) <a name='2_Page_322'></a></p></div> + +<p>Sexual inversion, therefore, remains a congenital anomaly, to be classed +with other congenital abnormalities which have psychic concomitants. At +the very least such congenital abnormality usually exists as a +predisposition to inversion. It is probable that many persons go through +the world with a congenital predisposition to inversion which always +remains latent and unroused; in others the instinct is so strong that it +forces its own way in spite of all obstacles; in others, again, the +predisposition is weaker, and a powerful exciting cause plays the +predominant part.</p> + +<p>We are thus led to the consideration of the causes that excite the latent +predisposition. A great variety of causes has been held to excite to +sexual inversion. It is only necessary to mention those which I have found +influential. The first to come before us is our school-system, with its +segregation of boys and girls apart from each other during the periods of +puberty and adolescence. Many inverts have not been to school at all, and +many who have been pass through school-life without forming any passionate +or sexual relationship; but there remain a large number who date the +development of homosexuality from the influences and examples of +school-life. The impressions received at the time are not less potent +because they are often purely sentimental and without any obvious sensual +admixture. Whether they are sufficiently potent to generate permanent +inversion alone may be doubtful, but, if it is true that in early life the +sexual instincts are less definitely determined than when adolescence is +complete, it is conceivable, though unproved, that a very strong +impression, acting even on a normal organism, may cause arrest of sexual +development on the psychic side.</p> + +<p>Another exciting cause of inversion is seduction. By this I mean the +initiation of the young boy or girl by some older and more experienced +person in whom inversion is already developed, and who is seeking the +gratification of the abnormal instinct. This appears to be a not uncommon +incident in the early history of sexual inverts. That such +seduction—sometimes <a name='2_Page_323'></a>an abrupt and inconsiderate act of mere sexual +gratification—could by itself produce a taste for homosexuality is highly +improbable; in individuals not already predisposed it is far more likely +to produce disgust, as it did in the case of the youthful Rousseau. "He +only can be seduced," as Moll puts it, "who is capable of being seduced." +No doubt it frequently happens in these, as so often in more normal +"seductions," that the victim has offered a voluntary or involuntary +invitation.</p> + +<p>Another exciting cause of inversion, to which little importance is usually +attached, but which I find to have some weight, is disappointment in +normal love. It happens that a man in whom the homosexual instinct is yet +only latent, or at all events held in a state of repression, tries to form +a relationship with a woman. This relationship may be ardent on one or +both sides, but—often, doubtless, from the latent homosexuality of the +lover—it comes to nothing. Such love-disappointments, in a more or less +acute form, occur at some time or another to nearly everyone. But in these +persons the disappointment with one woman constitutes motive strong enough +to disgust the lover with the whole sex and to turn his attention toward +his own sex. It is evident that the instinct which can thus be turned +round can scarcely be strong, and it seems probable that in some of these +cases the episode of normal love simply serves to bring home to the invert +the fact that he is not made for normal love. In other cases, it +seems,—especially those that are somewhat feeble-minded and +unbalanced,—a love-disappointment really does poison the normal instinct, +and a more or less impotent love for women becomes an equally impotent +love for men. The prevalence of homosexuality among prostitutes may be, to +a large extent, explained by a similar and better-founded disgust with +normal sexuality.<a name='2_FNanchor_242'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_242'><sup>[242]</sup></a> <a name='2_Page_324'></a></p> + +<p>These three influences, therefore,—example at school, seduction, +disappointment in normal love,—all of them drawing the subject away from +the opposite sex and concentrating him on his own sex, are exciting causes +of inversion; but they require a favorable organic predisposition to act +on, while there are a large number of cases in which no exciting cause at +all can be found, but in which, from earliest childhood, the subject's +interest seems to be turned on his own sex, and continues to be so turned +throughout life.</p> + +<p>At this point I conclude the analysis of the psychology of sexual +inversion as it presents itself to me. I have sought only to bring out the +more salient points, neglecting minor points, neglecting also those groups +of inverts who may be regarded as of secondary importance. The average +invert, moving in ordinary society, is a person of average general health, +though very frequently with hereditary relationships that are markedly +neurotic. He is usually the subject of a congenital predisposing +abnormality, or complexus of minor abnormalities, making it difficult or +impossible for him to feel sexual attraction to the opposite sex, and easy +to feel sexual attraction to his own sex. This abnormality either appears +spontaneously from the first, by development or arrest of development, or +it is called into activity by some accidental circumstance.</p> + +<hr /> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_225'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_225'>[225]</a> See <i>passim, Jahrbuch für Psychoanalytische Forschungen, +Zentralblatt für Psychoanalyse</i>, and <i>Internationale Zeitschrift für +Aerztliche Psychoanalyse</i>; also Sadger, "Zur Aetiologie der Konträren +Sexualempfindung," <i>Medizinische Klinik</i>, 1909, No. 2.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_226'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_226'>[226]</a> For an exposition of this by an able English representative +of Freudian doctrines, see Ernest Jones, "The Œdipus Complex As +An Explanation of Hamlet's Mystery," <i>American Journal of Psychology</i>, +January, 1910. </p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_227'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_227'>[227]</a> The love of relations may be tinctured by all degrees of +sexual love, some of which are so faint and vague that they cannot be +considered unnatural or abnormal; it is misleading to term them +incestuous. The Russian novelist, Artzibascheff, in his <i>Sanine</i> described +a brother's affection for his sister as thus touched with a perception of +her sexual charm (I refer to the French translation), and the book has +consequently been much abused as "incestuous," though the attitude +described is very pale and conventional compared to the romantic passion +sung in Shelley's <i>Laon and Cythna</i>, or the tragic exaltation of the same +passion in Ford's great play, "<i>'Tis Pity She's a Whore</i>."</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_228'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_228'>[228]</a> Thus Numa Praetorius, a sagacious observer with, a very +wide and thorough knowledge of homosexuality, finds himself quite unable +to accept the "Œdipus Complex" explanation of inversion +(<i>Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen</i>, July, 1914, p. 362).</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_229'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_229'>[229]</a> It cannot be maintained that the frequency of inversion +among the near relatives of inverts is a chance coincidence, for it must +be remembered that few estimates of the prevalence of inversion yield a +higher proportion than 3 per cent.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_230'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_230'>[230]</a> See also a discussion of the Freudian view by Hirschfeld, +who concludes (<i>Die Homosexualität</i>, p. 344) that we can only accept the +Freudian mechanism as rare, and in all cases subordinate to organic +predisposition.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_231'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_231'>[231]</a> It has been denied by some (Meynert, Näcke, etc.) that +there is any sexual <i>instinct</i> at all. I may as well, therefore, explain +in what sense I use the word. (See also "Analysis of the Sexual Impulse" +in vol. iii of these <i>Studies</i>.) I mean an inherited aptitude the +performance of which normally demands for its full satisfaction the +presence of a person of the opposite sex. It might be asserted that there +is no such thing as an instinct for food, that it is all imitation, etc. +In a sense this is true, but the automatic basis remains. A chicken from +an incubator needs no hen to teach it to eat. It seems to discover eating +and drinking, as it were, by chance, at first eating awkwardly and eating +everything, until it learns what will best satisfy its organic mechanism. +There is no instinct for food, it may be, but there is an instinct which +is only satisfied by food. It is the same with the "sexual instinct." The +tentative and omnivorous habits of the newly hatched chicken may be +compared to the uncertainty of the sexual instinct at puberty, while the +sexual pervert is like a chicken that should carry on into adult age an +appetite for worsted and paper. It may be added here that the question of +the hereditary nature of the sexual instinct has been exhaustively +discussed and decisively affirmed by Moll in his <i>Untersuchungen über die +Libido Sexualis</i>, 1898. Moll attaches importance to the inheritance of the +normal aptitudes for sexual reaction in an abnormally weak degree as a +factor in the development of sexual perversions.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_232'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_232'>[232]</a> This view was revived in a modified form by Näcke +(<i>Zeitschrift für die gesamte Neurologie und Psychiatrie</i>, vol. xv, Heft +5, 1913), who supposed that there may be an anatomical "homosexual center" +in the brain; <i>i.e.</i>, a feminine libido-center in the inverted man, and a +masculine libido-center in the inverted woman. He expressed a hope that in +the future the brains of inverted persons would be more carefully +investigated.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_233'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_233'>[233]</a> I do not present this view as more than a picture which +helps us to realize the actual phenomena which we witness in +homosexuality, although I may add that so able a teratologist as Dr. J. W. +Ballantyne considers that "it seems a very possible theory."</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_234'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_234'>[234]</a> This explanation of homosexuality has already been +tentatively put forth. Thus, Iwan Bloch (<i>Sexual Life of Our Time</i>, ch. +xix, Appendix) vaguely suggests a new theory of homosexuality as dependent +on chemical influences. Hirschfeld also believes (<i>Die Homosexualität</i>, +ch. xx) that the study of the internal secretions is the path to the +deepest foundations of inversion.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_235'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_235'>[235]</a> A. E. Garrod, "The Thymus Gland in its Clinical Aspects," +<i>British Medical Journal</i>, Oct. 3, 1914</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_236'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_236'>[236]</a> "The pure female and the pure male are produced by all the +internal secretions," Blair Bell, "The Internal Secretions," <i>British +Medical Journal</i>, Nov. 15, 1913.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_237'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_237'>[237]</a> After this chapter was first published (in the +<i>Centralblatt für Nervenheilkunde</i>, February, 1896), Féré also compared +congenital inversion to color-blindness and similar anomalies (Féré, "La +Descendance d'un Inverti," <i>Revue Générale de Clinique et Thérapeutique</i>, +1896), while Ribot referred to the analogy with color-hearing (<i>Psychology +of the Emotions</i>, part ii, ch. vii).</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_238'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_238'>[238]</a> See, <i>e.g.</i>, Flournoy, <i>Des Phenomènes de Synopsie</i>, +Geneva, 1893; and for a brief discussion of the general phenomena of +synesthesia, E. Parish, <i>Hallucinations and Illusions (Contemporary +Science Series</i>), chapter vii; Bleuler, article "Secondary Sensations," in +Tuke's <i>Dictionary of Psychological Medicine</i>; and Havelock Ellis, <i>Man +and Woman</i>, 5th ed., 1915, pp. 181-4.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_239'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_239'>[239]</a> Magnan has in recent years reaffirmed this view ("Inversion +Sexuelle et Pathologic Mentale," <i>Revue de Psychothérapie</i>, March, 1914): +"The invert is a diseased person, a degenerate."</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_240'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_240'>[240]</a> It is this fact which has caused the Italians to be shy of +using the word "degeneration;" thus, Marro, in his great work, <i>I +Caratteri del Delinquenti</i>, made a notable attempt to analyze the +phenomena lumped together as degenerate into three groups: atypical, +atavistic, and morbid.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_241'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_241'>[241]</a> Hirschfeld and Burchard among 200 inverts found pronounced +stigmata of degeneration in only 16 per cent. (Hirschfeld, <i>Die +Homosexualität</i>, ch. xx.)</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_242'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_242'>[242]</a> Alcohol has sometimes been considered an important exciting +cause of homosexuality, and alcoholism is certainly not uncommon in the +heredity of inverts; according to Hirschfeld (<i>Die Homosexualität</i>, p. +386) it is well marked in one of the parents in over 21 per cent, of +cases. But it probably has no more influence as an exciting cause in the +individual homosexual person than in the individual heterosexual person. +From the Freudian standpoint, indeed, Abraham believes (<i>Zeitschrift für +Sexualwissenschaft</i>, Heft 8, 1908) that even in normal persons alcohol +removes the inhibition from a latent homosexuality, and Juliusburger from +the same standpoint (<i>Zentralblatt für Psychoanalyse</i>, Heft 10 and 11, +1912) thinks that the alcoholic tendency is unconsciously aroused by the +homosexual impulse in order to reach its own gratification. But we may +accept Näcke's conclusions (<i>Allgemeine Zeitschrift für Psychiatrie</i>, vol. +lxviii, 1911, p. 852), that (1) alcohol cannot produce homosexuality in +persons not predisposed, that (2) it may arouse it in those who are +predisposed, that (3) the action of alcohol is the same on the homosexual +as the heterosexual, and that (4) alcoholism is not common among inverts.</p></div> + + + +<hr class="full" /> + +<h3><a name='2_CHAPTER_VII'></a><a name='2_Page_325'></a>CHAPTER VII.—CONCLUSIONS.</h3> + +<div class='blkquot'><p>The Prevention of Homosexuality—The Influence of the +School—Coeducation—The Treatment of Sexual +Inversion—Castration—Hypnotism—Associational +Therapy—Psycho-analysis—Mental and Physical Hygiene—Marriage—The +Children of Inverts—The Attitude of Society—The Horror Aroused by +Homosexuality—Justinian—The <i>Code Napoléon</i>—The State of the Law in +Europe Today—Germany—England—What Should be our Attitude toward +Homosexuality?</p></div> + +<p>Having now completed the psychological analysis of the sexual invert, so +far as I have been able to study him, it only remains to speak briefly of +the attitude of society and the law. First, however, a few words as to the +medical and hygienic aspects of inversion. The preliminary question of the +prevention of homosexuality is in too vague a position at present to be +profitably discussed. So far as the really congenital invert is concerned, +prevention can have but small influence; but sound social hygiene should +render difficult the acquisition of homosexual perversity, or what has +been termed pseudo-homosexuality. It is the school which is naturally the +chief theater of immature and temporary homosexual manifestations, partly +because school life largely coincides with the period during which the +sexual impulse frequently tends to be undifferentiated, and partly because +in the traditions of large and old schools an artificial homosexuality is +often deeply rooted.</p> + +<div class='blkquot'><p>Homosexuality in English schools has already been briefly + referred to in chapter iii. As a precise and interesting picture + of the phenomena in French schools, I may mention a story by + Albert Nortal, <i>Les Adolescents Passionnés</i> (1913), written + immediately after the author left college, though not published + until more than twenty-five years later, and clearly based on + personal observation and experience. As regards German schools, + see, <i>e.g.</i>, Moll, <i>Untersuchungen über die Libido Sexualis</i>, p. + 449 <i>et seq.</i>, and for sexual manifestations in early life + generally, the same author's <i>Sexual Life of the Child</i>; also + Hirschfeld,<a name='2_Page_326'></a> <i>Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen</i>, vol. v, + 1903, p. 47 <i>et seq.</i>, and, for references, Hirschfeld, <i>Die + Homosexualität</i>, p. 46 <i>et seq.</i> </p></div> + +<p>While much may be done by physical hygiene and other means to prevent the +extension of homosexuality in schools,<a name='2_FNanchor_243'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_243'><sup>[243]</sup></a> it is impossible, and even +undesirable, to repress absolutely the emotional manifestations of sex in +either boys or girls who have reached the age of puberty.<a name='2_FNanchor_244'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_244'><sup>[244]</sup></a> It must +always be remembered that profoundly rooted organic impulses cannot be +effectually combated by direct methods. Writing of a period two centuries +ago, Casanova, in relating his early life as a seminarist trained to the +priesthood, describes the precautions taken to prevent the youths entering +each other's beds, and points out the folly of such precautions.<a name='2_FNanchor_245'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_245'><sup>[245]</sup></a> As +that master of the human heart remarks, such prohibitions intensify the +very evil they are intended to prevent by invoking in its aid the impulse +to disobedience natural to every child of Adam and Eve, and the +observation has often been repeated by teachers since. We probably have to +recognize that a way to render such manifestations wholesome, as well as +to prepare for the relationships of later life, is the adoption, so far as +possible, of the method of coeducation of the sexes,<a name='2_FNanchor_246'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_246'><sup>[246]</sup></a>—not, of course, +necessarily involving identity of education for both sexes,—since a +certain amount of association between the sexes <a name='2_Page_327'></a>helps to preserve the +healthiness of the sexual emotional attitude. Association between the +sexes will not, of course, prevent the development of congenital +inversion. In this connection it is pointed out by Bethe that it was +precisely in Sparta and Lesbos, where homosexuality was most ideally +cultivated, that the sexes, so far as we know, associated more freely than +in any other Greek State.<a name='2_FNanchor_247'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_247'><sup>[247]</sup></a></p> + +<p>The question of the treatment of homosexuality must be approached with +discrimination, caution, and skepticism. Nowadays we can have but little +sympathy with those who, at all costs, are prepared to "cure" the invert. +There is no sound method of cure in radical cases.</p> + +<p>At one time the seemingly very radical method of castration was advocated +and occasionally carried out, as in a case I have recorded in a previous +chapter (History XXVI). Like all methods of treatment, it is sometimes +believed to have been successful by those who carried it out. Usually, +after a short period, it is found to be unsuccessful, and in some cases +the condition, especially the mental condition, is rendered worse. It is +not difficult to understand why this should be. Sexual inversion, is not a +localized genital condition. It is a diffused condition, and firmly +imprinted on the whole psychic state. There may be reasons for castration, +or the slighter operation of vasectomy, but, although sexual tension may +be thereby diminished, no authority now believes that any such operation +will affect the actual inversion. Castration of the body in adult age +cannot be expected to produce castration of the mind. Moll, Féré, Näcke, +Bloch, Rohleder, Hirschfeld, are all either opposed to castration for +inversion, or very doubtful as to any beneficial results.</p> + +<div class='blkquot'><p>In a case communicated to me by Dr. Shufeldt, an invert had + himself castrated at the age of 26 to diminish sexual desire, + make himself more like a woman, and to stop growth of beard. "But + the only apparent physical effect," he wrote, "was to increase my + weight<a name='2_Page_328'></a> 10 per cent., and render me a semi-invalid for the rest + of my life. After two years my sexuality decreased, but that may + have been due to satiety or to advancing years. I was also + rendered more easily irritated over trifles and more revengeful. + Terrible criminal auto-suggestions came into my head, never + experienced before." Féré (<i>Revue de Chirurgie</i>, March 10, 1905) + published the case of an invert of English origin who had been + castrated. The inverted impulse remained unchanged, as well as + sexual desire and the aptitude for erection; but neurasthenic + symptoms, which had existed before, were aggravated; he felt less + capable to resist his impulses, became migratory in his habits of + life, and addicted to the use of laudanum. In a case recorded by + C. H. Hughes (<i>Alienist and Neurologist</i>, Aug., 1914) the results + were less unsatisfactory; in this case the dorsal nerve of the + penis was first excised, without any result (see also <i>Alienist + and Neurologist</i>, Feb., 1904, p. 70, as regards worse than + useless results of cutting the pudic nerve), and a year or so + later the testes were removed and the patient gained tranquillity + and satisfaction; his homosexual inclinations appeared to go, and + he began to show inclination for asexualized women, being + specially anxious to meet with a woman whose ovaries had been + removed on account of inversion. (Reference may also be made to + Näcke, "Die Ersten Kastrationen aus sozialen Grunden auf + europäischen Boden," <i>Neurologisches Centralblatt</i>, 1909, No. 5, + and E. Wilhelm in <i>Juristisch-psychiatrische Grenzfragen</i>, vol. + viii, Heft 6 and 7, 1911.) </p></div> + +<p>More trust has usually been placed in the psychotherapeutical than the +surgical treatment of homosexuality. At one time hypnotic suggestion was +carried out very energetically on homosexual subjects. Krafft-Ebing seems +to have been the first distinguished advocate of hypnotism for application +to the homosexual. Dr. von Schrenck-Notzing displayed special zeal and +persistency in this treatment. He undertook to treat even the most +pronounced cases of inversion by courses lasting more than a year, and +involving, in at least one case, nearly one hundred and fifty hypnotic +sittings; he prescribed frequent visits to the brothel, previous to which +the patient took large doses of alcohol; by prolonged manipulations a +prostitute endeavored to excite erection, a process attended with varying +results. It appears that in some cases this course of treatment was +attended by a certain sort of success, to which an unlimited good will on +the part of the patient, it is needless to say, largely <a name='2_Page_329'></a>contributed. The +treatment was, however, usually interrupted by continual backsliding to +homosexual practices, and sometimes, naturally, the cure involved a +venereal disorder. The patient was enabled to marry and to beget +children.<a name='2_FNanchor_248'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_248'><sup>[248]</sup></a> It is a method of treatment which seems to have found few +imitators. This we need not regret. The histories I have recorded in +previous chapters show that it is not uncommon for even a pronounced +invert to be able sometimes to effect coitus. It often becomes easy if at +the time he fixes his thoughts on images connected with his own sex. But +the perversion remains unaffected; the subject is merely (as one of Moll's +inverts expressed it) practising masturbation <i>per vaginam</i>. Such +treatment is a training in vice, and, as Raffalovich points out, the +invert is simply perverted and brought down to the vicious level which +necessarily accompanies perversity.<a name='2_FNanchor_249'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_249'><sup>[249]</sup></a></p> + +<p>There can be no doubt that in slight and superficial cases of +homosexuality, suggestion may really exert an influence. We can scarcely +expect it to exert such influence when the homosexual tendency is deeply +rooted in an organic inborn temperament. In such cases indeed the subject +may resist suggestion even when in the hypnotic state. This is pointed out +by Moll, a great authority on hypnotism, and with much experience of its +application to homosexuality, but never inclined to encourage an +exaggerated notion of its efficacy in this field. Forel, who was also an +authority on hypnotism, was equally doubtful as to its value in relation +to inversion, especially in clearly inborn cases. Krafft-Ebing at the end +said little about it, and Näcke (who was himself without faith in this +method of treating inversion) stated that he had been informed by the +<a name='2_Page_330'></a>last homosexual case treated by Krafft-Ebing by hypnotism that, in spite +of all good-will on the patient's side, the treatment had been quite +useless. Féré, also, had no belief in the efficacy of suggestive +treatment, nor has Merzbach, nor Rohleder. Numa Praetorius states that the +homosexual subjects he is acquainted with, who had been so treated, were +not cured, and Hirschfeld remarks that the inverts "cured" by hypnotism +were either not cured or not inverted.<a name='2_FNanchor_250'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_250'><sup>[250]</sup></a></p> + +<p>Moll has shown his doubt as to the wide applicability of suggestive +therapeutics in homosexuality by developing in recent years what he terms +association-therapy. In nearly all perverse individuals, he points out, +there is a bridge,—more or less weak, no doubt,—which leads to the +normal sexual life. By developing such links of association with +normality, Moll believes, it may be possible to exert a healing influence +on the homosexual. Thus a man who is attracted to boys may be brought to +love a boyish woman.<a name='2_FNanchor_251'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_251'><sup>[251]</sup></a> Indications of this kind have long been observed +and utilized, though not developed into a systematic method of treatment. +In the case of bisexual individuals, or of youthful subjects whose +homosexuality is not fully developed, it is probable that this method is +beneficial. It is difficult to believe, however, that it possesses any +marked influence on pronounced and developed cases of inversion.<a name='2_FNanchor_252'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_252'><sup>[252]</sup></a></p> + +<p>Somewhat the same aim as Moll's association-therapy, though on the basis +of a more elaborate theory, is sought by Freud's psychoanalytic method of +treating homosexuality. For the psychoanalytic theory (to which reference +was made in the previous chapter) the congenital element of inversion is a +rare and usually unimportant factor; the chief part is played by perverse +psychic mechanisms. It is the business of psychoanalysis <a name='2_Page_331'></a>to straighten +these out, and from the bisexual constitution, which is regarded as common +to every one, to bring into the foreground the heterosexual elements, and +so to reconstruct a normal personality, developing new sexual ideals from +the patient's own latent and subconscious nature. Sadger has especially +occupied himself with the psychoanalytic treatment of homosexuality and +claims many successes.<a name='2_FNanchor_253'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_253'><sup>[253]</sup></a> Sadger admits that there are many limits to +the success of this treatment, and that it cannot affect the inborn +factors of homosexuality when present. Other psychoanalysts are less +sanguine as to the cure of inversion. Stekel appears to have stated that +he has never seen a complete cure by psychoanalysis, and Ferenezi is not +able to give a good account of the results; especially as regards what he +terms obsessional homosexuality, he states that he has never succeeded in +effecting a complete cure, although obsessions in general are especially +amenable to psychoanalysis.<a name='2_FNanchor_254'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_254'><sup>[254]</sup></a></p> + +<p>I have met with at least two homosexual persons who had undergone +psychoanalytic treatment and found it beneficial. One, however, was +bisexual, so that the difficulties in the way of the success—granting it +to be real—were not serious. In the other case, the inversion persisted +after treatment, exactly the same as before. The benefit he received was +due to the fact that he was enabled to understand himself better and to +overcome some of his mental difficulties. The treatment, therefore, in his +case, was not a method of cure, but of psychic hygiene, of what Hirschfeld +would call "adaptation-therapy." There can be no doubt that—even if we +put aside all effort at cure and regard an invert's condition as inborn +and permanent—a large and important field of treatment here still +remains.<a name='2_Page_332'></a></p> + +<p>As we have seen in the two previous chapters, sexual inversion cannot be +regarded as essentially an insane or psychopathic state.<a name='2_FNanchor_255'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_255'><sup>[255]</sup></a> But it is +frequently associated with nervous conditions which may be greatly +benefited by hygiene and treatment, without any attempt at all to overcome +a homosexual attitude which may be too deeply rooted to be changed. The +invert is specially liable to suffer from a high degree of neurasthenia, +often involving much nervous weakness and irritability, loss of +self-control, and genital hyperesthesia.<a name='2_FNanchor_256'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_256'><sup>[256]</sup></a> Hirschfeld finds that over +67 per cent. inverts suffer from nervous troubles, and among the cases +dealt with in the present <i>Study</i> (as shown in chapter v) slight nervous +functional disturbances are very common. These are conditions which may be +ameliorated, and they may be treated in much the same way as if no +inversion existed, by physical and mental tonics; or, if necessary, +sedatives; by regulated gymnastics and out-of-door exercises; and by +occupations which employ, without overexerting, the mind. Very great and +permanent benefit may be obtained by a prolonged course of such mental and +physical hygiene; the associated neurasthenic conditions may be largely +removed, with the morbid fears, suspicions, and irritabilities that are +usually part of neurasthenia, and the invert may be brought into a fairly +wholesome and tonic condition of self-control.</p> + +<p>The inversion is not thus removed. But if the patient is still young, and +if the perversion does not appear to be deeply rooted in the organism, it +is probable that—provided his own <a name='2_Page_333'></a>good-will is aiding—general hygienic +measures, together with removal to a favorable environment, may gradually +lead to the development of the normal sexual impulse. If it fails to do +so, it becomes necessary to exercise great caution in recommending +stronger methods. Purely "Platonic association with the other sex," Moll +points out, "leads to better results than any prescribed attempt at +coitus." For even when such attempt is successful, it is not usually +possible to regard the results with much satisfaction. Not only is the +acquisition of the normal instinct by an invert very much on a level with +the acquisition of a vice, but probably it seldom succeeds in eradicating +the original inverted instinct.<a name='2_FNanchor_257'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_257'><sup>[257]</sup></a> What usually happens is that the +person becomes capable of experiencing both impulses,—not a specially +satisfactory state of things. It may be disastrous, especially if it leads +to marriage, as it may do in an inverted man or still more easily in an +inverted woman. The apparent change does not turn out to be deep, and the +invert's position is more unfortunate than his original position, both for +himself and for his wife.<a name='2_FNanchor_258'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_258'><sup>[258]</sup></a> <a name='2_Page_334'></a></p> + +<p>It may be observed in the Histories brought forward in chapter iii that +the position of married inverts (we must, of course, put aside the +bisexual) is usually more distressing than that of the unmarried. Among my +cases 14 per cent. are married. Hirschfeld finds that 16 per cent. of +inverts are married and 50 per cent. are impotent; he is unable to find a +single cure of homosexuality, and seldom any improvement, due to marriage; +nearly always the impulse remains unaffected. The invert's happiness is, +however, often affected for the worse, and not least by the feeling that +he is depriving his wife of happiness. An invert, who had left his country +through fear of arrest and married a rich woman who was in love with him, +said to Hirschfeld: "Five years' imprisonment would not have been worse +than one year of marriage."<a name='2_FNanchor_259'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_259'><sup>[259]</sup></a> In a marriage of this kind the homosexual +partner and the normal partner—however ignorant of sexual matters—are +both conscious, often with equal pain, that, even in the presence of +affection and esteem and the best will in the world, there is something +lacking. The instinctive and emotional element, which is the essence of +sexual love and springs from the central core of organic personality, +cannot voluntarily be created or even assumed.<a name='2_FNanchor_260'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_260'><sup>[260]</sup></a> <a name='2_Page_335'></a></p> + +<p>For the sake of the possible offspring, also, marriage is to be avoided. +It is sometimes entirely for the sake of children that the invert desires +to marry. But it must be pointed out that homosexuality is undoubtedly in +many cases inherited. Often, it is true, the children turn out fairly +well, but, in many cases, they bear witness that they belong to a neurotic +and failing stock;<a name='2_FNanchor_261'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_261'><sup>[261]</sup></a> Hirschfeld goes so far as to say that it is always +so, and concludes that from the eugenic standpoint the marriage of a +homosexual person is always very risky. In a large number of cases such +marriages prove sterile. The tendency to sexual inversion in eccentric and +neurotic families seems merely to be nature's merciful method of winding +up a concern which, from her point of view, has ceased to be profitable.</p> + +<div class='blkquot'><p>As a rule, inverts have no desire to be different from what they + are, and, if they have any desire for marriage, it is usually + only momentary. Very pathetic appeals for help are, however, + sometimes made. I may quote from a letter addressed to me by a + gentleman who desired advice on this matter: "In part, I write to + you as a moralist and, in part, as to a physician. Dr. Q. has + published a book in which, without discussion, hypnotic treatment + of such cases was reported as successful. I am eager to know if + your opinion remains what it was. This new assurance comes from a + man whose moral firmness and delicacy are unquestionable, but you + will easily imagine how one might shrink from the implantation of + new impulses in the unconscious self, since newly created + inclinations might disturb the conditions of life. At any rate, + <a name='2_Page_336'></a>in my ignorance of hypnotism I fear that the effort to give the + normal instinct might lead to marriage without the assurance that + the normal instinct would be stable. I write, therefore, to + explain my present condition and crave your counsel. It is with + the greatest reluctance that I reveal the closely guarded secret + of my life. I have no other abnormality, and have not hitherto + betrayed my abnormal instinct. I have never made any person the + victim of passion: moral and religious feelings were too + powerful. I have found my reverence for other souls a perfect + safeguard against any approach to impurity. I have never had + sexual interest in women. Once I had a great friendship with a + beautiful and noble woman, without any mixture of sexual feeling + on my part. I was ignorant of my condition, and I have the bitter + regret of having caused in her a hopeless love—proudly and + tragically concealed to her death. My friendships with men, + younger men, have been colored by passion, against which I have + fought continually. The shame of this has made life a hell, and + the horror of this abnormality, since I came to know it as such, + has been an enemy to my religious faith. Here there could be no + case of a divinely given instinct which I was to learn to use in + a rational and chaste fashion, under the control of spiritual + loyalty. The power which gave me life seemed to insist on my + doing that for which the same power would sting me with remorse. + If there is no remedy I must either cry out against the injustice + of this life of torment between nature and conscience, or submit + to the blind trust of baffled ignorance. If there is a remedy + life will not seem to be such an intolerable ordeal. I am not + pleading that I must succumb to impulse. I do not doubt that a + pure celibate life is possible so far as action is concerned. But + I cannot discover that friendship with younger men can go on + uncolored by a sensuous admixture which fills me with shame and + loathing. The gratification of passion—normal or abnormal—is + repulsive to esthetic feeling. I am nearly 42 and I have always + diverted myself from personal interests that threatened to become + dangerous to me. More than a year ago, however, a new fate seemed + to open to my unhappy and lonely life. I became intimate with a + young man of 20, of the rarest beauty of form and character. I am + confident that he is and always has been pure. He lives an + exalted moral and religious life dominated by the idea that he + and all men are partners of the divine nature, and able in the + strength of that nature to be free from evil. I believe him to be + normal. He shows pleasure in the society of attractive young + women and in an innocent, light-hearted way refers to the time + when he may be able to marry. He is a general favorite, but + turned to me as to a friend and teacher. He is poor, and it was + possible for me to guarantee him a good education. I began to + help him from the longings of a lonely life.<a name='2_Page_337'></a> I wanted a son and + a friend in my inward desolation. I craved the companionship of + this pure and happy nature. I felt such a reverence for him that + I hoped to find the sensuous element in me purged away by his + purity. I am, indeed, utterly incapable of doing him harm; I am + not morally weak; nevertheless the sensuous element is there, and + it poisons my happiness. He is ardently affectionate and + demonstrative. He spends the summers with me in Europe, and the + tenderness he feels for me has prompted him at times to embrace + and kiss me as he always has done to his father. Of late I have + begun to fear that without will or desire I may injure the + springs of feeling in him, especially if it is true that the + homosexual tendency is latent in most men. The love he shows me + is my joy, but a poisoned joy. It is the bread and wine of life + to me; but I dare not think what his ardent affection might ripen + into. I can go on fighting the battle of good and evil in my + attachment to him, but I cannot define my duty to him. To shun + him would be cruelty and would belie his trust in human fidelity. + Without my friendship he will not take my money—the condition of + a large career. I might, indeed, explain to him what I explain to + you, but the ordeal and shame are too great, and I cannot see + what good it would do. If he has the capacity of homosexual + feeling he might be violently stimulated; if he is incapable of + it, he would feel repulsion.</p> + +<p> "Suppose, then, that I should seek hypnotic treatment, I still do + not know what tricks an abnormal nature might play me when + diverted by suggestion. I might lose the joy of this friendship + without any compensation. I am afraid; I am afraid! Might I not + be influenced to shun the only persons who inspire unselfish + feeling?</p> + +<p> "Bear with this account of my story. Many virtues are easy for + me, and my life is spent in pursuits of culture. Alas, that all + the culture with which I am credited, all the prayers and + aspirations, all the strong will and heroic resolves have not rid + my nature of this evil bent! What I long for is the right to + love, not for the mere physical gratification, for the right to + take another into the arms of my heart and profess all the + tenderness I feel, to find my joy in planning his career with + him, as one who is rightfully and naturally entitled to do so. I + crave this since I cannot have a son. I leave the matter here.</p> + +<p> "When I read what I have written I see how pointless it is. It is + possible, indeed, that brooding over my personal calamity + magnifies in my mind the sense of danger to this friend through + me, and that I only need to find the right relation of + friendliness coupled with aloofness which will secure him against + any too ardent attachment. Certainly I have no fear that I shall + forget myself. Yet two things array themselves <a name='2_Page_338'></a>on the other + side: I rebel inwardly against the necessity of isolating myself + as if I were a pestilence, and I rebel against the taint of + sensuous feeling. The normal man can feel that his instinct is no + shame when the spirit is in control. I know that to the + consciousness of others my instinct itself would be a shame and a + baseness, and I have no tendency to construct a moral system for + myself. I have, to be sure, moments when I declare to myself that + I will have my sensuous gratification as well as other men, but, + the moment I think of the wickedness of it, the rebellion is soon + over. The disesteem of self, the sense of taint, the necessity of + withdrawing from happiness lest I communicate my taint, that is a + spiritual malady which makes the ground-tone of my existence one + of pain and melancholy. Should you have only some moral + consolation without the promise of medical assistance I should + feel grateful."</p> + +<p> In such a case as this, one can do little more than advise the + sufferer that, however painful his lot may be, it is not without + its consolations, and that he would be best advised to pursue, as + cheerfully as may be, the path that he has already long since + marked out for himself. The invert sometimes fails to realize + that for no man with high moral ideals, however normal he may be, + is the conduct of life easy, and that if the invert has to be + satisfied with affection without passion, and to live a life of + chastity, he is doing no more than thousands of normal men have + done, voluntarily and contentedly. As to hypnotism in such a case + as this, it is altogether unreasonable to expect that suggestion + will supplant the deeply rooted organic impulses that have grown + up during a lifetime. </p></div> + +<p>We may thus conclude that in the treatment of inversion the most +satisfactory result is usually obtained when it is possible by direct and +indirect methods to reduce the sexual hyperesthesia which frequently +exists, and by psychic methods to refine and spiritualize the inverted +impulse, so that the invert's natural perversion may not become a cause of +acquired perversity in others. The invert is not only the victim of his +own abnormal obsession, he is the victim of social hostility. We must seek +to distinguish the part in his sufferings due to these two causes. When I +review the cases I have brought forward and the mental history of inverts +I have known, I am inclined to say that if we can enable an invert to be +healthy, selfrestrained and selfrespecting, we have often done better than +to convert him into the mere feeble simulacrum of a normal man. An appeal +to <a name='2_Page_339'></a>the <i>paiderastia</i> of the best Greek days, and the dignity, temperance, +even chastity, which it involved, will sometimes find a ready response in +the emotional, enthusiastic nature of the congenital invert. Plato's +Dialogues have frequently been found a source of great help and +consolation by inverts. The "manly love" celebrated by Walt Whitman in +<i>Leaves of Grass</i>, although it may be of more doubtful value for general +use, furnishes a wholesome and robust ideal to the invert who is +insensitive to normal ideals.<a name='2_FNanchor_262'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_262'><sup>[262]</sup></a></p> + +<div class='blkquot'><p>Among recent books, <i>Ioläus: An Anthology of Friendship</i>, edited + by Edward Carpenter, may be recommended. A similar book in + German, of a more extended character, is <i>Lieblingminne und + Freudesliebe in der Weltliteratur</i>, edited by Elisár von Kupffer. + Mention may also be made of the <i>Freundschaft</i> (1912) of Baron + von Gleichen-Russwurm, a sort of literary history of friendship, + without specific reference to homosexuality, although many + writers of inverted tendency are introduced. Platen's + <i>Tagebücher</i> are notable as the diary of an invert of high + character and ideals. The volumes of the <i>Jahrbuch für sexuelle + Zwischenstufen</i> contain many studies bearing on the ideal and + esthetic aspects of homosexuality.</p> + +<p> Various modern poets of high ability have given expression to + emotions of exalted or passionate friendship toward individuals + of the same sex, whether or not such friendship can properly be + termed homosexual. It is scarcely necessary to refer to <i>In + Memoriam</i>, in which Tennyson enshrined his affection for his + early friend, Arthur Hallam, and developed a picture of the + universe on the basis of that affection. The poems of Edward + Cracroft Lefroy are notable, and Mr. John Gambril Nicholson has + privately issued several volumes of verse (<i>A Chaplet of + Southernwood, A Garland of Ladslove</i>, etc.) showing delicate + charm combined with high technical skill. Some books mainly <a name='2_Page_340'></a>or + entirely written in prose may fairly be included in the same + group. Such are <i>In the Key of Blue</i>, by John Addington Symonds, + and the <i>Memoirs of Arthur Hamilton</i> (published anonymously by a + well-known author, A. C. Benson), in which on somewhat Platonic + lines the idea is worked out that the individual sufferer must + pass "from the love of one fair form to the love of abstract + beauty" and "from the contemplation of his own suffering to the + consideration of the root of all human suffering."</p> + +<p> As regards the modern poetic literature of feminine homosexuality + there is probably nothing to put beside the various + volumes—pathetic in their brave simplicity and sincerity—of + "Renée Vivien" (see <i>ante</i>, p. 200). Most other feminine singers + of homosexuality have cautiously thrown a veil of heterosexuality + over their songs.</p> + +<p> Novels of a more or less definitely homosexual tone are now very + numerous in English, French, German, and other languages. In + English the homosexuality is for the most part veiled and the + narrative deals largely with school-life and boys in order that + the emotional and romantic character of the relations described + may appear more natural. Thus <i>Tim</i>, an anonymously published + book by H. O. Sturgis (1891), described the devotion of a boy to + an older boy at Eton and his death at an early age. <i>Jaspar + Tristram</i>, by A. W. Clarke (1899), again, is a well-written story + of a schoolboy friendship of homosexual tone; a boy is + represented as feeling attraction to boys who are like girls, and + a girl became attractive to the hero because she is like a boy + and recalls her brother whom he had formerly loved. <i>The Garden + God: A Tale of Two Boys</i>, by Forrest Reid (1905), is another + rather similar book, in its way a charming and delicately written + idyll. <i>Imre: A Memorandum</i>, (1906), by "Xavier Mayne" (the + pseudonym of an American author, who has also written <i>The + Intersexes</i>), privately issued at Naples, is a book of a + different class; representing the frankly homosexual passion of + two mutually attracted men, an Englishman who is supposed to + write the story and a Hungarian officer; it embodies a notable + narrative of homosexual development which is probably more or + less real.</p> + +<p> In French there are a number of novels dealing with + homosexuality, sometimes sympathetically, sometimes with artistic + indifference, sometimes satirically. André Gide (in + <i>L'Immoraliste</i> and other books), Rachilde (Madame Vallette), + Willy (in the well-known <i>Claudine</i> series) may be mentioned, + among other writers of more or less distinction, who have once or + oftener dealt with homosexuality. Special reference should be + made to the Belgian author George Eekhoud, whose <i>Escal-Vigor</i> + (prosecuted at Bruges on its publication) is a book of special + power. The homosexual stories of Essebac, of <a name='2_Page_341'></a>which <i>L'Elu</i> + (1902) is considered the best, are of a romantic and sentimental + character. <i>Lucien</i> (1910), by Binet-Valmer, is a penetrating and + scarcely sympathetic study of inversion. Nortal's <i>Les + Adolescents Passionnés</i> (already mentioned, p. 325) is a notably + intimate and precise study of homosexuality in French schools. It + would be easy to mention many others.</p> + +<p> In Germany during recent years many novels of homosexual + character have been published. They are not usually, it would + seem, of high literary character, but are sometimes notable as + being more or less disguised narratives of real fact. Body's <i>Aus + Eines Mannes Mädchenjahren</i> is said to be a faithful + autobiography. <i>Der Neue Werther: eine Hellenische + Passions-geschichte</i> by Narkissos (1902) is also said to be + authentic. Another book that may be mentioned is Konradin's <i>Ein + Junger Platos: Aus dem Leben eines Entgbeistes</i> (1914). The + German belletristic literature of homosexuality, as well as that + of other countries, will be found adequately summarized and + criticised by Numa Praetorius in the volumes of the <i>Jahrbuch für + sexuelle Zwischenstufen</i>. See also Hirschfeld's <i>Die + Homosexualität</i>, pp. 47 and 1018 <i>et seq.</i> </p></div> + +<p>It is by some such method of self-treatment as this that most of the more +highly intelligent men and women whose histories I have already briefly +recorded have at last slowly and instinctively reached a condition of +relative health and peace, both physical and moral. The method of +self-restraint and self-culture, without self-repression, seems to be the +most rational method of dealing with sexual inversion when that condition +is really organic and deeply rooted. It is better that a man should be +enabled to make the best of his own strong natural instincts, with all +their disadvantages, than that he should be unsexed and perverted, crushed +into a position which he has no natural aptitude to occupy. As both +Raffalovich and Féré have insisted, it is the ideal of chastity, rather +than of normal sexuality, which the congenital invert should hold before +his eyes. He may not have in him the making of <i>l'homme moyen sensuel</i>; he +may have in him the making of a saint.<a name='2_FNanchor_263'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_263'><sup>[263]</sup></a> What good work in <a name='2_Page_342'></a>the world +the inverted may do is shown by the historical examples of distinguished +inverts; and, while it is certainly true that these considerations apply +chiefly to the finer-grained natures, the histories I have brought +together suffice to show that such natures constitute a considerable +proportion of inverts. The helplessly gross sexual appetite cannot thus be +influenced; but that remains true whether the appetite is homosexual or +heterosexual, and nothing is gained by enabling it to feed on women as +well as on men.</p> + +<p>A strictly ascetic life, it needs scarcely be said, is with difficulty +possible for all persons, either homosexual or heterosexual. It is, +however, outside the province of the physician to recommend his inverted +patients to live according to their homosexual impulses, even when those +impulses seem to be natural to the person displaying them. The most that +the physician is entitled to do, it seems to me, is to present the +situation clearly, and leave to the patient a decision for which he must +himself accept the responsibility. Forel goes so far as to say that he +sees no reason why inverts should not build cities of their own and marry +each other if they so please, since they can do no harm to normal adults, +while children can be protected from them.<a name='2_FNanchor_264'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_264'><sup>[264]</sup></a> Such notions are, however, +too far removed from our existing social conventions to be worth serious +consideration.</p> + +<div class='blkquot'><p>The standpoint here taken up, it may be remarked, by no means + denies to the invert a right to the fulfillment of his impulses. + Numa Praetorius remarks, it would seem justly, that while the + invert must properly be warned against unnatural sexual license, + and while those who are capable of continence do well to preserve + it, to deny all right to sexual activity to the invert merely + causes those inverts who are incapable of self-control to throw + recklessly aside all restraints (<i>Zeitschrift für sexuelle + Zwischenstufen</i>, vol. viii, 1906, p. 726). The invert has the + right to sexual indulgence, it may be, but he has also the duty + to accept the full responsibility for his own actions, and the + <a name='2_Page_343'></a>necessity to recognize the present attitude of the society he + lives in. He cannot be advised to set himself in violent + opposition to that society.</p> + +<p> The world will not be a tolerable place for pronounced inverts + until they are better understood, and that will involve a radical + change in general and even medical opinion. An inverted + physician, of high character and successful in his profession, + writes to me on this point: "The first, and easiest, thing to do, + it seems to me, is to convince the medical profession that we + unfortunate people are not only as sane, but as moral, as our + normal brothers; and that we are even more alive to the supreme + necessity of self-control (necessary from every point of view) + than they. It is not license we want, but justice; it is the + cruelty and prejudice of convention which we wish to abolish—not + the proper and just indignation of society with crimes against + the social order. We want to make it possible for us to satisfy + our inborn instincts (which are not concerned essentially with + sexual acts, so called, alone) without thereby becoming + criminals. One of us who would, under any circumstances, seduce a + person of his own sex of immature age, and particularly one whose + sexual complexion was unknown, deserves the severe punishment + which would be meted out to a normal person who did the same to a + young girl—<i>but no more</i>; while, so long as no public offense is + given, there should be <i>no penalty or obloquy whatever</i> attached + to sexual acts committed with full consent between mature + persons. These acts may or may not be wrong and immoral, just as + sexual acts between mature persons of different sexes may or may + not be wrong or immoral. But in neither case has the law any + concern; and public opinion should make no distinction between + the two. It is in the highest degree important that it should be + clearly understood that we want no relaxation of moral + obligations. At present we suffer an inconceivably cruel wrong." </p></div> + +<p>We have always to remember, and there is, indeed, no possibility of +forgetting, that the question of homosexuality is a social question. +Within certain limits, the gratification of the normal sexual impulse, +even outside marriage, arouses no general or profound indignation; and is +regarded as a private matter; rightly or wrongly, the gratification of the +homosexual impulse is regarded as a public matter. This attitude is more +or less exactly reflected in the law. Thus it happens that whenever a man +is openly detected in a homosexual act, however exemplary his life may +previously have been, however admirable it may still be in all other +relations, every ordinary normal citizen, <a name='2_Page_344'></a>however licentious and +pleasure-loving his own life may be, feels it a moral duty to regard the +offender as hopelessly damned and to help in hounding him out of society. +At very brief intervals cases occur, and without reaching the newspapers +are more or less widely known, in which distinguished men in various +fields, not seldom clergymen, suddenly disappear from the country or +commit suicide in consequence of some such exposure or the threat of it. +It is probable that many obscure tragedies could find their explanation in +a homosexual cause.</p> + +<div class='blkquot'><p>Some of the various tragic ways in which homosexual passions are + revealed to society may be illustrated by the following + communication from a correspondent, not himself inverted, who + here narrates cases that came under his observation in various + parts of the United States. The cases referred to will be known + to many, but I have disguised the names of persons and places:—</p> + +<p> "At the age of 14 I was a chorister at —— church, whose + choirmaster, an Englishman named M. W. M., was an accomplished man, + seemingly a perfect gentleman, and a devout churchman. He never + seemed to care for the society of ladies, never mingled much with + the men, but sought companionship with the choristers of my age. + He frequently visited at the homes of his favorites, to tea, and + when he asked the parents' consent for George's or Frank's + company on an excursion or to the theater, and then to spend the + night with him, such request was invariably granted. I shall ever + remember my first night with him; he began by fondling and + caressing me, quieting my alarm by assurances of not hurting me, + and after invoking me to secrecy and with promises of many future + pleasures, I consented to his desire or passion, which he seemed + to satisfy by an attempt at <i>fellatio</i>. Was this depravity? I + would say 'No!' after reading his subsequent confession, found in + his room after his death by suicide. This was brought about by + his too intimate relations with the rector's son who contracted + St. Vitus's dance and in the delirium of a fever that followed + from nervous exhaustion told of him and his doings. A thorough + investigation took place and M. fled, a broken-hearted and + disgraced man, who, as the result of remorse, relentless + persecution, and exposure through several years, ended his life + by drowning himself. In his confession he spoke of having been + raised under a very strong moral restraint and having lived an + exemplary life, with the exception of this strange desire that + his will-power could not control.</p> + +<p> "The next case is that of C. H. He came of an old family of brainy + men who have, and do yet, occupy prominent places in the pulpit + and <a name='2_Page_345'></a>the bar, and was himself a gifted young attorney. I knew him + intimately, as for six years he was a close neighbor and we were + associated in lodge-work. He was an effeminate little fellow: + height, 5 feet 2 inches; weight, 105 pounds; very near-sighted; + and he had a light voice, not a treble or falsetto, but still a + voice that detracted materially from the beautiful rhetoric that + flowed from his lips. He had served his country as its + representative in the Legislature and had received the nomination + for senator, over a hard-fought political battle. The last + canvass and speeches were made at a town which was, in + consequence, crowded. That night H. had to occupy a room with a + stranger, named E., a travelling salesman. There were two beds in + this room. Mr. E., on the following day told several people that + during the night he was awakened by H., who had come over to his + bed and had his mouth on his 'person,' and that he had threatened + to kick him out of the room, but that H. pleaded with him and + fell on his knees and swore that he had been overcome by a + passion that he had heretofore controlled, and begged of him not + to expose him. These facts coming to the notice of his opponents, + within twenty-four hours, they hastened to take advantage of it + by placarding H. as a second Oscar Wilde, and stating the facts + as far as decency and the law allowed. H.'s friends came to him + and gave him one of two alternatives: if guilty, either to kill + himself or leave that section forever; if not guilty, to slay his + traducer, E. H. affirmed his innocence, and in company with two + friends, C. and J., took the train for ——. Learning there that + E. was at a town twelve miles east, they hired a fast livery and + drove overland. They found E. at the station, awaiting the + arrival of a train. H., with a pistol, strode forward and in his + excitement said: 'You exposed me, did you?' Being near-sighted, + his aim proved wide of the mark. E. sprang forward and grappled + with H. for possession of the pistol, and was fired upon by C. + and J., who shot him in the back. He expired in a few minutes, + his last statement being to the effect that H. was guilty as + accused. H., C., and J. were sentenced to the penitentiary for + life. During my six years' acquaintance with H. I knew of nothing + derogatory to his character, nor has anyone ever come forward to + say that on any other occasion he ever displayed this weakness. I + know his early life had a pure atmosphere, as he was an only + child and the idol of both his parents, who builded high their + hopes of his future success, and who survive this disgrace, but + are broken-hearted.</p> + +<p> "The next case is that of the Rev. T. W., professor at the + University of ——. Mr. W. is a scholarly gentleman, affable in + his address, eloquent in his oratory, and a fine classical + scholar. He was exposed by some of his students, who, to use a + slang phrase, accused him of being a 'head-worker.' At his + examination by the faculty he confessed his <a name='2_Page_346'></a>weakness, and said + he could not control his unholy passion. His resignation was + accepted both by the church and the college, and he left.</p> + +<p> "I know of a few other cases that have their peculiar traits, and + am confident that these persons did not become possessed of this + habit through the so-called 'indiscretions of youth,' as in every + case their early life was freer from contamination than that of + 90 per cent. of the boys who, on reaching man's estate, have, + like myself, no desire to deviate from the old-fashioned way + formulated by our ancient sire, Adam." </p></div> + +<p>It can scarcely be said that the consciousness of this attitude of society +is favorable to the invert's attainment of a fairly sane and well-balanced +state of mind. This is, indeed, one of the great difficulties in his way, +and often causes him to waver between extremes of melancholia and +egotistic exaltation. We regard all homosexuality with absolute and +unmitigated disgust. We have been taught to venerate Alexander the Great, +Epaminondas, Socrates, and other antique heroes; but they are safely +buried in the remote past, and do not affect our scorn of homosexuality in +the present.</p> + +<p>It was in the fourth century, at Rome, that the strong modern opposition +to homosexuality was first clearly formulated in law.<a name='2_FNanchor_265'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_265'><sup>[265]</sup></a> The Roman race +had long been decaying; sexual perversions of all kinds flourished; the +population was dwindling. At the same time, Christianity, with its +Judaic-Pauline antagonism to homosexuality, was rapidly spreading. The +statesmen of the day, anxious to quicken the failing pulses of national +life, utilized this powerful Christian feeling. Constantine, Theodosius, +and Valentinian all passed laws against homosexuality, the last, at all +events, ordaining as penalty the <i>vindices flammæ</i>; but their enactments +do not seem to have been strictly carried out. In the year 538, Justinian, +professing terror of certain famines, earthquakes, and pestilences in +which he saw the mysterious "recompense which was meet" prophesied by St. +Paul,<a name='2_FNanchor_266'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_266'><sup>[266]</sup></a> issued <a name='2_Page_347'></a>his edict condemning unnatural offenders to the sword, +"lest as the result of these impious acts" (as the preamble to his Novella +77 has it) "whole cities should perish, together with their inhabitants; +for we are taught by Holy Scripture that through these acts cities have +perished with the men in them."<a name='2_FNanchor_267'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_267'><sup>[267]</sup></a> This edict (which Justinian followed +up by a fresh ordinance to the same effect) constituted the foundation of +legal enactment and social opinion concerning the matter in Europe for +thirteen hundred years.<a name='2_FNanchor_268'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_268'><sup>[268]</sup></a> In France the <i>vindices flammæ</i> survived to +the last; St. Louis had handed over these sacrilegious offenders to the +Church to be burned; in 1750 two pederasts were burned in the Place de +Grève, and only a few years before the Revolution a Capuchin monk named +Pascal was also burned.</p> + +<p>After the Revolution, however, began a new movement, which has continued +slowly and steadily ever since, though it still divides European nations +into two groups. Justinian, Charlemagne, and St. Louis had insisted on the +sin and sacrilege of sodomy as the ground for its punishment.<a name='2_FNanchor_269'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_269'><sup>[269]</sup></a> It was +doubtless largely as a religious offense that the <i>Code Napoléon</i> omitted +to punish it. The French law makes a clear and logical distinction between +crime on the one hand, vice and irreligion on the other, only concerning +itself with the former. Homosexual practices in private, between two +consenting adult parties, whether men or women, are absolutely unpunished +by the <i>Code Napoléon</i> and by French law of today. Only under three +conditions does the homosexual act come under the cognizance of <a name='2_Page_348'></a>the law +as a crime: (1) when there is <i>outrage public à la pudeur</i>,—<i>i.e.</i>, when +the act is performed in public or with a possibility of witnesses; (2) +when there is violence or absence of consent, in whatever degree the act +may have been consummated; (3) when one of the parties is under age, or +unable to give valid consent; in some cases it appears possible to apply +Article 334 of the penal code, directed against habitual excitation to +debauch of young persons of either sex under the age of 21.</p> + +<p>This method of dealing with unnatural offenses has spread widely, at first +because of the political influence of France, and more recently because +such an attitude has commended itself on its merits. In Belgium the law is +similar to that of the <i>Code Napoléon</i>, as it is also in Italy, Spain, +Portugal, Roumania, Japan, and numerous South American lands. In +Switzerland the law is a little vague and varies slightly in the different +cantons, but it is not severe; in Geneva and some other cantons there is +no penalty; the general tendency is to inflict brief imprisonment when +serious complaints have been lodged, and cases can sometimes be settled +privately by the magistrate.</p> + +<p>The only large European countries in which homosexuality <i>per se</i> remains +a penal offense appear to be Germany, Austria, Russia, and England. In +several of the German States, such as Bavaria and Hanover, simple +homosexuality formerly went unpunished, but when the laws of Prussia were +in 1871 applied to the new German Empire this ceased to be the case, and +unnatural carnality between males became an offense against the law. This +article of the German Code (Section 175) has caused great discussion and +much practical difficulty, because, although the terms of the law make it +necessary to understand by <i>widernatürliche Unzucht</i> other practices +besides <i>pædicatio</i>, not every homosexual practice is included; it must be +some practice resembling normal coitus. There is a widespread opinion that +this article of the code should be abolished; it appears that at one time +an authoritative committee pronounced in favor of this step, and their +proposition came near adoption. The Austrian law is somewhat similar to +the German, but it <a name='2_Page_349'></a>applies to women as well as to men; this is logical, +for there is no reason why homosexuality should be punished in men and +left unpunished in women. In Russia the law against homosexual practices +appears to be very severe, involving, in some cases, banishment to Siberia +and deprivation of civil rights; but it can scarcely be rigorously +executed.</p> + +<p>The existing law in England is severe, but simple. Carnal knowledge <i>per +anum</i> of either a man or a woman or an animal is punishable by a sentence +of penal servitude with not less than three years, or of imprisonment with +not more than two years. Even "gross indecency" between males, however +privately committed, has been since 1885 a penal offense.<a name='2_FNanchor_270'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_270'><sup>[270]</sup></a> The clause +is open to criticism. With the omission of the words "or private," it +would be sound and in harmony with the most enlightened European +legislation; but it must be pointed out that an act only becomes indecent +when those who perform it or witness it regard it as indecent. The act +which brought each of us into the world is not indecent; it would become +so if carried on in public. If two male persons, who have reached years of +discretion, consent together to perform some act of sexual intimacy in +private, no indecency has been committed. If one of the consenting parties +subsequently proclaims the act, indecency may doubtless be created, as may +happen also in the case of normal sexual intercourse, but it seems +contrary to good policy that such proclamation should convert the act +itself into a penal offense. Moreover, "gross indecency" between males +usually means some form of mutual masturbation; no penal code regards +masturbation as an offense, and there seems to be no sufficient reason why +mutual masturbation should be so regarded.<a name='2_FNanchor_271'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_271'><sup>[271]</sup></a> The <a name='2_Page_350'></a>main point to be +insured is that no boy or girl who has not reached years of discretion +should be seduced or abused by an older person, and this point is equally +well guaranteed on the basis introduced by the <i>Code Napoléon</i>. However +shameful, disgusting, personally immoral, and indirectly antisocial it may +be for two adult persons of the same sex, men or women, to consent +together to perform an act of sexual intimacy in private, there is no +sound or adequate ground for constituting such act a penal offense by law.</p> + +<p>One of the most serious objections to the legal recognition of private +"gross indecency" is the obvious fact that only in the rarest cases can +such indecency become known to the police, and we thus perpetrate what is +very much like a legal farce. "The breaking of few laws," as Moll truly +observes, regarding the German law, "so often goes unpunished as of this." +It is the same in England, as is amply evidenced by the fact that, of the +English sexual inverts, whose histories I have obtained, not one, so far +as I am aware, has ever appeared in a police-court on this charge.</p> + +<p>It may further be pointed out that legislation against homosexuality has +no clear effect either in diminishing or increasing its prevalence. This +must necessarily be so as regards the kernel of the homosexual group, if +we are to regard a considerable proportion of cases as congenital. In +France homosexuality <i>per se</i> has been untouched by the law for a century; +yet it abounds, chiefly, it seems, among the lowest in the community; +although the law is silent, social feeling is strong, and when—as has +been the case in one instance—a man of undoubted genius has his name +associated with this perversion it becomes difficult or impossible for the +admirers of his work to associate with him personally; very few cases of +homosexuality have been recorded in France among the more intelligent +classes; the literature of homosexuality is there little more than the +literature of male prostitution, as described by police-officials, and as +carried on largely for the benefit of foreigners. In Germany and Austria, +where the law against homosexuality is severe, it abounds also, <a name='2_Page_351'></a>perhaps +to a much greater extent than in France;<a name='2_FNanchor_272'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_272'><sup>[272]</sup></a> it certainly asserts itself +more vigorously; a far greater number of cases have been recorded than in +any other country, and the German literature of homosexuality is very +extensive, often issued in popular form, and sometimes enthusiastically +eulogistic. In England the law is exceptionally severe; yet, according to +the evidence of those who have an international acquaintance with these +matters, homosexuality is fully as prevalent as on the Continent; some +would say that it is more so. Much the same is true of the United States, +though there is less to be seen on the surface. It cannot, therefore, be +said that legislative enactments have very much influence on the +prevalence of homosexuality. The chief effect seems to be that the attempt +at suppression arouses the finer minds among sexual inverts to undertake +the enthusiastic defense of homosexuality, while coarser minds are +stimulated to cynical bravado.<a name='2_FNanchor_273'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_273'><sup>[273]</sup></a></p> + +<div class='blkquot'><p>As regards the prevalence of homosexuality in the United States, + I may quote from a well-informed American correspondent:—</p> + +<p> "The great prevalence of sexual inversion in American cities is + shown by the wide knowledge of its existence. Ninety-nine normal + men out of a hundred have been accosted on the streets by + inverts, or have among their acquaintances men whom they know to + be sexually inverted. Everyone has seen inverts and knows what + they are. The public attitude toward them is generally a negative + one—indifference, amusement, contempt.</p> + +<p> "The world of sexual inverts is, indeed, a large one in any + American city, and it is a community distinctly organized—words, + customs, traditions of its own; and every city has its numerous + meeting-places:<a name='2_Page_352'></a> certain churches where inverts congregate; + certain cafés well known for the inverted character of their + patrons; certain streets where, at night, every fifth man is an + invert. The inverts have their own 'clubs,' with nightly + meetings. These 'clubs' are, really, dance-halls, attached to + <i>saloons</i>, and presided over by the proprietor of the saloon, + himself almost invariably an invert, as are all the waiters and + musicians. The frequenters of these places are male sexual + inverts (usually ranging from 17 to 30 years of age); sightseers + find no difficulty in gaining entrance; truly, they are welcomed + for the drinks they buy for the company—and other reasons. + Singing and dancing turns by certain favorite performers are the + features of these gatherings, with much gossip and drinking at + the small tables ranged along the four walls of the room. The + habitués of these places are, generally, inverts of the most + pronounced type, <i>i.e.</i>, the completely feminine in voice and + manners, with the characteristic hip motion in their walk; though + I have never seen any approach to feminine dress there, doubtless + the desire for it is not wanting and only police regulations + relegate it to other occasions and places. You will rightly infer + that the police know of these places and endure their existence + for a consideration; it is not unusual for the inquiring stranger + to be directed there by a policeman."</p> + +<p> The Oscar Wilde trial (see <i>ante</i>, p. 48), with its wide + publicity, and the fundamental nature of the questions it + suggested, appears to have generally contributed to give + definiteness and self-consciousness to the manifestations of + homosexuality, and to have aroused inverts to take up a definite + attitude. I have been assured in several quarters that this is so + and that since that case the manifestations of homosexuality have + become more pronounced. One correspondent writes:—</p> + +<p> "Up to the time of the Oscar Wilde trial I had not known what the + condition of the law was. The moral question in itself—its + relation to my own life and that of my friends—I reckoned I had + solved; but I now had to ask myself how far I was justified in + not only breaking the law, but in being the cause of a like + breach in others, and others younger than myself. I have never + allowed the <i>dictum</i> of the law to interfere with what I deemed + to be a moral development in any youth for whom I am responsible. + I cannot say that the trial made me alter my course of life, of + the rightness of which I was too convincingly persuaded, but it + made me much more careful, and it probably sharpened my sense of + responsibility for the young. Reviewing the results of the trial + as a whole, it doubtless did incalculable harm, and it + intensified our national vice of hypocrisy. But I think it also + may have done some good in that it made those who, like myself, + have thought and experienced deeply in the matter—and these must + be no small few—ready <a name='2_Page_353'></a>to strike a blow, when the time comes, + for what we deem to be right, honorable, and clean."</p> + +<p> From America a lady writes with reference to the moral position + of inverts, though without allusion to the Wilde trial:—</p> + +<p> "Inverts should have the courage and independence to be + themselves, and to demand an investigation. If one strives to + live honorably, and considers the greatest good to the greatest + number, it is not a crime nor a disgrace to be an invert. I do + not need the law to defend me, neither do I desire to have any + concessions made for me, nor do I ask my friends to sacrifice + their ideals for me. I too have ideals which I shall always hold. + All that I desire—and I claim it as my right—is the freedom to + exercise this divine gift of loving, which is not a menace to + society nor a disgrace to me. Let it once be understood that the + average invert is not a moral degenerate nor a mental degenerate, + but simply a man or a woman who is less highly specialized, less + completely differentiated, than other men and women, and I + believe the prejudice against them will disappear, and if they + live uprightly they will surely win the esteem and consideration + of all thoughtful people. I know what it means to an invert—who + feels himself set apart from the rest of mankind—to find one + human heart who trusts him and understands him, and I know how + almost impossible this is, and will be, until the world is made + aware of these facts." </p></div> + +<p>But, while the law has had no more influence in repressing abnormal +sexuality than, wherever it has tried to do so, it has had in repressing +the normal sexual instinct, it has served to foster another offense. What +is called blackmailing in England, <i>chantage</i> in France, and <i>Erpressung</i> +in Germany—in other words, the extortion of money by threats of exposing +some real or fictitious offense—finds its chief field of activity in +connection with homosexuality.<a name='2_FNanchor_274'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_274'><sup>[274]</sup></a> No doubt the removal of the penalty +against simple homosexuality does not abolish blackmailing, as the +existence of this kind of <i>chantage</i> in France shows, but it renders its +success less probable.</p> + +<p>On all these grounds, and taking into consideration the fact that the +tendency of modern legislation generally, and the consensus <a name='2_Page_354'></a>of +authoritative opinion in all countries, are in this direction, it seems +reasonable to conclude that neither "sodomy" (<i>i.e.</i>, <i>immissio membri in +anum hominis vel mulieris</i>) nor "gross indecency" ought to be penal +offenses, except under certain special circumstances. That is to say, that +if two persons of either or both sexes, having reached years of +discretion,<a name='2_FNanchor_275'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_275'><sup>[275]</sup></a> privately consent to practise some perverted mode of +sexual relationship, the law cannot be called upon to interfere. It should +be the function of the law in this matter to prevent violence, to protect +the young, and to preserve public order and decency. Whatever laws are +laid down beyond this must be left to the individuals themselves, to the +moralists, and to social opinion.</p> + +<p>At the same time, and while such a modification in the law seems to be +reasonable, the change effected would be less considerable than may appear +at first sight. In a very large proportion, indeed, of cases boys are +involved. It is instructive to observe that in Legludic's 246 cases +(including victims and aggressors together) in France, 127, or more than +half, were between the ages of 10 and 20, and 82, or exactly one-third, +were between the ages of 10 and 14. A very considerable field of operation +is thus still left for the law, whatever proportion of cases may meet with +no other penalty than social opinion.</p> + +<p>That, however, social opinion—law or no law—will speak with no uncertain +voice is very evident. Once homosexuality was primarily a question of +population or of religion. Now we hear little either of its economic +aspects or of its sacrilegiousness; it is for us primarily a disgusting +abomination, <i>i.e.</i>, a matter of taste, of esthetics; and, while +unspeakably ugly to the majority, it is proclaimed as beautiful by a small +minority. I do not know that we need find fault with this esthetic method +of judging homosexuality. But it scarcely lends itself to legal purposes. +To indulge in violent denunciation of the disgusting nature of +homosexuality, and to measure the sentence by the <a name='2_Page_355'></a>disgust aroused, or to +regret, as one English judge is reported to have regretted when giving +sentence, that "gross indecency" is not punishable by death, is to import +utterly foreign considerations into the matter. The judges who yield to +this temptation would certainly never allow themselves to be consciously +influenced on the bench by their political opinions. Yet esthetic opinions +are quite as foreign to law as political opinions. An act does not become +criminal because it is disgusting. To eat excrement, as Moll remarks, is +extremely disgusting, but it is not criminal. The confusion which thus +exists, even in the legal mind, between the disgusting and the criminal is +additional evidence of the undesirability of the legal penalty for simple +homosexuality. At the same time it shows that social opinion is amply +adequate to deal with the manifestations of inverted sexuality. So much +for the legal aspects of sexual inversion.</p> + +<p>But while there can be no doubt about the amply adequate character of the +existing social reaction to all manifestations of perverted sexuality, the +question still remains how far not merely the law, but also the state of +public opinion, should be modified in the light of such a psychological +study as we have here undertaken. It is clear that this public opinion, +molded chiefly or entirely with reference to gross vice, tends to be +unduly violent in its reaction. What, then, is the reasonable attitude of +society toward the congenital sexual invert? It seems to lie in the +avoidance of two extremes. On the one hand, it cannot be expected to +tolerate the invert who flouts his perversion in its face, and assumes +that, because he would rather take his pleasure with a soldier or a +policeman than with their sisters, he is of finer clay than the vulgar +herd. On the other, it might well refrain from crushing with undiscerning +ignorance beneath a burden of shame the subject of an abnormality which, +as we have seen, has not been found incapable of fine uses. Inversion is +an aberration from the usual course of nature. But the clash of contending +elements which must often mark the history of such a deviation results now +and again—by no means infrequently—in nobler activities than those +yielded by the vast majority who are <a name='2_Page_356'></a>born to consume the fruits of the +earth. It bears, for the most part, its penalty in the structure of its +own organism. We are bound to protect the helpless members of society +against the invert. If we go farther, and seek to destroy the invert +himself before he has sinned against society, we exceed the warrant of +reason, and in so doing we may, perhaps, destroy also those children of +the spirit which possess sometimes a greater worth than the children of +the flesh.</p> + +<p>Here we may leave this question of sexual inversion. In dealing with it I +have sought to avoid that attitude of moral superiority which is so common +in the literature of this subject, and have refrained from pointing out +how loathsome this phenomenon is, or how hideous that. Such an attitude is +as much out of place in scientific investigation as it is in judicial +investigation, and may well be left to the amateur. The physician who +feels nothing but disgust at the sight of disease is unlikely to bring +either succor to his patients or instruction to his pupils.</p> + +<p>That the investigation we have here pursued is not only profitable to us +in succoring the social organism and its members, but also in bringing +light into the region of sexual psychology, is now, I hope, clear to every +reader who has followed me to this point. There are a multitude of social +questions which we cannot face squarely and honestly unless we possess +such precise knowledge as has been here brought together concerning the +part played by the homosexual tendency in human life. Moreover, the study +of this perverted tendency stretches beyond itself;</p> + +<div class='poem'><div class='stanza'> +<span class='i8'>"O'er that art<br /></span> +<span>Which you say adds to Nature, is an art<br /></span> +<span>That Nature makes."<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>Pathology is but physiology working under new conditions. The stream of +nature still flows into the bent channel of sexual inversion, and still +runs according to law. We have not wasted our time in this toilsome +excursion. With the knowledge here gained we are the better equipped to +enter upon the study of the wider questions of sex.</p> + +<hr /> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_243'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_243'>[243]</a> In this connection I may refer to Moll's <i>Sexual Life of +the Child</i>, to the writings of Dr. Clement Dukes, physician to Rugby +School, who fully recognizes the risks of school-life, and to the +discussion on sexual vice in schools, started by an address by the Rev. +J. M. Wilson, head-master of Clifton College, in the English <i>Journal of +Education</i>, 1881-82.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_244'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_244'>[244]</a> With regard to the importance of the sexual emotions +generally and their training, see the well-known book by Edward Carpenter, +<i>Love's Coming of Age</i>; Professor Gurlitt ("Knabenfreundschaften," +<i>Sexual-Probleme</i>, Oct., 1909) also upholds the intimate friendships of +youth, which in his own experience have not had even a suspicion of +homosexuality.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_245'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_245'>[245]</a> Casanova, <i>Mémoires</i>, vol. i (edition Garnier), p. 160. See +also remarks by an experienced master in one of the largest English public +schools, which I have brought forward in vol. i of these <i>Studies</i>, +"Auto-erotism," 3d ed., 1910.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_246'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_246'>[246]</a> See, <i>e.g.</i>, Professor J. R. Angell, "Some Reflections upon +the Reaction from Coeducation," <i>Popular Science Monthly</i>, Nov., 1902; +also Moll's <i>Sexual Life of the Child</i>, ch. ix, and for a general +discussion of coeducation, S. Poirson, <i>La Coéducation</i>, 1911.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_247'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_247'>[247]</a> Bethe, "Die Dorische Knabenliebe," <i>Rheinisches Museum für +Philologie</i>; vol. lxii, Heft 3, p. 440; <i>cf.</i> Edward Carpenter, +<i>Intermediate Types among Primitive Folk</i>, ch. vi.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_248'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_248'>[248]</a> Schrenck-Notzing, <i>Die Suggestionstherapie bei krankhaften +Erscheinungen des Geschlechtsinnes</i>, 1892. (Eng. trans. <i>Therapeutic +Suggestion</i>, 1895.)</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_249'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_249'>[249]</a> Raffalovich, <i>Uranisme et Unisexualité</i>, 1896, p. 16. He +remarks that the congenital invert who has never had relations with women, +and whose abnormality, to use Krafft-Ebing's distinction, is a perversion +and not a perversity, is much less dangerous and apt to seduce others than +the more versatile and corrupt person who has known all methods of +gratification.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_250'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_250'>[250]</a> See, <i>e.g.</i>, Moll, <i>Die Konträre Sexualempfindung</i>, ch. xi; +Forel, <i>Die Sexuelle Frage</i>, ch. xiv; Näcke, "Die Behandlung der +Homosexualität," <i>Sexual-Probleme</i>, Aug., 1910; Hirschfeld, <i>Die +Homosexualität</i>, ch. xxii.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_251'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_251'>[251]</a> Moll, <i>Zeitschrift für Psychotherapie</i>, 1911, Heft 1; +<i>id.</i>, <i>Handbuch der Sexualwissenschaften</i>, 1912, p. 662 <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_252'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_252'>[252]</a> This is also the opinion of Numa Praetorius, <i>Jahrbuch für +sexuelle Zwischenstufen</i>, Jan., 1913, p. 222.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_253'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_253'>[253]</a> See, especially, Sadger, <i>Zeitschrift für +Sexualwissenschaft</i>, Heft 12, 1908; also <i>Jahrbuch für sexuelle +Zwischenstufen</i>, vol. ix, 1908; Sadger's methods are criticised by +Hirschfeld, <i>Die Homosexualität</i>, ch. xxii, and defended by Sadger, +<i>Internationale Zeitschrift für Aerztliche Psychoanalyse</i>, July, 1914, p. +392. For a discussion of the psychoanalytic treatment of homosexuality by +a leading American Freudian, see Brill, <i>Journal American Medical +Association</i>, Aug. 2, 1913.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_254'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_254'>[254]</a> <i>Internationale Zeitschrift für Aerztliche Psychoanalyse</i>, +March, 1914.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_255'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_255'>[255]</a> This is now generally recognized. See, <i>e.g.</i>, Roubinovitch +and Borel, "Un Cas d'Uranisme," <i>L'Encéphale</i>, Aug., 1913. These authors +conclude that it is today impossible to look upon inversion as the +equivalent or the symptom of a psychopathic state, though we have to +recognize that it frequently coexists with morbid emotional states. Näcke, +also, in his extensive experience, found that homosexuality is rare in +asylums and slight in character; he dealt with this question on various +occasions; see, <i>e.g.</i>, <i>Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen</i>, vol. viii, +1906.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_256'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_256'>[256]</a> Krafft-Ebing considered that the temporary or lasting +association of homosexuality with neurasthenia having its root in +congenital conditions is "almost invariable," and some authorities (like +Meynert) have regarded inversion as an accidental growth on the foundation +of neurasthenia.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_257'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_257'>[257]</a> Féré expressed himself concerning the general treatment of +homosexuality in the same sense, and even more emphatically (Féré, +<i>L'Instinct Sexuel</i>, 1899, pp. 272, 286). He considers that all forms of +congenital inversion resist treatment, and that, since a change in the +invert's instincts must be regarded rather as a perversion of the invert +than a cure of the inversion, one may be permitted to doubt not only the +utility of the treatment, but even the legitimacy of attempting it. The +treatment of sexual inversion, he declared, is as much outside the +province of medicine as the restoration of color-vision in the +color-blind. The ideal which the physician and the teacher must place +before the invert is that of chastity; he must seek to harness his wagon +to a star.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_258'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_258'>[258]</a> I have been told by a distinguished physician, who was +consulted in the case, of a congenital invert highly placed in the English +government service, who married in the hope of escaping his perversion, +and was not even able to consummate the marriage. It is needless to insist +on the misery which is created in such cases. It is not, of course, denied +that such marriages may not sometimes become eventually happy. Thus +Kiernan ("Psychical Treatment of Congenital Sexual Inversion," <i>Review of +Insanity and Nervous Diseases</i>, June, 1894) reports the case of a +thoroughly inverted girl who married the brother of the friend to whom she +was previously attached merely in order to secure his sister's +companionship. She was able to endure and even enjoy intercourse by +imagining that her husband, who resembled his sister, was another sister. +Liking and esteem for the husband gradually increased and after the sister +died a child was born who much resembled her; "the wife's esteem passed +through love of the sister to intense natural love of the daughter, as +resembling the sister; through this to normal love of the husband as the +father and brother." The final result may have been satisfactory, but this +train of circumstances could not have been calculated beforehand. Moll is +also opposed, on the whole (<i>e.g.</i>, <i>Deutsche medicinische Presse</i>, No. 6, +1902), to marriage and procreation by inverts.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_259'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_259'>[259]</a> Hirschfeld, <i>Die Homosexualität</i>, ch. xxi. It might seem on +theoretical grounds that the marriage of a homosexual man with a +homosexual woman might turn out well. Hirschfeld, however, states that he +knows of 14 such marriages, and the theoretical expectation has not been +justified; 3 of the cases speedily terminated in divorce, 4 of the couples +lived separately, and all but 2 of the remaining couples regretted the +step they had taken. I may add that in such a case even the expectation of +happiness scarcely seems reasonable, since neither of the parties can feel +a true mating impulse toward the other.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_260'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_260'>[260]</a> Hirschfeld also notes (<i>Die Homosexualität</i>, p. 95) that +women often instinctively feel that there is something wrong in the love +of their inverted husbands who may perhaps succeed in copulating, but +betray their deepest feelings by a repugnance to touch the sexual parts +with the hand. The homosexual woman, also, as Hirschfeld elsewhere points +out with cases in illustration (p. 84), may suffer seriously through being +subjected to normal sexual relationships.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_261'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_261'>[261]</a> Féré reports the case of an invert of great intellectual +ability who had never had any sexual relationships, and was not averse +from a chaste life; he was urged by his doctor to acquire the power of +normal intercourse and to marry, on the ground that his perversion was +merely a perversion of the imagination. He did so, and, though he married +a perfectly strong and healthy woman, and was himself healthy, except in +so far as his perversion was concerned, the offspring turned out +disastrously. The eldest child was an epileptic, almost an imbecile, and +with strongly marked homosexual impulses; the second and third children +were absolute idiots; the youngest died of convulsions in infancy (Féré, +<i>L'Instinct Sexuel</i>, p. 269 <i>et seq.</i>) No doubt this is not an average +case, but the numerous examples of the offspring of similar marriages +brought forward by Hirschfeld (<i>op. cit.</i>, p. 391) scarcely present a much +better result.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_262'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_262'>[262]</a> It is scarcely necessary to add that the same principle is +adaptable to the case of homosexual women. "In all such cases," writes an +American woman physician, "I would recommend that the moral sense be +trained and fostered, and the persons allowed to keep their individuality, +being taught to remember always that they are different from others, +rather sacrificing their own feelings or happiness when necessary. It is +good discipline for them, and will serve in the long run to bring them +more favor and affection than any other course. This quality or +idiosyncrasy is not essentially evil, but, if rightly used, may prove a +blessing to others and a power for good in the life of the individual; nor +does it reflect any discredit upon its possessor."</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_263'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_263'>[263]</a> The existence of an affinity between homosexuality and the +religious temperament has been referred to in ch. i as recognized in many +parts of the world. See, for a more extended discussion, Horneffer, <i>Der +Priester</i>, and Bloch, <i>Die Prostitution</i>, vol. i, pp. 101-110. The +psychoanalysts have also touched on this point; thus Pfister, <i>Die +Frommingkeit des Grafen von Zinzendorf</i> (1910), argues that the founder of +the pietistic sect of the Herrenhuter was of sublimated homosexual (or +bisexual) temperament.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_264'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_264'>[264]</a> Forel, <i>Die Sexuelle Frage</i>, p. 528. Such ideas are, of +course, often put forward by inverts themselves.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_265'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_265'>[265]</a> Roman law previously seems to have been confined in this +matter to the protection of boys. The Scantinian and other Roman laws +against paiderasty seem to have been usually a dead letter. See, for +various notes and references, W. G. Holmes, <i>The Age of Justinian and +Theodora</i>, vol. i, p. 121.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_266'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_266'>[266]</a> Epistle to the Romans, chapter i, verses 26-7.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_267'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_267'>[267]</a> In practice this penalty of death appears to have been +sometimes commuted to ablation of the sexual organs.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_268'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_268'>[268]</a> For a full sketch of the legal enactments against +homosexual intercourse in ancient and modern times, see Numa Praetorius, +"Die straflichen Bestimmungen gegen den gleichgeschlechtlichen Verkehr," +<i>Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen</i>, vol. i, pp. 97-158. This writer +points out that Justinian, and still more clearly, Pius V, in the +sixteenth century, distinguished between occasional homosexuality and +deep-rooted inversion, habitual offenders alone, not those who had only +been guilty once or twice, being punished.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_269'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_269'>[269]</a> The influence of the supposed connection of sodomy with +unbelief, idolatry, and heresy in arousing the horror of it among earlier +religions has been emphasized by Westermarck, <i>The Origin and Development +of the Moral Ideas</i>, vol. i, p. 486 <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_270'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_270'>[270]</a> "Any male person who in public or private commits, or is a +party to the commission of, or procures or attempts to procure the +commission by any male person of, any act of gross indecency with another +male person, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and, being convicted +thereof, shall be liable at the discretion of the court to be imprisoned +for any term not exceeding two years, with or without hard labor."</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_271'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_271'>[271]</a> This point is brought forward by Dr. Léon de Rode in his +report on "L'Inversion Génitale et la Législation," prepared for the Third +(Brussels) Congress of Criminal Anthropology in 1892. The same point is +insisted on by some of my correspondents.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_272'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_272'>[272]</a> It is a remarkable and perhaps significant fact that, while +homosexuality is today in absolute disrepute in France, it was not so +under the less tolerant law of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. +The Duc de Gesvres, as described by Besenval (<i>Mémoires</i>, i, p. 178), was +a well-marked invert of feminine type, impotent, and publicly affecting +all the manners of women; yet he was treated with consideration. In 1687 +Madame, the mother of the Regent, writes implying that "all the young men +and many of the old" practised pederasty: <i>il n'y a que les gens du commun +qui aiment les femmes</i>. The marked tendency to inversion in the French +royal family at this time is well known.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_273'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_273'>[273]</a> A man with homosexual habits, I have been told, declared he +would be sorry to see the English law changed, as then he would find no +pleasure in his practices.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_274'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_274'>[274]</a> Blackmailing appears to be the most serious risk which the +invert runs. Hirschfeld states in an interesting study of blackmailing +(<i>Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen</i>, April, 1913) that his experience +shows that among 10,000 homosexual persons hardly one falls a victim to +the law, but over 3000 are victimized by blackmailers.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_275'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_275'>[275]</a> Krafft-Ebing would place this age not under 16, the age at +which in England girls may legally consent to normal sexual intercourse +(<i>Psychopathia Sexualis</i>, 1893, p. 419). It certainly should not be +lower.</p></div> + + + +<hr class="full" /> + +<h2><a name='2_APPENDIX_A'></a><a name='2_Page_357'></a>APPENDICES.</h2> + +<h3><a name='2_Page_358'></a> +<a name='2_Page_359'></a>APPENDIX A.</h3> + +<h4>HOMOSEXUALITY AMONG TRAMPS.</h4> + +<h5>BY "JOSIAH FLYNT."</h5> + +<p>I have made a rather minute study of the tramp class in the United States, +England, and Germany, but I know it best in the States. I have lived with +the tramps there for eight consecutive months, besides passing numerous +shorter periods in their company, and my acquaintance with them is nearly +of ten years' standing. My purpose in going among them has been to learn +about their life in particular and outcast life in general. This can only +be done by becoming part and parcel of its manifestations.</p> + +<p>There are two kinds of tramps in the United States: out-of-works and +"hoboes." The out-of-works are not genuine vagabonds; they really want +work and have no sympathy with the hoboes. The latter are the real tramps. +They make a business of begging—a very good business too—and keep at it, +as a rule, to the end of their days. Whisky and <i>Wanderlust</i>, or the love +of wandering, are probably the main causes of their existence; but many of +them are discouraged criminals, men who have tried their hand at crime and +find that they lack criminal wit. They become tramps because they find +that life "on the road" comes the nearest to the life they hoped to lead. +They have enough talent to do very well as beggars, better, generally +speaking, then the men who have reached the road simply as drunkards; they +know more about the tricks of the trade and are cleverer in thinking out +schemes and stories. All genuine tramps in America are, however, pretty +much the same, as far as manners and philosophy are concerned, and all are +equally <a name='2_Page_360'></a>welcome at the "hang-out."<a name='2_FNanchor_276'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_276'><sup>[276]</sup></a> The class of society from which +they are drawn is generally the very lowest of all, but there are some +hoboes who have come from the very highest, and these latter are +frequently as vicious and depraved as their less well-born brethren.</p> + +<p>Concerning sexual inversion among tramps, there is a great deal to be +said, and I cannot attempt to tell all I have heard about it, but merely +to give a general account of the matter. Every hobo in the United States +knows what "unnatural intercourse" means, talking about it freely, and, +according to my finding, every tenth man practises it, and defends his +conduct. Boys are the victims of this passion. The tramps gain possession +of these boys in various ways. A common method is to stop for awhile in +some town, and gain acquaintance with the slum children. They tell these +children all sorts of stories about life "on the road," how they can ride +on the railways for nothing, shoot Indians, and be "perfeshunnels" +(professionals), and they choose some boy who specially pleases them. By +smiles and flattering caresses they let him know that the stories are +meant for him alone, and before long, if the boy is a suitable subject, he +smiles back just as slyly. In time he learns to think that he is the +favorite of the tramp, who will take him on his travels, and he begins to +plan secret meetings with the man. The tramp, of course, continues to +excite his imagination with stories and caresses, and some fine night +there is one boy less in the town. On the road the lad is called a +"prushun," and his protector a "jocker." The majority of prushuns are +between 10 and 15 years of age, but I have known some under 10 and a few +over 15. Each is compelled by hobo law to let his jocker do with him as he +will, and many, I fear, learn to enjoy his treatment of them. They are +also expected to beg in every town they come to, any laziness on their +part receiving very severe punishment.<a name='2_Page_361'></a></p> + +<p>How the act of unnatural intercourse takes place is not entirely clear; +the hoboes are not agreed. From what I have personally observed I should +say that it is usually what they call "leg-work" (intercrural), but +sometimes <i>immissio penis in anum</i>, the boy, in either case, lying on his +stomach. I have heard terrible stories of the physical results to the boy +of anal intercourse.</p> + +<p>One evening, near Cumberland, Pennsylvania, I was an unwilling witness of +one of the worst scenes that can be imagined. In company with eight +hoboes, I was in a freight-car attached to a slowly moving train. A +colored boy succeeded in scrambling into the car, and when the train was +well under way again he was tripped up and "seduced" (to use the hobo +euphemism) by each of the tramps. He made almost no resistance, and joked +and laughed about the business as if he had expected it. This, indeed, I +find to be the general feeling among the boys when they have been +thoroughly initiated. At first they do not submit, and are inclined to run +away or fight, but the men fondle and pet them, and after awhile they do +not seem to care. Some of them have told me that they get as much pleasure +out of the affair as the jocker does. Even little fellows under 10 have +told me this, and I have known them to willfully tempt their jockers to +intercourse. What the pleasure consists in I cannot say. The youngsters +themselves describe it as a delightful tickling sensation in the parts +involved, and this is possibly all that it amounts to among the smallest +lads. Those who have passed the age of puberty seem to be satisfied in +pretty much the same way that the men are. Among the men the practice is +decidedly one of passion. The majority of them prefer a prushun to a +woman, and nothing is more severely judged than rape. One often reads in +the newspapers that a woman has been assaulted by a tramp, but the +perverted tramp is never the guilty party.</p> + +<p>I believe, however, that there are a few hoboes who have taken to boys +because women are so scarce "on the road." For every woman in hoboland +there are a hundred men. That this disproportion has something to do with +the popularity of boys <a name='2_Page_362'></a>is made clear by the following case: In a gaol, +where I was confined for a month during my life in vagabondage, I got +acquainted with a tramp who had the reputation of being a "sod" +(sodomist). One day a woman came to the gaol to see her husband, who was +awaiting trial. One of the prisoners said he had known her before she was +married and had lived with her. The tramp was soon to be discharged, and +he inquired where the woman lived. On learning that she was still +approachable, he looked her up immediately after his release, and +succeeded in staying with her for nearly a month. He told me later that he +enjoyed his life with her much more than his intercourse with boys. I +asked him why he went with boys at all, and he replied: "'Cause there +ain't women enough. If I can't get them I've got to have the other."</p> + +<p>It is in gaols that one sees the worst side of this perversion. In the +daytime the prisoners are let out into a long hall, and can do much as +they please; at night they are shut up, two and even four in a cell. If +there are any boys in the crowd, they are made use of by all who care to +have them. If they refuse to submit, they are gagged and held down. The +sheriff seldom knows what goes on, and for the boys to say anything to him +would be suicidal. There is a criminal ignorance all over the States +concerning the life of these gaols, and things go on that would be +impossible in any well-regulated prison. In one of these places I once +witnessed the fiercest fight I have ever seen among hoboes; a boy was the +cause of it. Two men said they loved him, and he seemed to return the +affection of both with equal desire. A fight with razors was suggested to +settle who should have him.<a name='2_FNanchor_277'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_277'><sup>[277]</sup></a> The men prepared for action, while the +crowd gathered round to watch. They slashed away for over half an hour, +cutting each other terribly, and then their backers stopped them for fear +of fatal results. The boy was given to the one who was hurt the least. <a name='2_Page_363'></a></p> + +<p>Jealousy is one of the first things one notices in connection with this +passion. I have known them to withdraw entirely from the "hang-out" life +simply to be sure that their prushuns were not touched by other tramps. +Such attachments frequently last for years, and some boys remain with +their first jockers until they are "emancipated."</p> + +<p>Emancipation means freedom to "snare" some other boy, and make him submit +as the other had been obliged to submit when younger. As a rule, the +prushun is freed when he is able to protect himself. If he can defend his +"honor" from all who come, he is accepted into the class of "old stagers," +and may do as he likes. This is the one reward held out to prushuns during +their apprenticeship. They are told that some day they can have a boy and +use him as they have been used. Thus hoboland is always sure of recruits.</p> + +<p>It is difficult to say how many tramps are sexually inverted. It is not +even certainly known how many vagabonds there are in the country. I have +stated in one of my papers on tramps that, counting the boys, there are +between fifty and sixty thousand genuine hoboes in the United States. A +vagabond in Texas who saw this statement wrote me that he considered my +estimate too low. The newspapers have criticised it as too high, but they +are unable to judge. If my figures are, as I believe, at least +approximately correct, the sexually perverted tramps may be estimated at +between five and six thousand; this includes men and boys.</p> + +<p>I have been told lately by tramps that the boys are less numerous than +they were a few years ago. They say that it is now a risky business to be +seen with a boy, and that it is more profitable, as far as begging is +concerned, to go without them. Whether this means that the passion is less +fierce than it used to be, or that the men find sexual satisfaction among +themselves, I cannot say definitely. But from what I know of their +disinclination to adopt the latter alternative, I am inclined to think +that the passion may be dying out somewhat. I am sure that women are not +more numerous "on the road" than formerly, and <a name='2_Page_364'></a>that the change, if real, +has not been caused by them. So much for my finding in the United States.</p> + +<p>In England, where I have also lived with tramps for some time, I have +found very little contrary sexual feeling. In Germany, also, excepting in +prisons and work-houses, it seems very little known among vagabonds. There +are a few Jewish wanderers (sometimes peddlers) who are said to have boys +in their company, and I am told that they use them as the hoboes in the +United States use their boys, but I cannot prove this from personal +observation. In England I have met a number of male tramps who had no +hesitation in declaring their preference for their own sex, and +particularly for boys, but I am bound to say that I have seldom seen them +with boys; as a rule, they were quite alone, and they seem to live chiefly +by themselves.</p> + +<p>It is a noteworthy fact that both in England and Germany there are a great +many women "on the road," or, at all events, so near it that intercourse +with them is easy and cheap. In Germany almost every town has its quarter +of "Stadt-Schieze"<a name='2_FNanchor_278'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_278'><sup>[278]</sup></a>: women who sell their bodies for a very small sum. +They seldom ask over thirty or forty pfennigs for a night, which is +usually spent in the open air. In England it is practically the same +thing. In all the large cities there are women who are glad to do business +for three or four pence, and those "on the road" for even less.</p> + +<p>The general impression made on me by the sexually perverted men I have met +in vagabondage is that they are abnormally masculine. In their intercourse +with boys they always take the active part. The boys have, in some cases, +seemed to me uncommonly feminine, but not as a rule. In the main, they are +very much like other lads, and I am unable to say whether their liking for +the inverted relationship is inborn or acquired. That it is, however, a +genuine liking, in altogether too many instances, I do not, in the least, +doubt. As such, and all the more because it is such, it deserves to be +more thoroughly investigated and more reasonably treated. <a name='2_Page_365'></a></p> + +<p>"Josiah Flynt" who wrote the foregoing account of tramp-life for the +second edition of this volume, was well known as author, sociologist, and +tramp. He was especially, and it would seem by innate temperament, the +tramp, which part he looked to perfection (he himself referred to his +"weasoned face and diminutive form") and felt completely at home in. He +was thus able to throw much light on the psychology of the tramp, and his +books (such as <i>Tramping with Tramps</i>) are valuable from this point of +view. His real name was F. Willard and he was a nephew of Miss Frances +Willard. He died in Chicago, in 1907, at the age of 38, shortly after +writing a frank and remarkable <i>Autobiography</i>. I am able to supplement +his observations on tramps, so far as England is concerned, by the +following passages from a detailed record sent to me by an English +correspondent:—</p> + +<p>"I am a male invert with complete feminine, sexual inclinations. Different +meetings with 'tramps' led me to seek intimacy with them and for about +twenty years I have gone on the 'tramp' myself so that I might come in the +closest contact with them, in England, Scotland, and Wales.</p> + +<p>"As in the United States, there are two classes of tramps those who would +work, such as harvesters, road-makers, etc., and those who will not work, +but make tramping a profession. Among both these classes my experience is +that 90 per cent, or I even would be bold enough to say 100 per cent, +indulge in homosexuality when the opportunity occurs, and I do not make +any distinction between the two classes.</p> + +<p>"There are numerous reasons for this and I will state a few. A certain +number may prefer normal connection with a female, but except for those +who tramp in vans and a limited number who have 'donnas' with them, women +are not available, as prostitutes very seldom allow intimacy for 'love' +except when drunk. Tramps are also afraid of any venereal disease as it +means the misery of the Lock Hospital. Most of them are sociable and +prefer to tramp with a 'make.' With this mate, with whom he sleeps and +rests and 'boozes' when they are in funds, sexual intimacy naturally takes +place, as my experience has been that one <a name='2_Page_366'></a>of the two is male and the +other female in their sexual desires, but I have known instances where +they have acted both roles. Then male prostitution is to be had for +nothing, and even occasionally when a tramp meets a 'toff' it is a means +of earning money, either fairly or otherwise. I have never known a male +tramp to refuse satisfaction if I offered a drink or two, or a small sum +of money. One told me that he envied 'no lords or toffs' as long as he got +plenty of 'booze and buggery.'</p> + +<p>"Another one, who told me that he had been twenty-five years on the road, +said that he could not endure to sleep alone. (He was a pedlar, openly of +cheap religious books and secretly of the vilest pamphlets and +photographs). He had 'done time' and he said the greatest punishment to +him was not being able to have a 'make' who would submit to penetration, +though he was not particular what form the sexual act took. Another fine +young man, whom I chanced to meet the very day he had been released from a +long sentence in prison for burglary and with whom I passed a night of +incessant and almost brutal intimacy, said his punishment was seeing men +always about him and being unable to have connection with them. Another +and very powerful influence in 'tramps' toward homosexuality is that, in +the low lodging houses they are obliged to frequent, a single bed is +perhaps double to one with a bedmate whom perhaps he has never seen +before, and especially in hot weather, when the rule is nakedness.</p> + +<p>"My sexual desires being for the male invert I have come most in contact +with them and have found that they form much the larger class. Among +harvesters and seafaring tramps it is seldom you find a 'dandy' such as I +was considered, and as such I was eagerly courted, and any suggestion of +intimacy on my part quickly responded to. As regards the use of young boys +for homosexual indulgence, it is not common as it is too dangerous, though +I have known boys, especially those belonging to vans or gypsies, to +prostitute themselves, always for money.</p> + +<p>"On one occasion I saw a boy who created quite an outburst of lust of +homosexual nature. The incident took place <a name='2_Page_367'></a>in a small seafaring town in +Scotland one evening before a Fair was to be held. It occurred in a low +public house where a number of very rough and mostly drunken men were +assembled. A blind man came in led by an extremely pretty but +effeminate-looking youth of about 17, wearing a ragged kilt and with bare +legs and feet. He had long, curling, fair hair which reached to his +shoulders and on it an old bonnet was perched. He also wore an old +velveteen shooting jacket. All eyes were turned on the pair and they were +quickly offered drinks. A remark was made by one man that he believed the +youth was a lassie. The boy said, 'I will show you I am a laddie,' and +pulled up his kilt, exposing his genitals and then his posterior. +Boisterous laughter greeted this indecent exposure and suggestion, and +more drinks were provided. The blind man then played his fiddle and the +boy danced with frequent recurrences of the same indecencies. He was +seized, kissed, and caressed by quite a number of men, some of whom +endeavored to masturbate him, which he resisted, but performed it for +them. After the closing time came, I and about ten or twelve men all +occupied the same room; the old man continued to play, and the youth, +stark naked, continued to dance and suggested we others should do so, and +an erotic scene took place which was only closed to view by the 'boss' who +was present putting out the lamp.</p> + +<p>"Two classes of tramps I have met openly declare their preference for +homosexuality. They are men who have been in the army and sailors and +seafaring men in general. It is said that 'Jack has a wife in every port,' +but I believe from my experience that the wife in many cases is of the +male sex, and this among those of all nationalities, as is the case with +soldiers. Among these also jealousy is more common than amongst ordinary +tramps, and if you are 'dandy' to a soldier, if you make advances or +receive them from a senior, trouble is likely to occur between them.</p> + +<p>"I could give many instances of my own personal experiences to show that +'tramps' are looked upon by men in the country districts as legitimate, +complacent, and purchaseable objects for homosexual lust."</p> + +<hr /> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_276'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_276'>[276]</a> This is the home of the fraternity. Practically it is any +corner where they can lay their heads; but, as a rule, it is either a +lodging-house, a freight-car, or a nest in the grass near the railway +watering-tank.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_277'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_277'>[277]</a> All hoboes carry razors, both for shaving and for defense. +Strange to say, they succeed in smuggling them into gaols, as they are +never searched thoroughly.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_278'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_278'>[278]</a> This word is of Hebrew origin, and means girl (<i>Mädchen</i>).</p></div> + + + +<hr class="full" /> + +<h3><a name='2_APPENDIX_B'></a><a name='2_Page_368'></a>APPENDIX B.</h3> + +<h4>THE SCHOOL-FRIENDSHIPS OF GIRLS.</h4> + +<h5>I.</h5> + +<p>A school-friendship is termed by Italian girls a "flame" (<i>flamma</i>). This +term, as explained by Obici and Marchesini, indicates, in school-slang, +both the beloved person and the friendship in the abstract; but it is a +friendship which has the note of passion as felt and understood in this +environment. In every college the "flame" is regarded as a necessary +institution. The relationship is usually of a markedly Platonic character, +and generally exists between a boarder on one side and a day-pupil on the +other. Notwithstanding, however, its apparently non-sexual nature, all the +sexual manifestations of college youth circle around it, and in its +varying aspects of differing intensity all the gradations of sexual +sentiment may be expressed.</p> + +<p>Obici and Marchesini carried on their investigation chiefly among the +pupils of Normal schools, the age of the girls being between 12 and 19 or +20. There are both boarders and day-pupils at these colleges; the boarders +are most inflammable, but it is the day-pupils who furnish the sparks.</p> + +<p>Obici and Marchesini received much assistance in their studies from former +pupils who are now themselves teachers. One of these, a day-pupil who had +never herself been either the object or the agent in one of these +passions, but had had ample opportunity of making personal observations, +writes as follows: "The 'flame' proceeds exactly like a love-relationship; +it often happens that one of the girls shows man-like characteristics, +either in physical type or in energy and decision of character; the other +lets herself be loved, acting with all the obstinacy—and one might almost +say the shyness—of a girl with her lover. The beginning of these +relationships is quite different from the usual beginnings of friendship. +It is not by being always together, <a name='2_Page_369'></a>talking and studying together, that +two become 'flames'; no, generally they do not even know each other; one +sees the other on the stairs, in the garden, in the corridors, and the +emotion that arises is nearly always called forth by beauty and physical +grace. Then the one who is first struck begins a regular courtship: +frequent walks in the garden when the other is likely to be at the window +of her class-room, pauses on the stairs to see her pass; in short, a mute +adoration made up of glances and sighs. Later come presents of beautiful +flowers, and little messages conveyed by complacent companions. Finally, +if the 'flame' shows signs of appreciating all these proofs of affection, +comes the letter of declaration. Letters of declaration are long and +ardent, to such a degree that they equal or surpass real +love-declarations. The courted one nearly always accepts, sometimes with +enthusiasm, oftenest with many objections and doubts as to the affection +declared. It is only after many entreaties that she yields and the +relationship begins."</p> + +<p>Another collaborator who has herself always aroused very numerous "flames" +gives a very similar description, together with other particulars. Thus +she states: "It may be said that 60 per cent. of the girls in a college +have 'flame' relationships, and that of the remaining 40 only half refuse +from deliberate repulsion to such affections; the other 20 are excluded +either because they are not sufficiently pleasing in appearance or because +their characters do not inspire sympathy." And, regarding the method of +beginning the relationship, she writes: "Sometimes 'flames' arise before +the two future friends have even seen each other, merely because one of +them is considered as beautiful, sympathetic, nice, or elegant. Elegance +exerts an immense fascination, especially on the boarders, who are bound +down by monotonous and simple habits. As soon as a boarder hears of a +day-pupil that she is charming and elegant she begins to feel a lively +sympathy toward her, rapidly reaching anxiety to see her. The longed-for +morning at length arrives. The beloved, unconscious of the tumult of +passions she has aroused, goes into school, not knowing that her walk, her +movements, her <a name='2_Page_370'></a>garments are being observed from stairs or dormitory +corridor.... For the boarders these events constitute an important part of +college-life, and often assume, for some, the aspect of a tragedy, which, +fortunately, may be gradually resolved into a comedy or a farce."</p> + +<p>Many letters are written in the course of these relationships; Obici and +Marchesini have been able to read over 300 such letters which had been +carefully preserved by the receivers and which, indeed, formed the chief +material for their study. These letters clearly show that the "flame" most +usually arises from a physical sympathy, an admiration of beauty and +elegance. The letters written in this "flame" relationship are full of +passion; they appear to be often written during periods of physical +excitement and psychic erethism, and may be considered, Obici and +Marchesini remark, a form of intellectual onanism, of which the writers +afterward feel remorse and shame as of a physically dishonorable act. In +reference to the underlying connection of these feelings with the sexual +impulse, one of the lady collaborators writes: "I can say that a girl who +is in love with a man never experiences 'flame' emotions for a companion."</p> + +<p>Obici and Marchesini thus summarize the differential character of "flames" +as distinguished from ordinary friendships: "(1) the extraordinary +frequency with which, even by means of subterfuges, the lovers exchange +letters; (2) the anxiety to see and talk to each other, to press each +other's hands, to embrace and kiss; (3) the long conversations and the +very long reveries; (4) persistent jealousy, with its manifold arts and +usual results; (5) exaltation of the beloved's qualities; (6) the habit of +writing the beloved's name everywhere; (7) absence of envy for the loved +one's qualities; (8) the lover's abnegation in conquering all obstacles to +the manifestations of her love; (9) the vanity with which some respond to +'flame' declarations; (10) the consciousness of doing a prohibited thing; +(11) the pleasure of conquest, of which the trophies (letters, etc.) are +preserved."</p> + +<p>The difference between a "flame" and a friendship is very well marked in +the absolute exclusiveness of the former, whence <a name='2_Page_371'></a>arises the possibility +of jealousy. At the same time friendship and love are here woven together. +The letters are chaste (a few exceptions among so many letters not +affecting this general rule), and the purity of the flame relationship is +also shown by the fact that it is usually between boarders and day-pupils, +girls in different classes and different rooms, and seldom between those +who are living in close proximity to each other. "Certainly," writes one +of the lady collaborators, "the first sensual manifestations develop in +girls with physical excitement pure and simple, but (at all events, I +would wish to believe it) the majority of college-girls find sufficient +satisfaction in being as near as possible to the beloved person (of +whichever sex), in mutual admiration and in kissing, or, very frequently, +in conversation that is by no means moral, though usually very +metaphorical. The object of such conversation is to discover the most +important mysteries of human nature, the why and the wherefore; it deals +with natural necessities, which the girl feels and has an intuition of, +but as yet knows nothing definite about. Such conversations are the order +of the day in schools and in colleges and specially revolve around +procreation, the most difficult mystery of all. They are a heap of +stupidities." This lady had only known of one definitely homosexual +relationship during the whole of her college-life; the couple in question +were little liked and had no other "flames." The chief general sexual +manifestations, this lady concludes, which she had noted among her +companions was a constant preoccupation with sexual mysteries and the +necessity of talking about them perpetually.</p> + +<p>Another lady collaborator who had lived in a Normal school had had +somewhat wider experiences. She entered at the age of 14 and experienced +the usual loneliness and unhappiness of a new pupil. One day as she was +standing pensive and alone in a corner of the room, a companion—one who +on her arrival had been charged to show her over the college—ran up to +her, "embracing me, closing by mouth with a kiss, and softly caressing my +hair. I gazed at her in astonishment, but experienced a delicious +sensation of supreme comfort. Here began the idyll!<a name='2_Page_372'></a> I was subjected to a +furious tempest of kisses and caresses which quite stunned me and made me +ask myself the reason of such a new and unforeseen affection. I +ingenuously inquired the reason, and the reply was: 'I love you; you +struck me immediately I saw you, because you are so beautiful and so +white, and because it makes me happy and <i>soothes</i> me when I can pass my +hands through your hair and kiss your plump, white face. I need a soul and +a body.' This seemed to me the language of a superior person, for I could +not grasp all its importance. As on the occasion when she first embraced +me, I looked at her in astonishment and could not for the moment respond +to a new fury of caresses and kisses. I felt that they were not like the +kisses of my mamma, my papa, my brother, and other companions; they gave +me unknown sensations; the contact of those moist and fleshy lips +disturbed me. Then came the exchange of letters and the usual rights and +duties of 'flames.' When we met in the presence of others we were only to +greet each other simply, for 'flames' were strictly prohibited. I obeyed +because I liked her, but also because I was afraid of her Othello-like +jealousy. She would suffocate me, even bite me, when I played, joyously +and thoughtlessly, with others, and woe to me if I failed to call her when +I was combing my hair. She liked to see me with my hair down and would +rest her head on my shoulder, especially if I were partially undressed. I +let her do as she liked, and she would scold me severely because I was +never first in longing for her, running to meet her, and kissing her. But +at the same time the thought of losing her, the thought that perhaps one +day she would shower her caresses on others, secretly wounded my heart. +But I never told her this! One day, however, when with the head-mistress +gazing at a beautiful landscape, I was suddenly overwhelmed with sadness +and burst out crying. The head-mistress inquired what was the matter, and +throwing myself in her arms I sobbed: 'I love her, and I shall die if she +leaves off loving me!' She smiled, and the smile went through my heart. I +saw at once how silly I was, and what a wrong road my companion was on. +From that day<a name='2_Page_373'></a> I could no longer endure my 'flame.' The separation was +absolute; I courageously bore bites and insults, even scratches on my +face, followed by long complaints and complete prostration. I thought it +would be mean to accuse her, but I invented a pretext for having the +number of my bed changed. This was because she would dress quietly and +come to pass hours by my bed, resting her head on the pillow. She said she +wished to smell the perfume of my health and freshness. This continual +turbulent desire had now nauseated me, and I wished to avoid it +altogether. Later I heard that she had formed a relationship which was not +blessed by any sacred rite."</p> + +<p>Notwithstanding the Platonic character of the correspondences, Obici and +Marchesini remark, there is really a substratum of emotional sexuality +beneath it, and it is this which finds its expression in the indecorous +conversations already referred to. The "flame" is a <i>love-fiction, a play +of sexual love</i>. This characteristic comes out in the frequently romantic +names, of men and women, invented to sign the letters.</p> + +<p>Even in the letters themselves, however, the element of sexual +impressionability may be traced. "On Friday we went to a service at San +B.," writes one who was in an institution directed by nuns, "but +unfortunately I saw M. L. at a window when I thought she was at A. and I +was in a nervous state the whole time. Imagine that that dear woman was at +the window with bare arms, and, as it seemed to me, in her chemise." No +doubt a similar impression might have been made on a girl living in her +own family. But it is certain that the imaginative coloring tends to be +more lively in those living in colleges and shut off from that varied and +innocent observation which renders those outside colleges freer and more +unprejudiced. On a boy who is free to see as many women as he chooses a +woman's face cannot make such an impression as on a boy who lives in a +college and who is liable to be, as it were, electrified if he sees any +object belonging to a woman, especially if he sees it by stealth or during +a mood of erotism. Such an object calls out a whole series of wanton +imaginations, which it could not do <a name='2_Page_374'></a>in one who, by his environment, was +already armed against any tendencies to erotic fetichism. The attraction +exerted by that which we see but seldom, and around which fancy +assiduously plays, the attraction of forbidden fruit, produces tendencies +and habits which could scarcely develop in freedom. Curiosity is acute, +and is augmented by the obstacles which stand in the way of its +satisfaction. "Flame" attraction is the beginning of such a morbid +fetichism. A sentiment which under other conditions would never have gone +beyond ordinary friendship may thus become a "flame," and even a "flame" +of markedly sexual character. Under these influences boys and girls feel +the purest and simplest sentiments in a hyperesthetic manner. The girls +here studied have lost an exact conception of the simple manifestations of +friendship, and think they are giving evidence of exquisite sensibility +and true friendship by loving a companion to madness; friendship in them +has become a passion. That this intense desire to love a companion +passionately is the result of the college environments may be seen by the +following extract from a letter: "You know, dear, much better than I do +how acutely girls living away from their own homes, and far from all those +who are dearest to them on earth, feel the need of loving and being loved. +You can understand how hard it is to be obliged to live without anyone to +surround you with affection;" and the writer goes on to say how all her +love turns to her correspondent.</p> + +<p>While there is an unquestionable sexual element in the "flame" +relationship, this cannot be regarded as an absolute expression of real +congenital perversion of the sex-instinct. The frequency of the phenomena, +as well as the fact that, on leaving college to enter social life, the +girl usually ceases to feel these emotions, are sufficient to show the +absence of congenital abnormality. The estimate of the frequency of +"flames" in Normal schools, given to Obici and Marchesini by several lady +collaborators, was about 60 per cent., but there is no reason to suppose +that women teachers furnish a larger contingent of perverted individuals +than other women. The root is organic, but the <a name='2_Page_375'></a>manifestations are ideal +and Platonic, in contrast with some other manifestations found in +college-life. No inquiry was made as to the details of solitary sexual +manifestations in the colleges, the fact that they exist to more or less +extent being sufficiently recognized. The conversations already referred +to are a measure of the excitations of sexuality existing in these college +inmates and multiplied in energy by communication. Such discourse was, +wrote one collaborator, the order of the day, and it took place chiefly at +the time when letter-writing also was easiest. It may well be that sensual +excitations, transformed into ethereal sentiments, serve to increase the +intensity of the "flames."</p> + +<p>Taken altogether, Obici and Marchesini conclude, the flame may be regarded +as a <i>provisional synthesis</i>. We find here, in solution together, the +physiological element of incipient sexuality, the psychical element of the +tenderness natural to this age and sex, the element of occasion offered by +the environment, and the social element with its nascent altruism.</p> + + +<h5>II.</h5> + +<p>That the phenomena described in minute detail by Obici and Marchesini +closely resemble the phenomena as they exist in English girls' schools is +indicated by the following communication, for which I am indebted to a +lady who is familiar with an English girls' college of very modern type:—</p> + +<p>"From inquiries made in various quarters and through personal observation +and experience I have come to the conclusion that the romantic and +emotional attachments formed by girls for their female friends and +companions, attachments which take a great hold of their minds for the +time being, are far commoner than is generally supposed among English +girls, more especially at school or college, or wherever a number of girls +or young women live together in one institution, and are much secluded.</p> + +<p>"As far as I have been able to find out, these attachments—which have +their own local names, <i>e.g.</i>, 'raves,' 'spoons,' etc.—are <a name='2_Page_376'></a>comparatively +rare in the smaller private schools, and totally absent among girls of the +poorer class attending Board and National schools, perhaps because they +mix more freely with the opposite sex.</p> + +<p>"I can say from personal experience that in one of the largest and best +English colleges, where I spent some years, 'raving' is especially common +in spite of arrangements which one would have thought would have abolished +most unhealthy feelings. The arrangements there are very similar to a +large boys' college. There are numerous boarding-houses, which have, on an +average, forty to fifty students. Each house is under the management of a +well-educated house-mistress assisted by house-governesses (quite separate +from college-teachers). Each house has a large garden with tennis-courts, +etc.; and cricket, hockey, and other games are carried on to a large +extent, games being not only much encouraged, but much enjoyed. Each girl +has a separate cubicle, or bedroom, and no junior (under 17 years of age) +is allowed to enter the cubicle, or bedroom, of another without asking +permission, or to go to the bedrooms during the day. In fact, everything +is done to discourage any morbid feelings. But all the same, as far as my +experience goes, the friendships there seem more violent and more +emotional than in most places, and sex subjects form one of the chief +topics of conversation.</p> + +<p>"In such large schools and colleges these 'raves' are not only numerous, +but seem to be perennial among the girls of all ages, from 13 years +upward. Girls under that age may be fond of some other student or teacher, +but in quite a different way. These 'raves' are not mere friendships in +the ordinary sense of the word, nor are they incompatible with ordinary +friendships. A girl with a 'rave' often has several intimate friends for +whom affection is felt without the emotional feelings and pleasurable +excitement which characterize a 'rave.'</p> + +<p>"From what I have been told by those who have experienced these 'raves' +and have since been in love with men, the emotions called forth in both +cases were similar, although in the case of the 'rave' this fact was not +recognized at the time. This appears <a name='2_Page_377'></a>to point to a sexual basis, but, on +the other hand, there are many cases where the feeling seems to be more +spiritual, a sort of uplifting of the whole soul with an intense desire to +lead a very good life—the feeling being one of reverence more than +anything else for the loved one, with no desire to become too intimate and +no desire for physical contact.</p> + +<p>"'Raves,' as a rule, begin quite suddenly. They may be mutual or all on +one side. In the case of school-girls the mutual 'rave' is generally found +between two companions, or the girls may have a 'rave' for one of their +teachers or some grown-up acquaintance, who does not necessarily enter +into the school-life. In this case there may or may not be a feeling of +affection for the girl by her 'rave,' though minus all the emotional +feelings.</p> + +<p>"Occasionally a senior student will have a 'rave' on a little girl, but +these cases are rare and not very active in their symptoms, girls over 18 +having fewer 'raves' and generally condemning them.</p> + +<p>"In the large school already referred to, of which I have personal +knowledge, 'raving' was very general, hardly anyone being free from it. +Any fresh student would soon fall a victim to the fashion, which rather +points to the fact that it is infectious. Sometimes there might be a lull +in the general raving, only to reappear after an interval in more or less +of an epidemic form. Sometimes nearly all the 'raves' were felt by +students for their teachers; at other times it was more apparent between +the girls themselves.</p> + +<p>"Sometimes one teacher was raved on by several girls. In many cases, the +girls raving on a teacher would have a very great friendship with one of +their companions—talking with each other constantly of their respective +'raves,' describing their feelings and generally letting off steam to one +another, indulging sometimes in the active demonstrations of affection +which they were debarred from showing the teacher herself, and in some +cases having no desire to do so even if they could.</p> + +<p>"As far as I have been able to judge, there is not necessarily any +attraction for physical characteristics, as beauty, elegance, <a name='2_Page_378'></a>etc.; the +two participants are probably both of strong character or a weak character +raves on a stronger, but rarely <i>vice versâ</i>.</p> + +<p>"I have often noticed that the same person may be raved on at different +times by several people of different characters and of all ages: say, up +to 30 years of age. It is hard to say why some persons more than others +should inspire this feeling. Often they are reserved, without any +particular physical attraction, and often despising raving and emotional +friendships, and give no encouragement to them. That the majority of +'raves' have a sexual basis may be true, but I am sure that in the +majority of cases where young girls are concerned this is not in the least +recognized, and no impurity is indulged in or wished for. The majority of +the girls are entirely ignorant of all sexual matters, and understand +nothing whatever about them. But they do wonder about them and talk about +them constantly, more especially when they have a 'rave,' which seems to +point to some subtle connection between the two. That this ignorance +exists is largely to be deplored. The subject, if once thought of, is +always thought of and talked of, and information is at length generally +gained in a regrettable manner. From personal experience I know the evil +results that this ignorance and constant endeavoring to find out +everything has on the mind and bodies of school-girls. If children had the +natural and simple laws of creation carefully explained to them by their +parents, much harm would be prevented, and the conversation would not +always turn on sexual matters. The Bible is often consulted for the +discovery of hidden mysteries.</p> + +<p>"'Raves' on teachers are far commoner than between two girls. In this case +the girl makes no secret of her attachment, constantly talking of it and +describing her feelings to any who care to listen and writing long letters +to her friends about the same. In the case of two girls there is more +likely to be a sexual element, great pleasure being taken in close contact +with one another and frequent kissing and hugging. When parted, long +letters are written, often daily; they are full of affectionate +expressions of love, etc., but there is also a frequent reference to <a name='2_Page_379'></a>the +happiness and desire to do well that their love has inspired them with, +while often very deeply religious feelings appear to be generated and many +good resolutions are made. Their various emotional feelings are described +in every minute detail to each other.</p> + +<p>"The duration of 'raves' varies. I have known them to last three or four +years, more often only a few months. Occasionally what began as a 'rave' +will turn, into a sensible firm friendship. I imagine that there is seldom +any actual inversion, and on growing up the 'raves' generally cease. That +the 'ravers' feel and act like a pair of lovers there is no doubt, and the +majority put down these romantic friendships for their own sex as due, in +a great extent, in the case of girls at schools, to being without the +society of the opposite sex. This may be true in some cases, but +personally I think the question open to discussion. These friendships are +often found among girls who have left school and have every liberty, even +among girls who have had numerous flirtations with the opposite sex, who +cannot be accused of inversion, and who have all the feminine and domestic +characteristics.</p> + +<p>"In illustration of these points I may bring forward the following case: +A. and B. were two girls at the same college. They belonged to different +cliques, or sets; occupied different bedrooms; never met in their +school-work, and were practically only known to one another by name. One +day they chanced to sit next to one another at some meal. They both +already had 'raves,' A. on an actor she had lately seen, B. on a married +woman at her home. The conversation happened to turn on 'raves,' and +mutual attraction was <i>suddenly</i> felt. From that moment a new interest +came into their lives. They lived for one another. At the time A. was 14, +B. a year older. Both were somewhat precocious for their age, were +practical, with plenty of common sense, very keen on games, interested in +their lessons, and very independent, but at the same time with marked +feminine characteristics and popular with the opposite sex. After the +first feeling of interest there was a subtle excitement and desire <a name='2_Page_380'></a>to +meet again. All their thoughts were occupied with the subject. Each day +they managed as many private meetings as possible. They met in the +passages in order to say good-night with many embraces. As far as possible +they hid their feelings from the rest of their world. They became +inseparable, and a very lasting and real, but somewhat emotional, +affection, in which the sexual element was certainly marked, sprang up +between them. Although at the time they were both quite ignorant of sexual +matters, yet they indulged their sexual instincts to some extent. They +felt surcharged with hitherto unexperienced feelings and emotions, +instinct urged them to let these have play, but instinctively they also +had a feeling that to do so would be wrong. This feeling they endeavored +to argue out and find reasons for. When parted for any length of time they +felt very miserable and wrote pages to one another every day, pouring +forth in writing their feelings for one another. In this time of active +attraction they both became deeply religious for a time. The active part +of the affection continued for three or four years, and now, after an +interval of ten years, they are both exceedingly fond of one another, +although their paths in life are divided and each has since experienced +love for a man. Both look back upon the sexual element in their friendship +with some interest. It may be remarked in passing that A. and B. are both +attractive girls to men and women, and B. especially appears always to +have roused 'rave' feelings in her own sex, without the slightest +encouragement on her part. The duration of this 'rave' was exceptionally +long, the majority only lasting a few months, while some girls have one +'rave' after another or two or three together.</p> + +<p>"I may mention one other case, where I believe that if it a sexual basis +this was not recognized by the parties concerned or their friends. Two +girls, over 20 years of age, passed in a corridor. A few words were +exchanged: the beginning of a very warm and fast friendship. They said it +was <i>not</i> a 'rave.' They were absolutely devoted to one another, but from +what I know of them and what they have since told me, their feelings were +quite free from any sexual desires, though their love for <a name='2_Page_381'></a>one another was +great. When parted they exchanged letters daily, but were always +endeavoring to urge one another on in all the virtues, and as far as I can +gather they never gave way to any feeling they thought was not for the +good of their souls.</p> + +<p>"Letters and presents are exchanged, vows of eternal love are made, +quarrels are engaged in for the mere pleasure of reconciliation, and +jealousy is easily manifested. Although 'raves' are chiefly found among +school-girls, they are by no means confined to them, but are common among +any community of women of any age, say, under 30, and are not unknown +among married women when there is no inversion. In these oases there is +usually, of course, no ignorance of sexual matters.</p> + +<p>"Whether there is any direct harm in these friendships I have not been +able to make up my mind. In the case of school-girls, if there is not too +much emotion generated and if the sexual feelings are not indulged in, I +think they may do more good than harm. Later on in life, when all one's +desires and feelings are at their strongest, it is more doubtful."</p> + + +<h5>III.</h5> + +<p>That the phenomena as found in the girls' colleges of America are exactly +similar to those in Italy and England is shown, among other evidence, by +some communications sent to Mr. E. G. Lancaster, of Clark University, +Worcester, Mass., a few years ago.</p> + +<p>Mr. E. G. Lancaster sent out a <i>questionnaire</i> to over 800 teachers and +older pupils dealing with various points connected with adolescence, and +received answers from 91 persons containing information which bore on the +present question.<a name='2_FNanchor_279'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_279'><sup>[279]</sup></a> Of this number, 28 male and 41 female had been in +love before the age of 25, while 11 of each sex had had no love +experiences, this indicating, since the women were in a majority, that the +absence of love experience is more common in men than in women.<a name='2_Page_382'></a> These +answers were from young people between 16 and 25 years of age. Two males +and 7 females have loved imaginary characters, while 3 males and not less +than 46 females speak of passionate love for the same sex. Love of the +same sex, Lancaster remarks, though not generally known, is very common; +it is not mere friendship; the love is strong, real, and passionate. It +may be remarked that these 49 cases were reported without solicitation, +since there was no reference to homosexual love in the <i>questionnaire</i>. +Many of the answers to the syllabus are so beautiful, Lancaster observes, +that if they could be printed in full no comment would be necessary. He +quotes a few of the answers. Thus a woman of 33 writes: "At 14 I had my +first case of love, but it was with a girl. It was insane, intense love, +but had the same quality and sensations as my first love with a man at 18. +In neither case was the object idealized. I was perfectly aware of their +faults; nevertheless my whole being was lost, immersed in their existence. +The first lasted two years, the second seven years. No love has since been +so intense, but now these persons, though living, are no more to me than +the veriest stranger." Another woman of 35 writes: "Girls between the ages +of 14 and 18 at college or girls' schools often fall in love with the same +sex. This is not friendship. The loved one is older, more advanced, more +charming or beautiful. When I was a freshman in college I knew at least +thirty girls who were in love with a senior. Some sought her because it +was the fashion, but I knew that my own homage and that of many others was +sincere and passionate. I loved her because she was brilliant and utterly +indifferent to the love shown her. She was not pretty, though at the time +we thought her beautiful. One of her adorers, on being slighted, was ill +for two weeks. On her return she was speaking to me when the object of our +admiration came into the room. The shock was too great and she fainted. +When I reached the senior year I was the recipient of languishing glances, +original verses, roses, and passionate letters written at midnight and +three in the morning." No similar confessions are recorded from men. <a name='2_Page_383'></a></p> + +<h5>IV.</h5> + +<p>In South America corresponding phenomena have been found in schools and +colleges of the same class. There they have been especially studied by +Mercante in the convent High Schools of Buenos Aires where the students +are girls between the ages of 10 and 22.<a name='2_FNanchor_280'></a><a href='#2_Footnote_280'><sup>[280]</sup></a> Mercante found that +homosexuality here is not clearly defined or explicit and usually it is +combined with a predisposition to romanticism and mysticism. It is usually +of a passive kind, but in this form so widespread as to constitute a kind +of epidemic. It was most manifest in institutions where the greatest +stress was placed on religious instruction.</p> + +<p>The recreations of the school in question were quiet and enervating; +active or boisterous sports were prohibited to the end that good manners +might be cultivated. In the play-rooms, the girls observed the strictest +etiquette, and discipline was maintained independent of oversight by +teachers. Mercante could hardly believe, however, that the decorum was +more than external.</p> + +<p>Later, when the girls broke up, they were found in pairs or small groups, +in corners, on benches, beside the pillars, arm in arm or holding hands. +What they were speaking of could be surmised. "Their conversation and +confidences came to me indirectly. They were sweethearts talking about +their affairs. In spite of the spiritual and feminine character of these +unions, one element was active, the other passive, thus confirming the +authorities on this matter, Gamier, Régis, Lombroso, Bonfigli."</p> + +<p>Mercante found the points of view of the two members of each pair to be +quite different in moral aspect. "One takes the initiative, she commands, +she cares for, she offers, she gives, she makes decisions, she considers +the present, she imagines the future, she smoothes over difficulties, +gives encouragement and initiative, she commands, she cares for, she +offers, she gives, she <a name='2_Page_384'></a>docile, gives way in matters of dispute, and +expresses her affection with sweet words and promises of love and +submission. The atmosphere, silent and quiet, was, however, charged with +jealousy, squabble, desires, illusions, dreams, and lamentations."</p> + +<p>Mercante's informant assured him that practically every girl had her +affinity, and that there were at least twenty well-defined love affairs. +The active party starts the conquest by making eyes, next she becomes more +intimate, and finally proposes. Women being highly adaptable, the +neophyte, unless she is rebellious, gets into the spirit of it all. If she +is not complaisant, she must prepare for conflict, because the prey +becomes more desirable the more the resistance encountered.</p> + +<p>Opportunity was offered to Mercante to observe some of the correspondence +between the girls. Though of indifferent training and ability in other +respects, the girls speak and write regarding their affairs with most +admirable diction and style. No data are given regarding the actual +intimate relations between the girls.</p> + +<hr /> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_279'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_279'>[279]</a> E. G. Lancaster, "The Psychology and Pedagogy of +Adolescence," <i>Pedagogical Seminary</i>, July, 1897, p. 88.</p></div> + +<div class='note'><p><a name='2_Footnote_280'></a><a href='#2_FNanchor_280'>[280]</a> Victor Mercante, "Fetiquismo y Uranismo feminino en los +internados educativos," <i>Archivos de Psiquiatria y Criminologia</i>, 1905, +pp. 22-30; abstracted by D. C. McMurtrie, <i>Urologic Review</i>, August, 1914.</p></div> + + + +<hr class="full" /> + +<h2><a name='2_INDEX_OF_AUTHORS'></a><a name='2_Page_385'></a>INDEX OF AUTHORS.</h2> + +<ul><li>Abraham, <a href='#2_Page_323'>323</a>.</li> +<li>Adler, A., <a href='#2_Page_90'>90</a>, <a href='#2_Page_294'>294</a>, <a href='#2_Page_297'>297</a>, <a href='#2_Page_304'>304</a>, <a href='#2_Page_306'>306</a>.</li> +<li>Adler Bey, <a href='#2_Page_13'>13</a>.</li> +<li>Alain de Lille, <a href='#2_Page_36'>36</a>.</li> +<li>Aletrino, <a href='#2_Page_321'>321</a>.</li> +<li>Ammon, <a href='#2_Page_254'>254</a>.</li> +<li>Angell, J. R., <a href='#2_Page_326'>326</a>.</li> +<li>Anselm, <a href='#2_Page_40'>40</a>.</li> +<li>Arber, <a href='#2_Page_43'>43</a>.</li> +<li>Ariosto, <a href='#2_Page_199'>199</a>.</li> +<li>Aristophanes, <a href='#2_Page_258'>258</a>.</li> +<li>Aristotle, <a href='#2_Page_4'>4</a>, <a href='#2_Page_59'>59</a>.</li> +<li>Aschoff, <a href='#2_Page_319'>319</a>.</li> +<li>Aubrey, <a href='#2_Page_44'>44</a>.</li></ul> + +<ul><li>Bacchaumont, <a href='#2_Page_261'>261</a>.</li> +<li>Bailly-Maitre, <a href='#2_Page_7'>7</a>.</li> +<li>Ballantyne, <a href='#2_Page_254'>254</a>, <a href='#2_Page_311'>311</a>.</li> +<li>Balzac, <a href='#2_Page_25'>25</a>, <a href='#2_Page_199'>199</a>.</li> +<li>Bartels, Max, <a href='#2_Page_206'>206</a>, <a href='#2_Page_252'>252</a>.</li> +<li>Bascoul, <a href='#2_Page_198'>198</a>.</li> +<li>Baumann, <a href='#2_Page_19'>19</a>, <a href='#2_Page_206'>206</a>.</li> +<li>Bazalgette, <a href='#2_Page_57'>57</a>.</li> +<li>Beardmore, <a href='#2_Page_9'>9</a>.</li> +<li>Bell, Clark, <a href='#2_Page_57'>57</a>.</li> +<li>Bell, Blair, <a href='#2_Page_316'>316</a>.</li> +<li>Benkert, <a href='#2_Page_2'>2</a>.</li> +<li>Benson, A. C, <a href='#2_Page_340'>340</a>.</li> +<li>Berkman, <a href='#2_Page_25'>25</a>.</li> +<li>Berrichon, <a href='#2_Page_57'>57</a>.</li> +<li>Bertz, <a href='#2_Page_56'>56</a>.</li> +<li>Besenval, <a href='#2_Page_351'>351</a>.</li> +<li>Bethe, <a href='#2_Page_10'>10</a>, <a href='#2_Page_11'>11</a>, <a href='#2_Page_12'>12</a>, <a href='#2_Page_13'>13</a>, <a href='#2_Page_327'>327</a>.</li> +<li>Biervliet, <a href='#2_Page_88'>88</a>.</li> +<li>Binet, <a href='#2_Page_302'>302</a>.</li> +<li>Binet-Valmer, <a href='#2_Page_341'>341</a>.</li> +<li>Birnbaum, <a href='#2_Page_38'>38</a>.</li> +<li>Bleuler, <a href='#2_Page_318'>318</a>.</li> +<li>Bloch, Iwan, <a href='#2_Page_4'>4</a>, <a href='#2_Page_13'>13</a>, <a href='#2_Page_61'>61</a>, <a href='#2_Page_62'>62</a>, <a href='#2_Page_67'>67</a>, <a href='#2_Page_83'>83</a>, <a href='#2_Page_198'>198</a>, <a href='#2_Page_207'>207</a>, <a href='#2_Page_210'>210</a>, <a href='#2_Page_259'>259</a>, <a href='#2_Page_262'>262</a>, <a href='#2_Page_283'>283</a>, <a href='#2_Page_290'>290</a>, <a href='#2_Page_316'>316</a>, <a href='#2_Page_321'>321</a>, <a href='#2_Page_327'>327</a>, <a href='#2_Page_341'>341</a>.</li> +<li>Blyth, J., <a href='#2_Page_51'>51</a>.</li> +<li>Body, <a href='#2_Page_341'>341</a>.</li> +<li>Bombarda, <a href='#2_Page_5'>5</a>.</li> +<li>Bond, C. J., <a href='#2_Page_313'>313</a>.</li> +<li>Borel, <a href='#2_Page_332'>332</a>.</li> +<li>Bouchard, <a href='#2_Page_25'>25</a>, <a href='#2_Page_75'>75</a>.</li> +<li>Brandt, P., <a href='#2_Page_12'>12</a>.</li> +<li>Brehm, <a href='#2_Page_4'>4</a>.</li> +<li>Brill, <a href='#2_Page_331'>331</a>.</li> +<li>Brown, H., <a href='#2_Page_68'>68</a>.</li> +<li>Brouardel, <a href='#2_Page_69'>69</a>.</li> +<li>Brun, C., <a href='#2_Page_200'>200</a>.</li> +<li>Buchanan, <a href='#2_Page_208'>208</a>.</li> +<li>Bucke, <a href='#2_Page_52'>52</a>.</li> +<li>Buffon, <a href='#2_Page_4'>4</a>.</li> +<li>Burchard, <a href='#2_Page_320'>320</a>.</li> +<li>Burckhardt, <a href='#2_Page_31'>31</a>.</li> +<li>Burton, Sir R., <a href='#2_Page_15'>15</a>, <a href='#2_Page_22'>22</a>, <a href='#2_Page_58'>58</a>.</li> +</ul> + + +<ul><li>Calesia, <a href='#2_Page_295'>295</a>.</li> +<li>Campanella, <a href='#2_Page_75'>75</a>.</li> +<li>Carlier, <a href='#2_Page_25'>25</a>.</li> +<li>Carpenter, Edward, <a href='#2_Page_2'>2</a>, <a href='#2_Page_134'>134</a> <a href='#2_Page_28'>28</a>, <a href='#2_Page_52'>52</a>, <a href='#2_Page_72'>72</a>, <a href='#2_Page_326'>326</a>, <a href='#2_Page_327'>327</a>, <a href='#2_Page_339'>339</a>.</li> +<li>Carretto, <a href='#2_Page_67'>67</a>.</li> +<li>Casanova, <a href='#2_Page_209'>209</a>, <a href='#2_Page_212'>212</a>, <a href='#2_Page_258'>258</a>, <a href='#2_Page_326'>326</a>.</li> +<li>Casper, <a href='#2_Page_66'>66</a>.</li> +<li>Castle, <a href='#2_Page_79'>79</a>.</li> +<li>Cazanova, <a href='#2_Page_25'>25</a>.</li> +<li>Charcot, <a href='#2_Page_3'>3</a>.</li> +<li>Chevalier, <a href='#2_Page_5'>5</a>, <a href='#2_Page_24'>24</a>, <a href='#2_Page_69'>69</a>, <a href='#2_Page_210'>210</a>, <a href='#2_Page_299'>299</a>, <a href='#2_Page_312'>312</a>.</li> +<li>Claiborne, <a href='#2_Page_252'>252</a>.</li> +<li>Clarke, A. W., <a href='#2_Page_340'>340</a>.</li> +<li>Clayton, <a href='#2_Page_199'>199</a>.</li> +<li>Cœlius Aurelianus, <a href='#2_Page_59'>59</a>.</li> +<li>Coleridge, <a href='#2_Page_41'>41</a>.</li> +<li>Coriat, <a href='#2_Page_306'>306</a>.</li> +<li>Corre, <a href='#2_Page_207'>207</a>.</li> +<li>Croiset, A., <a href='#2_Page_198'>198</a>.</li> +<li>Crusius, <a href='#2_Page_259'>259</a>.</li> +<li>Cust, R. H. H., <a href='#2_Page_34'>34</a>.</li> +</ul> + + +<ul><li>Dante, <a href='#2_Page_26'>26</a>.</li> +<li>Darwin, <a href='#2_Page_311'>311</a>.</li> +<li>Daville, <a href='#2_Page_15'>15</a>.</li> +<li>Davitt, M., <a href='#2_Page_25'>25</a>.</li> +<li>Davray, <a href='#2_Page_39'>39</a>.</li> +<li>Dejob, <a href='#2_Page_31'>31</a>.</li> +<li>Descaves, <a href='#2_Page_22'>22</a>.</li> +<li>Dessoir, <a href='#2_Page_79'>79</a>.</li> +<li>D'Ewes, <a href='#2_Page_44'>44</a>.</li> +<li>Diaz, B., <a href='#2_Page_17'>17</a>.</li> +<li>Diderot, <a href='#2_Page_199'>199</a>.<a name='2_Page_386'></a></li> +<li>Dostoieffsky, <a href='#2_Page_25'>25</a>.</li> +<li>Dubois, <a href='#2_Page_15'>15</a>.</li> +<li>Duflos, <a href='#2_Page_252'>252</a>.</li> +<li>Dukes, O., <a href='#2_Page_326'>326</a>.</li> +<li>Dupré, <a href='#2_Page_252'>252</a>.</li> +<li>Duviquet, <a href='#2_Page_25'>25</a>.</li> +</ul> + + +<ul><li>Edmonds, J. M., <a href='#2_Page_198'>198</a>.</li> +<li>Eekhoud, <a href='#2_Page_34'>34</a>, <a href='#2_Page_340'>340</a>.</li> +<li>Ellis, Havelock, <a href='#2_Page_43'>43</a>, <a href='#2_Page_76'>76</a>, <a href='#2_Page_196'>196</a>, <a href='#2_Page_201'>201</a>, <a href='#2_Page_204'>204</a>, <a href='#2_Page_259'>259</a>, <a href='#2_Page_277'>277</a>, <a href='#2_Page_279'>279</a>, <a href='#2_Page_282'>282</a>, <a href='#2_Page_290'>290</a>, <a href='#2_Page_299'>299</a>, <a href='#2_Page_318'>318</a>.</li> +<li>Engelmann, <a href='#2_Page_171'>171</a>.</li> +<li>Escoube, <a href='#2_Page_57'>57</a>.</li> +<li>Essebac, <a href='#2_Page_340'>340</a>.</li> +<li>Eulenburg, <a href='#2_Page_310'>310</a>.</li> +<li>Ewart, C. T., <a href='#2_Page_255'>255</a>.</li> +</ul> + + +<ul><li>Féré, <a href='#2_Page_5'>5</a>, <a href='#2_Page_85'>85</a>, <a href='#2_Page_292'>292</a> <a href='#2_Page_318'>318</a>, <a href='#2_Page_328'>328</a>, <a href='#2_Page_330'>330</a>, <a href='#2_Page_333'>333</a>, <a href='#2_Page_335'>335</a>, <a href='#2_Page_341'>341</a>.</li> +<li>Ferenczi, <a href='#2_Page_81'>81</a>, <a href='#2_Page_305'>305</a>, <a href='#2_Page_331'>331</a>.</li> +<li>Fernan, <a href='#2_Page_62'>62</a>.</li> +<li>Ferrero, <a href='#2_Page_212'>212</a>.</li> +<li>Flatau, <a href='#2_Page_255'>255</a>.</li> +<li>Fliess, <a href='#2_Page_290'>290</a>.</li> +<li>Flournoy, <a href='#2_Page_318'>318</a>.</li> +<li>Flynt, Josiah, <a href='#2_Page_359'>359</a>.</li> +<li>Foley, <a href='#2_Page_10'>10</a>.</li> +<li>Forel, <a href='#2_Page_329'>329</a>, <a href='#2_Page_342'>342</a>.</li> +<li>Frazer, Sir J. G., <a href='#2_Page_29'>29</a>.</li> +<li>Freimark, <a href='#2_Page_197'>197</a>.</li> +<li>Freud, <a href='#2_Page_32'>32</a>, <a href='#2_Page_80'>80</a>, <a href='#2_Page_83'>83</a>, <a href='#2_Page_90'>90</a>, <a href='#2_Page_304'>304</a>, <a href='#2_Page_306'>306</a>, <a href='#2_Page_307'>307</a>, <a href='#2_Page_321'>321</a>.</li> +<li>Frey, L., <a href='#2_Page_35'>35</a>.</li> +<li>Fuchs, A., <a href='#2_Page_83'>83</a>.</li> +</ul> + + +<ul><li>Galton, <a href='#2_Page_294'>294</a>.</li> +<li>Gandavo, <a href='#2_Page_205'>205</a>.</li> +<li>Garrod, A. B., <a href='#2_Page_316'>316</a>.</li> +<li>Gasparini, <a href='#2_Page_253'>253</a>.</li> +<li>Gaudenzi, <a href='#2_Page_32'>32</a>.</li> +<li>Gautier, A., <a href='#2_Page_255'>255</a>.</li> +<li>Gautier, T., <a href='#2_Page_199'>199</a>.</li> +<li>Gide, <a href='#2_Page_49'>49</a>, <a href='#2_Page_340'>340</a>.</li> +<li>Gilford, H., <a href='#2_Page_291'>291</a>.</li> +<li>Gillen, <a href='#2_Page_21'>21</a>.</li> +<li>Gleichen-Russwurm, <a href='#2_Page_339'>339</a>.</li> +<li>Gley, <a href='#2_Page_310'>310</a>.</li> +<li>Godard, <a href='#2_Page_75'>75</a>, <a href='#2_Page_207'>207</a>.</li> +<li>Goldschwend, <a href='#2_Page_255'>255</a>.</li> +<li>Gomperz, <a href='#2_Page_311'>311</a>.</li> +<li>Gurlitt, <a href='#2_Page_76'>76</a>, <a href='#2_Page_326'>326</a>.</li> +</ul> + + +<ul><li>Haddon, A. C., <a href='#2_Page_9'>9</a>.</li> +<li>Haeckel, <a href='#2_Page_311'>311</a>.</li> +<li>Hahn, <a href='#2_Page_10'>10</a>.</li> +<li>Halban, <a href='#2_Page_313'>313</a>, <a href='#2_Page_315'>315</a>.</li> +<li>Hammer, <a href='#2_Page_210'>210</a>.</li> +<li>Hamon, <a href='#2_Page_23'>23</a>.</li> +<li>Hardman, <a href='#2_Page_20'>20</a>.</li> +<li>Harris-Liston, <a href='#2_Page_252'>252</a>.</li> +<li>Hart, Berry, <a href='#2_Page_314'>314</a>.</li> +<li>Heape, <a href='#2_Page_79'>79</a>, <a href='#2_Page_313'>313</a>.</li> +<li>Hegar, <a href='#2_Page_254'>254</a>.</li> +<li>Heim, <a href='#2_Page_6'>6</a>.</li> +<li>Herman, <a href='#2_Page_14'>14</a>.</li> +<li>Herondas, <a href='#2_Page_258'>258</a>.</li> +<li>Hirschfeld,<br /> +<span class='i8'> <a href='#2_Page_3'>3</a>, <a href='#2_Page_4'>4</a>, <a href='#2_Page_9'>9</a>, <a href='#2_Page_13'>13</a>, <a href='#2_Page_24'>24</a>, <a href='#2_Page_27'>27</a>, <a href='#2_Page_28'>28</a>, <a href='#2_Page_35'>35</a>, <a href='#2_Page_60'>60</a>, <a href='#2_Page_61'>61</a>, <a href='#2_Page_62'>62</a>, <a href='#2_Page_72'>72</a>, <a href='#2_Page_73'>73</a>, <a href='#2_Page_83'>83</a>, <a href='#2_Page_86'>86</a>, <a href='#2_Page_90'>90</a>, <a href='#2_Page_91'>91</a>, <a href='#2_Page_196'>196</a>,<br /></span> +<span class='i8'> <a href='#2_Page_203'>203</a>, <a href='#2_Page_210'>210</a>, <a href='#2_Page_251'>251</a>, <a href='#2_Page_255'>255</a>, <a href='#2_Page_256'>256</a>, <a href='#2_Page_261'>261</a>, <a href='#2_Page_263'>263</a>, <a href='#2_Page_265'>265</a>, <a href='#2_Page_268'>268</a>, <a href='#2_Page_273'>273</a>, <a href='#2_Page_278'>278</a>, <a href='#2_Page_280'>280</a>, <a href='#2_Page_282'>282</a>,<br /></span> +<span class='i8'> <a href='#2_Page_284'>284</a>, <a href='#2_Page_287'>287</a>, <a href='#2_Page_289'>289</a>, <a href='#2_Page_292'>292</a>, <a href='#2_Page_301'>301</a>, <a href='#2_Page_309'>309</a>, <a href='#2_Page_315'>315</a>, <a href='#2_Page_316'>316</a>, <a href='#2_Page_320'>320</a>, <a href='#2_Page_323'>323</a>, <a href='#2_Page_325'>325</a>, <a href='#2_Page_330'>330</a>, <a href='#2_Page_331'>331</a>,<br /></span> +<span class='i8'> <a href='#2_Page_332'>332</a>, <a href='#2_Page_334'>334</a>, <a href='#2_Page_335'>335</a>, <a href='#2_Page_341'>341</a>, <a href='#2_Page_353'>353</a>.<br /></span></li> +<li>Hoche, <a href='#2_Page_78'>78</a>.</li> +<li>Hochstetter, S., <a href='#2_Page_196'>196</a>.</li> +<li>Holder, <a href='#2_Page_18'>18</a>, <a href='#2_Page_205'>205</a>.</li> +<li>Holmberg, <a href='#2_Page_17'>17</a>.</li> +<li>Holmes, W. G., <a href='#2_Page_346'>346</a>.</li> +<li>Homer, <a href='#2_Page_11'>11</a>.</li> +<li>Home, H., <a href='#2_Page_32'>32</a>.</li> +<li>Horneffer, <a href='#2_Page_28'>28</a>, <a href='#2_Page_341'>341</a>.</li> +<li>Hössli, <a href='#2_Page_66'>66</a>, <a href='#2_Page_287'>287</a>, <a href='#2_Page_311'>311</a>.</li> +<li>Hughes, C. H., <a href='#2_Page_328'>328</a>.</li> +</ul> + + +<ul><li>Ingegnieros, <a href='#2_Page_295'>295</a>.</li> +</ul> + + +<ul><li>Jacobs, <a href='#2_Page_206'>206</a>.</li> +<li>James, W., <a href='#2_Page_80'>80</a>, <a href='#2_Page_299'>299</a>.</li> +<li>Jastrow, <a href='#2_Page_299'>299</a>.</li> +<li>Jekels, <a href='#2_Page_305'>305</a>.</li> +<li>John of Salisbury, <a href='#2_Page_40'>40</a>.</li> +<li>Johnston, J., <a href='#2_Page_56'>56</a>.</li> +<li>Jones, Ernest, <a href='#2_Page_306'>306</a>.</li> +<li>Jones, W., <a href='#2_Page_205'>205</a>.</li> +<li>Juliusburger, <a href='#2_Page_311'>311</a>, <a href='#2_Page_324'>324</a>.</li> +<li>Justi, <a href='#2_Page_35'>35</a>.</li> +</ul> + + +<ul><li>Karsch, <a href='#2_Page_4'>4</a>, <a href='#2_Page_6'>6</a>, <a href='#2_Page_8'>8</a>, <a href='#2_Page_29'>29</a>, <a href='#2_Page_66'>66</a>, <a href='#2_Page_199'>199</a>, <a href='#2_Page_205'>205</a>.</li> +<li>Kiefer, <a href='#2_Page_12'>12</a>.</li> +<li>Kiernan, <a href='#2_Page_71'>71</a>, <a href='#2_Page_201'>201</a>, <a href='#2_Page_258'>258</a>.</li> +<li>Klaatsch, <a href='#2_Page_21'>21</a>.</li> +<li>Knapp, <a href='#2_Page_12'>12</a>.</li> +<li>Kocher, <a href='#2_Page_207'>207</a>, <a href='#2_Page_289'>289</a>.</li> +<li>Konradin, <a href='#2_Page_341'>341</a>.</li> +<li>Krafft-Ebing,<br /> +<span class='i8'> <a href='#2_Page_2'>2</a>, <a href='#2_Page_26'>26</a>, <a href='#2_Page_69'>69</a>, <a href='#2_Page_82'>82</a>, <a href='#2_Page_83'>83</a>, <a href='#2_Page_84'>84</a>, <a href='#2_Page_90'>90</a>, <a href='#2_Page_195'>195</a>, <a href='#2_Page_201'>201</a>, <a href='#2_Page_203'>203</a>, <a href='#2_Page_256'>256</a>, <a href='#2_Page_276'>276</a>, <a href='#2_Page_290'>290</a> <a href='#2_Page_312'>312</a>,<br /></span> +<span class='i8'> <a href='#2_Page_320'>320</a>, <a href='#2_Page_328'>328</a>, <a href='#2_Page_329'>329</a>, <a href='#2_Page_332'>332</a>, <a href='#2_Page_354'>354</a>.<a name='2_Page_387'></a><br /></span></li> +<li>Krauss, F. S., <a href='#2_Page_13'>13</a>.</li> +<li>Kupffer, E. von, <a href='#2_Page_339'>339</a>.</li> +<li>Kurella, <a href='#2_Page_262'>262</a>, <a href='#2_Page_312'>312</a>.</li> +</ul> + + +<ul><li>Laborde, <a href='#2_Page_36'>36</a>.</li> +<li>Lacassagne, <a href='#2_Page_5'>5</a>, <a href='#2_Page_69'>69</a>.</li> +<li>Lancaster, E. G., <a href='#2_Page_218'>218</a>, <a href='#2_Page_381'>381</a>.</li> +<li>Langsdorff, <a href='#2_Page_16'>16</a>.</li> +<li>Lapointe, <a href='#2_Page_315'>315</a>.</li> +<li>Lasnet, <a href='#2_Page_19'>19</a>.</li> +<li>Laupts, <i>see</i> Saint-Paul, G.</li> +<li>Laurent, <a href='#2_Page_290'>290</a>.</li> +<li>Laycock, <a href='#2_Page_213'>213</a>.</li> +<li>Lefroy, E. C., <a href='#2_Page_339'>339</a>.</li> +<li>Legludic, <a href='#2_Page_354'>354</a>.</li> +<li>Lepelletier, <a href='#2_Page_57'>57</a>.</li> +<li>Leppmann, <a href='#2_Page_85'>85</a>, <a href='#2_Page_270'>270</a>.</li> +<li>L'Estoile, P. de, <a href='#2_Page_36'>36</a>.</li> +<li>Letamendi, <a href='#2_Page_312'>312</a>.</li> +<li>Levetzow, <a href='#2_Page_196'>196</a>.</li> +<li>Lévi, <a href='#2_Page_255'>255</a>.</li> +<li>Libert, <a href='#2_Page_37'>37</a>.</li> +<li>Licht, <a href='#2_Page_12'>12</a>.</li> +<li>Lisiansky, <a href='#2_Page_17'>17</a>.</li> +<li>Lombroso, <a href='#2_Page_68'>68</a>, <a href='#2_Page_212'>212</a>.</li> +<li>Lorion, <a href='#2_Page_289'>289</a>.</li> +<li>Löwenfeld, <a href='#2_Page_321'>321</a>.</li> +<li>Lowie, <a href='#2_Page_205'>205</a>.</li> +<li>Lydston, <a href='#2_Page_71'>71</a>, <a href='#2_Page_273'>273</a>, <a href='#2_Page_312'>312</a>.</li> +</ul> + +<ul><li>Macdonald, A., <a href='#2_Page_201'>201</a>.</li> +<li>Magnan, <a href='#2_Page_3'>3</a>, <a href='#2_Page_310'>310</a>, <a href='#2_Page_315'>315</a>, <a href='#2_Page_320'>320</a>.</li> +<li>Maitland, <a href='#2_Page_41'>41</a>.</li> +<li>Mantegazza, <a href='#2_Page_26'>26</a>.</li> +<li>Marchesini, <a href='#2_Page_80'>80</a>, <a href='#2_Page_218'>218</a>, <a href='#2_Page_368'>368</a>.</li> +<li>Marie de France, <a href='#2_Page_35'>35</a>.</li> +<li>Marro, <a href='#2_Page_78'>78</a>, <a href='#2_Page_320'>320</a>.</li> +<li>Marshall, F. H. R., <a href='#2_Page_79'>79</a>, <a href='#2_Page_80'>80</a>, <a href='#2_Page_314'>314</a>.</li> +<li>Martineau, <a href='#2_Page_218'>218</a>.</li> +<li>Martius, <a href='#2_Page_17'>17</a>.</li> +<li>Mason, <a href='#2_Page_49'>49</a>.</li> +<li>Matignon, <a href='#2_Page_14'>14</a>, <a href='#2_Page_207'>207</a>.</li> +<li>Mayne, Xavier, <a href='#2_Page_71'>71</a>, <a href='#2_Page_340'>340</a>.</li> +<li>McMurtrie, <a href='#2_Page_26'>26</a>, <a href='#2_Page_205'>205</a>, <a href='#2_Page_212'>212</a>, <a href='#2_Page_383'>383</a>.</li> +<li>Meige, <a href='#2_Page_291'>291</a>.</li> +<li>Meissner, B., <a href='#2_Page_9'>9</a>.</li> +<li>Mercante, <a href='#2_Page_212'>212</a>, <a href='#2_Page_383'>383</a>.</li> +<li>Merzbach, <a href='#2_Page_283'>283</a>, <a href='#2_Page_293'>293</a>, <a href='#2_Page_330'>330</a>.</li> +<li>Meynert, <a href='#2_Page_309'>309</a>, <a href='#2_Page_332'>332</a>.</li> +<li>Middleton, <a href='#2_Page_245'>245</a>.</li> +<li>Möbius, <a href='#2_Page_320'>320</a>.</li> +<li>Moerenhout, <a href='#2_Page_205'>205</a>.</li> +<li>Moffat, D., <a href='#2_Page_36'>36</a>.</li> +<li>Moll, <br /> +<span class='i8'> <a href='#2_Page_2'>2</a>, <a href='#2_Page_6'>6</a>, <a href='#2_Page_24'>24</a>, <a href='#2_Page_27'>27</a>, <a href='#2_Page_35'>35</a>, <a href='#2_Page_43'>43</a>, <a href='#2_Page_60'>60</a>, <a href='#2_Page_71'>71</a>, <a href='#2_Page_80'>80</a>, <a href='#2_Page_84'>84</a>, <a href='#2_Page_91'>91</a>, <a href='#2_Page_203'>203</a>, <a href='#2_Page_210'>210</a>, <a href='#2_Page_245'>245</a>, <a href='#2_Page_255'>255</a>, <a href='#2_Page_259'>259</a>, <a href='#2_Page_261'>261</a>,<br /></span> +<span class='i8'> <a href='#2_Page_265'>265</a>, <a href='#2_Page_266'>266</a>, <a href='#2_Page_276'>276</a>, <a href='#2_Page_279'>279</a>, <a href='#2_Page_286'>286</a>, <a href='#2_Page_288'>288</a>, <a href='#2_Page_294'>294</a>, <a href='#2_Page_296'>296</a>, <a href='#2_Page_309'>309</a>, <a href='#2_Page_321'>321</a>, <a href='#2_Page_323'>323</a>, <a href='#2_Page_325'>325</a>, <a href='#2_Page_326'>326</a>, <a href='#2_Page_329'>329</a>,<br /></span> +<span class='i8'> <a href='#2_Page_330'>330</a>, <a href='#2_Page_333'>333</a>, <a href='#2_Page_334'>334</a>, <a href='#2_Page_350'>350</a>, <a href='#2_Page_355'>355</a>.<br /></span></li> +<li>Monk of Evesham, <a href='#2_Page_41'>41</a>.</li> +<li>Montaigne, <a href='#2_Page_259'>259</a>.</li> +<li>Morache, <a href='#2_Page_14'>14</a>.</li> +<li>Moreau, <a href='#2_Page_74'>74</a>, <a href='#2_Page_276'>276</a>.</li> +<li>Morel, <a href='#2_Page_320'>320</a>.</li> +<li>Moskowski, <a href='#2_Page_20'>20</a>.</li> +<li>Moyer, <a href='#2_Page_260'>260</a>.</li> +<li>Muccioli, <a href='#2_Page_7'>7</a>.</li> +<li>Müller, F. C., <a href='#2_Page_195'>195</a>.</li> +<li>Mure, W., <a href='#2_Page_197'>197</a>.</li> +</ul> + + +<ul><li>Näcke, <a href='#2_Page_11'>11</a>, <a href='#2_Page_13'>13</a>, <a href='#2_Page_62'>62</a>, <a href='#2_Page_83'>83</a>, <a href='#2_Page_84'>84</a>, <a href='#2_Page_91'>91</a>, <a href='#2_Page_265'>265</a>, <a href='#2_Page_266'>266</a>, <a href='#2_Page_276'>276</a>, <a href='#2_Page_280'>280</a>, <a href='#2_Page_282'>282</a>, <a href='#2_Page_288'>288</a>, <a href='#2_Page_309'>309</a>, <a href='#2_Page_310'>310</a>, <a href='#2_Page_320'>320</a>, <a href='#2_Page_324'>324</a>, <a href='#2_Page_328'>328</a>, <a href='#2_Page_329'>329</a>, <a href='#2_Page_332'>332</a>.</li> +<li>Neugebauer, <a href='#2_Page_315'>315</a>.</li> +<li>Niceforo, <a href='#2_Page_213'>213</a>, <a href='#2_Page_282'>282</a>.</li> +<li>Nicholson, J. G., <a href='#2_Page_339'>339</a>.</li> +<li>Nicklin, <a href='#2_Page_43'>43</a>.</li> +<li>Norman, Conolly, <a href='#2_Page_80'>80</a>.</li> +<li>Nortal, <a href='#2_Page_325'>325</a>, <a href='#2_Page_341'>341</a>.</li> +</ul> + + +<ul><li>Obici, <a href='#2_Page_80'>80</a>, <a href='#2_Page_218'>218</a>, <a href='#2_Page_368'>368</a>.</li> +<li>Oefele, <a href='#2_Page_9'>9</a>.</li> +<li>Olano, <a href='#2_Page_290'>290</a>.</li> +<li>Oppenheim, <a href='#2_Page_295'>295</a>.</li> +<li>Ordericus Vitalis, <a href='#2_Page_40'>40</a>.</li> +<li>Ortvay, <a href='#2_Page_305'>305</a>.</li> +<li>Otis, M., <a href='#2_Page_288'>288</a>.</li> +</ul> + + +<ul><li>Parent-Duchâtelet, <a href='#2_Page_210'>210</a>, <a href='#2_Page_256'>256</a>.</li> +<li>Parish, <a href='#2_Page_318'>318</a>.</li> +<li>Parlagreco, <a href='#2_Page_32'>32</a>.</li> +<li>Pavia, <a href='#2_Page_62'>62</a>.</li> +<li>Petronius, <a href='#2_Page_24'>24</a>.</li> +<li>Pfister, <a href='#2_Page_341'>341</a>.</li> +<li>Plant, <a href='#2_Page_254'>254</a>.</li> +<li>Platen, <a href='#2_Page_339'>339</a>.</li> +<li>Plato, <a href='#2_Page_2'>2</a>, <a href='#2_Page_12'>12</a>, <a href='#2_Page_195'>195</a>, <a href='#2_Page_339'>339</a>.</li> +<li>Platt, J. A., <a href='#2_Page_198'>198</a>.</li> +<li>Ploss, <a href='#2_Page_206'>206</a>.</li> +<li>Plutarch, <a href='#2_Page_11'>11</a>.</li> +<li>Pocock, R., <a href='#2_Page_7'>7</a>.</li> +<li>Poisson, <a href='#2_Page_326'>326</a>.</li> +<li>Pollock, <a href='#2_Page_41'>41</a>.</li> +<li>Praetorius, Numa, <a href='#2_Page_32'>32</a>, <a href='#2_Page_48'>48</a>, <a href='#2_Page_49'>49</a>, <a href='#2_Page_62'>62</a>, <a href='#2_Page_84'>84</a>, <a href='#2_Page_91'>91</a>, <a href='#2_Page_284'>284</a>, <a href='#2_Page_288'>288</a>, <a href='#2_Page_308'>308</a>, <a href='#2_Page_330'>330</a>, <a href='#2_Page_341'>341</a>, <a href='#2_Page_342'>342</a>, <a href='#2_Page_347'>347</a>.</li> +<li>Preuss, J., <a href='#2_Page_3'>3</a>.</li> +<li>Prynne, <a href='#2_Page_287'>287</a>.<a name='2_Page_388'></a></li> +</ul> + + +<ul><li>Queringhi, <a href='#2_Page_34'>34</a>.</li> +</ul> + + +<ul><li>Rachilde, <a href='#2_Page_340'>340</a>.</li> +<li>Raffalovich, <a href='#2_Page_34'>34</a>, <a href='#2_Page_38'>38</a>, <a href='#2_Page_44'>44</a>, <a href='#2_Page_48'>48</a>, <a href='#2_Page_49'>49</a>, <a href='#2_Page_72'>72</a>, <a href='#2_Page_268'>268</a>, <a href='#2_Page_329'>329</a>, <a href='#2_Page_341'>341</a>.</li> +<li>Rank, O., <a href='#2_Page_279'>279</a>.</li> +<li>Ransome, <a href='#2_Page_49'>49</a>.</li> +<li>Reclus, Elie, <a href='#2_Page_28'>28</a>.</li> +<li>Reid, Forrest, <a href='#2_Page_340'>340</a>.</li> +<li>Ribot, <a href='#2_Page_318'>318</a>.</li> +<li>Ritti, <a href='#2_Page_68'>68</a>.</li> +<li>Rivers, W. C., <a href='#2_Page_56'>56</a>.</li> +<li>Rode, Léon de, <a href='#2_Page_349'>349</a>.</li> +<li>Rohleder, <a href='#2_Page_321'>321</a>, <a href='#2_Page_327'>327</a>, <a href='#2_Page_330'>330</a>.</li> +<li>Römer, <a href='#2_Page_265'>265</a>, <a href='#2_Page_311'>311</a>.</li> +<li>Rosenstein, G., <a href='#2_Page_294'>294</a>.</li> +<li>Roth, <a href='#2_Page_21'>21</a>.</li> +<li>Roubinovitch, <a href='#2_Page_332'>332</a>.</li> +<li>Roux, <a href='#2_Page_259'>259</a>.</li> +<li>Rowley, <a href='#2_Page_245'>245</a>.</li> +<li>Rüling, A., <a href='#2_Page_196'>196</a>, <a href='#2_Page_262'>262</a>.</li> +<li>Rutherford, <a href='#2_Page_8'>8</a>.</li> +</ul> + + +<ul><li>Sadger, <a href='#2_Page_39'>39</a>, <a href='#2_Page_89'>89</a>, <a href='#2_Page_90'>90</a>, <a href='#2_Page_304'>304</a>, <a href='#2_Page_305'>305</a>, <a href='#2_Page_331'>331</a>.</li> +<li>Saint-Paul, G., <a href='#2_Page_62'>62</a>, <a href='#2_Page_69'>69</a>, <a href='#2_Page_298'>298</a>.</li> +<li>Sainte-Claire, Deville, <a href='#2_Page_5'>5</a>.</li> +<li>Salillas, <a href='#2_Page_209'>209</a>.</li> +<li>Savage, Sir G., <a href='#2_Page_66'>66</a>.</li> +<li>Scheffler, <a href='#2_Page_25'>25</a>, <a href='#2_Page_32'>32</a>.</li> +<li>Schmid, A., <a href='#2_Page_297'>297</a>.</li> +<li>Schopenhauer, <a href='#2_Page_84'>84</a>.</li> +<li>Schouten, <a href='#2_Page_3'>3</a>, <a href='#2_Page_67'>67</a>, <a href='#2_Page_196'>196</a>.</li> +<li>Schrenck-Notzing, <a href='#2_Page_83'>83</a>, <a href='#2_Page_270'>270</a>, <a href='#2_Page_271'>271</a>, <a href='#2_Page_302'>302</a>, <a href='#2_Page_328'>328</a>, <a href='#2_Page_329'>329</a>.</li> +<li>Schultz, <a href='#2_Page_36'>36</a>, <a href='#2_Page_38'>38</a>.</li> +<li>Schur, <a href='#2_Page_39'>39</a>.</li> +<li>Scott, Colin, <a href='#2_Page_282'>282</a>.</li> +<li>Seitz, <a href='#2_Page_2'>2</a>.</li> +<li>Seligmann, <a href='#2_Page_20'>20</a>, <a href='#2_Page_313'>313</a>.</li> +<li>Selous, E., <a href='#2_Page_6'>6</a>.</li> +<li>Sérieux, <a href='#2_Page_37'>37</a>.</li> +<li>Shattock, <a href='#2_Page_313'>313</a>.</li> +<li>Shufeldt, <a href='#2_Page_327'>327</a>.</li> +<li>Smith, Theodate, <a href='#2_Page_218'>218</a>.</li> +<li>Smollett, <a href='#2_Page_46'>46</a>.</li> +<li>Spranger, <a href='#2_Page_39'>39</a>.</li> +<li>Steinach, <a href='#2_Page_5'>5</a>.</li> +<li>Stekel, <a href='#2_Page_81'>81</a>, <a href='#2_Page_304'>304</a>, <a href='#2_Page_331'>331</a>.</li> +<li>Stephanus, <a href='#2_Page_12'>12</a>.</li> +<li>Strauch, <a href='#2_Page_253'>253</a>.</li> +<li>Stubbes, <a href='#2_Page_287'>287</a>.</li> +<li>Sturgis, H. O., <a href='#2_Page_340'>340</a>.</li> +<li>Sutton, Sir J. Bland, <a href='#2_Page_313'>313</a>.</li> +<li>Symonds, J. A., <a href='#2_Page_3'>3</a>, <a href='#2_Page_12'>12</a>, <a href='#2_Page_25'>25</a>, <a href='#2_Page_30'>30</a>, <a href='#2_Page_32'>32</a>, <a href='#2_Page_51'>51</a>, <a href='#2_Page_68'>68</a>, <a href='#2_Page_72'>72</a>, <a href='#2_Page_317'>317</a>, <a href='#2_Page_340'>340</a>.</li> +</ul> + + +<ul><li>Talbot, <a href='#2_Page_169'>169</a>.</li> +<li>Tamassia, <a href='#2_Page_3'>3</a>, <a href='#2_Page_68'>68</a>.</li> +<li>Tarde, <a href='#2_Page_75'>75</a>.</li> +<li>Tardieu, <a href='#2_Page_67'>67</a>, <a href='#2_Page_299'>299</a>.</li> +<li>Tarnowsky, <a href='#2_Page_23'>23</a>.</li> +<li>Tennyson, <a href='#2_Page_339'>339</a>.</li> +<li>Thoinot, <a href='#2_Page_84'>84</a>, <a href='#2_Page_282'>282</a>.</li> +<li>Tilly, <a href='#2_Page_204'>204</a>.</li> +<li>Traubel, <a href='#2_Page_54'>54</a>.</li> +<li>Turnbull, <a href='#2_Page_18'>18</a>.</li> +</ul> + + +<ul><li>Ulrichs, <a href='#2_Page_2'>2</a>, <a href='#2_Page_22'>22</a>, <a href='#2_Page_61'>61</a>, <a href='#2_Page_67'>67</a>, <a href='#2_Page_279'>279</a>, <a href='#2_Page_310'>310</a>.</li> +</ul> + + +<ul><li>Vanbrugh, <a href='#2_Page_46'>46</a>.</li> +<li>Virchow, <a href='#2_Page_253'>253</a>, <a href='#2_Page_319'>319</a>.</li> +<li>Vivien, Renée, <a href='#2_Page_200'>200</a>, <a href='#2_Page_340'>340</a>.</li> +</ul> + + +<ul><li>Weeks, <a href='#2_Page_19'>19</a>.</li> +<li>Weigand, <a href='#2_Page_10'>10</a>.</li> +<li>Weismann, <a href='#2_Page_311'>311</a>.</li> +<li>Weissenberg, <a href='#2_Page_252'>252</a>.</li> +<li>Westermarck, <a href='#2_Page_30'>30</a>, <a href='#2_Page_347'>347</a>.</li> +<li>Wey, H. D., <a href='#2_Page_25'>25</a>, <a href='#2_Page_290'>290</a>.</li> +<li>Weysse, <a href='#2_Page_282'>282</a>.</li> +<li>Wheeler, <a href='#2_Page_20'>20</a>.</li> +<li>Whitman, Walt., <a href='#2_Page_339'>339</a>.</li> +<li>Wilamowitz-Moellendorff, <a href='#2_Page_198'>198</a>, <a href='#2_Page_200'>200</a>.</li> +<li>Wilhelm, E., <a href='#2_Page_328'>328</a>.</li> +<li>Willy, <a href='#2_Page_340'>340</a>.</li> +<li>Wilson, J. M., <a href='#2_Page_326'>326</a>.</li> +<li>Wise, <a href='#2_Page_246'>246</a>.</li> +<li>Witry, <a href='#2_Page_37'>37</a>.</li> +<li>Wright, T., <a href='#2_Page_50'>50</a>.</li> +</ul> + + +<ul><li>Zola, <a href='#2_Page_199'>199</a>.</li> +<li>Zuccarelli, <a href='#2_Page_250'>250</a>.</li> +</ul> + + + +<hr class="full" /> + +<h2><a name='2_INDEX_OF_SUBJECTS'></a><a name='2_Page_389'></a>INDEX OF SUBJECTS.</h2> + +<ul><li>Abnormalities, +<ul><li> physical, <a href='#2_Page_289'>289</a> <i>et seq.</i></li></ul></li> +<li>Abnormality and disease, +<ul><li> difference between, <a href='#2_Page_319'>319</a>.</li></ul></li> +<li>Acquired inversion, <a href='#2_Page_82'>82</a>, <a href='#2_Page_303'>303</a>.</li> +<li>Actors and homosexuality, <a href='#2_Page_287'>287</a>, <a href='#2_Page_294'>294</a>, <a href='#2_Page_295'>295</a>.</li> +<li>Actresses, +<ul><li> homosexuality among, <a href='#2_Page_215'>215</a>.</li></ul></li> +<li>Adaptation therapy, <a href='#2_Page_331'>331</a>.</li> +<li>Advertisements, +<ul><li> homosexual, <a href='#2_Page_262'>262</a>.</li></ul></li> +<li>Africa, +<ul><li> homosexuality in, <a href='#2_Page_19'>19</a>.</li></ul></li> +<li>Albanians, +<ul><li> homosexuality among, <a href='#2_Page_10'>10</a>.</li></ul></li> +<li>Aleuts, +<ul><li> homosexuality among, <a href='#2_Page_16'>16</a>.</li></ul></li> +<li>Ambisexuality, <a href='#2_Page_81'>81</a>.</li> +<li>Anal eroticism, <a href='#2_Page_305'>305</a>.</li> +<li>Anglo-Saxons, <a href='#2_Page_204'>204</a>.</li> +<li>Animals, +<ul><li> homosexuality in, <a href='#2_Page_4'>4</a> <i>et seq.</i></li></ul></li> +<li>Arabs, +<ul><li> homosexuality among, <a href='#2_Page_207'>207</a>.</li></ul></li> +<li>Artistic aptitudes of inverts, <a href='#2_Page_293'>293</a>.</li> +<li>Association therapy, <a href='#2_Page_330'>330</a>.</li> +<li>Australia, <a href='#2_Page_21'>21</a>.</li> +<li>Austrian law, <a href='#2_Page_348'>348</a>.</li> +<li>Autobiographies, +<ul><li> homosexual, <a href='#2_Page_89'>89</a>, <a href='#2_Page_287'>287</a>, <a href='#2_Page_294'>294</a>, <a href='#2_Page_295'>295</a>.</li></ul></li> +<li>Auto-erotism, <a href='#2_Page_276'>276</a>, <a href='#2_Page_277'>277</a>, <a href='#2_Page_279'>279</a>, <a href='#2_Page_304'>304</a>.</li> +</ul> + +<ul> +<li>Bacon, Lord, <a href='#2_Page_43'>43</a>.</li> +<li>Bali, +<ul><li> homosexuality among women in, <a href='#2_Page_206'>206</a>.</li></ul></li> +<li>Barnfield, <a href='#2_Page_42'>42</a>.</li> +<li>Bastille, +<ul><li> inverts in the, <a href='#2_Page_37'>37</a>.</li></ul></li> +<li>Bazzi, <a href='#2_Page_33'>33</a>.</li> +<li>Bearded women, <a href='#2_Page_251'>251</a>.</li> +<li>Berlin, <a href='#2_Page_60'>60</a>.</li> +<li>Birds, +<ul><li> homosexuality among, <a href='#2_Page_6'>6</a>.</li></ul></li> +<li>Bisexual, the term, <a href='#2_Page_4'>4</a>.</li> +<li>Bisexuality, <a href='#2_Page_87'>87</a>, <a href='#2_Page_278'>278</a>, <a href='#2_Page_310'>310</a>.</li> +<li>Blackmailing, <a href='#2_Page_86'>86</a>, <a href='#2_Page_353'>353</a>.</li> +<li>Blavatsky, Madame, <a href='#2_Page_197'>197</a>.</li> +<li>Bonheur, Rosa, <a href='#2_Page_197'>197</a>.</li> +<li><i>Boté</i>, <a href='#2_Page_17'>17</a>.</li> +<li>Brazil, +<ul><li> homosexuality in, <a href='#2_Page_205'>205</a>.</li></ul></li> +<li>Buggery, +<ul><li> the term, <a href='#2_Page_3'>3</a>.</li></ul></li> +<li><i>Burdash</i>, <a href='#2_Page_17'>17</a>.</li> +<li>Byron, <a href='#2_Page_47'>47</a>.</li> +</ul> + +<ul> +<li>Castration, <a href='#2_Page_327'>327</a>.</li> +<li>Cellini, <a href='#2_Page_34'>34</a>.</li> +<li>Charke, Charlotte, <a href='#2_Page_245'>245</a>.</li> +<li>Chastity, +<ul><li> the ideal of, <a href='#2_Page_341'>341</a>.</li></ul></li> +<li>Christina of Sweden, <a href='#2_Page_196'>196</a>.</li> +<li>Classification of the homosexual, <a href='#2_Page_82'>82</a>.</li> +<li>Clitoris in inverted women, <a href='#2_Page_256'>256</a>, <a href='#2_Page_258'>258</a>.</li> +<li>Clothes, +<ul><li> inverted women in men's, <a href='#2_Page_245'>245</a> <i>et seq.</i></li></ul></li> +<li><i>Code Napoléon</i>, <a href='#2_Page_347'>347</a>.</li> +<li>Coeducation, <a href='#2_Page_326'>326</a>.</li> +<li>Color-blindness compared to inversion, <a href='#2_Page_317'>317</a>.</li> +<li>Congenital inversion, <a href='#2_Page_82'>82</a>, <a href='#2_Page_300'>300</a>.</li> +<li>Contrary sexual feeling, the term, <a href='#2_Page_65'>65</a>.</li> +<li>Convents, +<ul><li> homosexuality in, <a href='#2_Page_212'>212</a>.</li></ul></li> +<li>Costume, <a href='#2_Page_245'>245</a>, <a href='#2_Page_299'>299</a>.</li> +<li>Creoles, +<ul><li> homosexuality among, <a href='#2_Page_207'>207</a>.</li></ul></li> +<li>Criminals, +<ul><li> homosexuality among, <a href='#2_Page_23'>23</a>, <a href='#2_Page_25'>25</a>, <a href='#2_Page_200'>200</a>, <a href='#2_Page_209'>209</a>.</li></ul></li> +<li>Cross-dressing, <a href='#2_Page_245'>245</a>.</li> +<li><i>Cudinas</i>, <a href='#2_Page_17'>17</a>.</li> +<li><i>Cunnilinctus</i>, <a href='#2_Page_207'>207</a>, <a href='#2_Page_258'>258</a>.</li> +</ul> + +<ul> +<li>Dadon, <a href='#2_Page_36'>36</a>.</li> +<li>Degeneration and inversion, <a href='#2_Page_312'>312</a>, <a href='#2_Page_320'>320</a>.</li> +<li>Disease and abnormality, difference between, <a href='#2_Page_319'>319</a>.</li> +<li>Dolben, <a href='#2_Page_48'>48</a>.</li> +<li>Dorians, <a href='#2_Page_11'>11</a>.</li> +<li>Dramatic aptitude and inversion, <a href='#2_Page_287'>287</a>, <a href='#2_Page_295'>295</a>.</li> +<li>Dreams, +<ul><li> erotic, <a href='#2_Page_279'>279</a> <i>et seq.</i></li></ul></li> +<li>Duquesnoy, <a href='#2_Page_34'>34</a>.</li> +</ul> + +<ul> +<li>Egypt, +<ul><li> homosexuality in ancient, <a href='#2_Page_9'>9</a>;</li> +<li> modern, <a href='#2_Page_207'>207</a>.</li></ul></li> +<li>England, +<ul><li> homosexuality in, <a href='#2_Page_62'>62</a>, <a href='#2_Page_261'>261</a>.</li></ul></li> +<li>English law and homosexuality, <a href='#2_Page_349'>349</a>.</li> +<li>Eonism, <a href='#2_Page_315'>315</a>.</li> +<li>Erasmus, <a href='#2_Page_31'>31</a>.</li> +<li>Erotic dreams, <a href='#2_Page_279'>279</a> <i>et seq.</i></li> +<li>Eskimo, <a href='#2_Page_16'>16</a>.</li> +<li>Eunuchoidism, <a href='#2_Page_315'>315</a>.</li> +</ul> + +<ul> +<li>Factories, +<ul><li> homosexuality among women in, <a href='#2_Page_213'>213</a> <i>et seq.</i></li></ul></li> +<li><i>Fellatio</i>, <a href='#2_Page_282'>282</a>, <a href='#2_Page_299'>299</a>.</li> +<li>Feminine characteristics of inverts, <a href='#2_Page_287'>287</a>.</li> +<li>Fetichism, +<ul><li> erotic, <a href='#2_Page_259'>259</a>.</li></ul></li> +<li>Fitzgerald, Edward, <a href='#2_Page_50'>50</a>.</li> +<li>France, +<ul><li> homosexuality in, <a href='#2_Page_35'>35</a>, <a href='#2_Page_62'>62</a>, <a href='#2_Page_347'>347</a>, <a href='#2_Page_351'>351</a>.</li></ul></li> +<li>Freudianism, <a href='#2_Page_304'>304</a>.<a name='2_Page_390'></a></li> +<li>Friendship, <a href='#2_Page_339'>339</a>, <a href='#2_Page_368'>368</a>.</li> +<li>Frith, Mary, <a href='#2_Page_245'>245</a>.</li> +</ul> + +<ul> +<li>Genital organs and inversion, <a href='#2_Page_256'>256</a>, <a href='#2_Page_258'>258</a>, <a href='#2_Page_289'>289</a>.</li> +<li>Genius, +<ul><li> homosexuality among men of, <a href='#2_Page_26'>26</a>.</li></ul></li> +<li>Germany, +<ul><li> homosexuality in, <a href='#2_Page_37'>37</a>, <a href='#2_Page_61'>61</a>;</li> +<li> law in relation to homosexuality in, <a href='#2_Page_38'>38</a>, <a href='#2_Page_348'>348</a>.</li></ul></li> +<li>Gleim, <a href='#2_Page_38'>38</a>.</li> +<li>Goethe, <a href='#2_Page_48'>48</a>.</li> +<li>Greece, +<ul><li> homosexuality in ancient, <a href='#2_Page_11'>11</a>, <a href='#2_Page_58'>58</a>, <a href='#2_Page_197'>197</a>, <a href='#2_Page_287'>287</a>.</li></ul></li> +<li>Green, +<ul><li> inverts, preference for, <a href='#2_Page_299'>299</a>.</li></ul></li> +<li>Gynandromorphism, <a href='#2_Page_315'>315</a>.</li> +<li>Gynecomasty, <a href='#2_Page_290'>290</a>.</li> +</ul> + +<ul> +<li>Hair on body, <a href='#2_Page_252'>252</a> <i>et seq.</i></li> +<li>Hall, Murray, <a href='#2_Page_246'>246</a>.</li> +<li>Handwriting, <a href='#2_Page_290'>290</a>.</li> +<li>Harems, +<ul><li> homosexuality in, <a href='#2_Page_207'>207</a>.</li></ul></li> +<li>Hatschepsu, Queen, <a href='#2_Page_196'>196</a>.</li> +<li>Health of inverts, general, <a href='#2_Page_265'>265</a>.</li> +<li>Heliogabalus, <a href='#2_Page_25'>25</a>.</li> +<li>Heredity in inversion, <a href='#2_Page_264'>264</a>, <a href='#2_Page_306'>306</a>.</li> +<li>Heresy and homosexuality, <a href='#2_Page_30'>30</a>, <a href='#2_Page_347'>347</a>.</li> +<li>Hermaphroditism, <a href='#2_Page_313'>313</a>, <a href='#2_Page_315'>315</a>.</li> +<li>Hobart, Miss, <a href='#2_Page_261'>261</a>.</li> +<li>Homogenic, +<ul><li> the term, <a href='#2_Page_2'>2</a>.</li></ul></li> +<li>Homosexuality, +<ul><li> the term, <a href='#2_Page_2'>2</a>, <a href='#2_Page_4'>4</a>.</li></ul></li> +<li>Hormones, <a href='#2_Page_316'>316</a>.</li> +<li><i>Horror feminæ</i>, <a href='#2_Page_279'>279</a>, <a href='#2_Page_307'>307</a>.</li> +<li>Hössli, <a href='#2_Page_66'>66</a>.</li> +<li>Humboldt, A. and W., von, <a href='#2_Page_39'>39</a>.</li> +<li>Hygiene of homosexuality, <a href='#2_Page_332'>332</a>, <a href='#2_Page_338'>338</a>.</li> +<li>Hyperesthesia of inverts, sexual, <a href='#2_Page_268'>268</a>.</li> +<li>Hypertrichosis, <a href='#2_Page_252'>252</a>, <a href='#2_Page_290'>290</a>.</li> +<li>Hypnotism in treatment of homosexuality, <a href='#2_Page_328'>328</a>.</li> +</ul> + +<ul> +<li>India, +<ul><li> homosexuality in, <a href='#2_Page_15'>15</a>, <a href='#2_Page_208'>208</a>.</li></ul></li> +<li>Indians, +<ul><li> homosexuality among American, <a href='#2_Page_17'>17</a>, <a href='#2_Page_205'>205</a>.</li></ul></li> +<li>Infantilism in inverts, <a href='#2_Page_254'>254</a>, <a href='#2_Page_290'>290</a>, <a href='#2_Page_291'>291</a>.</li> +<li>Insanity and inversion, <a href='#2_Page_266'>266</a>, <a href='#2_Page_332'>332</a>.</li> +<li>Insects, +<ul><li> homosexuality among, <a href='#2_Page_5'>5</a>.</li></ul></li> +<li>Internal secretions, <a href='#2_Page_254'>254</a>, <a href='#2_Page_316'>316</a>.</li> +<li>Inversion, +<ul><li> the term, <a href='#2_Page_3'>3</a>.</li></ul></li> +<li>Italy, +<ul><li> homosexuality in, <a href='#2_Page_213'>213</a>;</li> +<li> law in, <a href='#2_Page_348'>348</a>.</li></ul></li> +</ul> + +<ul> +<li>James I, <a href='#2_Page_40'>40</a>.</li> +<li>Julius Cæsar, <a href='#2_Page_24'>24</a>.</li> +<li>Justinian's enactments, <a href='#2_Page_346'>346</a>.</li> +</ul> + +<ul> +<li>Kleist, <a href='#2_Page_39'>39</a>.</li> +<li>Krupp, F. A., <a href='#2_Page_39'>39</a>.</li> +</ul> + +<ul> +<li>Larynx in inverted women, <a href='#2_Page_255'>255</a>.</li> +<li>Law in relation to homosexuality, <a href='#2_Page_41'>41</a>, <a href='#2_Page_346'>346</a> <i>et seq.</i></li> +<li>Lefthandedness, <a href='#2_Page_290'>290</a>.</li> +<li>Lesbianism, <a href='#2_Page_258'>258</a>.</li> +<li>Lincken, Catharina, <a href='#2_Page_195'>195</a>.</li> +<li>London, +<ul><li> homosexuality in, <a href='#2_Page_62'>62</a>.</li></ul></li> +</ul> + +<ul> +<li>Madagascar, +<ul><li> homosexuality in, <a href='#2_Page_19'>19</a>.</li></ul></li> +<li><i>Mahoos</i>, <a href='#2_Page_18'>18</a>.</li> +<li>Marlowe, <a href='#2_Page_43'>43</a>.</li> +<li>Marriage of inverts, <a href='#2_Page_260'>260</a>, <a href='#2_Page_334'>334</a> <i>et seq.</i></li> +<li>Masculine protest, <a href='#2_Page_85'>85</a>.</li> +<li>Masochism in inverted women, <a href='#2_Page_259'>259</a>.</li> +<li>Masturbation, <a href='#2_Page_276'>276</a>.</li> +<li>Maupin, Madame, <a href='#2_Page_199'>199</a>.</li> +<li>Medico-legal aspects of homosexuality, <a href='#2_Page_200'>200</a>.</li> +<li>Michel, Louise, <a href='#2_Page_197'>197</a>.</li> +<li>Michelangelo, <a href='#2_Page_32'>32</a>.</li> +<li>Mihiri, <a href='#2_Page_207'>207</a>.</li> +<li><i>Mika</i> operation, <a href='#2_Page_21'>21</a>.</li> +<li>Mitchell, Alice, <a href='#2_Page_201'>201</a>.</li> +<li>Molly houses, <a href='#2_Page_46'>46</a>.</li> +<li>Monkeys, +<ul><li> homosexuality among, <a href='#2_Page_6'>6</a>.</li></ul></li> +<li>Moral attitude of inverts, <a href='#2_Page_86'>86</a>, <a href='#2_Page_300'>300</a>, <a href='#2_Page_353'>353</a>.</li> +<li>Moral leaders, +<ul><li> inversion in, <a href='#2_Page_29'>29</a>, <a href='#2_Page_197'>197</a>.</li></ul></li> +<li><i>Mujerados</i>, <a href='#2_Page_17'>17</a>.</li> +<li>Muret, <a href='#2_Page_30'>30</a>.</li> +<li>Musculature, <a href='#2_Page_255'>255</a>.</li> +<li>Music, <a href='#2_Page_295'>295</a>.</li> +</ul> + +<ul> +<li>Narcissism, <a href='#2_Page_304'>304</a>.</li> +<li>Neurasthenia and inversion, <a href='#2_Page_332'>332</a>.</li> +<li>New Caledonia, +<ul><li> homosexuality in, <a href='#2_Page_10'>10</a>.</li></ul></li> +<li>New Guinea, +<ul><li> homosexuality in, <a href='#2_Page_20'>20</a>.</li></ul></li> +<li>New Zealand, +<ul><li> homosexuality among women in, <a href='#2_Page_205'>205</a>.</li></ul></li> +<li>Normans, <a href='#2_Page_9'>9</a>, <a href='#2_Page_40'>40</a>.</li> +<li>Nosology and pathology, <a href='#2_Page_319'>319</a>.</li> +<li>Novels, +<ul><li> homosexual, <a href='#2_Page_199'>199</a>, <a href='#2_Page_340'>340</a>.</li></ul></li> +</ul> + +<ul> +<li>Œdipus complex, <a href='#2_Page_306'>306</a>.</li> +<li>Oligotrichosis, <a href='#2_Page_251'>251</a>, <a href='#2_Page_290'>290</a>.</li> +<li>Ovaries, <a href='#2_Page_254'>254</a>, <a href='#2_Page_256'>256</a>.</li> +</ul> + +<ul> +<li><i>Paiderastia</i>, <a href='#2_Page_11'>11</a>, <a href='#2_Page_283'>283</a>.</li> +<li>Partridges, +<ul><li> homosexuality in, <a href='#2_Page_4'>4</a>.</li></ul></li> +<li>Pathology and nosology, <a href='#2_Page_319'>319</a>.<a name='2_Page_391'></a></li> +<li><i>Pedicatio</i>, <a href='#2_Page_282'>282</a>.</li> +<li>Persia, <a href='#2_Page_13'>13</a>, <a href='#2_Page_14'>14</a>.</li> +<li>Phallus, +<ul><li> use of artificial, <a href='#2_Page_195'>195</a>, <a href='#2_Page_207'>207</a>, <a href='#2_Page_208'>208</a>, <a href='#2_Page_258'>258</a>, <a href='#2_Page_259'>259</a>.</li></ul></li> +<li>Physical abnormalities, <a href='#2_Page_289'>289</a> <i>et seq.</i></li> +<li>Pigeons, +<ul><li> inversion in, <a href='#2_Page_7'>7</a>.</li></ul></li> +<li>Platen, <a href='#2_Page_35'>35</a>.</li> +<li>Precocity of inverts, <a href='#2_Page_268'>268</a>.</li> +<li>Prevalence of homosexuality, <a href='#2_Page_60'>60</a>, <a href='#2_Page_195'>195</a>.</li> +<li>Prevention of homosexuality, <a href='#2_Page_325'>325</a>.</li> +<li>Priests and inversion, <a href='#2_Page_20'>20</a>.</li> +<li>Prisons, +<ul><li> homosexuality in, <a href='#2_Page_25'>25</a>, <a href='#2_Page_209'>209</a>.</li></ul></li> +<li>Prostitutes, +<ul><li> homosexuality among, <a href='#2_Page_210'>210</a>.</li></ul></li> +<li>Prostitution, +<ul><li> male, <a href='#2_Page_86'>86</a>.</li></ul></li> +<li>Pseudo-homosexuality, <a href='#2_Page_83'>83</a>.</li> +<li>Pseudo-sexual attraction, <a href='#2_Page_283'>283</a> <i>et seq.</i></li> +<li>Psycho-analysis, <a href='#2_Page_90'>90</a>, <a href='#2_Page_305'>305</a>, <a href='#2_Page_330'>330</a>.</li> +<li>Psycho-sexual hermaphroditism, <a href='#2_Page_4'>4</a>; +<ul><li> <i>and see</i> Bisexuality.</li></ul></li> +<li>Psycho-therapeutics, <a href='#2_Page_328'>328</a>.</li> +</ul> + +<ul> +<li>Race and inversion, <a href='#2_Page_264'>264</a>.</li> +<li>Rats, +<ul><li> homosexuality among, <a href='#2_Page_5'>5</a>.</li></ul></li> +<li>Raylan, N. de, <a href='#2_Page_248'>248</a>.</li> +<li>Red, +<ul><li> invert's preference for, <a href='#2_Page_299'>299</a>.</li></ul></li> +<li>Renaissance and inversion, the, <a href='#2_Page_30'>30</a>.</li> +<li>Retarded inversion, <a href='#2_Page_84'>84</a>.</li> +<li>Rome, +<ul><li> homosexuality in ancient, <a href='#2_Page_24'>24</a>.</li></ul></li> +<li>Russian law, <a href='#2_Page_349'>349</a>.</li> +</ul> + +<ul> +<li>Sadism in inverted women, <a href='#2_Page_259'>259</a>.</li> +<li>Sakaltaves, +<ul><li> homosexuality among, <a href='#2_Page_19'>19</a>.</li></ul></li> +<li>Sappho, <a href='#2_Page_197'>197</a>.</li> +<li>Sapphism, <a href='#2_Page_258'>258</a>.</li> +<li>Savages, +<ul><li> homosexuality among, <a href='#2_Page_9'>9</a> <i>et seq.</i></li></ul></li> +<li>Schools and homosexuality, <a href='#2_Page_75'>75</a> <i>et seq.</i>; +<ul><li> <a href='#2_Page_216'>216</a>, <a href='#2_Page_218'>218</a>, <a href='#2_Page_261'>261</a>, <a href='#2_Page_322'>322</a>, <a href='#2_Page_325'>325</a>, <a href='#2_Page_368'>368</a> <i>et seq.</i></li></ul></li> +<li><i>Schopans</i>, <a href='#2_Page_16'>16</a>.</li> +<li><i>Seoatra</i>, <a href='#2_Page_19'>19</a>.</li> +<li>Secondary sexual-characters and inversion, <a href='#2_Page_8'>8</a>, <a href='#2_Page_313'>313</a>.</li> +<li>Seduction and inversion, <a href='#2_Page_271'>271</a>, <a href='#2_Page_322'>322</a>.</li> +<li>Senile homosexuality, <a href='#2_Page_85'>85</a>.</li> +<li>Sex, +<ul><li> the theory of, <a href='#2_Page_79'>79</a>.</li></ul></li> +<li>Sexo-esthetic inversion, <a href='#2_Page_315'>315</a>.</li> +<li>Sexual organs, <a href='#2_Page_256'>256</a>.</li> +<li>Sexual precocity of inverts, <a href='#2_Page_268'>268</a>.</li> +<li>Shakespeare, <a href='#2_Page_43'>43</a>.</li> +<li>Society and inversion, <a href='#2_Page_343'>343</a>.</li> +<li>Sodoma, <a href='#2_Page_33'>33</a>.</li> +<li>Sodomy, +<ul><li> the term, <a href='#2_Page_3'>3</a>.</li></ul></li> +<li>Soldiers, +<ul><li> homosexuality among, <a href='#2_Page_21'>21</a>.</li></ul></li> +<li>Sotadic zone, +<ul><li> Burton's, <a href='#2_Page_58'>58</a>.</li></ul></li> +<li>Spain, +<ul><li> homosexuality among women in, <a href='#2_Page_209'>209</a>, <a href='#2_Page_214'>214</a>.</li></ul></li> +<li>Spurious homosexuality, <a href='#2_Page_86'>86</a>.</li> +<li>Suicide and inversion, <a href='#2_Page_202'>202</a>.</li> +<li>Suggestion as an exciting cause of inversion, <a href='#2_Page_269'>269</a> <i>et seq.</i> <a href='#2_Page_303'>303</a>.</li> +<li>Switzerland, +<ul><li> law in, <a href='#2_Page_348'>348</a>.</li></ul></li> +</ul> + +<ul> +<li>Tahiti, <a href='#2_Page_18'>18</a>.</li> +<li>Tarn, Pauline, <a href='#2_Page_200'>200</a>.</li> +<li>Tasso, <a href='#2_Page_31'>31</a>.</li> +<li>Templars, <a href='#2_Page_36'>36</a>.</li> +<li>Theaters and homosexuality, <a href='#2_Page_215'>215</a>, <a href='#2_Page_287'>287</a>.</li> +<li>Tramps, +<ul><li> homosexuality among, <a href='#2_Page_26'>26</a>, <a href='#2_Page_359'>359</a>.</li></ul></li> +<li>Transvestism, <a href='#2_Page_244'>244</a>, <a href='#2_Page_315'>315</a>.</li> +<li>Treatment of inversion, <a href='#2_Page_327'>327</a> <i>et seq.</i></li> +<li>Tribadism, <a href='#2_Page_206'>206</a>, <a href='#2_Page_208'>208</a>, <a href='#2_Page_257'>257</a>.</li> +<li>Turkey, +<ul><li> homosexuality in, <a href='#2_Page_13'>13</a>, <a href='#2_Page_207'>207</a>.</li></ul></li> +</ul> + +<ul> +<li>Udall, <a href='#2_Page_41'>41</a>.</li> +<li>Ulrichs, <a href='#2_Page_67'>67</a>.</li> +<li>Undifferentiated sex stage in youth, <a href='#2_Page_79'>79</a>, <a href='#2_Page_216'>216</a>.</li> +<li>United States, +<ul><li> homosexuality in, <a href='#2_Page_63'>63</a>, <a href='#2_Page_261'>261</a>, <a href='#2_Page_351'>351</a>.</li></ul></li> +<li>Uranism, +<ul><li> the term, <a href='#2_Page_2'>2</a>.</li></ul></li> +<li>Urning, +<ul><li> the term, <a href='#2_Page_2'>2</a>, <a href='#2_Page_68'>68</a>.</li></ul></li> +</ul> + +<ul> +<li>Vanity of inverts, <a href='#2_Page_297'>297</a>.</li> +<li>Vasectomy, <a href='#2_Page_327'>327</a>.</li> +<li>Vay, Sarolta, <a href='#2_Page_195'>195</a>.</li> +<li>Verlaine, <a href='#2_Page_57'>57</a>.</li> +<li>Vinci, L. da, <a href='#2_Page_32'>32</a>.</li> +<li>Virgil, <a href='#2_Page_27'>27</a>.</li> +<li>Vivien, Renée, <a href='#2_Page_200'>200</a>.</li> +<li>Voice in inversion, <a href='#2_Page_255'>255</a>, <a href='#2_Page_290'>290</a>.</li> +</ul> + +<ul> +<li>War and homosexuality, <a href='#2_Page_9'>9</a>.</li> +<li>Whisky and inversion, <a href='#2_Page_256'>256</a>, <a href='#2_Page_291'>291</a>.</li> +<li>Whitman, Walt, <a href='#2_Page_51'>51</a> <i>et seq.</i></li> +<li>Wilde, Oscar, <a href='#2_Page_48'>48</a>, <a href='#2_Page_63'>63</a>, <a href='#2_Page_352'>352</a>.</li> +<li>William III, <a href='#2_Page_40'>40</a>.</li> +<li>William Rufus, <a href='#2_Page_40'>40</a>.</li> +<li>Winkelmann, <a href='#2_Page_34'>34</a>.</li> +<li>Women movement and homosexuality, <a href='#2_Page_262'>262</a>.</li> +<li>Working classes, +<ul><li> homosexuality in, <a href='#2_Page_22'>22</a>, <a href='#2_Page_213'>213</a>.</li></ul></li> +</ul> + +<ul> +<li>Zanzibar, +<ul><li> homosexuality in, <a href='#2_Page_19'>19</a>, 206, 259.</li></ul></li> +</ul> + +<div>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 13611 ***</div> +</body> +</html> |